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Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu

2026-05-20T10:21:18Z

MohammadTit: creating first pg added tags.

{{Short description|2006 film directed by Gautham Menon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon
| producer = Manickam Narayanan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Jyothika]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[Seventh Channel Communications]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|08|25}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|24}} crore<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |title=The Boom In Regional Films |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101110500/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20070408/features2.html |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |website=Digital Today}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|50}} crore<ref name="gross" />
}}

'''''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu''''' ({{Translation|Hunt and Play}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Jyothika]], while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Daniel Balaji]], and [[Salim Baig]] play supporting roles with [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] in her Tamil debut. It revolves around [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Raghavan, who tries to track down two serial killers Amudhan and Illamaran.

[[Harris Jayaraj]] composed the music, cinematography was handled by [[Ravi Varman]] and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. It is one of the first Indian films to be made using [[Super 35]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 years of Tamil film industry |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/resources/75-years-of-tamil-film-industry |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010090913/http://www.southdreamz.com/resources/75-years-of-tamil-film-industry/ |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=13 October 2011 |website=SouthDreamZ}}</ref>

''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' was released on 25 August 2006 to positive reviews and became a box-office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu gets a sequel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-sequel-kamal-haasan-gautham-menon-6309252/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509035843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-sequel-kamal-haasan-gautham-menon-6309252/ |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2012 |title=No remake for Vettaiyadu Villaiyadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/No-remake-for-Vettaiyadu-Villaiyadu/articleshow/12325756.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217233128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-19/news-interviews/31209837_1_rumours-kamal-haasan-khans |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=2 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kamal Haasan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].

== Plot ==
Rani is the daughter of former [[Chennai]] police officer [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Arokiya Raj. She tells her father over the phone that she will be back home in [[Madurai]] soon. As Rani leaves the telephone booth, she is approached by her acquaintance and does not return home. The following morning, Arokiya Raj finds Rani's index finger hanging at his door. Arokiya Raj calls [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Raghavan, his ex-colleague from [[Chennai]], to help in the investigation of Rani's disappearance.

Raghavan finds Rani's body within 12 hours, buried in the outskirts of [[Madurai]]. The [[coroner]]'s report states that the killer slit Rani's throat with a [[scalpel]], proving that the killer has a medical background, and also bisected her body with an axe. Without any solid clues, the case is left open. Six months later, Arokiya Raj and his wife Chithra, following the trauma of losing their only daughter, move to [[New Jersey]].

Three months later, Raghavan learns that both Arokiya Raj and Chithra have been brutally murdered in [[New York City|New York]]. Collaborating with the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], Raghavan goes to [[New York City|New York]]. On the flight, Raghavan reminisces about his late wife Kayalvizhi, who was abducted by a local gang in an attempt to get to him and fell to her death. After reaching New York, Raghavan begins his investigation with a Detective named Anderson, who is the investigating officer. Raghavan stays at a hotel in Downtown New York, where he constantly keeps his superior in [[Chennai]] updated on the investigation.

At the hotel, Raghavan meets Aradhana, an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]]. He immediately notices that she is going through a rough patch in her life and one night, worried about her safety, breaks into her room, only to find her attempting suicide by asphyxiation. Raghavan saves her and the two strike a friendship. Aradhana reveals that Arun, her violent husband, is filing for divorce after cheating on her. Later, Raghavan and Anderson find a connection between Rani's murder in Madurai and a 2-year unsolved disappearance of a 23-year old [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] girl Chandana, whose finger was also possibly found hanging in her boyfriend Hitesh's car.

Raghavan's instinct leads them to Chandana's body in a restricted area in the suburbs, found along with three other American women, murdered in a similar manner. After narrowing down their suspects using the flight records, Raghavan's and Anderson's suspicion falls onto two Indian doctors, who studied in Brooklyn Medical University: Amudhan Sukumaran and Ilamaaran Aanandhan, who are secretly involved in the killings. They murder their former professor Veronica, along with two NYPD officers in the same area, where Raghavan set them on surveillance and leave the bodies there. Raghavan and Anderson visit Amudhan's and Ilamaaran's apartment to question them, only to find it unoccupied. Raghavan and Anderson break into the apartment and find pictures of the victims and the murder weapons, thus cracking their case and concluding that Amudhan and Illamaran are the serial killers.

Be0fore they can call for backup, Ilamaaran arrives unannounced and kills Anderson and Raghavan hits him till he became unconscious. Right afterwards, Raghavan gets stabbed by Amudhan with a scalpel. To buy time, Raghavan asks Amudhan why he killed Arokiya Raj, his family, Chandana and three women. Amudhan explains that they had developed a habit of killing from their childhood itself, by starting with pushing a classmate from a train at the age of 13 and murdering their school teacher at the age of 17. He and Ilamaran stopped this habit once they joined [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] at Rani's college.

Amudhan claims that he managed to control his violent urges under control for three years, but after seeing Rani, Amudhan and Ilamaran assaulted her, after she provoked him. Two days later, Arokiyaraj assaulted the duo outside a theatre. He and Ilamaaran were locked up in the local station for the rest of the night, but Inspector Kumaravel neglected to interrogate them and tortured them heavily, even setting them up with a eunuch, who inadvertently assaulted them. Illamaran made Amudhan calm down as he was thirsty for revenge on Rani, Arokiya Raj and the police officers. Both of them left for New York to pursue their higher studies in surgery and went on to abduct and kill local young women, who looked down on them or were disrespectful to them.

On their trip to India for a holiday, they met and killed Rani and returned to the United States. Once they found out that Arokiya Raj and Chitra had moved to New York, they followed their residence and killed them too. Thinking that Raghavan will be dead in minutes due to his lung injuries, they set their apartment on fire and take the next flight to [[Mumbai]] to escape from NYPD. Amudhan and Ilamaran evade the [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai police]] at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] and finally reach Chennai, leaving a trail of bodies in their path. Raghavan makes it out alive by jumping out the window and is hospitalised with severe injuries. Aradhana takes care of him and their bond grows stronger. Four weeks later, Raghavan and Aradhana return to Chennai together. During their flight, Aradhana explains that she has a daughter, who is living with her parents in Chennai, and she realised her mistake for being selfish and wanting to commit suicide.

Aradhana states that she will be taking her daughter and mother back to [[New York City|New York]] in two weeks. As they wait in line for customs, Raghavan proposes to Aradhana, but she refuses, saying that she is not ready for another relationship, having just finalised her divorce, and wishes to focus on being a good mother to her daughter. Raghavan issues a statewide hunt for them. The dean of their medical college also revokes their degrees, thus beginning their violent rampage.

After seeing Aradhana with Raghavan, Amudhan kidnaps her, while Ilamaaran tries to get into Raghavan's house to kill him. When the cops arrive, Ilamaaran attempts to flee, but is caught by Raghavan. After a fight, Raghavan captures Ilamaaran and realises that Amudhan and Ilamaaran are bisexual and are in an intimate relationship. Trying to negotiate Ilamaaran's freedom for Aradhana, Raghavan agrees to meet with Amudhan; on the other hand, Amudhan decides to outright bury Aradhana alive after realising their hypocrisy. Raghavan arrives at the place to save Aradhana. When he learns that Amudhan buried Aradhana alive, he becomes enraged and kills Amudhan and Ilamaaran, thus avenging the deaths of Anderson, Arokiyaraj, Rani and Chitra. Raghavan finds the place where Aradhana is buried and revives her. A few months later, Raghavan and Aradhana marry.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Raghavan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Jyothika]] as Aradhana (voiced by actress [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]])
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Arokiya Raj [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Dr. Amudhan Sukumaran
* [[Salim Baig]] as Dr. Ilamaaran Aanandhan (voiceover by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]])
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] as Kayalvizhi (voiced by actress [[Andrea Jeremiah|Andrea]])
* DJ Ravi as Satish
* [[Lev Gorn]] as Anderson, a [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] detective
* [[Yog Japee]] as Arun
* Stun Siva as "Royapuram" Mani
* Kannan Ponnaiya as Kannan, beggar
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as [[Inspector-general of police|Commissioner]] S. Natrajan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Chithra
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Janaki
* [[J. Rajiv Choudhry|Rajiv Choudhry]] as Rajeevan
* Bob Hanssepal as Sasidharan
* Vidya as Vidya
* Rekha as Rekha
* Archana as Archana
* [[Bidushi Dash Barde]] as Rani{{efn|Erroneously credited as "Vidushi" in the closing credits.}}
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Dharma{{efn|Erroneously credited as "Sudhakar" in the closing credits.}}
* [[Tirlok Malik]] as Suspected Killer
* [[Rajeevan]] as Hitesh
;Uncredited
* [[Mumaith Khan]] ([[item number]] in Neruppae Sikki Mukki Song)
* Sunny Veer Singh (item number in Neruppae Sikki Mukki Song)
* [[Zabyn Khan]] ([[item number]] in Neruppae Sikki Mukki Song)
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] in a special appearance in the song "Manjal Veyil"
* [[Rajendran]] as henchman in "Karka Karka"
* Dr. Kantharaj as himself in a special appearance
* Vettai Muthukumar as a rogue in "Karka Karka"<ref>https://youtube.com/shorts/FlRMu8jM9G0?si=6iFl_DbdRqHDECKh</ref>
* [[Sai Dheena]] as a goon
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In 2005, [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] planned to make a film in [[Malayalam]] (which eventually became ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'') and approached [[Mohanlal]] after finishing the script, but nothing materialised.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal's role in Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu |url=http://www.cineshore.com/news/mohanlals-role-in-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123503/http://www.cineshore.com/news/mohanlals-role-in-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 March 2015 |website=cineshore.com}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] had agreed to make a film for producer Kaja Mohideen of Roja Combines, and the pair discussed signing Menon to be the director after they were impressed with his work in ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003). Initially, Haasan narrated the script of ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008) to Menon and asked him to direct it, but the latter rejected it. Later, Menon discussed the script of ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (2007) with Haasan, and the actor asked him to develop it into a script within forty days. However, he later had second thoughts and asked Menon for a different script to collaborate on. Menon was keen to make a trilogy of police films, much like [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s [[Gangster (franchise)|gangster trilogy]], and subsequently planned ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' as the second in the series after ''Kaakha Kaakha''. The film narrated another episode from a police officer's life, that of an Indian police officer who moves to America to investigate the case of psychotic serial killers before returning to pursue the chase in India.<ref name="madrasink">{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=21 April 2006 |title=The Gautham Menon Interview: Uncut |url=https://madrasink.com/2006/04/21/the-gautham-menon-interview-uncut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034742/https://madrasink.com/2006/04/21/the-gautham-menon-interview-uncut/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Madras Ink}}</ref> As per Menon's usual method for picking a title, he asked his associates for suggestions, which included the title of ''Thadaiyara Thaakka'', which was later used for [[Thadaiyara Thaakka|another film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magizh Thirumeni Actor Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/magizh-thirumeni.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602180828/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/magizh-thirumeni.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> An early working title for the film was ''Sippai''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M/S.7Th Channel Communications vs M/S.Roja Combines on 13 July, 2007 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1928153/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607005058/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1928153/ |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> The title ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' was derived from a song from ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=MGR to the rescue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mgr-to-the-rescue/article6969992.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222113033/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mgr-to-the-rescue/article6969992.ece |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Actresses [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and [[Andrea Jeremiah]] dubbed for the voices of [[Jyothika]] and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=12 July 2010 |title=Success of dubbing artist lies in not letting audience know who you are |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article511100.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114160516/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article511100.ece |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=28 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=15 years of Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu: 5 interesting facts about Kamal Haasan's cop drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/15-years-of-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-5-interesting-facts-about-kamal-haasans-cop-drama/803584 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250512031354/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/15-years-of-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-5-interesting-facts-about-kamal-haasans-cop-drama/803584 |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Ganesh Janardhanan, who later became popularly known as [[VTV Ganesh]], portrayed the role of the kidnapper of Mukherjee's character at Haasan's request after the original actor failed to turn up for the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=9 April 2010 |title=Ganesh is back! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ganesh-is-back/articleshow/6196629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905124001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-22/news-interviews/28307849_1_vaanam-vtv-prakash-raj |archive-date=5 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Menon selected [[Bidushi Dash Barde]], from several girls who screen tested, to play a murder victim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2012 |title=Former city beauty queen found dead in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/former-city-beauty-queen-found-dead-in-mumbai/articleshow/16947307.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304011145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Former-city-beauty-queen-found-dead-in-Mumbai/articleshow/16947307.cms |archive-date=4 March 2015 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

The film began production in August 2005 in Chennai, with [[Ravi Varman]] signed as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=12 August 2005 |title=Kamal Haasan's movie goes on the floors |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/12kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929072807/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/12kamal.htm |archive-date=29 September 2012 |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Towards the start of the shoot, producer Kaja Mohideen ran into financial troubles and subsequently attempted suicide. As a result, Haasan wanted to quit the project but Menon convinced him to stay on as they had taken advance payments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2005 |title=Will it now end the rumors? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15748.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232001/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15748.html |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=28 January 2012 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Ravichandran]] of Oscar Films stepped in and spent {{INRConvert|90|l|lk=on|year=2005}} on the film, before also suddenly withdrawing from the project within fifteen days. In order not to waste dates, Menon personally funded a schedule in [[Mumbai]] featuring Haasan and Jyothika and spent {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=off|year=2005}}. Menon revealed that unlike Haasan's other films, the actor did not want to take control of the script or production. Angered by the delays of the film, he kept to himself and made minimal suggestions barring to change some dialogues on location.<ref name="madrasink" /> The film however had gone through changes from the original script, with less emphasis on the antagonists than Menon had hoped, and he also revealed that scenes for songs were forced and shot without him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 December 2006 |title=Interview: Gautham Menon |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812052934/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/ |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> For the American schedule, [[Seventh Channel Communications|Manickam Narayanan]] took over as a producer and made the film on a "first-copy" basis. Subsequently, fifty per cent of the film was shot in [[New York City]], where shooting lasted for a month. Menon had planned to shoot more scenes in the city, including a car chase sequence, but the change of producer delayed the schedule and cold weather elongated the team's stay and increased costs.<ref name="madrasink" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=4 December 2005 |title=Kamal back after a stint of stunts in New York |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/04/stories/2005120411480200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827103719/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/04/stories/2005120411480200.htm |archive-date=27 August 2018 |access-date=27 July 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=27 January 2006 |title=All the news about the hottest movie of 2006! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/27slide4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811072924/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/27slide4.htm |archive-date=11 August 2007 |access-date=27 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 4}}</ref> Menon worked on the post-production of the film in May 2006, while he was simultaneously filming ''Pachaikili Muthucharam''.<ref name="madrasink" />

== Themes and influences ==
Like in ''Kaakha Kaakha'', Menon wanted the script to feature sequences where the police officer's personal life gets involved and affected in the course of the investigation.<ref name="madrasink" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film consists of five songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], collaborating with Menon and Haasan for the fourth and first time respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Vettaiyadu Vilayadu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vettaiyadu-vilayadu/iwXApqggRcQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701042536/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vettaiyadu-vilayadu/iwXApqggRcQ_ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Manjal Veyil" marks [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]'s singing debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Singer Krish reminisces recording popular song with Harris Jayaraj in 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/singer-krish-reminisces-recording-popular-song-with-harris-jayaraj-in-2006/articleshow/90104644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/singer-krish-reminisces-recording-popular-song-with-harris-jayaraj-in-2006/articleshow/90104644.cms |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:57
| all_writing = [[Thamarai]]
| title1 = Karka Karka
| extra1 = [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Nakkhul]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| length1 = 4:54
| title2 = Partha Mudhal
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]], [[Unni Menon]]
| length2 = 6:06
| title3 = Manjal Veyil
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]],{{efn|Credited as Vijay.}} Nakkhul
| length3 = 5:54
| title5 = Uyirile
| extra5 = [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length5 = 5:13
| title4 = Neruppe
| extra4 = [[Franco Simon|Franko]], Solar Sai, [[Sowmya Raoh]]m
| length4 = 4:50
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

== Release ==
=== Critical response ===

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] said that "The story of a police investigation is detailed in a smart, grown-up movie that gets most things right".<ref name="branganreview">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 August 2006 |title=Review: Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu |url=http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2006/08/27/review-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322052646/http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2006/08/27/review-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |archive-date=22 March 2008 |access-date=9 January 2008 |website=desipundit.com}}</ref> Krishna Kumar of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars, saying "In his best performance in recent times, Kamal portrays the character with believable honesty and charm."<ref name="RED">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Krishna |date=1 September 2006 |title=Haasan is brilliant in Vettaiyadu Vilaiyadu |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/01vv.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114121341/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/01vv.htm |archive-date=14 January 2011 |access-date=11 June 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated that "what gives you goose flesh is the finely calibrated performance of Kamal as DCP Raghavan. You just [can't] take your eyes off him as he laces his portrayal with dignity, grace and dry wit."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vetayadu Vilayadu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vetayadu-vilayadu-review-tamil-14277528.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401195924/http://www.sify.com/movies/vetayadu-vilayadu-review-tamil-pclwcEcigghdi.html |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=11 June 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Technically the movie is good but lacks what is most important --good story and script". He added, "Gowtham alternates between action, thrills and romance, but it is quite obvious that he is unable to use Kamal Haasan’s talent fully".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G |date=2 September 2006 |title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug272006/movies164112006826.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902223631/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug272006/movies164112006826.asp |archive-date=2 September 2006 |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Haasan, Jyothika and Prakash Raj, Ravi Varman's cinematography, Harris Jayaraj's music but felt the second half was boring and psycho killers changing their looks were unbelievable.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=19 September 2006 |title=வேட்டையாடு விளையாடு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-09-19/page/28/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240404155108/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-09-19/page/28/mode/2up |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' emerged as the highest grossing Tamil film of the year earning a total of {{INR}}600 million worldwide.<ref name="gross" />

=== Accolades ===
'''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2006 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |website=webindia123.com |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204173429/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – [[Ravi Varman]]

'''Film Fans Association Award'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2007 |title=FILM FANS ASSOCIATION AWARDS FOR 2006–2007 |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/film-fans-association-awards-for-2006-2007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075232/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/film-fans-association-awards-for-2006-2007/ |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref>

* Best Actor – [[Kamal Haasan]]
* Best Director – [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
* Best Music Director – [[Harris Jayaraj]]
* Best Playback Singer – [[Unni Menon]]
* Best Cinematographer – [[Ravi Varman]]

== LGBT controversies ==
The film faced controversies for its portrayal of LGBT people, including one scene where Haasan's character throws homophobic slurs at the homosexual antagonists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2013 |title=Queering Kamal Haasan |url=http://orinam.net/queering-kamal-haasan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091205/http://orinam.net/queering-kamal-haasan/ |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=[[Orinam]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2016 |title=Indian cinema and its misguided portrayal of LGBT community |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indian-cinema-and-its-misguided-portrayal-lgbt-community-45508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091210/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indian-cinema-and-its-misguided-portrayal-lgbt-community-45508 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Potential sequel ==
At the audio launch of Menon's ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' (2022), Haasan asserted the possibility of a sequel to ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=4 September 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan hints at Vettaiyaadu Vilayaadu sequel at Vendhu Thanindhadhu Kadu audio launch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-hints-at-vettaiyaadu-vilayaadu-sequel-at-vendhu-thanindhadhu-kadu-audio-launch-1996051-2022-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925072740/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-hints-at-vettaiyaadu-vilayaadu-sequel-at-vendhu-thanindhadhu-kadu-audio-launch-1996051-2022-09-03 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' was re-released in Tamil Nadu theatres on 23 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu re-released after 17 years, fans call out homophobic dialogue |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-re-released-after-17-years-fans-call-out-homophobic-dialogue-179127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221161028/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-re-released-after-17-years-fans-call-out-homophobic-dialogue-179127 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gautham Menon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s police films]]
[[Category:2000s serial killer films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Razakar (film)

2026-05-07T22:46:04Z

MohammadTit: starting page!

{{Short description|2024 Indian historic action-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Razakar
| image = Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Yata Satyanarayana
| story = Yata Satyanarayana
| producer = Gudur Narayana Reddy
| screenplay = Yata Satyanarayana
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bobby Simha]]
* [[Tej Sapru]]
* [[Makarand Deshpande]]
* [[Raj Arjun]]
* [[Vedhika]]
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
* Annusriya Tripathi
}}
| cinematography = Kushendar Ramesh Reddy
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = Samarveer Creations LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|15|ref1=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://filminformation.com/releases/razakar-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad-1st-march-2024/ | title=RAZAKAR – SILENT GENOCIDE OF HYDERABAD 15th March, 2024 – Film Information | date=12 February 2024}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Razakar''''', also marketed as '''''Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad''''', is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[epic film|epic]] [[historical]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by Yata Satyanarayana based on the events leading to [[Annexation of Hyderabad]] in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State|Princely state of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/razakar-hindi-version-to-release-on-feb10/article67822521.ece | title='Razakar' Hindi version to release on Feb.10 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=8 February 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228005745/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/razakar-hindi-version-to-release-on-feb10/article67822521.ece |archivedate=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pecheti 2024 h284">{{cite web | last=Pecheti | first=Prakash | title='Razakar: Silent Genocide of Hyderabad' Review: This right-wing Hindutva narrative falls into the 'commercial cinema' trap | website=The South First | date=2024-03-15 | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/razakar-telugu-movie-review/ | access-date=2024-03-15}}</ref><ref name="Ravibabu 2023 t936">{{cite web | last=Ravibabu | first=M. | title=How the Movie 'Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad' Sets Out to Distort History | website=The Wire | date=2023-10-17 | url=https://thewire.in/film/how-the-movie-razakar-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad-sets-out-to-distort-history | access-date=2024-03-15}}</ref> The film is produced by Gudur Narayana Reddy, under Samarveer Creation LLP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/film/how-the-movie-razakar-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad-sets-out-to-distort-history | title=How the Movie 'Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad' Sets Out History }}</ref> It was released on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/razakar-the-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad/movieshow/106291570.cms |title=Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}}eTimes |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref>

The film was criticized for its caste dynamics, promotion of right-wing [[Hindutva]] narrative and for distorting the historical realities.<ref name="Pecheti 2024 h284"/><ref name="Ravibabu 2023 t936">{{cite web | last=Ravibabu | first=M. | title=How the Movie 'Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad' Sets Out to Distort History | website=The Wire | date=2023-10-17 | url=https://thewire.in/film/how-the-movie-razakar-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad-sets-out-to-distort-history | access-date=2024-03-15}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

The film depicts the struggle in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] after India gained independence on August 15, 1947. While the rest of the country celebrated freedom and liberation, the Hyderabad State remained under the control of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] for another year. During this time, Hindus faced oppression from the ruthless [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]], who were formed primarily to oppose the Hindu majority’s wish of accession to India, and to keep Nizam under Muslim control. The film depicts the atrocities committed by the Nizam and Razakars with extreme fanaticism and the courageous acts of those who fought against them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Rajireddy
* [[Tej Sapru]] as [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Nizam [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
* [[Raj Arjun]] as [[Kasim Razvi]]
* Annusriya Tripathi as one of Mir Osman Ali Khan's wives
* [[Vedhika]] as Shanthavva
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Pochamma
* [[Indraja (actress)|Indraja]] as [[Chakali Ilamma]]
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Anthamma
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]]
* Chandhunadh as [[Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy]]
* Tarak Ponnappa as [[Narayan Rao Pawar]]
* [[Arav Chowdharry]] as [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|Major General J. N. Chaudhuri]]
* [[John Vijay]] as [[Mir Laiq Ali]]
* Cheluva Raj as Baswa Manaiah
* Keshav Deepak as Shoaib Ullah Khan
{{div col end}}

==Production==

The film was shot at [[Ramoji Film City]], Hyderabad<ref name="Karri 2022 m433">{{cite web | last=Karri | first=Sriram | title=Razakar to aid BJP set context for Telangana on sets | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2022-11-19 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/181122/razakar-to-aid-bjp-set-context-for-telangana-on-sets.html | access-date=2024-04-01}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Ceremony date
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024
|rowspan="3" | 14 June 2025
| Best Film in the Environment / Heritage
|Samarveer Creations LLP
|{{won}}
|rowspan="3" |<ref name="Gudur Narayana Reddy Happy Razakar Won 3 Gaddar Awards">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gudur Narayana Reddy Happy Razakar Won 3 Gaddar Awards |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/gudur-narayana-reddy-happy-razakar-won-3-gaddar-awards-1882170 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530152720/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/gudur-narayana-reddy-happy-razakar-won-3-gaddar-awards-1882170 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Makeup Artist
|Nalla Sreenu
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|29224742}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/razakar/ Razakar] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:Alternate history films]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films based on real people]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]

Chunchura Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T16:24:23Z

MohammadTit: made info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chunchura
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chunchura.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chunchura Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Subir Nag
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| constituency_no = 190
| established = 1951
| electors = 262,555
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chunchura Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 190 Chunchura Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality]] and Bandel, [[Debanandapur]], [[Kodalia]] I and [[Kodalia]] II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Chinsurah Mogra]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Polba, Rajhat and Sugandha gram panchayats of [[Polba Dadpur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Chunchura Assembly constituency is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Anindya Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc (MG)|dab=yes}}
|-
|Sitangshu Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|B
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="3"|Sambhu Charan Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Bhupati Majumdar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|1973^
|Chandra Kumar Dey
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Sambhu Charan Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="5"|Naren Dey
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Asit Mazumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chunchura}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Debangshu Bhattacharya|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=94269{{formatnum:}}|percentage=36.94|change={{decrease}} 9.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subir Nag|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=137704{{formatnum:}}|percentage=53.96|change={{increase}}15.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Saha|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=14226{{formatnum:}}|percentage=5.57|change={{decrease}}5.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Moinul Haque|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2411{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.94|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=3015{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.18|change={{decrease}} 0.52}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43435{{formatnum:}}|percentage=17.02|change={{increase}}9.79}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=255204{{formatnum:}}|percentage=91|change={{increase}}10}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chunchura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Asit Mazumdar]]
|votes = 1,17,104
|percentage = 45.97
|change = {{decrease}}3.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Locket Chatterjee]]
|votes = 98,687
|percentage = 38.74
|change = {{increase}}28.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Pranab Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 28,777
|percentage = 11.3
|change = {{decrease}}25.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,338
|percentage = 1.7
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Goutam Mondal
|votes = 1,328
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,417
|percentage = 7.23
|change = {{decrease}}5.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,54,737
|percentage = 81.06
|change = {{decrease}}0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chunchura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Asit Mazumdar]]
|votes = 1,18,501
|percentage = 49.06
|change = {{decrease}}7.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Pranab Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 88,817
|percentage = 36.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Champa Chakraborty
|votes = 25,120
|percentage = 10.40
|change = {{increase}}7.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,603
|percentage = 2.32
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Paban Mazumder
|votes = 2,208
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deb Kanta Sikdar
|votes = 1,289
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,684
|percentage = 12.29
|change = {{decrease}}7.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,41,538
|percentage = 81.95
|change = {{decrease}}2.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chunchura<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=190| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164109/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=190| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Chunchura| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Asit Mazumdar]]
|votes = 1,27,206
|percentage = 56.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Naren Dey
|votes = 82,614
|percentage = 42.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Champa Chakraborty
|votes = 5,761
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sajal Samaddar
|votes = 2,860
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surya Kanta Ray
|votes = 2,550
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Arindam Chakraborty
|votes = 1,533
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Lakshmi Ram Saren
|votes = 1,042
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 44,592
|percentage = 19.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,23,566
|percentage = 84.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections Naren Dey [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Chinsurah assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Ashis Sen of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006,<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Robin Mukherjee of Trinamool Congress in 2001,<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Tapan Dasgupta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> and 1991,<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Chandra Kumar Dey of Congress in 1987.<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Sambhu Charan Ghosh of Forward Bloc defeated Rabin Mukherjee of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Chandra Kumar Dey of Congress in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp186.htm |title =186 - Chinsurah Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Bhupati Majumdar of Congress won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Sambhu Charan Ghosh of Forward Bloc won in 1969,<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1967<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bhupati Majumdar of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]]<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Jyotish Chandra Ghosh of Forward Bloc (MG) and Radha Nath Das of Congress won the Chinsurah double seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Manash Mukherjee

2026-04-28T19:05:35Z

MohammadTit:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manash Mukherjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|04|12|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Kamarhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamarhati]]
| predecessor = [[Madan Mitra]]
| successor = [[Madan Mitra]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2011
| constituency1 = [[Kamarhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamarhati]]
| predecessor1 = Santi Ghatak
| successor1 = [[Madan Mitra]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Manash Mukherjee''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and former Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2001 to 2011 and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] to 2021, representing [[Kamarhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2016 |date=16 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Manash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Rajeshbhai Chudasama

2026-04-20T09:16:19Z

MohammadTit: starting a entry!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeshbhai Naranbhai Chudasama
| image = Rajesh Chudasama.jpg
| caption = Rajeshbhai Naranbhai Chudasama
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chorwad]], [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = (2014-2019), (2019-2024), (2024-Present)
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]]
| term =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2014
| constituency1 = [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]]
| occupation = Agriculturist
| predecessor = [[Dinu Solanki]]
| successor1 = [[Vaja Babubhai|Babubhai Vaja]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bhagvanjibhai Karagatiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Smt. Rekhaben Rajeshbhai Chudasama (m. 18 April 2008)
| parents = Shri Naranbhai R. Chudasama (father), Smt. Lakhiben Naranbhai Chudasama (mother)
| children = 1
| footnotes =
| date = 14 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4865
| profession = Politician
| native_name = રાજેશભાઈ નારાનભાઈ ચુડાસમા
| country = Indian
| birth_name = Rajesh Chudasama
}}
'''Rajeshbhai Naranbhai Chudasama'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=CR Paatil rejigs BJP parliamentary board ahead of polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/cr-paatil-rejigs-bjp-parliamentary-board-ahead-of-polls-7735762/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (born 10 April 1982) is [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]-[[Gir Somnath]], [[Gujarat]] ([[Lok Sabha]]). He was previously a Member of the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]). He was elected from [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]] in [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) in 2012. He has won the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]] from [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Union Agri Minister Tomar inaugurates Coconut dvpt board office in Junagadh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/union-agri-minister-tomar-inaugurates-coconut-dvpt-board-office-junagadh-8127928/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2014 |title=Rajesh Chudasama youngest Lok Sabha candidate in state |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/rajesh-chudasama-youngest-lok-sabha-candidate-in-state/}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
* 2012 - May 2014, Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* May 2014, Elected to [[16th Lok Sabha]]<ref name="32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=25 May 2014 |title=32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720133857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archivedate=20 July 2025 |accessdate=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* 1 Sep. 2014 - 25 May 2019, Member of Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture
* Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Agriculture
* May 2019, Re-elected to [[17th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term)
* 13 Sept. 2019 onwards, Member of Standing Committee on Chemicals & Fertilisers
* Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
* June 2024, Re-elected to [[18th Lok Sabha]] (3rd term)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajeshchudasama.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127192123/http://rajeshchudasama.com/ |date=27 January 2020 }}

{{16th LS members from Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chudasama, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kaparada Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:35Z

MohammadTit: put up pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaprada
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 181
| mla = Chaudhari Jitubhai Harjibhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:266835}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Kaprada''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Valsad district|Valsad]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Kaprada Taluka
# Pardi Taluka (Part) Villages – Sonwada, Varai, Nimkhal, Panchlai, Lakhmapor, Nevri, Rabdi, Asma, Tarmaliya, Rohina, Samarpada, Dhagadmal, Daheli, Chival, Arnala, Pati, Goima, Barai, Dumalav, Ambach, Kherlav, Pandor, Rata, Kocharva, Vankachh, Koparli, [[Kaval]], Karaya, Nani Tambadi, [[Degam]], Moti Tambadi, Lavachha, Karamkhal, Chibhad Kachchh

==Member of legislative assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Seat
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]
|As Mota Pondha constituency
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="4" |As Kaprada constituency
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2020 By-election
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Kaparada Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=90999|percentage=42.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vasantbhai Barjulbhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58031|percentage=27.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayendrabhai Laxmanbhai Ganvit|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=53168|percentage=24.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4020|percentage=1.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=15.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:260248}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2020 By-poll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Kaprada<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|accessdate=5 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|archivedate=5 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,12,941|percentage=59.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babubhai Jivlabhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=65,875|percentage=34.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Patel Prakashbhai Shankarbhai
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes =5,301
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,066|percentage=24.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,91,495|percentage=77.92|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Kaprada<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaprada<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jitubhai Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=85,780|percentage=49.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakashbhai Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=67,095|percentage=38.74|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=18,685|percentage=10.79|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:173203}}|percentage=84.05|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.34|73.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Valsad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

M. G. Muley

2026-04-18T13:52:46Z

MohammadTit: started details.

{{Short description|Indian politician and maratha leader}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M G Muley
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 1999<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3781-karnataka-1999/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| term_end = 2004
| constituency = [[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency|Basavakalyan]]
| predecessor = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]]
| successor = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]]
| office2 = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Council<ref name="StarMysore2024">{{Cite web |title=Legislative Council Polls from Assembly 2024: BJP Finalises C.T. Ravi, N. Ravikumar, M.G. Muley |url=https://starofmysore.com/legislative-council-polls-from-assembly-2024-bjp-finalises-c-t-ravi-n-ravikumar-m-g-muley/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Star of Mysore |date=2 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 18 June 2024<ref name="ETimes2024MLC">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=All 11 candidates (including M.G. Muley) for MLC polls in Karnataka likely to get elected unopposed |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/all-11-candidates-for-mlc-polls-in-karnataka-likely-to-get-elected-unopposed/articleshow/110674974.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name =
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| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="DeccanHerald2024LC">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=BJP announces candidature of C.T. Ravi, N. Ravikumar and M.G. Mule for Karnataka Legislative Council biennial elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bjp-announces-candidature-of-c-t-ravi-n-ravikumar-and-m-g-mule-for-karnataka-legislative-council-biennial-elections-3048411 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| spouse =
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}}

'''M G Muley''' (sometimes spelled '''M G Mule''') is an Indian politician and Maratha leader. He served in the Maratha Development Corporation.<ref name="Muley Maratha Corporation">{{Cite web |title=M.G. Muley to head Maratha Corporation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mg-muley-to-head-maratha-corporation/article65065467.ece |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Hindu|date=19 February 2022 }}</ref> and is currently serving as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] since June 2024. He is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="DeccanHeraldBJPMLC">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=BJP announces M.G. Muley among candidates (C.T. Ravi, N. Ravikumar) for Karnataka Legislative Council polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bjp-announces-candidature-of-c-t-ravi-n-ravikumar-and-m-g-mule-for-karnataka-legislative-council-biennial-elections-3048411 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muley, M.G.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Bidar district]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pynthorumkhrah Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:32Z

MohammadTit: starting new entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pynthorumkhrah
| mla = [[Alexander Laloo Hek]] {{Small|Minister of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Fisheries, Printing & Stationery, Secretariat Administration}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:34823}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Pynthorumkhrah Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 14
}}

'''Pynthorumkhrah''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and a part of [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/pynthorumkhrah.html |title=Pynthorumkhrah (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.megassembly.gov.in/ Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | B. K. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | James Marvin Pariat || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=6 | [[Alexander Laloo Hek]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,321 |percentage=36.17% |change={{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshngainlang Syiem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,783 |percentage=26.32% |change={{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayborn Grace Lyngdoh |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,720 |percentage=22.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rocky Hek |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,356 |percentage=13.02% |change={{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raymond Basaiawmoit |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=247 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samborlang Diengdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=337 |percentage=1.31% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,538 |percentage=9.85% |change= {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,771 |percentage=74.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,823 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,166 |percentage=41.12% |change={{increase}}38.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Ban Basaiawmoit |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=8,748 |percentage=35.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banpynshngainlang Rumnong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,964 |percentage=11.99% |change={{decrease}}39.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Predecessor Rumnong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=914 |percentage=3.70% |change={{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Probety Nongpluh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=851 |percentage=3.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aneeta Synrem |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=287 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,418 |percentage=5.74% |change= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,724 |percentage=79.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,013 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,588 |percentage=51.73% |change={{increase}}40.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=Independent politician |votes=8,637 |percentage=42.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Predecessor Rumnong |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=617 |percentage=3.01% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andy Lyngwa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=483 |percentage=2.36% |change={{decrease}}60.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyendra Kumar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=142 |percentage=0.69% |change={{decrease}}20.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,951 |percentage=9.53% |change= {{decrease}}31.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,467 |percentage=82.06% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,940 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,086 |percentage=62.55% |change={{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Marvin Pariat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,527 |percentage=21.64% |change={{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhasis Chakrawarty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,318 |percentage=11.08% |change={{decrease}}12.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meristella Wahlang |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=667 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charles Duncan Wallang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=323 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,559 |percentage=40.91% |change= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,921 |percentage=80.58% |change= {{increase}}25.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,963 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,798 |percentage=69.95% |change={{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onward L. Nongtdu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,639 |percentage=23.57% |change={{decrease}}15.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaushik Rn. Bhattacharjee |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,000 |percentage=6.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,159 |percentage=46.38% |change= {{increase}}28.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,437 |percentage=54.76% |change= {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,190 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,159 |percentage=56.87% |change={{increase}}30.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Marvin Pariat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,654 |percentage=39.41% |change={{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robin K. Tongwah |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=362 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Kharkongor |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=92 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert Dkhar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=43 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kolanio Lyngdoh |party=Janata Dal |votes=38 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,505 |percentage=17.46% |change= {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,348 |percentage=62.33% |change= {{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,537 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=James Marvin Pariat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,368 |percentage=44.99% |change={{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brama Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,786 |percentage=26.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alexander Laloo Hek]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,758 |percentage=19.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Bremly Lyngdoh |party=Hill People's Union |votes=680 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Massar |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimolendu K. Deb Roy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=114 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfred Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=21 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,582 |percentage=18.24% |change= {{decrease}}14.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,153 |percentage=69.14% |change= {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,985 |ref = |change= {{increase}}58.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}17.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=James Marvin Pariat |party=Independent politician |votes=5,936 |percentage=62.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,792 |percentage=29.47% |change={{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K.L. Lyngdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=526 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalington Dympep |party=Communist Party of India |votes=185 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Jespiter Shullai |party=Independent politician |votes=34 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,144 |percentage=33.19% |change= {{increase}}20.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,473 |percentage=73.79% |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,993 |percentage=37.11% |change={{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Marvin Pariat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,968 |percentage=24.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lohit Ranjan Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,122 |percentage=13.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoyendra Narayan Roy Choudhury |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=9.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robinson K. Tongwah |party=Independent politician |votes=786 |percentage=9.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,025 |percentage=12.71% |change= {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,065 |percentage=68.34% |change= {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,465 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Pynthorumkhrah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,575 |percentage=28.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhas Chandra Bhattacharjee |party=Independent politician |votes=794 |percentage=14.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy K. Lahiri |party=Communist Party of India |votes=786 |percentage=14.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pranesh Biswas |party=Independent politician |votes=531 |percentage=9.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Felbin Synrem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=526 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. H. Moowroh |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=9.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=6.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=781 |percentage=14.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,493 |percentage=63.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,851 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pynthorumkhrah]]
* [[East Khasi Hills district]]
* [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.594|91.916|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Bishramganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:58Z

MohammadTit: made a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bishramganj
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 11,574
| mla = Sudhanwa Debbarma
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Bishramganj Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sudhanwa Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishramganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhanwa Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,745 |percentage=35.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deuan Chandra Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,479 |percentage=31.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aghore Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,068 |percentage=13.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nishi Kant Deb |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=974 |percentage=12.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kishore Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=549 |percentage=7.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=266 |percentage=3.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,815 |percentage=69.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,574 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

2024–25 Kerala Women's League

2026-04-14T20:02:57Z

MohammadTit:

{{Short description|Season of Kerala premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox football league season
| season = 2024–25
| dates = 23 January 2025 – 01 March 2025
| winners = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3rd title)
| promoted = [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
| matches = 30
| total goals = 91
| best player =
| league topscorer = Reshma P ([[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]])
| biggest win =
| highest scoring =
| relegation =
| confed_cup =
| website =
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Kerala Women's League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Kerala Women's League|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 Kerala Women's League''' was the sixth season of the [[Kerala Women's League]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athletic-India |date=2025-01-22 |title=Kickoff Time: What To Expect From Kerala Women’s League 2024-25 Season |url=https://athleticindia.com/kickoff-time-what-to-expect-from-kerala-womens-league-2024-25-season/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> the top division of the women's football league in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The season featured 6 teams with, [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur]] is the venue. The season began on 23 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2025-01-21 |title=Indian football: Thrissur rises as a prominent hub for players in Kerala Women’s League |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-football-thrissur-key-hotspot-for-footballers-in-kerala-womens-league-2024-25/article69124547.ece |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] are the defending champions, won their second title with a 6-2 victory over [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]].

== Teams ==
Six teams will contest the 2024–25 Kerala Women's League season. Apart from last season FC Kerala, Kadathanad Raja FA, SBFA Poovar are not participating this season. Alagappa FC and City Club Chalakkudy are confirmed their participation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/kerala-womens-league/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Teams & locations ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
!Location
|-
|1
|Alagappa FC
|[[Vendore]]
|-
|2
|City Club Chalakkudy
|[[Chalakkudy]]
|-
|3
|[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|4
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|5
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|[[Manjeri]]
|-
|6
|Lords FA
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|}

=== Personnel and sponsorship ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
!Coach
!Captain
!Sponsor
!Remarks
|-
|1
|Alagappa FC
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|City Club Chalakkudy
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|
|
|Gokulam Group
|
|-
|4
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nivetha Ramadoss
|{{flagicon|IND}} Angel
|[[CSB Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|date=6 January 2021|title=CSB Bank becomes Gokulam Kerala FC's official sponsor|url=https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/csb-bank-becomes-gokulam-kerala-fcs-official-sponsor/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Gokulam Kerala FC|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106131215/https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/csb-bank-becomes-gokulam-kerala-fcs-official-sponsor/|archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|5
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Suanlian Zou
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sandra K
|YELO
|
|-
|6
|Lords FA
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ajith Kumar
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Venue ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Location
!Stadium
|-
|1
|[[Thrissur]]
|Govt Boys HSS Ground [[Kunnamkulam]]
|-
|}

== Regular season ==
== League table ==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-womens-league/ The Away End]
|update = 1 March 2025


|result1=C
|result2= P
|result6= R


|team_order = GKFC, KUFC, AFC, CCC,
LFA, DC


|win_DC=0 |draw_DC=1 |loss_DC=9
|gf_DC=2 |ga_DC=28
|win_AFC=4 |draw_AFC=2 |loss_AFC=4 |gf_AFC=14 |ga_AFC=18
|win_GKFC=8 |draw_GKFC=1 |loss_GKFC=1 |gf_GKFC=29 |ga_GKFC=5
|win_CCC=3 |draw_CCC=2 |loss_CCC=5 |gf_CCC=15 |ga_CCC=17
|win_KUFC=8 |draw_KUFC=0 |loss_KUFC=2 |gf_KUFC=19 |ga_KUFC=4
|win_LFA=2 |draw_LFA=4 |loss_LFA=4 |gf_LFA=12 |ga_LFA=19

|note_GKFC= Gokulam Kerala not eligible for promotion to [[Indian Women's League 2]] as they are reserve team of [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]].

|name_DC =[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|name_AFC =Alagappa FC
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_CCC=City Club Chalakkudy
|name_KUFC=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|name_LFA =Lords FA


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_C=green1 |text_C= '''Champions'''
|col_P=blue1 |text_P= '''Promotion''' to [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R= '''Relegated'''
}}
</onlyinclude>

=== Fixtures and results ===

== Season statistics ==
=== Top scorers ===
:''As of 01 March 2025''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} P Reshma
| rowspan="1" align="center" | Kerala United
| rowspan="1" align="center" |9
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Neelambari TK
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Alagappa FC
| rowspan="1" align="center" |7
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Harshika Manish Jain
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="1" align="center" |6
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mahalakshmi
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="2" align="center" |5
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Souparnika
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Lords FA
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Baby Lalchandami
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="2" align="center" |4
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Aleena Tony
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Kerala United
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |8
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Dharshini Devi
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="4" align="center" |3
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Anjana Nakulan
| rowspan="1" align="center" |Alagappa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Priyanka Bhagat
| rowspan="1" align="center" |City Club Chalakudy
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Jesi JS
| rowspan="1" align="center" |City Club Chalakudy
|-
|}

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col|Award
!scope=col|Player
!scope=col|Team
|-
|'''Best Goalkeeper'''
|Arathi V
|Kerala United
|-
|'''Top Scorer'''
|P Reshma
|Kerala United
|-
|'''Player of the Tournament'''
|Neelambari P
|Alagappa FC
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Women's League}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Kerala Women's League}}
[[Category:Kerala Women's League]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Asian women's association football leagues]]

Govindganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:04Z

MohammadTit: made a details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Govindganj
| type = SLA
| map_image = 14-Govindganj constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Raju Tiwari]] {{small|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|प्रदेश अध्यक्ष, लोजपा (राम विलास)]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Sunil Mani Tiwari]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| constituency_no = 14
| established = 1951
| electors = 264,744
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Raju Tiwari in Lalan Prasad's nomination (cropped 2).jpg
| abolished = 
}}

'''Govindganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 14. Govindganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Areraj]] and Paharpur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; and Paschimi Sangrampur, Purbi Sangrampur and Dakshani Bariyaria of Sangrampur CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> Brahmin voters have dominance in Govindganj Vidhan Sabha and its nearby areas, that is why MLAs from Brahmin caste have always been elected here, all the parties here mostly give tickets to Brahmin candidates for Brahmin votes.

Govindganj Assembly constituency is part of 3. [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Govindganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/govindganj.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sheodhari Pandey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |Dhruv Narain Mani Tripathi
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Hari Shankar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" |Rama Shankar Pandey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Yogendra Pandey
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Devendra Nath Dubey
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1998^
|Bhupendra Nath Dubey
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Rajan Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |Meena Dwivedi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Raju Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Sunil Mani Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Raju Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0414.htm
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Govindganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result:Govindganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result:Govindganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0414.htm |accessdate=22 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126155356/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0414.htm|archive-date=26 November 2025 |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raju Tiwari]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:96034}}
|percentage = 52.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shashi B Rai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63351}}
|percentage = 34.67
|change = +9.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Krishna Kant
|votes = {{formatnum:9830}}
|percentage = 5.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Plurals Party
|candidate = Nitesh Kr
|votes = {{formatnum:3770}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Janata Dal
|candidate = Ashutosh
|votes = {{formatnum:3471}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajeet Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1815}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = -1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2911}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32683}}
|percentage = 17.88
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182741}}
|percentage = 69.03
|change = +12.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin||title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Govindganj<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sunil Mani Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65716}}
|percentage = 43.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Brajesh Kumar Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37936}}
|percentage = 24.9
|change = -9.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Raju Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:31461}}
|percentage = 20.65
|change = -33.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sarvesh Kumar Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:3314}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Viswanath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:3267}}
|percentage = 2.14
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjay Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1990}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vipin Kant Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1626}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Yuva Krantikari Party
|candidate = Pappu Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:1616}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yuvraj Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1406}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3007}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27780}}
|percentage = 18.24
|change = -2.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152339}}
|percentage = 56.95
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Govindganj<ref name="Govindganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Govindganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/govindganj |accessdate=22 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126155404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/govindganj|archive-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Raju Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:74685}}
|percentage = 54.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:46765}}
|percentage = 34.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ganeshwar Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:3058}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2481}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:2376}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2092}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3441}}
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27920}}
|percentage = 20.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:136927}}
|percentage = 56.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

{{coord|26|28|56|N|84|41|07|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Jitendra Kumar Gothwal

2026-04-10T03:13:26Z

MohammadTit: put up new bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitendra Kumar Gothwal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chhoti Jhapda, Rajasthan
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khandar]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term2 = 2013 - 2018
| spouse = Sushma
| children = 2
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Jitendra Kumar Gothwal''' is an Indian politician and current Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from Khandar [[Sawai Madhopur]] in [[Rajasthan]]. He is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician.<ref>[http://www.rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=65 Jitendra Kumar Gothwal MLA bio profile]</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gothwal, Jitendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bagaspur

2026-04-08T09:01:07Z

MohammadTit: Put Up Stub

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagaspur
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = A place near Gotegaon, Narsinghpur mp.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nirvikar Path jain Mandir
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.99|N|79.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Narsinghpur District]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
}}
'''Bagaspur''' is a town and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Narsinghpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Its Pin Code is 487118.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/narsinghpur/bagaspur-pincode-487118.html|title=Bagaspur Pin Code - 487118, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search narsinghpur Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bagaspur is located on {{Coord|22.99|N |79.50|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|347|m|ft|0}}. It is situated in the fertile plains of the [[Narmada River]] valley in Madhya Pradesh. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bagaspur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bagaspur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Population==
In 2011, Bagaspur had a population of 7,129, of which 3,807 were male and 3,322 were female.

Bagaspur had 915 children aged 0–6, which was 12.83% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/490591-bagaspur-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Bagaspur Village Population - Gotegaon - Narsimhapur, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bagaspur is {{cvt|42|km}} away from [[Narsinghpur]] and {{cvt|6|km}} away from [[Gotegaon]]. It is well connected with major roads.<ref>https://geoiq.io/places/Bagaspur/NDM4M45ZIi</ref>

Nearby railway station is [[Shridham railway station]]. Passenger, MEMU, Express and Superfast trains halt here.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Narsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Narsinghpur]]

Kumbakonam Brahma Temple

2026-03-25T18:30:08Z

MohammadTit: put up a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Vedanarayanaperumal temple.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Temple entrance]]
'''Kumbakonam Brahma Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This temple is dedicated mainly to [[Vishnu]], as the [[moolavar]] presiding deity, and He is known as Vedanarayanaperumal over here. His consort, [[Lakshmi]], is known as Vedavalli.

== Significance ==
At the right side of the sanctum sanctorum Brahma is found in a separate shrine. He is flanked by [[Saraswati]] and [[Gayatri]]. At the left, [[Yoganarasimha]] is found with Sridevi and Bhoodevi.

Also, it is not the only [[temple]] dedicated to [[Brahma]] in the world, the other temple being the [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar]], in [[Pushkar]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Rajasthan]].

In addition, there is a temple dedicated to Brahma (with four faces) at Bengaluru, Karnataka.

== Speciality ==
Though the presiding deity is called as Vedanarayanaperumal, this temple is generally known as [[Brahman|Brahma]] Temple.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Brahmma temple|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=590 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Sri Brahman temple|url= http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/sunday_kondattam/article1465100.ece |publisher =[[Dinamani]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Birman Temple Kumbakonam|url= http://www.birmantemplekumbakonam.com|publisher = [[Inbanaathan P V]]}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Indians in Korea

2026-03-15T22:31:03Z

MohammadTit: further improved content per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Korea
| native_name = 한국에 있는 인도인 कोरिया में भारतीय
| image =
| caption =
| population =
| popplace =
| region1 = South Korea
| pop1 = 24,414 (2013)
| ref1 = <ref name="Immigration.go.kr">{{citation|title=Major indicators of Korea|url=http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parentId=A|publisher=Korean Statistical Information Service|publication-place=South Korea|year=2009|access-date=2011-03-21|page=262}}</ref>
| region2 = North Korea
| pop2 = 586 (2015)
| ref2 = <ref name="iom.int">{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/world-migration |title=World Migration | International Organization for Migration |publisher=Iom.int |access-date=March 25, 2017 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501120652/https://www.iom.int/world-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| langs = [[Hindi]]{{·}}Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]{{·}}[[Korean language|Korean]]
| rels = Majority [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Indians in Japan]]
}}

'''Indians in Korea''' include the [[Indian diaspora|migrant diaspora]] from [[India]] to [[Korea]] and their locally-born descendants. A majority of them live in [[Seoul]] and [[Busan]], and smaller populations live in other parts of [[South Korea]]. The Indian population in [[North Korea]] is negligible, consisting of embassy staff and NGO members.

The Government of India's Ministry of External Affairs estimates the Overseas Indian population to be about 17,000 in South Korea, as of 2025. It is reported that 16 Indian citizens live in North Korea, although official data is hard to verify.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> During the [[Coronavirus pandemic]], India safely evacuated its embassy staff through a special Russia-bound train.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: India 'Temporarily Closes' Embassy in North Korea, Ambassador Leaves Country|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/covid-north-korea-pyongyang-atul-gotsurve-embassy-closes}}</ref>

== History of Indian migration ==

===Malananta: the 4th century Indian Buddhist monk in Korea ===
{{Main|Malananta}}
[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|right|300px|[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhist expansion in Asia]], from Buddhist heartland in [[northern India]] (dark orange) starting 5th century BCE, to Buddhist majority realm (orange), and historical extent of Buddhism influences (yellow). [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] (red arrow), [[Theravada|Theravāda]] (green arrow), and [[Tantra|Tantric]]-[[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] (blue arrow). The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Acri |author-first=Andrea |date=20 December 2018 |title=Maritime Buddhism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]

The two oldest extant histories of Korea, '[[Samguk yusa]]' and '[[Samguk Sagi]],' record the following three monks among the first to bring the [[Buddhist]] teaching, or [[Dharma]], to [[Korea]] in the 4th century during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms period]]. These mention the following monks: [[Malananta]] (मेघानंदा, Meghananda, Melananda or cloud monk)- an [[India]]n [[Buddhist]] monk who came via [[Serindian|the Serindian]] area of southern China's [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Eastern Jin Dynasty]]. He was received by the King [[Chimnyu of Baekje|Chimnyu]] of [[Baekje]] in the southern Korea in 384 CE.<ref>"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in ''Samguk Yusa'' III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178-179.</ref><ref name=autogenerated9>{{Citation
| last=Kim
| first=Won-yong
| title=An Early Gilt-bronze Seated Buddha from Seoul
| journal=Artibus Asiae
| volume=23
| issue=1
| year=1960
| pages=67–71
| doi=10.2307/3248029
| jstor=3248029
}}, pg. 71</ref>

===Medieval period===
In the 14th century, the Buddhist monk of [[Nalanda]], [[Dhyānabhadra]], came to Korea during the [[Goryeo]] period. He played an important role in the development of [[Buddhism in Korea]] and upon his death, his relics were ordered by [[Gongmin of Goryeo]] to be brought to Korea where his followers built a stupa on top.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huntley Grayson |first1=James |title=Korea: A Religious History |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136869181 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUf8AQAAQBAJ}}</ref>
[[File:Dhyānabhadra.png|thumb|Portrait of Dhyānabhadra at Silleuksa]]

===Korean War===
{{Main|Parachute Regiment (India)}}

[[File:1953.9.1 인도군 중립감시단 인천외항 도착 (7445971822).jpg|thumb|Indian troops of the [[Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission]] disembarking at [[Incheon]], 1 September 1953.]]

While the [[Indian army]] did not militarily get involved in the [[Korean War]], it sent a medical unit, the 60 Parachute Field Ambulance, which served in Korea for three and a half years (Nov 1950- May 1954), the longest single tenure by any military unit under the UN flag.

They were involved in providing medical cover alternately to the US Army/ROK forces and the Commonwealth Division under the UN Command as well as the local civilians, and earned the informal title, "The Maroon Angels."{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}. The unit also looked after the [[North Korea]]n POWs. The unit provided an ADS and a surgical team (7 officers and 5 other ranks) during [[Operation Tomahawk]], an airborne operation launched on 21 March 1951 by the US Army's 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team.

Towards the end of the Korean War in 1953, a reinforced [[brigade]] known as the Custodian Force of India was deployed for the repatriation of the prisoners of war and was deployed for almost two years (1953–54).

===Postwar Korea===

====Economic Growth ====
After the Korean War, there remained only 1 Indian in South Korea, a [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) employee until 1966, when an Indian student came to study at [[Seoul National University]]. In the late 1960s, South Korea started exporting heavily, attracting some Indian diaspora with [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] traders from Hong Kong and Singapore. In the 1980s, professionals began immigrating to South Korea, and in the 1990s, South Korean universities admitted Indian students for classes and research.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Tayal |first=Skand R. |title=India and the Republic of Korea: engaged democracies |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-02036-8 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Current Status==
===Professional cooks===
Most of professional cooks usually work at restaurants in [[Seoul]], [[Busan]], [[Daegu]], and other cities. Some are hired by Korean owners of Indian restaurants and [[Hotel|hotels]], while others own their own restaurants.<ref name=":12" />

===Cultural exchange===
Technology has allowed for increased cultural exchange between India and Korea, leading to increased international engagement with Korean pop culture concerning both K-pop and K-dramas. Younger generations try to speak Korean and imitate Korean styles in India, especially in Manipur. The fascination with South Korea increases the interest of Indians in Korea who pursue paths like acting or the idol industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanozia |first=Rubal |last2=Ganghariya |first2=Garima |date=2021-07-03 |title=Cultural proximity and hybridity: popularity of Korean pop culture in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2021.1902079 |journal=Media Asia |language=en |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2021.1902079 |issn=0129-6612|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Korean Kanakaraju]] Became first Telugu film to be filmed in korea<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/movies/korean-kanakaraju-varun-tej-and-team-head-korea-to-shoot-the-last-leg-of-the-horror-comedy-report/ar-AA1YE5j3?ocid=BingNewsSerp</ref>.<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/14/varun-tej-set-to-commence-korea-schedule-for-vt15</ref>

==Organizations and associations==

With a burgeoning Indian community exceeding 10000, several representative organizations in South Korea have been established in [[South Korea]]. Some notable communities that are active include

*Indian Students and Researchers in South Korea (ISRK) - representing close to 4000 researchers, post-docs, and university students, conduct various cultural activities to foster unity as well as to spread awareness.
*"IndiansInKorea" (also known as IIK) - more than 5000 members and is an umbrella organization for Indians living in Korea, organizing events for significant holidays <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indians in Korea {{!}} |url=https://indiansinkorea.com/inspire/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Indian Association of Korea - mainly comprises working professionals
*Annapurna Indian Women's Club (formerly known as the Indian Women's Association) - helps with community and cultural exchanges among Indians living in South Korea<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-868-9 |editor-last=Kesavapany |editor-first=K. |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Mani |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Ramasamy |editor-first3=P.}}</ref>

== Discrimination and racism ==
Indians in South Korea have reported experiencing various forms of racial discrimination in social, educational, and professional settings. Academic studies and media reports note that South Asian migrants, including Indians, often face negative stereotypes related to skin tone, socioeconomic status, and nationality. These attitudes can manifest in everyday interactions, such as reluctance from some Koreans to sit next to darker‑skinned foreigners on public transport or avoidance in social situations. Although many Indians describe positive experiences in the country, accounts of prejudice remain a recurring theme in surveys and interviews conducted among migrant communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[New Neighbors] Is S. Korea a racist country?|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/article/3352233|website=The Korea Herald|date=2024-03-20|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Lee|last=Jaeeun}}</ref>

Several high-profile incidents have drawn public attention to discriminatory practices. In 2023, an Indian resident in Busan reported being denied entry to a nightclub that displayed a sign restricting access to Indian and Pakistani men, prompting widespread discussion on social media and coverage in Korean and international news outlets. Similar cases involving housing discrimination, workplace bias, and verbal harassment have been documented by migrant support organizations. These incidents have contributed to broader debates about xenophobia and the treatment of non‑white foreigners in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indians Speak Out Against Racism in South Korea|url=https://decodetoday.com/indians-speak-out-against-racism-in-south-korea/|date=2024-01-06|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-GB|first=Jovial|last=Jose}}</ref>

South Korea does not currently have a comprehensive anti‑discrimination law, despite repeated recommendations from international human rights bodies. Advocacy groups argue that the absence of such legislation limits legal recourse for victims of racial discrimination, including Indian nationals. Efforts to introduce an anti‑discrimination bill have faced political and social resistance, though public awareness of multicultural issues has gradually increased. As South Korea’s foreign population continues to grow, discussions about racism, migrant rights, and social integration remain central to the experiences of Indian residents in the country.
In February 2026, Indian social media influencer Sachin Awasthi and his wife were denied entry into South Korea while attempting to travel to Jeju Island as tourists. According to media reports, the couple was held by immigration authorities for approximately 38 hours before being required to return.

After departing South Korea, they transited through China on their way back to India. Awasthi later described the experience on social media, stating that they were subjected to questioning and additional travel arrangements before being allowed to return home. The incident received attention online and was reported by Indian media outlets<ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/influencer-sachin-awasthi-shares-detention-ordeal-in-south-korea-china-1939263</ref>.

==See also==
* [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism in Korea]]
* [[Hinduism in China]]
* [[Hinduism in Japan]]
* [[Hinduism in Korea]]
* [[Koreans in India]]
* [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya]]
* [[India–South Korea relations]]
* [[India – North Korea relations]]
* [[List of Hindu temples outside India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiansinkorea.com/ Indians in Korea]
*[http://indiansinkorea.net/ Indians in Korea Forum]

{{Immigrants and expatriates in Korea}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Korea]]
[[Category:Korean people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of South Korea]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Korea|Indians]]

Natana Kasinathan

2026-03-13T21:59:11Z

MohammadTit: started a entry

{{Short description|Indian historian (1940–2025)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Academics|date=May 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Natana Kasinathan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kasinathan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1940|11|1}}
| birth_place = [[Thoppalikuppam]], [[South Arcot]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|10|6|1940|11|1}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Archaeologist]], author
| years_active =
| known_for = Researching Tamil civilization
| notable_works =
}}

'''Natana Kasinathan''' (1 November 1940 – 6 October 2025) was an Indian historian, archaeologist, author and [[epigraphist]] who is known for his work on inscriptions of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Stalin condoles death of epigraphist and archaeologist Natana Kasinathan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-condoles-death-of-epigraphist-and-archaeologist-natana-kasinathan/article70131985.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-10-06|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> He graduated from [[University of Madras]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Natana Kasinathan, who led TN's first under-sea archaeological expedition, dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/natana-kasinathan-who-led-tns-first-under-sea-archaeological-expedition-dies/articleshow/124347861.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-10-07|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He served as the Director of the [[Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19960415-excavations-at-poompuhar-point-to-chola-ports-fabled-grandeur-833152-1996-04-15|title=Excavations at Poompuhar point to Chola ports fabled grandeur|date=15 April 1996|first=Nirupama|last=Subramanian|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He is credited with reviving the inscriptions relating to early Tamil civilizations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/jun/26/tamils-knew-language-in-10000-bc-itself-490604.html|title=Tamils knew language in 10,000 BC itself|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> Kasinathan died on 6 October 2025, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite web |title=Renowned archaeologist and epigraphist Dr. Natana Kasinathan passed away |url=https://www.inarchcenter.com/post/renowned-archaeologist-and-epigraphist-dr-natana-kasinathan-passed-away |website=Indian Archaeology Center |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== Discoveries ==
Rock Art at Mallachandram.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rock Arts of Tamil Nadu|url=http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Rock%20Art%20of%20Tamilnadu%20part%20022.pdf|journal=Rock Arts of Tamil Nadu|via=Tamil Nadu Government}}</ref>

== Journals ==
* Date of Early Tamil Epigraphs
* Kumarikkandam and Harappan Civilization
* The Unknown Sanskrit Poets of Pallava, Pandya, Chola Periods
* The Role of Shepherds Through The Ages<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ulakaththamizh.org/JOTSAArticle.aspx?id=53|title=Natana Kasinathan, M.A : Journal of Tamil Studies|website=www.ulakaththamizh.org|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
* Kala : The journal of Indian Art History Congress 5 (1998–1999)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&q=natana+kasinathan&pg=PA254|title=ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three – South Asia|last1=Pieris|first1=Sita|last2=Raven|first2=Ellen|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004191488|language=en}}</ref>
* Kalvettu, Journal of Tamil Nadu State Department of Archeology

== Books ==
* Ancient Industries of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/publn/publn.htm|title=Government Museum Chennai|website=www.chennaimuseum.org|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
* Thamizhar Panpattu Sitharalgal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamfours.com/library/books/details/29448.html|title=Thamilar Punnpaattu Chitharallkal – Natana Kasinathan|website=www.teamfours.com|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
* Vanniyar Varalaru II (History of Vanniyars Volume II)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jun/21/vanniyar-community-sidelined-krishnasamy-125164.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170650/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/jun/21/vanniyar-community-sidelined-krishnasamy-125164.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2016|title=Vanniyar community sidelined: Krishnasamy|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
* Thamizhar Kasu Iyal
* ''Hero Stones in Tamilnadu''{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
* Tamils Heritage
* Thonmai Thamizhum Thonmai Thamizharurum
* Samana Thadayam
* Muthil Mugizhdha Mutharaiyar

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasinathan, Natana}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Cultural historians]]
[[Category:Indian epigraphers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]

Yerravaripalem mandal

2026-03-05T05:11:52Z

MohammadTit:

{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yerravaripalem mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Yerravaripalem]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Yerravaripalem mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=K. |date=2021-07-13 |title=Kathi Mahesh laid to rest at native Yalamanda |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kathi-mahesh-laid-to-rest-at-native-yalamanda/article35291223.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Nakhuda (film)

2026-03-03T23:52:18Z

MohammadTit: adjust information per standard format

{{Short description|1981 Hindi film directed by Dilip Naik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Nakhuda
|image =Nakhuda 1981.jpg
|director = [[Dilip Naik]]
|producer = [[Yash Chopra]]
|starring = [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] [[Swaroop Sampat]] [[Madan Puri]] [[Bharat Kapoor]]
|music = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] [[Nida Fazli]] (lyrics)
|distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|3|6}}
|country = India
|language = Hindi
}}

'''Nakhuda''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1981|1981]] [[Hindi film|Hindi]] drama film, directed by Dilip Naik and produced by [[Yash Chopra]], starring [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Swaroop Sampat]] and [[Madan Puri]] in lead roles. Music of film was by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] with lyrics by [[Nida Fazli]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Nakhuda #1981#|publisher=Yash Raj Films
| url = http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=c0a83204-00e2-489b-a4c1-21f20faf855e
| access-date =18 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Plot==

Ravi Shankar lives in a shabby hotel room belonging to the owner of the Hotel "Allah Belli", Sheikhu Dada. Ravi studies in college and pays his rent and living expenses through money-orders sent to him from his dad. After Ravi's dad passes away, Sheikhu initially asks him to leave the room, but then decides to pay for the remainder of his education so as to recover all dues when Ravi gets a job. Ravi does get through successfully, and Sheikhu even arranges for a job with a wealthy businessman named Jagannath Gupta. Ravi and Jagannath's daughter, Sonia, fall in love and get married, and soon Sonia gets pregnant. Jagannath and Sonia are unhappy with Sheikhu's involvement with their family, and conspire to put an end to Ravi and Sheikhu's relationship.

== Cast ==
* [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Ravi Shankar
* [[Swaroop Sampat]] as Sonia Gupta
* [[Madan Puri]] as Jagannath Gupta
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Nawab (waiter)
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Sheikhu Dada
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Anthony
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Qawwali singer
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Police inspector
* [[Asha Sachdev]] as Courtesan

==Music==
#"Tujhe Maroongi Phoolon Ki Maar Sajna" - [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Haq Ali, Ali [[Maula Ali]]" - [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], Mujahad Ali
#"Suno Ik Baat Bolein, Hamein Tumse Mohabbat Hai" - [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Aaja Aaja Yaar Habibi" - [[Pamela Chopra]], S K Mohan, Jagjeet Kaur, Mahendra Kapoor
#"Sahara Hai Nakhuda Ka" - Mahendra Kapoor
#"Tumhari Palko Ki Chilmano Me Ye Kya Chhupa Hai" - Lata Mangeshkar, Nitin Mukesh

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0341496}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|nakhuda}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Works about Ali]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Paheli (1977 film)

2026-03-03T23:27:11Z

MohammadTit: basic added structure as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|1977 film by Prashanta Nanda}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Paheli (2005 film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=July 2020}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paheli
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Prashant Nanda]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Tarachand Barjatya]]|[[Rajshri Productions]]}}
| story =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Satyajeet]]|Nameeta Chandra|[[Durga Khote]]|[[Arun Govil]]|[[A. K. Hangal]]|[[Dina Pathak]]}}
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]] (with lyrics)
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|||[[India]]}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paheli'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajshri.com/films/paheli-1978|title = :: Rajshri Films - Paheli (1978) ::}}</ref> ([[Hindi]]: पहेली; [[translation]]: riddle) is a 1977 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language film produced by [[Tarachand Barjatya]] for [[Rajshri Productions]]. This family drama was directed by [[Prashant Nanda]] with Satyajeet and Nameeta Chandra playing the lead characters.

Arun Govil, Nameeta Chandra, Poornima Jayaram, Neena Mahapatra and Anita Singh were debutants to Bollywood screen in this film and [[Suresh Wadkar]] as playback singer.

==Plot==
source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paheli|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/paheli-1|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Cinemaazi|language=en}}</ref>

Brij Mohan (Nitin Sethi) leaves his home in a village to live in Bombay. His mother (Durga Khote) prefers to stay alone in their palatial home. Brij gets married. His wife gives birth and passes away soon after. After few years, Brij is an established businessman and his son Montu (Satyajeet) is studying in his final year in school. He asks Montu to visit his grandmother, which he agrees to reluctantly, provided his friends accompany him. The group faces many problems on the way and when they reach the village. Hence, his friends return to Bombay, leaving Montu with his grandmother. Montu becomes friends with a vivacious village girl Gauri (Nameeta Chandra), an orphan living with her cruel aunt, and two equally brutal cousins. Montu and Gauri's friendship blossoms and they meet regularly. He also meets a struggling farmer Balram (Arun Govil), his mother ([[Leela Mishra]]), and his fiancée Kanak (Abha Dhulia). Balram would like to go to the city and earn money for his marriage, to which his mother refuses. Against his expectations, Montu finds village life interesting and promises his grandmother to return the next year.

After a year, he finds significant changes in the village. Balram has married and left the village. His ailing mother has died. Gauri refuses to speak with him, while her uncle and aunt are looking for a suitable groom to get her married to. Does Montu understand and appreciate changes in the village against the city life, where he has grown up, and visit his grandmother again?

==Cast==
*[[Satyajeet Puri|Satyajeet]] - Montu
*Nameeta Chandra - Gauri
*Nitin Sethi - Brij Mohan
*[[Durga Khote]] - Brij Mohan's mother
*[[Arun Govil]] - Balram
*[[Leela Mishra]] - Balram's mother
*[[A. K. Hangal]] - Masterji
*[[Dina Pathak]] - Masterji's wife
*Birbal - Birbal, Chauffeur
*Abha Dhulia - Kanak
*Shivraj - Vaidji, Kanak's father
*[[Poornima Jayaram]] - Champa
*Neena Mahapatra - Roopa
*Anita Singh - Rekha
*Abka Chuliya

==Crew==
*''Director'' - [[Prashant Nanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=PAHELI (1977)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753d0bc6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716202256/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753d0bc6|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-16|website=BFI|language=en}}</ref>
*''Producer'' - [[Tarachand Barjatya]]
*''Production Company'' - [[Rajshri Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=PAHELI (1977)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753d0bc6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716202256/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753d0bc6|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-16|website=BFI|language=en}}</ref>
*''Music Director'' - [[Ravindra Jain]]
*''Lyricist'' - [[Ravindra Jain]]
*''Playback Singers'' - [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemalata]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]

==Songs==
source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paheli : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Paheli (1977)|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/paheli.htm|access-date=2021-07-16|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en}}</ref>

#"Kanha Ki Zid Par Nachegi Radha, Chaye Aaye Na Aaye Nachna" - [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]], [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]
#"Saheli Ho Paheli Pucchho, O Shari Babu Paheli Bujho" - [[Suresh Wadkar]], Hemlata, Chandrani Mukherjee
#"Manmohak Ye Pyara Pyara Gaon" - Suresh Wadkar, Hemlata
#"Jaane Kaisi Bahen Ye Hawa, Mujhe Hone Laga Hai Nasha" - Suresh Wadkar
#"Tan Bhije Mora Man Bhije Mujh Se Ched Kare Furvai" - Hemlata
#"Sonaa Kare Jhil Mil Jhil Mil" - Hemlata, Suresh Wadkar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0165907|Paheli}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prashanta Nanda]]

Maryade Ramanna

2026-03-03T21:28:50Z

MohammadTit: started details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{distinguish|Maryada Ramanna}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maryade Ramanna
| image = Maryade Ramanna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Patti V S Guruprasad
| screenplay = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''|S. S. Kanchi}}
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*Nisha Shah
*[[Mukesh Rishi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = R Giri
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = Sri Jai Bhuvaneshwari Arts
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|9|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maryade Ramanna''''' ({{Translation|Respectable, brotherly Ram}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action comedy]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Guruprasad and starring [[Komal (actor)|Komal]], Nisha Shah and [[Mukesh Rishi]]. It is a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/aug/09/komal-to-promote-his-film-on-bicycle-280030.html|title=Komal to promote his film on bicycle|date=9 August 2011|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> which itself is based on ''[[Our Hospitality]]'' (1923).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/Vallavanukku-Pullum-Aayudham/articleshow/35104436.cms | title=Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 May 2014|accessdate=10 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms | title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style | newspaper=Bangalore Mirror | date=29 January 2012 | accessdate=10 February 2024 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Ramu
*Nisha Shah as Aparna
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Desai
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]] as doctor
*Dharma
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*Pushpa Swamy

== Production ==
The climax was shot in [[Kadapa]] city. [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] voiced the bicycle in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-two-kannada-films-fight-it-out-this-weekend/20110922.htm|title=Two Kannada films fight it out this weekend|last=Lakshminarayana|first=Shruti Indira|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 September 2011}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that "A fine story and screenplay prop up this film, which stutters in the first half but manages to keep the audience riveted in the second."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/193225/maryade-ramanna.html|title=Maryade Ramanna|date=24 September 2011|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|last=Srivani|first=B. S.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "''Maryade Ramanna'' tests your patience in the first half, but Komal manages to up your sprits in the second half with his antics".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maryade-ramanna/20110926.htm|title=Review: Maryade Ramanna relies on Komal's comedy|last=Lakshminarayana|first=Shruti Indira|date=26 September 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Komal steals the show as the talented comedian proves that he can also be a good hero with excellent dialogue delivery and brilliantly genuine expressions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maryade-ramanna/movie-review/12197664.cms|title=MARYADE RAMANNA MOVIE REVIEW|date=23 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' stated that "Komal once again shows that he is no less than a hero when it when it comes to entertaining. It must be said it is a treat to watch Komal playing a full-length role".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/maryade-ramanna-komal-deserves-maryade/articleshow/21512159.cms|title=Maryade Ramanna: Komal deserves '˜Maryade'|date=23 September 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13906502}}

[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s action adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2011 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Sound film remakes of silent films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]

Vandichakkaram

2026-03-03T05:23:38Z

MohammadTit: small reworked details to improve readability and added references

{{short description|1980 film by K. Vijayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vandichakkaram
| image = Vandichakkaram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]
| writer = [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
| producer = Thirupur Mani
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sivakumar]]|[[Saritha]]}}
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = T. Rajasekhar
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Vivekananda Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1980|8|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vandichakkaram''''' ({{Translation|Cartwheel}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and written by [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]] and [[Saritha]]. It revolves around a ruffian who, after falling in love, resolves to mend his ways.

Chakravarthy wrote the script in 1976, but production began only in 1979. It was supposed to be the 100th film of Sivakumar but eventually became his 101st to accommodate ''[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]'' (1979). The film was produced by Thirupur Mani, and shot at [[Mysore]]. It is also the Tamil debut of [[Silk Smitha]].

''Vandichakkaram'' was released on 29 August 1980, and became one of the biggest hits of Sivakumar. At the [[Filmfare Awards South]], he and Saritha won the awards for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Tamil Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] respectively. The film also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]—Third Prize. It was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lookhar |first=Mayur |date=2 December 2016 |title=When Deven Verma was locked in a jewellery store |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/2/3198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601101220/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/2/3198 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2021}}
Gaja is a ruffian. After falling in love with Vadivu, he resolves to mend his ways.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]] as Gaja
*[[Saritha]] as Vadivu
*[[Sivachandran]] as Sarathi
*[[Samikannu]] as Palayam
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as Maari
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Muthu
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as a thief
*[[Silk Smitha|Smitha]] as Silk
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
}}

== Production ==

[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] wrote the script of ''Vandichakkaram'' in 1976, but production began only in 1979.<ref name="deccanchronicle" /> This was supposed to be the 100th film of [[Sivakumar]] but eventually became his 101st so that ''[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]'' (1979) could become his 100th. The film featured Sivakumar portraying a ruffian, completely different from the soft roles which he was portraying at that point of his career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This was the Tamil film debut of Vijayalakshmi, who later became known as the sex symbol [[Silk Smitha]]. Vinu Chakravarthy said he "chiseled" her character during the writing process for almost three years before production began.<ref name="deccanchronicle" /> Since the film demanded a vegetable market situated in a straight line, the crew zeroed on a market place Devaraja Market in [[Mysore]] where the film was shot.<ref name="thiraippada solai" /><ref name="mysore" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=11 May 1980 |title=பழக்கடையில் படப்பிடிப்பு குழுவினர்! |trans-title=Filming crew at a fruit shop! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-11/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230402150854/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-11/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sivakumar revealed that the market place usually does not give permission to shoot but they specially gave permission only to this film's crew.<ref name="thiraippada solai" /> The filming was also held at Premier Studios at Mysore.<ref name="mysore" /> Smitha's voice was dubbed by Hema Malini.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=23 September 2019 |title=Decoding Silk Smitha for Gen Z |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/decoding-silk-smitha-for-gen-z/articleshow/71250400.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020103717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/decoding-silk-smitha-for-gen-z/articleshow/71250400.cms |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Vaa Machan" was supposed to be picturised on Sivakumar's character; however, since it was felt the majesty of his role would be reduced if he had performed in the song, it was changed into his character drinking and being an onlooker at the dance.<ref name="thiraippada solai" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]], and lyrics were penned by [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 1980 |title=Vandichakkaram |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vandichakkaram/XpdrBuqcKno_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924025844/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vandichakkaram/XpdrBuqcKno_ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Vaa Machan Vaa" became hugely popular.<ref name="39 years" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Devi Vantha Neram
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Oru Thai Maasam
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Vaa Machan
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 5:24
| total_length = 12:46 
}}

== Release ==
''Vandichakkaram'' was released on 29 August 1980,<ref name="39 years" /> and became one of the biggest hits of Sivakumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajarathinam |first=R. M. |date=12 February 2005 |title=Portrait of an actor |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/12/stories/2005021200940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825212652/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/12/stories/2005021200940300.htm |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=23 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> At the [[Filmfare Awards South]], Sivakumar and Saritha won the awards for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Tamil Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}</ref> The film also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]—Third Prize.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 1982 |title=சிறந்த படம் "வறுமையின் நிறம் சிவப்பு" {{!}} தமிழக அரசு பரிசு! |trans-title=''Varumayin Niram Sivappu'' wins Best Film {{!}} Tamil Nadu State Film Awards! |url=https://ibb.co/1rTstp8 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511042513/https://ibb.co/1rTstp8 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |location=Bangalore |pages=1 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', Nalini Sastry said Vijayan was not pushing the cartwheel on the ground, but into the sky.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=14 September 1980 |title=வண்டிச்சக்கரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-09-14/page/n54/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230326122826/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-09-14/page/n54/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' called Sivakumar as "Vidhyasamana Kumar" ({{translation|Different Kumar}}) for portraying a rowdy character.<ref name="ka">{{Cite magazine |date=17 May 1981 |title=வண்டிச்சக்கரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-05-17/page/n60/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230326123247/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-05-17/page/n60/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=29 May 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' praised the acting of Vinu Chakravarthy while praising director Vijayan for portraying that a goon can be submissive towards wife's love.<ref name="ka" /> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of Sivakumar, Saritha and other actors, cinematography, music, dialogues, direction but panned Surulirajan's humour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=7 September 1980 |title=வண்டிச்சக்கரம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_297/3.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529202127/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_297/3.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |archive-date=29 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="thiraippada solai">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 35: வண்டிச்சக்கரம் |trans-title=Film Oasis 35: ''Vandichakkaram'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/675768-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528045422/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/675768-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="39 years">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=29 August 2019 |title='வா மச்சான் வா... வண்ணாரப்பேட்டை...' – 'வண்டிச்சக்கரம்' படத்துக்கு 39 வயது |trans-title='Come dude come... Vannarapettai...' – The film ''Vandichakkaram'' turns 39 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513395-vandichakkaram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601101304/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513395-vandichakkaram.html |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite news |date=17 February 2011 |title=Silk Smitha is my creation |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/silk-smitha-my-creation-491 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225030019/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/silk-smitha-my-creation-491 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
<ref name="mysore">{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=4 May 1980 |title=மைசூர் மார்க்கெட்டில் வண்டிச்சக்கரம் |trans-title=''Vandichakkaram'' in the Mysore market |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-04/page/n15/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230326122238/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-05-04/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=27 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Vijayan}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thirudan Police

2026-03-03T03:30:09Z

MohammadTit: Started a pg

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Caarthick Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thirudan Police
| image = Thirudan Police poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster for Thirudan Police
| director = [[Caarthick Raju]]
| producer = [[S. P. B. Charan]] J.Selvakumar
| writer = Caarthick Raju
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Siddharth
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = Capital Film Works [[Kenanya Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|14}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thirudan Police''''' ({{translation|Thief and Police}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action comedy film]], directed by debutant [[Caarthick Raju]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-09 |title=Dinesh gears up for a game of hide-and-seek |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dinesh-gears-up-for-a-game-of-hide-and-seek/articleshow/25445556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217114707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-09/news-interviews/43854182_1_dinesh-endhiran-aishwarya |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2014-02-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Produced by [[S. P. B. Charan]] in collaboration with J. Selvakumar of Kenanya films, the film has [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the lead,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=SPB Charan's next, Thirudan Police will have Dinesh and Aishwarya in the lead |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/spb-charans-next-thirudan-police-will-have-ranjith-and-aishwarya-in-the-lead.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203171723/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/spb-charans-next-thirudan-police-will-have-ranjith-and-aishwarya-in-the-lead.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=2014-02-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> while [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Nithin Sathya]], [[John Vijay]] and [[Rajendran]] play supporting roles. The music is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-08 |title=SPB Charan's "Thirudan Police" gets ready |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/spb-charan-s-thirudan-police-gets-ready-news-tamil-nlikkjhieha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031857/http://www.sify.com/movies/spb-charan-s-thirudan-police-gets-ready-news-tamil-nlikkjhieha.html |archive-date=2013-11-10 |access-date=2014-02-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to the director, the film is about a son exacting revenge for his father's death. The film was launched in December 2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=2013-12-07 |title=Aaranya Kaandam makers begin Thirudan Police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aaranya-Kaandam-makers-begin-Thirudan-Police/articleshow/27014608.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209120827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/news-interviews/44903348_1_thirudan-police-aaranya-kaandam-vijay-sethupathy |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2014-02-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and released on 14 November 2014. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Sapthagiri Express (film)|Sapthagiri Express]]'' with [[Saptagiri (actor)|Sapthagiri]] and in Kannada as ''Kiladi Police'' with Harish Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Filmnagar {{pipe}} Bigg Boss Telugu 5 ... Latest Telugu Movies Reviews |url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/10/03/sapthagiri-express/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052141/https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/10/03/sapthagiri-express/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Harish Raj's New Film Is "Khiladi Police" |url=https://chitraloka.com/news/17876-harish-raj-s-new-film-is-khiladi-police.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001712/https://chitraloka.com/news/17876-harish-raj-s-new-film-is-khiladi-police.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=chitraloka.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]] as Vishwa
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Poornima
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as [[Constable]] Vanagamudi
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Ravi
* [[Rajendran]] as Manickam
* [[John Vijay]] as Maravattai
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commissioner]] Ramachandran
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as [[Head constable]] Singaram
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Radha
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ekambaram
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Rani
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as [[Constable|Writer]]
* Rajendranath as [[Prison officer|Jailer]] Subramanian
* Robo Chandru as Head Constable
* Hello Kandasamy as Tea Stall Owner
* [[Vaiyapuri]] (Guest appearance)
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Professor (Guest appearance)
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Vinayagam (Guest appearance)
* [[Aruldoss]] as Councilor (Guest appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Caarthick Raju stated "For 14 years, I have been involved in visual effects and computer graphics for several films. Then came a stage when I wanted to do something more creative. With encouragement from my friend, cinematographer [[Velraj]], I started writing scripts and learning about direction. When the time was right, I approached [[S. P. B. Charan]] for whom I had earlier worked on visual effects, and he showed a keen interest in the concept I had built into my script".<ref name="thehindu1" /> The director stated that the film is about a son exacting revenge for his father's death and that the story is "how hide-and-seek continues to be played in adulthood when a thief and a cop come head-to-head".<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-11-11 |title=Shotcuts: One step at a time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-one-step-at-a-time/article5339138.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114031023/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-one-step-at-a-time/article5339138.ece |archive-date=14 November 2013 |access-date=2014-02-09 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> While Dinesh was signed to play the son, "a carefree boy with no responsibilities" who later becomes a police officer, [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] was cast as the father.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Thirudan Police is a story of revenge |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Thirudan-Police-is-a-story-of-revenge/articleshow/36954721.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623003204/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Thirudan-Police-is-a-story-of-revenge/articleshow/36954721.cms |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dinesh was reported to appear in four looks and was trained by a constable friend to get his body language right for the policeman's role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attakathi Dinesh turns cop in Thirudan Police |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Attakathi-Dinesh-turns-cop-in-Thirudan-Police/2014/06/21/article2290874.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Attakathi-Dinesh-turns-cop-in-Thirudan-Police/2014/06/21/article2290874.ece |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Shruti Hassan was signed to play the role of a college student, whose father is a sub-inspector.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

The team traveled to [[Kodaikanal]] to shoot a duet song featuring Dinesh and Iyshwarya. It was shot in a few hilly locations, about 25  km away from Kodaikanal.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I've Never Danced in My Movies till Now' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I%E2%80%99ve-Never-Danced-in-My-Movies-till-Now/2014/05/08/article2211539.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522003622/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I%E2%80%99ve-Never-Danced-in-My-Movies-till-Now/2014/05/08/article2211539.ece |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi has danced for the [[Kuthu]] number, "Ennoda Vaa (kutthaattam Podu)" from the film. The song was shot at Kerala House, near [[VGP Universal Kingdom|VGP]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi shakes a leg for a kuthu number |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-shakes-a-leg-for-a-kuthu-number/articleshow/38140442.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712034335/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-shakes-a-leg-for-a-kuthu-number/articleshow/38140442.cms |archive-date=12 July 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thirudan Police
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 10 July 2014
| recorded = 2013–14
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:57
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Anjaan (soundtrack)|Anjaan]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The album features five tracks and was released on 10 July 2014 at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirudan Police audio launched! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thirudan-Police-audio-launched/articleshow/38129285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902184956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thirudan-Police-audio-launched/articleshow/38129285.cms |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Moodupanikkul" was one of the song originally composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja for the film ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' that was also produced by [[S. P. Charan]] and that eventually released without any songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=Aaranya Kaandam song lost and found |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/27129/aaranya-kaandam-song-lost-and-found |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129045651/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/27129/aaranya-kaandam-song-lost-and-found |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Besides Charan two [[Airtel Super Singer]] contestants, Hariharasudhan and Pooja Vaidyanath, had also sung for ''Thirudan Police'''s soundtrack.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:57
| title1 = Ennodu Vaa
| extra1 = [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], [[Senthildass Velayutham]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title2 = Moodupanikkul
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Pesadhe
| extra3 = Hariharasudhan, [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Dheivam (Version 1)
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| length4 = 2:54
| title5 = Dheivam (Version 2)
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| length5 = 2:54
}}

===Reception===

The soundtrack received positive response. ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it a rating of 3 stars and wrote, "Yuvan Shankar Raja's previous albums didn't really strike a chord with the listeners, but this one looks quite promising. Yuvan has kept his trademark compositions yet gives a fresh feel to this five-track album".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Music Review: Thirudan Police |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Thirudan-Police/articleshow/38976045.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930161333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Thirudan-Police/articleshow/38976045.cms |archive-date=30 September 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The movie has mostly received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirudan Police (2014) – Movie Review {{pipe}} Tamil Studios |url=http://www.tamilstudios.com/movie/2426 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129150234/http://www.tamilstudios.com/movie/2426 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Thirudan Police'' is your average revenge drama that gets salvaged by some great comedy, the kind audiences don't mind paying for....(it)shows how comedy can do wonders in a story if one knows how to use it".<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2014 |title='Thirudan Police'- the wonders comedy can do(IANS Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/thirudan-police-the-wonders-comedy-can-do-ians-tamil-movie-review-114111400718_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117083523/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/thirudan-police-the-wonders-comedy-can-do-ians-tamil-movie-review-114111400718_1.html |archive-date=17 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>
[[Rediff]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "He (Caarthick Raju) has cleverly refined in every element, be it action, comedy, romance or emotion, keeping it light, interesting and highly entertaining", calling the film "a delight to watch" and "definitely a commendable effort".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Thirudan Police is a delight to watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thirudan-police-is-a-delight-to-watch-south/20141117.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120082409/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thirudan-police-is-a-delight-to-watch-south/20141117.htm |archive-date=20 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> [[Sify]] called the film "a nice fun ride" and further added, "It is well-written comedy entertainer which also has a strong emotional story about the bonding between a father and son. And also an entertaining hide and seek thriller featuring a cop with a vengeance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Thirudan Police |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thirudan-police-review-tamil-15058604.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114141204/http://www.sify.com/movies/thirudan-police-review-tamil-15058604.html |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 stars and wrote, "For a debut directorial venture, Caarthick Raju's ''Thirudan Police'' is a commendable end product that manages to prop itself up as an entertaining thriller with a smidgen of comedy mixed in".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2014 |title=Movie review 'Thirudan Police': An entertaining thriller with a smidgen of comedy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141115/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thirudan-police-manages-prop-itself |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118095356/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141115/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-thirudan-police-manages-prop-itself |archive-date=18 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, "the film's biggest (and nicest) surprise is that this revenge drama is treated like a comedy. ''Thirudan Police'' pees all over that most hallowed of tropes: the love for a parent. The upshot is that the narrative has no real emotional charge – but that's fine. The trouble is that this one-note gag (about Vishwa's father) is stretched out too long. Also, there are tonal issues...but the real problem is when the film gets all serious on us. But the climax is such fun that we forget what came earlier".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2014 |title="Thirudan Police"... Some tonal problems, but the comedy works |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2014/11/16/thirudan-police-some-tonal-problems-but-the-comedy-works/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912230707/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2014/11/16/thirudan-police-some-tonal-problems-but-the-comedy-works/ |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Caarthick Raju's real strength is comedy. A Ramarajan-style punch quite early in the film...signals this. The climax sequences confirm it. You're happily willing to suspend all disbelief when the scenes are as funny as they are at the end... As you walk out, you can't but wonder if the director, after noting all the laughter at the end, rues his decision not to have made a full-fledged comedy".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=14 November 2014 |title=Thirudan Police works best in the comic bits |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thirudan-police-cinema-review/article6598847.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114165129/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thirudan-police-cinema-review/article6598847.ece |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Thirudan Police'' wants to be a sentimental story as well as a comedy. The tone is uneven – one moment we are asked to get sentimental and then in the next, we are told to laugh. This is jarring, as is the manner in which the film turns from an emotional father-son tale to a comedy. To the director's credit, he does this with confidence that we begin to enjoy the humour after initially feeling disconcerted".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirudan Police Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Thirudan Police by Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thirudan-Police/movie-review/45162348.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt3885782}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Caarthick Raju]]

Influencer Life

2026-03-02T05:36:19Z

MohammadTit: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian suspense short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Influencer Life.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Tanmai Rastogi
| producer = {{ubl|Mohit Rastogi|Kanika Sehgal|Zulfaquar Haider Torabi}}
| writer = {{ubl|Anirudh Singh|Elvin Raja|Pushaan Mukherjee}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amyra Dastur]]|Satish Ray}}
| cinematography = Krish Makhija
| editing = Manish Jaitly
| music = Ishaan Chhabra
| studio = Four K Content
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|02|24}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 27 mins
}}
'''''Influencer Life''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Suspense (genre)|suspense]] short film directed by Tanmai Rastogi. Produced under the banner of Four K Content, it stars [[Amyra Dastur]] and Satish Ray.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amyra-dastur-plays-complex-character-in-influencer-life--news-265888|title=Amyra Dastur Plays Complex Character In 'Influencer Life'}}</ref> It premiered on 24 February 2023 on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amyra-dasturs-new-short-film-influencer-life-to-release-on-february-24/788367d4e1263 | title=Amyra Dastur's new short film, Influencer Life, to release on February 24 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Amyra Dastur]] as Kareena
* Satish Ray as Mr. Roast
* Disha Dande as Sohini
* Bardeep Dhiman as Vikram
* Anand Potdukhe as Sudhir
* Hriday Podwal as Tarun
* Vaibhav Chaturvedi as Shyam

==Production==
The film was announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]] featuring [[Amyra Dastur]] and Satish Ray.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/influencer-life-trailer-amyra-dastur-starrer-gets-into-the-darker-side-of-social-media/24288bc1ce535 | title=Influencer Life trailer: Amyra Dastur' film sees the darker side of social media }}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 22 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/influencer-life-trailer-video-amyra-dastur-starrer-influencer-life-official-trailer-video/videoshow/98159845.cms | title='Influencer Life' Trailer: Amyra Dastur starrer 'Influencer Life' Official Trailer | Entertainment - Times of India Videos | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sunidhi Prajapat of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/influencer-life-review-amyra-dastur-and-satish-rays-short-film-is-easily-skippable-due-to-its-unnecessary-twist/bc1e97f5cf35 | title=Influencer Life review: Amyra Dastur-Satish Ray's short film is easily skippable }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[Times of india]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/influencer-life/ottmoviereview/98160327.cms | title=Influencer Life Review : A dull depiction of an influencer's life | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Influencer Life}}
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 short films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films about social media]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]

HSR Layout metro station

2026-02-25T12:30:22Z

MohammadTit: put up a article

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = HSR Layout
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = HSR Layout metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = AH45, Sector 6, Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034
| coordinates = {{coord|12.91649|77.63304|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Central Silk Board|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Agara|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''HSR Layout''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the main [[HSR Layout]] suburban area which divides into seven sectors consisting of ''main roads'' and ''cross roads'' inside the locality. This is a prime location for its neighbouring areas like [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]], [[Silk Board junction|Silk Board]], [[Sarjapura]] and [[Madiwala]]. This metro station is slated to become operational around ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the HSR Layout metro station, part of the 9.859 km Reach 2A – Package 1 section (Central Silk Board - Kodibeesanahalli) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, [[Afcons Infrastructure]] was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = HSR Layout track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}} * {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''* Under Construction <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Approved'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} ** '''Next Station:''' [[Agara metro station|Agara]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Naseem Ahmad

2026-02-21T20:01:58Z

MohammadTit: add article per sources

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{distinguish|Naseem Ahmed}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
'''Naseem Ahmad''' is an Indian civil servant (Indian Administrative Service, 1972) from the Haryana Cadre and former Vice Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and currently, the Chairperson of [[National Commission for Minorities]], Government of India.

servant (Indian Administrative Service, 1972) from the Haryana Cadre and former Vice Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and currently, the Chairperson of [[National Commission for Minorities]], Government of India.

He is a [[Haryana]] cadre retired [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]] officer of 1972 batch. Before joining IAS, he was a member of the UP Civil Service (Judicial) from Jan 1971 to Jun 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Commission for Minorities — A Statutory Body, Government of India|url=http://ncm.nic.in/naseem%20ahmad.html/|website=National Commission for Minorities|accessdate=27 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429155628/http://ncm.nic.in/naseem%20ahmad.html|archivedate=29 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also served as Vice Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]] from 2002 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naseem Ahmed, ex-IAS is new NCM Chairman — A Statutory Body, Government of India|url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/ias-naseem-ahmad-is-the-new-ncm-chairman/|website=Muslim Mirror|accessdate=27 April 2015|archive-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331042811/http://muslimmirror.com/eng/ias-naseem-ahmad-is-the-new-ncm-chairman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University|Vice-Chancellor of AMU]]
| years = 2002-2007
| before = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
| after = [[P. K. Abdul Aziz]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Naseem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Barauni–Raxaul and Jainagar Lines

2026-02-13T15:55:47Z

MohammadTit: Put Up A Info

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Barauni—Raxaul and Jainagar Lines
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Drbnga jun.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = [[Darbhanga Junction railway station]] is an important railway station on Barauni—Raxaul and Jainagar lines
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Bihar]]
| start = [[Barauni]]
| end = [[Raxaul]] And [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]]
| stations =
| routes =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = {{cvt|100|km/h|round=5}}
| electrification = Yes
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Barauni–Raxaul and Jainagar Lines''' connecting from [[Barauni]] to [[Raxaul]] and [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]]. Barauni to Raxaul line is via [[Samastipur]], [[Darbhanga]], and [[Sitamarhi]], and Barauni to Jainagar line is via [[Samastipur]], [[Darbhanga]], and [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]].

The lines run in central - north direction between [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] and India–[[Nepal]] border, covering [[North Bihar]] west of the [[Koshi River|Kosi river]].

The lines have interconnections between them and the northern line has extensions to places near the India–Nepal border.

==History==
Railway lines in the area were pioneered by Tirhut Railway and the Bengal and North Western Railway lines in the 19th century. In his book ''The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products'' (first published in 1886) W.W.Hunter, says "The Tirhut State Railway with its various branches intersects Northern Behar and is intended to extend to the Nepal frontier on one side and to Assam on the other."<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&q=Tirhut+Railway&pg=PA547 |title= The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products |author= W.W.Hunter |year= 2005 | page=547|publisher= Asian Educational Services |isbn= 9788120615816 | access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

The area was developed with [[metre-gauge]] tracks. The {{convert|229|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Samastipur–Narkatiaganj loop was developed in stages between 1875 and 1907. The Samastipur–Darbhanga line was opened for famine relief in 1874 and opened to the public on 1 November 1875. The {{convert|72|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Nirmali branch (Darbhanga–Nirmali) between 1883 and 1886. The Barauni–Bachhwara line was opened in 1883. The Bachhwara–Bagaha line was developed in stages between 1883 and 1907. The Sakri–Jainagar branch was opened in 1905. The {{convert|51|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Hajipur–Muzaffarpur line was opened in 1884. The {{convert|270|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Tirhut main line from Katihar to Sonpur was developed in stages between 1887 and 1901.<ref name=ner/> The {{convert|105|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Chhapra–Thawe line was opened in 1910. The {{convert|320|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Chhapra–Allahabad line was developed between 1891 and 1913. The Maharajganj branch line was opened in 1907. The Siwan–Kaptanganj line was opened between 1907 and 1913. The {{convert|127|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Bhatni–Varanasi Chord was opened between 1896 and 1899.<ref name=ner/> The Jhanjharpur–Laukaha Bazar line was opened in 1976.<ref name=ner>{{cite web |url= http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf|title= Indian Railways line history; 2. North Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

The lines were converted to {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]] in phases starting from early 1980s. Samastipur to Darbhanga (metre to broad gauge) was converted around 1983. Siwan to Thawe (metre to broad gauge) was converted in early 2006. Gauge conversion of the {{convert|268|km|abbr=on}}-long Jainagar–Darbhanga–Narkatiaganj line that was started in 2011 was completed to Raxaul in February 2014 and to Narkatiaganj in 2017. The Sakri–Laukaha Bazar–Nirmali conversion is under process.<ref name=ner/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/95563059/Railway-Congestion |title= Fourth Report on Development of Alternative Routes for Decongesting Existing Routes |author= Railway Convention Committee (1999)|publisher= Lok Sabha Secretariat, December 2001| access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The electrification work was completed for the entire section in December 2014.

==Sections==
* [[Barauni–Samastipur section|Barauni–Samastipur]]
* Samastipur—Darbhanga Section
* Darbhanga—Raxaul Section
* Darbhabga—Jaingar Section

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Railways in Bihar}}
|{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarpur-Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi)}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sonpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Lucknow NER railway division|*]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]

Moringa (genus)

2026-02-09T05:05:48Z

MohammadTit: started new info

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Distinguish|Morinda|Morina|Morinaga & Company}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Moringa ovalifolia.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Moringa ovalifolia|M. ovalifolia]]'' in [[Namibia]]
| parent_authority = [[Ivan Martinov|Martinov]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |access-date=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| taxon = Moringa
| authority = [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7807 |title=Genus: ''Moringa'' Adans. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1996-09-17 |access-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044422/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7807 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| type_species = ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40022823 |title=''Moringa'' Adans. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = ''Donaldsonia'' Baker f. 
''Hyperanthera'' Forssk.<ref name="GRIN"/>
}}

'''''Moringa''''' is the sole [[genus]] in the plant [[family (biology)|family]] '''Moringaceae'''. It contains 13 species, which occur in [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] regions of Africa and Asia and that range in size from tiny [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] to massive trees. ''Moringa'' species grow quickly in many types of environments.

The most widely cultivated species is ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'', native to the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in northwestern India,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Mark|title=Moringaceae Martinov. Drumstick Tree Family|journal=Flora of North America|year=2010|volume=7|series=1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico.|pages=167–169|url=http://www.explorelifeonearth.org/people/Olson2010FNAMoringaceae.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703074048/http://www.explorelifeonearth.org/people/Olson2010FNAMoringaceae.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> a [[multipurpose tree]] [[Plant cultivation|cultivated]] throughout the tropics and marketed as a [[dietary supplement]], [[health food]] or [[Herbalism|source for herbalism practices]].<ref name="Janick">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |first=Jules |last=Janick |author2=Robert E. Paull |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts |publisher=CABI |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |pages=509–510}}</ref> The [[Moringa oleifera#Fruit pods|fruit pods]] of ''Moringa oleifera'' ("drumsticks") are consumed as food in many parts of the world, particularly in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Somoza|first1=Veronika|last2=Pirkwieser|first2=Philip|last3=Grosshagauer|first3=Silke|last4=Kraemer|first4=Klaus|date=2021|title=The Future of Moringa Foods: A Food Chemistry Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|volume=8|pages=844|doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.751076|pmid=34796194|pmc=8594418|issn=2296-861X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Moringa oleifera#Leaves|leaves]] are commonly used to make tea. [[Moringa oleifera#Seed oil|Oils]] are made from the seeds, while powders can be made from the leaves and [[Moringa oleifera#Roots|roots]].

== Description ==
''Moringa'' is considered one of the most widely diverse genera for its size ranging from small shrubs (''[[Moringa pygmaea|M. pygmaea]]'') to large [[pachycaul]] trees (''[[Moringa ovalifolia|M. ovalifolia]]'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Mark E.|date=2002|title=Combining Data from DNA Sequences and Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093895|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=27|issue=1|pages=55–73|jstor=3093895|issn=0363-6445}}</ref>

=== Growth habit ===
''Moringa'' contains a wide range of growth [[Habit (biology)|habits]] that may be subdivided into the following categories:

* Bottle (pachycaul) trees: ''[[Moringa drouhardii|M. drouhardii]], [[Moringa hildebrandtii|M. hildebrandtii]],'' ''[[Moringa ovalifolia|M. ovalifolia]], [[Moringa stenopetala|M. stenopetala]]''<ref name=":0" />
* Slender trees: ''[[Moringa concanensis|M. concanensis]], [[Moringa oleifera|M. oleifera]]'', ''[[Moringa peregrina|M. peregrina]]''<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sarcorhizal]] trees: ''[[Moringa arborea|M. arborea]], [[Moringa ruspoliana|M. ruspoliana]]''<ref name=":0" />
* [[Tuber]]ous shrubs: ''[[Moringa borziana|M. borziana]], [[Moringa longituba|M. longituba]], [[Moringa pygmaea|M. pygmaea]], [[Moringa rivae|M. rivae]]''<ref name=":0" />

=== Leaves ===
[[Leaf|Leaves]] are typically [[Pinnation|pinnately]] compound with entire margins.

=== Flowers ===
[[Flower]]s may be either [[Symmetry in biology|bilaterally]] or [[Symmetry in biology|radially]] symmetric.<ref name=":0" /> Bottle trees typically produce small, radially symmetric flowers, while other members of the genus produce radially symmetric flowers. Most flowers range in color from white to cream to brown with the notable exception of ''[[M. longituba|M. longituba]]'' which produces bright red flowers.

=== Fruit ===
Fruits are typically elongated, slender, 3-valved "[[Pod (fruit)|pods]]" resembling an [[Dehiscence (botany)|indehiscent]] [[silique]] (in contrast with a true dehiscent silique).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=C.|last2=Peter|first2=K. V.|last3=Gopalakrishnan|first3=P. K.|date=1980-07-01|title=Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose Indian vegetable|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02858648|journal=Economic Botany|volume=34|issue=3|pages=276–283|doi=10.1007/bf02858648|s2cid=40029228|issn=0013-0001|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fruits of ''M. oleifera'' ([[Drumstick (fruit)|drumstick]]), are a major agricultural product of [[India]], eaten as a [[vegetable]] and used for [[traditional medicine]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Phytochemistry ===
''Moringa'' contain a number of [[sulfurous]] biochemical compounds called "mustard-oil glycosides" or [[glucosinolate]]s commonly found in [[Cruciferous vegetables|cruciferous]] vegetables of [[Brassicaceae]]. [[Glucotropaeolin|Benzyl glucosinolate]] along with family-specific glucomoringin and glucosoonjnain have been detected from various ''Moringa'' species and are thought to be the cause of the bitter taste in some ''Moringa'' leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mithen|first1=Richard|last2=Bennett|first2=Richard|last3=Marquez|first3=Julietta|date=2010-12-01|title=Glucosinolate biochemical diversity and innovation in the Brassicales|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.017|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=71|issue=17–18|pages=2074–2086|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.017|pmid=20971483|bibcode=2010PChem..71.2074M |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ojeda-López|first1=José|last2=Marczuk-Rojas|first2=Juan Pablo|last3=Polushkina|first3=Oliver Aleksandrei|last4=Purucker|first4=Darius|last5=Salinas|first5=María|last6=Carretero-Paulet|first6=Lorenzo|date=2020-10-19|title=Evolutionary analysis of the Moringa oleifera genome reveals a recent burst of plastid to nucleus gene duplications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73937-w|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=17646|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73937-w|pmid=33077763|pmc=7573628|bibcode=2020NatSR..1017646O|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==

=== Higher-level classification ===
The [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] family, Moringaceae, containing genus ''Moringa'' has been placed in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Brassicales]] according to most modern taxonomic systems, including the [[APG IV system]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|vauthors=Chase F, et al|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1016892300|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV.|oclc=1016892300|access-date=2021-12-28}}</ref> Molecular data has suggested a close relationship between Moringaceae and [[Caricaceae]] with many identifying a "Caricaceae-Moringaceae" clade within Brassicales.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Mark E.|date=2002-01-01|title=Intergeneric Relationships within the Caricaceae‐Moringaceae Clade (Brassicales) and Potential Morphological Synapomorphies of the Clade and Its Families|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/324046|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=163|issue=1|pages=51–65|doi=10.1086/324046|s2cid=53397918|issn=1058-5893|access-date=2021-12-28|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Prior to the availability of molecular data, [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] classification of Moringaceae placed the family in either Brassicales or [[Sapindales]] due to the unusual morphological diversity of the family.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ronse Decreane LP, et al|date=1998-09-01|title=Floral Development and Anatomy of ''Moringa oleifera'' (Moringaceae): What is the Evidence for a Capparalean or Sapindalean Affinity?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0677 |journal=Annals of Botany|volume=82|issue=3|pages=273–284|doi=10.1006/anbo.1998.0677|issn=0305-7364|access-date=2021-12-28|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Classification within the genus ===
''Moringa'' contains three widely recognized clades—Donaldsonia, Moringa, and Dysmoringa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Verdcourt|first=B.|date=1985|title=A Synopsis of the Moringaceae|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4108470|journal=Kew Bulletin|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–ix|doi=10.2307/4108470|jstor=4108470|issn=0075-5974|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Donaldsonia, once thought to be a [[subgenus]] of ''Moringa'', is a non-monophyletic clade identifiable by radially symmetric flowers and containing the bottle trees ''[[Moringa drouhardii|M. drouhardii]], [[Moringa hildebrandtii|M. hildebrandtii]],'' ''[[Moringa ovalifolia|M. ovalifolia]],'' and ''[[Moringa stenopetala|M. stenopetala]].''<ref name=":0" /> The Moringa clade contains all other members of genus ''Moringa'' (except ''M. longituba'') characterized by irregular floral symmetry, perigynous flowers, and short receptacles.<ref name=":4" /> The Dysmoringa clade contains the species ''M. longituba'' which diverges from common Moringa clade characteristics due to its long receptacle and red flowers.<ref name=":0" /> The exact phylogenetic relationship between members of ''Moringa'' continues to evolve with growing molecular data, though the Donaldsonia clade is consistently identified as the [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basalmost]] clade within the family.<ref name=":0" />

==List of species==
* ''[[Moringa arborea]]'' [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]] (indigenous to [[Kenya]])<ref name="AAA2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S|year=2015|title=Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of ''Moringa oleifera'' Leaves: An Overview|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=16|issue=6|pages=12791–12835|doi=10.3390/ijms160612791|pmc=4490473|pmid=26057747|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Moringa borziana]]'' [[Giovanni Ettore Mattei|Mattei]] (indigenous to [[Somalia]])<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''{{ill|Moringa concanensis|sv}}'' Nimmo (indigenous to northern [[India]])<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa drouhardii]]'' [[Henri Lucien Jumelle|Jum.]] – bottle tree (indigenous to southwestern [[Madagascar]])<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa hildebrandtii]]'' [[Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler|Engl.]] – Hildebrandt's moringa (indigenous to southwestern Madagascar)<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa longituba]]'' Engl. (indigenous to [[Ethiopia]] and Somalia)<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] (syn. ''M. pterygosperma'') – horseradish tree (indigenous to northwestern [[India]])<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' [[Kurt Dinter|Dinter]] & [[Alwin Berger|Berger]] (indigenous to [[Namibia]] and [[Angola]])<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa peregrina]]'' ([[Peter Forsskål|Forssk.]]) [[Adriano Fiori|Fiori]] indigenous to Arabian Peninsula [[Horn of Africa]] and in the Southern Sinai, [[Egypt]]<ref name="AAA2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dadamouny|first1=Mohamed A.|last2=Unterseher|first2=Martin|last3=König|first3=Peter|last4=Schnittler|first4=Martin|date=December 2016|title=Population performance of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (Moringaceae) at Sinai Peninsula, Egypt in the last decades: Consequences for its conservation|journal=Journal for Nature Conservation|language=en|volume=34|pages=65–74|doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2016.08.005|bibcode=2016JNatC..34...65D }}</ref>
* ''[[Moringa pygmaea]]'' Verdc. (indigenous to Somalia)<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa rivae]]'' [[Emilio Chiovenda|Chiov.]] (indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa ruspoliana]]'' Engl. (indigenous to Ethiopia)<ref name="AAA2015" />
* ''[[Moringa stenopetala]]'' ([[Edmund Gilbert Baker|Baker f.]]) [[Georg Cufodontis|Cufod.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40022823 |title=Subordinate Taxa of ''Moringa'' Adans. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261638276|last1=Dadamouny| first1=Mohamed A.|last2=Zaghloul|first2=Mohamed S.|last3=Ashraf|first3=Salman| year=2012|title=Impact of Improved Soil Properties on Establishment of ''Moringa peregrina'' seedlings and trial to decrease its Mortality Rate.|journal=Egyptian Journal of Botany|access-date=2012-07-03}}</ref> (indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)<ref name="AAA2015" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Moringa Drouhardii01 Asit.jpg|[[Moringa drouhardii|''Moringa drouhardii'']] (Bottle tree)
File:Moringa tree at Songhai farm.jpg|[[Moringa oleifera|''Moringa oleifera'']] (Drumstick tree)
File:Moringa peregrina Oman TP02.jpg|[[Moringa peregrina|''Moringa peregrina'']] (Arabian moringa)
File:Moringa stenopetala - Fruit and Spice Park - Homestead, Florida - DSC08808.jpg|[[Moringa stenopetala|''Moringa stenopetala'']] (Cabbage tree)
File:Moringa ovalifolia.jpg|[[Moringa ovalifolia|''Moringa ovalifolia'']] (Namibian moringa)
File:Bug on moringa.JPG|[[Moringa arborea|''Moringa arborea'']] (Ethiopian moringa)
File:Moringa hildebrandtii 2.JPG|[[Moringa hildebrandtii|''Moringa hildebrandtii'']] (Hildebrandt's moringa)
File:Moringa concanensis-1-ghatroad-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|[[Moringa concanensis|''Moringa concanensis'']] (Ghat moringa)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121204152725/http://www.explorelifeonearth.org/moringahome.html Moringa Home Page]}}, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
* [http://www.moringaceae.org The International Moringa Germplasm Collection]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q310468}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moringa (genus)| ]]
[[Category:Brassicales genera]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]

Nirmala Purandare

2026-02-09T04:57:11Z

MohammadTit: starting stub!

{{Short description|Indian social activist (1933–2019)}}
{{Expand Marathi|निर्मला पुरंदरे|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirmala Purandare
| birth_name = Nirmala Mazgaonkar
| image = Nirmala Purandare Panshet (Inde) 2006.JPG
| birth_date = 5 January 1933
| birth_place= [[Baroda state]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 20 July 2019 (aged 86)
| death_place= [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Social activist, author
| works = ''Snehayatra''
| spouse = [[Babasaheb Purandare]]
| children = 3
| awards = [[Punyabhushan]] (2012)

}}

'''Nirmala Balwant Purandare''' (née '''Mazgaonkar'''; 5 January 1933 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian social activist whose work focused on the education of children and advancement of women from [[Rural area|rural]] [[Pune]], in [[Maharashtra]] state. She authored the book ''Snehayatra''. She was the wife of the playwright [[Babasaheb Purandare]]. She was the recipient of the [[Punyabhushan]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kotwal |first1=Manik |title=आत्मसिद्धा निर्मला पुरंदरे आणि मिशन 'वनस्थळी'ची चरितकथा |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=निर्मला पुरंदरे यांचे जीवनकार्य |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/nirmala-purandares-life-work/articleshow/70312037.cms |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730072200/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/nirmala-purandares-life-work/articleshow/70312037.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Purandare to continue to work for rural women, kids |url=http://72.78.249.187/SakaalTimesBeta/20120718/5468622071635829876.htm |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=Sakaal Times |date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114171303/http://72.78.249.187/SakaalTimesBeta/20120718/5468622071635829876.htm |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पुणेः ज्येष्ठ सामाजिक कार्यकर्त्या निर्मला पुरंदरे यांचे निधन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/veteran-social-worker-nirmala-purandare-passed-away/articleshow/70309460.cms|date=21 July 2019|access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pune : वनस्थळीच्या संस्थापिका निर्मलाताई पुरंदरे यांचे निधन |url=https://mpcnews.in/nirmalatai-purandare-founder-of-the-forest-site-passed-away-106348/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=MPCNEWS |date=20 July 2019 |language=mr-IN |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722044303/https://mpcnews.in/nirmalatai-purandare-founder-of-the-forest-site-passed-away-106348/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purandare, Nirmala}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim

2026-02-05T04:19:18Z

MohammadTit: small updated layout and improved wording

{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Update|date=September 2024 |inaccurate=y}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| map1 =
| legend1 =
| map3 =
| legend3 =
| map4 =
| legend4 =
| map5 =
| legend5 =
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| first_case =
| arrival_date = 23 May 2020 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=23|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]
| suspected_cases =
| territories =[[Districts of Sikkim|All 4 districts]]
| total_ili =
| website = {{URL|www.covid19sikkim.org}}
| youtube =
}}

The first case of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India was reported on 30 January 2020, [[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China|originating from China]]. Slowly, the pandemic spread to various states and union territories including the state of [[Sikkim]].

==Timeline==
Below is the timeline of the cases of Sikkim:

{{Sidebar timeline
| title = Major events of COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim
| years1 = '''18 March 2020'''
| color1 = brown
| events1= Closure of all Educational Institutions.
| years2 = '''21 May 2020'''
| color2 = brown
| events2= Inaugurated [[Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories]] at STNM Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/coronavirus-viral-researh-laboratory-inaugurated-in-sikkim/1841793|title=Coronavirus: Viral researh laboratory inaugurated in Sikkim|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
| years3 = '''23 May 2020'''
| color3 = red 
| events3 = First case confirmed in the state
| years4 = '''25 June 2020'''
| color4 = brown
| events4= More than 10000 samples had been tested<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1276412416574676993 |date=26 June 2020 |title=As per health bulletin of 25th June, DG cum Secretary Health Dr Pempa T. Bhutia informed that two new cases of COVID -19 have been reported in the State. This takes the number of active cases in the State to 46. Total Covid-19 cases = 85 Total Recovered = 39 https://t.co/JLWEQtyzf9 |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
| years5 = '''11 July 2020'''
| color5 = brown
| events5= Starts first [[Rapid antigen test]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-starts-rapid-antigen-testing-along-borders-bans-entry-of-covid-19-ve-security-personnel-in-state/story-RHRtsZfAbpfLnoROigLGrL.html|title=Sikkim starts Rapid Antigen testing along borders, bans entry of Covid-19+ve security personnel in state|date=11 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| years6 = '''26 July 2020'''
| color6 = black
| events6= First death confirmed in the state<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikkim-reports-first-covid-19-death/articleshow/77180019.cms|title=Sikkim reports first Covid-19 death | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 July 2020 }}</ref> and Lockdown extend till 1 August<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/sikkim-coronavirus-lockdown-guidelines-essential-services-unlock-30-covid19-latest-updates-10014460|title=Hours after reporting its first COVID-19 death, Sikkim extends lockdown till August 1|date=26 July 2020|website=Jagran English}}</ref>
| years7 = '''10 August 2020'''
| color7 = green
| events7= Total recovery crossed 500
| years8= '''14 August 2020'''
| color8 = red
| events8 = Total confirmed cases crossed 1000<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkims-covid19-tally-crosses-1000mark-with-record-149-new-cases/1916060|title=Sikkim's COVID-19 tally crosses 1,000-mark with record 149 new cases|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
| years9 = '''23 November 2020'''
| color9 = black
| events9=Total death 100 in the state<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkims-covid19-toll-touches-100mark/1981085|title=Sikkim's COVID-19 toll touches 100-mark}}</ref>
| years10 = '''17 May 2021'''
| color10 = brown
| events10= Started complete lockdown in Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/complete-lockdown-in-sikkim-from-monday-amid-covid-19-surge-check-details-here-101621210053442.html|title=Complete lockdown in Sikkim from Monday amid Covid-19 surge: Check details here|date=17 May 2021}}</ref>
}}

===May 2020===
* The first case was recorded in this region on 23 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-sikkim-reports-first-covid-19-case/article31659737.ece |title=Coronavirus:Sikkim reports first COVID-19 case|date=23 May 2020| access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===June 2020===
* As of 3 June, the total number of cases in Sikkim was two, both of them active.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.covid19india.org |title=Covid-19 in India|access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Covid-19 India}}</ref>
* As of 7 June, the total number of cases was seven, all of them active.<ref name="MOHFW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in|title=MoHFW-GOI|access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]}}</ref>
* As of 12 June, the total number of cases was 27, including 24 active cases and three recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 17 June, the total number of cases was 70, including 65 active cases and 5 recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidene.com/sikkim-two-fresh-covid-19-cases-reported-state-tally-rises-to-70/|title=Sikkim: Two fresh COVID-19 cases reported, state tally rises to 70|date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
* As of 23 June, the total of cases is 78, including 49 active cases and 29 have recovered.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 26 June, the total number of cases is 85, including 46 active cases and 39 have recovered.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===July 2020===
* As of 2 July, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 101, including 48 active cases and 53 have recovered.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 6 July, the total number of cases was 123, including 62 active cases and 61 have recovered.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 7 July, the total number of cases was 125, including 60 active cases and 65 have recovered.<ref>{{cite web | title=22 fresh coronavirus cases in Sikkim; count rises to 125 | website=Deccan Herald | date=2020-07-05 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/22-fresh-coronavirus-cases-in-sikkim-count-rises-to-125-857482.html | access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref>
* As of 8 July, the total number of cases was 133, including 68 active cases and 65 cures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/six-gref-jawans-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-sikkim/articleshow/76858640.cms|title=Six GREF jawans test positive for COVID-19 in Sikkim|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
* As of 11 July, the total number of cases was 151, including 70 active cases and 81 recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 14 July, the total number of cases was 192, including 106 active cases and 86 recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 15 July, the total number of cases was 209, including 112 active cases and 87 recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 18 July, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 273, including 183 active cases and 90 cures.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 22 July, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 438, including 326 active cases and 112 cures.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1285975119387492354 |date=22 July 2020 |title=In the largest single day spike in the State, 108 new cases were reported today. 19 from Rangpo. 33 from Chanatar. 46 from Mamring . 1 from Rongli. 3 from Singtam. 5 from ITBP Lingdum. 1 from Timburbong West Sikkim. The total active cases in the State has reached 326. @ICMRDELHI https://t.co/dCqwWltf67 |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* As of 25 July, the total number of cases was 499, including 357 active cases and 142 recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/covid-19-22-new-sikkim-touched-499/|title=Covid 19 : 22 New, Sikkim Touched 499|date=25 July 2020|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727094118/https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/covid-19-22-new-sikkim-touched-499/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* As of 26 July, the total number of cases was 545, including One death, 397 active cases and 147 recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/74-year-old-man-becomes-sikkim-s-first-covid-19-victim/story-jfr1VX85301VUdLPs3ryzK.html|title=74-year-old man becomes Sikkim's first Covid-19 fatality|date=26 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1287283686820343808 |date=26 July 2020 |title=Sikkim Reports its First Covid-19 Death! A 74 year old male from Rongli, East Sikkim passed away this morning, in the Covid-19 wing of STNM hospital. He had comorbidities & was suffering from hypertension & diabetes. The funeral will be performed by GMC as per SOP of @MoHFW_INDIA |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/coronavirus/news/2020-07-27-sikkim-reports-first-covid-19-death-on-sunday|title=Sikkim Reports First COVID-19 Death on Sunday; Active Cases Stands at 397|website=The Weather Channel}}</ref>
* As of 27 July, the total number of cases was 555, including One death, 380 active cases and 174 recoveries.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1287781206860288007 |date=27 July 2020 |title=10 new Covid-19 cases were reported in the State in the past 24 hours. 26 persons were cured & discharged today. Total discharged till date <nowiki>=</nowiki> 174. Total Active Cases = 380. Cumulative total = 555. @MoHFW_INDIA @ICMRDELHI |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* As of 28 July, the total number of cases was 579, including One death, 392 active cases and 186 recoveries.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1288124869322797056 |date=28 July 2020 |title=24 new cases reported in the State in the past twenty-four hours (23 on RTPCR & 1 on Rapid Antigen). Total Cured and Discharged = 186 Total Active Cases = 392 Cumulative Total = 579 No new cases reported from Rongli, Rhenock and Rangpo. @ICMRDELHI https://t.co/NxV4bn9o4V |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* As of 29 July, the total number of cases was 596, including One death, 397 active cases and 198 recoveries.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1288483667904360448 |date=29 July 2020 |title=17 news cases were reported in the State in the past 24 hours. All were from East District. Total Cured and Discharged = 198 Total Active Cases = 397 Cumulative Total = 596 12 cases on RTPCR were from Central Pendam GPU & 5 cases on Rapid Antigen were from Rangpo. @ICMRDELHI |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkim-reports-17-new-covid19-cases-tally-at-596/1905260|title=Sikkim reports 17 new COVID-19 cases, tally at 596|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
* As of 30 July, the total number of cases was 610, including One death, 395 active cases and 214 recoveries.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1288859548216745986 |date=30 July 2020 |title=14 new Covid-19 cases were reported in the State in the past 24 hours. 10 from East and 4 from South district. 88 SSB personnel lodged in Melli-Aching Camp in West Sikkim have tested negative for Covid-19. Total Cured and Recovered in the past 24 Hours = 16. @ICMRDELHI https://t.co/lRJuGr9H6v |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* As of 31 July, the total number of cases was 639, including One death,407 active cases and 231 recoveries.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1289191697868439557 |date=31 July 2020 |title=29 new cases were reported in the past 24 hours (25 cases on RTPCR & 4 on Rapid Antigen). 24 cases were from Rangpo Nagar Panchayat, 1 from a paid quarantine, 3 were contacts of Rhenock case, while 1 was a lady from Dentam. Total Active Cases = 407. @MoHFW_INDIA @ICMRDELHI https://t.co/K7ojGeX4ry |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

===August 2020===
* As of 1 August, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 650, including 380 active cases and 269 have recovered. There has one 1 fatality so far.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 4 August, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 783, including 483 active cases, 299 recoveries and one 1 fatality.<ref name="MOHFW" /><ref>{{cite tweet |author=sikkimgovtipr |user=sikkimgovt |number=1290683212448972801 |date=4 August 2020 |title=Total New Covid-19 Positive Cases Reported till 8am of 04.08.2020 = 95. Out of 855 samples tested on RTPCR, 91 tested positive. Likewise, out of 115 samples tested on RAT, 4 tested positive. Total Active Cases = 483. Total Cured & Discharged = 299. Total Deaths = 1. @ICMRDELHI https://t.co/W7cyL0wWGq |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/95-fresh-cases-push-sikkim-s-covid-19-tally-to-783-11596538501982.html|title=95 fresh cases push Sikkim's COVID-19 tally to 783|date=4 August 2020|website=mint}}</ref>
* As of 6 August, the total number of cases was 829, including 475 active cases, 353 recoveries and 1 death.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 9 August, the total number of cases was 866, including 371 active cases, 494 recoveries and 1 death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/six-new-covid19-cases-in-sikkim/1912579|title=Six new COVID-19 cases in Sikkim|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
* As of 10 August, the total number of cases was 910, including 399 active cases, 510 recoveries and 1 death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/44-cases-sikkims-covid-19-173517691.html|title=44 new cases take Sikkim's COVID-19 tally to 910|website=in.news.yahoo.com}}</ref>
* As of 12 August, the total number of cases was 930, including 379 active cases, 550 cures and 1 death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkim-reports-17-new-covid19-cases/1914621|title=Sikkim reports 17 new COVID-19 cases|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
* As of 14 August, the total number of cases was 1080, including 456 active cases, 623 recoveries and 1 death.<ref name="auto1"/> On this day, total number of cases in Sikkim crossed 1000 mark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkims-covid19-tally-crosses-1000mark-with-record-149-new-cases/1916060 |title=Sikkim's COVID-19 tally crosses 1,000-mark with record 149 new cases| access-date=1 September 2020 |work=Outlook India}}</ref>
* As of 15 August, the total number of cases was 1148, including 486 active cases, 661 recoveries and 1 death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkim-reports-68-fresh-covid19-cases/1916578|title=Sikkim reports 68 fresh COVID-19 cases|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
* As of 19 August, the total number of cases in the state was 1232, including 440 active cases, 789 recoveries and 3 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 21 August, the total number of cases was 1336, including 440 active cases, 834 recoveries and 3 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/46-cases-sikkims-covid-19-141724551.html|title=46 new cases take Sikkim's COVID-19 tally to 1,236|website=in.news.yahoo.com}}</ref>
* As of 22 August, the total number of cases was 1381, including 507 active cases, 871 recoveries and 3 deaths.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/22/with-45-new-cases-sikkims-covid-tally-rises-to-1381-2187021.html|title=With 45 new cases, Sikkim's COVID tally rises to 1,381|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 August 2020 }}</ref>
* As of 24 August, the total number of cases was 1403, including 529 active cases, 871 recoveries and 3 deaths.<ref name="auto"/>
* As of 25 August, the total number of cases in the state was 1475, including 475 active cases, 1057 cures and 3 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===September 2020===
* As of 1 September, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 1670, including 429 active cases, 1237 recoveries and 4 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 6 September, the total number of cases was 1910, including 534 active cases, 1371 cures and 5 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 11 September, the total number of cases was 2026, including 529 active cases, 1486 cures and 11 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 16 September, the total number of cases was 2221, including 480 active cases, 1722 cures and 19 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 September, the total number of cases was 2568, including 576 active cases, 1942 cures and 30 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===October 2020===
* As of 2 October, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 3011, including 642 active cases and 2328 have recovered and 41 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 7 October, the total number of was 3153, including 568 active cases and 2534 have recovered and 51 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 14 October, the total number of was 3368, including 325 active cases and 2994 have recovered and 59 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 26 October, the total number of was 3753, including 246 active cases and 3443 have recovered and 64 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 30 October, the total number of was 3831, including 255 active cases and 3509 have recovered and 67 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===November 2020===
* As of 8 November, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 4162, including 274 active cases and 3810 have recovered and 78 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 10 November, the total number of cases was 4224, including 305 active cases and 3839 recoveries and 80 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 November, the total number of cases was 4650, including 230 active cases and 4320 recoveries and 100 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===December 2020===
* As of 2 December, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 4986, including 303 active cases and 4572 have recovered and 111 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* On 3 December, total number of cases in Sikkim crossed grim milestone of 5000 mark.
* As of 8 December, the total number of cases is 5131, including 371 active cases and 4619 have recovered and 117 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 13 December, the total number of cases is 5244, including 356 active cases and 4770 recoveries and 118 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 17 December, the total number of cases is 5312, including 294 active cases and 4896 cures and 122 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 December, the total number of cases is 5538, including 397 active cases and 5016 cures and 125 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 28 December, the total number of cases is 5769, including 549 active cases and 5094 cures and 126 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 31 December, the total number of cases is 5795, including 529 active cases and 5139 cures and 127 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===January 2021===
* As of 6 January, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 5856, including 464 active cases and 5263 recoveries and 129 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 11 January, the total number of cases was 5889, including 322 active cases and 5443 have recovered and 129 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 22 January, the total number of cases was 5968, including 140 active cases and 5697 have recovered and 131 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===February 2021===
* As of 1 February, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 5996, including 84 active cases and 5779 recoveries and 133 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 8 February, the total number of cases was 6015, including 67 active cases and 5813 recoveries and 135 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 20 February, the total number of cases was 6031, including 53 active cases and 5843 recoveries and 135 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===March 2021===
* As of 6 March, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 6070, including 44 active cases and 5891 recoveries and 135 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 22 March, the total number of cases was 6109, including 50 active cases and 5924 recoveries and 135 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 29 March, the total number of cases was 6130, including 43 active cases and 5952 recoveries and 135 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===April 2021===
* As of 4 April, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 6156, including 51 active cases and 5970 recoveries and 135 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 12 April, the total number of cases was 6293, including 174 active cases and 5983 recoveries and 136 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===May 2021===
* As of 9 May, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 9673, including 2637 active cases and 6869 recoveries and 167 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* On 11 May, total number of cases in Sikkim crossed grim milestone of 10000 mark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/05/11/sikkim-records-8-covid-19-deaths-241-new-cases/| title= Sikkim records 8 COVID-19 deaths, 241 new cases | access-date=12 May 2021 |work= East Mojo| date= 11 May 2021 }}</ref> As of 11 May, the total number of cases in the state was 10165, including 2741 active cases and 7042 recoveries and 177 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 18 May, the total number of cases was 11481, including 3052 active cases and 8217 cures and 212 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 27 May, the total number of cases is 14010, including 3612 active cases and 10158 cures and 240 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===June 2021===
* As of 17 June, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 18646, including 2907 active cases and 15452 recoveries and 287 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 26 June, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 19941, including 2170 active cases and 17218 recoveries and 301 have died.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===July 2021===
* As of 13 July, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 22623, including 2281 active cases and 19767 recoveries and 317 deaths.<reffg name="MOHFW" />

===August 2021===
* As of 30 August, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 29841, including 1186 active cases and 28003 recoveries and 370 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===September 2021===
* As of 23 September, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 31074, including 642 active cases and 29741 recoveries and 381 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 26 September, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 31226, including 617 active cases and 29911 recoveries and 385 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===Oct to Dec 2021===
* As of 7 October, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 31585, including 383 active cases and 30498 recoveries and 388 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 October, the total number of cases was 31868, including 195 active cases and 30960 cures and 394 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 2 November, the total number of cases was 31979, including 195 active cases and 31063 cures and 396 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 4 December, the total number of cases was 32343, including 206 active cases and 31734 recoveries and 403 fatalities.<ref name="MyGov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mygov.in/corona-data/covid19-statewise-status/|title=COVID19 STATEWISE STATUS |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=MyGov.in|date=28 March 2020 }}</ref>
* As of 29 December, the total number of cases was 32483, including 53 active cases and 32021 recoveries and 409 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

===Jan to Mar 2022===
* As of 9 January, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 32649, including 152 active cases and 32088 recoveries and 409 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 15 January, the total number of cases was 34399, including 1726 active cases and 32260 cures and 413 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 28 January, the total number of cases was 37816, including 1450 active cases and 35938 cures and 428 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 8 February, the total number of cases was 38784, including 568 active cases and 37779 recoveries and 437 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 21 February, the total number of cases was 39030, including 119 active cases and 38470 recoveries and 441 fatalities.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 25 February, the total number of cases was 39060, including 78 active cases and 38540 recoveries and 442 fatalities.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 19 March, the total number of cases was 39113, including 13 active cases and 38651 recoveries and 449 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

===Apr to Jun 2022===
* As of 11 April, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 39144, including 2 active cases and 38690 recoveries and 452 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 18 April, the total number of cases was 39148, including 4 active cases and 38692 recoveries and 452 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 1 May, the total number of cases was 39153, including 4 active cases and 38697 cures and 452 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 12 May, the total number of cases was 39154, including 1 active case and 38701 cures and 452 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 28 May, the total number of cases was 39165, including no active case and 38713 cures and 452 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" /> There hasn't been any Covid death in the state of Sikkim in more than 2 months.
* As of 9 June, the total number of cases was 39175, including 9 active cases and 38713 cures and 453 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 16 June, the total number of cases was 39188, including 12 active cases and 38723 cures and 453 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />

=== July to December 2022 ===
* As of 8 July, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 39342, including 101 active cases and 38785 recoveries and 456 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 26 August, the total number of cases was 43581, including 214 active cases and 42882 recoveries and 485 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 31 August, the total number of cases was 43714, including 146 active cases and 43079 cures and 489 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 10 September, the total number of cases was 43906, including 77 active cases and 43335 recoveries and 494 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 24 September, the total number of cases was 44125, including 84 active cases and 43545 recoveries and 496 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

=== 2023 ===
* As of 22 March, the total number of cases in Sikkim was 44333, including 4 active cases and 43829 recoveries and 500 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />

==Containment zones==
*On 8 July 2020, State authorities declared 130 RCC, General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) Compound of [[Rongli]], [[East Sikkim]] notified as containment zone after 6 new positive COVID-19 Cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/sikkim-gref-camp-declared-containment-zone-after-six-test-positive/|title=Sikkim: GREF camp declared containment zone after six test positive|date=8 July 2020|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714050924/https://thenortheasttoday.com/sikkim-gref-camp-declared-containment-zone-after-six-test-positive/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*On 11 July 2020, [[Rongli]] Bazar, [[East Sikkim]] have been declared containment zones due to the detection of 26 more positive COVID-19 cases at 130 RCC, General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) Compound of nearby Rongli Bazar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/26-new-covid19-cases-in-sikkim-tally-147/1892880|title=26 new COVID-19 cases in Sikkim, tally 147|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
*On 15 July 2020, Sikkim CM calls for enforcement of complete lockdown in [[Rongli]] and [[Pakyong]] [[Subdivision (India)|subdivisions]] in East Sikkim due to the recent spike in cases in these subdivisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=393760|title=Sikkim CM calls for enforcement of complete lockdown in Rongli and Pakyong subdivisions|website=newsonair.com}}</ref>

== COVID-19 vaccines with approval for emergency or conditional usage ==
[[File:The Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on January 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on January 02, 2021.]]

{{main|COVID-19 vaccine}}

===Covishield===

On January 1, 2021, the [[Drug Controller General of India]], approved the emergency or conditional use of [[AstraZeneca]]'s COVID-19 vaccine [[AZD1222]] (marketed as Covishield).<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19 vaccine Covishield gets approval from DCGI's expert panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-serum-institute-of-indias-covid-19-vaccine-covishield-likely-to-be-approved-for-emergency-use-in-india/article33472324.ece |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=1 January 2021}}</ref> Covishield is developed by the [[University of Oxford]] and its spin-out company, [[Vaccitech]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine authorised for emergency supply in the UK |url=https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-authorised-in-uk.html |access-date=4 January 2021 |agency=AstraZeneca |publisher=AstraZeneca |date=30 December 2020}}</ref> It's a viral vector vaccine based on replication-deficient Adenovirus that causes cold in Chimpanzees.
It can be stored, transported and handled at normal refrigerated conditions (two-eight degrees Celsius/ 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit). It has a shelf-life of at least six months.

On 12 January 2021 first batches of Covishield vaccine was despatched from the [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-serum-institute-sends-out-first-vaccines-as-india-readies-for-covid-shots-2351052 |title=Stand By, India: Serum Institute Sends Out Vaccines, 1st Batch In Delhi |access-date=12 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

===Covaxin===
On January 2, 2021, [[BBV152]] (marketed as Covaxin), first indigenous vaccine, developed by [[Bharat Biotech]] in association with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and [[National Institute of Virology]] received approval from the Drug Controller General of India for its emergency or conditional usage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Expert panel recommends Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for restricted emergency use |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/expert-panel-clears-bharat-biotechs-covaxin-amid-uk-virus-strain-what-you-need-to-know-3240500.html |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 January 2021}}</ref>

On 14 January 2021 first batches of Covaxin vaccine was despatched from the Bharat Biotech, albeit it was still in the third phase of testing.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covaxin-delivery-starts-full-initial-procurement-allotted-7145380/ |title=Covaxin delivery starts, 'full initial procurement allotted' |access-date=14 January 2021 |publisher=Indian Express |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

===Others===
On 19 May 2021, Dr Reddy's Labs received Emergency Use Authorisation for anti-COVID drug 2-DG.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dr-reddys-confirms-emergency-use-authorisation-for-anti-covid-drug-2-dg-says-price-not-yet-fixed-6914241.html |title=Dr Reddy's confirms Emergency Use Authorisation for anti-COVID drug 2-DG, says price not yet fixed |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Moneycontol |date=19 May 2021}}</ref> On 21 February, 2022, Drugs Controller General of India granted approval to Biological E's COVID-19 vaccine Corbevax, that can be used for children between 12 and 18 years of age.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/covid-vaccine-for-kids-approval-granted-to-covid-vaccine-corbevax-for-children-between-12-18-years-heres-all-we-know/articleshow/89727948.cms |title=Approval granted to COVID vaccine Corbevax for children between 12-18 years |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=21 Feb 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/biological-e-s-covid-vaccine-corbevax-receives-emergency-use-nod-for-children-aged12-18-yrs-101645446354414.html |title=Biological E's Covid vaccine Corbevax receives emergency use nod for children aged 12-18 yrs |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 Feb 2022}}</ref>

On 21 October 2021, India completed administering of one billion Covid vaccines in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-administers-one-billion-covid-19-vaccine-doses-101634794885385.html |title=India scripts history, administers one billion Covid-19 vaccine doses |access-date=27 Oct 2021 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 Oct 2021}}</ref>

On 8 January 2022, India crossed 1.5 billion Covid vaccines milestone in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-achieve-milestone-of-1-5-billion-anti-covid-jabs-today-says-pm-modi-101641551025378.html |title=India crosses 1.5 bn Covid vaccine doses, Modi terms it 'significant milestone' |access-date=16 Jan 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 Jan 2022}}</ref>

On 19 February 2022, India crossed 1.75 billion Covid vaccines milestone in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-covid-19-india-s-vaccination-coverage-crosses-175-crore-mark-covid-cases-coronavirus-covaxin-covishield-news-2935176 |title= COVID-19: India's vaccination coverage crosses 175 crore mark |access-date=26 Feb 2022 |publisher=DNA India |date=19 Feb 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic]]
*[[COVID-19 vaccination in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic|data}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Sikkim]]
[[Category:Disasters in Sikkim]]
[[Category:2020s in Sikkim]]

Dutch Cemetery, Murshidabad

2026-01-31T09:16:16Z

MohammadTit: made a details

{{Short description|Christian cemetery in West Bengal, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Other uses|Dutch Cemetery (disambiguation){{!}}Dutch Cemetery}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Dutch Cemetery
| native_name = '''An [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Listed Monument]]'''
| native_name_lang =
| image =Dutch Cemetery.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Dutch Cemetery
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| established = early 18th-19th century
| abandoned = 
| location = Kalikapur, [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.123611|N|88.266667|E|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| style =
| owner = Archaeological Survey of India
| size =
| graves =
| interments =
| cremations =
| leases =
| website =
| findagraveid =
| politicalgeo =
| footnotes =
| nrhp =
| embedded =
}}
'''Dutch Cemetery''' is a heritage Christian cemetery at Kalikapur, [[Cossimbazar]] in the [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]], West Bengal, India.

==History==
In its hey days [[Murshidabad]] was an active trading post that not only attracted the British but also the Dutch and the Armenians, all of whom settled here in different times.<ref name=dutch>{{cite web | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/66552/europe-on-the-ganga |title= Discover Europe on the Ganga River Cruise | publisher = Outlook Traveller, 17 April 2018| accessdate = 20 July 2021}}</ref> The Dutch Cemetery has “47 tombs and obelisks etc. and the oldest being that of Daniel Van der Muyl who died in 1721 AD.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = ASI, Kolkata Circle | work = Dutch Cemetery | publisher = Archaeological Survey of India | accessdate = 20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pinakpani |title=English: Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district |date=2025-10-01 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_Cemetery,_Cossimbazar_in_Murshidabad_district_03.jpg |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref> The [[Residency Cemetery, Babulbona|Babulbona Residency Cemetery]], as also the British and Dutch cemeteries in neighbouring Cossimbazar are not really in ship shape, although they are state protected monuments.<ref name=dutch/>

According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], as mentioned in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the Dutch Cemetery is an ASI Listed Monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal – Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 113|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar, Berhampore, West Bengal 01.jpg
File:Description of the Dutch Cemetery for tourists.jpg
File:Tomb of Tammerus Canter Visscher in Cossimbazar Dutch cemetery 05.jpg
File:Dutch satyajit sinha.jpg
File:Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 19.jpg
File:Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 12.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Dutch Cemetery, Cossimbazar}}

{{Cemeteries in India}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Protestant Reformed cemeteries]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]

Kirti Mandir, Barsana

2026-01-17T19:25:10Z

MohammadTit: put up a article

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Kirti Mandir|image=Kirti Mandir Barsana.jpg|deity=Mother Kirti, Radha Rani|location=Kirti Mandir, Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Rangeeli Mahal, Barsana, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India Pin - 281405|architecture=Nagara and Dravidian influences|founded_by=Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj|established=2019|governing_body=Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat}}'''Kirti Mandir''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to Kirti Maiya, the mother of Radha Rani, located in [[Barsana]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It is notable for enshrining Radha Rani in her childhood form, seated in the lap of her mother.

== History ==
The concept for Kirti Mandir was envisioned by [[Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj]]. The foundation stone was laid by him in 2006. The temple was inaugurated on 10 February 2019, coinciding with Vasant Panchami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathura: देश के इकलौते कीर्ति मंदिर के पट खुले, भक्तों को बरबस अपनी ओर खींचती है इसकी भव्यता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/kirti-mandir-doors-open-for-devotees-in-barsana-mathura |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भव्यता के साथ कीर्ति मंदिर का 11 को होगा लोकार्पण - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-kirti-mandir-opening-on-11-feb2019-18923838.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> According to local traditions, the temple is situated on the site where Radha Rani spent her childhood. The temple is currently managed by [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Anurag |title=Kirti Mandir: I Discovered a Unique Temple of Radha Rani Near Vrindavan |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/brand-stories/brand-stories-english/kirti-mandir-i-discovered-a-unique-temple-of-radha-rani-near-vrindavan-8690506 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=english.newsnationtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राधाष्टमी पर बरसाना जाएं तो इनका दर्शन करना न भूलें, देवी राधा की होगी परम कृपा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/famous-temples-of-barsana-kirti-mandir-mann-mandir-and-other-you-must-visit-check-full-list-here/articleshow/103828878.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Kirti Mandir occupies an area of approximately 80,000 square feet. The architectural design incorporates elements of both Nagara and Dravidian styles. The temple is constructed using Italian marble and features 22 golden ''kalash'' crowning its domes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=यूपी टूरिज्म ने की कीर्ति मंदिर की ट्विटर पर प्रशंसा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/story-up-tourism-praises-kirti-mandir-on-twitter-7112275.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Deities ==
The primary deity enshrined in the temple is Radha Rani depicted as a child, approximately five years old, seated on the lap of her mother, Kirti Maiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कीर्ति मंदिर दुनिया का इकलौता मंदिर जहां मां की गोद में सो रही हैं राधारानी, आप भी कर आएं दर्शन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/radha-ashtami-kirti-mandir-barsana-temple-cheap-places-to-visit-near-delhi/articleshow/93928910.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> This representation is considered unique, as it is a prominent temple dedicated to Radha's mother. The temple also houses images of Radha-Krishna and Sita-Ram.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=यहां बनकर तैयार हुआ राधारानी की मां कीर्ति का पहला मंदिर, भव्यता देख भक्त हो रहे भाव विभोर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/kirti-mandir-barsana-in-mathura |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|27.6546|77.3806|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]

Sahebganj district

2026-01-12T05:28:09Z

MohammadTit: General improvements to article content

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahibganj district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] of [[Jharkhand]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Hills of rajmahal.jpg
| image_caption = [[Rajmahal hills]] near [[Barhait (community development block)|Barhait]]
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q767878 |stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Sahebganj District}}
| image_map1 = Sahebganj in Jharkhand (India).svg
| map_caption1 = Location of Sahibganj district in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|25.25|N|87.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Sahebganj
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Jharkhand|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sahebganj]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2063
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,150,567
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 52.04%<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |title =District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2011 |access-date = 2011-12-11|publisher =Registrar General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 948
| leader_title =[[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name =Shri Hemant Sati ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = 3
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = JH-18
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://sahibganj.nic.in/
| official_name =
}}

'''Sahibganj district''' is one of the twenty-four districts of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]], and [[Sahibganj]] is the administrative headquarters of this district. Sahibganj district is located in north eastern part of jharkhand.

==Divisions==
Sahibganj district is divided into two subdivions: Sahibganj subdivision and Rajmahal subdivision. It is further subdivided into nine Community development blocks:(Sahibganj subdivision) [[Sahibganj (community development block)|Sahibganj]], [[Mandro]], [[Borio (community development block)|Borio]], [[Barhait (community development block)|Barhait]] (Rajmahal subdivision) [[Taljhari]], [[Rajmahal (community development block)|Rajmahal]], [[Udhwa (community development block)|Udhwa]], [[Pathna]] and [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/Profile.html | title = District Profile | work = Census 2011 | publisher = Sahibganj district administration | access-date = 12 January 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095412/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | archive-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Sahibganj one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 24 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,69,359|13=1911|14=2,80,249|15=1921|16=2,67,749|17=1931|18=3,06,039|19=1941|20=3,33,540|21=1951|22=3,46,615|23=1961|24=4,14,277|25=1971|26=5,07,180|27=1981|28=6,15,599|29=1991|30=7,36,835|31=2001|32=9,27,770|33=2011|34=11,50,567|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43353/download/47042/20%20A-2%20Jharkhand.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sahibganj district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|54.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|34.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|7.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|3.34}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.23}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sahibganj district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,150,567,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sahibganj |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/534/download/1784/DH_2011_2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Timor-Leste]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Timor-Leste 1,177,834 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 407th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|558|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.96%.<ref name=districtcensus /> Sahibganj has a [[sex ratio]] of 948 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 52.04%. 13.88% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.29% and 26.80% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus />

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sahibganj district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 28.86 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 21.86 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 16.71 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value4 = 11.42 |color4 = red
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 6.33 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 5.33 |color6 = gold
|label7 = 'Other' Hindi |value7 = 4.11 |color7 = deeppink
|label8 = [[Malto language|Malto]] |value8 = 3.68 |color8 = mediumaquamarine
|label9 = Others |value9 = 1.70 |color9 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 28.86% of the population in the district spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 21.86% [[Santali language|Santali]], 16.71% [[Hindi]], 11.42% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 6.33% [[Urdu]], 5.33% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 3.68% [[Malto language|Malto]]. 4.11% of the population spoke 'Others' under Hindi.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=6th Jharkhand Assembly}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|Sahebganj district}}
|}

== Localities ==


* [[Bishanpur, Sahibganj|Bishanpur]]
* [[Kodarjana]]
* [[Sahibganj]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://sahibganj.nic.in/ Official district government website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sahibganj district
|North = [[Katihar district]], [[Bihar]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]]
|Southeast = [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]]
|South = [[Pakur district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Godda district]]
|Northwest = [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]]
}}

{{Districts of Jharkhand}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sahibganj district| ]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Bihar]]

Chowki Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:52Z

MohammadTit: made new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chowki
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 135,281
| mla = Sanjeev Shah
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Chowki Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Sanjeev Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Chowki<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjeev Shah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,802 |percentage=39.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheoraj Singh Usare |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,267 |percentage=37.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Makhan Lal Masiya (Guruji) |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,594 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khushiyal Raw Mandavi |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=5,179 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Smt Khagesh Thakur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,122 |percentage=5.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivcharan Amariya |party=Independent politician |votes=4,840 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakhan Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,527 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,535 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,331 |percentage=71.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,281 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Nexus Celebration Mall

2025-12-28T22:31:28Z

MohammadTit: starting new info!

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Udaipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Nexus Celebration Mall
| image = Nexus_Celebration_Mall.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|73.68|E|display=inline, The Nexus Celebration Mall}}
| address = Opposite Devendra Dham, Pulla Bhuwana, [[Bhuwana]], [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], 313004
| closing_date =
| developer =
| manager =
| owner = Nexus Select Trust
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 140+
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{cvt|400000|sqft}}<ref name="Nexus Celebration Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-celebration|title=Nexus Celebration Mall}}</ref>
| parking = 155 Four Wheelers, 754 Two Wheeler
| floors = 7
| website = {{URL|https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-celebration}}
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nexus''' '''Celebration Mall''' is a shopping mall in [[Udaipur]], [[India]]. It is located around 2 km from the [[Fateh Sagar Lake]]. The mall is built with a historical theme and houses many utility services including a [[PVR INOX|PVR]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVR - Celebration Mall, Bhuwana in Udaipur Show Times {{!}} eTimes |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/theatre/udaipur/pvr-celebration-mall-bhuwana/2524 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=m.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/udaipur-to-get-its-first-heritage-mall-this-year-73911-2010-05-11|title=Udaipur to get its first heritage mall this year|author=Amit Shanbaug |date=11 May 2010 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> It opened its first outlet in December 2010 before the official opening on 2 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.udaipurblog.com/celebration-mall-udaipur-completes-7-years-today.html | title =Celebration Mall Udaipur Completes 7 Years Today! | last =Mehta | first =Juhee | date =2 July 2018 | publisher =UdaipurBlog | access-date =2019-01-09 }}</ref> The mall is made with the facade of stone along with 23 water bodies cascading fountains inside the mall.<ref name=":0" /> Previously named The Celebration Mall, Blackstone group acquired the mall and brought it under India Nexus Malls portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/celebration-mall-acquired-prestige-group/|title=Celebration Mall to be acquired by Prestige Group|date=2018-01-01|website=UdaipurTimes.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-08|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105152006/https://udaipurtimes.com/celebration-mall-acquired-prestige-group/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The Blackstone Group]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}Nexus Malls to expand portfolio via Blackstone's acquisitions | Mint (livemint.com)

{{Shopping malls in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Celebration Mall}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Prestige Group]]

Harish Meena

2025-12-05T12:05:35Z

MohammadTit:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harish Meena
| image = Harish meena.png
| caption = Shri. Harish Meena speaking at a [[FICCI]] event.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|9|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bamanwas, [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| residence = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Deoli-Uniara Assembly constituency|Deoli-Uniara]]
| termstart2 = 11 December 2018
| termend2 = June 2024
| successor2 = [[Rajendra Gurjar]]
| predecessor2 = Rajendra Gurjar
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 14 November 2018
| constituency1 = [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| constituency = [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
| successor1 = [[Jaskaur Meena]]
| termstart = 4 June 2024
| termend =
| predecessor = [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]
| successor =
| office3 = [[Secretary to the Government of India]] [[Special Protection Group]]
| term_start3 = 2013
| term_end3 = 2014
| office4 = [[List of DGPs of Rajasthan|DGP, Rajasthan]]
| term_start4 = March 2009
| term_end4 = December 2013
| predecessor4 = K.S. Bains
| successor4 = Omendra Bhardwaj
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (Since 14 November 2018)
| religion =
| spouse = Smt. Punit Meena
| parents =
| children = 2
| occupation = IPS Officer (Retd.), Director General of Police (Retd.), Politician
| alma_mater = [[Rajasthan University]]
| website = {{URL|http://harishmeena.com/}}
}}

'''Harish Chandra Meena''' ({{IPA|hi|ɦəɾiːʃ t͡ʃən̪d̪ɾə miːɳaː}}) is an Indian politician and a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of 1976 batch who is currently serving as [[Member of Parliament]], [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Tonk-Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]] since 2024. He is member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/list-of-mps-688524.html|title=The full list of Lok Sabha MPs}}</ref> As an IPS officer he served as DGP of Rajasthan from March 2009 to December 2013 which is recorded to be IUI the longest tenure of a DGP in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/harish-chandra-meena|title=Harish Chandra Meena|website=Indian Government}}</ref> He has also been awarded the 1996 Indian Police Medal and 2002 President Medal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tonk - Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Harish Chandra Meena Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tonk-sawai-madhopur-rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547913-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Meena was born on 5 September 1954 in Bamanwas, [[Sawai Madhopur]] in [[Rajasthan]] to Narayan Meena and Narayani Devi. He completed Bachelor of Political Science Honors from [[University of Rajasthan|Rajasthan University]]. He went to [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (New Delhi) for his Masters in Political Science. During his final year of Masters he got through [[Indian Police Service]].

== Police career ==

=== Tenure ===
After becoming the IPS Officer in 1976, he was posted in [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]] Cadre for 3 years and then later he came to Rajasthan. Following are the details on his posting:
* 1981-1991 [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]]
* 1991-1997 [[Deputy inspector general of police|Dy. Inspector General of Police]]
* 1997-2003 [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police]]
* 2003-2007 [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]]
* 2007-2013 [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]
* 2013-2014 Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India

In 1996, he was awarded the [[Indian Police Medal]] and in 2002, he was awarded the President's Medal for his distinguished service.

== Initiatives and Reforms ==
Meena reformed the recruitment process of Police Constables in Rajasthan by making it more objective and transparent. In a bid to minimize corruption and biases, he completely removed written tests involving subjective answers, observation based physical examinations and personal interviews. Consequentially, [[Optical mark recognition|Optical Mark Recognition]] (OMR) based written tests and objective physical examinations were introduced. The latter required each candidate to run 10 km in 60 minutes to qualify. To completely eradicate the scope of manipulation, a GPS chip was attached on the leg of the candidate. There was widespread criticism and skepticism towards this change. However to demonstrate the feasibility of the new physical tests, Mr. Meena himself started running in all recruitment centers. He completed the 10 km run within 48 minutes in Kota,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-dgp-sets-example-for-young-cops/story-8v688Btnvzygz6uHJ0MANM.html|title=Rajasthan DGP sets example for young cops}}</ref> 12 minutes ahead of the qualifying time. This recruitment pattern was also emulated by various states, Para Military and Armed Forces. As a break from the convention, police recruitment process during Harish Meena's tenure as DGP was never challenged in court.

Meena also focused on improving the track record of Rajasthan police in matters pertaining to human rights. He passed a standing order that stated that the whole police station would be liable to face a punishment posting if there was any death in the custody including suicide. A new post for Addl. Director General was created to overlook a cell that specially monitored crimes against the vulnerable sections of the society which included schedule tribes, schedule castes, women and children.

He also set up 3 independent institutions; Police University (Sardar Patel Police University 2012), Training Institute for Rajasthan Police Intelligence Branch and Commando Training Institute. Village Guard System was introduced in rural area. Police housing Scheme was accelerated and Police Housing Corporation was created. Police Commissionerate System was introduced for the first time in Rajasthan in Jaipur and Jodhpur. Separate wings of law-order and investigation were introduced. His last assignment was secretary (security) Cabinet Secretariat in Govt. of India.

== Political career ==
Meena entered politics and joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2014. He served as Member of Parliament from [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]. He left [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]] and joined [[Indian National Congress|INC]] on [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14 November 2018]] weeks ahead of Rajasthan Assembly election on [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|7 December 2018]]. He was elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament (MP)]] from [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]] [[Parliament of India|Parliament Constituency]] in 18th Lok Sabha by defeating BJP [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]].<ref name=":0" />

== Tenure as a Parliamentarian ==
Till 16th Lok Sabha of his term, Harish Meena has participated in 65 debates and asked 224 questions in the parliament. He has spoken on diverse issues that include matters of social justice, judicial reforms, constituency development, education reforms etc.

Harish Meena has been involved in the following parliamentary committees during his 1st Lok Sabha tenure:
# Member, Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture
# Member, Consultative Committee on Skill Development
# Member, Committee on Security in Parliament Complex
# Member, Lok Sabha Fellowship Committee
# Ex-Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
# Ex-Member, Standing Committee on Home Affairs

=== Key Issues Raised ===
Following are the issues strongly advocated by Mr Harish Meena:

'''Education:''' Harish Meena has raised many questions related to the improvement of education standards and amenities in the parliament. All his speeches in the constituency always include a mention of prioritizing education, most of his public events are held in government schools and he has initiated many development works aimed at strengthening the public education system in Dausa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/harishchandrameena|title=Debates details of Harish Chandra Meena|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

'''Judicial Reforms:''' On 10 May 2016, Harish Meena raised the issue of judicial reforms. He pressed upon the importance of bringing more transparency in judicial processes. He strongly advocates for having All India Judicial Services examinations for selecting judges to ensure that there is fairness and transparency in selection process.

'''Provision of Basic Amenities:''' Harish Meena has been proactively working towards ensuring that citizens get access to basic civic amenities. The most notable example being that on 02-Aug-2017 he brought to parliament's attention the state of Rajaurgarh Gram Panchayat which despite being a big panchayat and a popular tourist spot didn't have access to electricity. Through Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation's off-grid scheme he has initiated solar electrification of the village. He has consistently been raising the matter of drinking water accessibility for his constituency. He is keenly interested in improvement of healthcare and sanitation practices, and is closely associated with UNICEF for the same. In October 2015, he organized the "Rajasthan Local Legislators Meet in Jaipur on Sanitation and Nutrition" and in November 2017, participated in UNICEF's Planning Meeting of ODF Sustainability.

=== Initiative taken in the Constituency ===
He got a Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra (PMKK ) opened in Dausa through the consultative committee on Skill Development. Only 31 PMKKs have opened in the country and Dausa is one of the few districts to have them. Also, the PMKK in Dausa is the only one in India that has opened at a Gram Panchayat level. Hence, it has a higher outreach in the rural areas.

He has initiated many infrastructure and civic amenity based projects. Key examples are construction of many over-bridges, stoppage of important trains in Bandikui railway junction, getting government of India to sanction a sandstone cluster with a Common Facility Centre between Dausa-Sikandra.

Harish Meena's key focus area is education. Under his tenure, he got 2 central schools sanctioned from Ministry of Human Resource Development in Dausa as it previously never had a central school. One Central School is functional in Dausa with 285 students and 14 staff members. Another central school has been sanctioned in Bandikui and will be functional in the academic session of 2018. More than 70% of Harish Meena's local area development fund is spent on education. He has also launched his own flagship program on girl child development. The program aims to holistically impact a girl child's education, health, and nutrition while sensitizing their families on their welfare. In the 1st phase of the program, he has selected 4 schools from 4 blocks respectively. Through these schools the impact will be on more than 1000 girls and their families.

== Personal life ==
Harish Meena married Smt. Punit Meena on 20 January 1981 and has 2 children 1 son and 1 daughter. He is a traveling and adventure sports enthusiast. He has travelled to 18 countries and has led 2 mountaineering expeditions in Ladakh. During college days, he Captained Jawaharlal Nehru University team in Inter-University Basket Ball Tournament and Captained Rajasthan College Team in Inter College Basket & Hockey Tournaments. Represented Indian Table Tennis Team as Delegate in Asian Championship and World Table Tennis Championship.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Rajasthan |state=expanded}}

==External links==
* [http://harishmeena.com/ Harish Meena Website]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/dausa-mp-harish-meena-inspected-the-government-schools-1784178/ Dausa MP Harish Meena inspecting government schools]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Ex-DGP-Harish-Meena-proves-hes-fit-for-politics/articleshow/35233267.cms Ex-DGP Harish Meena proves he's fit for politics]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-ALW-MAT-latest-alwar-news-133503-420521-NOR.html Solar clean energy at Rajourgarh]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Harish Chandra}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:People from Dausa district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

Shahada, Maharashtra

2025-11-29T14:42:51Z

MohammadTit:

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahada
| other_name = (Shahajipur)
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Municipal Corporation Shahada.jpg
| image_caption = Shahada Municipality
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.5429691|N|74.4691462|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
| established_date = op
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Nandurbar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2701_PART_B_DCHB_NANDURBAR.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|accessdate=4 July 2017|pages=22}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 10.75
| elevation_m = 138
| population_total = 61376
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| population_density_km2 = 267
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 425409
| area_code = 91-02565
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MH39]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 954 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics1_info1 = Gujar, Ahirani, Adivasi, Marathi, Gujar
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 86.62%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802641-shahada-maharashtra.html |title=Shahada City Population Census 2011 – Maharashtra |website=Census2011.co.in |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref>
}}

'''Shahada''' is a town in [[Nandurbar district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a [[Municipal council]].<ref name="census" /> It is the second biggest town and the biggest [[Tehsil]] in [[Nandurbar district]].

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}

Under Maharao Jadavrao and Rao Shinde's of Dhanur, Shahada Village became part of West Khandesh in 1500s.

1400s to 1700s Shinde's became Rao of west Khandesh under Jadhavrao Rulers of Khandesh :-

The [[Shinde|Shinde/Scindia]] ([[Patil (title)|Sarpatils]]) of [[Khandesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=24 October 2016 |title=ग्रामदेवता: धुळ्याच्या साक्री तालुक्यातील श्रीधनदाई देवी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/gramdevta-in-dhule-sakri-shree-dhandai-devi-304847 |website=marathi.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=धनदाई व पेडकाई देवी यात्रोत्सव |url=https://www.lokmat.com/dhule/dhanadai-and-peddakai-goddess-yatra/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ब्युरो |first=साम टिव्ही |title=धनदाईदेवीच्या चरणी सव्वा लाख भाविक नतमस्तक |url=https://www.saamtv.com/maharashtra/dhule-news-navratri-utsav-ashtami-dhandai-devi-one-lakh-bhavik-prey-rds84 |website=Latest and Breaking News in Marathi | Live Marathi News Updates | live tv streaming in Marathi | Saam TV}}</ref> Who came from [[Amirgarh]] (Present in [[Rajasthan]]) as [[Rao title|Rao]] of [[Khandesh|West Khandesh]] in and [[14th century]]. In past they are [[Rai Amirgarh]] and ancestors of [[Sindh|Sindh's]] Royal Family. They control Khandesh from [[Laling fort]] and [[Dhule|Dhanur & Dhule]] Towns. In 1600s Jadhavrao lost ruling power against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] but after some time later [[Rao Shinde]] recaptured Khandesh with the help of [[Maratha Empire]]. In end of 1600s they came under [[Maratha Empire]] led by [[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]] and some years later they lost the Administrative and Ruler power against [[Mughal Empire]] led by [[Aurangzeb]] in war.

=== Maratha rule ===
Maratha raids into Khandesh began in 1670 with [[Shinde|Shinde's]] Rao of West Khandesh and the following century was a period of unrest as Mughals and Marathas competed for control.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001869096 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1909 |volume=Provincial Series: Bombay Presidency Vol. 1 |location=Calcutta}}</ref>{{Rp|418}} In 1760, the [[Peshwa]] ousted the Mughal ruler and gained control of Khandesh, following which portions were granted to [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] and [[Scindia|Shinde/Scindia]] rulers.<ref name=":1"/>{{Rp|418}} [[Baji Rao II]] surrendered to the British in June 1818, but sporadic war continued in Khandesh which was among the last of the Peshwa's former territories to come under complete [[British Raj|British control]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Arvind M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC |title=John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British Rule |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |location=Delhi}}</ref>{{Rp|9}}

[[Prakasha]] village, which is around 15 km south-west of Shahada, is the second most important excavation site in [[Maharashtra]]. In 1955 B K Thapar on behalf of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] excavated site near confluence of [[Tapti River|Tapi River]] and [[Gomai River]]. Excavation exposed 17 meter deep occupational deposit – hammer stones, restricted use of copper, low grade [[bronze]] dating back to 1700 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_maharashtra.asp |title=Excavation Sites in Maharashtra and Gujrat – Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=asi.nic.in |accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref> Around 6 km north of Shahada there are several centuries old sculptures complex in Gomai River. The main sculpture is popularly known as [[Mahavir]] sculpture and the entire sculptures complex is popularly known as [[Pandavleni]] or 'Panch Pandav'.<ref>[http://nandurbar.nic.in/htmldocs/tourist%20destination%20MAIN.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211064552/http://nandurbar.nic.in/htmldocs/tourist%20destination%20MAIN.html|date=11 December 2009}}</ref> This evidence suggest that Shahada and area on the banks of Gomai River has been inhabited at least since 1700 BC. Shahada- municipality was established in the British period, in the year 1869.
Shahada and bhada are the two locations of this area situated on the river bank Gomai.These names observed in local [[gurjar]] language meaning saadha bhada means simple.
Pujya Sane Guruji Vidya prasarak mandal collage Lonkheda is the biggest educational campus near Shahada. Municipal school in Shahada is the oldest school since British Raj.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802641-shahade-maharashtra.html |title=Shahade City Population Census 2011 – Maharashtra |website=Census2011.co.in |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref> Shahada had a population of 61,376, being 52% male and 48% female. Shahada has an average literacy rate of 86.62%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90.67%, and female literacy is 82.40%. In Shahada, 12.95% of the population is under 6 years of age. Languages/dialects spoken in Shahada town and Nandurbar districts are many tribal language bhilu (ladshi, dogari, bayadi, pwari etc....) And But in Shahada City and nearby area Most spoken language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]] & it's dialects like [[Ahirani]], [[Bhili language|Bhili]] around more than 50-60% population, Second most spoken Language is [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ([[Gujari]]) around 20-30%, Other language like [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] speakers are their in good numbers.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
|25751
|23945
|49696
| –
|63.605
|32.836
|0.586
|0.054
|0.652
|2.205
|0.042
|0.020
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
|31414
|29962
|61376
|0.235
|60.766
|35.553
|0.562
|0.075
|0.784
|2.187
|0.003
|0.070
|}

== Geography and climate ==
<gallery>
File:Sculpture Shahada Gomai River.jpg|Sculpture in Gomai River of a [[Jain]] [[Tirthankar]]
File:Lithosphere In Well Near Shahada.jpg|Dry well showing rock 2 to 3 metres below surface of farms around Shahada town
File:Soil Above Lithosphere Shahada Farm.jpg|Black soil in farm near Shahada 2 to 3 metres above rock
</gallery>

Shahada is on average 455 feet above sea level. As the [[Satpura]] Mountain Range just 30 km north of Shahada, the [[bedrock]] is on an average 5 metres below the ground level. Due to natural or human-made caves, the ground at [[Savalde]] village, 5 km away from Shahada, caved in during heavy rain during August 2006 and caused an earthquake of magnitude 2.8 on [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter Scale]] on 10 November 2006.<ref>[http://nandurbar.nic.in/disaster/ddm.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410032326/http://nandurbar.nic.in/disaster/ddm.htm|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> As seismograph stations are installed away from traffic to avoid [[false-positive]] results from ground vibrations, Shahada's [[seismograph]] station of the [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] is installed in the same village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/seismic-shock-wornoff-instrument-on-job-in-sardar-sarovar-dam-area/389618/ |title=Seismic shock: Worn-off instrument on job in Sardar Sarovar Dam area |work=The Indian Express|date=24 November 2008 |accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref>

The soil above the [[bedrock]] is good for farming except in some areas. Average rainfall is 552 mm = 21.7 inches.<ref>[http://www.nandurbar.nic.in/htmldocs/district_at_a_glance.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410032244/http://www.nandurbar.nic.in/htmldocs/district_at_a_glance.htm|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> The climate is hot for most of the year. Maximum temperature reaches up to 48 °C in summer and minimum temperature fall up to 9 °C in the winter. The climate of Shahada is on the whole dry except during the south-west [[monsoon]] season and winter months December to February. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season from December to February. Hot and dry season from March to June. The south-west monsoon season starts from the last week of June and last up to the end of September.

== Medical Facilities ==

* More than '''50 hospitals''' facilities are there in shahada.

== Transport ==
As Ankleshwar-Burhanpur Highway passes through Shahada, it is well connected with state transport buses & private buses.

# Pune to Shahada. From INR 500. '''18 bus options'''.
# Vadodara to Shahada. From INR 245. '''7 bus options.'''
# Mumbai to Shahada. From INR 577. '''10 bus options.'''
# Ahmedabad to Shahada. From INR 333. '''4 bus options.'''
# Panvel to Shahada. From INR 577. '''3 bus options.'''
[[File:Chorriya Town Meditation Center.png|thumb|Asia's First Golden ratio based Meditation Center at Chorriya Town. Shahada, Nandurbar]]
*'''Road''': One can reach Shahada through [[Indore]] (84 km away), which is well connected with the [[Dhule]]–[[Nandurbar]] road. From Dhule, one can reach Shahada by going straight on the Mumbai-Agra highway NH-3 (National Highway) to Songir (Dhule) and at Songir turn left and you will be on [[MH MSH 1|MSH-1]] (Maharashtra State Highway). The distance from Mumbai is approximately 424 km.
*'''Railways''': The nearest railway stations are [[Dondaicha]] (c. 28.6 km away) and [[Nandurbar]] (c. 35.6 km away). These stations are on [[Bhusawal]]-[[Surat]] Railway line. This line is used by people for going to or coming from [[Gujarat]]

== Tourist attractions ==
* [[Toranmal]] is nearby hill station.( '''Second number hill station after mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra state''')
* [[Unapdev]] is (24.9 km) from Shahada) is a picnic point in Shahada. *【【Shivtirth 】】is best point at shahada
* [[Prakasha]] is a spiritually bounded village and a holy place to visit. It is also known as Dakshin Kashi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nandurbar district]]

Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

2025-11-25T07:35:18Z

MohammadTit: general refined page for consistency

{{Short description|Fifth-generation fighter concept for the Indian Air Force}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = FGFA
| image =
| caption =
| alt = 
| type = [[Stealth aircraft|Stealth]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole]]/[[air superiority fighter]]
| national_origin = [[Russia]] / [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (intended)
| design_group = [[Sukhoi]]
| first_flight =
| introduction =
| retired =
| status = Cancelled
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]] (intended)
| more_users =
| produced =
| number_built =
| developed_from = [[Sukhoi Su-57]]
| variants =
}}

The '''Sukhoi/HAL Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft''' ('''FGFA''') was a [[fifth-generation fighter]] concept, based on the Russian [[Sukhoi Su-57]], that was being developed by the joint forces of [[Sukhoi]] and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] for the [[Indian Air Force]]. While the programme was earlier called FGFA, the combined project then referred as Prospective Multi-Role Fighter (PMF).<ref>Menon, Jay. [http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_08_21_2012_p01-01-487983.xml "India And Russia To Ink R&D Phase Of T-50 Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221224550/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fasd_08_21_2012_p01-01-487983.xml |date=2014-02-21 }} ''Aerospace Daily & Defense Report'', 21 August 2012.</ref> The completed FGFA was to include a total of 43 improvements over the Su-57, including advanced sensors, networking and combat avionics.<ref name="ainonline.com">Mathews, Neelam. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-05-25/indias-version-sukhoi-t-50-delayed-two-years "India's Version of Sukhoi T-50 Delayed by Two Years."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707122432/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-05-25/indias-version-sukhoi-t-50-delayed-two-years |date=2014-07-07 }} ''AIN'', 25 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenceaviation.com/2008/10/sukhoihal-fgfa-a-indian-stealth-fighter.html |title= Sukhoi/HAL FGFA an Indian Stealth Fighter |date= 2008-10-27 |work= Defence Aviation |access-date= 2008-10-28 |archive-date= 2009-09-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902083432/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2008/10/sukhoihal-fgfa-a-indian-stealth-fighter.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> The Indian version would be a two-seater with pilot and co-pilot or [[Weapon systems officer|weapon systems operator]] (WSO).

It was reported India withdrew from the FGFA programme in 2018, but also hinted that the project could be resumed at a later date, when the Su-57 is fully operational in the [[Russian Air Force]] first.<ref name="Janes_India_left_FGFA" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdos-technology-claim-fells-9-billion-indo-russian-aircraft-deal/articleshow/64565395.cms|title=DRDO's technology claim fells $9 billion Indo-Russian aircraft deal|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-06-13}}</ref> However, General Director of [[United Aircraft Corporation]] Yuri Slyusar claimed that the FGFA program was not cancelled and India is still working with Russia regarding to the future aircraft.<ref name="Not cancelled" /><ref name="Not cancelled 2" /> In October 2019, the Indian Air Force Chief of Air Staff [[RKS Bhadauria]] stated that the country will not be importing stealth fighters like the Su-57, and will instead focus on indigenous efforts such as the [[HAL AMCA]].<ref name="latest update:cancelled">{{cite web |last= Siddiqui |first= Huma |url= https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/make-in-india-iaf-will-focus-on-the-indigenous-amca-for-its-fighter-fleet-says-air-chief-rks-bhadauria/1727310/ |title= Make in India: IAF will focus on the indigenous AMCA for its fighter fleet, says Air Chief RKS Bhadauria |publisher= Financial Express |date= 2019-10-05 |access-date= 2020-01-09}}</ref>

==Development==
Following the success of the [[BrahMos]] project, [[Russia]] and [[India]] agreed in early 2007 to jointly study and develop a Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) programme.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/08/stories/2007020806230500.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070502041838/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/08/stories/2007020806230500.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2007-05-02 |title= Indo-Russian agreement soon on PAK-FA |first= Rasheed |last= Kappan |date= 2007-02-08 |location= Chennai, India |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1433785.cms |title= India, Russia to make 5th generation fighter jets |date= 2007-01-24 |publisher= [[Times of India]] |access-date= 2007-10-20}}</ref>

On 11 September 2010, it was reported that India and Russia had agreed on a preliminary design contract, subject to Cabinet approval. In December 2010, a memorandum of understanding for preliminary design of the Indo-Russian fighter was reportedly signed between Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), and Russian companies [[Rosoboronexport]] and Sukhoi.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=20815&mmacmaid=20816 |title= Medvedev Flair Firms Up Indo-Russian Relations |publisher= Observer Research Foundation |date= 2010-12-29 |access-date= 2012-05-18 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120909001145/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=20815&mmacmaid=20816 |archive-date= 2012-09-09 }}</ref>

While the Russian version will be a single-pilot fighter, the Indian variant will be based on its own operational doctrine which calls for greater radius of combat operations. The wings and control surfaces need to be reworked for the FGFA.<ref>{{cite web |first= Sandeep |last= Unnithan |url= http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=73&task=view&id=16398&sectionid=4&Itemid=1 |title= India, Russia to have different versions of same fighter plane |publisher= Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in |date= 2008-09-29 |access-date= 2010-12-16}}</ref> By February 2009, as per Sukhoi General Director Mikhail Pogosyan, India will initially get the same PAK FA fighter of Russia and the only difference will be the software.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=%20Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:a30f423d-9647-4277-b1b1-f400edddc114 |title= PAK-FA – Full Speed Ahead |last1= Sweetman |first1= Bill |date= 13 February 2009 |website= aviationweek.com |publisher= Penton |access-date= 13 November 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

In 2010, a total of 500 aircraft were planned with options for further aircraft. [[Russian Air Force]] will have 200 single-seat and 50 twin-seat PAK FAs while [[Indian Air Force]] will get 166 single seated and 48 twin-seated FGFAs.<ref name=India_develop_25_percent>{{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-to-develop-25fifth-generation-fighter/381786/ |title= India to develop 25% of fifth generation fighter |newspaper= Business Standard India |publisher= Business-standard.com |date= 2010-01-06 |access-date= 2010-12-16|last1= Shukla |first1= Ajai }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-russia-close-to-pactnext-generation-fighter/381718/ |title= India, Russia close to PACT on next generation fighter |newspaper= Business Standard India |date= 5 January 2010 |publisher= Business-standard.com |access-date= 2010-12-16|last1= Shukla |first1= Ajai }}</ref> Under the project terms, single-seat fighters will be assembled in Russia, while Hindustan Aeronautics will assemble two-seaters.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indrus.in/articles/2011/11/11/prime_minister_putins_greatest_deals_13234.html |title= Prime Minister Putin's greatest deals |publisher= indrus.in |date= 2011-11-11 |access-date= 2011-11-11}}</ref> HAL negotiated a 25% share of design and development work in the FGFA programme. HAL's work share will include critical software including the mission computer, navigation systems, most of the cockpit displays, the counter measure dispensing (CMD) systems and modifying Sukhoi's prototype into fighter as per the requirement of the Indian Air Force (IAF).<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-to-develop-25fifth-generation-fighter/381786/ |title= India to develop 25% of fifth generation fighter |newspaper= Business Standard India |publisher= Business-standard.com |date= 2010-01-06 |access-date= 2012-05-18|last1= Shukla |first1= Ajai }}</ref>

Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan projected a market for 1,000 aircraft over the next four decades, 200 each for Russia and India and 600 for other countries in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last= Bryanski |first= Gleb |url= http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-46877820100312?sp=true |title= Russia to make 1,000 stealth jets, eyes India deal |publisher= In.reuters.com |date= 2010-03-12 |access-date= 2010-12-16 |archive-date= 2017-08-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173333/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-46877820100312?sp=true |url-status= dead }}</ref> Russian Trade Minister [[Viktor Khristenko]] said that the aircraft are to be jointly developed and produced with India and both countries will "share benefits from selling the plane not only on their domestic markets, but also on the markets of third countries."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14912167&PageNum=0 |title= Russia, India to sign contract for sketching 5th generation jet soon |publisher= Itar-tass.com |access-date= 2010-12-16 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Editor-in-chief of Natsionalnaya Oborona, Igor Korotchenko, said in February 2013 that exports of the jointly designed fighter should help Russia increase its share of arms exports to the world.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper= RUVR |url= http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_18/Russian-aircraft-builders-successful-arms-traders/ |date= 2013-02-18 |title= Russian aircraft builders successful arms traders |place= [[Russia|RU]]}}</ref>

===Project changes and delays===
In May 2012, the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) announced a two-year delay in the project's development.<ref name=Delays_challenges>{{cite news |url= http://business-standard.com/india/news/delayschallenges-for-indo-russian-fighter/474329/ |title= Delays and challenges for Indo-Russian fighter |newspaper= Business Standard India |publisher= Business-standard.com |date= 2012-05-15 |access-date= 2012-05-18|last1= Shukla |first1= Ajai }}</ref> Ashok Nayak, who spoke on the record as HAL's chairman before retiring, explained that the IAF have required 40–45 improvements made from the PAK-FA to meet Indian needs. These changes were then formally agreed upon between India and Russia.<ref name=Delays_challenges/>

The Russian and Indian air forces each planned to purchase about 250 FGFAs, at an estimated $100 million per fighter for an $25 billion total, in addition to the development costs.<ref name=Delays_challenges/> By October 2012, India had cut its total purchase size from 200 to 144 aircraft. India's initial investment had grown from $5 billion to $6 billion, and the estimated total programme cost had grown to $30 billion in 2012.<ref name=$30B>Luthra, Gulshan.[http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1766_IAF_decides_144_fifth_generation_fighters.htm "IAF decides on 144 Fifth Generation Fighters."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928230454/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1766_IAF_decides_144_fifth_generation_fighters.htm |date=2013-09-28 }} ''India Strategic'', October 2012.</ref>{{update inline|date=August 2016}}

In 2013, it was revealed that the Russian and Indian fighters would be using the same avionics.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130206/179261409.html |title= India to Use Russian Avionics For Future Fighter – UAC Boss |author= Sputnik |date= 6 February 2013 |work= ria.ru |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref> [[Alexander Fomin]] said that "Both sides involved in this project are investing a lot into it, and on equal terms."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-news-live-aeroindia/2013-02-07/russia-still-has-high-hopes-defense-sales-india |title= Russia Still Has High Hopes for Defense Sales to India |work= Aviation International News |access-date= 6 April 2015 |archive-date= 2014-09-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140908125522/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-news-live-aeroindia/2013-02-07/russia-still-has-high-hopes-defense-sales-india |url-status= dead }}</ref> Russia later admitted to huge delays and cost overruns in the project.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/5th-generation-fighter-plan-hits-hurdle-as-Russia-hikes-cost/articleshow/21075582.cms |title= 5th-generation fighter plan hits hurdle as Russia hikes cost |work= The Times of India |date= 15 July 2013 |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref> The contract has not be finalised, and the IAF has accused HAL of giving away up to half of India's share of the development work.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/19/russia-delays-indias-5th-gen-fighter-program/ |title= Russia Delays India's 5th-Gen. Fighter Program |author= J. Michael Cole |work= The Diplomat |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-HAL-battle-threatens-to-shatter-military-aviation-indigenization/articleshow/21492297.cms|title=IAF-HAL tiff threatens to shatter indigenization quest|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> India contributes 15% of the research and development work, but provides half the cost.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_10_21_2013_p01-01-628343.xml |title= India Concerned About Fifth-Gen Fighter Work Share With Russia |last1= Menon |first1= Jay |date= 21 October 2013 |website= aviationweek.com |publisher= Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |access-date= 23 October 2013}}</ref>

On 9 March 2015, media outlets reported that the countries agreed to reduce the aircraft delivery time from 92 months to 36 months with the signing of the final agreement. India is also ready to forego a 50:50 work share to prevent further delays from absorption of a new technology; both countries agreed to manufacture the first batch of aircraft in Russia and for subsequent batches to be manufactured by HAL.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rafale-deadlock-gives-thrust-to-Russian-5th-gen-jet-project/articleshow/46497247.cms |title= Rafale deadlock gives thrust to Russian 5th-gen jet project |work= The Times of India |date= 9 March 2015 |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12361/India_Eyes_Russian_FGFA_As_MMRCA_Deal_Delays#.VP3E62P0bQI |title= India Eyes Russian FGFA As MMRCA Deal Delays |work= defenseworld.net |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://tass.ru/en/russia/781741 |title= TASS: Russia – India to invest $25 billion in fifth-generation fighter joint project with Russia — media |work= TASS |access-date= 6 April 2015}}</ref>

By 2016, Indian interest in the project was fading after Russia cut back their own purchases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/india-and-russia-fail-to-resolve-dispute-over-fifth-generation-fighter-jet/ |title=India and Russia Fail to Resolve Dispute Over Fifth Generation Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=6 January 2016 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> On 25 January 2016, it was reported that Russia and India have agreed to develop FGFA and lower investment cost to $4 billion for each nation. They will invest $1 billion in the first year and another $500 million per year for the following six years.{{cn|date=December 2020}} In September 2016, the two nations announced a detailed work-share agreement for joint production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-and-russia-agree-on-details-of-new-joint-production-of-fifth-generation-fighter-aircraft/articleshow/54203573.cms |title=India and Russia agree on details of new joint production of fifth generation fighter aircraft |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |date=9 September 2016 |website=indiatimes.com |publisher=Times Group |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

In May 2017, another announcement came out regarding a "milestone" pact to finalise the detailed design for the fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) and move ahead with the multibillion-dollar co-development project. It is expected to be signed in the second half of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-russia-to-ink-deal-on-5th-generation-fighter-design/articleshow/58561386.cms|title=India, Russia to ink deal on 5th generation fighter design - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 May 2017 |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> Then later that month the project appeared to be lost when the Russians suddenly demanded seven billion dollars that the Indians could not afford.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/steep-price-rise-hits-indo-russian-5th-gen-fighter-project |title=Steep price rise hits Indo-Russian 5th-gen fighter project |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |date=24 May 2017 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Sightline Media Group |access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> An Indian committee has reportedly been set up to evaluate need for FGFA in light of the price increase and progress on the [[HAL AMCA]] project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indo-russian-multirole-transport-aircraft-programme-indian-air-force-978260-2017-05-21 |title=Indo-Russian project to develop aircraft hits roadblock over price, technology |last1=Dubey |first1=Ajit Kumar |date=21 May 2017 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in |publisher=IndiaToday |access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

It has been reported that India and Russia are studying an upgrade to the [[Su-35]] with stealth technology (similar to the [[F-15 Silent Eagle]]) as a more affordable alternative to the FGFA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/could-russia-design-a-fifth-generation-variant-of-the-su-35-for-india/|title=Could Russia Design a Fifth-Generation Variant of the Su-35 for India?|first=Abraham Ait, The|last=Diplomat|website=thediplomat.com|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Major roadblocks in the programme ===
On 2 September 2017, the Indian Air Force cited demanding maintenance programs, and high maintenance costs as main reasons behind its reluctance to proceed with the project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indian-air-force-127-fifth-generation-fighter-aircraft-russia-1036340-2017-09-01 |title=IAF not in favour of acquiring Russian 5th gen jets, keen on DRDO Make in India project instead |access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref> India prefers to produce its own fifth-generation fighter to maintain parity with China's air force that has recently debuted the [[Chengdu J-20]] stealth fighter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/russia-joins-the-stealth-fighter-club---but-how-good-is-su-57 |title=Russia joins the stealth fighter club – but how good is the Su-57? |last=Moskvitch |first=Katia |date=17 Aug 2017 |website=www.imeche.org |access-date=2017-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/beijing-rumored-woo-allies-fighter-technology/|title=Beijing rumored to woo allies with fighter technology|website=atimes.com|date=20 November 2017 |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

On 20 April 2018, it was reported that India had left the project.<ref name=Janes_India_left_FGFA>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/79457/india-withdraws-from-fgfa-project-leaving-russia-to-go-it-alone |title=India withdraws from FGFA project, leaving Russia to go it alone |date= 20 April 2018 |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-project-with-russia/ India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia]. Franz-Stefan Gady, ''The Diplomat''. 23 April 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|title=$8.63-billion advanced fighter aircraft project with Russia put on ice|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/8-63-billion-advanced-fighter-aircraft-project-with-russia-put-on-ice-118042000029_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> India officials reported that they became increasingly disappointed with the project's progress after long years of negotiations, delays, and struggles with Russian contractors. They asserted that they were not satisfied with the capabilities of the Su-57, the foundation for FGFA's development, among many things the degree of low observability allowed by the design being the biggest of issues.<ref name=Janes_India_left_FGFA/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-project-with-russia/ |title= India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia|publisher= The Diplomat |date= 23 April 2018 }}</ref> However, Indian officials did not rule out the possibility of relaunching the FGFA project once the Su-57 is fully introduced into the Russian air force, or later acquiring the fully developed platform.<ref name=Janes_India_left_FGFA/>

On 19 August 2018, it was reported that the FGFA program was not cancelled; the General Director of [[United Aircraft Corporation]] Yuri Slyusar denied the previous reports saying "the topic is not closed" and that Russia and India are still discussing the creation of the fifth-generation fighter.<ref name="Not cancelled">{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20180819/1526819582.html|title=Россия и Индия обсуждают создание истребителя пятого поколения|website=ria.ru|date=19 August 2018|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Not cancelled 2">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/world/india-still-with-fifth-generation-fighter-aircraft-project-russian-defence-aviation-major-2134541.html|title=India still with fifth-generation fighter aircraft project: Russian defence aviation major|website=zeenews.india.com|date=20 August 2018|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>

On 9 July 2019, during a meeting with IAF representatives, Russia offered India to resume its participation in Su-57 program. Deputy Director of Russia’s Federal Service for Military and Technical Cooperation Vladimir Drozhzhin told that "Russia is open to that... We are ready and are proposing this program to our Indian partners".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1067657|title=Russia offers India to resume development of 5th-generation fighter jet|website=TASS|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> IAF [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshall]] Birender Singh Dhanoa during an interview with Russian Ministry of Defense's official newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), stated that while Su-57 is currently not being considered for the IAF, but the combat aircraft can be evaluated once it joins active service with the Russian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20190719/1556675153.html|title=В Индии назвали условия закупки Су-57|date=2019-07-19|website=РИА Новости|language=ru|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sukhoi-su-57-not-on-iaf-radar-air-chief-marshal-birender-singh-dhanoa-says-decision-after-fighter-joins-russian-air-force-2223846.html/amp|title=Sukhoi Su-57 not on IAF radar, Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa says decision after fighter joins Russian Air Force {{!}} India News|website=zeenews.india.com|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>

==Design==
Russian expertise in titanium structures will be complemented by India's experience in composites like in the fuselage.<ref name=India_develop_25_percent/> Speaking to ''[[Flight International]]'', United Aircraft chief Mikhail Pogosyan said India is giving engineering inputs covering latest airframe design, Hi-Tech software development and other systems.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/20/357476/paris-russias-pak-fa-fighter-shows-promise.html |title= PARIS: Russia's PAK-FA fighter shows promise |publisher= Flightglobal.com |date= 2011-06-20 |access-date= 2013-04-11}}</ref>

By August 2014, the [[United Aircraft Corporation]] (UAC) had completed the front end engineering design for the FGFA for which a contract had been signed with India's [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.samachar.com/Russia-prepares-5thgeneration-fighter-for-India-oiqch2bbcfe.html |title= Indian News – India Newspaper – India Latest News – News From India – India News Daily – Current India News |work= samachar.com |access-date= 6 April 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818074001/http://www.samachar.com/Russia-prepares-5thgeneration-fighter-for-India-oiqch2bbcfe.html |archive-date= 18 August 2014 }}</ref>

===Differences for FGFA===
When complete, the FGFA would've been predominantly armed with weapons of Indian origin such as the [[Astra (missile)|Astra]], a [[beyond-visual-range missile]] (BVR) developed by India. Although in keeping with the Russian BVR doctrine of using a variety of different missiles for versatility and unpredictability to countermeasures, the aircraft was expected to have compatibility with various missile types. It was reported, the FGFA would include systems developed by third parties.{{cn|date=April 2023}} It was also to have a different AESA radar, designated N079.<ref>Butowski, Piotr. "T-50 Turning and Burning over Moscow". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 85, No 4, October 2013, pp. 80. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.</ref>

The completed joint Indian/Russian versions of the operational fighters would've differed from the then flying prototypes through a total of 43 improvements.<ref name="ainonline.com"/>

Russia had agreed to the demand of the [[Indian Air force|Indian Air Force]] that it must be a two-seater fighter.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20140915/DEFREG/309150023/Indo-Russian-Jet-Program-Finally-Moves-Forward |title= Indo-Russian Jet Program Finally Moves Forward |work= Defense News |date= 15 September 2014 |access-date= 23 January 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://archive.today/20150124195349/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20140915/DEFREG/309150023/Indo-Russian-Jet-Program-Finally-Moves-Forward |archive-date= 24 January 2015 }}</ref> India had plans for it to be a two-seater with a pilot and [[Weapon systems officer|weapon systems operator]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=22 January 2015|title=India Fast Tracks 5th Generation Fighter Jet Project With Russia|work=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-fast-tracks-5th-generation-fighter-jet-project-with-russia-652005|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|India|Russia}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
|related=
* [[HAL AMCA]]
* [[Sukhoi Su-57]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Chengdu J-20]]
* [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor]]

|lists=
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
* [[List of megaprojects#Aerospace projects|List of megaprojects, Aerospace]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
'''News reports and articles:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-19/india/27988899_1_sukhoi-design-bureau-fifth-generation-stealth-fighter-high-endurance-air-defence-capabilities India, Russia to develop fifth-generation stealth fighter]

{{HAL aircraft}}
{{Sukhoi aircraft}}
{{Stealth aircraft}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhoi HAL FGFA}}
[[Category:Sukhoi aircraft]]
[[Category:Stealth aircraft]]
[[Category:HAL aircraft]]
[[Category:Proposed aircraft of India]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Three dimension thrust vectoring aircraft]]
[[Category:Cancelled military aircraft projects]]

1817–1824 cholera pandemic

2025-11-01T01:28:02Z

MohammadTit: Put Up New Article

{{Short description|Health disaster}}
{{For|the next cholera pandemic|1826–1837 cholera pandemic}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = First cholera pandemic
| image = First cholera pandemic-India.PNG
| caption = Spread of the first cholera pandemic in India
| disease = [[Cholera]]
| bacteria_strain = ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''
| origin = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| location = South Asia, South-East Asia, Middle East
| dates = 1817–1824
| deaths = 1–2 million in [[Company rule in India|British India]], 200,000 in [[Vietnam]], 100,000 in [[Java]], 100,000 in [[Korea]], 30,000 in [[Bangkok]], 18,000 in [[Basra]], 100,000 in [[Iran]], 750,000-800,000 in [[China]] and [[Japan]]
}}
The '''first cholera pandemic''' (1817–1824), also known as the '''first Asiatic cholera pandemic''' or '''Asiatic cholera''', began near the city of [[Calcutta]] and spread throughout [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] to the [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Africa]] and the Mediterranean coast.<ref name="Hays">{{cite book | last= Hays | first= J. N. | title= Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History |date= 2005 |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] | url = https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays | url-access= registration |isbn=1-85109-658-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/193 193]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=December 2, 2008 |access-date= 2008-12-11}}</ref> While [[cholera]] had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went further; it reached as far as [[Qing dynasty|China]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] before subsiding. Millions of people died as a result of this [[pandemic]], including approximately 10,000 troops in British service, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting almost every country in Asia.

==Origin and initial spread==

The name cholera had been used in previous centuries to describe illnesses involving nausea and vomiting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Selwyn|first=S|date=May 1977|title=Cholera old and new.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=70|issue=5|pages=301–302|doi=10.1177/003591577707000503|issn=0035-9157|pmc=1543072|pmid=327479}}</ref> Today, cholera specifically describes illness caused by the ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' bacteria.<ref name=":2" /> There are numerous examples of epidemics prior to 1817 which are suspected as being cholera.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Echenberg|first=Myron|title=Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011}}</ref> In the sixth century BCE cholera-like symptoms were described by an Indian text.<ref name=":2" /> Indeed, descriptions of a disease in India from as far back as 2,500 years ago describe an illness reminiscent of cholera.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Gómez-Diaz|first=Donato|title=Cholera Pandemics, 1816–1861|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2008}}</ref> Greek physician [[Hippocrates]] wrote about an illness resembling cholera about 2,400 years ago, as did Roman physician [[Galen]] roughly 500 years later in the 2nd century.<ref name=":7" /> In the 16th century, an outbreak of acute diarrhea was reported to have occurred in the [[East Indies]] by the Dutch.<ref name=":2" /> A similar outbreak was recorded in 1669 in China.<ref name=":2" />

But, there is no evidence of "true Asiatic Cholera" prior to 1781, in which the first well-documented epidemic occurred.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Having begun in southern India, it would later spread to eastern India and eventually [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":2" /> Cholera was endemic to the lower [[Ganges River]].<ref name = "Hays" /> At festival times, pilgrims frequently contracted the disease there and carried it back to other parts of India on their returns, where it would spread, then subside. The first cholera pandemic started similarly, as an outbreak that was suspected to have begun in 1817 in the town of [[Jessore]].<ref>Dhiman Barua, William B. Greenough III, ''Cholera''. p. 6</ref> Some epidemiologists and medical historians have suggested that it spread globally through a Hindu pilgrimage, the [[Kumbh Mela]]'','' on the upper Ganges River.<ref>Susan R. Holman, ''Beholden: Religion, Global Health, and Human Rights''. p. 37</ref> Earlier outbreaks of cholera had occurred near [[Purnia]] in [[Bihar]], but scholars think these were independent events. In 1817, cholera began spreading outside the [[Ganges Delta]]. By September 1817, the disease had reached [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] and quickly spread to the rest of the subcontinent. By 1818 the disease broke out in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], on the west coast.

==Spread beyond India==
[[File:First cholera pandemic.PNG|thumb|270px|Distribution of cholera during the first cholera pandemic]]
[[File:First cholera pandemic - Southeast Asia.PNG|thumb|Cholera dissemination across Southeast and eastern Asia 1820–1822]]
After spreading beyond India, the first cholera pandemic hit other parts of Asia and the African coast the hardest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Echenberg|first=Myron|title=Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011}}</ref> It would not be until later epidemics of cholera that it would ravage Europe and the Americas.<ref name=":2" /> In March 1820, the disease was identified in [[Siam]], in May 1820 it had spread as far as [[Bangkok]] and [[Manila]]; in July the outbreak torched [[Vietnam]]; in spring of 1821 it reached [[Java]], [[Oman]], and [[Anhai]] in [[China]]; in 1822 it was found in [[Japan]], in the [[Persian Gulf]], in [[Baghdad]], in [[Syria]], and in the [[Transcaucasia|Transcaucasus]]; and in 1823 cholera reached [[Astrakhan]], [[Zanzibar]], and [[Mauritius]].<ref name="Hays" />
[[File:First cholera pandemic - Southwest Asia and Eastern Africa.PNG|thumb|Cholera dissemination across Southwest Asia and Eastern Africa 1821–1823]]
When the epidemic reached Russia and specifically [[Astrakhan]], their response was to formulate an anti-Cholera program in 1823.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=McGrew|first=R. E.|title=The First Cholera Epidemic and Social History|date=1960|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44446659|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=34|issue=1|pages=61–73|jstor=44446659|issn=0007-5140}}</ref> This program was headed by a German physician by the name of Dr. Rehmann.<ref name=":1" /> The Anti-Cholera program inspired the creation of a medical-administration board by [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander I]] that inspired similar medical administration across Europe.<ref name=":1" />

In 1824, transmission of the disease ended. Some researchers believe that may have been due to the cold winter of 1823–1824, which would have killed the bacteria in the water supplies.<ref name="Hays" />

The spread of the first cholera pandemic was closely linked to warfare and trade.<ref name=":2" /> According to economic history professor Donato Gómez-Diaz, "[advances] in commercial exchange and navigation contributed to cholera’s dispersion."<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Gómez-Diaz|first=Donato|title=Cholera Pandemics, 1816–1861|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2008}}</ref> Navy and merchant ships carried people with the disease to the shores of the Indian Ocean, from Africa to Indonesia, and north to China and Japan.<ref>{{Citation|last=McNeill|first=William H.|title=Plagues and People|page=268}}.</ref> During the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)|Ottoman-Persian War of 1821–1823]], cholera would affect both armies in what is modern-day Armenia.<ref name=":2" /> Hindu pilgrims spread cholera within the subcontinent, as had happened many times previously, and [[British Empire|British]] forces carried it overland to Nepal and [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. In 1821, a British military force carried cholera to [[Oman]] after becoming infected with it in India.<ref name=":2" />

==Total deaths==
The total deaths from the epidemic remain unknown. Scholars of particular areas have estimated death tolls. For instance, some estimate that Bangkok might have suffered 30,000 deaths from the disease. In [[Semarang]], Central Java, 1,225 people died in eleven days in April 1821.<ref name="Hays" /> In total, over 100,000 people died as a result of cholera on Java during the first pandemic.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Cholera through history|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/cholera|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Also in 1821, [[Basra|Basra, Iraq]] saw 18,000 deaths in less than a month's time.<ref name=":6" /> In the same year, it is estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in Korea.<ref name=":7" /> Vietnamese royal archives recorded 206,835 people died from the disease.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nguyen |first1=Duy Thien |title=Migration and Change in the Way of Life: An Anthropological Introduction to the Vietnamese Community in Laos |date=2008 |publisher=Thế Giới Publishers|location=University of Michigan |pages=45}}</ref> In the southwest of the [[Mekong Delta]], the outbreak swept through the constructing [[Vĩnh Tế Canal]], killing thousand of workers (most of them Cambodians) and triggered a [[Cambodian rebellion (1820)|Cambodian uprising]] in later that year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biggs |first1=David Andrew|last2=Cronon|first2=William|title=Quagmire: Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Delta |date=2012 |publisher=University of Washington Press|pages=67}}</ref> The well-known novelist [[Nguyễn Du]] died contracting the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gần 70 trận dịch bệnh ở Việt Nam thế kỷ 19, thi hào Nguyễn Du qua đời vì dịch |url=https://tuoitre.vn/gan-70-tran-dich-benh-o-viet-nam-the-ky-19-thi-hao-nguyen-du-qua-doi-vi-dich-20200228213420323.htm |website=Tuoitre.vn |publisher=Tuổi Trẻ |date=29 February 2020 |language=Vietnamese |quote=Thi hào Nguyễn Du chết trong trận dịch này}}</ref>

During the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)|Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823]], cholera and plague outbreaks also ravaged [[Qajar Iran]]. Contemporary Persian sources report that around 100,000 people died due to these diseases in the region.<ref name="Hidayet">Hidayet, ''Tārīkh-i Rawżat al-Ṣafā-yi Nāṣirī: Volume Nine, Part Two, Continuation of the Reign of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shāh'', p. 7798.</ref> Ottoman historian [[Ahmed Cevdet Pasha|Cevdet Pasha]] noted that the cholera epidemic severely impacted the Iranian army, forcing [[Abbas Mirza]]’s troops into retreat and leaving many soldiers unburied.<ref name="Cevdet">Cevdet Pasha, ''Tārīkh-i Cevdet'', vol. X, p. 12.</ref> According to Cevdet, the epidemic was one of the decisive reasons for Iran's decision to end the war and make peace with the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Azap">Eralp Yaşar Azap, ''The Epidemic in the 1820–1823 Ottoman–Persian War and Its Effect on the War,'' [https://www.academia.edu/44808572 academia.edu], pp. 90–91.</ref>

As for India, the initially reported mortality rate was estimated to be 1.25 million per year, placing the death toll at around 8,750,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moreau de Jonnès |first1=Alexandre |title=Rapport au Conseil Supérieur de Santé sur le choléra-morbus pestilentiel ... |date=1831 |publisher=Chez les Frères Reycend et Comp. |location=University of Lausanne |pages=75–76 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5424131n/f85.image.texteImage |language=FR}}</ref> However, this report was certainly an overestimation as David Arnold writes: "The death toll in 1817–21 was undoubtedly great, but there is no evidence to suggest that it was as uniformly high as Moreau de Jonnès presumed. [...] Statistics collected by James Jameson for the Bengal Medical Board showed mortality in excess of 10,000 in several districts. [...] Although reporting was sketchy, for the Madras districts as a whole the mortality during the height of the epidemic appears to have been around 11 to 12 per 1,000. If this figure were applied to the whole of India, with a population of some 120–150 million, the total number of deaths would have been no more than one or two million."<ref name="Arnold">{{cite book | last= Arnold | first= David | title= Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India |date= 1993 |publisher= [[University of California Press]] | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QzaWUtZwAXIC |isbn= 978-0-520-08295-3 | pages= 161–163}}</ref>

==Racism and xenophobia==
According to historian Samuel Kohn, in [[Ancient history|antiquity]], epidemics frequently brought members of a society together.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Cohn|first=Samuel K.|date=2012-11-01|title=Pandemics: waves of disease, waves of hate from the Plague of Athens to A.I.D.S.|journal=Historical Research|volume=85|issue=230|pages=535–555|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2012.00603.x|issn=0018-246X|pmc=4422154|pmid=25960572}}</ref> However, some diseases such as cholera produced the opposite result, triggering blame and even violence against those people who were perceived as being from regions in which people were believed to be infected with the disease.<ref name=":4" /> Oftentimes, fear of cholera outbreaks would lead to increased racial tensions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Hamlin|first=Christopher|title=Cholera: The Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009}}</ref> The cholera pandemic's origin in India led to a rise in anti-Asian sentiment, especially [[Anti-Indian sentiment|towards Indian people and culture]], in the [[Western world|West]] during the initial outbreak and following more outbreaks decades later.<ref name="JA">{{cite web|url=https://daily.jstor.org/anti-asian-racism-in-the-1817-cholera-pandemic/|title=Anti-Asian Racism in the 1817 Cholera Pandemic|website=JSTOR Daily|date=20 April 2020 |language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> The disease was subsequently associated with Asia and South Asia, in particular, was seen as in some way to blame for cholera.<ref name="JA"/> Derision towards Indian cultural practices, especially Hindu pilgrimages, and hygiene following the initial outbreak were reported.<ref name="JA"/> Speaking about the anti-Asian sentiment that rose after the outbreak, British historian [[David Arnold (historian)|David Arnold]] wrote that "the Indian origins of cholera and its almost global dissemination from Bengal made the disease a convenient symbol for much that the west feared or despised about a society so different from its own".<ref name="JA"/> Medical professionals of the time were also noted for relying on moral judgments and generalizations of Indian people on pilgrimages.<ref name="JA"/> The sanitary commissioner of Bengal, David Smith, wrote that "the human mind can scarcely sink lower than it has done in connection with the appalling degeneration of idol-worship at [[Puri|Pooree]]".<ref name="JA"/> During the outbreak, the colonial authorities launched inquiries into the medical conditions of [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian people]] on pilgrimages and eventually classified pilgrims as a "dangerous class" due their belief that many pilgrims were infected with cholera, placing them under surveillance.<ref name="JA"/> Historian Christopher Hamlin noted that European physicians attempted to distinguish the "new" strain of Asiatic cholera from the "old" strain, and that evidence for a Bengali origin of the pandemic were often based on 19th-century accounts which were "steeped in biases" against Hindu and Indian culture in general.<ref name=":5" />

== Years after 1824 ==
[[File:Carte indiquant la marche du choléra-morbus depuis l'Inde jusqu'en Europe, 1831 - btv1b84409876.jpg|thumb|Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817–1831]]
In the years after the pandemic subsided in many areas of the world, there were still small outbreaks, and pockets of cholera remained.<ref name=":1" /> In the period from 1823 to 1829, the first cholera outbreak remained outside of much of Europe.<ref name=":1" /> Its spread into Europe in the years after the initial outbreak started with the spread of the bacterium to the Russian empire yet again.<ref name=":1" /> Historians theorize that the spread back into Europe was largely due to its movement in the [[List of rivers of Russia|Russian river system]] and with passengers on the river.<ref name=":1" /> This movement of the virus in the rivers of Russia allowed cholera to reach England by 1832,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rousseau|first1=George S.|last2=Haycock|first2=David Boyd|date=2003|title=Coleridge's Choleras: Cholera Morbus, Asiatic Cholera, and Dysentery in Early Nineteenth-Century England|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44447740|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=77|issue=2|pages=298–331|doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0086|jstor=44447740|pmid=12955962|s2cid=24728287|issn=0007-5140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the Americas shortly afterward.<ref name=":1" /> The bacterium also was theorized to have spread into England from British soldiers returning home after tours of duty in India, many of them serving in the [[Bombay Army]] which was stationed where the pandemic broke out.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Mary Wilson|title=Medical Cosmopolitanism: "Middlemarch", Cholera, and the Pathologies of English Masculinity|date=2010|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25733489|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|volume=38|issue=2|pages=511–528|doi=10.1017/S1060150310000148|jstor=25733489|s2cid=162990691 |issn=1060-1503|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Special deputations from the west traveled to Russia to observe the Russian response and formulate a plan to deal with these pocketed [[outbreak]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Reports from this committee of scientists were bleak, with a Dr. Rauch proclaiming that, "the cholera will not be cured by nature's powers alone without the help of art...".<ref name=":1" /> The conclusion of Dr. Rauch's findings was that no one standardized method was the key to controlling an outbreak.<ref name=":1" /> By 1835, these pockets of the bacterium claimed hundreds of thousands of lives.<ref name=":1" /> This timeline from 1826 to 1837 is widely described as the [[1826–1837 cholera pandemic|second cholera pandemic]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web | last=Handa | first=Sajeev | title=Cholera: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology | website=Medscape Reference | date=2021-02-02 | url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-overview | access-date=2024-06-26}}</ref> The last of the [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|seven main cholera pandemics]] in history extends into the modern day.<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
* [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics]]
* [[Persecution of Jews during the Black Death]]
* [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Xenophobia and anti-Chinese racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Citation | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_cholera.htm | contribution = Cholera – biological weapons | publisher = Global security | title = Weapons of mass destruction}}.

{{cholera}}
{{Hajj incidents|state=collapsed}}
{{Epidemics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cholera Pandemic, 1}}
[[Category:1810s epidemics]]
[[Category:1820s epidemics]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1810s in India]]
[[Category:1820s in India]]
[[Category:19th-century disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:1820s in health]]
[[Category:19th century in Nepal]]
[[Category:Cholera pandemics]]

1952 Indian presidential election

2025-10-26T18:59:59Z

MohammadTit: refined intro for clarity and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1952 Indian presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1950 Indian presidential election
| previous_year = 1950
| next_election = 1957 Indian presidential election
| next_year = 1957
| election_date = 2 May 1952
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=12|oTop=07}}
| nominee1 = '''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| home_state1 = [[Bihar]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''507,400'''
| percentage1 = '''83.81%'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=k.T. Shah.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=12|oTop=07}}
| nominee2 = [[K. T. Shah]]
| color2 = FFC0CB
| party2 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| home_state2 = [[Bombay]]
| electoral_vote2 = 92,827
| percentage2 = 15.33%
| map_image=File:1952 Indian Presidential Election.svg
| title = [[President of India|President]]
| before_election = [[Rajendra Prasad]] (Interim)
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| after_election = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
}}

The Election Commission of India held the first [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on 2 May 1952. [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] won his first election with 507,400 votes (83.81%) over his nearest rival [[K. T. Shah]] who got 92,827 votes (15.3%).

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 4 April 1952.<ref name=presElection2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6925-background-material-related-to-election-to-the-office-of-president-of-india-2017/ |title=Background material related to Election to the office of President of India 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 30 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!Poll Event
!Date
|-
!1.
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 12 April 1952
|-
!2.
| Date for Scrutiny of nomination
| 14 April 1952
|-
!3.
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 17 April 1952
|-
!4.
| Date of Poll
| 2 May 1952
|-
!5.
| '''Date of Counting'''
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| '''6 May 1952'''
|-
|}

==Results==
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/PresdElec/BriefNotes.pdf|format=PDF|title=Election Commission of India|website=Eci.gov.in|accessdate=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102100656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/PresdElec/BriefNotes.pdf|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaonestop.com/Presidency/presidential_candidates.htm |title=Presidential Candidates (from 1952 to 2007) |access-date=2009-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220151139/http://www.indiaonestop.com/Presidency/presidential_candidates.htm |archive-date=2017-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/02june08/national.htm#1 |title=First real contest for office of President witnessed in 1967 |access-date=2009-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201348/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/02june08/national.htm#1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Candidate
!Electoral Values
|-
|'''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
|'''507,400'''
|-
|[[K. T. Shah]]
|92,827
|-
|Lakshman Ganesh Thatte
|2,672
|-
|Chaudhary Hari Ram
|1,954
|-
|Krishna Kumar Chatterjee
|533
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''605,386'''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[1952 Indian vice presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:1952 elections in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:May 1952 in Asia]]

Indhuja Ravichandran

2025-10-23T06:36:32Z

MohammadTit: adjusted content also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indhuja Ravichandran
| image = Indhuja.png
| caption = Indhuja in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994 |08|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Vellore Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | model}}
| years_active = 2017–present
}}

'''Indhuja Ravichandran''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil films]]. She is known for her works in ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'' (2017), ''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]'' (2018), ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018), ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019) and ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-enjoy-memes-as-much-as-the-creators-and-audience-do-indhuja/articleshow/71817648.cms|title=I enjoy memes as much as the creators and audience do: Indhuja|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Indhuja Ravichandran was born and brought up in [[Vellore]] and pursued her schooling in SeventhDay Adventist Mat. Hr. Sec. School Vellore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indhuja Ravichandran - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9350576/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |website=IMDb}}</ref> She received a degree in Software Engineering from [[Vellore Institute of Technology]]. While pursuing her degree, she did several modeling assignments, auditioned for different roles, and did several short films both internally within the college and outside the college for different college fests. She was spotted by Karthik Subburaj during her audition and eventually made her film debut with ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'', where she played [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]'s sister. M. Suganth, in a review of the film on the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'', stated that she made "a very impressive debut".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meyaadha-maan/movie-review/61128559.cms|title=Meyaadha Maan Review {3.5/5}: Many scenes go on far longer than they should and make us wish they had been tightly written and edited|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2019, she starred in ''[[Bigil]]'' where she played a female soccer player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bigil-actress-indhuja-decks-up-as-a-queen-and-it-is-all-things-glamorous/articleshow/72221205.cms|title='Bigil' actress Indhuja decks up as a Queen and it is all things glamorous|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2019 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]''
| Sudar Vizhi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]''
| Meera
| Silent Film
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]''
| Dr. Archana
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Billa Pandi]]''
| Jaya Lakshmi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-induja-act-as-a-heroine-role-in-billa-pandi-movie/articleshow/61613637.cms|title='மேயாத மான்' தங்கச்சி இப்போ ஹீரோயின் ஆகியாச்சு!|date=12 November 2017|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
| Maya
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Magamuni]]''
| Vijaya Lakshmi "Viji"
|
|-
! scope="row"|[[Super Duper (film)|''Super Duper'']]
| Sherin
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bigil]]''
| Vembu
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" "|''[[Mookuthi Amman]]''
| Bride
| Cameo Appearance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indhuja-plays-a-cameo-in-nayantharas-mookuthi-amman/articleshow/73134530.cms|title=Indhuja plays a cameo in Nayanthara's 'Mookuthi Amman'|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''[[Naane Varuvean]]''
|Bhuvana
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Dhanush's Naane Varuven clears censor board with UA certificate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanushs-naane-varuven-clears-censor-board-with-ua-8166382/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" | [[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
|Aadhika
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Parking' to 'Annapoorani': Tamil movies that are releasing on December 1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parking-to-annapoorani-tamil-movies-that-are-releasing-on-december-1/photostory/105563748.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |TBA
|{{pending film|Khaki }}
| {{TBA}}
| Filming<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240819/indhuja-to-romance-vijay-antony.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|title=Indhuja to romance Vijay Antony|date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|[[Ravi Teja|RT4GM]]}}
|{{tba}}
|Delayed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-26 |title='RT4GM': Ravi Teja-Gopichand Malineni film goes on floors |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rt4gm-ravi-teja-gopichand-malineni-film-goes-on-floors/article67460992.ece |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2023
|[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|''Bigg Boss Tamil (Season 7)'']]
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' movie promotion
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-28 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 7: Actress Indhuja Ravichandran graces the house as a special guest for movie promotion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7-actress-indhuja-ravichandran-graces-the-house-as-a-special-guest-for-movie-promotion/articleshow/105564606.cms |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Thiravam (web series)|Thiravam]]''
|Sahana
|[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2019|title=impression: Prasanna shines in his digital debut that keeps you on your toes|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/thiravam-first-impression-prasanna-5742236/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

=== Short film ===
*''Magavu''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TABxdA8Zc4o</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| rowspan="3" |''[[Meyaadha Maan]]''
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Magamuni]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Edison Awards
|Best Actress
|{{Nominated}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9350576}}

{{Authority control}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran, Indhuja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Anakavoor block

2025-10-11T08:57:37Z

MohammadTit: Put Up Data

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=January 2025}}
}}
'''Anakavoor block''' is a [[community development block|development block]] in the [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 55 [[Gram panchayat]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s318997733ec258a9fcaf239cc55d53363/uploads/2018/06/2018062726.pdf|title=ANAKAVOOR BLOCK - VILLAGE PANCHAYATS}}</ref> Anakavoor [[Community development block]] office is working in [[Anakkavur]] Gram pachayat.

==List of Gram panchats==
# Akkur
# Alathur
# Alathurai
# Anakkavoor
# Anappathur
# Arasur
# Athi
# Cheyyatraivendran
# Chithamur
# Echur
# Eleneerkundram
# Erumaivetti
# Irungal
# Karanai
# Kizhathur
# Kizhkolathur
# Kilneerkundram
# Kilnethapakkam
# Kulamandai
# Koolamandhal
# Kottagaram
# Kovilur
# Kunnavakkam
# Kurumbur
# Madipakkam
# Mahajanampakkam
# Melkolathur
# Melma
# Melnemaili
# Mulagiripattu
# Nallalam
# Narmapallam
# Nedungal
# Nelvoy
# Paiyur
#Perumbalai
#Pazhanjur
#Purisai
#Sengadu
#Soundaryapuram
#Thavasi
#Thennelapakkam
#Theneluppai
#Thenkalpakkam
#Themavandhal
#Thenthandalam
#Thethurai
#Thirumpoondi
#Ukkal
#Vachanoor
#Vadalapirathan
#Vadathinnalur
#Veerampakkam
#Vellai
#Vengodu

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Tiruvannamalai district |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php?dcode=06 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233423/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=06 |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}

{{Tiruvannamalai district}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks in Tiruvannamalai district]]

Nagaon, Raigad District

2025-09-26T20:58:30Z

MohammadTit: started new place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{distinguish|text = [[Nagaon]], a city in Assam}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = NagaonBeach.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nagaon Beach
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|26|30|N|72|54|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_total = 4977
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 402 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02141
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagaon''' is a [[beach]] town on the shores of the [[Arabian Sea]], in the North [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located 9 km from [[Alibag]] and 114 km from [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-10-08/news/67999555_1_prem-gabbar-alibaug|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162816/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-10-08/news/67999555_1_prem-gabbar-alibaug|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Planning a quick getaway with friends or family? Head to Nagaon beach, Maharashtra|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
Nagaon beach is popular mainly because of its cleanliness, water sport activities. The beach is around 3 km long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagaon-alibag.mahapanchayat.gov.in/web/186678_nagaon-village-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/VLPy9aIA4etL/content/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B3/2656555?redirect=http://www.nagaon-alibag.mahapanchayat.gov.in/|title=NAGAON-Village Panchayat|publisher=|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152124/https://www.nagaon-alibag.mahapanchayat.gov.in/web/186678_nagaon-village-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/VLPy9aIA4etL/content/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF-%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25B3/2656555?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nagaon-alibag.mahapanchayat.gov.in%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are a few small hotels in Nagaon as the rest of the area is privately owned. Best option to stay here to stay in cottages owned by local people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nagaonecocenter.in/about-us.html|title=Nagaon Eco Center|publisher=|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211022313/http://www.nagaonecocenter.in/about-us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The [[Prakrit|Prakritized]] form of the [[Sanskrit]] name "Naggram" is mentioned as a name of Nagaon in the 15th-17th century Marathi-language text ''[[Mahikavatichi Bakhar]]'', "gram" being the [[Shilahara dynasty|Shilahara]]-era suffix for a small village.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipesh Karmarkar |title=Understanding Place Names in 'Mahikavati's Bakhar': A Case of Mumbai-Thane Region |journal=Studies in Indian Place Names |issn=2394-3114 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |location=Mysore |volume=XXXI |year=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308925531 |page=124 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
The Nagaon village has population of 4977 of which 2501 are males while 2476 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/554159-nagaon-maharashtra.html|title=Nagaon Village Population - Alibag - Raigarh, Maharashtra|publisher=}}</ref> In Nagaon village population of children with age 0-6 is 337 which makes up 6.77 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Nagaon village is 990 which is higher than Maharashtra state average of 929. Child Sex Ratio for the Nagaon as per census is 812, lower than Maharashtra average of 894.

Nagaon village has higher literacy rate compared to Maharashtra. In 2011, literacy rate of Nagaon village was 92.89 % compared to 82.34 % of Maharashtra. In Nagaon Male literacy stands at 95.98 % while female literacy rate was 89.81 %.

==Transport==

===Road===
One can reach Alibag via Panvel - Pen (30 km away), which is on the Mumbai (78 km away) - Goa highway. While traveling on the Mumbai-Goa highway (NH-17), keep going straight at Wadkhal (or Vadkhal) (instead of taking left fork that goes to Goa. The distance is approximately 114 km from Mumbai.

===Railways===
The nearest rail [[railway station]] is at [[Pen, India|Pen]]. Through [[Pen, India|Pen]], it is connected to [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]] and onwards to [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai]] and the [[Indian Railways]] network.

===Boat services===
[[File:MumbaiMandwaFerryRide.JPG|thumb|350px|Mumbai Mandwa Ferry]]
The nearest jetty is Mandwa from where catamaran/ ferry services are available to Gateway of India, Mumbai. Another port in the vicinity is Rewas, from where a ferry service is available to Bhau cha Dhakka in Mumbai. There is also a jetty at Custom Bandar from where fishermen in Alibag set sail.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Konkan]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Beaches of Maharashtra]]

Chithrabhumi

2025-09-20T17:10:16Z

MohammadTit: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Magazine
|image_file = Chithrabhumi magazine.jpg
|image_size =
|image_caption = Cover of Chithrabhumi dated 16 July 2011
|editor =
|editor_title =
|previous_editor =
|staff_writer =
|frequency = Weekly
|circulation =
|based = [[Kozhikode]]
|category =
|company = [[Mathrubhumi]]
|publisher =
|founded = 1982
|country = India
|language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|website = [http://www.mathrubhumi.com mathrubhumi.com]
|issn =
}}
'''''Chithrabhumi''''' is a film magazine in [[Malayalam]] published from [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="fareast">{{cite book|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA491|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=491}}</ref> It is part the [[Mathrubhumi]] group.<ref name=fareast/> The magazine was started in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chithrabhumi|url=https://www.magzter.com/tr/IN/The-Mathrubhumi-Ptg-&-Pub-Co/Chithrabhumi/Entertainment/|work=Magzter|accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:1982 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Film magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1982]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]

{{entertainment-mag-stub}}

Andhra Vaishnavas

2025-09-20T16:13:14Z

MohammadTit: Put Up Stub

{{Short description|Hindu Brahmin Community in south India}}
'''Andhra Vaishnavas''' is a [[Brahmin]] [[caste|community]] in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] who follow [[Ramanuja]] [[ Vishishtadvaita]] [[Vedanta]] [[Hindu philosophy|Darshana]] and profess [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |title=India's Communities: N - Z |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddc-AQAAIAAJ&q=andhra+vaishnavas |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Andhra Vaishnavas were formerly [[Smarta_tradition|Smarta Brahmins]] who converted under the influence of [[Ramanujacharya]] and later Sri Vaishnava ''[[Acharya|acharyas]]''. Sri Vaishnavas generally speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]], however, Andhra Vaishnavas are [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=1971 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0cxtNhMmr4C&q=andhra+vaishnavas |language=en}}</ref>

Orthodox Sri Vaishnavas are exclusive and hold that they co-existed as a separate caste of Brahmins with the [[Smarta tradition|Smarthas]]. They seceded from Smarthas only after Ramanuja's teachings. Their ranks were swollen by frequent additions from others.<ref>{{cite book |last1=INSTITUTIONS |first1=VED from VICTORIA |title=CASTES AND TRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA - A commentary!: Along with the full text of CASTES AND TRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA VOL 1 |publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, Deverkovil 673508 India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz4ODgAAQBAJ&dq=Andhra+Sri+vaishnava&pg=PA158 |language=en}}</ref> Andhra Vaishnavas form a single distinct sect and are not divided into the Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations, unlike the [[Tamil_language|Tamil]] [[Iyengars]] coreligionists.<ref name='bhattacharya'>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=Hindu Castes and Sects |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |isbn=1298966337 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Their practices are similar to Tenkalai denomination as they follow Tenkalai Sri Vaishnava ''mutts'' of [[Tirukoilur]] Emperumanar Jiyar ''mutt'', Yathiraja Jiyar ''mutt'' and Tirupati Ramanuja Jiyar ''mutt''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Ravula Soma |title=Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600 |date=1984 |publisher=New Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FA6AAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra+Srivaishnava |language=en}}</ref>

==Subsects==
Andhra Vaishnavas are sub-divided into two subsects, one entirely following the ''acharams'' of Tamil Iyengars and the other retaining those of the Telugu Smarthas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=Cuddalore Ramachandra |title=Collection of the Decisions of the High Courts and the Privy Council on the Hindu Law of Marriage and the Effect of Apostacy After Marriage, Up to March 1891: With an Introduction Treating of the Pancha Dravida Brahmins and the Sub-divisions of Each Section in the Madras Presidency |date=1891 |publisher=V.K. Iyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCAbAAAAYAAJ&dq=andhra+vaishnavas&pg=PA26 |language=en}}</ref> They are also called Pancharatra Sri Vaishnava as they follow [[Pancharatra]] [[Agama_(Hinduism)|''agama'']].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |title=People of India: India's Communities N-Z |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=Andhra+Srivaishnava |language=en}}</ref>

==Sri Vaishnavism in Andhra Desa==
Inscriptions, coins, and literary works suggest Vishnu worship date to at least 230 BC. It extended its domain to Andhra Desa in early 1000 AD, under the patronage of early local rulers such as [[Telugu Chodas]]. It received an impetus in the [[Palnadu]] region during the Haihayas regime, and its Chief Minister, Brahmanayudu. [[Vaishnavism]] underwent a significant change in the post-Ramanuja period as it won substantial royal patronage, largely due to the influence of Sri Vaishnava ''acharyas'' such as [[Vedanta Desika]], Nainaracharya, and [[Parasara Bhattar]] during the regimes of Padmanayakas of [[Telangana]], the Rayas of [[Vijayanagara]], and the [[Reddi_Kingdom|Reddis]] of [[Coastal Andhra]] in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varadarajan |first1=M. |title=Growth of Vaishnavism in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Growth-of-Vaishnavism-in-Andhra-Pradesh/article16245201.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=15 June 2010}}</ref>

Some other Sri Vaishnava families that moved from Tamil Nadu to Andhra Pradesh were Bhattars, Kandadais, Tirumalas, and Nallan Chakravatulas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute |first1=Sri Venkatesvara University Oriental Research |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogFuAAAAMAAJ&q=andhra+vaishnavas |language=en}}</ref> [[Annamacharya]], who was born in Nandavarika [[Smarta]] [[Brahmin]] family, took initiation into [[Sri Vaishnavism]] and composed 32,000 [[Kirtan|sankeertana]]s (songs) on the praise of lord [[Venkateswara]] and played a significant role in popularizing the Ramanuja [[Sri Vaishnava]] [[Sampradaya]] which is still popular in the region of Andhra till date.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molugu |first1=Pavithra |last2=Pande |first2=Rekha |title=Annamayya and His Contribution to the Bhakti Movement |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2016 |volume=77 |pages=282–289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552653 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==Culture==
Andhra Vaishnavas do not mix with Tamil-speaking Vaishnavas and retain some Telugu customs. They form an exclusive group adopting certain customs based on beliefs in which they have implicit faith, but in most of their general ritualistic observances, they do not differ from the other Brahmin groups. As a matter of fact all brahmins, to whatever section they belong, follow one of the [[Vedas]] and in the ceremonies, they adopt the rituals as laid down in the [[sutras]] pertaining to their [[Vedas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=DIWAN BAHADUR K. RANGACHAR |first1=M. A. |title=THE SRI VAISHNAVA BRAHMINS |date=2000 |publisher=The Commissioner Of Museums, Government Museum, Chennai. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.chennai.64/page/n9/mode/2up |language=English}}</ref>

They wear the [[Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra]] and are expected to undergo a ceremony of initiation into [[Sri Vaishnavism]] after the [[Upanayanam]] ceremony. At the time of initiation, they are branded with the marks of [[chakram]] and [[panchajanya]] on the right and left shoulders respectively. The ceremony of initiation ([[Samasrayana|Panca-samskara]]) is usually performed by the head of a ''mutt''. Sometimes it is carried out by an elderly member of the family. Such families go by the name of Swayam Acharya Purushas (those who have their own men as ''acharyas'').<ref name='bhattacharya' />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of India]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Saraikela State

2025-09-13T05:13:18Z

MohammadTit: general updated page per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Princely state of British India in modern-day Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Saraikella State
| common_name = Saraikella <ref name="http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/31-34.pdf">{{cite web |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/31-34.pdf |title=The Unfinished Task of Orissa Formation |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141546/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/31-34.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| capital = [[Saraikela]]
| era =
| year_start = 1620
| date_start =
| event_start =
| event1 = [[Independence of India]]
| date_event1 =15 August 1947
| year_end =
| date_end = 13 December 1948
| event_end = [[Instrument of Accession|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event_post= Merged with [[Bihar]]
| date_post= 1 August 1949
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the Saraikela State.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map = Singhbum-Sairakela-Kharsawan.jpg
| image_map_caption = Saraikela State in a 1909 [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] map
| stat_pop1 = 66347
| stat_year1 = 1872
| stat_pop2 = 93839
| stat_year2 = 1891
| stat_area3 = 1163
| stat_year3 = 1892

| stat_year4 = 1901
| stat_area4 = 1162
| stat_pop4 = 104539
| stat_year5 = 1941
| stat_area5 = 1210
| stat_pop5 = 154844
| footnotes =
|today= [[Saraikela Kharsawan district]], [[Jharkhand]]
}}
'''Saraikela State''' also spelt Seraikela, Saraikella or Seraikella, was a small [[princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]], in what is now the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela-Kharsawan]] district of the [[Jharkhand]] state.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_089.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 22, page 83 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930184156/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_089.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=District Seraikela Kharsawan, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://seraikela.nic.in/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Its capital was at [[Saraikela]].

The state had an area of 1163 km2 which yielded an average revenue of Rs. 92,000 in 1901, and was one of the nine [[Chota Nagpur States]], a group of small, non-salute states (minor princely states), under the authority of the governor of [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chota Nagpur |volume=6 |page=272}}</ref> The last ruler of the state, Raja Aditya Pratap Singh Deo, signed the merger agreement acceding to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 18 May 1948.

==History==
The state was founded in 1620 by Raja Bikram Singh, from [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan of [[Rajputs]]. The state came under the influence of the [[Maratha]] rulers of [[Nagpur]] in the 18th century, and became a [[princely state]] of [[British India]] in 1803, at the conclusion of the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] at [[Deogaon]] of Orissa. After the war, the [[East India Company]] included the Saraikela princely state under the governance of the [[Chhota Nagpur States|Chhota Nagpur]] Commissioner.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

[[File:1903 Raja of Saraikela state.png|thumb|Raja of Saraikela state (1903).]]

In 1912 Saraikela came under the authority of the province of [[Bihar and Orissa]], which was newly created from the eastern districts of Bengal. In 1936 the state was placed under the authority of the Orissa Province.

===Post independence===
Saraikela, along with 24 other princely states of the [[Eastern States Agency]], acceded to the [[Government of India]] on 1 January 1948, with a will to merge the princely state with Orissa province of the Indian Republic.

As a result, both Saraikela and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] princely states were merged with Orissa in 1948. On 1 January 1948 itself, the tribals of these two princely states, who were in a majority, revolted against the merger with Orissa. This was supported by Patayet Sahib Maharajkumar Bhoopendra Narayan Singh Deo, third son of Raja Aditya , as a result of which he was imprisoned to ensure the popular movement died down. The central government appointed a commission under Mr. Baudkar to look into the matter. On the basis of the Baudkar commission report, Saraikela and Kharsawan princely states were merged with [[Bihar]] on 18 May 1948.

These two princely states became part of [[Jharkhand]] when the state was carved out of Bihar on 15 November 2000. From 18 May 1948 onward, many non-tribal Oriyas of the districts of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], and [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] have migrated and settled permanently in Odisha.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|1891|93839
|1901|104539
|1911|109794
|1921|115192
|1931|143525
|1941|154844
|source=[[Census of British India]]<ref name=Censu1941>{{cite report|title=Tables, Volume-VII, Bihar - Census 1941 |last=Archer |first= W.G. |year=1941 |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32416/download/35597/20761_1941_TAB.pdf}}</ref>
}}
===Communities===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Saraikela State (1941)<ref name=Censu1941/>
|titlebar=#f4c430
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Tribal religions in India|Tribal beliefs]]|saddlebrown|51.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|46.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|red|0.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.02}}
}}

According to the 1941 Census, the Seraikela State covered an area of {{convert|466|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a population of 154,844. [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal religious beliefs]] were practiced by 51.95% of the population, followed by Hinduism at 46.8%, Islam at 1.21%, and a combined 0.04% identifying as Sikh or Jain. The state was primarily inhabited by tribal communities, including [[Santal people|Santal]] (20.78%), [[Ho people|Ho]] (15.18%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (7.11%), [[Munda people|Munda]] (1.43%), [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] (0.57%), [[Mahli]] (0.5%), and [[Gondi people|Gond]] (0.02%). The overall literacy rate stood at 6.39%, with 8,948 literate males and 946 literate females.<ref name=Censu1941/>

{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Languages spoken in Seraikela and Kharsawan (1931 Census)'''<ref name=Census1931b>{{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=W. G. |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28208/download/31390/20779_1931_BIH.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127025459/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28208/download/31390/20779_1931_BIH.pdf |archive-date= 27 January 2024 |title= Census Of India 1931 – Bihar and Orissa |volume=VII |others=Part II, Tables |date=1932 |pages=}} [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56027 Alt URL]</ref>
|footer = *Figures correspond to 186,622 for Seraikela and Kharsawan together, covering 602 sq miles, due to unavailability of separate data for each.
|label1 = [[Singhbhumi Odia|Odia]] |value1 = 27.44
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 24.31
|label3 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value3 = 18.44
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 16.49
|label5 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] |value5 = 5.48
|label6 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]|value6 = 3.36
|label7 = [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] |value7 = 3.24
|label8 = [[Oraon language|Oraon]] |value8 = 0.55
|other = yes |other-color=lightgrey
}}

According to the [[1931 Census of India]], the state of Seraikela covered {{convert|449|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a population of 143,525, and the neighboring state of [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] comprised {{convert|153|sqmi|sqkm}} with 43,097 inhabitants, bringing the total population of the two states to 186,622 over {{convert|602|sqmi|sqkm}}. Among this population, 27.44% (51,206) spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] at 24.31% (45,364), [[Ho language|Ho]] at 18.44% (34,407), [[Santali language|Santali]] at 16.49% (30,767), [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] at 5.48% (10,226), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] at 3.36% (6,277), [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] at 3.24% (6,038), and Oraon at 0.55% (1,035), and the rest 0.70% (1,302) spoke others languages.<ref name=Census1931b/>

==Rulers==
The rulers were Rajputs of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan and bore the title of 'Kunwar' until 1884.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref> The rulers are descendants of the [[Porahat]] royal family.

===Kunwars===
*&emsp;1620 – 1677 Bikram Singh I
*&emsp;1677 – 1728 Nru Singh
*&emsp;1728 – 1743 Satrughan Singh
*&emsp;1743 – 1818 Abhiram Singh
*&emsp;1818 – 1823 Bikram Singh II
*&emsp;1823 – 1837 Ajamber Singh
*&emsp;1837 – 1883 Chakradhar Singh
*&emsp;25 Nov 1883 – Nov 1884 Udit Narayan Singh (b. 1849 – d. 1931)

===Rajas===
*Nov 1884 – 9 December 1931 Udit Narayan Singh (s.a.)
* 9 December 1931 – 15 August 1947 Aditya Pratap Singh (b. 1887 – d. 1969)

===Titular Rajas===
* Tribhuvan Singhdeo 1969 – 1993 ( b. 1930 – d. 1993)
* Vikram Singhdeo 1993 – Present

==See also==
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Kharsawan State]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|first=L. S. S. |last=O'Malley|title=Bengal district gazetteers : Singhbhum, Saraikela and Kharsawan|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/206887 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206887 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |oclc=220796364 |year=1910|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |location=Calcutta}}
*{{Cite book |first=Tikayet Nrupendra Narayan |last=Singh Deo |url=http://archive.org/details/mdp.39015027076259 |title=Singhbum, Seraikella & Kharswan through the ages. |year=c. 1957}}
*{{Cite book |first=Chittaranjan Kumar |last=Paty |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-seraikella-kharsawan-states |title=History Of Seraikella Kharsawan States (1620–1956) |date=2002 |publisher=Classical publishing company |isbn=9788170543596}}

{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|22|41|52|N|85|58|28|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:1620 establishments in India]]

Sun Temple, Thangadh

2025-08-23T10:19:55Z

MohammadTit: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

Devanga Purana

2025-08-08T02:17:59Z

MohammadTit: made a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{refimprove|date = October 2008}}
The '''Devanga Purana''' is the ''kulapuranam'', or mythological history, of the [[Devanga]] community. It deals with the life of their legendary founder, Devala Maharshi, and his seven incarnations, goddess (Chowdeswari), rituals and customs. The Devanga community reside in all the south Indian states and also split in north Indian states. They are traditionally engaged in cotton cloth weaving and cloth business.
==Religion==

The main deities of Devangas are [[Sri Ramalinga Sowdeswari Amman ]] or [[Chowdeshwari Temple|Sri Chowdeshwari Devi]] and Sri [[Ramalingeswara]].
They follow '''Mutt system''' and Gayatri devi as main deity<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/erikaraisriramalingasowdeswari/home|title=Erikarai Sri Ramalinga Sowdeswari Amman Jalakandapuram|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
<ref>https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2105386.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>

==History==
'''Devanga purana''' is written by '''Devanga Muni'''. It is written in the ''dasimatra-dvipadi'' style.<ref name="world">{{cite web | title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar by Francis Buchanan, Vol. 1, 1807 the Asiatic Society, London | url=https://archive.org/details/cLGd_a-journey-from-madras-through-the-countries-of-mysore-canara-and-malabar-by-fran }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Devanga Purana, [https://archive.org/details/DevangaPuranaKannadaPdf_201810/page/n3 archive.org] (in Kannada)

[[Category:Puranas]]

Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh

2025-07-27T13:02:02Z

MohammadTit: started new entry.

{{short description|Indian singer and activist (born 1948)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhu Mansoori Hasmukh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 4 September 1948
| birth_place = Similia, [[Ranchi]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = operator, Singer, Songwriter, activist
| years_active =
| spouse = Samia Oraon
| parents = Abdul Rahman Mansoori (father)
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[Padma Shri]] (2020)
*Jharkhand Ratna Award (2011)
*Jharkhand Bibhuti Award}}
}}
'''Madhu Mansoori Hasmukh''' (born 4 September 1948) is an Indian singer, songwriter and activist. He had written and sung several [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]] songs for movement of separate state Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/music-video-on-displacement/cid/635412|title=Music video on displacement|website=telegraphindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/new//article1-story-51920.html|title=मधु मंसूरी ने गाये झारखंड आंदोलन के सर्वाधिक गीत|website=livehindustan}}</ref> In 2011, the Government of Jharkhand awarded him Jharkhand Ratna Award.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-50796857|title=झारखंड: माई-माटी की लड़ाई में टूट चुके हैं मधु मंसूरी|website=bbc}}</ref> In 2020, he received [[Padma Shri]] in field of Arts.<ref name="avenuemail">{{Cite news|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/padma-shri-for-jharkhands-shashadhar-acharya-and-madhu-mansuri-hasmukh/143796/|title=Padma Shri for Jharkhand’s Shashadhar Acharya and Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh|website=avenuemail|archive-date=2020-08-05|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805223358/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/padma-shri-for-jharkhands-shashadhar-acharya-and-madhu-mansuri-hasmukh/143796/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh was born on 4 September 1948 in similia in [[Ranchi district]]. His father name was Abdul Rahman Mansuri.<ref name="panchayatnama">{{Cite news|url=http://www.panchayatnama.com/news/gram-savraj/reknowned-nagpuri-singer-songwriter-madhu-mansuri-s-jharkhand-movement-ranchi/930.html|title=नामचीन नागपुरी गायक-गीतकार मधु मंसूरी के गीत झारखंड आंदोलन में फूंकते थे जान|website=panchayatnama|date=27 April 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217020153/http://www.panchayatnama.com/news/gram-savraj/reknowned-nagpuri-singer-songwriter-madhu-mansuri-s-jharkhand-movement-ranchi/930.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Madhu Mansuri, his ancestors were [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] who were converted to Islam. He married Samia Oraon.<ref name="bbc"/>

==Career==
Hasmukh was operator in [[MECON (company)|MECON]]. He learned traditional song from his father. He had started singing songs from his childhood. He sang first song in stage in 1960 at the age of twelve. He established ''Shist Manch'' in 1960 and his first book of Nagpuri songs got published. In 1972 he wrote "Nagpur kar Kora" song. In 1992, he traveled Taiwan with [[Ram Dayal Munda]] and [[Mukund Nayak]].<ref name="panchayatnama"/> He had written and sung several Nagpuri songs for movement for separate Jharkhand state.<ref name="bbc"/>

==Awards and recognition==
Government of Jharkhand awarded him Jharkhand Bibhuti Award.<ref name="panchayatnama"/> In 2011, Government of Jharkhand awarded him Jharkhand Ratna Award.<ref name="bbc"/> In 2020, he received [[Padma Shri]] in field of Arts.<ref name="avenuemail"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasmukh, Madhu Mansuri}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Naktichya Lagnala Yaycha Ha

2024-10-15T00:54:50Z

MohammadTit: started details.

{{Short description|Marathi-language comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naktichya Lagnala Yayach Ha.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Right Click Media Solutions
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|11|04|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|01|17|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 156
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Aparna Ketkar Atul Ketkar
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Naktichya Lagnala Yayach Ha''''' ({{translation|Come to Nakti's wedding}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] comedy show which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prajakta Mali and Aniket Vishwasrao together? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/prajakta-mali-romances-many-actors/articleshow/56588978.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='नकटीच्या लग्नाला यायचं हं' मालिकेचं गाणं वन शॉटमध्ये चित्रीत|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/naktichya-langala-yayche-ha-new-serial-song/348054|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=19 January 2017 |language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Prajakta Mali]], Abhijit Amkar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वाचा, काय आहे 'नकटीच्या लग्नाला यायचं हं..' या नव्या मालिकेची कथा|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-new-marathi-serial-naktichya-lagnala-yaycha-ha-on-zee-marathi-5505085-PHO.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='नकटीच्या लग्नाला यायचं हं' मालिका घेणार प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/nakatichya-lagnala-yaych-ha-will-air-off-soon/390058|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=26 October 2017 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nupur (Nakti), a young woman at the marriageable age, initially resists the idea of matrimony under family pressure. However, gradually, she finds herself opening up to the prospect. As preparations for her wedding commence without a chosen groom, her family embarks on a search for a suitable match. Nakti encounters 23 prospective suitors, with each meeting resulting in either her rejection or theirs.

Enter Shree Ketkar, a familiar face from a previous meeting, reemerging in Nakti's life. Over time, a mutual understanding blossoms, and feelings between them deepen. After a few days, they gather the courage to express their emotions to each other. Subsequently, discussions with their respective families lead to the acceptance of their union.

Navigating through various challenges and chaos, Nakti and Shree Ketkar eventually tie the knot, culminating in a union that overcame the complexities of the matchmaking process.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Prajakta Mali]] as Nupur Suryakant Deshpande<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prajakta back on TV with Naktichya Lagnala... - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/prajakta-back-on-tv-with-naktichya-lagnala-/articleshow/56482883.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Abhijeet Aamkar as Neeraj Jayant Divate

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shashank Ketkar]] as Shree Ketkar
* Pournima Talwalkar as Vijaya Suryakant Deshpande
* Sanjay Sugaonkar as Suryakant Deshpande
* Varsha Dandale as Lata Chandrakant Deshpande
* Asit Redij / Atul Todankar as Chandrakant Deshpande
* Abhinay Sawant as Yash Chandrakant Deshpande
* Ragini Samant as Aaisaheb
* Shakuntala Nare as Baisaheb
* Ananda Karekar as Jayant Divate
* Sonali Pandit as Shailaja Jayant Divate

=== Guest appearances ===
* [[Aniket Vishwasrao]]
* [[Prasad Oak]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]]
* [[Bharat Jadhav]]
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]]
* [[Subodh Bhave]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='नकटी'सोबत लग्न करायला सुबोध होणार तयार|url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/manoranjan/subodh-nakatichya-lagnala-eskal-news-52592|website=[[Sakal]]|date=4 June 2017 |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]]
* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
* [[Nilesh Sabale]]
* [[Lalit Prabhakar]]
* Sushant Shelar
* Sandip Pathak
* Sagar Karande
* Anand Ingale
* [[Milind Shinde]]
* [[Prashant Damle]]
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]
* [[Uday Tikekar]]
* [[Mohan Joshi]]
* [[Kavita Lad]]
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]]
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* Kranti Redkar
* Seema Deshmukh
* Mugdha Godbole
* Radhika Harshe

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14026632}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/naktichya-lagnala-yaycha-ha/0-6-296 ''Naktichya Lagnala Yayach Ha''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Roopkathar Radio

2024-08-14T03:16:47Z

MohammadTit: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Klikk#Releases]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
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