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Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:56:54Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Asansol Dakshin
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300 | frame-height=300|frame-align=center | type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Asansol Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Asansol Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Agnimitra Paul]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| constituency_no = 280
| established = 1951
| electors = 203,289
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 280 Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency covers Ward nos. 38-39, 56-57, 75, 77-87, 94-98, 106 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]] and Amrasota, Egara, [[Ballavpur]], [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)|Jemari]] and Tirat gram panchayats of [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=21 August 2010 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Asansol Dakshin assembly segment is part of No. 40 [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! colspan="4" | ''Asansol''
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Atindra Nath Bose
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Shibdas Ghatak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Bijoy Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Dr. Gopika Ranjan Mitra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" | Lokesh Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Niranjan Dihidar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Haradhan Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Bijoy Pal
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Prabuddha Laha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Goutam Roy Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Tapas Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Prativa Ranjan Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
! colspan="4" | ''Asansol Dakshin''
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tapas Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Agnimitra Paul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Asansol Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Agnimitra Paul]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=119,582|percentage=55.42|change={{increase}}10.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapas Banerjee]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=78,743|percentage=36.49|change={{decrease}}6.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shilpi Chakraborty|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=10,390|percentage=4.81|change={{decrease}}3.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Souvik Mukherjee|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,367|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipika Bauri|party=Independent|votes=1,304|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Asgar Ali|party=Independent|votes=789|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anup Bhattacharya|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=391|percentage=0.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bibekananda Sadhu|party=Amra Bangalee|votes=369|percentage=0.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,857|percentage=1.32|change={{decrease}}0.46}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,839|percentage=18.92|change={{increase}}16.58}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,15,792|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol]] Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Agnimitra Paul]] | votes=87,881|percentage= 45.13|change=+18.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Saayoni Ghosh]] | votes=83,394|percentage=42.82|change=+4.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Prashanta Ghosh|votes=15,720|percentage= 8.20|change=-22.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Singhasan Paswan|votes=2,847|percentage= 1.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=BMUP|candidate=Shiuli Ruidas|votes=1,157|percentage= 0.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,466|percentage=1.78|change=-0.78}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,487|percentage=2.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,94,943|percentage=71.08|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol]] Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Tapas Banerjee]]
|votes = 71,515
|percentage = 38.54
|change = -17.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Hemant Prabhakar
|votes = 57,232
|percentage = 30.84
|change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Col. Diptansu Choudhury
|votes = 49,199
|percentage = 26.51
|change = +22.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Chhoton Ruidas
|votes = 2,096
|percentage = 1.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Sukanta Hembram
|votes = 1,601
|percentage = 0.86
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,911
|percentage = 2.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,283
|percentage = 7.70
|change = -10.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,85,704
|percentage = 75.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -5.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol]] Dakshin<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25280.htm |title=Asansol Dakshin |work=Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 May 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050903/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25280.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222856/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=280 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Asansol Dakshin |publisher=Empowering India |access-date=9 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Asansol Dakshin |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> }}
{{Election box end}}

... (unchanged table continues exactly as is)

===1977-2006===
(unchanged)

===1951-1972===
(unchanged)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Asansol]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University

2026-05-04T11:44:43Z

Mohammad.Fahim: starting new pg first draft.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2012}}

[[Anna University]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] has many affiliated institutions. For the full list, see below:

== Anna University's campuses or university colleges ==

=== Headquarters ===
[[Anna University]] is headquartered in Chennai and has regional offices in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai]], and [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/regional_offices.php|title=Administration - Anna University}}</ref>

===Coimbatore region===
The [[Coimbatore]] headquarters has 207 affiliated colleges Under Anna University<ref name="Anna Affiliates">{{Cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/Options.php|title = Centre for Affiliation of Institute - Anna University}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Campus or college name !! Location !! District !! Estd || Status
|-
| [[Anna University Chennai - Regional Office, Coimbatore|Anna University- Regional Campus, Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] || 2007 || Anna University Zonal Campus
|-
|}

=== Chennai region ===
The headquarters of Chennai has 179 Colleges<ref name="Anna Affiliates" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Regional office/campus or college name !! Location !! District !! Estd || Status
|-
| University College of Engineering Tindivanam || [[Tindivanam]] || [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]] || 2008 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|-
| [[University College of Engineering Arni]] || [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]] || [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] || 2009 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|-
| [[University College of Engineering Kanchipuram]] || [[Kanchipuram]] || [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] || 2010 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|-
| [[University College of Engineering kakuppam]] || [[kakuppam]] || [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]] || 2008 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|}

===Trichy region===
The Trichy or Tiruchirappalli headquarters has 89 colleges under Anna University<ref name="Anna Affiliates" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Campus or college name !! Location !! District !! Estd || Status
|-
| [[Anna University Chennai – Regional Office, Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Trichy]] || [[Trichy district|Trichy]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| [[Anna University Dindigul Campus]] || [[Dindigul]] || [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| [[Anna University Ramanathapuram Campus]] || [[Ramanathapuram]] || [[Ramanathapuram district]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| University College of Engineering, Panruti || [[Panruti]] || [[Cuddalore district]] || 2008 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| [[Anna University Pattukkottai]] Campus || [[Rajamadam]], [[Pattukkottai Taluk]] || [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]] || 2009 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| [[Anna University Thirukkuvalai Campus]] || [[Thirukkuvalai]] || [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]] || 2009 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|-
| [[Anna University Ariyalur]] Campus || [[Ariyalur]] || [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College (or) Campus
|}

=== Tirunelveli region ===
Tirunelveli headquarters has 72 colleges under Anna university<ref name="Anna Affiliates" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Campus or college name !! Location !! District !! Estd || Status
|-
| [[Anna University V.O.Chidambaranar College of Engineering]] || [[Thoothukudi]] || [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|-
| University College of Engineering, Nagercoil || [[Nagercoil]] || [[Kannyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] || 2007 || Anna University Affiliated Anna University College
|}

==Tamil Nadu Government's Engineering Colleges affiliated to Anna University==

{{main|List of Tamil Nadu Government Engineering Colleges}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College Name !! Location !! District !! Estd
|-
| [[Government College of Engineering, Bargur]] || [[Bargur]] || [[Krishnagiri district]] || 1994
|-
| [[Government College of Engineering, Salem]] || [[Karuppur, Salem]] || [[Salem district]] || 1966
|-
| Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli || [[Tirunelveli]] || [[Tirunelveli]] || 1981
|-
| [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || 1942
|-
| Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology || [[Vellore]] || [[Vellore]] || 1990
|-
| [[Government College of Engineering Sengippatti]] || [[Sengippatti]] || [[Thanjavur]] || 2013
|-
|[[Government College of Engineering, Srirangam|Government College of Engineering Srirangam]]
|Sethurappatti
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|2013
|}

==Tamil Nadu Government-Aided Engineering Colleges affiliated to Anna University==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College Name !! Location !! District !! Estd
|-
| [[PSG College of Technology]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district]] || 1951
|-
| [[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]] || [[Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore district]] || 1956
|-
| [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] || [[Madurai]] || [[Madurai district]] || 1957
|}

==Self - Financing Colleges affiliated to Anna University==
=== Chennai region ===
List of Anna University affiliated colleges in Chennai Region <ref>{{citation |url=http://www.findcollegereviews.com/loc/chennai/ |title= List of Colleges in Chennai with Students Review, January –20, 2015|publisher= AICTE David}}</ref>
*Sri Sai Ram Engineering College
*[[S K R Engineering College]]
* [[Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colleges-in-tamilnadu.com/TamilNadu-Districts/Engineering-colleges-in-Chennai.html|title=Engineering colleges in Chennai| accessdate= 2014-12-27}}</ref>
* [[Easwari Engineering College (Autonomous)]]
* [[Meenakshi College of Engineering, K. K. Nagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Engineering colleges in Chennai,List of polytechnic colleges in Chennai,Medical Colleges in Chennai. |url=http://www.colleges-in-tamilnadu.com/TamilNadu-Districts/Engineering-colleges-in-Chennai.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.colleges-in-tamilnadu.com}}</ref>

=== Kanchipuram ===
List of Anna University approved colleges in [[Kanchipuram]] Region<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Kanchipuram|title=University Colleges of Engineering and Affiliated Institutions - Kanchipuram|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030037/http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Kanchipuram|archivedate=2011-09-04}}</ref>
*[[Dhaanish ahmed college of engineering]]
*[[Aksheyaa College of Engineering]]
* [[Anand Institute of Higher Technology]]
* Apollo Priyadarshanam Institute of Technology
* Arignar Anna Institute of Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Our Institute! |url=http://www.arignaranna.org/ |publisher=Arignar Anna Institute of Science and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701001904/http://www.arignaranna.org |archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>
* Asan Memorial College of Engineering and Technology
* [[Chennai Institute of Technology]]
* GKM College of Engineering and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.gkmcet.net.in/aboutus.html |publisher=GKM College of Engineering and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518034909/http://www.gkmcet.net.in/aboutus.html |archive-date=18 May 2006}}</ref>
* Gopal Ramalingam Memorial Engineering College
*Jaya Engineering College
* Jeppiaar Engineering College
* Kalsar College of Engineering
* [[KCG College of Technology]]
* [[Kings Engineering College]]
* [[Madha Engineering College]]
* [[Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engineering College]]
* [[Pallavan Engineering College|Pallavan College of Engineering]]
* [[Rajalakshmi Engineering College]]
* Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering
* [[Saveetha Engineering College]]
* Shree Motilal Kanhaiyalal Fomra Institute of Technology
* Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering
* Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology
* Sri Muthukumaran Institute Of Technology
* Sri Sairam Institute of Technology
* Sri Sai Ram Engineering College
* [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering]]
* [[Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering]]
* [[St. Joseph's College of Engineering]]
*Thangavelu Engineering College
* Thirumalai Engineering College
* [[Valliammai Engineering College]]
* Vi Institute of Technology

=== Namakkal ===
*[[J.K.K.Nattraja College of Engineering and Technology]]
*[[Vetri Vinayaha College of Engineering and Technology]]
*Sengunthar College of Engineering

=== Tiruvallur ===
List of Anna University approved colleges in [[Tiruvallur]] Region<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Tiruvallur|title=University Colleges of Engineering and Affiliated Institutions - Tiruvallur|accessdate=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030106/http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Tiruvallur|archive-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colleges-in-tamilnadu.com/TamilNadu-Districts/Engineering-colleges-in-Tiruvallur.html|title= Engineering colleges in Tiruvallur|accessdate=2014-12-27}}</ref>

* [[Aalim Muhammed Salegh College of Engineering]]
* [[Alpha College of Engineering]]
* Apollo Engineering College
* Bhajarang Engineering College
* [[B K R College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Easwari Engineering College]]
* Gojan School of Business and Technology
* [[Indira Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
* Jaya Engineering College
* Jaya Suriya Engineering College
* [[JNN Institute of Engineering]]
* Magna College of Engineering
* Panimalar Engineering College
* [[Panimalar Institute of Technology]]
* [[Prathyusha Engineering College]]
* Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology
* RMD Engineering College
* R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology
* [[RMK Engineering College]]
* [[S.A. Engineering College]]
* SKR Engineering College
* Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology
* Sriram Engineering College
* Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering and Technology
* St. Peter's College of Engineering and Technology
* [[Velammal Engineering College]]
* [[Velammal Institute of Technology]]
* RVS Padmavathi collage of Engineering and technology
* sathyabama institute science and technology

=== Tiruchengode ===
List of Anna University approved colleges in [[Tiruchengode]] Region

* [[Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women]]<ref name="Alphabetical List V">{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List V|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/Affiliated%20Colleges%20list%20by%20Alphabetical/V2.html|access-date=2021-12-02|website=www.annauniv.edu}}</ref>
*[[K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS) ]]<ref name="Alphabetical List V"/>
*[[K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) ]]<ref name="Alphabetical List V"/>
*[[K.S.R. INSTITUTE FOR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ]]<ref name="Alphabetical List V"/>

==[[Vellore]]==
List of [[AICTE]] approved colleges in [[Vellore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Vellore|title=University Colleges of Engineering and Affiliated Institutions - Vellore|accessdate=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030219/http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Vellore|archive-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> include

* Bharathidasan Engineering College
* [[C. Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering & Technology]]
*[[Kingston Engineering College]]

==Tiruvannamalai==

List of AICTE Approved colleges in Tiruvanamalai <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Tiruvannamalai|title=University Colleges of Engineering and Affiliated Institutions - Tiruvannamalai|accessdate=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030140/http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Tiruvannamalai|archive-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering]]
* SKP Engineering College
* [[Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Arunai University|Arunai College of Engineering]]
* Sri Balaji Chokalingam Engineering College, Arani

== Villupuram ==
List of AICTE approved colleges in [[Viluppuram]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Vilupuram|title=University Colleges of Engineering and Affiliated Institutions - Vilupuram|accessdate=2011-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904030340/http://www.annatech.ac.in/Centres/Affiliation_Research/Affiliation_Map/motion/index.html?dt=Vilupuram|archive-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Annai Teresa College of Engineering
* [http://E.S%20Engineering%20College E.S Engineering College]
* [[Idhaya Engineering College for Women]]
* IFET College of Engineering [http://www.ifet.ac.in]
* [[Mailam Engineering College]]
* V.R.S College of Engineering and Technology

== Tiruchirappalli Region ==
* Kurinji College of Engineering and Technology
* Mahalakshmi Engineering College
* M.A.M College of Engineering
* Arasu Engineering College
* Mookambigai College of Engineering
* [[K.Ramakrishnan College of technology]]
* [[SRM TRP Engineering college]]
* A.V.C College of Engineering
* [[E.G.S Pillay Engineering College]]
* [[MRK Institute of Technology]]
* [[CK College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Ariyalur Engineering College]]
* [[Anjali Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College]]
* [[Parisutham Institute of Technology and Science (AUTONOMOUS) ]]
* [[Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and Technology]]
* [[Saranathan college of Engineering]]
* [[Sir Isaac Newton College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Arifa Institute of Technology]]
* [[Sembodai Rukmani Varatharajan Engineering College]]
* Dr. Navalar Nedunchezhiyan College of Engineering
* [[Krishnasamy College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[St. Anne’s College of Engineering and Technology]]
*[[Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)]]
*[[CARE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS]]

==Coimbatore Region==
List of Anna University approved colleges in Coimbatore Region<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.findcollegereviews.com/loc/coimbatore/ |title= Coimbatore Colleges with Location in Map, January –20, 2015|publisher= AICTE David }}</ref>

* [[Al Ameen Engineering College]], [[Erode]]
* [[KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology]], [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Adhiyamaan College of Engineering]], [[Hosur]]
* [[Adithya Institute of Technology]]
* [[Bannari Amman Institute of Technology]], [[Sathyamangalam]]
*[[CSI College of Engineering]], Ketti
*Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, [[Pollachi]]
*[[velalar College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Erode]]
*[[Erode Sengunthar Engineering College]], Thudupathi, Erode
* Info Institute of Engineering, Coimbatore
* Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode
* GEM College of Information Technology, Tiruppur
*Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology
* Kalaivani College of Technology, Coimbatore
* [[Kathir College of Engineering]]
* KGiSL Institute of Technology
* King College of Technology
* [[Kongu Engineering College]], Perundurai, [[Erode]]
* Knowledge Institute of Technology, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
* [[K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology]], [[Thiruchengode]]
* [[KTVR Knowledge Park for Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]], [[Coimbatore]]
* [[KV Institute of Management and Information Studies]], [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Maharaja Institute of Technology]], Arasur, Coimbatore
* Nehru Institute of Information Technology and Management, Thirumalayampalayam, Coimbatore
* [[Paavai College of Engineering]], Pachal
* [[Paavai Engineering College]], Pachal
* Pavai College of Technology, Pachal
* PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, [[Coimbatore]]
* Shree Venkateshwara Hi-Tech Engineering College, Gobichettipalayam
* SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore
* [[SNS College of Technology]], Coimbatore
* Sona College of Technology, Salem
* [[Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology]], Kuniamuthur, Coimbatore
* Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
* [[Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College]], Coimbatore
* Tamilnadu College of Engineering, [[Karumathampatti]], Coimbatore
* Vims vivekananda institute of management studies, Coimbatore
*[[V.S.B COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CAMPUS, COIMBATORE]]

==Tirunelveli Region==
===Kanniyakumari District===
*CAPE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LEVINJIPURAM
* Amrita College of Engineering and Technology
* Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering
* Arunachala College of Engineering for Women
* Bethlahem Institute of Engineering
* C.S.I. Institute of Technology
* DMI Engineering College
* Good Shepherd College of Engineering & Technology
* Immanuel Arasar JJ College of Engineering
* Jayamatha Engineering College
* Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology
* Loyola Institute of Technology and Science
* Lourdes Mount College of Engineering Technology
* M.E.T. Engineering College
* MAR Ephraem College of Engineering and Technology
* Maria College of Engineering and Technology
* Marthandam College of Engineering and Technology
* Narayanaguru College of Engineering
* Ponjesly College of Engineering
* Rajas Institute of Technology
* Rohini College of Engineering and Technology
* Sigma College of Architecture
* Stella Mary's College of Engineering
* Satyam College of Engineering and Technology
* Sivaji College of Engineering and Technology
* St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
* Udaya School of Engineering
* VINS Christian College of Engineering
* VINS Christian Women’s College of Engineering

===Tenkasi District===
* A.R. College of Engineering and Technology, [[Kadayam]]
* [[J.P. College of Engineering, Ayikudy, Tenkasi|JP College of Engineering]], [[Aygudi|Ayikudi]]
* Mahakavi Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology, [[Vasudevanallur]]
* S. Veerasamy Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology, [[Puliyankudi|Puliangudi]]
* Sardar Raja College of Engineering, [[Alangulam, Tirunelveli|Alangulam]]

===Thoothukkudi District===
* Dr. G.U. Pope College of Engineering, [[Sawyerpuram]]
* Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, [[Tiruchendur]]
* Grace College of Engineering, [[Mullakkadu]]
* Holy Cross Engineering College, [[Vagaikulam]]
* Infant Jesus College of Engineering, Keelavallanadu
* Jayaraj Annapackiam CSI College of Engineering, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]
* [[National Engineering College]] (Autonomous), [[Kovilpatti]]
* [[St. Mother Theresa Engineering College]], [[Vagaikulam]]
* Unnamalai Institute of Technology, [[Kovilpatti]]
* VV College of Engineering, Arasur

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Anna University's Campuses}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anna University|*]]
[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India|Anna University]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University| ]]

Sangeet Sharma

2026-05-03T14:54:14Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Adding A Bio!

{{Short description|Indian architect and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeet Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1962}}
| birth_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = Government College of Architecture, Lucknow ([[University of Lucknow]])
| occupation = Architect, Writer
| organization = SD Sharma & Associates A3 Foundation
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| father = Shivdatt Sharma
| awards = [[The Energy and Resources Institute#GRIHA|GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award]] (2018) Poet of the Year by [[The Poetry Society (India)|The Poetry Society]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.sangeetsharma.com/|Official website}}
}}
'''Sangeet Sharma''' (born 1962) is an Indian architect and writer from [[Chandigarh]], India.<ref name=Indianexpress>{{cite news |title=Building blocks: A novel which speaks of the ground reality of being an architect |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/building-blocks-a-novel-which-speaks-of-the-ground-reality-of-being-an-architect-4804624/ | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 August 2017 | accessdate=14 December 2022}}</ref> He has authored six books on [[architecture]], including ''Architecture, Life, and Me'' (2008), ''The Corb's Capitol'' (2009) and ''Castles in the Air'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Soumyabrata |title=Book review Castles in the Air: A witty but stark look at the world of architecture |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/190118/book-review-castles-in-the-air-a-witty-but-stark-look-at-the-world-of-architecture.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=Indianexpress/><ref name=ITP/>

Sharma is known for his contribution to [[architecture]] and [[literature]]. He has designed architectural work at the [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|NIT Jalandhar]], [[University of Jammu]], [[Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry]] [[National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research|National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]]<ref name=ITP/><ref name=AII/> and the [[PSG College of Technology|PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research]], which was awarded the GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award by [[The Energy and Resources Institute|GRIHA Council]].<ref name=bhaskar>{{cite news |title=आर्किटेक्चर संगीत शर्मा को मिला गृहा एग्जेम्पलरी परफॉरमेंस अवार्ड |url=https://www.facebook.com/Arsangeetsharma/photos/a.2034796636733349.1073741944.1374745972738422/2034797110066635 |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=19 January 2018 |location=Chandigarh |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Architecture ===
[[File:NIT Jalandhar Mega Hostel Boys.jpg|thumb|[[NIT-Jalandhar]]'s Mega Boys Hostel was designed by Sangeet Sharma]]
[[File:PSG Itech.jpg|thumb|PSG Institute designed by Sharma]]
He is a practicing architect as a partner in SD Sharma & Associates, a firm founded by his father, Shiv Dutt Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Satire on Architecture |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/a-satire-on-architecture/ |publisher=Ritz Magazine |date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In September 2009, he was awarded the Outstanding Concrete Structure for 2009 by the [[Indian Concrete Institute]] for his project KMG IT Towers at [[Mohali]], in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He was given a commendation award for excellence for his project Timex Factory at [[Baddi]], in [[Himachal Pradesh]], by the Indian Building Congress. Some of his notable projects include Damcosoft IT Park at [[Chandigarh]], Mega Boys Hostel for [[NIT-Jalandhar|NIT Jalandhar]], [[PSG College of Technology|PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research]] at [[Coimbatore]], Examination block & Wadia Museum of Natural History at the [[University of Jammu]], Auditorium for [[Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry]] at [[Solan]], Cafe cum Library block at [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police Housing Corporation]], KMG IT Towers at [[Mohali]], TIMEX Factory at [[Baddi]] and Boys Hostel for [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]], [[Mohali]].<ref name=ITP>{{cite news |title=A Zest for Life |url=https://www.apurvabose.com/pdf's/8/Profile%20Sangeet%20Sharma.pdf |publisher=[[ITP Media Group|Architect and Interiors India]] |date=11 May 2009 |pages=24, 25}}</ref><ref name=AII>{{cite news |title=Think Turf, Lucknow, highlights the perspective of working professionals |url=https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/events/1164-think-turf-lucknow-highlights-the-perspective-of-working-professionals |publisher=[[ITP Media Group|Architect and Interiors]] |date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ar. Sangeet Sharma - SD Sharma & Associates |url=https://www.mgsarchitecture.in/architecture-design/architects-interior-designers/1829-sangeet-sharma-sdsharmaassociates.html |publisher=MGS Architecture |date=21 January 2022}}</ref> He is the founder-chairperson of the A3 Foundation, which promotes sustainable [[Architecture of India]].<ref name=ITP/> His architecture is known as 'cubist modernism'.<ref name=magzter/>

=== Writing ===
Sharma's first book, ''Architectural Aesthetics'', was published in 2005. In 2008, [[Rupa Publications]] published his second book, ''Architecture, Life, and Me: Reflections on Constructing Life, Brick by Brick'', which recounts Sangeet's journey through architecture and life.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wadehra |first1=Randeep |title=Architect as artist |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080831/spectrum/book9.htm |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=31 August 2008}}</ref> ''Architecture, Life and Me'' was widely sold in India.<ref name=CWeek/> His third book was ''The Corb's Capitol'', published by Abhishek Publications in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wadehra |first1=Randeep |title=Bringing up Chandigarh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100912/spectrum/book7.htm |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=12 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Problems in paradise |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090919/ttlife.htm |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923143817/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090919/ttlife.htm |archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> In 2010, he co-authored ''Step by Step Hospital Designing and Planning'', published by [[JP Medical Publishers]], followed by authoring ''Archi Talks: Architectural Opinions'' in 2015. His sixth book was ''Castles in the Air: Misadventures of a Profession'', a fiction inspired by true events,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manpriya |title=Second-hand science |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/second-hand-science-454375 |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaid |first1=Geetu |title=A house in (dis)order |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-house-in-dis-order-544385 |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=18 February 2018}}</ref> was launched by Sharma in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=आर्किटेक्ट की जिंदगी पर आधारित है 'कैस्टल इन द एयर' |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-book-lounch-16563517.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=18 August 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

As a poet, Sangeet has penned a poetry collection titled ''The Touch of Moon''.<ref name=CWeek/> He was awarded the Poet of the Year by [[The Poetry Society (India)]].<ref name=magzter/>

== Books ==
* ''Architectural Aesthetics'', 2005 {{ISBN|9788182470866}}
* ''Architecture, Life, and Me: Reflections on Constructing Life, Brick by Brick'', 2008 {{ISBN|9788129113771}}
* ''The Corb's Capitol'', 2009 {{ISBN|9781505885088}}
* ''Step by Step Hospital Designing and Planning'', 2010 {{ISBN|9788184488203}}
* ''Archi Talks: Architectural Opinions'', 2015 {{ISBN|9781507524695}}
* ''Castles in the Air: Misadventures of a Profession'', 2017 {{ISBN|978-1945563850}}
* ''The Touch of Moon''

== Reception ==
In January 2020, reviewing his book for the ''[[ITP Media Group|Construction Week]]'', Dr. SS Bhatti, former principal of the [[Chandigarh College of Architecture]], said, "Sangeet Sharma's ''Corb’s Capitol'' is an important milestone in architectural writing as a narration which says something serious, without being stodgy."<ref name=CWeek>{{cite news |last1=Bhatti |first1=Dr SS |title=The city's story |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/the-citys-story |publisher=[[ITP Media Group|Construction Week]] |date=20 January 2010}}</ref>

Reviewing Sharma's book, ''Castles in the Air'', Soumyabrata Gupta of ''[[The Asian Age]]'' writes, "Written in a comical manner, Sangeet Sharma delves into the lives of architects as they, often unwittingly, or with oblique aspirations pursue a career to realize others’ dreams. The book, in a humorous manner deals with everything from trying to pursue a degree in architecture to the frustration of dealing with clients and their general distrust with architects."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Soumyabrata |title=Book review Castles in the Air: A witty but stark look at the world of architecture |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/190118/book-review-castles-in-the-air-a-witty-but-stark-look-at-the-world-of-architecture.html |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of noted architect SD Sharma.<ref name=Indianexpress/><ref>{{cite news |author1=Mona |title=Friend, philosopher... guide |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120617/ttlife1.htm |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=17 June 2012}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* In 2018, he was awarded the GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award for his project [[PSG College of Technology|PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research]] by [[The Energy and Resources Institute#GRIHA|GRIHA Council]], [[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI).<ref name=bhaskar/>
* Sangeet Sharma was felicitated for excellence at the INT-EXT Expo & Awards by ''[[The Times of India]]'' and [[Indian Institute of Architects]] in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balli |first1=Baljit |title=15 architects, professionals felicitated for excellence at INT-EXT Expo |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=83801&headline=15-Architects,-professionals-felicitated-for-their-excellence-at-INT-EXT-Expo |publisher=Babushahi |date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
* He received an honorary doctorate from [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley University]].<ref name=Indianewscalling/>
* He was featured on the cover of ''Surfaces Reporter'' magazine's May 2021 edition.<ref name=magzter>{{cite news |title=To be or not to be architect Sangeet Sharma |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Architecture/Surfaces-Reporter/TO-BE-OR-NOT-TO-BE-ARCHITECT-SANGEET-SHARMA |publisher=Surfaces Reporter |date=May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Some Known and Some Untold Stories about Architect Sangeet Sharma |url=https://www.surfacesreporter.com/articles/123320/some-known-and-some-untold-stories-about-architect-sangeet-sharma |work=Surfacesreporter.com |date=May 2021}}</ref>
* He was nominated for the Architect of the Year Award by [[Autodesk]] [[NDTV |NDTV Design Awards]].<ref name=Indianewscalling/>
* He received the 2015 Best Concrete Structure award for his project Mega Boya Hostel at [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|NIT Jalandhar]] by [[Indian Concrete Institute]].<ref name=ITP/>
* He was awarded the Best Concrete Structure 2013 for his project Netsmartz IT Building by [[Indian Concrete Institute]].<ref name=ITP/>
* In 2013, he was noted as a future Architectural Icon by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref name=Indianewscalling>{{cite news |title=Architecture is a tough profession: Sangeet Sharma Sangeet's novel "Castles in the Air: Misadventures of a Profession" |url=http://www.indianewscalling.com/news/60483-architecture-is-a-tough-profession-sangeet-sharma-sangeet39s-novel-castles-in-the-air-misadven.aspx |publisher=Indianewscalling |date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian architects]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://www.sangeetsharma.com/|Official website}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sangeet}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:Indian architecture writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Artists from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian architects]]

2024 Indian general election in Kerala

2026-05-02T20:36:02Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Info

{{Short description|Elections for the 18th Lok Sabha seats in Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Kerala
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Kerala
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 26 April 2024
| seats_for_election = All 20 Kerala seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 72.04% ({{decrease}} 5.80 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Kerala#Opinion polls
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Kerala
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Kerala
| image_size = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K.sudhakaran.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=13|oTop=3}}
| leader1 = [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M. V. Govindan Master 01 4.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=3|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[M. V. Govindan]]
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Surendran (Kerala politician).jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=12}}
| leader3 = [[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]
| alliance3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] ''(lost)''
| last_election1 = 47.48%, 19 seats
| last_election2 = 35.29%, 1 seat
| last_election3 = 15.64%, 0 seat
| seats1 = 18
| seats2 = 1
| seats3 = 1
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1
| colour1 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| colour2 = {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| colour3 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| leader_since1 = 2021
| leader_since2 = 2022
| leader_since3 = 2020
| popular_vote1 = 9,018,752
| popular_vote2 = 6,665,370
| popular_vote3 = 3,837,003
| percentage1 = 45.40%
| percentage2 = 33.60%
| percentage3 = 19.40%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.08 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2.69 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing3 = {{increase}} 3.76 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Kerala Seatwise Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise result map of the 2024 general election in Kerala|
[[File:2024 Kerala Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise result map of the 2024 general election in Kerala}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Kerala]] on 26 April 2024 to elect all 20 members from the state to the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. The result of the election was announced on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-16 |title=Elections dates: 2024 india general election dates, full schedule and State Maps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/general-elections-2024-full-schedule/article67953556.ece |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]], led by [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]], and [[Left Democratic Front|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], contested separately in Kerala. This is in spite of both alliances being part of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA)]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-21 |title=Limited company: On the Congress-Left spat in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/limited-company-on-the-congress-left-spat-in-kerala/article68091097.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The UDF swept the elections winning 18 out of 20 seats, one less than in 2019. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] won in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]], their first ever Lok Sabha seat in Kerala, while the remaining seat was won by LDF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PA |first=Aneesa |date=2024-06-04 |title=BJP en route to making inroads in Kerala for first time, Suresh Gopi leads race in Thrissur |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-en-route-to-making-inroads-in-kerala-for-first-time-suresh-gopi-leads-race-in-thrissur/2106813/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
The elections to all 20 seats in Kerala was held on the second, out of seven, phase of the general election on 26 April 2024.
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;
! colspan=2|Poll event
|-
!Phase
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|II
|-
!'''No. of constituencies'''
|'''20'''
|-
!Notification date
|28 March
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|04 April
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|05 April
|-
!Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|08 April
|-
!Date of poll
|'''26 April'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''04 June'''
|}

==Parties and alliances==

===United Democratic Front===

{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" style="width: 40px;" | Party
!style="width: 20px;" | Flag
!style="width: 20px;" | Symbol
!style="width: 20px;" | Leader
! style="width: 10px;" | Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[K. Sudhakaran]]
|16
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Indian_Union_Muslim_League.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|40px|centre]]
|[[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal|Sadiq Ali Thangal]]
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|40px|centre]]
|[[Shibu Baby John]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell| Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|40px|centre]]
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
! 20
|}

===Left Democratic Front===

{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" style="width: 40px;" | Party
!style="width: 20px;" | Flag
!style="width: 20px;" | Symbol
!style="width: 20px;" | Leader
! style="width: 10px;" | Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|40px|centre]]
|[[M.V. Govindan]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[Binoy Viswam]]
|4
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves 2.svg|40px|centre]]
|[[Jose K. Mani]]
|1
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
! 20
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" style="width: 40px;" | Party
!style="width: 20px;" | Flag
!style="width: 20px;" | Symbol
!style="width: 20px;" | Leader
! style="width: 10px;" | Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|40px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|40x40px]]
|[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]
|16
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
|
|[[File:Pot_Symbol.png|40x40px]]
|Thushar Vellapally
|4
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
! 20
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" style="width: 50px;" | Party
!style="width: 50px;" | Symbol
! style="width: 50px;" | Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|18
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Battery_Torch.svg|50px]]
|8
|-
|{{party color cell|Ambedkarite Party of India}}
|[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
|[[File:ECI_Election_symbol_Coat.jpg|50px]]
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Other}}
|Bahujan Dravida Party
|[[File:Diamond,_Election_symbol_of_Subi,_leader_of_The_Future_India_Party.svg|50px]]
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party}}
|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party
|[[File:Diamond,_Election_symbol_of_Subi,_leader_of_The_Future_India_Party.svg|50px]]
|3
|-
| {{party color cell|Other}}
|Twenty 20 Party
|[[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Marxist Communist Party of India (United)}}
|[[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]
|[[File:ECI Election symbol Computer.jpg|50px]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|New Labour}}
|New Labour Party
|[[File:Ring_Symbol.png|50px]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Other}}
|People's Party of India (Secular)
|[[File:ECI_Election_symbol-_Grapes.jpg|50px]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Jan Parishad}}
|[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cart.png|50px]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|[[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
|1
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Total
! 42
|}

==Candidates==
The United Democratic Front fielded one, the Left Democratic Front fielded three and National Democratic Alliance fielded five women candidates.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Constituency
| colspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|-
!colspan="6"|'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''
!colspan="3" rowspan="3" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<ref name="LS poll: BJP fields a mix of high-profile veterans and new faces in 12 seats in Kerala">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=LS poll: BJP fields a mix of high-profile veterans and new faces in 12 seats in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/ls-poll-bjp-fields-a-mix-of-high-profile-veterans-and-new-faces-in-12-seats-in-state/article67907780.ece |access-date=4 March 2024 |date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304154307/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/ls-poll-bjp-fields-a-mix-of-high-profile-veterans-and-new-faces-in-12-seats-in-state/article67907780.ece |archive-date=4 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
|-
!colspan="3"|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''
!colspan="3"|'''[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=LDF shortlists candidates for Lok Sabha elections: Full list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/ldf-shortlists-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-full-list |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|M. V. Balakrishnan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. L. Ashwini
|-
!2
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K. Sudhakaran]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[M. V. Jayarajan|MV Jayarajan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|C. Raghunath
|-
!3
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shafi Parambil]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prafulla Krishna
|-
!4
|[[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Annie Raja]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/annie-raja-cpi-wayanad-lok-sabha-rahul-gandhi-9182025/ | title=Who is Annie Raja, fielded by CPI in Rahul Gandhi's Wayanad seat? | date=26 February 2024 }}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]
|-
!5
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. K. Raghavan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Elamaram Kareem]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. T. Ramesh
|-
!6
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[ E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[V. Vaseef]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Abdul Salam
|-
!7
|[[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Abdussamad Samadani]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|K. S. Hamza
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Niveditha Subramanian
|-
!8
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[V. K. Sreekandan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|C. Krishnakumar
|-
!9
|[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ramya Haridas]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|T. N. Sarasu
|-
!10
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K. Muraleedharan|K Muraleedharan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
!11
|[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Benny Behanan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[C. Raveendranath]]
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|K. A. Unnikrishnan
|-
!12
|[[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Hibi Eden]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|K. J. Shine
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|K. S. Radhakrishnan
|-
!13
|[[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dean Kuriakose]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Joice George]]
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|Sangeetha Vishwanathan
|-
!14
|[[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|[[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|Thushar Vellapally
|-
!15
|[[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[K.C. Venugopal|K. C. Venugopal]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[A. M. Ariff]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sobha Surendran]]
|-
!16
|[[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|C. A. Arun Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|Baiju Kalasala
|-
!17
|[[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anto Antony]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[T. M. Thomas Isaac|Thomas Issac]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Antony
|-
!18
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
|{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[N. K. Premachandran]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|G. Krishnakumar]]
|-
!19
|[[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Adoor Prakash]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[V. Joy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
|-
!20
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Pannian Ravindran|Panniyan Raveendran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
|}
==Electorate==
===Electors by constituency===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Male
! Female
! Third Gender
! Total
|-
| 1
| [[Kasaragod Lok sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
| 7,01,475
| 7,50,741
| 14
| 14,52,230
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur Lok sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| 6,46,181
| 7,12,181
| 6
| 13,58,368
|-
| 3
| [[Vatakara Lok sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
| 6,81,615
| 7,40,246
| 22
| 14,21,883
|-
| 4
| [[Wayanad Lok sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| 7,21,054
| 7,41,354
| 15
| 14,62,423
|-
| 5
| [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
| 6,91,096
| 7,38,509
| 26
| 14,29,631
|-
| 6
| [[Malappuram Lok sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
| 7,45,978
| 7,33,931
| 12
| 14,79,921
|-
| 7
| [[Ponnani Lok sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
| 7,29,255
| 7,41,522
| 27
| 14,70,804
|-
| 8
| [[Palakkad Lok sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| 6,82,281
| 7,15,849
| 13
| 13,98,143
|-
| 9
| [[Alathur Lok sabha constituency|Alathur]] (SC)
| 6,48,437
| 6,89,047
| 12
| 13,37,496
|-
| 10
| [[Thrissur Lok sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
| 7,08,317
| 7,74,718
| 20
| 14,83,055
|-
| 11
| [[Chalakudy Lok sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| 6,34,347
| 6,76,161
| 21
| 13,10,529
|-
| 12
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
| 6,40,662
| 6,83,370
| 15
| 13,24,047
|-
| 13
| [[Idukki Lok sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| 6,15,084
| 6,35,064
| 9
| 12,50,157
|-
| 14
| [[Kottayam Lok sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| 6,07,502
| 6,47,306
| 15
| 12,54,823
|-
| 15
| [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| 6,74,066
| 7,26,008
| 9
| 14,00,083
|-
| 16
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikkara]] (SC)
| 6,30,307
| 7,01,564
| 9
| 13,31,880
|-
| 17
| [[Pathanamthitta Lok sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
| 6,83,307
| 7,46,384
| 9
| 14,29,700
|-
| 18
| [[Kollam Lok sabha constituency|Kollam]]
| 6,31,625
| 6,95,004
| 19
| 13,26,648
|-
| 19
| [[Attingal Lok sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| 6,53,549
| 7,43,223
| 35
| 13,96,807
|-
| 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 6,89,155
| 7,41,317
| 59
| 14,30,531
|-
!
|'''Total'''
| '''1,34,15,293'''
| '''1,43,33,499'''
| '''367'''
| '''2,77,49,159'''<ref name=":71.27">{{cite news |title=Kerala registers 71.27% turnout, show updated figures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-kerala-registers-7127-turnout-show-updated-figures/article68120932.ece |access-date=29 April 2024 |date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429140924/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-kerala-registers-7127-turnout-show-updated-figures/article68120932.ece |website=The Hindu |archive-date=29 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

===Overseas electors by district===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! District
! Male Electors
! Female Electors
! Third Gender Electors
! District Total
|-
| 1
| [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]]
| 3,157
| 133
| 0
| 3,290
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur District|Kannur]]
| 13,276
| 599
| 0
| 13,875
|-
| 3
| [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]]
| 714
| 65
| 0
| 779
|-
| 4
| [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]]
| 34,002
| 1,787
| 4
| 35,793
|-
| 5
| [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
| 14,590
| 529
| 2
| 15,121
|-
| 6
| [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
| 4,200
| 257
| 0
| 4,457
|-
| 7
| [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| 3,519
| 498
| 1
| 4,018
|-
| 8
| [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
| 1,991
| 515
| 0
| 2,506
|-
| 9
| [[Idukki District|Idukki]]
| 263
| 62
| 0
| 325
|-
| 10
| [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]]
| 1,203
| 322
| 0
| 1,525
|-
| 11
| [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]
| 1,513
| 286
| 0
| 1,799
|-
| 12
| [[Pathanamthitta District|Pathanamthitta]]
| 1,801
| 437
| 0
| 2,238
|-
| 13
| [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| 1,673
| 244
| 2
| 1,919
|-
| 14
| [[Thiruvananthapuram District|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 1,863
| 331
| 0
| 2,194
|-
!
|'''Total'''
| '''83,765 '''
| '''6,065'''
| ''' 9'''
| '''89,839'''
|}

===Electors by age===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Age Group
! Male Electors
! Female Electors
! Third Gender Electors
! State Total
|-
| 18-19
| 2,77,084
| 2,57,288
| 22
| 5,34,394
|-
| 20-29
| 22,41,328
| 22,30,491
| 119
| 44,71,938
|-
| 30-39
| 27,61,925
| 26,66,165
| 114
| 54,28,204
|-
| 40-49
| 28,11,446
| 30,62,002
| 68
| 58,73,516
|-
| 50-59
| 23,87,739
| 27,49,835
| 27
| 51,37,601
|-
| 60-69
| 17,83,503
| 19,25,095
| 8
| 37,08,606
|-
| 70-79
| 9,10,122
| 10,57,726
| 7
| 19,67,855
|-
| 80+
| 2,42,146
| 3,84,897
| 2
| 6,27,045
|-
!

| '''1,34,15,293'''
| '''1,43,33,499'''
| '''367'''
| '''2,77,49,159'''
|}

==Voter turnout==
There was a significant dip in the voting percentages in all 20 constituencies as compared to the 2019 elections.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Electors
! Votes Polled
! Male
! Female
! Third Gender
! Turnout %
! Change %
|-
| 1
| [[Kasaragod Lok sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
| 14,52,230
| 11,04,331
| 5,13,460
| 5,90,866
| 5
| 76.04
| {{decrease}} 4.62
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur Lok sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| 13,58,368
| 10,48,839
| 4,85,112
| 5,63,724
| 3
| 77.21
| {{decrease}} 6.07
|-
| 3
| [[Vatakara Lok sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
| 14,21,883
| 11,14,950
| 5,07,584
| 6,07,362
| 4
| 78.41
| {{decrease}} 4.29
|-
| 4
| [[Wayanad Lok sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| 14,62,423
| 10,75,921
| 5,20,885
| 5,55,033
| 3
| 73.57
| {{decrease}} 6.80
|-
| 5
| [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
| 14,29,631
| 10,79,683
| 5,15,836
| ,563,835
| 12
| 75.52
| {{decrease}} 6.18
|-
| 6
| [[Malappuram Lok sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
| 14,79,921
| 10,79,547
| 5,19,332
| 5,60,211
| 4
| 72.95
| {{decrease}} 2.55
|-
| 7
| [[Ponnani Lok sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
| 14,70,804
| 10,19,889
| 4,67,726
| 5,52,148
| 15
| 69.34
| {{decrease}} 5.64
|-
| 8
| [[Palakkad Lok sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| 13,98,143
| 10,28,627
| 4,95,567
| 5,33,051
| 9
| 73.57
| {{decrease}} 4.20
|-
| 9
| [[Alathur Lok sabha constituency|Alathur]] (SC)
| 13,37,496
| 9,81,945
| 4,76,187
| 5,05,753
| 5
| 73.42
| {{decrease}} 7.05
|-
| 10
| [[Thrissur Lok sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
| 14,83,055
| 10,81,125
| 5,09,052
| 5,72,067
| 6
| 72.90
| {{decrease}} 5.04
|-
| 11
| [[Chalakudy Lok sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| 13,10,529
| 9,42,787
| 4,60,351
| 4,82,428
| 8
| 71.94
| {{decrease}} 8.57
|-
| 12
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
| 13,24,047
| 9,04,131
| 4,50,659
| 4,53,468
| 4
| 68.29
| {{decrease}} 9.35
|-
| 13
| [[Idukki Lok sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| 12,50,157
| 8,31,936
| 4,25,598
| 4,06,332
| 6
| 66.55
| {{decrease}} 9.81
|-
| 14
| [[Kottayam Lok sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| 12,54,823
| 8,23,237
| 4,18,285
| 4,04,946
| 6
| 65.61
| {{decrease}} 9.86
|-
| 15
| [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| 14,00,082
| 10,50,726
| 5,08,933
| 5,41,791
| 2
| 75.05
| {{decrease}} 5.30
|-
| 16
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikkara]] (SC)
| 13,31,880
| 8,78,360
| 4,17,202
| 4,61,155
| 3
| 65.95
| {{decrease}} 8.38
|-
| 17
| [[Pathanamthitta Lok sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
| 14,29,700
| 9,06,051
| 4,42,897
| 4,63,148
| 6
| 63.37
| {{decrease}} 10.93
|-
| 18
| [[Kollam Lok sabha constituency|Kollam]]
| 13,26,648
| 9,04,047
| 4,24,134
| 4,79,906
| 7
| 68.15
| {{decrease}} 6.58
|-
| 19
| [[Attingal Lok sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| 13,96,807
| 9,70,517
| 4,49,212
| 5,21,292
| 13
| 69.48
| {{decrease}} 5.0
|-
| 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 14,30,531
|9,50,829
| 4,67,078
| 4,83,722
| 29
| 66.47
| {{decrease}} 7.27
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Total'''
| '''2,77,49,159'''
| '''1,97,77,478 '''
| '''94,75,090 '''
|'''1,03,02,238'''
|'''150'''
| '''71.27'''<ref name=":71.27"/>
| {{decrease}} 6.57
|}
^''Since the postal votes of service voters are accepted till the counting day, total value may vary.''<ref>[https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/361428 Chief Electoral Officer Press Release]</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Kerala (20)}}

The opinion polls and exit polls predicted a clear majority for the UDF.
===Opinion polls (State-wise Alliances)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px"
! rowspan="4" style="width:100px" |Polling agency
! rowspan="4" style="width:110px" |Date published
! rowspan="4" style="width:35px" |Margin of Error
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:40px" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
! rowspan="3" class="unsortable" style="width:40px" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! rowspan="3" |Others
! rowspan="4" |Lead
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; width:60px" |
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px" |{{small|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]}}
! class="unsortable" style="width:40px" |{{small|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]}}
|- style="line-height:5px"
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
! style="background:grey" |
|-
|Manorama News - CVoter <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/12/10/manorama-news-loksabha-elections-2024-survey-result-navakerala-manas-from-today.html | title=മനോരമ ന്യൂസ് സർവേഫലം 'നവകേരള മനസ്സ്' ഇന്ന് മുതൽ }}</ref>
|January 2024
|3%
|3
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''17'''
|0
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|Reporter TV- Mega Survey <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reporterlive.com/kerala/2024/02/19/reporter-mega-prepoll-survey-alappuzha-choose-pinarayi-vijayan-as-chief-minister-chalakudy-select-vd-satheesan | title=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ മെഗാ പ്രീപോൾ സർവ്വെ: ആലപ്പുഴയുടെ മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി ചോയ്സ് പിണറായി ചാലക്കുടിയിൽ വി ഡി സതീശൻ | date=19 February 2024 }}</ref>
|February 2024
|2%
|5
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''15'''
|0
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|24 News - Jana Manasu <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/12/02/24-mood-tracker-survey-thrissur-election.html | title=തൃശൂർ ഇത്തവണ ആരെടുക്കും ? എം.പിയുടെ പ്രകടനം തൃപ്തികരമോ ? സർവേ ഫലം അറിയാം | 24 Survey | date=2 December 2023 }}</ref>
|February 2024
|5%
|2
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''18'''
|0
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|ABP News - CVoter<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/news/abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-kerala-upa-ldf-nda-lok-sabha-polls-2024-likely-to-gain-ground-in-once-more-1671441 | title=ABP News-CVoter Opinion Poll: Congress Set to Maintain Its Dominance in Kerala, Says Survey | date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>
|March 2024
|±3%
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''20'''
|0
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|CNN News18 - Mega Opinion Poll<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/news18-mega-opinion-poll-predicts-victory-for-congress-led-udf-nda-may-open-account-8814014.html| title=News18 Mega Opinion Poll Predicts Sweep for Congress-Led UDF in Kerala; NDA May Open Account With 2 Seats | date=13 March 2024 }}</ref>
|March 2024
|±3%
|4
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''14'''
|2
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|Mathrubhumi News-P-MARQ<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/lok-sabha-2024/kerala-20-20/mathrubhumi-news-opinion-survey-who-will-in-kerala-loksabha-election-1.9424761| title=തൃശ്ശൂരില്‍ LDF,കോഴിക്കോട് UDF;കേരളത്തില്‍ UDF മുന്നേറ്റം,രാജ്യത്ത് വീണ്ടും NDA ഭരണമെന്ന് സര്‍വ്വേ...... | date=13 March 2024 }}</ref>
|March 2024
|±3%
|5-6
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''14-15'''
|0
|0
|bgcolor={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''UDF'''
|-
|}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Kerala}}

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Vote Share (By alliance)
|label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|value1 = 45.40
|color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|value2 = 33.34
|color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|value3 = 19.24
|color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 2.21
|color4 = Silver
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#ADD8E6"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,03,971
|35.06%
|{{Decrease}}2.40%
| 16
| 14
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|12,06,522
|6.07%
|{{Increase}}0.59%
| 2
| 2
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|4,43,628
|2.24%
|{{decrease}}0.22%
| 1
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress|KC]]
|3,64,631
|1.84%
|''New''
| 1
| 1
| {{Increase}} 1
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#ADD8E6"|Total
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|9,018,752
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|45.21%
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|{{decrease}}2.27%
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|20
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|18
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|{{decrease}} 1
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
!rowspan="4"style="background:#FFE6E6"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|51,61,034
|26%
|
| 15
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|12,26,971
|6.14%
|{{Increase}}0.06%
| 4
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
|277,365
|1.38%
|{{decrease}}0.70%
| 1
| 0
| {{Decrease}} 1
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#FFE6E6"|Total
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|6,665,370
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|33.60%
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|{{Decrease}}2.95%
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|20
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|1
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|{{steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,296,354
|16.68%
|{{increase}}3.68%
| 16
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]]
|505,753
|2.56%
|{{increase}}0.68%
| 4
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
!style="background:#fef3e8"|3,802,107
!style="background:#fef3e8"|19.24%
!style="background:#fef3e8"|{{increase}}2.60%
!style="background:#fef3e8"|20
!style="background:#fef3e8"|1
!style="background:#fef3e8"|{{increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|42
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|92
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|156,585
|0.79%
|
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!19,777,478
!100%
! -
!194
!20
!-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner<ref name="Kerala Lok Sabha election 2024 winners: Here is the full list">{{cite news |website=CNBCTV18 |title=Kerala Lok Sabha election 2024 winners: Here is the full list |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/kerala-lok-sabha-election-winners-list-2024-heres-the-full-winners-list-19423472.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605120841/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/kerala-lok-sabha-election-winners-list-2024-heres-the-full-winners-list-19423472.htm |archive-date=5 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="7" |Runner-up
!rowspan="3"|Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
|76.76 {{Decrease}}
|[[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|490,659
|44.10
| M. V. Balakrishnan
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|390,010
|35.06
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|100,649
|-
!2
|[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
|78.24 {{Decrease}}
|[[K. Sudhakaran]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|518,524
|48.74
|[[M. V. Jayarajan]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|409,542
|38.50
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|108,982
|-
!3
|[[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
|79.26 {{Decrease}}
|[[Shafi Parambil]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|557,528
|49.65
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|443,022
|39.45
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|114,506
|-
!4
|[[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
|74.19 {{Decrease}}
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|647,445
|59.69
|[[Annie Raja]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|283,023
|26.09
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|364,422
|-
!5
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|76.30 {{Decrease}}
|[[M. K. Raghavan]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|520,421
|47.74
|[[Elamaram Kareem]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|374,245
|34.33
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|146,176
|-
!6
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
|73.44 {{Decrease}}
|[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|644,006
|59.35
|V. Vaseef
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|343,888
|31.69
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|300,118
|-
!7
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|69.78 {{Decrease}}
|[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|562,516
|54.81
|K. S. Hamza
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|326,756
|31.84
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|235,760
|-
!8
|[[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
|74.16 {{Decrease}}
|[[V. K. Sreekandan]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|421,169
|40.66
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|345,886
|33.39
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|75,283
|-
!9
|[[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur (SC)]]
|74.15 {{Decrease}}
|[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|403,447
|40.66
|[[Ramya Haridas]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|383,336
|38.63
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|20,111
|-
!10
|[[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
|73.63 {{Decrease}}
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| 412,338
| 37.80
|[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|337,652
|30.95
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|74,686
|-
!11
|[[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
|72.72 {{Decrease}}
|[[Benny Behanan]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|393,913
|41.44
|[[C. Raveendranath]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|330,417
|34.73
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|63,754
|-
!12
|[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|68.77 {{Decrease}}
|[[Hibi Eden]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|482,317
|52.97
|K. J. Shine
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|231,932
|25.47
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|250,385
|-
!13
|[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
|67.24 {{Decrease}}
|[[Dean Kuriakose]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|432,372
|51.43
|[[Joice George]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|298,645
|35.53
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|133,727
|-
!14
|[[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
|66.70 {{Decrease}}
|[[Francis George (politician)|K. Francis George]]
|{{party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|364,631
|43.60
|[[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|277,365
|33.17
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|87,266
|-
!15
|[[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|75.99 {{Decrease}}
|[[K. C. Venugopal]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|404,560
|38.21
|[[A. M. Ariff]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|341,047
|32.21
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|63,513
|-
!16
|[[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara (SC)]]
|67.07 {{Decrease}}
|[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|369,516
|41.29
|C. A. Arun Kumar
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|358,648
|40.07
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|10,868
|-
!17
|[[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
|64.27 {{Decrease}}
|[[Anto Antony]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|367,623
|39.98
|[[Thomas Isaac]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|301,504
|32.79
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|66,119
|-
!18
|[[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
|69.00 {{Decrease}}
|[[N. K. Premachandran]]
|{{party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|443,628
|48.45
|[[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|293,326
|32.03
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|150,302
|-
!19
|[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
|70.44 {{Decrease}}
|[[Adoor Prakash]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|328,051
|33.29
|[[V. Joy]]
|{{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|327,367
|33.22
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|684
|-
!20
|[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|67.22 {{Decrease}}
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|353,679
|37.19
|[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|342,078
|35.52
|style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} ; color:white;"|16,077
|}

===Results by alliance===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF Votes
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |LDF Votes
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white;" |NDA Votes
|-
| 1
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 490,659
| 390,010
| 219,558
|-
| 2
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 518,524
| 409,542
| 119,876
|-
| 3
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 557,528
| 443,022
| 111,979
|-
| 4
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 647,445
| 283,023
| 141,045
|-
| 5
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 520,421
| 374,245
| 180,666
|-
| 6
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 644,006
| 343,888
| 85,361
|-
| 7
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 562,516
| 326,756
| 124,798
|-
| 8
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 421,169
| 345,886
| 251,778
|-
| 9
! style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur (SC)]]
| 383,336
| style="background:lightgreen;"|403,447
| 188,230
|-
| 10
! style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" | [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
| 328,124
| 337,652
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 412,338
|-
| 11
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 394,171
| 330,417
| 106,400
|-
| 12
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 482,317
| 231,932
| 144,500
|-
| 13
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 432,372
| 298,645
| 91,323
|-
| 14
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 364,631
| 277,365
| 165,046
|-
| 15
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 404,560
| 341,047
| 299,648
|-
| 16
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara (SC)]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 369,516
| 358,648
| 142,984
|-
| 17
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"|367,623
| 301,504
| 234,406
|-
| 18
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 443,628
| 293,326
| 163,210
|-
| 19
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 328,051
| 327,367
| 311,779
|-
| 20
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 358,155
| 247,648
| 342,078
|}

===Results by state assembly constituency===
[[File:2024 Kerala Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Lead Map.svg|2024 Kerala Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map|500px]]
{{bar box|Delayed bone age=7%|Hypertelorism=46%|Brachydactyly=44%|Triangular face=42%|Speech delay=39%|Frontal bossing=36%|Anomalous ear=30%|Café-au-lait spots=30%|Cryptorchidism=30%|Cardiac abnormalities=30%|titlebar=#DDD|left1=Alliance|right2=assembly segments.|width=400px|bars={{bar pixel|UDF|blue|111}}
{{bar pixel|LDF|red|18}}
{{bar pixel|NDA|orange|11}}|caption=Total assembly lead out of 140.}}{{bar box|Delayed bone age=7%|Hypertelorism=46%|Brachydactyly=44%|Triangular face=42%|Speech delay=39%|Frontal bossing=36%|Anomalous ear=30%|Café-au-lait spots=30%|Cryptorchidism=30%|Cardiac abnormalities=30%|titlebar=#DDD|left1=Alliance|right2=assembly segments|width=400px|bars={{bar pixel|UDF|blue|23}}
{{bar pixel|LDF|red|108}}
{{bar pixel|NDA|orange|9}}|caption=Second position in the assembly segments (out of 140).}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | No.
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Constituency
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | State assembly constituency
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |LDF
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white;" |NDA
! Lead
! Runner-up
! Margin
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Manjeshwar (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 74,437
| 30,156
| 57,179
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 17,258
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 73,407
| 26,162
| 47,032
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 26,375
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 72,448
| 60,489
| 31,245
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 11,959
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 4
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,171
| 67,121
| 29,301
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,050
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 5
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 75,643
| 65,195
| 17,085
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 10,448
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 6
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]
| 58,184
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 71,441
| 18,466
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 13,257
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 7
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]
| 64,347
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 65,405
| 17,688
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 1,058
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 8
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 84,331
| 75,544
| 16,706
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 8,787
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 9
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 81,144
| 46,358
| 13,562
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 34,786
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 10
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,919
| 47,701
| 19,832
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 22,218
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 11
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,824
| 43,794
| 16,975
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 26,030
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 12
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]]
| 69,178
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 71,794
| 16,711
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 2,616
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 13
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]
| 67,432
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 70,466
| 19,159
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 3,034
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 14
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 70,438
| 46,957
| 15,407
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,481
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 15
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]]
| 53,449
| style="background:lightgreen;" |62,079
| 18,869
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 8,630
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 16
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |72,134
| 61,242
| 20,710
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 10,892
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 17
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vatakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vatakara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |72,366
| 50,284
| 13,612
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 22,082
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 18
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kuttiadi (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiadi]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |91,782
| 68,147
| 11,586
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,635
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 19
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nadapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |95,767
| 71,890
| 12,451
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,877
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 20
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Quilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |82,099
| 58,036
| 20,699
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 24,063
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 21
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |84,125
| 65,040
| 12,485
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 19,085
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 22
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 79,026
| 40,305
| 25,503
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 38,721
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 23
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 84,439
| 40,458
| 35,709
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 43,981
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 24
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 88,786
| 39,129
| 24,431
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 49,657
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 25
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 83,219
| 36,663
| 13,374
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 46,556
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 26
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 95,194
| 37,451
| 9,723
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 57,743
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 27
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 99,325
| 42,962
| 17,520
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 56,363
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 28
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 112,310
| 43,626
| 13,608
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 68,684
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 29
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |84,834
| 67,200
| 22,714
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 17,634
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 30
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |69,632
| 59,141
| 29,609
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 10,491
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 31
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |55,197
| 40,266
| 32,481
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,931
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 32
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |55,671
| 34,608
| 25,943
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 21,063
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 33
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |76,654
| 57,093
| 25,943
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 19,561
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 34
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |88,054
| 64,752
| 32,860
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,302
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 35
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |84,772
| 46,128
| 12,830
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 38,644
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 36
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 95,025
| 50,038
| 14,150
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 44,987
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 37
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 92,346
| 50,026
| 12,823
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 42,320
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 38
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)|Perinthalmanna]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 85,319
| 58,520
| 10,486
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 26,799
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 39
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 92,383
| 51,350
| 10,604
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 41,033
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 40
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 104,787
| 50,706
| 7,983
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 54,041
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 41
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 90,142
| 33,745
| 7,414
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 56,397
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 42
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vallikunnu (State Assembly constituency)|Vallikunnu]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 80,307
| 47,125
| 21,069
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 33,182
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 43
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 92,980
| 38,833
| 11,393
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 54,147
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 44
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 83,556
| 41,587
| 14,861
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 41,969
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 45
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 99,468
| 49,138
| 12,592
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 50,330
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 46
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 93,070
| 47,143
| 14,406
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 45,927
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 47
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 66,681
| 48,665
| 24,204
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 18,016
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 48
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 63,995
| 48,579
| 20,115
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 15,416
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 49
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 59,820
| 50,617
| 26,162
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 9,203
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 50
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 75,240
| 48,104
| 22,208
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 27,136
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 51
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]]
| 52,366
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 56,117
| 36,409
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 3,781
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 52
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 57,063
| 54,855
| 42,091
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,208
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 53
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,851
| 46,193
| 34,606
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 6,658
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 54
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 78,478
| 46,374
| 22,715
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 32,104
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 55
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]
| 49,295
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 55,815
| 48,467
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 6,520
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 56
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,779
| 34,640
| 43,072
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 9,707
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 57
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]]
| 46,890
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,082
| 24,198
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 5,192
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 58
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 56,844
| 55,372
| 24,157
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 1,472
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 59
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 56,768
| 55,451
| 26,867
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 1,317
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 60
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]]
| 46,894
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 55,692
| 22,612
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 8,798
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 61
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]]
| 55,195
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 60,368
| 28,974
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 5,173
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 62
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]
| 54,722
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 58,549
| 29,378
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 3,827
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 63
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 61,918
| 61,304
| 30,255
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 614
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 64
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/news/lok-sabha-election-2024/udf-sweeps-assembly-constituencies-bjp-at-eleven | title=നിയമസഭ മണ്ഡലങ്ങള്‍ യുഡിഎഫ് തൂത്തുവാരി; ബിജെപി പതിനൊന്നിടത്ത്, എല്‍ഡിഎഫ് പത്തൊമ്പതില്‍ ഒതുങ്ങി, കണക്കുകള്‍ ഇങ്ങനെ }}</ref>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |57,925
| 50,519
| 45,049
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 7,406
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 65
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]
| 50,897
| 53,183
| style="background:lightgreen;" |61,196
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 8,013
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 66
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]]
| 47,639
| 48,633
| style="background:lightgreen;" |58,996
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 10,363
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 67
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]]
| 40,940
| 34,253
| style="background:lightgreen;" |55,057
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 14,117
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 68
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]]
| 38,195
| 52,909
| style="background:lightgreen;" |66,854
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 13,945
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 69
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]
| 46,499
| 45,022
| style="background:lightgreen;" |59,515
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 13,016
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 70
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]
| 42,719
| 49,943
| style="background:lightgreen;" |62,635
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 12,692
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 71
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]
| 47,598
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 58,286
| 19,077
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 10,688
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 72
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 56,502
| 50,786
| 14,185
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 5,716
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 73
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]]
| 51,725
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,091
| 23,836
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 366
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 74
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 55,873
| 41,923
| 15,180
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 13,950
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 75
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 57,791
| 40,924
| 9,869
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 16,867
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 76
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 68,204
| 44,283
| 15,414
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,921
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 77
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,523
| 39,089
| 8,145
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#80C4CF|'''OTH<ref>{{Cite news |title=FORM 20, FINAL RESULT SHEET |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ceokerala/pdf/GE-2024/LAC_WISE_RESULTS/084.pdf}}</ref>'''
| 13,434
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 78
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 76,227
| 37,780
| 21,144
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 38,447
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 79
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 68,989
| 42,594
| 23,737
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 26,395
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 80
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vypen (State Assembly constituency)|Vypen]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 63,996
| 34,128
| 15,145
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 29,868
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 81
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 68,365
| 28,079
| 15,072
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 40,286
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 82
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,661
| 37,696
| 27,951
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 31,965
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 83
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 57,962
| 20,893
| 18,320
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 37,069
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 84
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 73,789
| 28,889
| 22,204
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 44,900
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 85
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Muvattupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,981
| 42,361
| 13,248
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 27,620
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 86
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 63,391
| 42,910
| 11,497
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 20,481
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 87
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 54,160
| 41,723
| 9,205
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 12,437
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 88
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 53,085
| 46,325
| 14,316
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 6,760
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 89
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thodupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Thodupuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 69,900
| 36,280
| 16,413
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 33,620
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 90
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Idukki (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 58,348
| 42,753
| 14,680
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 15,595
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 91
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Peerumade (State Assembly constituency)|Peerumade]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 58,264
| 43,623
| 11,304
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,641
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 92
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 61,586
| 45,931
| 21,777
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 15,655
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 93
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,295
| 39,830
| 22,505
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 12,465
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 94
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 51,830
| 40,356
| 20,889
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 11,474
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 95
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]]
| 40,066
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 45,262
| 27,515
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 5,196
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 96
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 46,871
| 37,261
| 24,412
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 9,610
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 97
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 46,644
| 31,804
| 24,214
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,840
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 98
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 59,077
| 31,974
| 21,915
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 27,103
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 99
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1319161&u=local-news-alappuzha | title=വിജയം കൈവിടാതെ കെ.സി, പോരാട്ടത്തിളക്കത്തിൽ ശോഭ }}</ref>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 60,978
| 49,962
| 37,491
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 11,016
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 100
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 62,701
| 61,858
| 40,474
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 843
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 101
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 65,718
| 47,300
| 35,594
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 18,418
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 102
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 52,212
| 37,657
| 37,547
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,555
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 103
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 48,466
| 41,769
| 47,121
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 1,345
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 104
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 50,216
| 48,020
| 48,775
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 1,441
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 105
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" | 57,955
| 49,030
| 48,839
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 8,925
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 106
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 54,843
| 38,393
| 14,276
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 16,450
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 107
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 45,736
| 44,865
| 15,553
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 871
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 108
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| 49,317
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 55,483
| 24,584
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 6,166
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 109
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 49,031
| 47,393
| 25,424
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 1,638
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 110
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]]
| 59,155
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 60,502
| 22,473
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 1,347
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 111
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]
| 53,526
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 56,929
| 20,999
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 3,403
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 112
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 50,601
| 49,143
| 17,261
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 1,458
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 113
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kanjirappally (State Assembly constituency)|Kanjirappally]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 50,705
| 40,905
| 30,013
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 9,800
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 114
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Poonjar (State Assembly constituency)|Poonjar]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 51,932
| 39,322
| 27,053
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 12,610
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 115
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thiruvalla (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvalla]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 53,299
| 41,769
| 31,444
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 11,530
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 116
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Ranni (State Assembly constituency)|Ranni]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 46,594
| 36,997
| 30,758
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 9,597
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 117
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 59,626
| 44,939
| 38,545
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,717
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 118
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 47,488
| 44,909
| 34,619
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,579
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 119
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Adoor (State Assembly constituency)|Adoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 51,313
| 49,047
| 38,740
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,266
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 120
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 64,842
| 38,996
| 18,965
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 25,846
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 121
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 62,748
| 44,704
| 24,703
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 18,044
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 122
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 64,178
| 49,559
| 23,064
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 14,619
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 123
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 72,496
| 45,391
| 23,787
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 27,105
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 124
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 60,410
| 36,618
| 20,519
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,792
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 125
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 60,356
| 36,678
| 18,255
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 23,678
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 126
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chathannoor (State Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,486
| 36,915
| 31,643
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 15,571
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 127
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2024/06/05/adoor-prakash-clinches-victory-in-attinal-narrow-win-by-684-votes.html | title=ആറ്റിങ്ങലില്‍ അപരന്മാര്‍ നേടിയത് 2625 വോട്ട്; ഒടുവിൽ അടൂർ പ്രകാശ് ജയിച്ചത് 684 വോട്ടിനും! }}</ref>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Varkala (State Assembly constituency)|Varkala]]
| 39,806
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 45,930
| 40,816
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 5,114
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 128
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Attingal (State Assembly constituency)|Attingal]]
| 42,006
| 46,161
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 52,448
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 6,287
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 129
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Chirayinkeezhu (State Assembly constituency)|Chirayinkeezhu]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 47,695
| 44,874
| 42,929
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,821
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 130
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nedumangad (State Assembly constituency)|Nedumangad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 50,437
| 50,042
| 45,180
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 395
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 131
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vamanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Vamanapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 50,667
| 45,617
| 40,170
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 5,050
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 132
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 49,607
| 47,375
| 38,333
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 2,232
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 133
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kattakkada (State Assembly constituency)|Kattakkada]]
| 43,055
| 41,716
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 47,834
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 4,779
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 134
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/apps/news-template.php?wid=1319005&pid=CYB&nm=0 | title=തലസ്ഥാന മണ്ഡലത്തിൽ ആറിടത്തും നേർക്കുനേർ മത്സരിച്ചത് കോൺഗ്രസും ബിജെപിയും തമ്മിൽ, പോസ്റ്റൽ വോട്ടിലും സമാനസ്ഥിതി }}</ref>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
| 39,602
| 34,382
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 50,444
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 10,842
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 135
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
| 44,863
| 28,336
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 53,025
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 8,162
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 136
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 48,296
| 27,076
| 43,755
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 4,541
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 137
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
| 39,101
| 33,322
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 61,227
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| 22,126
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 138
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 59,026
| 46,654
| 45,957
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''
| 12,372
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 139
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 64,042
| 39,137
| 47,376
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 16,666
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 140
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Neyyattinkara (State Assembly constituency)|Neyyattinkara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| 58,749
| 35,526
| 36,136
| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''
| style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''
| 22,613
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Ladakh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:2024 in Kerala]]

Welcome Home (2020 film)

2026-05-01T15:03:00Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Adding Entry

{{Short description|2020 film by Pushkar Mahabal}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Welcome Home
| image = 2020 Welcome Home.jpg
| caption =
| director = Pushkar Mahabal
| producer = [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Swaroop Sampat|Swaroop Rawal]]
| writer = Ankita Narang
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Kashmira Irani]] [[Swarda Thigale]] [[Boloram Das]] Shashi Bhushan [[Tina Bhatia]]
| music = [[Meghdeep Bose]]
| cinematography = Saee Bhope
| editing = Pushkar Mahabal
| studio = [[Paresh Rawal|Playtime Creationn]] Monolith
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|11|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
{{Missing information|the film's plot|date=April 2026}}

'''Welcome Home''' is a 2020 [[India]]n [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[horror thriller]] film inspired by a real-life incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2020-11-07 |title='Welcome Home' review: A solid chamber drama and an affecting commentary on patriarchy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Nov/07/welcome-home-review-a-solid-chamber-drama-and-anaffecting-commentary-on-patriarchy-2220337.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Kashmira Irani]], [[Swarda Thigale]], [[Boloram Das]], Shashi Bhushan, and [[Tina Bhatia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Welcome Home' review: A solid chamber drama and an affecting commentary on patriarchy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/nov/07/welcome-home-review-a-solid-chamber-drama-and-anaffecting-commentary-on-patriarchy-2220337.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 November 2020 }}</ref> The film was written by Ankita Narang and directed by Pushkar Mahabal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2020-11-07 |title='Welcome Home' review: A solid chamber drama and an affecting commentary on patriarchy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Nov/07/welcome-home-review-a-solid-chamber-drama-and-anaffecting-commentary-on-patriarchy-2220337.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. The music was composed by [[Meghdeep Bose]], with cinematography by Saee Bhope, and editing by Pushkar Mahabal.<ref name=":0" /> Produced by actor [[Paresh Rawal]] and his wife, model and actor [[Swaroop Sampat|Swaroop Rawal]], Welcome Home premiered on [[SonyLIV]] in 2020.<ref name=":2" /> As of May 2024, the film is no longer available on SonyLIV for undisclosed reasons.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around two old women, Anuja and Neha, who are high school teachers and have been tasked with collecting population data for the census. On their way to collect the data, they arrive at a deserted house where a pregnant woman named Prerna welcomes them. When asked about the people who reside there, Prerna answers that there are four people in the house: Prerna, her grandmother, an old man, and Bhola (the cook). One of the women points towards her baby bump and asks her if it will be her firstborn. Prerna replies with a no and says that after being born, all the newborns cry for some time before hopelessly dying. Although skeptical, the two women leave.

== Cast ==

* [[Kashmira Irani]] as Anuja
* [[Swarda Thigale]] as Neha
* [[Boloram Das]] as Bhola
* Shashi Bhushan as Ghanshyam, Prerna's father
* [[Tina Bhatia]] as Prerna
* Akshita Arora as Amma
* Siddhesh Wanikar as Naru
* Hardish Anil Pandya as a Caputured man
* Romil K as Anuja's fiancé
* Swapnil Abhyankar as Amol Joshi
* Mahesh Raipurkar as Anuja's landlord
* Sarang S Abhyankar as Government officer

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances and writing. Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "In the SonyLIV film ''Welcome Home'', Boloram Das is far more effective and terrifying as a man who promises to perform horrible deeds and goes right ahead. ''Welcome Home'' has other strong performances too, especially by its female leads, who movingly bring out the film’s themes of imprisonment and liberation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Welcome Home' review: Two census takers ring the wrong doorbell |url=https://scroll.in/reel/977853/welcome-home-review-two-census-takers-ring-the-wrong-doorbell |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Scroll.in |date=6 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said "Welcome Home might seem like a gritty chamber drama, but it is also an affecting commentary on patriarchy."<ref name=":0" />

Devasheesh Pandey from [[CNN-News18|''News 18'']] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Welcome Home is not just another movie but carries gracefully a narrative that seeks transformation and liberation from victimhood, which as Anuja points out, does not rest upon gender, but can happen with anyone."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Welcome Home Movie Review: Payback Bites Back and Hard in This Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/welcome-home-movie-review-payback-bites-back-and-hard-in-this-thriller-3053465.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Welcome Home’ gives hope: hope that every time a leach elbows a naïve-looking girl, she will fight back. Hope that every time a wife, mother or daughter is assaulted or murdered, the women would fight back and seek justice."<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Welcome Home Review: Irani and Thigle showcase their acting prowess in this riveting crime thriller |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/welcome-home/ottmoviereview/79096145.cms |access-date=2023-01-25}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=13381376}}

[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Horror films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

Little India, Singapore

2026-04-30T21:33:59Z

Mohammad.Fahim: starting the article from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Little India
| settlement_type = Subzone of [[Rochor]] Planning Area
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{Lang|zh-hant|小印度}} ''Xiǎo Yìndù'' {{font|size=70%|([[Pinyin]])}} ''Sió Ìn-tō͘'' {{font|size=70%|([[Singapore Hokkien|Hokkien]] [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|POJ]])}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Malay language|Malay]]
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|ms|Little India}}
| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| translit_lang1_info3 = {{lang|ta|சிறிய இந்தியா}} ''Siṟiya intiyā'' {{font|size=70%|([[ISO 15919|Transliteration]])}}
| translit_lang1_info6 =
| image_skyline = Little India (4048444495).jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Shophouses in Little India
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Singapore
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Little India within Singapore
| coordinates = {{coord|1.3065|N|103.8518|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Singapore]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| official_name = Singapore
}}

'''Little India''' ({{langx|ta|லிட்டில் இந்தியா}}) is an [[ethnic enclave]] in [[Singapore]] located east of the [[Singapore River]], across from [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], and north of [[Kampong Glam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndianDiaspora.org |title=Little India of Singapore {{!}} Indian Diaspora |url=https://www.indiandiaspora.org/index.php/news/little-india-singapore |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=www.indiandiaspora.org |language=en}}</ref> Little India is commonly known as ''Tekka'' among the [[Indian Singaporean]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation Portal - |url=https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History.aspx?bldgid=LTIN# |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=www.ura.gov.sg}}</ref> The [[neighborhood|precinct]] is notable for its markets, including the [[Tekka Centre|Tekka Market]], and the festivals it hosts throughout the year, such as [[Diwali|Deepavali]] and [[Thaipusam]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Indian Heritage Centre: From Pioneers To Present-Day - Little Day Out |url=https://www.littledayout.com/indian-heritage-centre-celebrating-a-rich-past/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
Little India was initially a [[district]] used by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] for cattle trading, where [[Indian people|Indian]] migrant workers found jobs, specializing in cattle rearing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singapore |first=National Library Board |title=Little India |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=5daa9fec-5726-4b74-af78-fed5ee468bdb |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref> Its location along the [[Serangoon River]] provided good conditions for raising livestock, resulting in the growth of that industry.<ref name="KaehligKhong2008">{{cite book|author1=Carl-Bernd Kaehlig|author2=Swee Lin Khong|title=Sari, Sarong and Shorts: Singapore's Kampong Glam & Little India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D99uAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=SNP Editions|isbn=978-981-248-178-8|page=13}}</ref><ref name="SiddiqueShotam1982">{{cite book|author1=Sharon Siddique|author2=Nirmala Purushotam|title=Singapore's Little India, Past, Present, and Future|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwNwAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9971-902-31-5|pages=10, 58}}</ref> Eventually, the swamps were drained, and the European cattle farmers and traders moved out. Many of the cattle rearing migrant workers stayed, and the neighborhood became predominantly inhabited by South Asians, namely people of Indian descent. The [[Tamil Muslim|Tamil Muslims]], also known as Chulias, were among the earliest groups of Indian traders who arrived, engaging in commerce and various occupations, including infrastructure construction and serving in colonial positions.<ref name="auto1"/>

Little India was officially gazetted as a conservation area on 7 July 1989, with subsequent conservation of additional buildings along Desker Road, Syed Alwi Road, and Jalan Besar occurring over the following decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conservation Portal - |url=https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History?bldgid=LTIN |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.ura.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Heritage Centre - Discover Little India |url=https://www.indianheritage.gov.sg/en/about-us/discover-little-india |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.indianheritage.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sg101.gov.sg/social-national-identity/multicultural/|title=Building a Multicultural Singapore|website=www.sg101.gov.sg}}</ref>

=== 2013 Little India riot ===
{{Main|2013 Little India riot}}
On 8 December 2013, a fatal accident occurred at [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] 21:23 at the junction of Race Course Road and Hampshire Road. Sakthivel Kumarvelu, a 33-year-old Indian construction worker, was run over by a private bus, which was to transport migrant workers to their dormitories, and was killed.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |last=Torrijos |first=Elena |date=8 December 2013 |title=Deceased foreign worker in Little India riot tripped and fell after being ejected from bus: Police |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fire--rioting-taking-place-in-little-india--reports-152651999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715045557/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fire--rioting-taking-place-in-little-india--reports-152651999.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> While emergency vehicles arrived at the accident, the migrant workers started a riot over the accident. Twenty-five emergency vehicles were damaged in the riots, alongside five that were set on fire.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Torrijos |first=Elena |date=8 December 2013 |title=Deceased foreign worker in Little India riot tripped and fell after being ejected from bus: Police |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fire--rioting-taking-place-in-little-india--reports-152651999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715045557/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/fire--rioting-taking-place-in-little-india--reports-152651999.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> Video footage uploaded on the Internet shows rioters pushing police cars on their sides and setting an ambulance on fire.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Sophie |date=9 December 2013 |title=Dozens arrested in Singapore after foreign worker's death sparks riot |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/09/world/asia/singapore-little-india-riot/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172653/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/09/world/asia/singapore-little-india-riot/index.html |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="todayonline1">{{cite web |last1=Neo |first1=Chai Chin |last2=Chia |first2=Ashley |date=9 December 2013 |title=Little India riot: 200 injured, 27 arrested |url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/riot-breaks-out-little-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215432/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/riot-breaks-out-little-india |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Today}}</ref> 39 police, four civil defence and auxiliary officers were injured.<ref name=":1" />

There were an estimated 300 rioters<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news |last=Nghiem |first=Ashleigh |date=9 December 2013 |title=Singapore bus death triggers riot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25294918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208214911/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25294918 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="ft-8dec">{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Jeremy |date=8 December 2013 |title=Riot tarnishes Singapore's image as place of ethnic harmony |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9266db8a-602e-11e3-b360-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=9 December 2013 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> while the [[Singapore Police Force]] dispatched 300 riot police.<ref name="bbcnews" /> 27 arrests were made in relation to the riots<ref name="standardhk-a">{{cite news |date=9 December 2013 |title=Migrant labor activists suspect pent-up rage exploded in Singapore riot |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=44133&icid=1&d_str= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213124242/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=44133&icid=1&d_str= |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013 |newspaper=The Standard |location=Hong Kong}}</ref><ref name="ft-8dec" /> where 24 were migrant labourers from India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sim |first1=Walter |last2=Lim |first2=Joyce |last3=Cheong |first3=Kash |date=9 December 2013 |title=Little India Riot: 27 suspects from South Asia arrested in connection with the riot |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-27-suspects-from-south-asia-arrested-in-connection-with-the-riot-0 |access-date=28 April 2020 |newspaper=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref name="asiaone-27charged">{{cite web |date=9 December 2013 |title=Little India Riot: Singapore PR among 27 arrested: police |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-singapore-pr-among-27-arrested-police |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2013 |title=Singapore to charge 24 people for rioting – Australia Network News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-10/an-singapore-to-charge-24-people-for-rioting/5147754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210101138/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-10/an-singapore-to-charge-24-people-for-rioting/5147754 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2013 |newspaper=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Nine more labourers from [[Tamil Nadu]] were also arrested for their involvement in the riot with a total 33 workers who were eventually charged.<ref name="cna-11dec">{{cite news |last=See |first=Sharon |date=11 December 2013 |title=3 more charged with rioting at Little India |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/3-more-charged-with/918860.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214004849/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/3-more-charged-with/918860.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=12 December 2013 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref><ref name="sti-12dec">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |date=12 December 2013 |title=Little India Riot: Four more Indian nationals charged, remanded for further investigations |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/little-india-riot/story/little-india-riot-four-more-indian-nationals-charged-remanded- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215224307/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/little-india-riot/story/little-india-riot-four-more-indian-nationals-charged-remanded- |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref name="sti-14dec">{{cite news |date=14 December 2013 |title=Little India Riot: Two more Indian nationals charged in court |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/little-india-riot-two-more-indian-nationals-charged-court-20131214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217030858/http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/little-india-riot-two-more-indian-nationals-charged-court-20131214 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> In addition, 53 workers were deported for offences ranging from obstructing the police to failing to follow police orders to disperse,<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Little India Riot: Police hold press conference on repatriation of workers involved in riot |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-police-hold-press-conference-on-repatriation-of-workers-involved-in-ri-0 |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> while 200 workers received formal advisories to obey the law.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Pearl |date=22 December 2013 |title=Little India riot: 200 foreign workers receive police advisories |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-200-foreign-workers-receive-police-advisories |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref>

The riot eventually led to the implementation of a new law, the [[Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015|Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act]] in 2015 banning consumption of alcohol in all public places from 10:30 pm to 7 am. This also included banning the sales of alcohol products such as Rum and Raisin ice cream<ref>{{cite web |title=Apparently, Cheers doesn't sell Rum Rum Raisin ice cream at night due to alcohol curfew – Coconuts Singapore |url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/apparently-cheers-doesnt-sell-rum-rum-raisin-ice-cream-night-due-alcohol-curfew/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712124322/https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/apparently-cheers-doesnt-sell-rum-rum-raisin-ice-cream-night-due-alcohol-curfew/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |website=coconuts.co}}</ref> between the time periods,<ref>{{cite news |last=Han |first=Lim Yi |date=1 April 2015 |title=What you can or cannot do under the new alcohol law |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/what-you-can-or-cannot-do-under-the-new-alcohol-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221316/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/what-you-can-or-cannot-do-under-the-new-alcohol-law |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |newspaper=The Straits Times}}</ref> which was lifted in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Update on MHA's Review Of Exemption of Food Products Containing Alcohol |url=https://www.mha.gov.sg/newsroom/press-release/news/update-on-mha-review-of-exemption-of-food-products-containing-alcohol |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024065410/https://www.mha.gov.sg/newsroom/press-release/news/update-on-mha-review-of-exemption-of-food-products-containing-alcohol |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=MHA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |date=17 January 2019 |title=Food products with alcohol can be sold after 10.30pm as MHA lifts restrictions from Jan 18 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/mha-lifts-liquor-control-act-restrictions-on-food-products-containing-alcohol |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Deepavali, Little India, Singapore, Oct 06.JPG|thumb|Little India during [[Diwali|Deepavali]]]]

Under the Singapore government's policy of racial integration, Little India is deemed as a historical landmark. Many Indian businesses and [[cottage industries]] remain concentrated in Little India for the purpose of preserving cultural heritage. However, Little India is not the only zone in Singapore with a significant South Asian population, and Indian-dominant commercial zones can also be found in various [[Housing and Development Board]] estates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eng |first=Teo Siew |last2=Savage |first2=Victor R. |date=1985 |title=SINGAPORE LANDSCAPE: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF HOUSING CHANGE |url=https://www.academia.edu/118910277/Singapore_Landscape_A_Historical_Overview_of_Housing_Change |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=48 |doi=10.1111/J.1467-9493.1985.TB00160.X |issn=0129-7619}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy. |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=ccat.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

Little India is also home to [[Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations|Chinese Clan Associations]], places of worship for various religions, and a range of businesses, including those selling electrical supplies, hardware, second-hand goods, and traditional items such as spice grinders and groceries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Joan C. |date=June 2008 |title=Managing Urban Ethnic Heritage: Little India in Singapore |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13527250802155851 |journal=International Journal of Heritage Studies |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=332–346 |doi=10.1080/13527250802155851 |issn=1352-7258|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Amenities==
[[File:Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple, 2023 (02).jpg|thumb|[[Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple]], Little India]]
[[File:Leong San See Temple, 2012 0211.jpg|thumb|Leong San See Temple|290x290px]]

Along Serangoon Road are the [[Tekka Centre]], the [[Tekka Mall]], the Little India Arcade, Serangoon Plaza, and the [[Mustafa Centre]] (on a side road). [[Farrer Park Field|Farrer Park Fields]] is located in the district.

Little India is also home to several art houses. In 1985, the [[National Arts Council, Singapore|National Arts Council]] launched the Arts Housing Scheme, aimed at identifying and renovating old buildings for arts and cultural activities. A line of shophouses along Kerbau Road were designated for the project, and the area is currently known as the Little India Arts Belt. As of 2011, there are seven arts organizations in the Belt. Three are contemporary theatre companies, while the other organizations involve traditional arts such as Malay dance and Indian theatre.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=TC |first1=Chang |date=18 March 2014 |title='New uses need old buildings': Gentrification aesthetics and the arts in Singapore |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014527482 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=524–539 |doi=10.1177/0042098014527482 |s2cid=145702075 |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

=== Places of worship ===

==== Churches ====

* [[Foochow]] Methodist Church
* [[Kampong Kapor Methodist Church]] (completed in 1929)

==== Temples ====

* The [[Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple]], along Racecourse Road, was established by a [[Bhikkhu|Thai monk]], Venerable Vutthisasara, in 1927.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/en/places/places-landing/Places/historic-sites/sakya-muni-buddha-gaya-temple | title=Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple | access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
* Leong San See Temple was built in 1917 and is dedicated to [[Kuan Yin|Guanyin, Bodhisattva of Compassion]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/en/places/places-landing/Places/landmarks/little-india-heritage-trail-walk-of-faiths/leong-san-see-temple | title=Leong San See Temple | access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
* Far Kor Sun [[Monkey]] God Temple

==== Hindu temples ====

* [[Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple]]
* [[Sri Vadapathira Kaliamman Temple]]

==== Mosques ====

* [[Masjid Angullia|Angullia Mosque]]
* Jalan Mosque{{Clear}}

== Notable places ==

* [[House of Tan Teng Niah]]
* Sri Veerakaliamman Temple
* Indian Heritage Centre
* Srinivasa Perumal Temple
* Indian Heritage Centre
* Masjid Abdul Gaffoor
* Little India Arcade
* Tekka Centre
* Jothi Store And Flower Shop
* Mustafa Jewellery

==Transport==
[[File:Singapore little india 001 2002.jpg|thumb|Street in Little India]]
Serangoon Road is the main commercial thoroughfare in Little India. It intersects Rochor Canal Road and [[Bukit Timah]] Sungei Road.

The area is served by the [[MRT (Singapore)|MRT]] on the [[North East Line|North East line]] (at [[Little India MRT station|Little India]] and [[Farrer Park MRT station|Farrer Park]]) and [[Downtown Line|Downtown line]] (at [[Rochor MRT station|Rochor]] and [[Jalan Besar MRT station|Jalan Besar]]). [[Bus Services in Singapore|Bus services]] 23, 64, 65, 67, 131, 139, 147, and 857 pass through Little India via Serangoon Road.

{{Clear}}

==Gallery==
[[File:Little India, Singapore, panorama, Aug 06.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|Panoramic view of Little India. Taken from Farrer Park View Housing Estate.]]
[[File:Panoramic view of Serangoon Road, Little India, Singapore - 20080829.jpg|thumb|600px|centre|Panoramic view of Little India. Taken from Serangoon Road.]]

==See also==
* [[Collapse of Hotel New World]]
* [[City Square Mall]]
* [[Jalan Besar]]
* [[New World Amusement Park]]
* [[The Verge, Singapore]]
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Changi Airport|Changi Airport]]
* [[Lavender, Singapore|Lavender]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Little India, Singapore}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Singapore/Little India|Little India, Singapore}}

{{Places in Singapore}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Downtown Core]]
[[Category:Ethnic enclaves in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Little Indias|Singapore]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Singapore]]
[[Category:Places in Singapore]]
[[Category:Rochor]]
[[Category:Kallang]]

Yadukulakamboji

2026-04-29T15:06:43Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Yadukulakamboji
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Yadukulakamboji''' or '''Yadukulakambodi''' (yadukulakāmbhōji) is a [[rāga|raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) of the 28th ''[[melakarta]]'' scale ''[[Harikambhoji]]'', and is sometimes spelled as '''Yadukulakambhoji''' or '''Yadukulakambhodi'''. It is a ''janya'' scale, as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the ascending scale. It is a combination of the pentatonic scale ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'' and the ''[[sampurna raga]]'' scale ''Harikambhoji''.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:ShuddhaSaveri scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Shuddha Saveri'' scale]]
[[File:Harikambhoji scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Harikambhoji'' scale]]

''Yadukulakamboji'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''gandharam'' and ''nishadam'' in the ascending scale. It is an ''audava-sampurna'' rāgam (or ''owdava'' rāgam, meaning pentatonic ascending scale).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam'' and ''chathusruthi dhaivatam'' in ascending scale, with ''kaisiki nishadham'' and ''antara gandharam'' included in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]].

==Popular compositions==
There are many compositions set to ''Yadukula kamboji'' [[Raga]]. Here are some popular ''[[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' composed in this [[Raga]].

*''Kāmākṣhī Padayugamu Sthiramaninē (''[[Swarajati]]'')'' by [[Shyama Shastri]]
*''Sarojakshiro Na Sami([[Swarajati]])'' by Vadivelu of the [[Tanjore Quartet]]
*''Hecharikaga Rara He Ramachandra'', ''Adi Kadu Bhajana'', ''Adavaramella'', ''Daya Seyavayya'', ''Enthanuchu Saririnthunu'', ''Chelimini Jalajakshu'', ''Nee Dayache Rama'', ''Etavuna Nerchitivo,'' ''Pahi Ramachandra Raghava'', ''Aadavaarella Goodi'' and ''Sri Rama Jayarama'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Divakara Tanujam'', ''Abhayambikayai Ashvarudhayai'' and ''Tyagarajam Bhajare'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Ikshvaku Kula'' & ''Pahimam Sri Ramayante'' by [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]
*''Mohanamayi'', ''Sami Ninne(Pada[[varnam]])'', ''Nilappuri Kuzhalale(Padam)'' and ''Bhujaga Shayino'' by [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
*''Ninnu Sevincha'' by [[Subbaraya Sastri]]
*''Parthasarathini Sevimpani'' by [[Subbarama Dikshitar]]
*''Swami Mukhya Prana'' by [[Purandara Dasa]]
*''Paramakripa Sagari Pahi Parameshvari'' by [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
*''Kaalai Thookki Nindradum'' by [[Marimutthu Pillai]]
*''Anagha Shambho'' and ''Kama Nishudanam Bhavaye'' by [[R. Ramachandran Nair]]''(Thulaseevanam)''
*''Sharade Pahimam'' and ''Ninnu Basi([[Javali]])'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Padmanabham Bhajeham'' by Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
*''Kumaran Thal Panindhen'' and ''Gomathi Thaye'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Lalithe Mam Pahi Daya'' by Sri Chengalvaraya Sastri
*''Thondar Anju([[Tevaram]])'' by [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]]
*''Yarendru Raghavanai'' by [[Arunachala Kavi|Arunachalakavi]]
*''Hey Kamakshi'' by Aandavan Pichai
*''Kamalakshi'' Ata [[Tala_(music)|tala]] [[Varnam]] by [[Veena Kuppayyar]]
*''Ninne Nammithi'' [[Adi tala]] [[Varnam]] by Chitravina [[Ravikiran]]
*''Upamugana(Padam)'' by [[Sarangapani]]
*''Tamarasaksha/E Mataladina(Padam)'' by Muvalur Sabhapathy Ayya or [[Kshetrayya]](disputed)
*''[[Thillana]]'' by [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]]
*''Sundaran Sher(Themmangu)'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''[[Karuna Cheyvan Enthu]]'' by [[Irayimman Thampi]] in [[Malayalam]]

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Kaasikku Pogum Sanyasi...
|[[Chandhrodhayam]]
|rowspan="3"|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|Adangoppuraane
|[[Kaavalkaaran]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Kalyana Valayosai
|[[Urimaikural]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]],[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Vetri Vendumaa
|[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|Othaiyila
|[[Vanaja Girija]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Nalla Neram
|[[Uthama Raasa]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Kuluvalilae(Omana thingal portion only rest in Natabhairavi Ragam)
|[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kalyani Menon]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|Petta Rap(Female Portion only)
|[[Kaadhalan]]
|[[Suresh Peters]],[[Theni Kunjarammal]],[[Shahul Hameed]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''Shuddha Saveri'' has a symmetric pentatonic scale, with the notes same as the ascending scale of ''Yadukulakamboji''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}}: {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S}}
*''[[Kedaragaula]]'' is a rāgam which has the ''kaishiki nishadam'' in ascending scale in place of the ''chatushruti daivatam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'}}: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

K. R. Meera

2026-04-29T04:37:57Z

Mohammad.Fahim: added some details added tags...

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = K. R. Meera
| image = KR Meera KLF-2016.JPG
| caption = K.R. Meera at Kerala Literature Festival 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|02|19}}
| birth_place = [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam|Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]], [[journalist]], [[screenplay writer]], [[columnist]]
| nationality = Indian
| genre = [[Novel]], [[short story]]
| notableworks = ''Ave Maria'', ''[[Aarachaar]]''
| spouse = M. S. Dileep
| children = 1
| awards = [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Malayalam literary awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]] [[Vayalar Award]]
}}

'''K. R. Meera''' (born 19 February 1970) is an Indian author and journalist, who writes in [[Malayalam]]. She was born in [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam|Kollam district]] in [[Kerala]]. She worked as a [[journalist]] in ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' but later resigned to concentrate more on writing. She started writing fiction in 2001 and her first short story collection ''Ormayude Njarambu'' was published in 2002. Since then she has published five collections of short stories, two novellas, five novels and two children's books. She won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009 for her short-story, ''Ave Maria''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108084647/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/12/stories/2010051258991000.htm "Sahitya Academy awards announced"]</ref> Her novel ''[[Aarachaar]]'' (2012) published by DC Books received several awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] ([[2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2013]]), [[Odakkuzhal Award]] (2013), [[Vayalar Award]] (2014) and [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2015). It was also shortlisted for the 2016 [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]].

==Early and personal life==
Meera was born in [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam|Kollam district]] in [[Kerala]] as the daughter of Ramachandran Pillai and Amritakumari, both professors.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She read a variety of Malayalam books and started writing as early as seven or eight years old and wrote short stories and poems.<ref name=":1" /> Her mother's friend, {{ill|lt=M. D. Ratnamma|M. D. Ratnamma|ml|എം.ഡി. രത്നമ്മ|v=ib}} (എം.ഡി. രത്നമ്മ), a novelist, inspired her and gave an impression to her that a writer "is someone very special."<ref name=":1" /> She completed her pre-degree from [[Dewaswom Board College]], Sasthamcotta. She passed her master's degree in Communicative English from [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]], [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Meera lives in [[Kottayam]] with her husband M.S. Dileep, who is a journalist with ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Their only daughter Shruti was a residential student at the [[Rishi Valley School]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|author=Varuna Verma|date=18 January 2015|title='A writer is inherently a feminist, humanist, environmentalist and a socialist'|newspaper=Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150118/jsp/7days/story_8924.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150212193633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150118/jsp/7days/story_8924.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2015|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>

==Journalistic career==
In 1993, she joined as a journalist in [[Kottayam]]-based Malayalam daily ''[[Malayala Manorama]],'' and was the first female journalist to be hired at the newspaper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kuruvilla|first=Elizabeth|date=2017-03-03|title=Writing is my revenge: K.R. Meera|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/da0MI0UGvgjZ77gPEf4M6O/Writing-is-my-revenge-KR-Meera.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> In 2006, following publication of several stories, Meera gave up journalism to take up writing as a full-time occupation.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news |author=Nandini Nair |title=Telling Herstory |newspaper=Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/Telling-Herstory/article20852779.ece |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> She was the senior sub-editor of ''Malayala Manorama'' when she resigned. During her journalistic career, she published many special stories which won her numerous awards and recognitions. She won the PUCL Human Rights National Award for Journalism in 1998 for an investigative series on the plight of women labourers in Kerala. This series also won the [[Chowara Parameswaran]] Award instituted by [[Kerala Press Academy]]. A series on children won her the Deepalaya National Journalism Award for Child Rights in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Literary career==
Meera's first published work was a story submitted to Mathrubhumi, a magazine, in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Her first short story collection ''Ormayude Njarambu'' was published in 2002. This collection won the Gita Hiranyan Endowment Award instituted by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the Ankanam Literary Award. Her next book ''Mohamanja'' was published in 2004. It was translated into English by J. Devika as ''Yellow is the Colour of Longing'' (Penguin, 2011). The title story, which explores the absurdity of desire, was also published in ''Arshilata: Women's Fiction from India and Bangladesh'' (ed. Niaz Zaman). She won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2008 for the collection ''Ave Maria''. The title story of the book is a brutal glimpse into the debris of Kerala's Communist ideology, the fault lines left behind in families. A translation of this story was included in the book ''First Proof 5, The Penguin Book of New Writing from India'' (Penguin, 2010).<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/a-bunch-of-blooms/article900391.ece/ |title=A bunch of blooms |author= Shreekumar Varma |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> Her other collections include ''K. R. Meerayude Kathakal'', a collection of major 26 stories published so far, including ''Machakathe Thachan, Ormayude Njarambu, Mohamanja, Ave Maria, Karineela, Malakhayude Marukukal, Soorpanakha, Alif Laila'' and ''Ottapalam Kadakkuvolam''.

Her early novels include ''Aa Maratheyum Marannu Marannu Njan, Meera Saadhu, Nethronmeelanam'' and ''Yudasinte Suvishesham''. ''Meera Sadhu'' (DC Books, 2008) tells the story of an IIT graduate abandoned at a Krishna temple after going through some torrid times in her married life. Five of her short novels have been compiled into a single book titled ''Meerayude Novellakal'' (2014).

''[[Aarachaar]] (Hangwoman'' in English) widely regarded as her masterpiece, was originally serialised in ''[[Madhyamam Weekly]]'' and was published as a book by DC Books in 2012. Set in [[Bengal]], it tells the story of a family of executioners with a long lineage, beginning in the fourth century BC. The protagonist of the novel, Chetna, is a strong and tenacious woman who struggles to inherit this profession. According to noted literary critic [[M. Leelavathy]], ''Aarachaar'' is one of the best literary works produced in Malayalam and follows the legacy of [[O. V. Vijayan]]'s classic work ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]''.<ref name="dcbooks.com">[http://www.dcbooks.com/odakkuzhal-award-presented-to-k-r-meera.html "ആരാച്ചാര്‍ മലയാളത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും നല്ല നോവലുകളിലൊന്ന് : ഡോ. എം ലീലാവതി"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323151417/http://www.dcbooks.com/odakkuzhal-award-presented-to-k-r-meera.html|date=2014-03-23}}. DC Books. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.</ref> The novel received the [[2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> It was also awarded the prestigious [[Malayalam literary awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]] in 2013, [[Vayalar Award]] in 2014 and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2015. The novel has sold more than 38,000 copies (as of January 2015).<ref name=Telegraph/> The novel was translated into English by J. Devika under the title ''Hangwoman: Everyone Loves a Good Hanging'' ([[Hamish Hamilton]], 2014). ''Hangwoman'' was shortlisted for the prestigious [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/meeras-hangwoman-in-dsc-prize-shortlist/article7926261.ece|title=Meera's Hangwoman in DSC prize shortlist|date=28 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> Her latest novel ''Sooryane Aninja Oru Stree'' is being published in ''[[Vanitha]]'' magazine.<ref name=Manorama>{{cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/opinion-pieces/a-journey-through-the-soul.html |title=A journey through the soul |author=Shahla Kunjumohammad |newspaper=Malayala Manorama |date=20 January 2015 |access-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212211845/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/opinion-pieces/a-journey-through-the-soul.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref>

She has also been noted as a screenplay writer of four [[Serial film|serials]]. She was credited as the associate in writing for the film ''[[Ore Kadal]]'', a [[National Film Awards|National Award]] winner. She is also a well-known column-writer in [[Malayalam]].

==Influences==
Meera cites [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]], [[Kamala Surayya|Kamala Das]], [[T. Padmanabhan]], [[S. V. Venugopan Nair]], [[Anand (writer)|Anand]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[C. V. Sreeraman]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Sugathakumari]], [[Paul Zacharia]], and has "a long list" of Malayalam authors that influenced her works.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=K R Meera|url=http://www.platform-mag.com/literature/k-r-meera.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref> Amongst non-Indian writers, she cites [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Ayn Rand]], and particularly [[Gabriel García Márquez|Gabriel Garcia Marquez]] as a primary influences.<ref name=":1" />

== Themes ==
Her work explores themes relating to patriarchy, discrimination, and individuality, focusing on the inner lives of women and challenging traditional power dynamics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Geetha|date=2020-01-21|title=K R Meera: Writers don't have the option of being apolitical|url=http://qjk.9bc.myftpupload.com/2020/01/21/k-r-meera-writers-dont-have-the-option-of-being-apolitical/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=KochiPost|language=en-US|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613152154/https://qjk.9bc.myftpupload.com/2020/01/21/k-r-meera-writers-dont-have-the-option-of-being-apolitical/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Meera has described her work as engaging with her political environment, stating, "Every writer is a political writer. It is very difficult for any writer to shut down from what is happening in and around society. And as a writer, we reflect on what's happening in society through our writing. Writing's a mixture of conscious and unconscious creative thinking— intuition and craft—it feels very unnatural to analyse it in any other kind of systematic way.”<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and honours ==
* 2004: [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Sahitya Award]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* 2004: Gita Hiranyan Endowment Award by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] - ''Ormayude Njarampu''{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* 2009: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] - ''Ave Maria''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-01|title=Death Becomes Her: Malayalam writer KR Meera on plotting the history of Indian women through Hangwoman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/death-becomes-her-malayalam-writer-kr-meera-on-plotting-the-history-of-indian-women-through-hangwoman/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Odakkuzhal Award]] - ''[[Aarachaar]]''<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/odakuzhal-award-to-k-r-meeeras-aarachar.html "കെ ആര്‍ മീരയുടെ ആരാച്ചാറിന് ഓടക്കുഴല്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114234501/http://www.dcbooks.com/odakuzhal-award-to-k-r-meeeras-aarachar.html |date=2014-01-14 }}. DC books. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.</ref>
* [[2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2013]]: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] - ''Aarachaar''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |title=2013-ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2014: [[Vayalar Award]] - ''Aarachaar''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/k-r-meera-gets-vayalar-award-114101100489_1.html|title=K R Meera gets Vayalar award|date=11 October 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
* 2015: [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] - ''Aarachaar''<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/kr-meera-aarachaar-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-malayalam.html "KR Meera wins Kendra Sahitya Akademi award"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</ref>
* 2016: Shortlisted for the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] - ''Hangwoman'' (Translated by J. Devika)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dscprize.com/global/updates/dsc-prize-2016-announces-a-shortlist-of-6-novels.html |title=DSC Prize 2016 Finalists |work=[[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature|DSC Prize]] |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130044936/http://dscprize.com/global/updates/dsc-prize-2016-announces-a-shortlist-of-6-novels.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2018: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]] - ''Aarachaar''{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Bibliography ==

===Novels===

* ''Nethronmeelanam'' (The Unseeing Idol of Light)
* ''Meerasadhu'' (''The Poison of Love'')
* Yudasinte Suvishesham [The Gospel of Yudas]
* Malakayude Marukukal
* Karineela
* ''Aa Maratheyum Marannu Marannu Njan'' (''And Slowly Forgetting that Tree'')
* ''[[Aarachaar]]'' (2012) (''Hangwoman: Everyone Loves a Good Hanging'')
* ''Sooryane Aninja Oru Sthree'' (Jezebel)
*''Ghathakan'' (''The Assassin'')
* Khabar (Qabar)
* [[Kalachi (novel)|Kalachi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KALACHI |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/kalachi |website=dcbookstore.com/}}</ref>

===Collections of short stories===
* ''Sarpayajnam'' G(2001)
* ''Ormayude Njarambu'' (2002) (''The Vein of Memory'')
* ''Moha Manja'' (2004) (''Yellow is the Colour of Longing'')
* ''Ave Maria''
* ''K. R. Meerayude Kathakal''
* ''Guillotine''
* ''Meerayude Novellakal'' (2014)
* ''Penpanjatandram''[2016]
* ''Bhagavante Maranam''[2017]

=== Memoirs ===

* Mazhayil Parakkunna Pakshikal
* Ente Jeevitattile Chilar
* Kadhayezhuth

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=12752 "Yellow is the Colour of Longing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212231154/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=12752 |date=12 February 2015 }}. (''The Daily Star'')
* {{Cite web | title=Welcome to sasthamcotta.com..!! Database of Sasthamcotta {{!}} The complete tourist destination in Kollam District..!! | url=http://www.sasthamcotta.com/K%20R%20Meera.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906183453/http://www.sasthamcotta.com/K%20R%20Meera.html | archive-date=2010-09-06 | access-date=2025-07-04}}
* {{Cite web | title=Women's Writing | url=http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=127 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030003342/http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=127 | access-date=2025-07-04 | archive-date=2007-10-30}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meera, K. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Tarun Tahiliani

2026-04-23T13:40:42Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarun Tahiliani
| image = Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tahiliani in 2012
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = [[The Doon School]]
| alma_mater = [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]]
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]] Co-founder Ensemble Tahiliani Design Studio
| children = 2
| years_active = 1987- present
| employer =
| agent =
| known_for = [[Fashion design]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.taruntahiliani.com/}}
}}
'''Tarun Tahiliani''' is an Indian fashion designer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/A-tale-with-twists-turns-Tarun-Tahiliani/articleshow/1192698319.cms|title=A tale with twists, turns & Tarun Tahiliani|last=Singh|first=Sanghita |date=8 September 2001|work=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=14 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/LFW-finale-by-Tarun-Tahiliani/articleshow/4671785.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-30/shows/28210704_1_grand-finale-lfw-finale-tarun-tahiliani|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=LFW finale by Tarun Tahiliani|last=Times News Network|date=30 June 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/18/stories/2004031800040200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405122542/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/18/stories/2004031800040200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2004|title= Couture king |last= HINDLEY |first=AGNIESZKA |date=18 March 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=14 February 2010}}</ref> With his wife Sailaja 'Sal' Tahiliani, he co-founded the multi-designer boutique Ensemble in 1987, and Tahiliani Design studio in 1990. Based in Delhi, he is best known for his ability to infuse Indian craftsmanship and textile heritage with tailored silhouette.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/tarun-tahilianis-bridal-couture-exposition-comes-new-delhi|title=Tarun Tahiliani's Bridal Couture Exposition comes to New Delhi|last=Condenast India|date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref> His signature is to combine traditional aesthetics with modern design. Over the years, he also became known for his bridalwear.<ref>{{cite web | title = Tarun Tahiliani: India Bridal Fashion Week 2013 | url = http://www.vogue.in/content/tarun-tahiliani-5|publisher=Vogue India | date=2013|accessdate = 2014-05-29 }}</ref>

Of late, Tahiliani has taken on several projects in interior design. He has designed interiors for hotels (such as The Sofala, Goa),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesofala.com?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=102|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212352/http://www.thesofala.com/?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=102|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2014|title=About the Sol|accessdate=24 March 2012}}</ref> restaurants (the Aish at the Park, Hyderabad),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cntraveller.in/content/fashion%E2%80%99s-new-fa%C3%A7ade-park-hyderabad|title=Fashion's new façade at the Park Hyderabad|accessdate=25 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615205442/http://www.cntraveller.in/content/fashion%E2%80%99s-new-fa%C3%A7ade-park-hyderabad|archivedate=15 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> resorts and homes, and has even begun to event design for Indian weddings.

==Biography==
Tahiliani was born and brought up in Mumbai in extended [[Sindhi people|Sindhi family]]. His father Admiral [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani|R H Tahiliani]], was with the Indian Navy, thus his family including sister Tina Tahiliani were posted to various locations in India.<ref name=toi2002>{{cite web | title = The haute couturier | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/The-haute-couturier/articleshow/14889133.cms? |date=3 July 2002| accessdate = 2014-05-29 | work = [[The Times of India]] }}</ref> After studying initially at [[Campion School, Mumbai]],<ref name=toi2002/> then during his teenage, his father was posted to Delhi, then he went to study at [[The Doon School]], a boarding school in [[Dehradun]], passing out in 1980. After his schooling he joined St. Stephen's College in Delhi as an honours student. However, not finding it challenging enough, he left it after a year and then went on US, where he studied at [[Vassar College]], New York for one year,<ref name=toi2002/> and went on to obtain a degree in Business Management from the [[Wharton Business School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081117-designs-on-the-bride-738163-2008-11-06 Designs on the bride : Simply Chennai – India Today]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123041337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 November 2010 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Lord of the ramp | date=14 November 2010}}</ref>

His father, later served as the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] of the [[Indian Navy]] between 1984 and 1987 and as the [[Governor of Sikkim]] between 1990 and 1994. His mother Jaswanti Tahiliani was the first female engineer in Mumbai, who studied at [[Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute|VJTI]], Mumbai.<ref name=it-designs>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081117-designs-on-the-bride-738163-2008-11-06|title=Designs on the bride|publisher=India Today|date=2008-11-07|access-date=2011-10-18}}</ref> She died of cancer, while he was still studying at Doon School, a few years later his father remarried.

While studying in US, through a common friend, he met Sailaja (Sal), an economics student at the University of Pennsylvania, and his future wife. They married soon after his return to India. Sal, who was brought up in New York, had a short modelling career wherein she even modelled for Pierre Cardin, before heading Tahiliani retail operations. The couple have two sons.<ref name=toi2002/><ref>{{cite web | title = A fashionable life: Sailaja and Tarun Tahiliani: Wonder Woman | url = http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/a-fashionable-life-sailaja-and-tarun-tahiliani/1/92661.html |publisher= Wonder Woman, India Today|author=Priya Kumari Rana| accessdate = 2014-05-29 }}</ref>[[File:Tarun Tahiliani logo.svg|thumb|Logo of Tahiliani's eponymous brand]]
On returning to India, he first joined the family business in oil-field equipments.<ref name=it-designs/> Eventually, in 1987 he and Sailaja opened a multi-designer boutique, Ensemble, with help of designer [[Rohit Khosla]] in Mumbai. The stored featured works of five designers Abu Jani & [[Sandeep Khosla]], Rohit Khosla, Anuradha Mafatlal, American fashion designer Neil Bieff and label Anaya, by Anita Shivdasani and Sunita Kapoor, [[Anil Kapoor]]’s wife and their own label, Ahilian.<ref name=tele10/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Couple Who Took Fashion Off The Street |publisher= Business Standard
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-couple-who-took-fashion-off-the-street-197101801010_1.html
|date= 18 October 1997| accessdate = 2014-05-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/millenni/tarun.htm |title=Tarun Tahiliani |last=Mitter |first=Swapna |work=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000302184242/http://www.rediff.com/millenni/tarun.htm |archivedate=2 March 2000 }}</ref> By now, he had started sketching however he was still untrained a designer, thus in 1991, he went to [[Fashion Institute of Technology]] (FIT) in New York to study designing. After his return he shifted business to Delhi. When in 1995, British heiress [[Jemima Khan]] wore one of his outfit for her wedding to [[Imran Khan]], his work was first noticed.<ref name=toi2002/><ref name=tele10>{{cite web |author=Chitra Papnai| title = Lord of the ramp|publisher=The Telegraph | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101123041337/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101114/jsp/graphiti/story_13169495.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 23 November 2010|date=14 November 2010| accessdate = 2014-05-29}}</ref>

Ensemble has stores in Mumbai and Delhi, and Tahiliani runs the chain with his sister Tina Tahiliani Parikh, who joined the business in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | title =About us |publisher=ENSEMBLE | url = http://www.ensembleindia.com/ensemble/app/index.php/about/company | accessdate = 2014-05-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/tarun-tahilianis-collection-at-icw-2016-pays-homage-to-indian-courtesans-2929462/|title=Tarun Tahiliani's collection at ICW 2016 pays homage to Indian courtesans|date=2016-07-22|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>

Tarun also worked with [[Save the Children]] India to urge the government to increase the health budget to 3 per cent ahead of the budget announcement.<ref>[http://www.savethechildren.in/component/content/article/43-public-content/81-every-one.html Save the Children India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106082301/http://www.savethechildren.in/component/content/article/43-public-content/81-every-one.html |date=6 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Works==

* The Rubaiyat <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Anannya |date=14 March 2020 |title=fashion {{!}} As his label completes 25 years, Tarun Tahiliani throws open his atelier for a select few in celebration - Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/as-his-label-completes-25-years-tarun-tahiliani-throws-open-his-atelier-for-a-select-few-in-celebration/cid/1753778 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
* Kumbhback: has been inspired from the [[Maha Kumbh Mela]]. The work is done with a blend of colours which include saffron, Sunset tones, subtle rust, deep red, amber, blue, aubergine, pink and black.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/Tarun-Tahilianis-Kumbh-inspired-sadhu-drapes-at-WIFW/articleshow/18985644.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Tarun Tahiliani's Kumbh-inspired 'sadhu' drapes at WIFW - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/when-the-kumbh-kindles-creativity/article5157830.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=When the Kumbh kindles creativity… | date=23 September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.taruntahiliani.com/ Tarun Tahiliani's Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tahiliani, Tarun}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian interior designers]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan

2026-04-18T23:53:20Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pangatira
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Nrushingha Charan Sahu
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=798 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parjanga Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/parjanga-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916875.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of BJP candidates |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-bjp-candidates-19411017.htm |website=CNBC-TV18 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Bibhuti Bhusan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Paheli (2005 film)

2026-04-12T09:48:53Z

Mohammad.Fahim: New a details

{{Short description|2005 Indian film by Amol Palekar}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paheli
| image = Paheli 2005 poster.jpg
| native_name =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amol Palekar]]
| producer = [[Gauri Khan]]
| screenplay = Sandhya Gokhale
| story = [[Vijayadan Detha]] Sandhya Gokhale [[Amol Palekar]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Duvidha]]''|[[Vijayadan Detha]]}}
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Rani Mukerji]]
| narrator = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Ratna Pathak]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. M. Kreem]] '''Score:''' [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]] Steven H. Bernard
| studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]] (India) [[Eros International]] (Worldwide)
| released = {{Film date|2005|06|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = [[Indian rupee|₹]]140 [[million]]<ref name="WWGROSS" />
| gross = {{INR|320}} million<ref name="WWGROSS">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/paheli#.VdmwnG-6bIZ|title=Paheli|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905210357/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/paheli#.VdmwnG-6bIZ|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
'''''Paheli''''' ([[translation]]: ''Riddle'') is a [[List of Hindi films of 2005|2005]] [[Indian cinema|Indian]] [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Amol Palekar]] and produced by [[Gauri Khan]]. The film tells the story of a wife ([[Rani Mukerji]]) whose husband ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]) goes on a business trip and is visited by a [[ghost]], disguised as her husband, who is in love with her and takes her husband's place. The supporting cast includes [[Anupam Kher]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]. Based on the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] short story "Duvidha" by [[Vijayadan Detha]], it is a remake of the 1973 Hindi film ''[[Duvidha]]'' by [[Mani Kaul]].

''Paheli'' opened at the 9th [[Zimbabwe International Film Festival]] at the Libertie Cinema Complex in [[Harare]]. It was also screened at both the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and the [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=157915 |title= Now showing: Bollywood to Hollywood, Paheli makes the moves |access-date=12 November 2008 | last =Mehta | first = Sunanda |date=19 November 2005 |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514083504/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=157915 |archive-date=14 May 2010}}</ref> The [[working title]] of the movie was ''Ghost Ka Dost'' (translates to ''Friend of a Ghost''{{Hairspace}}). ''Paheli'' was India's official entry to the [[79th Academy Awards]].<ref name=rediff05>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm|title=Paheli is India's Oscar entry|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407134645/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm|url-status=live | first = Syed Firdaus | last = Ashraf}}</ref>

''Paheli'' was released on 24 June 2005, and proved to be a moderate commercial success at the box office, grossing ₹32 crore worldwide. It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its production design, cinematography, costumes, and special effects; however, its story and screenplay received criticism.

At the [[51st Filmfare Awards]], ''Paheli'' received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] ([[Gulzar]] for "Dheere Jalna") and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Sonu Nigam]] for "Dheere Jalna"). At the [[53rd National Film Awards]], the film won [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Dheere Jalna").

Detha's story, which had earlier been adapted into the 1973 film by Mani Kaul, and the 1997 Kannada film ''[[Nagamandala]]'' by [[T. S. Nagabharana]] (based on a play of the same name by [[Girish Karnad]], the 1997 film also reportedly inspired ''Paheli''), are [[Folklore|folkloric]] in origin.<ref name="ConstantinoManuel20162">{{cite book |last1=Martins |first1=Constantino |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_fZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=Seduction in Popular Culture, Psychology, and Philosophy |last2=Damásio |first2=Manuel |date=15 August 2016 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-5225-0526-6 |page=140 |quote=Detha's ostensibly simple folktale published in of the 1970s, with its multi-layered texture, has become a favorite for film makers: two veteran film directors - Mani Kaul (who made Duvidha in 1973) and T.S. Nagabharana (made Nagamandala in Kannada, in 1997) before Palekar-Gokhale remade it as Paheli in 2005. |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118174243/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_fZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though ''Paheli'' diverges from its source material and the earlier adaptations in giving the plot and its lead female character a more [[feminism|feminist]] agency.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN5oAWPacgIC |title=Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism |publisher=University of Kansas |year=2014 |page=66 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118174251/https://books.google.com/books?id=BN5oAWPacgIC |archive-date=18 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975942.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412090418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975942.cms |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is narrated by two [[Puppet|puppets]], [[Voiceover|voiced]] by [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Ratna Pathak Shah]].

A young, enthusiastic [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] village girl, Lachchi ([[Rani Mukerji]]), has an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] with Kishanlal ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]), the [[workaholic]] son of wealthy [[merchant]] Bhanwarlal ([[Anupam Kher]]), from a distant village. While travelling from her home to her in-laws' home, the party stops to rest at a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]'' (spiritual dwelling), which is rumoured to be the host to 128 [[Ghost|ghosts]]. At the ''dharamshala'', a ghost sees Lachchi and is taken by her beauty. The ghost follows Lachchi and she can sense a presence and gets really scared. Later, on their [[Consummation|marriage night]], Lachchi is shocked to learn that Kishanlal, who is a dutiful son, will honour his father's wish to begin a new, far-away business on a predetermined auspicious date, which happens to be the very next day. On the night, Kishanlal turns away from his wife to finish his [[bookkeeping]] and, in the early morning hours, sets off on a [[Business travel|business trip]] to [[Jamnagar]] that is to last five years. Lachchi is devastated, but Kishanlal's aunt, Gajrobai ([[Juhi Chawla]]), consoles her, empathising on the grounds that Gajrobai's husband, Sunderlal ([[Suniel Shetty]]), has also disappeared without informing the family.

The ghost sees Kishanlal leaving the village and assumes a human form to speak to Kishanlal at a [[watering hole]]. The ghost learns that Kishanlal is leaving on family business for the next five years. The next day, the ghost appears in Bhanwarlal's house, having taken Kishanlal's shape and [[Human voice|voice]] because of his own attachment to Lachchi. The ghost tells Bhanwarlal that during his voyage he met a [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] who took great care of him. The sage was happy with his treatment and granted him a boon for five [[Gold coin|gold coins]] every single morning for the rest of his life. Bhanwarlal forgets everything and accepts Kishanlal back into the house. Despite pretending to be Kishanlal in front of everyone else in the house, the ghost reveals his true identity to Lachchi at night. Lachchi is thus presented with a [[dilemma]] between the representation of all of her desires in the form of the ghost who has taken the form of her real husband. She takes this newfound, sensual, magical, social, and self-confident version of Kishanlal as hers.

As Kishanlal, the ghost befriends all of the real Kishanlal's family. However, his only blunder is in his treatment of Kishanlal's [[servant]], Bhoja ([[Rajpal Yadav]]), who is perplexed by the idea that Kishanlal has sent a [[Letter (message)|letter]] from his business trip only to receive it himself in his own house and is offended when the ghost (who appears as Kishanlal) does not offer him a glass of water. Bhoja returns to Jamnagar and confronts the real Kishanlal on how he is back and forth from Navalgarh before himself. Kishanlal believes Bhoja to be a [[Alcoholism|drunkard]] who never reached Navalgarh and has hence returned empty-handed without a letter or any supplies. Meanwhile, the ghost wants to make the two young [[Camel|camels]] of the house participate in a race. Bhanwarlal is against this, as he believes that Kishanlal's brother, Sunderlal, left home after being embarrassed for losing a similar race seven years ago. The ghost convinces Bhanwarlal that if he wins the race, Sunderlal might return home. At the race, the ghost uses his bag of magic tricks to confuse all the other camels and helps the house camels to win, reclaiming the lost family honour.

After two years, the real Kishanlal again sends a message home through Bhoja, but Bhoja's wife burns the letter this time as she has not forgotten the insult to Bhoja from two years ago. Lachchi and the ghost live blissfully together for four years, and Lachchi then falls [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] with the ghost's child. The real Kishanlal returns to find out if the rumours about his wife's pregnancy are true and is shocked to find the ghost in his (Kishanlal's) own form, while Lachchi goes into early [[Childbirth|labour pain]] at the same time. The family initially considers the real Kishanlal to be an imposter and disregards him, but he produces many witnesses and evidences of his authenticity. However, the society, specifically the [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] who lost the camel race, force Bhanwarlal to ascertain the truth as they are searching for an opportunity to avenge their dishonour at the camel race by slinging mud at Bhanwarlal's family. While Lachchi gives birth to a baby girl, Lunima, Sunderlal also returns home, and apologises to Gajrobai for his disappearance for so long, and reunites with his family.

Kishanlal's family is unable to determine which of the [[Doppelganger|doppelgangers]] is the real Kishanlal (the ghost refusing to confess) and decides to visit the ''[[raja]]'' so that he can arbitrate. On their way to the ''raja'', Kishanlal's family meets an old [[shepherd]], Gadariya ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), who helps them out by placing three tests in front of the real Kishanlal. He tells everyone that the one who can lift hot [[Coal|coals]] will prove himself as Bhanwarlal's real son, the one who can gather his [[sheep]] in time will prove himself as the real husband of Lachchi, and the one who can enter his [[water bottle]] will prove himself as the real lover of Lachchi. Kishanlal tries his best to perform the first two, which the ghost does not even bother to try. When Gadariya states "the real lover of Lachchi," the ghost performs the third, impossible feat and enters the water bottle, simply to prove his love for Lachchi. In this way, the real Kishanlal is discovered, and Gadariya quickly closes his bottle so that the ghost would be unable to exit it.

Following this revelation, the real Kishanlal throws away the bottle in the middle of the [[desert]], and everyone returns home. Lachchi is devastated over the loss of the ghost. In a [[Plot twist|twist ending]], it is revealed that the ghost had already escaped from the bottle and taken possession [[Spirit possession|of]] Kishanlal's [[Human body|body]] to live with Lachchi. While Lachchi tries to confess to her husband that the ghost had not betrayed her and she did cheat him with ghost, the ghost exposes his identity to Lachchi by reminding her of the name they were originally going to give their daughter. Thus, Lachchi begins living happily with both her real husband and her ghost lover in the same body. The two puppets end the story, remarking that this is a very old [[Folklore|folk tale]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] in a [[dual role]] as Kishanlal / Mufasaka
*[[Rani Mukerji]] as Lachchi
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Bhanwarlal: Kishanlal's father
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Gadariya: the shepherd ([[Cameo appearance|special appearance]])
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Male puppet (voice only)
*[[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Female puppet (voice only)
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Gajrobai: Kishanlal's sister-in-law
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Sunderlal: Kishanlal's estranged Uncle (special appearance)
*[[Neena Kulkarni]] as Kishanlal's mother
* Sharvari Jamenis as Rakma: Kishanlal's sister
*[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Kanwarlal: Kishanlal's uncle
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Bhoja: Kishanlal's servant
*[[Aditi Govitrikar]] as Kamli: Lachchi’s relative
*[[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Anusuya: Kishanlal's cousin (Child artist)
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Jeevraj
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] as Ghost
}}

== Production ==
In 2004, Palekar went to Shah Rukh Khan with a request for a hearing. After listening to the script, Khan asked Palekar if he could produce it as well as star in it. According to Khan, ''Paheli'' is a woman's liberation film that deals with the issues of marriage and asks whether a woman must stay with a man only due to marriage and not out of love.<ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/04sld8.htm Paheli (Slide show)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928064702/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/04sld8.htm |date=28 September 2021 }} [[Rediff.com]], May 2005.</ref>

[[Kajol]] was the original choice for the role for the role of Lachchi, but she refused the role as she did not like it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Shah Rukh Khan's biggest flop film was shot in 45 days, was rejected by Kajol, Aishwarya Rai, Tabu, Sushmita Sen, made for Rs 14 crores, it earned Rs..., lead actress was.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-biggest-flop-film-paheli-shot-45-days-rejected-by-kajol-aishwarya-rai-tabu-sushmita-sen-made-for-rs-14-crores-earned-rs-32-crore-lead-actress-rani-mukerji-was-3150144 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Swati Das |date=2025-05-04 |title=৪ নায়িকা প্রস্তাব ফিরিয়েছিলেন,শাহরুখের এই ফ্লপ ভুতুড়ে ছবির নাম কি আর নায়িকা কে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/shahrukh-khan-2005-flop-movie-guess-the-name-4-biggest-heroine-rejected-the-offer-31746358582460-2.html |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Sushmita Sen]] were also approached for the role, and all of them refused.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The film was shot entirely in [[Rajasthan]] ([[Jhunjhunu]] district) over a period of 45 days. A scene involving Bachchan and Khan in the desert was shot in [[Mumbai]] on a [[helipad]]. One of the scenes was filmed at the Hadi Rani Kund (often confused with [[Chand Baori]]) of [[Todaraisingh]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Paheli'' was submitted as [[List of India's official entries to the Oscars|India's official entry]] to the [[79th Academy Awards]].<ref name=rediff05/>

[[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 4/5 stars and said: "On the whole, ''Paheli'' is one of the finest films produced in recent times. A film like this proves yet again that we don't need to seek inspiration from outsiders [read Hollywood], when Indian literature is rich enough to provide us with captivating stories."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12489/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080925075122/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12489/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 25 September 2008 |title= Paheli: Movie Review |date=12 June 2005 |access-date=27 August 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]| last=Adarsh | first = Taran}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called it "A breathtaking dream!", and said: "First things first, this is the best-looking Indian film in a very long time, and ranks up there with the finest ever. Palekar has crafted a delectable fairytale that is incredibly well-shot. Ravi K. Chandran's cinematography is spellbinding as he casts us into the fabulous sandscapes of Rajasthan with fluid harmony. Each frame of the film is picture-perfect, marinated in intoxicating colour. Watching ''Paheli'' is quite an experience, and it's from the very opening shot of the film that its sheer, magical palette overwhelms us."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/24pah.htm |title= Paheli is a breathtaking dream |date= 12 June 2005 |access-date= 27 August 2011 |publisher= [[Rediff]] | last = Sen | first = Raja |archive-date= 18 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120418071953/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/24pah.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> It was featured in ''The Ten Best Indian Films of 2005'' list by ''[[Rediff.com]]'', ranked third.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/28yend9.htm|title=rediff.com: The Rediff Year End Special 2005|website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=27 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427002522/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/28yend9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Paheli'' saw 90% occupancy during its opening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/28box.htm|title=rediff.com Movies: Bollywood box-office report|website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112010521/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/28box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had a total net gross of {{INRConvert|187.5|m}} in India and an additional US$3.63 million in the overseas market. It was declared an "average" in India, but a "hit" abroad.<ref name="gross">{{cite web |url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |title= Box office 2005 |publisher= Boxofficeindia.com |access-date= 27 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085904/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |archive-date= 8 July 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title= Top Lifetime Grossers OVERSEAS (US $) |website= Box Office India |access-date= 10 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date= 6 October 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> It proved to be a safe and profitable venture for its distributors.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Paheli/ |title= 'Paheli' |publisher= Planet Bollywood |access-date= 8 August 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617000113/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Paheli/ |archive-date= 17 June 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paheli
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Paheli
| artist = [[M. M. Kreem]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|05|06}}
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=44|s=53}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Jagapati]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
The film's soundtrack is composed and produced by [[M. M. Kreem]] with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. The soundtrack for the film released on 6 May 2005. The song "Dheere Jalna" is based on "Nadira Dhinna" from ''[[Okariki Okaru]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_fZDAAAQBAJ&q=okariki+okaru&pg=PA162 | title=Seduction in Popular Culture, Psychology, and Philosophy | isbn=9781522505266 | last1=Martins | first1=Constantino | last2=Damásio | first2=Manuel | date=15 August 2016 | publisher=IGI Global | access-date=11 July 2022 | archive-date=4 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104093436/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_fZDAAAQBAJ&q=okariki+okaru&pg=PA162 | url-status=live }}</ref>
;Track listing
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dheere Jalna
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 06:08
| title2 = Kangna Re
| extra2 = Shreya Ghoshal, [[Madhushree]], [[Bela Shende]], [[Kalapini Komkali]], Sonu Nigam
| length2 = 05:55
| title3 = Khaali Hai
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Bela Shende
| length3 = 05:58
| title4 = Laaga Re Jal Laaga
| extra4 = M. M. Keeravani, Sonu Nigam, [[Shruti Sadolikar]]
| length4 = 05:51
| title5 = Minnat Kare
| extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal, Madhushree, Bela Shende
| length5 = 07:25
| title6 = Phir Raat Kati
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|| length6 = 03:45
| title7 = Phir Raat Kati
| note7 = Remix
| extra7 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Sukhwinder Singh
| length7 = 03:45
| title8 = Dheere Jalna
| note8 = Instrumental
| extra8 =
| length8 = 06:06
}}
* Music Label – [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]

== Awards ==
''Paheli'' received several awards and nominations at multiple award ceremonies.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Results
|-
||[[53rd National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|rowspan="1" {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[51st Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gulzar]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|-
|rowspan="9"|2006 [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Art Direction
|Muneesh Sappal
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|Best Film Processing
|R. Mittal
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
|rowspan="7" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography Award|Best Choreography]]
|[[Farah Khan]] for "Kangna Re"
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Shalini Sarna
|-
|Best Publicity Design
|R. D. Parinja
|-
|Best Audiography
|Anuj Mathur
|-
|rowspan="7"|2006 [[Star Screen Awards]]
|Best Art Direction
|Muneesh Sappal
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gulzar]] for "Dheere Jalna"
|-
|Best Choreographer
|[[Farah Khan]] for "Kangna Re"
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0451850|Paheli}}

{{Amol Palekar}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:2000s ghost films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about camels]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about infidelity]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amol Palekar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajput kingdoms]]
[[Category:Films set in deserts]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mandawa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Puppet films]]
[[Category:Puppetry in India]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language films]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]
[[Category:Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision films]]

J.J. Madan

2026-04-12T06:49:13Z

Mohammad.Fahim: added new info v1

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
'''J.J. Madan''' was a theater business owner and film director in India. He was the third son of Indian film magnate [[Jamshedji Framji Madan]] who started [[Madan Theatres]] Ltd. in 1919. After his father died in 1923, J. J. Madan took over the management of Madan Theatres.<ref name="Willemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245|accessdate=12 July 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=139|chapter=Madan, Jamshedji Framji}}</ref>

[[Indian-American]] actor [[Erick Avari]] is a great-great-grandson of J. F. Madan (and great-grandson of J. J. Madan).<ref>{{imdb name|0042805|Erick Avari}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* The 1922 silent film version of the [[Savitri and Satyavan]] story, an Italian co-production directed by Giorgio Mannini and J. J. Madan produced by Madan Theatres Ltd and Cines.
* ''Laila organizations'' (1927 silent film) depicting ''[[Laila Majnu]]''
* ''[[Shirin Farhad (1931 film)|Shirin Farhad]]'' (1931)
* ''[[Zalim Saudagar]]'' (1941)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan, J.J.}}
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]

Krishna Devi Shivshanker Patel

2026-04-10T05:05:28Z

Mohammad.Fahim: added some biography first draft...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Devi Shivshanker Patel
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[R. K. Singh Patel]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Krishna Devi Shivshanker Patel''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2448.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/banda/candidateshow/krishna-devi-shivshanker-patel-804 |title=Krishna Devi Shivshanker Patel, Samajwadi Party Representative for Banda |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Achal Gaccha

2026-04-07T17:45:48Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Done - done

{{Short description|Monastic order of Śvetāmbara Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Achal Gaccha''', also known as the ''Vidhipakṣa'' or ''Anchal Gaccha'' ({{langx|hi|अचलगच्छ or अंचलगच्छ}}) is one of the four existing [[Gaccha|Gacchas]] and one of the 84 ''gacchas'' of the [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Murtipujaka]] sect of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Parshwa |title=Anchalgacchana Jyotirdharo |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034741/7}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Schubring |first=Walther |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYXKD2IAu00C&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA70 |title=The Doctrine of the Jainas: Described After the Old Sources |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0933-8 |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by [[Aryarakshitsuri|Acharya Aryarakshitsuri]] in 1079 CE in response to the laxity that had crept into monasticism. Except for some minors differences, the rules and rituals of Achal Gaccha are similar to all the other existing ''gacchas'' of the Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka sect.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Parshwa |title=Anchalgacchana Jyotirdharo |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034741/6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC&dq=%22aryaraksita%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA39 |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Library of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKdxVIPT5z0C&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA4497 |title=Library of Congress Subject Headings |date=1990 |publisher=Library of Congress |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, Acharya Kalāprabhasāgarsuri is the ''gacchadhipati'' of Achal Gaccha who was declared as Gunodayasāgarsuri's successor after his demise in 2020. Acharya Kalāprabhasāgarsuri was formally crowned ''gacchadhipati'' of Achal Gaccha in 2022 in [[Mulund]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya-Kalyan-Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/6}}</ref>

== History and origin ==
Akin to the remaining three, Achal Gaccha traces its roots to the then ''Vada Gachha'' which was the unbroken lineage of monks, starting with one of [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] 11 [[Ganadhara|Ganadharas]], [[Sudharmaswami]]. Initially, the name of Achal Gaccha was ''Vidhipaksh Gaccha'' ({{Translation|a group of monks who follow the canon in its pure form}}).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ravishankar |title=Anchalgacchiya Acharya Merutung evam Unka Jain Meghdoot Kavya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/210023/2}}</ref>

Achal Gaccha was founded by [[Aryarakshitsuri]] in the 11th century CE. Aryarakshitsuri, upset with the wrong practices prevalent in monkhood during that time, decided to reform the [[Sangha (Jainism)|''sangha'']] and eradicate malpractices and laxity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/236}}</ref> He, therefore, started investing efforts towards the goal, but when it seemed impossible to perform reforms successfully, he decided to perform ''[[sallekhana]]'' atop [[Pavagadh Hill]]. Legends say that Aryarakshitsuri was praised by [[Simandhar|Simandhara]] in [[Jain cosmology|''Mahavideha Kshetra'']]. Upon hearing this, demigoddess [[Chakreshvari]] visited Aryarakshitsuri and requested him to give up his vow of ''sallekhana''. On the next day, a lay follower named Yashodhan came to pilgrimage to [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Pavagadh]], where he offered alms to Aryarakshitsuri. Pleased with the monk's lifestyle and wisdom, he became his first lay disciple. Aryarakshitsuri reformed the ''sangha'' and enlisted the rules and rituals of the newly formed ''gaccha''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qvarnström |first=Olle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_EdL2FtIqQC&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA73 |title=Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini |date=2003 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-89581-956-7 |language=en}}</ref> The group of monks who followed Aryarakshitsuri's rules then came to be known as the ''Vidhipakṣa Gaccha''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/235}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/238}}</ref>

After the reforms, several [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharyas]] of other [[Gaccha|gacchas]] such as ''Shankheshwar Gaccha'', ''Nanak Gaccha'', ''Vallabhi Gaccha'', ''Nadol Gaccha'', and ''Bhinmal Gaccha'' accepted the practices of Aryarakshitsuri and merged their order into the ''Vidhi Pakṣa Gaccha''. ''Jhalori Gaccha'', ''Jhadapalliya Gaccha'', ''Aagam Gaccha'', ''Poornima Gaccha'', and ''Sadhupoornima Gaccha'' partially accepted the practices of the ''Vidhi Pakṣa Gaccha''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSIYsYJTQe0C&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA67 |title=Publications de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |date=1908 |publisher=L'Ecole |language=fr}}</ref> There were a total of 3,517 ascetics in Aryarakshitsuri's order after his reforms. Out of these, 2,202 were monks, and 1,302 were nuns.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aryarakshit%22+-wikipedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Flügel |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22aryaraksita%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA369 |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |date=2006-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legends ==
Several legends are associated with Achal Gaccha. Some of these are listed below: -

* A legend says that demigoddess [[Mahakali]] was pleased with the austerities and wisdom of [[Aryarakshitsuri]], so she became his devotee and promised him that she would protect his order and [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''srāvakas'']] of the [[Sangha (Jainism)|''sangha'']]. Since then, she is known as the ''adhishthayikā'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of Achal Gaccha. She holds the same status that [[Maṇibhadra]] holds for [[Tapa Gaccha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/239}}</ref>
* Another legend that explains how ''Vidhipakṣa Gaccha'' came to be known as 'Achal Gaccha'. Once, [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Sidhharāj Jaysingh]], the then king of [[Gujarat]], was performing [[Putrakameshti|Putra-Kāmeshti Yagya]], a [[Homa (ritual)|Homa]] to be blessed with a male child. A cow died due to a snake bite at the place where the homa was going on. To successfully complete the homa, it was important for the cow to come out alive. Ministers suggested seeking help from [[Aryarakshitsuri]]. The king agreed and requested his help. Aryarakshitsuri, upon seeing this as an opportunity to promote [[Jainism]] by helping the king, agreed to it. He entered the cow's body with his magical powers and made the cow walk out of the place. Pleased, the king then named Aryarakshitsuri's order as 'Achal Gaccha' ({{Translation|the one who stayed firm on his words}}).<ref name=":2" />
* Once, [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|King Kumarpala's]] minister, Kapardi, who was a lay disciple of [[Aryarakshitsuri|Acharya Aryarakshitsuri]], visited the palace where Kumarpala and [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemachandrasuri]] were engaged in a discussion. The minister performed [[Śvetāmbara#Religious practices|''guru-vandan'']] to Hemachandrasuri, during which, he kept the tip of his shoulder-cloth in front of his mouth instead of a ''[[muhapatti]]''. Surprised with the minister's act, the king asked Hemachandrasuri about the method and its authenticity as per scriptures. Hemachandra confirmed the authenticity of the method in accordance with the scriptures. Hence, the king named ''Vidhipakṣa Gaccha'' as Anchal Gaccha ({{Translation|''anchal'': the tip of the shoulder-cloth}}). The king went to Aryarakshitsuri and bowed down to him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flügel |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA478 |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |date=2006-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* Numerous legends such as that of king Mahipal of [[Nagarparkar Jain Temples|Parkar]] are associated with Achal Gaccha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m-J50FHmGcC&dq=%22arya+rakshit+suri%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA484 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=Panchshil Publications |isbn=978-81-923730-2-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

=== Monks ===
* Jaysinhsuri
* Dharmaghoshsuri
* Mahendrasinhsuri, the author of ''Shatpadi Bhashantar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahendrasinhsuri |first=Acharya |title=Shatpadi Bhashantar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/022231/1}}</ref>
* [[Merutunga|Merutungasuri]], the author of [[Prabandha-Chintamani]] and ''Jain Meghdoot Kavya.''<ref name=":0" />
* Dharmamurtisuri
* [[Kalyansagarsuri]], the author of several works of literature, including the Jaina version of the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Hiralal R. |title=Kalyansagarsuri krut Bhagavadgita Kinva Bhakti Sahityani Samiksha |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/230233/1}}</ref>
* Gautamsāgarsuri
* Gunsāgarsuri
* Gunodaysāgarsuri

=== Lay followers ===
In 1154 CE, Hameer, the king of Ratanpur, and his son Jesangde, along with their family, had accepted the [[Śvetāmbara|12 vows]] of [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]] from Aryarakshitsuri and had become lay followers of Achal Gaccha. Jesangde had two other names "Sakhatsangh" and "Malde". His descendants can be identified with surname "Malde" in the [[Oswal]] community. Apart from that, the ancestors of Sahashguna-Gandhi and [[Vadera|Vadera clan]] were also lay followers of Achal Gaccha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodha |first=Shri Chanchal Mal Sa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22arya+rakshit+suri%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA597 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=iprakashan |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]
* [[Kharatara Gaccha]]
* [[Vimalsuri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Śvetāmbara sects]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]

Cuddalore

2026-03-29T00:53:46Z

Mohammad.Fahim: improve lead

{{About||its namesake district|Cuddalore district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement|
| name = Cuddalore
| other_name =
| nickname = Sugar Bowl of Tamil Nadu
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Early morning in cuddalore, india.jpg
| image_alt = A pyramidal temple tower with sky in the background
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India##Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.75|N|79.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tondai Nadu]]

| established_date =
| named_for = 
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Cuddalore City Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1
| population_total = 308,781
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Cuddalorean
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 607001-06 / 607401-02
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04142 / 0413(some areas)
| registration_plate = TN-31
| website = https://cuddalore.nic.in/
| official_name =
}}

'''Cuddalore''', also spelt as '''Kadalur'''{{refn|group=note|''Cuddalore'' is the [[British English]] spelling, and ''Kaḍalūr'' is the [[ISO 15919|romanized]] spelling from [[Tamil script]].}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=Cuddalore.ogg|k|ʌ|d|ə|ˈ|l|ɔər}}), is a heavy industries hub, port city, and headquarters of the [[Cuddalore District]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Situated south of [[Chennai]], Cuddalore was an important port city during the [[British Raj]].

While the early history of Cuddalore remains unclear, the city first rose to prominence during the [[Pallavas]]' and [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Cholas' reign]]. After the fall of the Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Madurai Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathas]], [[Tipu Sultan]], French and the [[British Empire]]. Cuddalore was also a theatre of conflict in [[Seven Years' War|the Seven Years' War]], witnessing the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]] in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties.

Apart from fishing and port-related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in [[SIPCOT]], an industrial estate set up by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. The city is administered by municipal corporation covering 101.6 km2 . It had a population of 308,781 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency]], which is a part of the [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. There are 25 schools, two science colleges and two engineering colleges in the city. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 42 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs. Roadways are the primary means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is [[Chennai International Airport]], located 200 km (120 mi) away from the city, and another local airport is located in the district at [[Neyveli]] township is [[Neyveli Airport]]. The nearest seaport is Cuddalore Port where it handles small cargo ships, and the construction of port entry is underway. The closest major seaport is [[Karaikal port]], located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town. Cuddalore is famous for its educational institutions and medical establishments.

==Etymology==
Before the English took control, Cuddalore (anglicised) was called ''கூடலூர்'', ''Kūṭalūr'' meaning confluence in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 4 |date=1885 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |location=London |page=45 |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91347/page/n53/mode/2up}}</ref> It is situated on the backwater formed by the confluent estuaries of the rivers viz.,
[[Ponnaiyar River|Ponnaiyar]] (South Pennar river flowing through [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Gadilam River|Kedilam]], [[Uppanar River|Uppanar]] and [[Paravanaru River|Paravanar]]. The Cuddalore district historically consisted of Chola Nadu and [[Nadu Naadu]]. The name ''Nadu Naadu'' meaning middle country may originate from its location between Chola Nadu and ''[[Tondaimandalam]]''; or between the Pallavas and the Cholas; or between central territories and the ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cuddalore.nic.in/about-district/|title = About District | Cuddalore District, Government of Tamilnadu | Sugar bowl of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:SiegeOfCuddalore1783 (cropped).jpg|200px|left|thumb|The [[siege of Cuddalore]] in 1783|alt=an art depicting a war between two horse troops]]
From ancient times the old town has been a seaport. For two centuries, Cuddalore was subject to several [[Imperialism|foreign powers]] including the [[Dutch Empire|Netherlands]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], [[French colonial empire|France]], and the [[British Empire|British]]. Until 1758 Cuddalore was the capital to the South Indian territories which were under British control. Britain ruled a more significant part of South India (entire Tamil Nadu, parts of present [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]) from this fort (St. David).

In the early 17th century, the Dutch obtained permission from the ruler of Cuddalore to build a fort there, but political pressure from their Portuguese rivals forced them to abandon it.

Later, the French and English came to Cuddalore for trade and business. The French established a settlement {{convert|16|km|mi|0}} up the coast at [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] in 1674, followed in 1690 by [[Fort St. David|Fort St. David's British colony]] at Cuddalore.

During the 18th century, various wars between the European powers spilt over to their colonial empires, and their allies, including those in the Indian subcontinent. During this period the French and British [[Battle of Cuddalore (disambiguation)|fought several times]] in the area.

In 1746, during [[First Carnatic War]], part of the [[War of the Austrian Succession|Austrian Succession War]], French forces [[Siege of Cuddalore (1746)|besieged the British]] at Fort St. David for several months before being driven off in 1747.

In 1758, during the [[Seven Years' War]], the French took the fort, and there was an inconclusive naval action, the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]], off the coast. The fort was later abandoned, in 1760, when the British attacked Pondicherry.

In 1782, during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], the French again took Cuddalore at the time of the [[American War of Independence]] and were [[Siege of Cuddalore|besieged there in 1783]] by the British. During the siege French and British naval forces again [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|clashed off the Cuddalore coast]]. The siege failed, but the fort was returned to the British in 1795. There were [[Pierre André de Suffren#Campaign against Sir Edward Hughes|five different naval actions off the coast]] during this period, all of which were indecisive.<ref>[[#Mohandoss|Jaques 2007]], p. 275</ref>

Some Cuddalore streets retain their British names, such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, [[Rope Street]] (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as [[Salangukara Village]]), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The [[Cuddalore Central Prison]], opened in 1865, is a historically significant landmark. [[Subramania Bharati]] and other political leaders served prison terms there.

[[Tsunami]] waves that followed the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] near [[Sumatra]] hit India's eastern coast on 26 December 2004 at 8:32 a.m. (IST), resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while [[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]] and the historically significant [[Cuddalore Port]] was devastated. [[Fort St. David]] survived without damage. On 30 December 2011, [[Cyclone Thane]] caused widespread damage to crops and buildings.

==Geography==
Cuddalore is located at  11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar River runs north of the town, while Gadilam River runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital [[Chennai]] and 18 km (11 mi) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the neighbouring union territory.<ref name="Airport information">{{cite web|title=Nearest airports|url=http://www.closestairportto.com/city/india/cuddalore/|publisher=closestairportto.com|access-date = 9 January 2016}}</ref> The city is nearly equidistant from the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Equator]].

== Geology ==
The Cuddalore Formation of the Cauvery Basin received siliciclastic detritus from inland areas of the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT). It represented continental–fluvial sedimentation in the eastern continental margin of South India during the Miocene. Indian Summer Monsoon was thought to be initiated in the early Miocene and intensified during the middle Miocene causing major climatic shifts in the Indian subcontinent. In the present work, detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies on the siliciclastic Cuddalore Formation have been carried out to understand the provenance and paleoclimatic conditions during the Miocene. The paleocurrent direction, textural immaturity and framework detrital modes of sandstones suggest rapid uplift of basement and sediment source from nearby Madras Block of SGT. Various diagnostic immobile trace element ratios such as Th/Sc, Co/Th, La/Sc, La/Co suggest a tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite–charnockite provenance, and somewhat more felsic composition of source area compared to the present upper continental crust (UCC).<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Absar | first1=Nurul | title=Mineralogy and geochemistry of siliciclastic Miocene Cuddalore Formation, Cauvery Basin, South India: Implications for provenance and paleoclimate | journal=Journal of Palaeogeography | date=2021 | volume=10 | issue=4 | pages=602–630 | doi=10.1016/j.jop.2021.11.006 | bibcode=2021JPalG..10..602A | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2021.11.006 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Climate===
Cuddalore experiences a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] (''As'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Cuddalore witnesses heavy rainfall during the North-East monsoon. The weather is pleasant from December to February in Cuddalore, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The average temperatures range from 37 °C (99 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the [[South-west monsoon|South-West monsoon]], sets in June and continues till September. [[Northeast monsoon|North-East monsoon]] sets in October and continues till January. The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon. The average rainfall is 1,400 mm (55 in), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.<ref name="about"/> The highest 24-hour rainfall recorded in Cuddalore was 570 mm on 18 May 1943.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174137/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Rain-related death toll rises to 51|date=28 November 2008}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Cuddalore (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 36.1
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 43.3
| Jun record high C = 42.8
| Jul record high C = 40.7
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 39.3
| Oct record high C = 38.9
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 35.0
| year record high C = 43.3
| Jan high C = 29.7
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 34.5
| May high C = 36.9
| Jun high C = 37.0
| Jul high C = 35.9
| Aug high C = 35.1
| Sep high C = 34.2
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 30.0
| Dec high C = 29.1
| year high C = 33.2
|Jan mean C = 25.2
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 28.1
|Apr mean C = 30.2
|May mean C = 31.4
|Jun mean C = 31.2
|Jul mean C = 30.4
|Aug mean C = 29.8
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 28.0
|Nov mean C = 26.5
|Dec mean C = 25.4
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 20.8
| Feb low C = 21.5
| Mar low C = 23.3
| Apr low C = 25.9
| May low C = 26.9
| Jun low C = 26.5
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.4
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 24.5
| Nov low C = 23.1
| Dec low C = 21.7
| year low C = 24.2
| Jan record low C = 13.3
| Feb record low C = 14.3
| Mar record low C = 16.1
| Apr record low C = 19.4
| May record low C = 20.3
| Jun record low C = 20.7
| Jul record low C = 18.9
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 19.2
| Oct record low C = 18.9
| Nov record low C = 16.7
| Dec record low C = 11.1
| year record low C = 11.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 26.2
| Feb rain mm = 13.6
| Mar rain mm = 15.1
| Apr rain mm = 19.8
| May rain mm = 49.8
| Jun rain mm = 53.9
| Jul rain mm = 62.6
| Aug rain mm = 118.2
| Sep rain mm = 112.7
| Oct rain mm = 272.3
| Nov rain mm = 389.5
| Dec rain mm = 236.1
| year rain mm = 1369.6
| Jan rain days = 1.3
| Feb rain days = 0.8
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 1.0
| May rain days = 2.1
| Jun rain days = 2.9
| Jul rain days = 4.0
| Aug rain days = 5.7
| Sep rain days = 5.8
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Nov rain days = 12.2
| Dec rain days = 6.4
| year rain days = 52.4
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 70
| Mar humidity = 71
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 64
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 80
| Dec humidity = 76
|year humidity = 72
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name="IMDnormals">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M194
| access-date = 7 March 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43329
| title = Normals Data: Cuddalore – India Latitude: 11.77°N Longitude: 79.77°E Height: 12 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|89.12}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|6.09}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|3.98}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.27}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.02}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.48}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.25}}}}

[[File:Cuddalore_City.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=A road in Cuddalore|Cuddalore City]]
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 13.22% and 0.3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 42,174 households. There were a total of 62,115 workers, comprising 561 cultivators, 1,856 main agricultural labourers, 1,464 in household industries, 48,337 other workers, 9,897 marginal workers, 139 marginal cultivators, 952 marginal agricultural labourers, 771 marginal workers in household industries and 8,035 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Cuddalore |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=690211 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115173204/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=690211 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 }}</ref>

As of 2007, a total of {{convert|1665|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (11.5%) of the land was used for residential, {{convert|122|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (0.8%) for commercial, {{convert|400|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (2.7%) for industrial, {{convert|195|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (1.4%) for public and semi public purposes and {{convert|120|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (0.8%) for educational purposes. Out of the undeveloped land area, {{convert|3089|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (21.3%) is under land and water, {{convert|7296.97|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (50.5%) of the area is used for agricultural purposes, {{convert|770|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (5.4%) is vacant land in quarries and hillocks and {{convert|810|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (5.6%) for transport and communication.<ref name="urbaninfra12">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 12</ref> As of 2008, there were 29 notified slums, with 59,075 comprising 37.23% of the total population residing in those.<ref>[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 14</ref>

As per the religious census of 2011, Cuddalore had 89.12% [[Hindus]], 6.09% [[Muslims]], 3.98% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.02% [[Buddhists]], 0.27% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.48% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Cuddalore}}
[[File:Cholan CUPJ PF1.jpg|210px|thumb|Cuddalore Port Junction]]
[[File:CUPJ Entrance Arch.jpg|210px|thumb|Entrance to the Cudalore Port]]
Cuddalore has Three major railway stations, namely, [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]] and Tiruppadirippuliyur [[Cuddalore Castle]], Varakalpattu [[Cuddalore Moffusil]] both on the Viluppuram–Mayiladuthurai–Tiruchirappalli Mainline Section. The Cuddalore Port Junction has a branch to [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station]] via [[Neyveli]], [[Vadalur]]. Cuddalore Port Junction has four platforms and one stabling line used more for handling freight trains. Tiruppadirippuliyur [[Cuddalore Castle]], the other important railway station of Cuddalore has two platforms and is located close to the Cuddalore bus stand. There are express and passenger trains on either side, connecting various cities with Tamil Nadu. There are daily express trains to many cities.

[[File:Cuddalore_City.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Cuddalore|A road in Cuddalore]]
There is 230 km (140 mi) of roads in the town, out of which the Highways department maintains 26 km (16 mi).<ref name="urbaninfra15">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 15</ref> The Cuddalore City maintains a total of {{convert|204.94|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|38.84|km|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete roads, {{convert|163.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|1.62|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Macadam|water-bound macadam]] (WBM) roads and {{convert|0.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040128/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The National Highways, NH-32 [[Viluppuram]]–[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]–Cuddalore–[[Chidambaram]]–[[Nagapattinam]]–[[Thoothukudi]] Highway passes through Cuddalore. Cuddalore is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are privately operated mini-bus services that cater to local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in [[Thirupathiripuliyur|Thirupapuliyur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore Bus stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042128/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

The nearest airport is in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], approximately {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Cuddalore, while the nearest international airport is [[Chennai International Airport]], located {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the town.<ref name="transport">{{cite web|title=How to reach|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/abt_How%20To%20Reach.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042150/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/abt_How%20To%20Reach.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> There is an airport finished its construction and waiting for the opening in [[Neyveli Airport|Neyveli]], which is nearly {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Cuddalore. Daily flights to [[Chennai]] is going to be operated by [[Air Odisha]].

The town is served by Cuddalore Port, a minor port. This port mainly handles cargo and is in close vicinity to [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]].

==Economy==
[[File:Indien Tamil Nadu Cuddalore Old Town Boats.jpg|210px|thumb|Fishing boats in Cuddalore]]
Being a coastal town, historically, Cuddalore's primary industry was [[fishing]]. Although Cuddalore was once a port town, the shipping trade has now moved to larger centres. Cuddalore also hosts the heavy chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The [[NTPC Limited|National Thermal Power Corporation]] (NTPC) and [[TNEB|Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB) planned to commence power plants around the town.<ref name="urbaninfra12"/>

The industrial development in Cuddalore's recent past has resulted in extreme pollution. [[SIPCOT]], the central industrial area in the town is a "global toxic hotspot."<ref>{{cite news|date= 10 September 2004| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092109840400.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114124725/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092109840400.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=14 November 2004|title= Villages in Cuddalore industrial estate "toxic hot spot"|access-date=28 October 2006 |work= [[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Local communities have voiced concern about industrialization and pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sipcotcuddalore.com/action.html |title=Take Action|work=SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> The SIPCOT chemical industry estate in Cuddalore was investigated in November 2002 by a team from the [[Indian People's Tribunal]] headed by [[J. Kanakaraj]]. The group reported "a noticeable stench of chemicals in the air". The report published in July 2003 noted that "Villages like Kudikadu, Thaikal, Eachangadu and Sonnanchavadi lie in a virtual 'gas chamber' surrounded on three sides by chemical factories and bounded on the fourth by the river".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-yT08XUlQC&pg=PA182 |pages=181–182
|title=Environment Trafficking |first=A.k. |last=Shrivastava |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131300305}}</ref> There are reports of illegal dumping of toxic waste.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sipcotcuddalore.com/updates_archives.html |title=Villagers Confront Chemplast on Illegal Trial Runs|work=SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> On 22 March 2008, a report for the "Tamil Nadu Pollution Board" prepared by the Nagpur-based "National Environmental Engineering Research Institute" found that residents of the SIPCOT area of Cuddalore were at least 2000 times more likely than their counterparts to contract cancer in their lifetimes due to exposure to high levels of toxic gases from chemical industries in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sipcotcuddalore.com/pr_220308.html |title=2000 times higher cancer risk for SIPCOT Cuddalore Residents: NEERI|work=SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors |date=24 March 2008 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref>

The Cuddalore Port operates at the confluence of the Gadilam River and the Paravanar River. The ships anchor in midstream at about {{convert|1|mi|km|order=flip|round=0.5}} from the shore, where cargo is loaded and discharged through lighters. There is a bar at the mouth of the combined river, which maintains a depth of {{convert|5-6|ft|m|order=flip}} at low water. During July to September, the depth over the bar is reduced to about {{convert|3-4|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Other ports under construction in Cuddalore are Thiruchopuram port, Silambimangalam port, Parangipettai port (Porto Nova) and PY-03 Oil Field (operational).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.tnmaritime.com/captive_ports.php?port=13
| title = List of Captive Ports in Tamilnadu
| access-date = 9 October 2008
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = TN MARITIME BOARD India }}</ref>

==Education==
There are a total of more than ten schools, including both matriculation and CBSE in Cuddalore.

'''Schools'''
* CSI St Davids Matriculation School in Cuddalore
* St. David's Higher Secondary School, Cuddalore Port (O.T)
* Sri Saraswathi Vidhyaalaya Matriculation School
* St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School - Cuddalore
* [[St. Mary's Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Cuddalore|St. Mary's]]
* [[A.R.L.M. Matriculation Higher Secondary School|ARLM]]
* Krishnasamy
* St. Anne's
* Crescent Primary and Nursery School
* CK
* Akshara Vidyaashram

'''Arts & Science Colleges'''

* Periyar Arts College<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Periyar Arts College, Cuddalore |url=https://pacc.in/ |publisher=Periyar Arts College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208042602/https://pacc.in/ |archive-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>
* Immaculate college for women
* St. Joseph Arts & Science College
* C. Kandasamy Naidu College for Women (KNC).

'''Engineering Colleges'''

* Krishnasamy Memorial Engineering College
* CK College of Engineering and Technology.

'''Polytechnic Colleges'''

* Krishnasamy Memorial Polytechnic
* Padaleeswarar Polytechnic

'''Industrial Training Institutes'''

There are six Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) in the town, two of which are operated by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/edu.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609202111/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/edu.htm|archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref>

==Utilities==

'''Electricity'''

Electricity supply to Cuddalore is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The town and its suburbs form the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |publisher=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

'''Water Supply'''

Water supply is provided to the town by the Cuddalore municipality from three sources: Pennaiyar River, borewells from Caper Hills and Thirvanthipuram. The water from the sources is stored in ten overhead tanks located in various parts of the town. During the period 2000–01, 6.065 million litres of water was supplied every day to households in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042132/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

'''Sewage & Drainage'''

About 103 tonnes of solid waste are collected from Cuddalore every day by door-to-door collection. Subsequently, the sanitary department of the Cuddalore municipality carries out the source segregation and dumping. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100 per cent as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040436/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> There is no underground drainage system in the town, and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore sewarage|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Sewerage.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042125/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Sewerage.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The municipality maintains stormwater drains for {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}}, covering 32% of municipal roads.<ref name="urbaninfra15" />

'''Hospitals'''

There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/ser_Hospitals.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224191020/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/ser_Hospitals.htm|archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref>

'''Lights'''

There are 4,517 street lamps in the town: 275 sodium lamps, 201 mercury vapour lamps and 4,041 tube lights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Street%20lights.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140105044419/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Street%20lights.htm|archive-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Markets ===
The municipality operates five markets, namely, Aringar Anna Daily Market at Manjakuppam, Banbari Daily Market at Thirupapuliyur, Bakthavachalam Daily Market at Cuddalore OT, Pudupalayam Daily Market at Pudupalayam and Devanampattinam Daily Market at Devanampattinam, that cater to the needs of the town and the surrounding rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Markets.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140105044404/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Markets.htm|archive-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipal Corporation Officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Mayor||Sundari<ref>{{cite web|title=Chairman of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Chairperson.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042144/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Chairperson.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Corporation Commissioner||Viswanathan <ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Commissioner.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042147/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Commissioner.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||G. Iyappan<ref name="MLA of Cuddalore Assembly Constituency">{{cite web|title=MLA of Cuddalore |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|}
The Cuddalore municipality was established in 1866 during British times as a revenue village. It was promoted to a selection-grade municipal municipality in 1991 and special grade in 2008.<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://cuddalore.tn.nic.in/cudmpl.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128195630/http://cuddalore.tn.nic.in/cudmpl.htm|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The municipality has 45 wards, and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.<ref name="councillor"/> The municipality's functions are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from the 45 wards.<ref name="councillor">{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Councilors.pdf|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042134/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/who_Councilors.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|url=http://www.epw.in/epw-archive.html|page=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|access-date = 29 December 2012|year=1995}}</ref>

Cuddalore comes under the [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore assembly]] constituency. It elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
|title=List of Assembly Constituencies
|year=2010
|access-date=28 December 2012
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm
|archive-date=14 June 2012
}}</ref> From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) five times during the 1980, 1989, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections, the [[Indian National Congress]] party two times during the 1984 and 1991 elections and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (ADMK) twice during the 1997 and 2011 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp63.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011}}</ref> The current MLA of the constituency is G.Iyappan from DMK.<ref name="MLA of Cuddalore Assembly Constituency" />

During the 2009 general elections, Cuddalore was a part of [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)]] with six assembly segments: [[Tittakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tittakudi (SC)]], [[Vridhachalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vridhachalam]], [[Neyveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Neyveli]], [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]], [[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]] and [[Kurinjipadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kurinjipadi]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
| title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|page=448
| access-date = 9 October 2008
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref> Before 2009, Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency composed of the following assembly segments: [[Ulundurpet (SC) (State Assembly Constituency)|Ulundurpet (SC)]], [[Nellikkuppam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nellikkuppam]], [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]], [[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]], [[Rishivandinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rishivandinam]] and [[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
| title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
| access-date = 9 October 2008
|page=3
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref> The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the [[Indian National Congress]] for eight terms during 1951–56,<ref name="1952electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1952 to the First Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=158|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> 1971–77,<ref name="1971electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=71}}</ref> 1977–80.<ref name="1977electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=80}}</ref> 1980–84, 1984–1989,<ref name="1984electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=73}}</ref> 1989–91,<ref name="1989electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=81}}</ref> 1991–96,<ref name="1991electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=51}}</ref> and 2009–present,<ref name="2009elections">{{cite book|title=Notification No. 308/2009/EPS|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/ECI_15th_Lok_Sabha.pdf|access-date=13 December 2011|page=36}}</ref> [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] for four times during 1962–1967,<ref name="1962electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=49}}</ref> 1967–71,<ref name="1967electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=67}}</ref> 1999–04,<ref name="1999electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=85}}</ref> and 2004–09,<ref name="2004electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=94}}</ref> [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] twice during 1998–99 and 2014,<ref name="1998electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011|page=85}}</ref> [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] once during 1996–2001 and an independent during 1957–62,<ref name="1957electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|page=17|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is T. R. V. S. Ramesh from the DMK.<ref name="Rit">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |access-date=26 May 2014 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

The town's law and order is maintained by the Cuddalore sub division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a deputy superintendent (DSP).<ref name="district police"/> There are four police stations in the town located in NT, Thirupapuliyur, Cuddalore OT and Cuddalore Port.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/ser_Police%20stations.htm|publisher=Cuddalore Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042141/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/ser_Police%20stations.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> There are select units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a select branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).<ref name="district police">{{cite web|title=Cuddalore district police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29601|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|year=2011|access-date=26 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140105042050/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29601|archive-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

On 24 August 2021, the state government announced the upgrading of the Cuddalore Greater Municipality to "Cuddalore City Municipal Corporation" with same authority area of 27.69 sq km2.<ref name="TOI_MunicipToCorp">{{cite news
| last = Shanmughasundaram
| first = J.
| title = Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 24 August 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms
| access-date = 29 September 2021}}</ref>

In May 2023, A. Arun Thamburaj, I.A.S assumed his office as the District collector of Cuddalore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=A. Arun Thamburaj takes charge as Cuddalore Collector |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-arun-thamburaj-takes-charge-as-cuddalore-collector/article66892627.ece |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Padaleeswarar_(1).jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=A temple in cuddalore|Padaleeshwarar temple]]
[[Pataleeswarar Temple, Cuddalore|Pataleeswarar Temple]], a Hindu temple, built during the 7th century and dated a millennium earlier, is the most prominent landmark in Cuddalore.<ref name="tour"/> The name, Thirupathipuliyur, is associated with the legend behind the temple. The temple is revered in the verses of 7th-century Saiva saints [[Appar]] and [[Tirugnanasambandar]] in their works in ''[[Tevaram]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Padaleeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=548|work=Dinamalar|access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Devanathaswamytemple_(6).jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=A temple in Cuddalore|Devanathaswamy temple]]
The [[Thiruvanthipuram temple|Devanathaswami Temple]], located in Thiruvanthipuram, is another Hindu pilgrimage site around Cuddalore.<ref name="tour"/>
[[File:Silver_Beach_photo.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Silver beach|Silver Beach]]
[[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]] is a {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long beach located in Cuddalore and is another prominent visitor attraction of the town.<ref name="tour">{{cite web|title=Tourist attraction in Cuddalore|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923175511/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Cuddalore/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> Pichavaram, which is 57 km from Cuddalore, is a [[mangrove forest]].
[[File:Fort_St.David.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=A ruined fort in Cuddalore|Fort St.David]]
[[Fort St David]], situated on the River [[Gadilam River|Gadilam]] near Devanampattinam and acquired in 1653 CE by [[Elihu Yale]], a Christian slave-trader and cruel slave master, is one of the most visited tourist attraction in Cuddalore. The wealth embezzled and extracted by him was infused into [[Yale University]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Only two decades later, in 1677, when [[Shivaji]] captured [[Gingee]], the fort fell into the Marathas' hands. In 1690, the [[British East India Company]] purchased the fort and the adjacent villages (within "ye randome shott of a piece of ordnance".) A great gun was fired to different points of the compass. All the country within its range, including the town of Cuddalore, passed into English possession. The villages thus obtained are called "cannonball villages".<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cuddalore|volume=7|pages=611–612}}</ref> The fortifications were strengthened in 1693, 1698, 1702, 1725, 1740 and 1745. In 1746 Fort St. David became the British headquarters for British India. The British ruled a more significant part of south India (Tamil Nadu, parts of the present- Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka) from Fort St. David. An attack by [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] was successfully repulsed. In 1756, [[Robert Clive|Clive]] was appointed governor. The French captured the fort in 1758 but in 1760 relinquished it to Sir [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] of the British East India Company. The French recaptured the fort in 1782 and held it in 1783 during the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|Battle of Cuddalore]]. In 1785 the fort passed into British possession. By this time, however, the centre of British rule was Fort St George.<ref>{{cite news|title=In search of a fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-search-of-a-fort/article3722254.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 August 2012|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In search of a fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/a-governor-kept-busy/article4863468.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 June 2013|last=S.|first=Muthiah|location=Chennai|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

The Garden House was the official residence of the Cuddalore District Collector, Robert Clive. It is typical of later medieval architecture. The Garden House roof was built using only bricks and slaked lime with no steel and wood.<ref>{{cite news|title=The house of Clive|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300260700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216092209/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300260700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2005|date=13 February 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Sathya_gnana_sabha,_vadalur_1.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=A famous place|Satyagnana sabha]]
[[Satyagnana Sabha, Vadalur|Satyagnana Sabha]] (சத்ய ஞான சபை, literally "Temple of Wisdom") is a temple constructed by saint [[Ramalinga Swamigal|Sri Raamalinga Swaamigal]] (Vallalaar) in the town of [[Vadalur]] in [[Cuddalore district]], Tamil Nadu, India on 25 January 1872. It is an octagonal structure; the ''sanctum sanctorum'' of this temple is concealed from the main hall by seven curtains which are parted only on the [[Thai Poosam]] day. All the four towers of the [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram Nataraajar temple]] are visible from the sabha. The temple is open year-round. Thousands of visitors attend festivals and monthly puja dates at this temple. Vadalur is well connected by rail and road, and it provides transport to major cities like Trichy, Chennai, Tanjore, Puducherry, and Kumbakonam.

== Notable person ==

* [[Anjalai Ammal]], an Indian freedom fighter and social worker

[[Jayakanthan]]

[[Thangar Bachan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==More References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=World Famous personality living in village: A-E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=cuddalore&pg=PA275|last=Mohandoss|first= Krishnamoorthy|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=9780313335372|ref=Mohandoss}}
* {{cite report|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/City_Corporate.pdf|last=Urban Infrastructure report|publisher=Tamilnadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|year=2007|access-date=29 December 2012|ref=urban|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021140256/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/City_Corporate.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2013}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Cuddalore District}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cuddalore| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]

Subhas Chandra Bose

2026-03-25T23:10:35Z

Mohammad.Fahim: basic expand information and added references

{{Short description| Indian nationalist leader and politician (1897–1945)}}
{{Redirect|Netaji}}
{{pp|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]; restoring indefinite semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhas Chandra Bose
| image = Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg
| caption = Bose, {{circa|1930s}}
| birth_name = Subhas Chandra Bose
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1897|1|23}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], Bengal Presidency, British Raj
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1945|8|18|1897|1|23}}
| death_place = [[Taihoku Prefecture]], [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] (present day [[Taipei]], Taiwan)
| death_cause = [[Third-degree burns]] from [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|aircrash]]
| resting_place = [[Renkō-ji]], Tokyo, Japan
| office1 = Leader of [[Indian National Army]]{{efn|His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the [[Provisional Government of Free India]], which was based in [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese-occupied Singapore]]{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=502}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|p=339}} with jurisdiction but not sovereignty over [[Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands]].{{efn|"The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of [the Andaman and Nicobar Islands] to Bose's forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a 'jurisdiction', while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military... Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=502–503}}}}}}
| term1 = 4 July 1943 – 18 August 1945
| predecessor1 = [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]] and [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] founders of the [[First Indian National Army]]
| successor1 = [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|''Office abolished'']]
| order2 =
| office3 = [[List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress|President]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]
| term3 = 18 January 1938 – 29 January 1939
| term4 = 29 January 1939 – 29 April 1939
| predecessor3 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| successor4 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| office2 = President of the [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| term2 = 22 June 1939 – 16 January 1941
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Sardul Singh Kavishar]]
| order5 = 5th
| office5 = Mayor of Calcutta
| term5 = 22 August 1930 – 15 April 1931
| predecessor5 = [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]
| successor5 = [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Emilie Schenkl]]|1937}}{{efn|Secretly married without ceremony or witnesses, unacknowledged publicly by Bose.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=15}}}}
| children = [[Anita Bose Pfaff]]
| father = [[Janakinath Bose]]
| mother = [[Prabhabati Bose]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| known_for = [[Indian independence movement]]
| signature = S_Basu.png
| signature_alt = Signature of Subhas Chandra Bose in English and Bengali
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| nickname = Netaji
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| honorific_prefix = 
}}
'''Subhas Chandra Bose'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|ʊ|b|ˈ|h|ɑː|s|_|ˈ|tʃ|ʌ|n|d|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|oʊ|s|}} {{respell|shuub|HAHSS|_|CHUN|drə|_|BOHSS}};<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Subhas Chandra|date=26 June 1943|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9c9qdZoVI|title=Speech of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Tokyo, 1943|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130153342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9c9qdZoVI|url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|bn|সুভাষচন্দ্র বসু|Śubhaśocondro Bośu}}; {{IPA|bn|ʃubʰaʃtʃɔn̪d̪rɔ bɔʃu|IPA|Subhas Chandra Bose name in his own voice.ogg}}}} (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian [[Nationalism#Anti-colonial|anti-colonial nationalist]]. Bose's defiance of [[British raj|British authority in India]] made him a hero among many Indians,{{efn|{{efn|name=Mythic|"His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}}}{{efn|"Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=311}}}}{{efn|"But in death [Bose] was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=427}}}}}} but his wartime alliances with [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] left a legacy vexed by [[authoritarianism]],{{efn|<ref name=lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question1>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|author-link=Vinay Lal|chapter=Gandhi, the Indian National Congres, and the Jewish Question|title=Gandhi, Truth, and Nonviolence: The Politics of Engagement in Post-Truth Times|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Vinay|location = Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2025|isbn=9780198936626|quote=(p. 240) Such a hagiographic narrative is without a shred of credibility: Bose’s involvement with fascism ran deep... the principal episodes in the narrative of Bose’s complicity with Nazism—and, it may be noted at least in passing, Japanese militarism—are equally well established.}}</ref>{{efn|"Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore."{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}}}{{efn|The deaths of Subhas Chandra Bose in August 1945 and Vallabhbhai Patel in December 1950 removed not only Nehru's principal competitors for national leadership but also powerful competitors for authoritarian state ideologies... Bose thought Hitler and Mussolini represented the wave of the future and would win the war they both anticipated...Styling himself ''Netaji'' (leader on the Fuhrer mode), [Bose] declared his objective to be liberation of India by military means.<ref name=rudolph-rudolph-bose>{{citation|last1=Rudolph|first1=Lloyd I.|last2=Rudolph|first2=Suzanne Hoeber|title=In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State|pages=69–70|isbn=0-226-73138-3|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1987}}</ref>}}{{efn|Not all Indians, even within the Congress, agreed with the anti-fascist position of the CFD (Congress Foreign Department), and no foreign policy initiative went without contestation. There remained many in India who formally and informally challenged this position by supporting fascist regimes over anti-fascist solidarity. Most prominent was Subhas Chandra Bose, a left-leaning Congressmen from Bengal who famously aligned with and raised an Indian army to support the Axis powers in the Second World War.<ref name=Louro-bose>{{citation|title=Anti-Fascism in a Global Perspective: Transnational |isbn=9781138352186|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|last=Louro|first=Michele L.|chapter=Anti-fascism and anti-imperialism between the world wars: The perspective from India|editor1-last=Braskin|editor1-first = Kasper|editor2-last=Featherstone|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Copsey|editor3-first=Nigel}}</ref>}}}} [[antisemitism]],{{efn|<ref name=lal-gandhi-inc-jewish-question2>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|author-link=Vinay Lal|chapter=Gandhi, the Indian National Congres, and the Jewish Question|title=Gandhi, Truth, and Nonviolence: The Politics of Engagement in Post-Truth Times|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Vinay|location = Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2025|isbn=9780198936626|quote=(p. 242) But one might also think that his close proximity to the administrative heart of the killing machine—his last stay in Berlin lasted nearly two years—would at least have elicited a few tears of remorse. Bose’s silence in all these respects, one is tempted to say, is deafening.}}</ref>{{efn|name=disturbing}}{{efn|In early December, pro-Hindu Mahasabha journals published articles in favour of German anti-Semitism. This stance brought the Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12th December, made a statement containing clear references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed the party stance. A few months later, in April 1939, he refused to support the party motion that Jews might find refuge in India.{{sfn|Casolari|2020|pp=89–90}}}}{{efn|The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the ''Jewish Chronicle'' of London as having published an article in ''Angriff'', a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.<ref name=afreedi-2021-bose>{{citation|last=Aafreedi|first=Navras J.|chapter=Holocaust education in India and its challenges|title=Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons|location=Abington, UK and New York, NY|editor1-last=Aafreedi|editor1-first=Navras J.|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Priya|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|isbn=978-1-003-14613-1|page=154}}</ref>}}{{efn|He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebbels's ''Der Angriff'' in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.<ref name=Shindler-Bose>{{citation|last=Shindler|first=Colin|title=Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum|location=New York|page=112|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4411-8898-4}}</ref>}}{{efn|Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution."<ref name=kumaraswamy-bose>{{citation|last=Kumaraswamy|first=P. R.|title=Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home, Digital version|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|page=153|isbn=9781000097856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426102940/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOHcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=cronin-2025>{{cite book|last=Cronin|first=Joseph|chapter=Affiliations, Entanglements, and 'Otherness': The Experiences of German-Speaking Jewish Refugees in India, 1938–1948|title=German-Speaking Jewish Refugees in Asia, 1930–1950: Shelter from the Storm?|editor1-last=Cho|editor1-first=Joanne Miyang|editor2-last=Kurlander|editor2-first=Eric|editor3-last=McGechin|editor3-first=Douglas|location=London and New York|doi=10.4324/9781003517795-18|publisher=Routledge|year=2025|quote=Bose’s views on the Nazis’ main victims, the Jews, and specifically on the Jewish refugees, were also ambiguous. He wrote to his wife in 1937: “The Jews in Europe have attained so many positions because they are very skilful and the Aryans are very stupid [dumm] - otherwise, how could the foreigners [sic] in Europe make such progress?” Bose also accused his Congress colleague Nehru of “seeking to make India an asylum for Jews” in early 1939, knowing full well that their number would, at most, amount to a few thousand in a population of three hundred million. So, while Bose’s opinions did not stem from a place of deep ideological antisemitism, his partial ignorance of the situation for Jews in Germany and Europe at that time, combined with his political allegiances and priorities, led him to suspect that Jewish refugees being sent to India was just another manifestation of Britain flexing its colonial might, of political power play, rather than a reluctant and insufficient response to a rapidly escalating humanitarian crisis.}}</ref>}} and [[military incompetence|military failure]].{{efn|{{efn|The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma.{{sfn|Marston|2014|pp=117–118}}}}{{refn|name=gordonunrealistic|"A number of Japanese officers... saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=517}}}}<ref name=combined-military-lead>
*{{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=India and the World: A History of Connections, c.1750–2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY|pages=79, 113, 114|isbn=978-1-107-18675-0|lccn=2021000609|doi=10.1017/9781316899847|year=2021|s2cid=233601747|quote=(pp. 113–114) y. Amongst the 16,000 Indian prisoners taken by the Axis armies in North Africa, some 3,000 joined the so-called 'Legion of Free India' ('Freies Indien Legion'), in fact the 950th Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht, formed in 1942 in response to the call of dissident Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945)... As a fighting force, however, the legion proved singularly ineffective...from a strictly military point of view, Bose's attempt was a total fiasco}}</ref>{{efn|"the campaign revealed that [the INA] was largely a paper tiger."{{Sfn|Moreman|2013|pp=124–125}}}}{{efn|"[The Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe] still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."{{Sfn|McLynn|2011|p=429}}}}}} The honorific '''Netaji''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] for "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the ''[[Indian Legion|Indische Legion]]'' and by the German and Indian officials in the [[Special Bureau for India]] in Berlin. It is now used throughout India.{{efn|"Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our [soldier] boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo '[[Fuehrer]]' or '[[Duce]]', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=459–460}}

Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Orissa]] during the [[British Raj]]. The early recipient of an [[Anglocentrism|Anglo-centric]] education, he was sent after college to England to take the [[Indian Civil Service]] examination. He succeeded with distinction in the vital first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism to be the higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist movement]] led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. He followed [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism.{{efn|"Younger Congressmen, including Jawaharlal Nehru, ... thought that constitution-making, whether by the British with their (Simon) Commission or by moderate politicians like the elder (Motilal) Nehru, was not the way to achieve the fundamental changes in society. Nehru and Subhas Bose rallied a group within Congress ... to declare for an independent republic. (p. 305) ... (They) were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support (p. 325)."{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp=305, 325}}}} Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of [[British India]] and [[princely state]]s, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself.<ref name=matthews-bose-congress>{{citation|last=Matthews|first=Roderick|title=Peace, Poverty, and Betrayal: A New History of British India|location=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|isbn=|lccn=|page=|quote=By this point the Congress leadership was in turmoil after the election of Subhas Chandra Bose as president in 1938. His victory was taken, principally by Bose himself, as proof that Gandhi's star was in decline, and that the Congress could now switch to his personal programme of revolutionary change. He set no store by non-violence and his ideals were pitched a good deal to the left of Gandhi's. His plans also included a large amount of leadership from himself. This autocratic temperament alienated virtually the whole Congress high command, and when he forced himself into the presidency again the next year, the Working Committee revolted. Bose, bitter and broken in health, complained that the 'Rightists' had conspired to bring him down. This was true, but Bose, who seems to have had a talent for misreading situations, seriously overestimated the strength of his support—a significant miscalculation, for it led him to resign in order to create his own faction, the Forward Bloc, modelled on the kind of revolutionary national socialism fashionable across much of Europe at the time.}}</ref> After the large majority of the [[Congress Working Committee]] members resigned in protest,<ref name=haithcox-bose-andINC-oldguard>{{citation|last=Haithcox|first=John Patrick |title=Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1971|lccn=79120755|isbn=0-691-08722-9|pages=282–283|quote=One of the principal points of dispute between Bose and the Congress high command was the attitude the party should take toward the proposed Indian federation. The 1935 Constitution provided for a union of the princely states with the provinces of British India on a federal basis...Following his election for a second term, Bose charged that some members of the Working Committee were willing to compromise on this issue. Incensed at this allegation, all but three of the fifteen members of the Working Committee resigned. The exception was Nehru, Bose himself, and his brother Sarat. There was no longer any hope for reconciliation between the dissidents and the old guard.}}</ref> Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.{{Sfn|Low|2002|pp=297, 313}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=420–428}}

In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=65–67, 152}} German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in [[Berlin]]. A 3,000-strong [[Free India Legion]] was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]] to serve under Bose.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=76}}{{efn|"Having arrived in Berlin a bruised politician, his broadcasts brought him—and India—world notice.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=162}}}} Although peripheral to their main goals, the Germans inconclusively considered a land invasion of India throughout 1941. By the spring of 1942, the German army was [[Eastern Front (World War II)#Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942|mired in Russia]] and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=87–88}} [[Adolf Hitler]] during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=114–116}} During this time, Bose became a father; his wife,{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=15}}{{efn|"While writing ''The Indian Struggle'', Bose also hired a secretary by the name of Emilie Schenkl. They eventually fell in love and married secretly in accordance with Hindu rites."{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=15}}}} or companion,{{sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=344–345}}{{efn|"Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person."{{sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=344–345}}}} [[Emilie Schenkl]], gave birth to [[Anita Bose Pfaff|a baby girl]].{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=15, 65–67}} Identifying strongly with the [[Axis powers]], Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=141–143}}{{Sfn|Bose|2005|p=255}} Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese-held Sumatra]] in May 1943.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=141–143}}

With Japanese support, Bose revamped the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), which comprised Indian [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] of the [[British Indian army]] who had been captured by the Japanese in the [[Battle of Singapore]].{{sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=vii–ix, xvi–xvii, 210–212|ps=...the capture of Singapore and with it thousands of Indian POWs, and reports by Major Fujiwara of the creation of a revolutionary Indian army eager to fight the British out of India. Fujiwara presided at the birth of the Indian National Army, together with a young Sikh, Captain Mohan Singh.}}<ref name=gordon-ijss-ina>{{citation|last=Gordon|first=Leonard|author-link=Leonard A. Gordon|editor=William A. Darity Jr.|year=2008|chapter=Indian National Army|title=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd Edition, Volume 3|pages=610–611|chapter-url=http://philosociology.com/UPLOADS/_PHILOSOCIOLOGY.ir_INTERNATIONAL%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%20OF%20THE%20SOCIAL%20SCIENCES_Second%20Edition_%20Darity_5760%20pgs.pdf|quote=The Indian National Army (INA) was formed in 1942 by Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Singapore.|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101012423/http://philosociology.com/UPLOADS/_PHILOSOCIOLOGY.ir_INTERNATIONAL%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%20OF%20THE%20SOCIAL%20SCIENCES_Second%20Edition_%20Darity_5760%20pgs.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] (Azad Hind) was declared on the [[Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|Japanese-occupied]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and was nominally presided over by Bose.{{Sfn|Low|1993|pp=31–32|ps= A few months later Subhas Bose, who had long been Nehru's rival for the plaudits of the younger Indian nationalists, joined the Axis powers, and in due course formed the Indian National Army to support the Japanese. ... In October 1943 ... Subhas Bose established under their auspices a Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) }}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|p=339}}{{efn|"Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!"{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|p=339}}}} Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled,{{refn|name=gordonunrealistic}} and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese [[Operation U-Go|attack on India]]. Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of the participating INA contingent were killed.{{efn|"Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri."{{Sfn|McLynn|2011|pp=295–296}}}} The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the [[Operation Tiderace|recapture of Singapore]]. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the [[Soviet Union]] which he believed to have turned anti-British.

Bose [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed]] in Taiwan (then under [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]]) on 18 August 1945.{{efn|"In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on [[Taiwan|Formosa]]."{{Sfn|Wolpert|2009|p=69}}}} Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred,{{efn|"On 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=427}}}} expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence.{{efn|"There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}}}{{efn|"Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}}}}{{efn|"Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waited—as Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another country—for their hero's second coming."{{Sfn|Chatterji|2007|p=278}}}} The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}} The British Raj, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the [[Indian National Army trials]], but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress,{{efn|As cases began to come to trial, the Indian National Congress began to speak out in defence of INA prisoners, even though it had vocally opposed both the INA's narrative and methods during the war. The Muslim League and the Punjab Unionists followed suit. By mid-September, Nehru was becoming increasingly vocal in his view that trials of INA defendants should not move forward.{{sfn|Marston|2014|p=129}}}} and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=21}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}} Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved.{{efn|What he is remembered for is his vigor, his militancy, his readiness to trade blood (his own if necessary) for nationhood. In large parts of Uttar Pradesh, the historian Gyanendra Pandey has recently remarked, independence is popularly credited not to 'the quiet efforts at self¬regeneration initiated by Mahatma Gandhi,' but to 'the military daring of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.'{{sfn|Fay|1995|p=522}}}} His collaborations with [[Axis powers]] posed serious ethical dilemmas,{{efn|name=disturbing|"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=165}}}} especially his reluctance to publicly criticise [[Anti-Semitism in Germany|anti-semitism in Germany]] from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.

== Biography ==

=== 1897–1921: Early life ===
[[File:Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg|thumb|left|'''Map 1''': The growth of [[Bengal presidency|British Bengal]] between 1757 and 1803 is shown in shades of brown. Cuttack is approximately {{convert|225|miles}} southwest of Calcutta.]]

Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents [[Prabhabati Bose]] ({{Nee|Dutt}}) and [[Janakinath Bose]] on 23 January 1897 in [[Cuttack]]—in what is today the state of [[Odisha]] in India but was part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] in [[British India]].{{efn|"On 23 January 1897 at Cuttack, Orissa, was born Subhas Chandra Bose, ninth child of Janakinath and Prabhabati Bose. Janakinath was a lawyer of a Kayastha family, and was wealthy enough to educate all his children well. By Indian standards this family of Bengali origin was well-to-do."{{sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=102—103}}}}{{efn|Bose was born into a prominent Bengali family on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack in the present-day state of Orissa. His father was a government pleader who was appointed to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1912."{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=1}}}}<ref name="dod-combined">*{{citation|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|author-link=Sekhar Bandyopadhyay|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|location=Hyderabad and Delhi|publisher=Orient Longmans|year=2004|isbn=81-250-2596-0|ref=none|page=427|quote=The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened.}}
*{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|title=The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-55289-9|page=227|quote=Bose died in a plane crash off Taiwan, while being flown to Tokyo on 18 August 1945, aged 48. For many millions of Indians, especially in Bengal, he remains a revered figure}}
*{{citation|last=Huff|first=Gregg|title=World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waECEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR26|page=xvi|isbn=978-1-107-09933-3|lccn=2020022973|quote=Chronology of World War II in the Pacific: '''18 August 1945''' Subhas Chandra Bose killed in a plane crash in Taiwan.|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062303/https://books.google.com/books?id=waECEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR26|url-status=live}}
*{{citation|last=Satoshi|first=Nakano|title=Japan's Colonial Moment in Southeast Asia 1942–1945: The Occupiers' Experience|page=211|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|isbn=978-1-138-54128-3 |lccn=2018026197|year=2012|quote=18 August 1945. Upon hearing of Japan's defeat in the Pacific War, Chandra Bose, who had dedicated his life to the anti-British Indian independence struggle, immediately decided to head for the Soviet Union, "out of my commitment to ally with any country that regards the US and Britain as their enemies." The Japanese Foreign Ministry and the military cooperated in Bose's exile, placing him aboard a Japanese plane headed for Dalian (Yunnan) from Saigon to put him in touch with the Soviet army. After a stopover in Taipei, however, the passenger plane crashed immediately after takeoff. Despite freeing himself from the wreckage, Bose was engulfed in flames and breathed his last.}}
*{{citation|last1=Blackburn|first1=Kevin|last2=Hack|first2=Karl|title=War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press, National University of Singapore|year=2012|isbn=978-9971-69-599-6|page=185|quote=Even before the INA memorial was completed, it became the focus of mourning for Singapore's Indian community. The cause of this premature use was news that Bose had died in a plane crash at Taipei, on 18 August. He had been trying to escape capture after the surrender of Japan on 15 August. Singapore and Malaya remained under Japanese control until 5 September when British forces returned. On 26 August 1945, meanwhile, wreaths were laid at the INA memorial in honour of Bose. A large group gathered at the memorial and speeches on Bose's life were made by Major-General M.Z. Kiani and Major-General S.C. Alagappan of the INA, and ITL members. The Japanese newspaper, the Syonan Shimbun, reported that "during the ceremony which lacked nothing in solemnity and dignity, many husky warriors—Sikhs, Punjabis, and others from the Central Provinces—soldiers who had taken part in the actual war operations were seen to shed tears as they saluted for the last time a giant portrait of Netaji which occupied a prominent position in front of the War Memorial".}}
*{{citation|editor1-last=Sandler|editor1-first=Stanley|chapter=Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)|title=World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|year=2001|page=185|publisher=Garland Publishing/Routledge|isbn=0-8153-1883-9|quote=Even after the Japanese surrender, Bose was determined to carry on the Free India movement and planned to return to the Subcontinent, despite his renegade status among the British. But on August 18, 1945, the airplane carrying him from Darien to Manchukuo crashed on take off from an airfield in Formosa, and Bose was killed.}}
*{{citation|last=Bennet|first=Brad|chapter=Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)|editor1-last=Powers|editor1-first=Roger S.|editor2-last=Vogele|editor2-first=William B.|title=Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=0-8153-0913-9|page=48|quote='''Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)''': Charismatic socialist member of the Indian National Congress and radical anti-imperialist. Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Bengal, India, and was killed in a plane crash on August 18, 1945.}}
*{{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000|year=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=xix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAEbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|isbn=978-1-107-18675-0|lccn=2021000608|doi=10.1017/9781316899847|s2cid=233601747|quote=Chronology 1945: Indian Army play a major role in the liberation of Burma and Malaya from Japanese occupation; Indian troops sent to receive Japanese capitulation in the Dutch East Indies involved in clashes in Surabaya with Indonesian nationalists opposed to the return of the Dutch; in Indochina, Indian troops help the French re-establish control over Saigon and the south of Vietnam; death of Subhas Bose in a plane crash in Taiwan.|doi-access=free|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061753/https://books.google.com/books?id=aAEbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|url-status=live}}
*{{citation|last1=Bayly|first1=Christopher|author-link1=Christopher Alan Bayly|last2=Harper|first2=Timothy|title=Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC|year=2007|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-02153-2|page=2|ref=none|quote=If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.}}</ref><ref name="gordon-bose-death">{{citation|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A.|author-link=Leonard A. Gordon|title=Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose|location=New York and Oxford|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-231-07443-3|pages=539–542|ref=none|quote=On the plane were: Bose, Shidei, Rahman. Also: Lt. Col. Tadeo Sakai; Lt. Col. Shiro Nonogaki; Major Taro Kono; Major Ihaho Takahashi, Capt. Keikichi Arai, an air force engineer; chief pilot Major Takizawa; co-pilot W/O Ayoagi; navigator Sergeant Okishta; radio-operator NCO Tominaga. The crew was in the front of the aircraft and the passengers were wedged in behind ... there were no proper seats on this aircraft. The plane finally took off (from Saigon) between 5:00 and 5:30 pm on August 17. Since they were so late in starting, the pilot decided to land for the night at Tourane, Vietnam. ... The take-off from Tourane at about 5:00 am was normal ... and they flew to Taipei (Japanese: Taihoku) ...At Taipei ... the crew and passengers took their places ... and they were ready to go at 2:30. ... Just as they left the ground—barely thirty meters up and near the edge of the airfield—there was a loud noise. ... With an enormous crash they hit the ground. ... The injured, including Bose and Rahman and the surviving Japanese officers, were taken to Nanmon Army Hospital. Ground personnel at the airfield had already called the hospital shortly before 3:00 pm and notified Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon in charge of the hospital, to prepare to receive the injured. ... Upon arrival the doctor noticed that Bose ... had third degree burns all over his body, but they were worst on his chest. ...Bose and Rahman were quickly taken to the treatment room and the doctor started working on Bose, the much more critically injured man. Dr Yoshimi was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. ... An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was also in the room, and several nurses were also assisting. ... Bose's condition worsened as the evening darkened. His heart grew weaker. Finally between 9.00 and 10.00 pm, Bose succumbed to his terrible burns.}}</ref> Prabhabati, or familiarly ''Mā jananī'' ({{Literal translation|mother}}), the anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=9,14}} Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government [[advocate|pleader]],{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=1}} was loyal to the government of British India and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of [[Calcutta]], he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during the ''[[Durga Puja|pooja]]'' holidays.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=12,13}}

Following his five older brothers, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in [[Cuttack]] in January 1902.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=32}} English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or [[Anglo-Indians]] of mixed British and Indian ancestry.{{sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=102—103}} The curriculum included English—correctly written and spoken—Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught.{{sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=102—103}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=32}} The choice of the school was Bose's father's, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=11}} The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the [[Hindu]] goddesses [[Durga]] and [[Kali]], told stories from the epics [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]], and sang Bengali religious songs.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=32}} From her, Subhas imbibed a nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=33}} His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=31–32}} Still, Janakinath read [[English literature]] avidly—[[John Milton]], [[William Cowper]], [[Matthew Arnold]], and [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=11}}

[[File:Subhas Bose standing extreme right with his large family Cuttack, India 1905.jpg|right|thumb|Janakinath Bose, Prabhabati Bose, and their family, ca. 1905. [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] (standing, centre) and Subhas Bose (aged 8, standing, extreme right).{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=150}}]]

In 1909, the 12-year-old Subhas Bose followed his five brothers to the [[Ravenshaw Collegiate School]] in Cuttack.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=33}} Here, Bengali and [[Sanskrit]] were also taught, as were ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the [[Vedas]] and the [[Upanishads]] not usually picked up at home.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=33}} Although his Western education continued apace, he began to wear Indian clothes and engage in religious speculation. To his mother, he wrote long letters which displayed acquaintance with the ideas of the Bengali mystic [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] and his disciple [[Swami Vivekananda]], and the novel ''[[Ananda Math]]'' by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], popular then among young Hindu men.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=34–35}} Despite the preoccupation, Subhas was able to demonstrate an ability when needed to focus on his studies, to compete, and to succeed in exams. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination conducted under the auspices of the [[University of Calcutta]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=19,37}}

Subhas Bose followed his five brothers again in 1913 to [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]], the historic and traditional college for Bengal's upper-[[caste]] Hindu men.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=19,37}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=20}} He chose to study philosophy, his readings including [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Henri Bergson|Bergson]] and other [[Western philosophy|Western philosophers]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=37}} A year earlier, he had befriended [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar]], a confidant and partner in religious yearnings.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} At Presidency, their emotional ties grew stronger.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} In the fanciful language of religious imagery, they declared their pure love for each other.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} In the long vacations of 1914, they traveled to northern India for several months to search for a spiritual [[guru]] to guide them.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} Subhas's family was not told clearly about the trip, leading them to think he had run away. During the trip, in which the guru proved elusive, Subhas came down with typhoid fever.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} His absence caused emotional distress to his parents, leading both parents to break down upon his return.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}} Heated words were exchanged between [[Janakinath Bose|Janakinath]] and Subhas. It took the return of Subhas's favorite brother, [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], from law studies in England for the tempers to subside. Subhas returned to presidency and busied himself with studies, debating and student journalism.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=42–43}}

In February 1916, Subhas Chandra Bose was alleged to have either masterminded{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=1}} or participated in an incident involving E. F. Oaten, Professor of History at Presidency College.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=48}} Prior to the episode, it was claimed by students that Oaten had made disparaging remarks about Indian culture and had also collared and pushed some students; according to Oaten, however, the students had been creating an unacceptably loud disturbance just outside his classroom.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=48}} A few days later, on 15 February, a group of students reportedly accosted Oaten on a stairway, surrounded him, struck him with sandals, and then quickly dispersed. An inquiry committee was subsequently constituted. Although Oaten, who was not injured, was unable to identify his assailants, a college servant testified that he had seen Subhas Bose and his classmate Ananga Dam among those fleeing the scene, thereby confirming for the authorities what had already been circulating as rumour among the students. Consequently, both Bose and Ananga Dam were expelled from the college and rusticated from University of Calcutta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=49}}The incident created a considerable stir in Calcutta and caused deep anguish to Bose’s family.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=1}} He was directed to return to Cuttack. Efforts were made through the family’s connections to persuade [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Asutosh Mukherjee]], the Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, to intervene.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=49}} Despite these representations, Bose’s expulsion remained in force until 20 July 1917, when the Syndicate of Calcutta University permitted him to resume his studies, though at another institution.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=52}}He subsequently enrolled at Scottish Church College, where he completed his B.A. in 1918, securing [[First-class honours|First Class honours]] in philosophy and placing second among all philosophy students of the University of Calcutta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=54}}

[[File:Hindu college calcutta1851.jpg|thumb|left|A photograph (1851) of [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta which Subhas Bose entered in 1913, but from which he was expelled in 1916]]

At his father's urging, Subhas Bose agreed to travel to England to prepare and appear for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Services]] (ICS) examination.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=55}} Arriving in London on 20 October 1919, Subhas readied his application for the ICS.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=55–56}} For his references he put down [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Lord Sinha of Raipur]], Under Secretary of State for India, and [[Bhupendra Nath Bose|Bhupendranath Basu]], a wealthy Calcutta lawyer who sat on the Council of India in London.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=55}} Bose was eager also to gain admission to a college at the [[University of Cambridge]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=56}} It was past the deadline for admission.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=56}} He sought help from some Indian students and from the Non-Collegiate Students Board. The Board offered the university's education at an economical cost without formal admission to a college. Bose [[Matriculation#United Kingdom|entered the register]] of the university on 19 November 1919 and simultaneously set about preparing for the Civil Service exams.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=56}} He chose the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=56}} its completion requirement reduced to two years on account of his Indian undergraduate.{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=179}}

[[File:Subhas C. Bose 003.jpg|thumb|right|Subhas Bose (standing, right) with friends in England, 1920]]

There were six vacancies in the ICS.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=59}} Subhas Bose took the open competitive exam for them in August 1920 and was placed fourth.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=59}} This was a vital first step.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=59}} Still remaining was a final examination in 1921 on more topics on India, including the [[Indian Penal Code]], the [[Indian Evidence Act]], Indian history, and an Indian language.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=59}} Successful candidates had also to clear a riding test. Having no fear of these subjects and being a rider, Subhas Bose felt the ICS was within easy reach.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=59}} Yet between August 1920 and 1921 he began to have doubts about taking the final examination.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=59–60}} Many letters were exchanged with his father and his brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] back in Calcutta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=60}} In one letter to Sarat, Subhas wrote, <blockquote>"But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas that might be called eccentric—the line of least resistance is not the best line to follow ... The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover, it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained on to the civil service."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=60}}</blockquote> In April 1921, Subhas Chandra Bose decided not to appear for the final examination of the Indian Civil Service (ICS). He wrote to his elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose informing him of the decision and apologising for the distress it might cause their father, mother, and other members of the family. On 22 April 1921, Bose wrote to [[Edwin Montagu]], the Secretary of State for India, requesting that his name be removed from the list of Indian Civil Service probationers, stating "I wish to have my name removed from the list of probationers in the Indian Civil Service."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=62}} The following day he wrote again to Sarat:<blockquote>I received a letter from mother saying that in spite of what father and others think she prefers the ideals for which Mahatma Gandhi stands. I cannot tell you how happy I have been to receive such a letter. It will be worth a treasure for me as it has removed something like a burden from my mind."{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=63}}</blockquote>For some time before Subhas Bose had been in touch with [[C. R. Das]], a lawyer who had risen to the helm of politics in Bengal; Das encouraged Subhas to return to Calcutta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=62–63}} With the question of the ICS settled, Bose completed his final B.A. examinations at University of Cambridge somewhat half-heartedly. He passed in the Third Class and graduated from [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=63}} In June 1921, he prepared to sail for India, arranging for a fellow Indian student to collect his diploma on his behalf.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=62–63}}

=== 1921–1932: Indian National Congress ===
[[File:Subhas Bose at inauguration of India Society Prague 1926.jpg|thumb|left|Bose at the inauguration of the India Society in [[Prague]] in 1926]]

Subhas Bose, aged 24, arrived ashore in India at Bombay on the morning of 16 July 1921 and immediately set about arranging an interview with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Gandhi, aged 51, was the leader of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] that had taken India by storm the previous year and in a quarter-century would evolve to secure its independence.{{efn|"Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent [[satyagraha]]. He insisted that it was not a cowardly form of resistance; rather, it required the most determined kind of courage.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=297}}}}{{efn|Rt. Hon. [[Clement Attlee|C. R. Attlee]], Prime Minister of Great Britain. Broadcast from London after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 30 January 1948: "For a quarter of a century, this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem."<ref name=Attlee-Gandhi-1948-1-30>{{citation|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Archives|date=30 January 1948|author=C. R. Attlee|title=Speech on the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|location=London, UK|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225183920/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Gandhi happened to be in Bombay and agreed to see Bose that afternoon. In Bose's account of the meeting, written many years later, he pilloried Gandhi with question after question.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} Bose thought Gandhi's answers were vague, his goals unclear, his plan for achieving them not thought through.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} Gandhi and Bose differed in this first meeting on the question of means—for Gandhi non-violent means to any end were non-negotiable; in Bose's thought, all means were acceptable in the service of anti-colonial ends.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} They differed on the question of ends—Bose was attracted to totalitarian models of governance, which were anathematised by Gandhi.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=2}} According to historian Gordon, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the Congress and Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found the leader whom he sought."{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} Das was more flexible than Gandhi, more sympathetic to the extremism that had attracted idealistic young men such as Bose in Bengal.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} Das launched Bose into nationalist politics.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}} Bose would work within the ambit of the Indian National Congress politics for nearly 20 years even as he tried to change its course.{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=69}}

In 1922 Bose founded the newspaper ''Swaraj'' and assumed charge of the publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.{{sfn|Toye|2007}} His mentor was [[Chittaranjan Das]], a voice for aggressive nationalism in [[Bengal]]. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of [[Indian Youth Congress]] and also the Secretary of the Bengal State Congress. He became the editor of the newspaper "Forward", which had been founded by [[Chittaranjan Das]].{{sfn|Chakraborty|Bhaṭṭācārya|1989}} Bose worked as the CEO of the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.{{sfn|Vas|2008|p=32}} Das famously decided to choose Bose as the CEO over a more experienced [[Birendranath Sasmal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Birendranath+Sasmal+ceo+of+Calcutta+corporation |title=History of Modern Bengal: 1905-1947 |date=1978 |publisher=G. Bharadwaj |language=en}}</ref> During the same year, when Bose was leading a protest march in Calcutta, he, [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] and other leaders were arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123094444/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|url-status=live}}</ref>{{not in source|reason=the source only says that Ajazi was arrested|date=October 2023}} After a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was sent to prison in [[Mandalay]], [[British Burma]], where he contracted [[tuberculosis]].{{sfn|Vipul|2009|p=116}}

[[File:Subhas C. Bose 001.jpg|right|thumb|Subhas Bose (in military uniform) with Congress president, [[Motilal Nehru]] taking the salute. Annual meeting, Indian National Congress, 29 December 1928]]

In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=190}} His most memorable role was as [[general officer commanding]] (GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=190}} Author [[Nirad Chaudhuri]] wrote about the meeting: <blockquote>Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterward described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a [[Bertram Mills|Bertram Mills circus]], which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=190}}</blockquote>
A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for [[civil disobedience]]; this time he emerged to become [[Mayor of Kolkata|Mayor]] of Calcutta in 1930.{{sfn|Vipul|2009|p=116}}

=== 1933–1937: Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl ===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=440|caption_align=center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| background color =
| title =
| image1 = Subhas Chandra Bose and Wife Emilie Shenkl with German Shephard - 1937.jpg
| image2 = Subhas Bose with Emilie, Nambiar, and others, Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937.jpg
| footer = (left) Bose with [[Emilie Schenkl]], in Bad Gastein, Austria, 1936; (right) Bose, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] president-elect, centre, in Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937, with (left to right) [[A. C. N. Nambiar]] (Bose's second-in-command, Berlin, 1941–1945), Heidi Fulop-Miller, Schenkl, and Amiya Bose.
}}

During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including [[Benito Mussolini]]. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2020|first1=Asheeza |last1=Baig |title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Birth Anniversary: History and significance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-history-and-significance/story-xgLxOijqCfA9gI5EbZyXZI.html|access-date=20 January 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120124817/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-history-and-significance/story-xgLxOijqCfA9gI5EbZyXZI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In this period, he also researched and wrote the first part of his book ''[[The Indian Struggle]]'', which covered the country's independence movement in the years 1920–1934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest.{{sfn|Bose|Bose|1997}} Bose was supported in Europe by the Indian Central European Society organised by [[Otto Faltis]] from Vienna.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Faltis, Otto |year=1936 |title=India and Austria |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277486/page/n234/mode/1up |journal=The Modern Review |volume=59 |pages=205–207}}</ref>

=== 1937–1940: Indian National Congress ===
In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that the INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime."{{sfn|Bose|2004}} By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President. He stood for unqualified [[Swaraj]] (self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency,{{sfn|Josh|1992}} splitting the Indian National Congress party.
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose arrives at Dum Dum aerodrome.jpg|left|thumb|Bose, president-elect, INC, arrives in Calcutta, 24 January 1938, after two-month vacation in Austria.{{efn|"On 4 November 1937, Subhas sent a letter to Emilie in German, saying that he would probably travel to Europe in the middle of November. "Please write to Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein," he instructed her, "and enquire if I (and you also) can stay there" He asked her to mention this message only to her parents, not to reply, and wait for his next airmail letter or telegram. On 16 November, he sent a cable: "Starting aeroplane arriving Badgastein twenty second arrange lodging and meet me. ... He spent a month and a half—from 22 November 1937, to 8 January 1938—with Emilie at his favourite resort of Badgastein."{{sfn|Bose|2011|p=127}}}}{{efn|"On 26 December 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose secretly married Emilie Schenkl. Despite the obvious anguish, they chose to keep their relationship and marriage a closely guarded secret."{{Sfn|Bose|2011|pp=129–130}}}}]]
Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru; he appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]].{{sfn|Chattopadhyay|1989}} [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]] strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose.{{sfn|Phadnis|2009|p=185}} However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the [[All India Forward Bloc]] a faction within the Indian National Congress,{{sfn|Padhy|2011|p=234}} aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

When Subhas Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation of [[Muthuramalinga Thevar]] to amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak.
His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leaders and political thinkers like [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]], [[George Lansbury]], [[Clement Attlee]], [[Arthur Greenwood]], [[Harold Laski]], [[J.B.S. Haldane]], [[Ivor Jennings]], [[G.D.H. Cole]], [[Gilbert Murray]] and Sir [[Stafford Cripps]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Bose AICC meeting 1939.jpg|thumb|right|Bose arriving at the 1939 annual session of the Congress, where he was re-elected, but later had to resign after disagreements with Gandhi and the Congress High Command]]
He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist authoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey's [[Kemal Atatürk]], for at least two decades. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at [[Ankara]]. During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments with several politicians, but only the Labour Party and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politicians agreed to meet with him. [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even [[Dominion]] status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945–1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.

On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy [[Lord Linlithgow]]'s decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the removal of the [[Black Hole of Calcutta#Monument to the victims|"Holwell Monument"]], which then stood at the corner of [[Dalhousie Square]] in memoriam of those who died in the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]].{{sfn|Sen|1999}} He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]].{{sfn|Durga Das Pvt. Ltd|1985}}

=== 1941: Escape to Nazi Germany ===
[[File:Wanderer BLA.jpg|thumb|The Wanderer car Bose used to escape from his Calcutta home in 1941]]
Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via [[Afghanistan]] and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a [[Pathan]] (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew [[Sisir Kumar Bose]], later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station]]) in the then state of Bihar (now [[Jharkhand]]), India.{{sfn|Loiwal|2017a}}{{sfn|Loiwal|2017b}}{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}}

Bose journeyed to [[Peshawar]] with the help of the [[Abwehr]], where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and [[Bhagat Ram Talwar]]. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through [[British India]]'s [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West frontier]] with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]], it would have made him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide [[Bhagat Ram Talwar]], unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}}{{sfn|James|1997|p=554}}

Supporters of the [[Aga Khan III]] helped him across the border into [[Afghanistan]] where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the [[Organization Todt]] who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via [[Kabul]] to the border with the [[Soviet Union]]. After assuming the guise of a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached [[Rome]], and from there he travelled to [[Nazi Germany]].{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}}{{sfn|Thomson|2004}} Once in Russia the [[NKVD]] transported Bose to [[Moscow]] where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, [[Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg|Count von der Schulenburg]]. He had Bose flown on to [[Berlin]] in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and the Foreign Ministry officials at the [[Wilhelmstrasse]].{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1997|pp=10–14}}

=== 1941–1943: Collaboration with Nazi Germany ===
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In Germany, Bose was attached to the [[Special Bureau for India]] under [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]] which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored [[Azad Hind Radio]].{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2016}} He founded the Free India Centre in Berlin and created the [[Indian Legion]] (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the [[Waffen SS]]. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, [[Adolf Hitler]], as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the [[Indische Legion|Azad Hind Legion]]; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.{{sfn|Thomson|2004}}

Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any involvement."{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=67}} However, most of the staff in the [[Special Bureau for India]], which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}} In particular [[Adam von Trott zu Solz|Adam von Trott]], Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}} In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter.

The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.<ref name=visionideas>{{cite book|title=Subhash Chandra Bose: A Biography of His Vision and Ideas|quote=[[Ernst Woermann|Woermann]] recommended the indefinite postponing of any announcement of Bose's presence in Germany and cautioned the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop that the time had not yet come to recognise Bose's government in-exile. Woermann specifically feared that any such step would alienate both Gandhi and Nehru, the real leaders of Indian nationalism, and the representatives of the political forces with which Germany would have to deal when her army reached the Khyber Pass.|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|author=Virender Grover|page=408|year=1998|isbn=9788176290050|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HYwAQAAIAAJ|access-date=21 February 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074409/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HYwAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=111}} By the spring of 1942, the German army was [[Eastern Front (World War II)#Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942|mired in the USSR]]. Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany. [[Adolf Hitler]] during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=114–116}}<ref name="Ashis">{{cite book | author=Ashis Ray | title=Laid to Rest: The Controversy over Subhas Chandra Bose's Death | publisher=Roli Books | year=2018 | isbn=978-81-936260-5-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raohEAAAQBAJ | page=55 | access-date=21 February 2023 | archive-date=21 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074411/https://books.google.com/books?id=raohEAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dunphy">{{cite book | author=John J. Dunphy | title=Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945-1947 | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4766-3337-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tt8DwAAQBAJ | page=116 | access-date=21 February 2023 | archive-date=12 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061753/https://books.google.com/books?id=6tt8DwAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German [[U-boat]] and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.{{sfn|Thomson|2004}}{{sfn|Hauner|1981|pp=28–29}}

=== 1943–1945: Japanese-occupied Asia ===
{{Main|Indian National Army|Azad Hind}}

[[File:19430428 japanese submarine crew i-29.png|left|thumb|The crew of Japanese submarine I-29 after the rendezvous with German submarine U-180 300 sm southeast of [[Madagascar]]; Bose is sitting in the front row (28 April 1943)]]

In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine [[U-180]] around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the {{Jsub|I-29||2}} for the rest of the journey to [[Imperial Japan]]. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}}

The [[Indian National Army]] (INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]], head of the Japanese intelligence unit [[Fujiwara Kikan]]. Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army."{{Sfn|Fay|1995|pp=74–75}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=21–23}} He first met [[Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon|Pritam Singh Dhillon]], the president of the [[Bangkok]] chapter of the [[Indian Independence League]], and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain, [[General Mohan Singh|Mohan Singh]], on the western [[Malayan peninsula]] in December 1941. The [[First Indian National Army]] was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=24–25}}

This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the [[Indian Independence League]] headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader [[Rash Behari Bose]]. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the [[Hikari Kikan]] and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]] (named after Rani [[Lakshmi Bai]]) headed by Capt. [[Lakshmi Sahgal|Lakshmi Swaminathan]], which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.{{sfn|Bose|2002}}{{sfn|Tarique}}

[[File:Azad Hind Currency.jpg|thumb|right|Currency issued by the [[Azad Hind Bank]] with Bose's portrait]]
Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the [[Azad Hind]] movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in [[Burma]] on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, [[Italian Social Republic]], the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the [[Wang Jingwei regime]] in [[Nanjing]], China, a provisional government of Burma, [[Manchukuo]] and Japanese-controlled [[Philippines]]. Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called [[Greater East Asia Conference]] as an observer in November 1943.{{sfn|Goto|Kratoska|2003|pp=57–58}}

The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of [[Manipur]]. INA's special forces, the [[Bahadur Group]], were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards [[Imphal]] and [[Kohima]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2019|title=It is forgotten that the toughest land battle of the Second World War was fought on Indian soil|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/subhash-chandra-bose-battle-of-kohima-world-war-2-japan-germany-indian-national-army-a-forgotten-battle-5782571/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125011/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/subhash-chandra-bose-battle-of-kohima-world-war-2-japan-germany-indian-national-army-a-forgotten-battle-5782571/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Subhas Chandra 1943 Tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|Bose speaking in Tokyo in 1943]]
The [[Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] with Lt Col. [[Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan]] appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed ''Shaheed'' (Martyr) and ''Swaraj'' (Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, his Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, [[Diwan Singh]], who later died of his injuries in the [[Cellular Jail]]. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.{{sfn|Singh|p=249}}{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=325}}

On the Indian mainland, an [[Indian flag|Indian Tricolour flag]], modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town of [[Moirang]], in [[Manipur]], in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of [[Operation U-Go]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the [[Azad Hind Radio]] from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation.<ref>"Father of Our Nation" (Address to Mahatma Gandhi over the Rangoon Radio on 6 July 1944) {{harvnb|Bose|Bose|1997a|pp=301–302}}</ref> The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla, [[Mandalay]], [[Pegu]], Nyangyu and [[Mount Popa]]. However, with the fall of [[Rangoon]], Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards [[British Malaya|Malaya]] or made for [[Thailand]]. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some [[INA trials|tried for treason]].<ref name="White-Spunner 2017 p. 13">{{cite book | last=White-Spunner | first=B. | title=Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 | publisher=Simon & Schuster UK | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-4711-4802-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wx9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 | page=13 | archive-date=20 March 2024 | access-date=20 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043444/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wx9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 18 August 1945: Death ===

{{Main|Death of Subhas Chandra Bose}}

{{multiple image
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[[File:Japanpaper111.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Japanese media to the death of Bose and [[Tsunamasa Shidei]]]]
Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns after a [[Mitsubishi Ki-21]] heavy bomber belonging to the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] crashed upon take off from Taihoku Airfield in [[Taihoku Prefecture]], [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese Taiwan]], now [[Taipei]], Taiwan.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=427}}<ref name="dod-combined" /><ref name="gordon-bose-death" />

However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}} Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted thereafter,{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}{{efn|"Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}}} keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}

At approximately 2:30 pm in Taihoku, as the bomber carrying Bose deviated from the standard take-off path, passengers reported hearing a loud sound resembling an engine backfire.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}}{{Sfn|Fay|1995|p=384}} Ground mechanics observed an object fall from the aircraft, identified as the portside engine or part of it, including the propeller.The aircraft then veered sharply to the right, descended rapidly, crashed, broke into two sections, and caught fire.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=540}}

The chief pilot, co-pilot, and Lieutenant-General [[Tsunamasa Shidei]], Vice Chief of Staff of the [[Kwantung Army|Japanese Kwantung Army]] (who was expected to conduct negotiations with the Soviet army in [[Manchuria]] on Bose’s behalf) were killed instantly.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Bose’s aide, [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]], was briefly unconscious. Bose remained conscious and was not initially fatally injured but had been soaked in gasoline.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}

After regaining consciousness, Rahman and Bose attempted to exit through the rear door, which was obstructed by luggage.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} They then moved toward the front of the aircraft, passing through flames to escape.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Ground personnel approaching the crash site observed two individuals moving away from the aircraft, one of whom was engulfed in flames; this individual was identified as Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothing had ignited.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Rahman and others extinguished the flames, though Bose had sustained severe burns to his face and head.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}}

A truck functioning as an ambulance transported Bose and other injured passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} Hospital authorities contacted Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon in charge, at approximately 3 pm.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=541}} Bose was conscious and largely coherent upon arrival and for some time afterward.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} He was unclothed except for a blanket and exhibited extensive third-degree burns across multiple areas of his body, particularly the chest. Dr. Yoshimi considered his survival unlikely.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=541–542}} According to historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,

<blockquote>A disinfectant, [[Ethacridine lactate|Rivamol]] {{sic}}, was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of [[Camphor#Medicinal uses|Vita Camphor]] and two of [[Digitalis#Cardiac|Digitamine]] for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given [[Ringer's solution|Ringer solution]] intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}</blockquote>

In spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm (local time) on 18 August 1945, Bose succumed to his injuries,and died aged 48.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=542}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=543}} On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=196–197}} On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=544–545}} On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the [[Renkōji Temple]] of [[Nichiren Buddhism]] in Tokyo.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=545}} There they have remained ever since.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=545}}

Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis, faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} In India the Indian National Congress's official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi wrote to [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]].{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided."{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}} Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the [[Second World War]], were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The British Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for treason in the [[INA trials]], but eventually backtracked.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p = 21}}

== Ideology ==
{{See also|Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose}}
Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the [[Bhagavad Gita]] was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.{{sfn|Narangoa|Cribb|2003}} [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.{{sfn|Bose|Werth|Jog|Ayer|1996}} Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1987}} As historian [[Leonard A. Gordon|Leonard Gordon]] explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."{{sfn|Gordon|1990}}

Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls [[socialism]] and [[fascism]]" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta.{{sfn|Pasricha|2008|pp=64–65}}
Bose later criticised Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between [[communism]] and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead.{{sfn|Bose|2011|p=98}} In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a synthesis between [[National Socialism]] and communism."{{sfn|Shanker Kapoor|2017}}

===Authoritarianism===

Bose believed that authoritarianism could bring liberation and reconstruction of Indian society.<ref>{{citation|last=Deka|first=Meeta|title=Women's Agency and Social Change: Assam and Beyond|series=SAGE Studies on India's North East|year=2013|location=New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1138-2|quote=(pp. 134–135) Bose was convinced that his ideology could bring about the liberation of India and a total reconstruction of Indian society along authoritarian-socialist lines, envisaging gender equality therein. As mayor of Calcutta, he believed that his policy and programme was a synthesis of socialism and fascism, on the lines of modern Europe. In the early 1930s, he stated, 'We have here the justice, the equality, the love, which is the basis of Socialism as it stands in Europe today.' In the late 1930s, he reiterated his belief in the efficacy of authoritarian government and a synthesis of fascism and socialism, while in 1944 when addressing the students at Tokyo University, he asserted that India must have a political system 'of an authoritarian character ... [and] our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and Communism'.}}</ref> He expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s; he thought they could be used to build an independent India.{{sfn|Sen|1999}}

To a large number of Congress leaders, Bose programme shared enough similarities with Japanese fascists.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp=345}} After getting marginalised within Congress, Bose chose to embrace fascist regimes as allies against the British and fled India.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}<ref name=Louro-bose/> Bose believed that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," and "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come".<ref>{{citation|last=Harrison|first=Selig S.|title=India: The Most Dangerous Decades|series=Princeton Legacy Library|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=314|isbn= |lccn=60005749 |year=1960|quote=The most categorical and unabashed program for dictatorship in India's political heritage, finally, was laid down by the late Subhas Chandra Bose. He argued that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come," "a government by a strong party bound together by military discipline ... as the only means of holding India together." The next phase in world history, Bose predicted, would produce "a synthesis between Communism and Fascism, and will it be a surprise if that synthesis is produced in India?"}}</ref>

Earlier, Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=7–8}} However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building.{{efn|"The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of [[Tokyo University]], November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political system—a State—of an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England, and the United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character"{{sfn|Bose|Bose|1997a|pp=319–320}}}} Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported the empowerment of women, secularism and other [[Classical liberalism|liberal]] ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.{{sfn|Sen|1999}}

===Antisemitism===
Since before the beginning of World War II, Bose was opposed to the attempts to grant Jewish refugees asylum in India.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=165–166}}<ref>{{citation|last=Kumaraswamy|first=P. R.|title=Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home|publisher=Routledge|page=153|year=2020|quote=In his presidential address, Subhas Chandra Bose highlighted the contradictory nature of the British Empire and its inconsistent policy over Palestine. As a heterogeneous empire, Bose observed, the British had to be pro-Arab in India and pro Jewish elsewhere, and accused that London "has to please Jews because she cannot ignore Jewish high finance. On the other hand, the India Office and Foreign Office have to placate the Arabs because of the Imperial interests in the Near East and India."' While his reasoning was logical, Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the (Muslim) League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution. Despite the opposition led by Bose, Nehru "was a strong supporter of inviting (Jewish refugees) to settle down in India... (and felt that) this was the only way by which Jews could be saved from the wrath of the Nazis... Between 1933 and the outbreak of the War, Nehru was instrumental in obtaining the entry of several German Jewish refugees into India"}}</ref> The great anti-Jewish pogrom called "[[Kristallnacht|the Night of Broken Glass]]" happened on 9 November 1938. In early December, the pro-[[Hindu Mahasabha]] journals published articles lending support to German anti-Semitism. This stance brought Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, issued a statement containing references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed this stance of the party. After some months in April 1939, Bose refused to support the party motion that Jews can find refuge in India.{{sfn|Casolari|2020|pp=89–90}}<ref name=combined-antisemetic>{{citation|last=Bruckenhaus|first=Daniel|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-066001-7|lccn=2016042217|page=213|title=Policing Transnational Protest: Liberal Imperialism and the Surveillance of Anticolonialists in Europe, 1905–1945|quote=Epilogue and conclusion: Finally, however, the example of Germany also demonstrates that their work in Europe frequently forced anticolonialists to make difficult moral choices, as their presence in that continent required them to take a position not only on colonialism worldwide, but also on inner-European political and ideological conflicts. This was true, especially, during World War II. The war situation brought to stark light, one last time, the contradictions within the western political model of rule, leading to a rift among the anticolonialists then present in Europe. As the western empires fought against Nazi Germany, most anticolonialists felt that they could no longer support, simultaneously, the emancipatory projects of anticolonialism and antifascism. Some, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, began to cooperate with the radically racist Nazis against colonialism, while others decided to work against Nazism with the very western authorities who had been engaged, over the previous decades, in creating a widespread network of trans-national surveillance against them.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roland|first=Joan G.|title=Jewish Communities in India: Identity in a Colonial Era|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-0-7658-0439-6|page=342|quote=On 21 August 1942 the Jewish Chronicle of London reported that Bose was anti-Semitic and had published an article in Angriff, the organ of Goebbels, in which he described Indians as the real ancient Aryans and the brethren of the German people. He had said that the swastika was an old Indian sign and that anti-Semitism must become a part of the Indian freedom movement, since the Jews, he alleged, had helped Britain to exploit and oppress the Indians. The Jewish Advocate expressed horror at Bose's statement about a Jewish role in India's exploitation but added, "one may expect anything from one who has traveled the road to Berlin in search of his country's salvation." Norman Shohet pointed out how insignificant a part in the economic and political life of the country the Jews of India actually played. He also mentioned that other Indian leaders had so far not shown any anti-Semitic leanings, but that on the contrary, Gandhi, Nehru, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and others had been positively friendly to the Jews.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Aafreedi|first=Navras J.|chapter=Holocaust education in India and its challenges|title=Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons|location=Abington and New York|editor1-last=Aafreedi|editor1-first=Navras J.|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=Priya|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|isbn=978-1-00-314613-1|page=154|quote=Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People without a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru returned from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the ''Jewish Chronicle'' of London as having published an article in ''Angriff'', a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition|isbn=978-0-521-61826-7|location=Cambridge and New York|year=2011|page=xx|quote=None of the works that deal with ... Subhas Chandra Bose, or his Indian National Army has engaged either Bose's reaction to German mass killing of Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) because their ancestors came from India or the reaction of the soldiers in his army to the sex slaves kidnapped in Japanese-occupied lands and held in enclosures attached to the camps in which they were being trained to follow their Japanese comrades in the occupation of India.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shindler|first=Colin|title=Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum|location=New York|page=112|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4411-8898-4|quote=Bose requested a declaration from the Germans that they supported the movement for freedom in India—and in Arab countries. He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebells's ''Der Angriff'' in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.}}</ref>

In 1938, Bose had denounced Nazi racial policy and persecution of Jews.<ref>Bose to Dr. Thierfelder of the ''Deutsche Academie'', Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein, 25 March 1936 {{harvnb|Bose|Bose|1997a|p=155}}</ref> However, in 1942 he had published an article in the journal ''Angriff'', where he wrote that Indians were true Aryans and the 'brethren' of the Germans. Bose added that [[Swastika]] (symbol of Nazi Germany) was an ancient Indian symbol. Bose urged that anti-Semitism should be part of Indian liberation movement because the Jews assisted the British to exploit Indians.<ref>{{cite book | last=Egorova | first=Yulia | title=Jews and India: Perceptions and Image | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Jewish Studies Series | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-134-14655-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_okSx7ds4C | page=39 | access-date=22 February 2023 | archive-date=22 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222193716/https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_okSx7ds4C | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' had condemned Bose as "India's anti-Jewish [[Quisling]]" over this article.<ref>{{cite news | title=Bose & the Nazis |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | date=28 June 2012 |first1=A.G. |last1=Noorani | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30166212.ece | access-date=22 February 2023 | archive-date=22 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222193717/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30166212.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

Romain Hayes describes the troubled legacy of Bose with atrocities related to Jews in the following words:

<blockquote>The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] end up with [[Hitler]], [[Mussolini]], and [[Hideki Tojo|Tojo]]? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=165}}</blockquote>

== Legacy ==

Bose's defiance of British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians,{{efn|name=Mythic}}{{efn|"Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=311}}}}{{efn|"Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=427}}}} however his wartime alliances with [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] left a legacy fraught with authoritarianism, [[anti-Semitism]], and [[military incompetence|military failure]].{{efn|(p.117) the INA was raised during the Second World War, with the support of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA); lasted less than three years; and went through two different configurations during that period. In total, it numbered some 40,000 men and women, half of whom are estimated to have been recruited from Indian Army prisoners of war (POWs). The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma. Reports of its creation in 1942/3 caused consternation among the political and military leadership (p. 118) of the GOI, but in the end its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny, and its presence had a negligible impact on the Indian Army.{{sfn|Marston|2014|pp=117–118}}}}{{refn|"At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like [[Iwaichi Fujiwara|Fujiwara]], who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."{{sfn|Gordon|1990|p=517}}}}<ref name=combined-military-lead/>{{efn|"The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisions—15th, 31st and 33rd—totalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger."{{Sfn|Moreman|2013|pp=124–125}}}}{{efn|"The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel [[Operation U-Go]] in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."{{Sfn|McLynn|2011|p=429}}}} His most famous quote was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".{{sfn|Kumar|2010b}} Another famous quote was ''Dilli Chalo'' ("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice").{{Sfn|Roy|1996|pp=51ff}}

=== Memorials ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Subhas Chandra Bose 1964 stamp of India.jpg
| image2 = Subhas Chandra Bose 1964 stamp of India 2.jpg
| caption1 =
| footer = Bose on 1964 stamps of India
}}

Bose was featured on the stamps in India from 1964, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2016, 2018 and 2021.<ref>{{Commons category-inline|Subhas Chandra Bose}}</ref> Bose was also featured in ₹2 coins in 1996 and 1997, ₹75 coin in 2018 and ₹125 coin in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netaji fan with error coin in pocket|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/fan-of-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-with-error-coin-in-pocket/cid/1682378|access-date=27 January 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206030935/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/fan-of-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-with-error-coin-in-pocket/cid/1682378|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rs 75 commemorative coin to mark 75th anniversary of Tricolour hoisting by Bose|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rs-75-commemorative-coin-to-mark-75th-anniversary-of-tricolour-hoisting-by-bose/articleshow/66608885.cms|access-date=27 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=14 November 2018|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204091958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rs-75-commemorative-coin-to-mark-75th-anniversary-of-tricolour-hoisting-by-bose/articleshow/66608885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नेताजी की 125वीं जयंती पर लॉन्च होगा 125 रुपये का सिक्का, जानें क्या होगा खास|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/economy/government-to-issue-rupee-125-coin-to-mark-125th-anniversary-of-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-parakram-diwas-42057|access-date=27 January 2021|website=Zee Business|language=Hindi|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131175722/https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/economy/government-to-issue-rupee-125-coin-to-mark-125th-anniversary-of-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-parakram-diwas-42057|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] at Kolkata, West Bengal; is named after him, as well as [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station]] at Gomoh, Jharkhand. [[Netaji Express]], a train runs between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]], West Bengal and [[Kalka]], Haryana. [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal]] at Cuttack, Odisha. [[Netaji Bhavan metro station]] and [[Netaji metro station]] at Kolkata, West Bengal and [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station]] at Delhi. [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island]] at Andaman and Nicobar Island. [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu]] (Longest bridge of Odisha) at Cuttack, Odisha. [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road]] at Kolkata, West Bengal. [[INA War Museum]] at Moirang, Manipur. [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] at Kolkata, West Bengal, [[DDA Netaji Subhash Sports Complex]] at Delhi, [[Netaji Stadium]] at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Island. [[Netaji Subhas Open University]] at Kolkata, West Bengal, [[Netaji Subhash University of Technology]] at Delhi, [[Netaji Subhas University]] at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand and many other things in India are named after him. On 23 August 2007, [[Japanese Prime Minister]], [[Shinzō Abe]] visited the [[Netaji Bhawan]] in [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Roche|2007}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2007}} Abe, who is also the recipient of Netaji Award 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ex-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-given-netaji-award-2022/articleshow/89072417.cms?from=mdr|title=Ex-Japan PM Shinzo Abe given Netaji Award 2022|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|website=economictimes.com|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2022|access-date=8 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123080712/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ex-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-given-netaji-award-2022/articleshow/89072417.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> said to Bose's family "The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led the [[Indian independence movement]] from British rule. Netaji is a much respected name in Japan."{{sfn|Roche|2007}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2007}}

In 2018, the [[Government of India]] renamed some islands in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]: Ross Island, Neil Island, and Havelock Island were renamed [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep]], [[Shaheed Dweep]], and [[Swaraj Dweep]], respectively. In 2019, the [[Government of India]] inaugurated a museum on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his INA at [[Red Fort]], New Delhi. In 2021, the [[Government of India]] declared 23 January as [[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Divas]] to commemorate the birth anniversary of Subhas Chandra Bose. Political party, [[Trinamool Congress]] and the [[All India Forward Bloc]] demanded that the day should be observed as 'Deshprem Divas'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Political row over Centre's decision to celebrate Netaji's birth anniversary as Parakram Diwas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/political-row-over-centres-decision-to-celebrate-netajis-birth-anniversary-as-parakram-diwas/article33612822.ece |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121160114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/political-row-over-centres-decision-to-celebrate-netajis-birth-anniversary-as-parakram-diwas/article33612822.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, [[Government of India]] inaugurated a [[statue of Subhas Chandra Bose]] at [[India Gate]]. Also in the same year, [[Government of India]] started an official award [[Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar]], for those who do excellent work in disaster management.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2022 |title=Subhas Chandra Bose 125th birth anniversary: Unveiling of Netaji's statue, floral tributes at Central Hall |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-unveiling-of-netaji-s-statue-floral-tributes-at-central-hall-101642842835445.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first1=Kunal |last1=Gaurav |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310235521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-unveiling-of-netaji-s-statue-floral-tributes-at-central-hall-101642842835445.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehrotra |first=Vani |date=23 January 2022 |title='Attempts were made to erase contributions of many,' says PM Modi as he unveils hologram statue of Netaji |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-live-updates-netaji-hologram-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-political-leaders-2022-01-23-755814 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310235521/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-live-updates-netaji-hologram-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-political-leaders-2022-01-23-755814 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== In popular media ===
[[File:The tableau of Andaman & Nicobar depicting the '100 years of Cellular Jail ', passes through the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Bose on the tableau of Andaman & Nicobar in the 2006 [[Republic Day Parade]] in New Delhi]]
* ''Netaji Subhash'', a feature documentary film about Bose was released in 1947, it was directed by Chhotubhai Desai.<ref name="film" />
* ''[[Subhas Chandra]]'' is a 1966 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language biographical film, directed by Pijush Basu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4303968/|title=Subhas Chandra (1966)|website=IMDb|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308075840/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4303968/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Das Gupta|2015}}
* ''Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose'' is a 1966 Indian biographical drama film about Bose by [[Hemen Gupta]].<ref name="film">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kaul|title=Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-2116-6}}</ref>
* In 2004, [[Shyam Benegal]] directed the biographical film, ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' depicting his life in [[Nazi Germany]] (1941–1943), in Japanese-occupied Asia (1943–1945) and the events leading to the formation of [[Azad Hind Fauj]].{{sfn|Salam|2005}} The film received critical acclaim at the [[BFI London Film Festival]], and has garnered the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]], and the [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|National Film Award for Best Production Design]] for that year.{{sfn|Pandohar|2005}}{{sfn|The Guardian|2005}}
* [[Mahanayak (novel)|''Mahanayak'']], a 2005 published [[Marathi language|Marathi]] historical novel on the life of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by Marathi author [[Vishvas Patil]].
* ''[[His Majesty's Opponent]]'', a biography of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by [[Sugata Bose]], published in 2011.
* ''Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery'', a 2016 documentary film by Iqbal Malhotra, follows conspiracy theories regarding Bose's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery |url=https://www.discoveryplus.in/videos/subhash-chandra-bose-the-mystery/bose-the-mystery?type=EPISODE |website=[[discovery+]] |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601114524/https://www.discoveryplus.in/videos/subhash-chandra-bose-the-mystery/bose-the-mystery?type=EPISODE |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure'' is a 2017 television documentary film which aired on [[History TV18]], it explores the [[INA treasure controversy]].<ref name="HistoryTV18">{{cite web |title='Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure' |url=https://www.historyindia.com/show/netaji-bose-the-lost-treasure |website=HISTORY TV18 |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925152156/https://www.historyindia.com/show/netaji-bose-the-lost-treasure |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 2017, [[ALTBalaji]] and BIG Synergy Media, released a 9-episode web series, ''[[Bose: Dead/Alive]]'', created by [[Ekta Kapoor]], a dramatised version of the book ''India's Biggest Cover-up'' written by [[Anuj Dhar]], which starred [[Bollywood]] actor [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Subhas Chandra Bose and Anna Ador as [[Emilie Schenkl]]. The series was praised by both audience and critics, for its plot, performance and production design.{{sfn|Gauri|2017}}
* In January 2019 [[Zee Bangla]] started broadcasting the daily television series ''[[Netaji (TV series)|Netaji]]''.
* ''[[Gumnaami]]'' is a 2019 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[mystery film]] directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]], which deals with Netaji's death mystery, based on the [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose#Mukherjee Commission 2005|Mukherjee Commission Hearings]].

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[Japanese occupation of Singapore]]
* [[Bombing of Rangoon in World War II]]
* [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Bengal Volunteers]]
* [[Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Subhasji (song)|Subhasji]]
* [[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]
* [[Bhagwanji|Gumnami Baba]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|40em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|20em}}
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* {{citation|last=Kumar|first=Anu|title=Subhas Chandra Bose: Great Freedom Fighter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsN4pHk6aEkC|date=2010b|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-312-7|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062244/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsN4pHk6aEkC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Lebra|first=Joyce Chapman|author-link=Joyce Lebra|title=The Indian National Army and Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhgRuCapxGEC|year=2008a|orig-year=1977|publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]]|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-806-1}}
* {{citation|last=Lebra|first=Joyce Chapman|title=Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC|access-date=13 November 2013|year=2008b|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-809-2|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Loiwal|first=Manogya|date=18 January 2017a|title=President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-unveils-netaji-subhash-chandra-boses-1937-wanderer-w24-in-kolkata-955754-2017-01-18|access-date=20 February 2017|publisher=India Today|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515010657/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-unveils-netaji-subhash-chandra-boses-1937-wanderer-w24-in-kolkata/1/860515.html|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Loiwal|first=Manogya|date=19 January 2017b|title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's favourite car restored; unveiled in Kolkata|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-wanderer-w24-restored-unveiled-in-kolkata-president-india-pranab-mukherjee-955856-2017-01-19|access-date=20 February 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103075533/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-wanderer-w24-restored-unveiled-in-kolkata-president-india-pranab-mukherjee/1/861051.html|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Low|first=D. A.|author-link=Anthony Low|title=Eclipse of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBaYddlnKBEC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45754-5}}
* {{citation|last=Low|first=D. A.|author-link=Anthony Low|title=Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929–1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQBMPwAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89261-2}}
* {{citation|last=Majumdar|first=Sisir K.|title=Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany|work=South Asia Forum Quarterly|volume=10|number=1|year=1997|place=Chery Chase, Maryland|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Bose.htm|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808153445/http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv7n1/Bose.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Markandeya|first=Subodh|title=Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality|year=1990|publisher=Arnold Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|isbn=978-81-7031-241-3|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Marston|first=Daniel|title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj|series=Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-89975-8|author-link=Daniel Marston (historian)}}
* {{citation|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNL8i2LU0hMC|year=2011|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17162-4}}
* {{citation |last=Mercado |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLWvVEYVMScC&pg=PA73 |title=The Shadow Warriors of Nakano: A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's Elite Intelligence School |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |edition=illustrated |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-57488-443-2 |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=pLWvVEYVMScC&pg=PA73 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021259/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}
* {{citation|last1=Narangoa|first1=Li|last2=Cribb|first2=R. B.|title=Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945|publisher=Routledge|date=2003}}
* {{citation|author=The Open University|title=Subhas Chandra Bose|work=Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870–1950|publisher=The Open University|access-date=2 October 2020|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/subhas-chandra-bose|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405000953/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/subhas-chandra-bose|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Padhy|first=K.S.|title=Indian Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEz5soh9P3oC&pg=PA234|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|year=2011}}
* {{citation|last=Pandohar|first=Jaspreet|date=16 May 2005|title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005)|work=BBC Homepage: Entertainment: Film|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=2 May 2016|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/05/24/bose_the_forgotten_hero_2005_review.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017070027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/05/24/bose_the_forgotten_hero_2005_review.shtml|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Pasricha|first=Ashu|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|title=Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers|volume=16|section= The Political Thought of Subhas Chandra Bose}}
* {{citation|last=Patil|first=V.S.|title=Subhas Chandra Bose, his contribution to Indian nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-0653-8}}
* {{citation|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi|author-link=Aditi Phadnis|title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA185|year=2009|publisher=[[Business Standard Books]]|isbn=978-81-905735-4-2}}
* {{citation|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|title=Memories of a brave heart|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2001|access-date=13 February 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/25/stories/1325128q.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017070028/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/25/stories/1325128q.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2015}}
* {{citation|last=Rettig|first=Frederik|chapter=Recruiting the all-female Rani of Jhansi Regiment: Subhas Chandra Bose and Dr Lakshmi Swaminadhan|title=Women Warriors in Southeast Asia|publisher=Routledge|series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia|editor1-last=Lanzona|editor1-first=Vina A.|editor2-last=Rettig|editor2-first=Frederik|pages=158–172|location=Abington and New York|year=2020|isbn=978-1-138-82935-0|lccn= 2019032590}}
* {{citation|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|title=訪印中の安倍首相、東京裁判のパール判事の息子らと面会|work=Elizabeth Roche|publisher=AFPBB News|url=http://www.afpbb.com/article/politics/2271294/2039460?pageID=2|access-date=31 July 2018|date=24 August 2007|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514090216/http://www.afpbb.com/article/politics/2271294/2039460?pageID=2|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|title=The Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941–42|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2019|location=Bloomingtom|isbn=978-0-253-04415-0}}
* {{citation|last=Roy|first=Meenu|title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1996|isbn=81-7100-900-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C&pg=PA51}}
* {{citation|last=Roy|first=Dr R.C.|year=2004|title=Social, Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter1.pdf|access-date=6 April 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103060205/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter1.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2006}}
* {{citation|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|title=Celluloid tribute to a national hero|date=20 May 2005|access-date=2 May 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003670300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017070028/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003670300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 October 2015}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Satadru |title=Subhas Chandra Bose 1897–1945 |year=1999 |url=http://www.andaman.org/book/app-m/textm.htm |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305012751/http://www.andaman.org/book/app-m/textm.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 }}
* {{citation|last=Shanker Kapoor|first=Ravi|title=There is No Such Thing As Hate Speech|year=2017|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]}}
* {{citation|last=Silvestri|first=Michael|title=Policing 'Bengali Terrorism' in India and the World: Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905–1939|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|series=Britain and the World Series|isbn=978-3-030-18041-6|year=2019}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Iqbal|title=The Andaman Story}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=Burton|author-link=Burton Stein|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062730/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Talwar|first=Bhagat Ram|title=The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra's Great Escape|publisher=People's Publishing House|year=1976|isbn=978-0-88386-848-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062817/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Tarique|first=Mohammad|title=Modern Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcKMD9XWyjAC&pg=SA9-PA10|publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=0-07-066030-1|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062817/https://books.google.com/books?id=pcKMD9XWyjAC&pg=SA9-PA10|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Thomson|first=Mike|title=Hitler's secret Indian army|date=23 September 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3684288.stm|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817171521/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3684288.stm|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Toye|first=Hugh|title=Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3cwAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]]|isbn=978-81-7224-401-9}}
* {{citation|last=Vas|first=Eric A.|title=Subhas Chandra Bose: The Man and His Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5tIhE0P6IUC&pg=PA27|date=2008|publisher=[[Lancer Publishers]]|isbn=978-81-7062-243-7}}
* {{citation|last=Vipul|first=Singh|title=Longman History & Civics Icse 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX4OiM0MGZUC&pg=PA116|date=2009|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|isbn=978-81-317-2042-4}}
* {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|author-link=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=A New History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOKxQgAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512877-2}}
* {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539394-1}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |last=Aldrich |first=Richard J. |title=Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC |year=2000 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64186-9 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Alan Bayly |last2=Harper |first2=Timothy |title=Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC |year=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01748-1 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062737/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Madhuri |title=Emilie Schenkl, Mrs Subhas Chandra Bose |date=10 February 2014 |website=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/emilie-schenkl-mrs-subhas-chandra-bose/289363 |access-date=28 December 2018 |ref=none |archive-date=28 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228223303/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/emilie-schenkl-mrs-subhas-chandra-bose/289363 |url-status=live}}

* {{citation |last=Brown |first=Judith Margaret |author-link=Judith M. Brown |title=Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873112-2 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121919/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Chauhan |first=Abnish Singh |title=Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |isbn=978-81-7977-149-5 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=India, 1885–1947: the unmaking of an empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-38173-5 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062755/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Gordon |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Gordon |title=Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=103–112 |jstor=23005940 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Lebra |first=Joyce Chapman |title=Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC |year=2008b |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-809-2 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC |url-status=live}}

* {{citation |last=Marston |first=Daniel |title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR9GAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89975-8 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062720/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR9GAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Pelinka |first=Anton |title=Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prfVHxySTf4C |year=2003 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2154-4 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063217/https://books.google.com/books?id=prfVHxySTf4C |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Morris |first1=Paul |last2=Shimazu |first2=Naoko |last3=Vickers |first3=Edward |title=Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68490-8 |ref=none |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063219/https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |title=Wearing the mantle with grace |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/01/stories/1301078a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061356/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/01/stories/1301078a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=31 December 2013 |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |title=The Man Who Saved India |last=Sengupta |first=Hindol |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5305-200-3 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19694-8 |ref=none |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712063222/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Subhas Chandra Bose|display=Subhas Chandra Bose|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=yes|d=Q2153}}
* [http://www.netaji.org/ Netaji Research Bureau]
* [http://www.netajipapers.gov.in/all-papers?page=1 Declassified papers at the National Archives of India]
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story_image.jsp?img=/images/stories/2015April/letterenlarge_041015092714.jpg Subhas Chandra Bose family Tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144047/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story_image.jsp?img=%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F2015April%2Fletterenlarge_041015092714.jpg |date=24 February 2021 }}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{IMDb name|nm0097865}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/002232}}

{{Navboxes|list=
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Vijayawada Municipal Corporation

2026-03-25T10:38:13Z

Mohammad.Fahim: new info

{{Short description|Local civic body in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Lead too short|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Vijayawada Municipal Corporation(VMC)<hr />{{small|Vijayavaāḍa nagara pālaka samstha విజయవాడ నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = File:Vmc-logo-big.png
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1888}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada Municipal Corporation {{!}} Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/vijayawada-municipal-corporation |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=cdma.ap.gov.in}}</ref>
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Vijayawada|Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = Sri Dhyanachandra H.M, I.A.S<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS officer Swapnil Dinakar assumes charge as new Vijayawada Municipal Commissioner |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2022/apr/07/ias-officer-swapnil-dinakar-assumes-charge-as-new-vijayawada-municipal-commissioner-2438972.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 April 2022 }}</ref>
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =

| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2021 Vijayawada Municipal Corporation election|10 March 2021]]

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Nehru Building, Canal Road, One Town, [[NTR District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], 520001
| website = {{URL|https://vmc.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| next_election1 = ''TBH''
| motto =
| logo =
}}

'''Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC)''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Vijayawada]], second largest city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==History==
The Vijayawada Municipality was created on 1 April 1888. It was named as a selection grade municipality in 1960 and to corporation in 1981. In 1985 Gunadala, Patamata and Bhavanipuram [[village panchayat]]s, Payakapuram, Kundavari Kandrika were merged in the corporation.<ref name=corp>{{cite web|title=Corporation details|url=https://www.ourvmc.org/general/aboutvmc.htm|publisher=Vijayawada Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202014033/http://www.ourvmc.org/general/aboutvmc.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=vgtm>{{cite web |title=Vijayawada corporation |url=http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/innerpages/aboutvgtm.aspx |publisher=VGTM Urban Development Authority |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821063129/http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/Innerpages/AboutVGTM.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Administration ==
The area of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation is {{convert|61.88|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. The city constitutes 64 political wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada Municipal Corporation |url=https://vmc.ap.gov.in/aboutus |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108063603/https://vmc.ap.gov.in/aboutus |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The corporation is administered by an elected body headed by the [[Mayor]]. The corporation population as per the 2011 census was 1,039,518 with 527,307 males and a female population of 512,211.<ref name="corp" /> The present mayor is Rayana Bhagyalakshmi<ref>{{cite web|title=Mayor's Profile|url=https://www.ourvmc.org/general/mayor.htm|website=Vijayawada Municipal Corporation|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230102/https://www.ourvmc.org/general/mayor.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the municipal commissioner is '''Sri Dhyanachandra H.M, I.A.S.'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boda |first=Tharun |date=5 June 2022 |title=Who's who of Vijayawada hit the road for VMC's cyclothon |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/whos-who-of-vijayawada-hit-the-road-for-vmcs-cyclothon/article65497102.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Civic services ==
[[File:Municipal Corporation Hospital.jpg|thumb|'''Municipal Corporation Hospital, Vijayawada''']]
[[File:Office of Santitary Inspector , 31st division muthyalampaadu.jpg|thumb|'''Office of Santitary Inspector, 31st division muthyalampaadu.''']]
[[File:Muncipal Cooperation High School.jpg|thumb|'''Municipal Corporation High School. Muthayalampadu,Vijayawada-2''']]
The corporation provides protected drinking water to its public and is the forerunner in the state with everyday supply of {{convert|39|e6USgal|abbr=off}} water to the city residents. The other services undertaken by the corporation authorities are: Internal roads extension; underground drainage project with JNNURM; solid waste management which is recycled at waste to energy plants for power production; [[health center]]s; [[maternity hospital]]s; schools from elementary to high schools and even providing midday meals to students.<ref name=corp />

The [[Krishna River]], groundwater and overhead tanks are the source of drinking water for the city residents. The underground and open draining systems are implemented for wastewater. There are also sewage treatment plants and the Budameru, Gundutippa, Islampeta and HB drains are utilized for draining out wastewater. The Railway dumping yard is utilized for solid waste dumping and some of the solid waste produced is made useful by converting them into [[manures]].<ref name="services">{{cite web|title=Chapter III : Findings: Metro-Cities of India|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf|website=Central Pollution Control Board|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=28 April 2016|page=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Vijayawada Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="vi9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="vi10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority.
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* [[File:Vijayawada Municipal Corporation.webp|thumb|260x260px|Meeting Place of VMC]]Improvement of the town's economic and social status,
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old-age and gender-biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="vi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===

Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Infrastructure ===

Certain municipal sporting infrastructure in the city are maintained by the corporation, which includes, [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Vijayawada|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], indoor stadiums, swimming pools and [[Gymnasiums]]. There are parks and open spaces as part of city greenery projects.<ref name="corp" />

== Awards and achievements ==
Accolades and awards won by VMC include:
* National Urban Water Award (2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=Water and sanitation Award|url=http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-vmc.php|website=National Urban Water and Sanitation Awards|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232700/http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-vmc.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="water scada">{{cite web|title=Water Scada|url=http://rcueshyd.gov.in/Services/2Ministry%20Water%20SCADA%20VMC.pdf|publisher=The Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies|access-date=17 June 2014|page=9|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072032/http://rcueshyd.gov.in/Services/2Ministry%20Water%20SCADA%20VMC.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* CRISIL Best Practices Award for the "Siti e-Governance" Project<ref name="water scada" />
* CSI Nihilent runner-up award was conferred by Ministry of Information and Technology
* Stockholm Challenge Award finalist<ref name="water scada" />
* ISO 9001 Certified for Quality Management System<ref name="water scada" />

== List of Mayors ==
{{Main|List of mayors of Vijayawada}}

== Elections ==
=== 2021 VMC election ===
Five wards were added, taking the total count of wards to 64.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |Party
!Symbol
!Won
!+/-
|-
|1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|55px]]
|49
|{{Increase}} 30
|-
|2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|14
|{{decrease}} 24
|-
|3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{steady}}
|-
|4
|bgcolor="#C1C1C1" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|1
|
|}

=== 2014 VMC election ===
In 2014, there were 59 wards in the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Venu Lanka|date=Feb 17, 2020|title=Vijayawada corporation tackles ward reservation rigmarole as door-to-door poll campaigns begin {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vmc-tackles-ward-reservation-rigmarole-as-door-to-door-poll-campaigns-begin/articleshow/74165433.cms|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |Party
!Symbol
!Won
!+/-
|-
|1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|38
|{{Increase}} 28
|-
|2
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|55px]]
|19
|{{Steady}} new
|-
|3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
|4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|}

=== 2005 VMC election ===
Elections were held to the 59 wards in the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cong wins Vijayawada; sweeps civic polls |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/03ap1.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |Party
!Symbol
!Won
!+/-
|-
|1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|55px]]
|29
|
|-
|2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|10
|
|-
|3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| rowspan="2" |14
|
|-
|4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|-
|5
|bgcolor="#C1C1C1" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|3
|
|}

== Expansion ==
There are numerous proposals to expand the city limits over decades into Greater Municipal Corporation.

[[Enikepadu]], [[Gollapudi, Vijayawada|Gollapudi]], [[Ibrahimpatnam]], [[Kondapalli]], [[Guntupalli, NTR district|Guntupalli]], [[Poranki]], [[Yanamalakuduru]], [[Nunna]], [[Kanuru]], [[Tadigadapa]] and [[Tadepalle, Guntur district|Tadepalli]] are some of the many major urban commercial areas still lies beyond the corporation borders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijayawada set to become 'Greater' with GVMC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/vijayawada-set-to-become-greater-with-gvmc/article29389183.ece/ |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2019 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of municipal corporations in India#Andhra Pradesh|List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijayawada topics}}
{{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government of Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:1888 establishments in India]]

Nawab

2026-03-24T06:21:18Z

Mohammad.Fahim: refine formatting additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Type of monarch}}
{{About|the honorific title|the nawab butterfly|Polyura}}
{{redirect|Naib}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2010}}
{{Indo-Persian royal and noble ranks}}

'''Nawab'''{{efn|[[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: {{nq|نواب}} {{langx|ar|نواب}} {{langx|bn|নবাব/নওয়াব}} {{langx|hi|नवाब}} [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}: ਨਵਾਬ}}{{efn|Also spelled Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab.}} is a [[royal title]] indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the Western title of [[Emperor]]. In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] to semi-autonomous [[Muslim]] rulers of subdivisions or [[princely states]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] loyal to the [[Mughal Empire]], and then it was became a Royal title like [[Sultan]] or [[Emperor]] for example the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]. Various Nawabs were permitted to maintain this title under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India: A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress) |date=2000 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |page=199 |language=en}}</ref>

"Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means ''Independent ruler''; the female equivalent is "[[Begum]]" or "''Nawab Begum''". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty.

The title of "nawabi" was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similar to a [[British peerage]], to persons and families who ruled a princely or independent state for various services to the Government of [[British Raj|British India]]. In some cases, the titles were also accompanied by [[jagir]] grants, either in cash revenues and allowances or land-holdings. During the [[British Raj]], some of the chiefs, or [[sardar]]s, of large or important tribes were also given the title, in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship.

The term ''"[[Zamindar]]i"'' was originally used for the ''[[subahdar]]'' (provincial governor) or viceroy of a ''[[Subah (province)|subah]]'' (province) or regions of the Mughal Empire.

==History==
[[Image:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.90|[[Robert Clive]], meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]], by [[Francis Hayman]]]]
[[File:Sadeq Mohammad Khan.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[General]] [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Nawab Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]], the last ruling Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]]]]

Nawab was a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] term, used in [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and many other North-Indian languages, borrowed via [[Persian language|Persian]] from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] honorific plural of ''naib'', or "deputy". In some areas, especially [[Bengal]], the term is pronounced ''nobab''. This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as [[:wikt:nabob|nabob]].

[[File:Asif musicians 1812.jpg|250px|thumb|The winter [[Divan|diwan]] of a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nawab]]

The [[Subahdar]] was the head of the Mughal provincial administration. He was assisted by the provincial ''Diwan'', ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakhshi]]'', ''[[Faujdar]]'', ''[[Kotwal]]'', ''[[Qadi|Qazi]]'', ''Sadr'', ''Waqa-i-Navis'', ''Qanungo'' and ''[[Patwari]]''. As the [[Mughal empire]] began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many ''subahs'' became independent.<ref name="Whitworth1885">{{cite book |last=Whitworth |first=George Clifford |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |publisher=K. Paul, Trench |year=1885 |pages=301– |chapter=Subah |access-date=13 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''nawaab'' is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or [[south India]] while the term ''[[nizam]]'' is preferred for a senior official; it literally means "governor of region". The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] had several nawabs under him: Nawabs of Cuddapah, Sira, Rajahmundry, Kurnool, Chicacole, et al. ''Nizam'' was his personal title, awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term ''nazim'' as meaning "senior officer". ''Nazim'' is still used for a district collector in many parts of India. The term ''nawab'' is still technically imprecise, as the title was also awarded to Hindus and [[Sikh]]s, as well, and large [[zamindar]]s and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers. With the decline of that empire, the title, and the powers that went with it, became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces.

Under later British rule, nawabs continued to rule various [[princely states]] of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Balasinor]], [[Baoni]], [[Banganapalle]], [[Bhopal]], [[Cambay]], [[Jaora]], [[Junagadh]], [[Kurnool]] (the main city of Deccan), [[Kurwai]], Mamdot, [[Multan]], [[Palanpur]], [[Pataudi]], [[Radhanpur]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Malerkotla]], [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]], and [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]. Other former rulers bearing the title, such as the nawabs of Bengal and [[Oudh State|Awadh]], had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857.
[[File:Nawab Alivardi Khan with his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|thumb|Nawab '[[Alivardi Khan]] with his grandson [[Siraj-Ud-Daulah]] sit opposite his nephew Sayyid Ahmad Khan (Saulat Jang) and his Wazir another one is high rank amartya of durbar, Murshidabad.]]
Some princes became nawab by promotion. For example, the ruler of [[Palanpur]] was "diwan" until 1910, then "nawab sahib". Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style, or to and back, such as in [[Rajgarh State|Rajgarh]] a single rawat (rajah) went by nawab.

The style for a nawab's wife is ''[[begum]]''. Most of the nawab dynasties were male [[primogeniture]]s, although several ruling [[Begum of Bhopal|Begums of Bhopal]] were a notable exception.

Before the incorporation of the [[Indian subcontinent#The Subcontinent|Subcontinent]] into the [[British Empire]], nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh (or Oudh, encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah), Bengal, [[Arcot]] and Bhopal.

==Ruling nawab families==
[[File:The procession of Yusef Ali Khan.jpg|right|thumb|''The Procession of [[Yusef Ali Khan]]'', a painting depicting Yusef Khan on his way to an encampment for the [[durbar (court)|durbar]] held at [[Fatehgarh]] in 1859]]

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to India===
{{div col}}
* Nawab of Akbarpur - Asmatara Farida Begum
* Nawab [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur]], the 7th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* Nawab of Ashwath
* Nawab Babi of [[Balasinor State|Balasinor]]
* [[Nawab of Banganapalle]], previously [[Nawab of Masulipatam|Masulipatam]]
* Nawab of [[Baoni State|Baoni]]
* Nawab of Basai, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Khan
* Nawab of [[Berar Province|Berar]] styled Mirza of Berar (title held by the heir to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]])
* Nawab of [[Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State|Bhikampur and Datawali]]
* [[Nawab of Bhopal]] (female rulers were known as Nawab Begum)
* [[Cambay State|Nawabs of Cambay]]
* the former [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nawabs of the Carnatic]], restyled Princes of Arcot
* Nawab of Dujana
* [[Nawab of Farrukhabad]]
* Nawab of [[Jaora State|Jaora]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]]
* Nawab of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]]
* Nawab of [[Mohammadgarh State|Muhammadgarh]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] (''Diwan'' until 1910)
*Nawab of Awadh
* Nawab of [[Pathari State|Pathari]]
* [[Nawab of Radhanpur]]
* [[Nawab of Rampur]]
* [[Nawab of Sachin]]
* [[Nawab of Sardhana]]
* [[Nawab of Tonk]], India
* Nawab of [[Ghazipur]]
{{div col end}}

===Nawabi dynasties in India abolished before independence===
* [[Nawab of Kurwai]]
* [[Nawab of Pataudi]]
* [[Nawab of Savanur]]
* [[Nawab of Mamdot]]
* Nawab of [[Tarakote State]]
* Nawab of Banda (Bundelkhand)
* Nawab of Farukhnagar
* Nawab of Jhajjar
* [[Nawab of Surat]]
* Nawab of Mohna

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to Pakistan===
{{div col}}
* [[Nawab of Kalabagh]]
* [[Nawab of Amb]]
* [[Nawab of Bahawalpur]]
* Nawab of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]
* Nawab of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Junagadh]]
* Nawab of [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]
* Nawab of [[Maler Kotla]]
* Nawab of [[Jogezai]]
* Nawab of [[Bugti]]
* Nawab of [[Marri (tribe)]]
* [[Nawab of Sanghar]]{{div col end}}

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to Bangladesh ===
{{div col}}
* [[Nawab of Bengal]]
* [[Nawab of Dhaka]]
* [[Nawab of Longla]] (Sylhet)
{{div col end}}

===Former dynasties which became political pensioners===
* [[Padshah-i-Oudh]], formerly [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab Wazir]] of Awadh,
:: also imperial [[Vizier|Wazir]] of all Mughal India, both hereditary
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]], as [[Nawabs of Murshidabad]]
* Nawab of Marauli
* Nawab of Patna
* Nawab of Surat
* [[Nawab of Longla]] (Sylhet)

=== Rohilla Confederation===

All of these states were at some point under the authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand, later made the Nawab of Rampur. Most of these states were annexed at the close of the [[First Rohilla War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the origin, progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan |pages=90–92|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Badaun]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Moradabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Bareilly]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Najibabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Philibit]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Farrukhabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Bisollee]]

== Miscellaneous nawabs ==

=== Personal nawabs ===

The title ''nawab'' was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a [[British peerage]], to persons and families who never ruled a princely state. For the Muslim elite various Mughal-type titles were introduced, including nawab. Among the noted British creations of this type were Nawab [[Hashim Ali Khan]] (1858–1940), Nawab [[Khwaja Abdul Ghani]] (1813–1896), [[Nawab Abdul Latif]] (1828–1893), Nawab [[Faizunnesa Choudhurani]] (1834–1904), Nawab [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Ali Chowdhury]] (1863–1929), [[Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda]] (1862–1922), [[Nawab Sirajul Islam]] (1848–1923), [[Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur]], M.A, Madras, B.A., B.C.L., Barr-At-Law (1890–1974). There also were the Nawabs of Dhanbari, Nawabs of Ratanpur, Nawabs of [[Baroda]] and such others.

===Nawab as a court rank===
[[Image:Saadat Ali Khan I.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.70|A picture of whom is believed to be the first ever "Nawab" of [[Mughal Empire]], "Saadat Ali Khan I" of [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh]].]]

''Nawab'' was also the rank title—again not an office—of a much lower class of [[Muslim]] nobles—in fact retainers—at the court of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and [[Berar Province|Berar]] State, ranking only above [[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] and Khan, but under (in ascending order) [[Khan (title)|Jang]], [[Al-Dawla|Daula]], [[Malik|Mulk]], [[Umara]] and [[Jah]]; the equivalent for Hindu courtiers was [[Raja Bahadur]].

==Related titles==
===Nawabzada===
[[File:The Navab's arrival before Clive's position.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]] 1764]]

This style, adding the Persian suffix ''-zada'' which means son (or other male descendants; see in other cases prince), etymologically fits a nawab's sons, but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs.

For example, in [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] only the nawab's [[heir apparent]] used ''nawabzada'' before his personal name, then ''Khan Abassi'', finally ''Wali Ahad Bahadur'' (an enhancement of Wali Ehed), while the other sons of the ruling nawab used the style [[sahibzada]] before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind. "Nawabzadi" implies daughters of the reigning nawbab.

Elsewhere, there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others.

===Naib (Ottoman, Iranian, Arabic title)===
{{See also|Dar Niaba}}

The word ''naib'' ({{langx|ar|نائب}}) has been historically used to refer to any [[suzerain]] leader, [[feudatory]], or [[regent]] in some parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]], successive early modern [[Persianate]] kingdoms ([[Safavids]], etc.), and in the eastern [[Caucasus]] (e.g. during [[Caucasian Imamate]]). In the [[Sultanate of Morocco]], the Naib was the Sultan's [[Ambassador|emissary]] to the foreign legations in [[Tangier]] between 1848 and 1923, when the creation of the [[Tangier International Zone]] led to its replacement by the office of the [[Mendoub]].

Today, the word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic-speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses (or [[Shura]]). The term [[Majlis al-Nuwwab (disambiguation)|Majlis al-Nuwwab]] ({{langx|ar|مجلس النواب}}, literally ''council of deputies'') has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures.

"Naib" has also been used in the [[Malay language]] (especially of the [[Malaysian language|Malaysian variant]]) to translate the component of "deputy" or "vice" in certain titles (e.g "Vice President" - ''Naib Presiden'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=vice - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris|url=http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=vice&d=139128&#LIHATSINI|website=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu|publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025163245/https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=vice&d=139128&#LIHATSINI|url-status=live}}</ref> aside from ''timbalan'' and ''wakil'' (latter predominant in the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian variant]]).

=="Nabob", derived colloquial term==

{{Other uses|Nabob (disambiguation)}}
In colloquial usage in English (since 1612),<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nabob?show=0&t=1284641928 Origin of NABOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060951/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nabob?show=0&t=1284641928 |date=3 December 2016 }}, Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</ref> adopted in other Western languages, the [[transliteration]] "nabob" refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. "Nabob" derives from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] pronunciation of "nawab": {{langx|bn|নবাব}} ''nôbab''.

During the 18th century in particular, it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who, having made a fortune in India, returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain. [[Vanity Fair (novel)#Joseph Sedley|Jos Sedley]] in [[Vanity Fair (novel)|Thackeray's ''Vanity Fair'']] is probably the best known example in fiction.

From this specific usage it came to be sometimes used for ostentatiously rich businesspeople in general.

"Nabob" can also be used metaphorically for people who have a grandiose sense of their own importance, as in the famous alliterative dismissal of the news media as "''nattering nabobs of negativism''" in a speech that was delivered by [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s vice president [[Spiro Agnew]] and written by [[William Safire]].<ref>[http://politicaldictionary.com/words/nattering-nabobs-of-negativism/ "nattering nabobs of negativism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210050026/http://politicaldictionary.com/words/nattering-nabobs-of-negativism/ |date=10 February 2017 }}, PoliticalDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="125" heights="100" caption="Some Nawabs of India">
File:Major-General the Hon. Arthur Wellesley being received in durbar at the Chepauk Palace Madras by Azim al-Daula Nawab of the Carnatic 18th February 1805.jpg|[[Azim-ud-Daula]]
File:Oziashumphrey.jpg|Hyder Beg Khan of [[Awadh]]
File:CheetahHunt.jpg|Nawabs hunting a [[blackbuck]] with their [[Asiatic cheetah]]
File:Javanbakht.jpg|[[Nawab of Awadh]] (left) and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal prince]] and [[Heir apparent]] [[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]] (right)
File:Cheetahs nawab oudh1844.jpg|Nawabs and [[cheetah]]s
File:Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Mohammad khan.jpeg|[[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan]] The [[Nawab of Kalabagh]] and chief of the Awan tribe
File:A Nawab of Awadh, Lucknow, India. 19th century.jpg|[[Afsharid]]s and a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nawab
File:Stinger Lawrence and Nawab Wallajah.JPG|[[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]
File:Nawab shuja ud daulah.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]] the [[Nawab of Awadh]]
File:Shujah ud-Daulah and his sons shoberl.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]] and his sons and relative
File:Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257) (cropped).jpg|[[Adina Beg Khan]], the only [[List of monarchs of Punjab#Nawab of Punjab|Nawab of Punjab]]
File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|Nawabs in battle during the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)]]
File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|[[Nawab of the Carnatic]] in battle
File:A Nawab of Mughal dynasty, India, 17th-18th century.jpg|A nawab, during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]
File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] the [[Nawab of Bengal]]
File:Muhammad Anwaruddin.jpg|[[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
File:Nawab of Bengal.jpg|[[Nawab of Bengal]]
File:Ali Bahadur.jpg|[[Ali Bahadur I]] the Nawab of Bundelkhand
</gallery>

==Princely states and Independent states ruled by Nawabs==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Amb (princely state and independent state)|Amb (Tanoli)]]
*[[Arcot]]
*[[Awadh]](Independent)
*[[Bahawalpur]]
*[[Balasinor]]
*[[Banganapalle]]
*[[Baoni]]
*[[Bengal]](Independent)
*[[Berar Province|Berar]] (nominally under Nizam of Hyderabad)
*[[Banda State|Banda]]
*[[Bhopal State|Bhopal]]
*[[Cambay]]
*[[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]
*[[Farrukhabad]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
*[[Farrukhnagar]]
*[[Hyderabad]](Independent)
*[[Jaora]]
*[[Junagadh]]
*[[Janjira State|Janjira]]
*[[Ghazipur]]
*[[Tarakote State]]
*[[Kurwai]]
*[[Kalabagh]]
*[[Malerkotla]]
*[[Mamdot]]
*[[Manavadar]]
*[[Warcha]]
*[[Palanpur]] ([[Gujarat]], India)
*[[Pataudi]]
*[[Radhanpur]]
*[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
*[[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]]
*[[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Subahdar]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M Ali |year=2012 |chapter=Dhaka Nawab Estate |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Nawab_Estate |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Nawab |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=nabob&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Nawab|volume=19|page=317}}

[[Category:Nawabs of India| ]]
[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]

Acting lance daffadar

2026-03-21T15:42:32Z

Mohammad.Fahim: New - done

{{Short description|Non-commissioned officer rank in the Indian and Pakistan Armies}}
'''Acting lance daffadar''' ('''ALD'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Guide to Indian Army Abbreviations|url=http://www.empirefaithwar.com/tell-their-story/research-your-soldier/helpful-guides/indian-army-abbreviations|website=www.empirefaith.com}}</ref>) is a [[non-commissioned officer]] [[military rank|rank]] used in the armies of [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan]] and [[Indian Army|India]], ranking between [[lance daffadar]] and [[sowar]]. It was also used in the [[British Indian Army]]. The rank is equivalent to the rank of [[lance corporal]] used in [[British Army]]. Its infantry equivalent is [[lance naik]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Army Rank Structure for CO, JCO, NCO and Insignia! - Testbook|url=https://testbook.com/defence/indian-army-rank-structure|website=Testbook.com}}</ref> The rank is used in cavalry and armoured regiments of Indian Army and Pakistan Army and formerly in the British Indian Army. The rank insignia for an acting lance daffadar is a single [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]] similar to lance naik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranks in Indian Army - Detailed Guide to Ranks and Insignia|url=https://dehradundefenceacademy.com/ranks-in-indian-army-insignia/|website=dehradundefenceacademy.com}}</ref>

The role of an Acting Lance daffadar is to assist in the leadership of small teams or units.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pakistan Army ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

Kharedi-Virpur

2026-03-13T22:02:24Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|common_name = Kharedi-Virpur
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 16th century
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 = 171
|stat_year1 = 1921
|stat_pop1 = 6675
|footnotes =
|demonym=|capital=Kharedi|today=}}
'''Kharedi-Virpur'''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chamber of Princes By R. P. Bhargava|year=1991|page=47,59,331|isbn=9788172110055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&q=virpur+princely+state&pg=PA59|last1=Bhargava|first1=R. P.}}</ref> was a class three [[princely state]] in [[British India]] under [[Kathiawar Agency]]. It was ruled by [[Jadeja]] [[Rajput]] chiefs descended from the [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] ruling family.

The state consisted of 13 villages covering an area of {{convert|171|km2}} and with [[Virpur (Rajkot)|Virpur]] as its headquarters.<ref name="a">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ&q=kharedi|title=Census of India, Gujarat|year=1961|page=198}}</ref> Kharedi was a seat of rulers before the capital was shifted to Virpur. The state was known as Kharedi-Virpur. The town of [[Kalavad]] also was part of Kharedi-Virpur State.<ref name=b>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/v/virpur.html Virpur]</ref>

==History==
The house was founded in the later half of the 16th century by the Jadeja chief Bhanji Vibhaji, who subdued [[Kathi (caste)|Kathis]] in the area and founded state of Virpur.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteers: Rajkot District|year=1965|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkRuAAAAMAAJ&q=virpur++jadeja}}</ref> Bhanji was son of Vibhaji Ravalji, the ruler of Nawanagar State, the 2nd Jam Sahib of Nawanagar who ruled Nawanagar from 1562–1569.<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nawanagar.html Nawanagar]</ref><ref name=b/> The ruler's titled was [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakore]] [[Sahib|Saheb]].Mokaji, the eighth in descent from Bhanji, moved The captial to Virpur from Kharedi and repaired the old fort of the new capital. The reign of Suraji I, the successor of Mokaji, was marked by a severe devastating famine of 1813 and a number of Bhayats in consequence of not having received any relief or shelter from the State acknowledged the subordination of the States of Nawanagar and Gondal with the result that only 13 villages were left subject to the jurisdiction of the Virpur State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8136 |title=The ruling princes, chiefs and leading personages in the western india states agency |date=1928 |publisher=Western India States Agency Press, Rajokt |pages=71}}</ref> The last ruler was Shri Thakore Saheb Narendrasinhji Dilipsinhji jadeja of Virpur before Independence.

== See also ==
* [[List of Rajput dynasties]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[Jadeja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajkot]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

Mahadev Govind Ranade

2026-03-13T09:32:25Z

Mohammad.Fahim: refine lead and added references

{{Short description|Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahadev Govind Ranade
| honorific_prefix = [[Rao Bahadur]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = Mahadev Govind Ranade.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date|18 January 1842}}
| birth_place = [[Niphad]], [[Nasik District]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Company Raj|British India]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death-date and age|16 January 1901|18 January 1842}}
| death_place = [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| occupation = Scholar, social reformer, author
| citizenship = British Indian
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Indian National Congress]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
| honours = [[Rao Bahadur]] [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
| spouse = [[Ramabai Ranade]]
}}
[[Rao Bahadur]] '''Mahadev Govind Ranade''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]}} (18 January 1842–16 January 1901), popularly referred to as '''Nyayamurti Ranade''' (lit. Justice Ranade), was an Indian scholar, [[Social reformers of India|social reformer]], [[judge]] and [[author]]. He was one of the founding members of the [[Indian National Congress]] party<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |volume=22 |page=884}}</ref><ref name="biogovind">{{cite web |title= Mahadev Govinde Ranade |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/biogovind.html |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> and held several designations such as Member of the [[Bombay Legislative Council]] and Member of the Finance Committee at the Centre.<ref name=EB1911/> He was also a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>"Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (Vol. 22 : The Political Thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade)", p. 19</ref>

As a well-known public figure, his personality as a calm and patient optimist influenced his attitude towards dealings with Britain as well as reform in India. During his life, he helped establish the ''[[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]]'', [[Maharashtra]] Granthottejak Sabha and ''[[Prarthana Samaj]]''. He also edited a [[Bombay]] Anglo-Marathi daily paper—The ''[[Induprakash]]'', founded on his ideology of social and religious reform.

He was accorded the title of [[Rao Bahadur]].<ref name="Ranade1992">{{cite book|author=Mahadev Govind Ranade (Rao Bahadur)|title=The Miscellaneous Writings of the Late Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.G. Ranade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q55IAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
[[File:Ranade Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of Justice Ranade in [[Mumbai]]]]
Mahadev Govind Ranade was born into a [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]] family in [[Niphad]], a [[taluk]]a town in [[Nashik district]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India By|date=April 1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195623925|page=302}}</ref> He studied in a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] school in [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] and later shifted to an English-medium school. At the age of 14, he studied at [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]].<ref name="Bharathi1998">{{cite book|author=K. S. Bharathi|title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers: The political thought of Mahadev Govind Ranade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkaM5HBfiN8C&pg=PA18|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-582-7|pages=18–}}</ref> He belonged to the first batch of students at the [[University of Bombay]]. In 1862, he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. degree]] in [[history]] & [[economics]], and in 1864 an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in history. Three years later, he obtained his [[L.L.B.]] (law degree) in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Mahadev Govind Ranade – Biography & Contributions |url=https://www.iasexpress.net/mahadev-govind-ranade/ |website=IAS Express}}</ref>

== Judge ==
After obtaining his [[LLB|L.L.B]]., Ranade became a [[subordinate judge]] in [[Pune]] in 1871. Given his political activities and public popularity, the British colonial authorities delayed his promotion to the [[Bombay High Court]] until 1895.<ref name="Wolpert1962">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press|page=12|id=GGKEY:49PR049CPBX}}</ref>

== Social activism ==
Ranade was a progressive [[social activist]] whose activities were deeply influenced by western culture and the colonial state. His activities ranged from religious reform to public education and reform within the Indian family. In every area, he was prone to see little virtue in Indian customs and traditions and to strive for reforming the subject into the mould of what prevailed in the west. He himself summarised the mission of the Indian Social Reform Movement as being to "Humanise, Equalise and Spiritualise," the implication being that existing Indian society lacked these qualities.<ref name="Singh2015">{{cite book|author=Hulas Singh|title=Rise of Reason: Intellectual history of 19th-century Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jnbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303|date=25 September 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-39874-5|pages=303–}}</ref>

== Prarthana Samaj ==
{{Expand section
| 1 = Ranade's theological and social reform views.
| section = 4
| small = no
| date = April 2023
| find = "Mahadev Govind Ranade" and "Prarthana Samaj"
| period = no
}}
Ranade joined the [[Prarthana Samaj]], a religious and social reform organisation, in 1867, and the Poona [[Prarthana Samaj]] in 1869. Historians have regarded Ranade as an intellectual leader in the movement.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Richard P. |title=Ranade and the Roots of Indian Nationalism |date=1977 |orig-date=1st pub. [[University of Chicago Press]]:1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |pages=60–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oak |first1=Alok |editor1-last=Kim |editor1-first=David W. |title=Colonial transformation and Asian religions in modern history |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholar's Publishing |isbn=9781527519121 |pages=59–60 |chapter=(In)Complete Rebellion: M.G. Ranade and the Challenge of Reinventing Hinduism}}</ref> Ranade was influenced by [[Joseph Butler|Bishop Joseph Butler]] in linking the social justice work of the Prarthama Samaj with [[Christian ethics#Metaphysical foundations|Christian metaphysics]].<ref name="Tucker" />

== Female emancipation ==
His efforts to "Humanise and Equalise" Indian society found its primary focus in women. He campaigned against the '[[Purdah|purdah system]]' (keeping women behind the veil). He was a founder of the Social Conference movement, which he supported till his death,<ref name=EB1911/> directing his social reform efforts against [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], the [[tonsure]] of widows, the heavy cost of weddings and other social functions and the caste restrictions on travelling abroad. He strenuously advocated widow remarriage and female education.<ref name=EB1911/> In 1861, when he was still a teenager, Ranade co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association'. It promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government's project of passing a law permitting such marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astrojyoti.com/modern-history-84.htm |title=THE GROWTH OF NEW INDIA, 1858-1905 |publisher=Astrojyoti.com |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
He chose to take ''[[Prāyaścitta|prayaschitta]]'' (religious penance) in the Panch-Houd Mission Case rather than insisting on his opinions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahadev Govind Ranade |last=Bakshi |first=SR |isbn=978-81-7041-605-0 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCd-G1PiZBEC&q=tea&pg=PA42 |page=42|publisher=South Asia Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Loss of Caste |url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2008-11/1226621601 |access-date=22 August 2015}} He and a few other notables including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] attended a meeting with the missionaries of the Panch Houd Mission, which still exists in [[Pune]]. Tea was offered to them. Some of them drank it and others did not. Poona in those days - late 19th century - was a very orthodox place and the bastion of Brahminism. Gopalrao Joshi made the affair public and all offenders were ordered to undergo prayashchitta for their offense of drinking the tea of Christian missionaries.</ref>

== Girls' education ==
In 1885, Ranade along with Vaman Abaji Modak and historian Dr. [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] established the Maharashtra Girls Education Society to start [[Huzurpaga]], the oldest girls' high school in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bhattacharya|editor-first1=Sabyasachi|title=Education and the disprivileged : nineteenth and twentieth century India.|date=2002|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=978-8125021926|pages=239|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&q=tilak+swaraj&pg=PR7|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref>Ghurye, G. S. (1954). Social Change in Maharashtra, II. Sociological Bulletin, page 51.</ref> The school was established in the former stable yard of the [[Bajirao I]] Peshwa in [[Narayan Peth, Pune]].

==Personal life==
{{Tone|section|date=March 2022}}
Ranade was in his 30s when his first wife died. His family wanted him to remarry, especially since he had no children. His reformer friends expected him, who had co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association' as far back as 1861, to act in accordance with his own sermons and marry a widow. However, Ranade yielded to his family's wishes and conformed with convention to marry [[Ramabai Ranade|Ramabai]], a girl who was barely eleven years old and twenty years younger to him. Ramabai was born in 1862, nearly a year after Ranade had founded his 'Widow Marriage Association'. He acceded to the marriage because he anticipated that if he married an already wedded woman, the children born to her would be considered illegitimate outcasts by his society. The irony of the affair is that while Ranade faced ridicule and accusations of hypocrisy, his ardent wish remained unfulfilled: his second marriage also remained childless.

The wedding was held in full compliance with tradition and was a happy one. Ramabai was a daughter of the Kurlekar family, which belonged to the same caste and social strata as Ranade.<ref>Mukherjee, M., 1993. Story, history and her story. Studies in History, 9(1), pp.71-85.</ref> The couple had a completely harmonious and conventional marriage. Ranade ensured that his wife receive education, something that she was not keen about initially. However, like all Indian women of that era, she complied with her husband's wishes and grew into her new life. After Ranade's death, Ramabai Ranade continued the social and educational reform work initiated by him.

==Published works==
* {{cite book |author=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |title=Rise of the Maráthá Power |year=1900 |ol=24128770M |publisher=Punalekar & Co. |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/risemarathapowe00bahagoog/page/n6}}; reprinted in 1999 as {{ISBN|81-7117-181-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Ranade, Mahadev Govind |editor=Bipin Chandra |editor-link=Bipan Chandra |title=Ranade's Economic Writings |location=New Delhi |publisher=Gyan Books Pvt. Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=81-212-0328-7 |ol=364195W}}.
* {{cite book |last=Ranade |first=Mahadev Govind |title=Essays on Indian Economics |year=1899 |ol=11994445W |publisher=Thacker & Company |location=Bombay }}
* {{Cite book |title=Introduction to the Peishwa's Diaries: A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |last=Ranade |first=Mahadev Govind |publisher=the Civil Military Orphanage Press |location=Poona |year=1900 |ol=14015196M |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00ranarich/page/n3}}; reprinted by CHIZINE PUBN as {{isbn|9781340345037}}

==In popular culture==
A television series on [[Zee Marathi]] named ''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]'' (roughly translated as 'My Swing Flies High') based on Ramabai's and Mahadevrao's life and their development as a 'women's rights' activist was broadcast in March 2012. It was based on a book by Ramabai Ranade titled ''Amachyaa Aayushyaatil Kaahi Aathavani''. In the book, Justice Ranade is called "Madhav" rather than Mahadev. The series had actors Vikram Gaikwad as Mahadev Govind Ranade and [[Spruha Joshi]] as [[Ramabai Ranade]].{{#tag:ref| He himself is quoted as saying that "I am Vishnu (Madhav) and not Shiva (Mahadev)" (see pages 12, 121). This anomaly was discovered by Ms. Vibhuti V. Dave, while translating the book into Gujarati, under the title ''Amaaraa naa Sambhaaranaa''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dave|first1=Vibhuti|title=Amaaraa Sahajivan naa Sambhaaranaa|date=6 December 2014|publisher=Self|location=Vadodara, Gujarat, India|pages=12, 121}}</ref>"|group=note}}.

==See also==

* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
* [[List of Indian independence activists]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Brown, D. Mackenzie. ''Indian Political Thought: From Ranade to Bhave''. (Berkeley: University of California, 1961).
*Mansingh, Surjit. ''Historical Dictionary of India''. vol. 20, Asian Historical Dictionaries. s.v. "Shivaji". (London: Scarecrow Press, 1996).
* Masselos, Jim. ''Indian Nationalism: A History''. (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985).
* Wolpert, Stanley. ''India''. (Berkeley: University of California, 1991). 57.
* Wolpert, Stanley. ''Tilak and Gokhale: Revolutions and Reform in the Making of Modern India''. (Berkeley: University of California, 1962). 12.

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Mahadev Govind}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Nashik district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Prarthana Samaj]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Airtel Payments Bank

2026-03-04T04:31:34Z

Mohammad.Fahim: refined intro per standard format

{{Short description|Indian Payments Bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Airtel Payments Bank Limited
| logo = Airtel Payments Bank.svg
| logo_caption = Airtel Payments Bank Logo
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2016|11|23}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Kotak Bank to sell shares of Airtel Payments Bank to Bharti Enterprises |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/kotak-mahindra-bank-to-sell-20-cr-shares-of-airtel-payments-bank-to-bharti-enterprises-for-rs-294-cr-11630390450096.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |work=mint |date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| location = Bharti Crescent, 1, Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj, Phase II, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]-110070
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| area_served = India
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Banking]]|[[Retail Banking]]}}
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|1291|c}}(FY23)
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|21.7|c}}(FY23)
| key_people = Anubrata Biswas ([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref name="Airtel Payments Bank ropes in Anubrata Biswas as its chief executive">{{cite news|title=Airtel Payments Bank ropes in Anubrata Biswas as its chief executive|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/airtel-payments-bank-ropes-in-anubrata-biswas-as-its-chief-executive/64303395|access-date=25 May 2018|publisher=telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Bharti Airtel]]
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://airtelpayments.bank.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Airtel Payments Bank''' is an Indian payments bank with its headquarters in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel launches India's first payments bank with 250,000 banking points; to invest Rs 30 billion in creating ecosystem of 5 million merchants |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/airtel-launches-indias-first-payments-bank-with-250000-banking-points-to-invest-rs-30-billion-in-creating-ecosystem-of-5-million-merchants/505651/ |work=Financial Express | date=12 January 2017 | accessdate=4 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The company is a subsidiary of [[Bharti Airtel]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Upasana |title=Airtel launches India's first payments bank |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/fcR6oefmVxL8A8rzVB4TJK/Airtel-launches-Indias-first-payments-bank.html |work=livemint.com |date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
On 5 January 2022, it was granted the [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled bank]] status by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under the second schedule of [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|RBI Act, 1934]].<ref>{{cite news |title=airtel: Airtel Payments Bank gets scheduled bank status from RBI - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airtel-payments-bank-gets-scheduled-bank-status-from-rbi/articleshow/88698100.cms |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In 2015, eleven companies received In-principle approval from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] to set up Payments Bank under the guidelines for Licensing of Payments Bank.<ref name="bs">{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-11-24|title=Airtel Payments Bank goes live with pilot project in Rajasthan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/airtel-payments-bank-goes-live-with-pilot-project-in-rajasthan-116112300714_1.html#:~:text=Airtel%20Payments%20Bank,%20a%20subsidiary,go%20live%20in%20the%20country.|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref>

On 11 April 2016, Airtel Payments Bank became the first company to receive the [[Payments bank|Payments Bank]] license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under Section 22 (1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Airtel Payments Bank started with an 80:20 partnership between [[Bharti Airtel]] and [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]].<ref name=CNMP-PS-DX-2016-DXB-PLT1>{{cite web |title=Bharti Airtel-Kotak Mahindra Bank JV gets payment bank license from RBI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/bharti-airtel-kotak-mahindra-bank-jv-gets-payment-bank-license-from-rbi/articleshow/51780412.cms|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payments Bank launched, with vow to shake up old banking system |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/FxxxxsTZvCQuJt4I90upnK/Airtel-Payments-Bank-to-be-launched-today.html |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=mint |date=12 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Bharti Airtel launched Airtel Payments Bank in September 2016 and went live with its pilot project in [[Rajasthan]] in November 2016.<ref name="bs"/> It was launched nationally in January 2017 to support the cashless revolution promised by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Airtel Payments Bank|url=https://www.airtel.in/bank/about-us|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.airtel.in}}</ref>

In August 2021, Kotak Mahindra sold its stake to [[Bharti Enterprises]]. As of 31 December 2021, 99.9% equity capital of the Bank is owned by the Bharti Group of Companies. The bank turned profitable in the quarter ended 30 September 2021, with an annual revenue run rate of ₹1,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kotak to sell 8.6% stake in Airtel Bank to Bharti Enterprises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/kotak-bank-to-sell-20-cr-shares-of-airtel-payments-bank-to-bharti-enterprises-for-rs-294-cr/articleshow/85789854.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=September 2021 }}</ref>

In 2024, it was named among [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'s Fintech Innovators Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fintech Innovators Asia |url=https://fortune.com/asia/ranking/fintech-innovators-asia/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

== Services ==
Airtel Payments Bank has 155 million users and serves them through its digital platform and a retail-based distribution network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel Payments Bank has 155 million customers |date=20 March 2023 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-airtel-payments-bank-to-exit-fy23-with-over-rs-1300-cr-revenue-3015103/}}</ref> The Bank has built a network of over 500,000+ neighborhood banking points.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel Payments Bank receives scheduled bank status from RBI |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/airtel-payments-bank-receives-scheduled-bank-status-from-rbi/article38115307.ece |website=Thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Digital payments ===
In September 2017, Airtel Payments Bank launched [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] enabled digital payments to facilitate secure digital payments. Customers need to link their bank accounts on [[BHIM]] before they can make [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI payments]]. For UPI-based payments and transfers, customers are not required to furnish their bank details to enable transactions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payments Bank launches UPI enabled digital payments |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/airtel-payments-bank-launches-upi-enabled-digital-payments/articleshow/60718909.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

Airtel Money is a [[]] by Airtel Payment Bank that allows users to make payments using "Airtel Thanks App" or [[Unstructured Supplementary Service Data|USSD]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Pallavi Arun |title=Airtel Payments Bank UPI – the easiest and fastest way to transfer money |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/spend/airtel-payments-bank-upi-the-easiest-and-fastest-way-to-transfer-money/articleshow/60966331.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=25 October 2017 }}</ref>

=== FASTag ===
Airtel Payments Bank launched the issuance of [[FASTag]] in November 2019, offline and online.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel Payments Bank, Park+ tie up to offer FASTag-based parking solutions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/airtel-payments-bank-park-tie-up-to-offer-fastag-based-parking-solutions-122010600941_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

===Airtel Safe Pay===
In 2021, The Bank launched ‘Airtel Safe Pay’ that provides an additional layer of payment validation compared to the industry norm of two-factor authentication.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guha |first1=Ishita |title=Airtel Payments Banks launches 'safe pay' to curb online frauds |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/airtel-payments-banks-launches-safe-pay-to-curb-online-frauds-11611135817629.html |website=mint |language=en |date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Insurance and pension ===
In July 2019, Airtel Payments Bank partnered with Bharti AXA General Insurance.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2019|title=Airtel Payments Bank partners with Bharti AXA Life to offer term insurance|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/life-insurance/airtel-payments-bank-partners-with-bharti-axa-life-to-offer-term-insurance/articleshow/70036151.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airtel Payments Bank partners with Bharti AXA Life to offer pure term insurance|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/airtel-payments-bank-partners-with-bharti-axa-life-to-offer-pure-term-insurance/article28258613.ece|website=@businessline|date=2 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Airtel Payments Bank and Bharti Axa Life Insurance have started to provide the government's insurance plan [[Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana]] in August 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dua |first1=Priyanka |title=Airtel Payments Bank join hands with Bharti AXA Life Insurance to offer Rs. 2 lakh insurance cover |url=https://www.gizbot.com/news/airtel-payments-bank-join-hands-with-bharti-axa-life-insurance-offer-rs-2-lakh-insurance-cover-053088.html |work=gizbot.com/ |date=16 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bharti AXA, Airtel Payments Bank team up to offer Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bharti-axa-airtel-payments-bank-team-up-to-offer-pradhan-mantri-jeevan-jyoti-bima-yojana/65421955 |work=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Airtel Payments Bank started offering [[Atal Pension Yojana]] (a [[Government of India]] initiative) through its platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2020/03/223-airtel-payments-bank-aadhaar-enabled-payment-service/|title=Airtel Payments Bank launches Aadhaar-enabled payment service: Report|date=2020-03-02|website=MediaNama|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref>

=== DigiGold ===
In May 2021, Airtel Payments Bank launched DigiGold, a digital platform for its customers to make investments in gold. DigiGold has been launched in partnership with SafeGold, a provider of digital gold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payments Bank launches 'DigiGold' platform for customers to invest in gold |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/airtel-payments-bank-launches-digigold-platform-for-customers-to-invest-in-gold/articleshow/82607299.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=13 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== Airtel Payments Bank Smartwatch ===
Airtel Payments Bank collaborated with Noise and the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI), launched a smartwatch that incorporates [[RuPay]] chip embedded in the dial, enabling direct payments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=MD Ijaj |date=2024-08-29 |title=Airtel Payments Bank in collaboration with Noise and NPCI launches RuPay smartwatch in India- All details |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/wearables/news/airtel-payments-bank-in-collaboration-with-noise-and-npci-launches-rupay-smartwatch-in-india-all-details-71724918702603.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref>

==Financials==
The Bank's capital at its establishment was Rs 3,000 crore (US$441 million).<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel Payments Bank goes national and live in all 29 States |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/airtel-payments-bank-goes-live-in-29-states/article64302734.ece#:~:text=Promoters%20of%20Airtel%20Payments%20Bank,Bharti%20Enterprises%2C%20said%20on%20Thursday. |website=Thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2018–19, Airtel Payments Bank reported a loss of ₹338 crore,<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payment Bank loss widens to ₹339 crore in FY19, revenue jumps 59% |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/airtel-payment-bank-loss-widens-to-rs-339-crore-in-fy19/story/373765.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=19 August 2019}}</ref> while it registered a loss of ₹272 crore in the financial year 2017–18.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merwin |first1=Radhika |title=Why five out of the 11 payments banks have shut shop |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/five-out-of-the-11-payments-banks-have-shut-operations-why/article29381134.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=10 September 2019}}</ref> In FY 20, its revenues rose 87% to ₹474 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payments Bank's revenue up 87% in FY20 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/airtel-payments-bank-s-revenue-up-87-in-fy20-11593327563724.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=28 June 2020}}</ref> It turned profitable in the quarter ended September 2021 and has achieved an annual revenue run rate of ₹1,000 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel Payments Bank customers' deposit surges 75% to Rs 1,000 cr in 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/airtel-payments-bank-customers-deposit-surges-75-to-rs-1-000-cr-in-2021-122012700778_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

In December 2021, money deposited with Airtel Payments Bank surged 75 per cent to ₹1,000 crore as compared to 2020. Total share capital infused till date is ₹2,348 crores as per financials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel Payments Bank customers' deposit surges 75% to Rs 1,000 crore in 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/airtel-payments-bank-customers-deposit-surges-75-to-rs-1000-crore-in-2021/articleshow/89153715.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=27 January 2022 }}</ref>

== Legal challenges ==
The [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) suspended [[Bharti Airtel]] and Airtel Payment Bank's licence for eKYC of [[Aadhar]] on 16 December 2017, following complaints from customers that their accounts were being opened without their consent. Some even received their LPG subsidies in their Airtel Payment Bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news|title=UIDAI suspends Airtel, Airtel Payments Bank's eKYC licence|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/uidai-bharti-airtel-ekyc-4985801/|access-date=17 December 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, [[Reserve Bank of India|The Reserve Bank of India]] imposed a monetary penalty of ₹5 crore (₹50 million).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-09 |title=RBI slaps Rs 5 crore penalty on Airtel Payments Bank for violation of norms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-slaps-rs-5-crore-penalty-on-airtel-payments-bank-for-violation-of-norms/articleshow/63235308.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 12 July 2018, Airtel Payments Bank received requisite approvals from the Reserved Bank of India and [[Aadhaar|Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) to resume on-boarding new customers using of Aadhaar-based e-KYC.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Komal |title=Airtel Payments Bank gets RBI nod to resume enrolling customers |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/aBZ86QhUUI7sYLSmwltiEO/Airtel-Payments-Bank-gets-RBI-nod-to-resume-taking-new-custo.html |work=livemint |date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharti Enterprises}}
{{Digital payment providers}}
{{FinTech in India}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Kotak Mahindra Bank}}

[[Category:Airtel Payments Bank| ]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2017]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Bharti Airtel]]
[[Category:Kotak Mahindra Bank]]

Muddu Meena

2026-03-03T22:29:21Z

Mohammad.Fahim: enhance lead as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muddu Meena
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Y. R. Swamy]]
| producer = S. Heerabai
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]] [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Madhu
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1967|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Muddu Meena''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮುದ್ದು ಮೀನ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by [[Y. R. Swamy]] and produced by S. Heerabai. Associate director was Kunigal Nagabhushan. The film stars [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] and [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Muddu Meena|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/muddu-meena-1967|website=chiloka.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Muddu-Meena-1967/9219801858|title=Muddu Meena|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112210505/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Muddu-Meena-1967/9219801858|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/muddu-meena.htm|title=Muddu Meena|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Kalyan Kumar]]
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Meena
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[M. P. Shankar]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Upendra Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/muddu-meena-K0001052|title=Muddu Meena Songs|accessdate=2015-01-12|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ammana Madilali" || [[P. Leela]] || Ashwath || 03:25
|-
| 2 || "Bengaloora Dundumalli" || [[S. Janaki]] || Ashwath || 03:19
|-
| 3 || "Iduve Vidhi Leele" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Ashwath || 03:30
|-
| 4 || "O Gelathi Nanna" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], Sumithra || Ashwath || 03:28
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1364263|Muddu Meena}}

{{Y. R. Swamy}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. R. Swamy]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Oridathoru Phayalvaan

2026-03-03T21:07:45Z

Mohammad.Fahim: general updated formatting per standard format and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oridathoru Phayalvaan
| image = Oridathoru Phayalwan.jpg
| director = [[P. Padmarajan]]
| writer = P. Padmarajan
| producer = R. Suresh
| starring = Rashid [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Jayamala|Jayanthi]]
| cinematography = [[Vipindas]]
| editing = P. Padmarajan
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| studio = Thundathil Films
| released = {{Film date|1981|10|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Oridathoru Phayalvaan''''' ({{Translation|There lived a wrestler}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, edited and directed by [[P. Padmarajan]]. The film is a folk parable about the success and failure in the life of a [[gatta gusthi]] wrestler in [[Kerala]]. It stars Rashid, [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Jayamala|Jayanthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=27 November 2016 |title=Oridathoru Phayalwan: 1981 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Oridathoru-Phayalwan-1981/article16713783.ece |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060556/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Oridathoru-Phayalwan-1981/article16713783.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film won the first International award for a Malayalam movie, by winning two prestigious awards - (i) for the 'Best Film'<ref name=":0" /> and (ii) for the 'Best Screenplay' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="PAPPETTAN" TO ALL IN THE FILM FIELD |url=http://padmarajan.8k.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424194631/http://padmarajan.8k.com/ |archive-date=24 April 2010 |access-date=16 November 2010 |website=padmarajan.8k.com}}</ref> at the "[[Asia-Pacific Film Festival|27th Asian Film Festival - 1982]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=p padmarajan |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/padmarajan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053042/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/padmarajan.html |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=16 November 2010 |website=cinemaofmalayalam.net}}</ref> held at [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]], also won [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|The Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Screenplay, 1981<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critics |first=kerala Film |title=FILM CRITICS AWARDS COMPLETE LIST FROM 1977 TILL 2012 ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 മുതല്‍ 2012 വരെ സമ്പൂര്‍ണ പട്ടിക |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>.The film was included in the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India|Filmotsav'82]] held in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], 1982. It represented India in the competitive section at the [[Three Continents Festival|Nantes Three Continents Festival-1983]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nantes Three Continents Festival (1983) |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000460/1983/1/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=IMDb}}</ref> in [[France]] (22nd to 29th November 1983). It has also been telecasted in the [[Television in Malaysia|National Network programme of Malaysian Televisions]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
Patronized by a village tailor, a [[gatta gusthi]] wrestler becomes a local hero when he defeats all his opponents and claims the prettiest woman as his wife. As a [[story within a story]] it also portrays how the tailor makes a profit from the illiterate wrestler. He marries a girl, only for it to be revealed later that he has another wife and is not interested in her more than a trophy. He abandons his wife and the village when his wife falls for other men in his absence and she acknowledges that she does not love him any more. He leaves her his signature drawing of a [[conch]] shell. A frog [[gigging]] neighbour youth is entrapped by the girl's mother to marry her conceived daughter. It is way more than that, it is about an illiterate man thinking of his craft as being more than money.

== Cast ==
* Rashid as A [[Gatta gusthi]] ''phayalvaan'' (wrestler). Voice dubbed by Padmarajan himself.
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Shivanpillai (Mesthiri)
* [[Jayamala|Jayanthi]] as Chakkara, the woman courted by the wrestler
* K. G. Devakiyamma as Chakkara's mother
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Kannan
* M Jayagopal as Job
* [[Prem Prakash|Kariyachan]]
* [[Krishnankutty Nair]] as Veloonju (Kannan's father)
* Dhanya
* Mavelikkara Ramachandran
* Said
* Rishikesha Das
* Raju Paakkathu

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0249069}}

{{Padmarajan}}

[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Padmarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Padmarajan]]

Mafia Raj

2026-02-23T19:35:25Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Short description|Criminal network of government officials, politicians, business executives, and others}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{mi|
{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
{{Out of date|date=August 2025}}
{{neologism|date=November 2013}}
}}
'''Mafia Raj''' ([[Hindi|Hindi:]] माफिया राज) ({{lit|mafia regime}}) refers to a criminalised nexus (or '[[mafia]]') of corrupt government officials, elected politicians, business interests and other entities (such as law-enforcement authorities, non-governmental organisations, trade unions or criminal organisations).<ref name="jotias2003">"Developmental policy of the state, globalisation and prawn aquaculture," ''Journal of the [[Indian Anthropological Society]]'' v.23, Indian Anthropological Society, 2003: "Mafia Raj is the rule of a group of powerful people usually outsiders from among politicians and their relatives, top bureaucrats and merchants), their musclemen and local encroachers (local non-fisher-folk and also some influential local fisher-folk financed by outsiders who operate in connivance with revenue and police officials)."</ref><ref name="loksabha1997">Lok Sabha, "Lok Sabha Debates, ser.11 Jul 29 1997 v.15 no.5, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Lok Sabha (House of the People), Parliament of India, 1997: "This has also placed the mafia raj in politics and in every sphere of social life in Bihar,". With recent killing of Ex. MP in Uttar Pradesh before media which is planned by Uttar Pradesh police, Uttar Pradesh is Jungle raj in 2023.</ref>

In India (where the term originated) it can refer to cities, states, government departments, public sector businesses or entire sectors of the economy that are subject to these conditions. Due to the ability of these mafias to operate their illegal activities in a sustained fashion, sometimes openly and with the use of violent intimidation, terms like '''Goonda Raj''' ('[[goonda|gangster]] regime'), '''Jungle Raj''' ('jungle regime') and '''Anarchy''' are used to refer to the same phenomenon.<ref name="singh2003">Mahendra Prasad Singh and Rekha Saxena, ''India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase'', Orient Blackswan, 2003, {{ISBN|81-250-2328-3}}: "The manifesto of the Bahujan Samaj Party sought to highlight four major objectives ... annihilation of the 'Goonda-Mafia raj' and anarchic forces".</ref>

In the Indian and [[Pakistan]]i media, the mafias are usually mentioned by the name of the economic sector in which they are involved. Terms such as coal mafia, timber mafia (sometimes forest mafia), contractor mafia (sometimes road construction mafia or road contract mafia) and land mafia are commonly used.

[[File:Coal mine in Dhanbad, India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Dhanbad#Economy|Dhanbad coal mining]] complex in India is allegedly dominated by a coal mafia.]]
The state-owned coal mines of [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]] after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated mafia, beginning with the mining town of [[Dhanbad]].<ref name="bharti1989">Indu Bharti, "Usurpation of the State: Coal Mafia in Bihar", ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol. 24, No. 42, p. 2353. 21 October 1989.</ref> It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power.<ref name="rao1983">S. Venugopala Rao, ''Crime in Our Society: A Political Perspective'', Vikas Publishing House, 1983, {{ISBN|0-7069-1209-8}}: "Using the vast money, muscle and caste power, trade union leaders have built up a Mafia-like empire which totally controls the life and economy of Dhanbad ... workers who constitute about 40 percent of Dhanbad districts population are mainly tribals, adivasis, Harijans and backward castes, while the trade union musclemen are mostly Rajputs of Bhojpur and Rohtas districts."</ref> Pilferage and sale of coal on the black market, inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the expropriation and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine.<ref name="mathur1991">Ajeet N. Mathur, Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, World Employment Programme, ''Industrial Restructuring and Union Power: Micro-economic Dimensions of Economic Restructuring and Industrial Relations in India'', International Labour Organization, 1991, {{ISBN|92-2-107494-3}}: "According to many workers, it is not possible for genuine trade unionism to flourish in Dhanbad because of illicit trading and profiteering in the garb of trade unionism and the protective umbrella such an institution holds out."</ref> A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.<ref name=frontline2005>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2205/stories/20050311001703700.htm |title=Coal theft and vote |publisher=Frontline Magazine, The Hindu Newspaper Group |date=26 February – 11 March 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-29 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618051946/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2205/stories/20050311001703700.htm |archivedate=18 June 2008}}</ref>

The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon.<ref name="mittal1994">D. K. Mittal, ''Coal Industry'', Anmol Publications Private Limited, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7041-863-1}}. Snippet: "Default on quality, quantity and timely supply of coal have taken their toll on the Indian industry and come in their way in acquiring international competitiveness ... coal ministry officials have themselves observed boulders and dust being loaded in wagons supposed to be carrying steam coal ... checking officials even found the dead body of a person."</ref>

The 2012 Bollywood film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' is about the coal mafia in the area of Dhanbad. The 2014 Bollywood movie, ''[[Gunday]]'', was also loosely based on the coal mafia.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Timber mafias==
{{see also|Timber mafia}}
Protected forest areas in parts of India – such as [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and Jharkhand – are vulnerable to [[illegal logging]] by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials, local politicians, businesses and citizenry.<ref name="colchester1999">Marcus Colchester and Christian Erni, ''Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas in South and Southeast Asia: From Principles to Practice'', IWGIA, 1999, {{ISBN|87-90730-18-6}}: "The Forest Department is perceived as corrupt, colluding with timber contractors (the timber mafia), and taking bribes from the communities in return."</ref><ref name="rawat1999">Ajay Singh Rawat, ''Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People'', Indus Publishing, 1999, {{ISBN|81-7387-101-9}}: "within 5 years in the Western Circle, 13 forest officials have been murdered and 39 fatally wounded in their bid to prevent illicit timber trade ... Politicians are chary of getting on the wrong side of the timber mafia, which has proved to be extremely generous during election time."</ref>

==Contractor mafias==
Many state-funded construction activities in India, such as road building, are dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.<ref name="indiatoday2006">{{cite web |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |title=Mulayam Hits Mafia Hard |publisher=India Today |date=16 October 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003220016/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=live }} "The road sector has always been the main source of income for the mafia. They either ask their men directly to grab the contracts or allow an outsider to take the contract after accepting a hefty commission ... a large number of criminals have been grabbing contracts under the protective umbrella of parties like SP, BSP, BJP, as well as the Congress ... opportunity to refurbish the image of his Government by initiating a crackdown on the mafia-contractor-engineer nexus."</ref> Shoddy construction and material substitution (e.g., mixing sand in cement while submitting expenses for cement) result in roads and highways being dangerous and sometimes simply washed away when India's heavy [[monsoon]] season arrives.<ref name="livemint2008">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.livemint.com/blogs/romanticrealist/archive/2008/09/01/killer-roads-in-india-and-rethinking-the-death-penalty.aspx |title=Killer roads in India and rethinking the death penalty |publisher=liveMint.com, The Wall Street Journal |date=1 September 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092456/http://blogs.livemint.com/blogs/romanticrealist/archive/2008/09/01/killer-roads-in-india-and-rethinking-the-death-penalty.aspx |archivedate=25 October 2008 }} "this year's rains have destroyed 581 roads in the state with 139 road accidents killing 373 people through 10 August ... they spoke about a road building contractor mafia that pretty much has a lock on many projects for redoing roads—apparently year after year."</ref>

In a widely covered case, [[Satyendra Dubey]], a project director with the National Highways Authority of India, was murdered in 2003, allegedly because he had written a letter exposing deep-seated contractor mafia involvement in the construction of a section of the prestigious [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project to the prime minister's office.<ref name="rediff2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2006/nov/27dubey.htm |title=Satyendra Dubey: A forgotten hero? |publisher=Rediff |date=27 November 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716192840/http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2006/nov/27dubey.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live }} "Dubey ... was shot dead near the Circuit House in Gaya after he exposed deep-rooted corruption in construction of the Golden Quadrilateral Project. ... It was proved beyond any doubt that Dubey was killed soon after he wrote a letter to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's]] Office and blew the whistle on the contract mafia. Though he requested that his name not be made public, vested interests leaked his name."</ref> Although a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigative report after the assassination stated that there was no contractor mafia involvement in Dubey's murder,<ref name="index2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/contractor-mafia-not-involved-in-dubeys-murder-cbi-report/10407/ |title=Contractor mafia not involved in Dubey's murder: CBI report |work=The Indian Express|date=12 August 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201195715/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/contractor-mafia-not-involved-in-dubeys-murder-cbi-report/10407/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live }} " The CBI has reiterated before the Supreme Court that there is no {{sic|invlovement}} of any contractor mafia in the murder of NHAI engineer Satyendra Kumar Dubey."</ref> his family and supporters maintained that an attempt at a cover-up was being made.<ref name="rediff2006-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/16dubey.htm |title=Satyendra Dubey case: 'CBI trying to save culprits' |publisher=Rediff |date=16 December 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020121657/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/16dubey.htm |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live }} "We strongly feel that the CBI was trying its best to save the main culprits or mafia behind his murder and making it a case of simple robbery." ... "We have full evidence to show that the arrested accused in the case by CBI were not the real face behind his murder, Dhananjay said, claiming that the arrested accused were forced by the CBI to accept the crime they never committed."</ref>

Attempts have been made to reduce mafia influence by making construction [[tendering]] processes more transparent, sometimes by attempting to move them online, so that a complete [[audit trail]] of bids and activity is maintained. Construction mafias are alleged to have used their political influence decisively to frustrate many such attempts, for example, in the public works for which the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] is responsible.<ref name="hindu2005-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010309240400.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053001/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010309240400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Tender mafia's domination in MCD continues |work=The Hindu|date=3 January 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30}} "For the past two years, Mr. Mehta has been trying to introduce on-line tendering system and mandatory quality test by an independent testing agency. "However, because of the strong nexus between engineers, politicians and contractors, it is the tender mafia which now decides which contractors should get a particular contract," officials said. ... so strong was the dominance of tender mafia that new contractors were not being allowed to enter the civic body."</ref>

==Land mafias==
In cities and villages throughout India, mafias consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways for profit.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, "Indian Economy, Vol# 2", Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, {{ISBN|81-269-0926-9}}. "the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created."</ref> Sometimes, government land or land ostensibly acquired for some legitimate government purpose is then handed over to real estate developers who build commercial and residential properties and sell them in the open market, often with the connivance of administrative and police officials.<ref name="indiadaily2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |title=India after busting land mafia organised crime involving former government officials and apartment developers |publisher=India Daily |date=1 August 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134101/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/3897.asp |archivedate=22 August 2007 }} "Low priced subsidised land is being illegally developed ... permits are obtained illegally through a network of mafia style operators that involved the under world, former Indian Administrative Service officers and even the cops ... alleged misappropriation of land in the name of CGHS and selling them at very high rates after construction of flats."</ref>

In one set of allegations in Karnataka, a lake was filled in and government buildings torn down after illegal transfers to a developer by mafia-connected officials.<ref name="deccanherald2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |title=Land mafia buries lake, encroaches govt land |work=Deccan Herald|date=10 October 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416222006/http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Oct102008/district2008100994331.asp |archivedate=16 April 2009 }} "The watershed department had built a check dam at a cost of Rs 150,000 in 2006 to improve the groundwater level. But the land mafia has taken things into its own hands and got it covered."</ref> [[Eminent domain]] laws, intended to procure private land at relatively low prices for public benefit or redistribution to poorer people under [[social justice]] programs, are abused to pressure landholders to sell land to a government entity, which transfers the land to developers at those low prices, and who in turn sell it back on the market at much higher prices.<ref name="vittal2004">N. Vittal, ''India: Technology and a vision for the future'', The Icfai University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|81-7881-346-7}}: "Another law which had a totally contradictory impact was the Urban Land Ceiling Act which provided tremendous opportunity for the land mafia. The poor people who were supposed to benefit in the process were nowhere to be seen."</ref><ref name="vajpayee1999">[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Narayana Madhava Ghatate, ''Decisive Days'', Shipra Publications, 1999: "In villages on the outskirts of the cities, land is being grabbed by force by the lathi-wielding miscreants. This land is public land. Skyscrapers are being built."</ref>

According to a [[Hindustan Times]] article, the Navruna Chakraborty case in 2012 (closed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] in 2021) involved individuals linked to land-related [[criminal activities]] in [[Bihar]]. The article reported that the perpetrators were reportedly interested in a piece of land that Navruna’s father intended to sell. <ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-files-closure-report-in-navruna-murder-case-in-bihar-s-muzaffarpur/story-Dfodkun9xPZHSb6S8End8L.html</ref>

Computerisation of records relating to the classification of tracts and land ownership is a key tool in countering the illegal activities of land mafias, since it creates transparency on all information relating to a given parcel of land. This approach has been effective in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]],<ref name="vittal2007">N. Vittal, ''Roots of Effective Governance'', Icfai University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|81-314-1156-7}}: "transparency ... was introduced in allotment of sites. The element of discretion involved in this process was removed. The whole system was totally computerised. The allotment details were published on the website and the lease cum-sale agreement was done away with. Absolute sale deeds were issued."</ref> but efforts to extend it elsewhere have sometimes met with strong resistance by land mafias, manifesting itself as bureaucratic inaction.<ref name="shourie2008">{{cite web |url=http://arunshourie.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/a-state-unimagined-in-law-a-wrong-without-a-remedy/ |title=A State Unimagined in Law: A Wrong Without a Remedy |publisher=Arun Shourie |date=26 May 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718085432/http://arunshourie.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/a-state-unimagined-in-law-a-wrong-without-a-remedy/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live }} "For this purpose the Centre formulated a scheme for the computerisation of land records. It pledged to meet the entire expense of the task. About Rs 50 million have been given to the State (Bihar) for this purpose; it has been able to utilise only Rs 2.2 million! The target is that by December next year there shall be one hundred per cent coverage of "Jot Bahi/Khatta": actual coverage till now? Ten per cent."</ref>

Focused vigilance in specific areas by government agencies has acted as a deterrent to land mafia activities. For example, the land mafia in the [[NOIDA|Noida]] area, on the outskirts of [[Delhi]], was reported to have illegally begun carving out plots for commercial sale on land identified by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] as the site for India's first Night Safari park.<ref name="tribune2007-001">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070704/delhi.htm#5 |title=Mafia selling Night Safari land |work=The Tribune |date=3 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706150609/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070704/delhi.htm#5 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |url-status=live }} "Land mafia is busy carving out plots in the prestigious Night Safari project and selling them at Rs 800 per sq mt to gullible buyers. Surprisingly, the Greater Noida Authority is oblivious of this development."</ref> Subsequent to coverage in the press, vigorous legal action by the Greater Noida Authority reportedly led to this mafia alliance backing away from this theft, although it may have shifted its attention to illegally encroaching on land along the [[Taj Expressway]], connecting Delhi and [[Agra]], which is expected to become quite valuable.<ref name="tribune2007-002">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070830/delhi.htm#8 |title=Encroachers eyeing land along Taj Expressway |work=The Tribune |date=29 August 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724035532/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070830/delhi.htm#8 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=live }} The biggest Mafia is the Congress Party of the Italian and the media specially English and electronic which is in hands of Drug, Organ, Child Traffickers, and prostitution mafia and Xian terrorists"When further action was taken on projects like Javer Airport, Night Safari, Formula 1 racing track, etc, the land mafia and realtor shifted their focus on Greater Noida and Taj Expressway land ... The land along a distance of 160 km from Greater Noida to Agra is not being fully guarded from land sharks, it is learnt."</ref>

==See also==

* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[Energy law]]
* [[Licence Raj]]
* [[Police corruption]]
* [[Vohra Report]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Corruption in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Organised crime in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]
[[Category:Indian English idioms]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani English idioms]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]

Darbhanga Public School

2026-02-22T16:18:04Z

Mohammad.Fahim: started new stub added tags

{{Short description|School in Darbhanga, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Darbhanga Public School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| image = Darbhanga Public School.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| location = Near Dilli More
| address =
| region =
| city = [[Darbhanga]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| province = India
| county =
| postal_code =
| zipcode =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| school_number =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| district =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| religious_affiliation = secular
| superintendent =
| trustee =
| founder = Lal Mohan Jha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darbhangapublicschool.edu.in/?page_id=6|title = Chairman's Desk | Darbhanga Public School}}</ref>
| specialist =
| president =
| head_of_school =
| principal =
| principal1 = Madan Kumar Mishra<ref>[http://darbhangapublicschool.edu.in/?page_id=4 Principal]</ref>
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector =
| chaplain =
| director = Vishal Gaurav
| staff =
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| classes =
| classes_offered = Class I to Class XII
| avg_class_size =
| ratio = 1:10
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| houses =
| schooltype = [[Private School]]
| fundingtype =
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| language = [[English Language|English]]
| classrooms = Modern Smart class rooms
| campus =
| campus_size = 5 acres
| campus_type =
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| song =
| fight_song =
| motto = "Manifestation of Perfection"
| accreditation =
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}}
'''Darbhanga Public School''' is an Indian [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated English medium [[co-educational]] school of the district ([[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]) and [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], established on 5 January 2000.<ref>[[Dainik Bhaskar]]. [https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/organizing-39expression39-series-at-darbhanga-public-school-030116-3361404.html "दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल में ‘एक्सप्रेशन’ सीरीज का आयोजन"], ''Dainik Bhaskar'', Darbhanga, Dec 07, 2018.</ref> The region has been an ancient seat of learning.<ref>Deshaj Times. [https://www.deshajtimes.com/national/latest-news/darbhnaga-public-school/ "दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल बना विश्व के सबसे बड़े क्रॉसवर्ड कॉन्टेस्ट का गवाह, दिखा बच्चों का दम"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153134/https://www.deshajtimes.com/national/latest-news/darbhnaga-public-school/ |date=29 December 2019 }}, ''Deshaj Times'', Darbhanga, October 23, 2019.</ref> The school was established by a team of people.<ref>[[Hindustan (newspaper)]]. [https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-making-human-chain-in-schools-message-of-jan-jagaran-1760439.html "स्कूलों में मानव श्रृंखला बना उकेरा जन जागरण का संदेश"], ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)]]'', Darbhanga, 21 Jan 2018.</ref>

The students in the school are divided into four houses:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 0.5em"|
! Houses
|-
| style="background:red;"|
| Newton
|-
| style="background:yellow;"|
| Shakespeare
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| Tansen
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| Gandhi
|}

== About the school ==
The school has a history of over 15 years in the space of [[education]].<ref>Careers360. [https://school.careers360.com/schools/darbhanga-public-school-basudeopur-darbhanga "Darbhanga Public School, Basudeopur"]</ref> It was started by a team of educationists The Darbhanga Public School was founded by Dr. Lal Mohan Jha who was the principal of [[C.M. Science College, Darbhanga|C.M.Science College]] and ex-director of [[Women's Institute of Technology]], who is currently chairman of the school.<ref>[[Dainik Jagran]]. [https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-15247351.html "साहित्य व विज्ञान, बच्चे दोनों में महान"], ''Dainik Jagran'', Darbhanga, 22 Dec 2016.</ref> In last 18 years; the school has established itself as a premier education center of entire [[Mithilanchal]].<ref>AISTE. [https://www.aiste.in/top-schools-in-darbhanga "India Top School Ranking 2018 : Darbhanga"]</ref> Over 2000 alumni of the school today are working across the globe.<ref>Dainik Bhaskar. [https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/success-of-darbhanga-public-school-students-072042-4473049.html "दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल के छात्राें को सफलता - सीबीएसई की 12वीं के रिजल्ट में दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल के छात्रों ने जबरदस्त प्रदर्शन किया है। अभिषेक बंसल ने 95.2..."], ''Dainik Bhaskar'', Darbhanga, May 03, 2019.</ref>

== Motto of the school ==
The motto of the School is - “'''Manifestation of Perfection'''” The motto is derived from a famous quote by [[Swami Vivekananda]] – “Education is the manifestation of perfection already present in man”.<ref>Deshaj Times. [https://www.deshajtimes.com/bihar/rangarang-samoham-me-duwa-darbhanga-public-school/ "रंगारंग सम्मोहन में डूबा दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल, सरावगी ने कहा, यूं ही बुलंदी से करते रहो तरक्की"], ''Deshaj Times'', Darbhanga, February 20, 2020.</ref> Something is said to be manifested only when it finds an expression.<ref>Dainik Bhaskar. [https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/all-round-development-of-children-from-quiz-contest-rajesh-kumar-070045-4541225.html "मैडोना इंग्लिश स्कूल, दरभंगा पब्लिक स्कूल और रोज पब्लिक स्कूल की टीम रहा अव्वल"], ''Dainik Bhaskar'', Darbhanga, May 13, 2019.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|1=http://www.dapsdbg.com}}

{{coord|26.2175|78.1672|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:Private schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bihar]]

Railway schools in India

2026-02-21T01:42:42Z

Mohammad.Fahim: New a entry

{{short description|Schools administered by Ministry of Railways in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Railway schools in India
| image = Central Railway Mixed Primary School, Ajni, Nagpur - panoramio.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A railway school in Nagpur
| motto =
| location =
| country =
| coordinates =
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1873}}
| opened =
| type = Open
| district =
| grades =
| authority = Ministry of Railways
| school_board =
| superintendent =
| principal =
| viceprincipal =
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| mascot =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| website =
| feeder_schools =
}}

'''Railway schools''' are a chain of educational institutions in India run by the federal government, under the aegis of Ministry of Railways. These schools cater the education needs for the wards of railway and non-railway employees. The schools were established by the British.

In India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha - Question List |url=http://164.100.47.193/questionslist/MyFolder/18072018.pdf |date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815115219/http://164.100.47.193/questionslist/MyFolder/18072018.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2018 |page=37}}</ref> there about 114 such schools are present in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha - Question List and Answers |url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU226.pdf |date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815121808/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU226.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2018 |page=1}}</ref>

{{TOC limit}}

==History==
As the [[British Empire]] started colonizing countries in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]], they brought resources and technology to comfort themselves — thereby seeding a big [[Industrial Revolution]]. To move the harvested and manufactured goods from one place to another, railway transportation brought bigger changes. Simultaneously, the colonists came forward to provide education for the members and staffs working in the railway. And thus started mushrooming of such schools: Wherever railway lines were laid, stations were opened and railway factories and workshops were established. In the late 1850s, these schools were part of larger railway colonies in which schools, leisure facilities, and domestic spaces were created for the residing Europeans to enjoy middle-class life.

One of the earliest railway colonies was in [[Jamalpur, Bihar]]. In this colony, European "Children were educated for future employment or to be railway wives at a primary level in the local school."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bear|first=Laura Gbah |author-link=Laura Bear |date=December 1994|title=Miscegenations of modernity: constructing european respectability and race in the Indian railway colony, 1857-1931|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612029400200069|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=531–548|doi=10.1080/09612029400200069|issn=0961-2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> One of the earliest railway schools was Oak Grove School at Jharipani, Mussoorie in India. In [[Tamil Nadu]], railway schools were built between 1890 and the 1900s for children of British railway employees. Most were built following Victorian-style architecture. With the constant expansion of the railway network, such schools were established across the country. The schools were later opened to non-railway people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/may/02/uncertain-future-for-6800-kids-as-railway-schools-in-tamil-nadu-told-to-shut-class-1808990.html|title=Uncertain future for 6,800 kids as railway schools in Tamil Nadu told to shut class|last=Anbuselvan|first=B|date=2 May 2018|work=New Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

On 30 April 2018, India's Southern Railway announced that it was shutting down all of its railway schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/all-9-schools-under-southern-railway-to-be-closed-down/articleshow/63979252.cms|title=All 9 schools under Southern Railway to be closed down |last=Kumar|first=Sampath|date=1 May 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> The decision would affect 6,800 students in eight schools in Tamil Nadu and one school in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0" /> On 16 May 2018, Southern Railway issued an announcement that railway schools may continue to admit students. Some of the schools were allowed to operate with conditions that classes included 15 to 20 wards of railway employees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/southern-railway-allows-admission-in-its-schools/article23922319.ece|title=Southern Railway allows admission in its schools|date=18 May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/railway-does-u-turn-gives-green-signal-to-run-schools/articleshow/64212580.cms|title=Railway does U-turn, gives green signal to run schools|last=Arockiaraj|first=D Vincent|date=18 May 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==
Some have criticized the railway schools created by the British as a way to separate British people, culture, and ways of life from Indian culture and influence. Some historians and philosophers ([[Michel Foucault]]) have criticized these schools and colonies as sites that intended to "other" Indians and Indian culture by emphasizing national, racial, and class differences.<ref name=":1" /> The construction of these railway colonies and schools was described by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]] as one of the "three great engines of social improvement," that would impact "every other improvement whatever, both physical and moral."<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Plan to shut railway schools dropped, SR commences admissions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/28/plan-to-shut-railway-schools-dropped-sr-commences-admissions-2481395.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rail transport schools in India}}
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/ Railway Board, India]

{{School education in India}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Railway schools in India| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1873]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in India]]

Ayyankali

2026-02-19T16:23:25Z

Mohammad.Fahim: basic cleanup content to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian social reformer (1866–1941)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| honorific_prefix = [[Mahatma]]
| name = Ayyankali
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|08|28|df=yes}}
| image = Ayyankali_c._1901-1908_(cropped).png
| birth_place = [[Venganoor]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] (present day [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1941|06|18|1863|08|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Chellamma|1888}}{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=65|ps=}}
| children = 7
|caption=Ayyankali {{circa|1901|1908}}}}
'''Ayyankali''' (28 August 1863 – 18 June 1941) was an Indian social reformer, [[Teacher|educator]], [[economist]], [[Legislator|lawmaker]], and revolutionary leader. He worked for the advancement of oppressed people in the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]]. His struggles resulted in many changes that improved the socio-political structure of [[Kerala]]. His determined and relentless efforts transformed the lives of [[Dalit]]s. He is known as the King of [[Pulayar|Pulaya]].

==Background==

Ayyankali was born on 28 August 1863 in [[Venganoor]], Thiruvananthapuram, [[Travancore]]. He was the first of eight children born to Ayyan and Mala, who were members of the [[Pulayar]] community. The family led a marginally better life compared to other Pulayars as they were given {{convert|5|acre|ha}} of land by the landlord with whom Ayyan was an "Adiyalan" (slave) spending all his time serving the Janmi or Zamindar (feudal landlord).{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|pp=64-65|ps=}}
Members of the Pulayar community generally worked as bonded labor for the Janmis during this time and did not have the right to own land or even enter temples to pray.{{sfnp|Oommen|2001|ps=}}

The region in which Ayyankali lived, which now forms part of the state of [[Kerala]], was [[Caste system in Kerala|particularly affected by social divisions]] during his lifetime and was described as a "mad house" of [[Caste system in India|castes]].{{sfnp|Nossiter|1982|pp=25-27|ps=}} The Pulayars were regarded as the slaves of the agrarian society in the kingdom{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|p=86|ps=}} and they suffered greatly from oppressive discrimination, particularly from the landowning castes including the [[Nair]] caste.{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|pp=65-66|ps=}}

Suffering from this social injustice caused Ayyankali to join his Pulayar friends who gathered at the end of their workday to sing and dance to [[folk music]] that protested the situation.

Some joined him in forming a group that challenged the members of the oppressor castes sometimes leading to physical fights. His popularity earned him the names of ''Urpillai'' and ''Moothapullai'' translated roughly as 'Leader of the Land' or 'Elder Leader'.{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|pp=65-66|ps=}}

Ayyankali married Chellamma in 1888. The couple had seven children.{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=65|ps=}}

==Campaigning==
===Freedom of movement===
In 1893, Ayyankali, dressed in clothing traditionally associated with upper-caste people,{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=67|ps=}} and defied the social conventions that applied to oppressed people by riding on a road in a [[bullock cart]] he had bought. Both the act of purchase and that of travelling on a road that was traditionally the domain of the upper castes were daring acts. In a similar act of defiance, he entered the marketplace at [[Nedumangad]]. These protests, which have been described by Nisar and Kanadasamy as "laying claim to the public space", strengthened the resolve of others from oppressed communities of Travancore to shake off the shackles of social oppression, leading to further acts of protest elsewhere, such as in [[Kazhakkoottam]].{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|pp=66-68|ps=}} The outcome of the continued protest marches, which sometimes turned violent, became known as [[Chaliyar riots]].{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=67|ps=}} By 1900, the Pulayars had gained the right to use most roads in the state, although they were still barred from roads that led to Hindu temples.{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|p=97|ps=}}

Later, in 1904, Ayyankali was inspired by the speech of the reformist [[Ayyavu Swamikal]]. He had been preaching the need to break caste divisions because he thought that doing so would limit the number of people who were converting from Hinduism to [[Christianity in India|Christianity]].{{efn|The number of conversions to Christianity had burgeoned after 1860, when the influence of Christian missionaries as a route to achieving social change became apparent to the oppressed population.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|p=104|ps=}}}} A branch of Swamikal's Brahma Nishta Matam, an organisation, was established in that year by Ayyankali and some friends in Venganoor. Ayyankali also drew inspiration from the activities of [[Narayana Guru]], a contemporary social reformer from the [[Ezhava]] caste, although the two men differed in their philosophies and the means of turning it into reality.{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=69|ps=}} The Ezhava and Pulayar communities did occasionally ally with each other, one of which was the [[Vaikom Satyagraha|campaign to gain access to the Hindu temple in Vaikom]].{{sfnp|Thachil|2014|p=190|ps=}}

===Education===
[[File:Ayyankali statue in kollam.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ayyankali in [[Kollam]]]]
Ayyankali also sought to improve access to education for the oppressed classes. A few Pulayars had gained access to schools set up by the [[Colonial Missionary Society]] and the [[London Missionary Society]] from around the mid-nineteenth century.{{efn|The London Missionary Society established the Pulaya Charity School in Thiruvananthapuram in 1861, and similar schools were built across the region.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|pp=104-106|ps=}}}} Conversion to Christianity was a prerequisite for attendance at such schools, and there were cases where Pulayars offered to contribute to the cost of supplying teachers for them.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|pp=104-106|ps=}} However, Ayyankali, who was illiterate,{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|p=263|ps=}} believed that education should be available to all children and this meant that government schools should allow access to untouchables.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|pp=104-106|ps=}}

The government was already attempting to modernize its approach to social welfare. Several public schools were opened for "untouchable" communities after 1895 but the right to primary education was limited in scope.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|pp=104-106|ps=}} State funding of education became effective in 1904{{sfnp|Houtart|Lemercinier|1978|ps=}} but even after the government ordered schools to admit children "untouchable" castes in 1907, local officials found ways to refuse it.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan|2010|pp=104-106|ps=}} In that year, helped by the experience gained from organizing the Brahma Nishta Mattam,{{sfnp|Nisar|Kandasamy|2007|p=68|ps=}} Ayyankali founded the [[Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham]] (SJPS) (Association for the Protection of the Poor) which campaigned for access to schools and raised funds to set up Pulayar-operated schools in the interim.{{sfnp|Thachil|2014|p=190|ps=}} This attracted support from both Hindus and Christians.{{sfnp|Mohan|2013|p=231|ps=}}{{efn|Sources vary regarding whether Ayyankali or Krishnathi Asan later founded the All-[[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] Pulaya Maha Sabha (Pulaya Great Assembly) in 1913.{{sfnp|Thachil|2014|p=190|ps=}}{{sfnp|Houtart|Lemercinier|1978|ps=}}}}

An attempt by Ayyankali to enroll a Pulayar girl in a government school led to violent acts perpetrated by upper castes against the community and eventually to the burning down of the school building in the village of [[Ooruttambalam]]. His response was an organized strike of agricultural labor, a first [[strike action]] by oppressed agricultural laborers of the region. They withdrew from the paddy fields owned by the upper castes until the government acceded to their demand for removing restrictions based on caste to education.{{sfnp|Ramachandran|2000|pp=103-106|ps=}}{{efn|The date of this strike is disputed. Some sources say it occurred in 1915 but others say 1907-08.{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|p=97|ps=}}}}

Ayyankali was also central to the success of the Pulaya challenge against the traditional strictures that prohibited females of the community from covering their upper body in the public. The upper caste Hindus had insisted the custom was necessary to distinguish the untouchable people{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}. During the 19th century, this belief came under increasing attack from various untouchable groups and Christian missionaries. The [[Channar revolt]] helped the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] people to not follow the practice before Ayyankali's birth. However, this revolt did not do anything for the Pulaya self-dignity to cover themselves until 1915–16.{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|pp=85-86|ps=}}

===Representation===
Ayyankali later became a member of the assembly of Travancore, known as the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] (SMPA) or Praja Sabha.{{sfnp|Houtart|Lemercinier|1978|ps=}}

==Public acceptance, honors and veneration==
In 2002, Ayyanakali was commemorated on an [[India Post|Indian]] postage stamp.

The historian P. Sanal Mohan has described Ayyankali as "the most important leader of modern Kerala".{{sfnp|Mohan|2013|p=249|ps=}} He is also known as the [[Kerala]] [[Spartacus]]. The anniversary of Ayyankali's birth has been celebrated by his descendants and by special interest groups.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/02/stories/0402404y.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125090414/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/02/stories/0402404y.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Tributes paid to Ayyankali |date=2 September 2001 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2014-12-03}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbhatananda]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]
* [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Socio-Religious Movements in Kerala: A Reaction to the Capitalist Mode of Production: Part One |first1=Francois |last1=Houtart |first2=Genevieve |last2=Lemercinier |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=11 |date=June 1978 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.2307/3516609 |jstor=3516609 }}
*{{citation |title=The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847–1908 |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |author-link=Robin Jeffrey |year=1976 |publisher=Sussex University Press |isbn=0-85621-054-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/declineofnayardo0000jeff }}
*{{citation |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn |first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-52155-671-2}}
*{{citation |chapter=Religion, Social Space, and Identity: The Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha and the Making of Cultural Boundaries in Twentieth Century Kerala |first=P. Sanal |last=Mohan |title=Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India |editor1-first=Subhadra Mitra |editor1-last=Channa |editor2-first=Joan P. |editor2-last=Mencher |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-777-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAnAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Ayyankali — Dalit Leader of Organic Protest |first1=M. |last1=Nisar |first2=Meena |last2=Kandasamy |author-link2=Meena Kandasamy |publisher=Other Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-19038-876-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAIR983RvW4C}}
*{{citation |title=Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation |first=Thomas Johnson |last=Nossiter |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |chapter=Kerala's identity: unity and diversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC |isbn=978-0-520-04667-2 |author-link=Thomas Nossiter}}
*{{citation |title=Civil Society: Religion, Caste and Language in India |first=T. K. |last=Oommen |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=2 |date=September 2001 |pages=219–235 |doi=10.1177/0038022920010204 |jstor=23619840 |s2cid=152165092 }}
*{{citation |chapter=Learning to Learn: Dalit Education in Kerala |first=Roshni |last=Padmanabhan |title=Development, Democracy and the State: Critiquing the Kerala Model of Development |editor-first=K. Ravi |editor-last=Raman |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-13515-006-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGiMAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation |chapter=Kerala's Development Achievement and their Replicability |first=V. K. |last=Ramachandran |title=Kerala: the Development Experience: Reflections on Sustainability and Replicability |editor-first=Govinda |editor-last=Parayil |publisher=Zed Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85649-727-5}}
*{{citation |title=Elite Parties, Poor Voters: How Social Services Win Votes in India |first=Tariq |last=Thachil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-10707-008-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1neBAAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

* KM Seethi,”Mahatma Ayyankali: Trailblazer of Dalit Emanicipation", EurasiaReview, https://www.eurasiareview.com/29112021-mahatma-ayyankali-trailblazer-of-dalit-emancipation/

==External links==
{{commons category|Ayyankali}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyankali}}
[[Category:Indian anti-caste leaders]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Members of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]

History of Kasaragod

2026-02-13T22:28:29Z

Mohammad.Fahim: added the data needs work...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Keralahistory}}
[[File:Malkassignboard.JPG|thumbnail|Road sign in [[Kasaragod]] town]]
'''[[Kasaragod District]]''' is the northernmost district in the southwestern [[India]]n coastal state of [[Kerala]]. The district has a long history starting from pre-historic times to the modern period.

The district's northern border [[Thalappady, Kasaragod|Thalappady]] is located just 10 km south to [[Mangalore]] on the southwestern [[Malabar coast]] of India. Kasaragod town is located on the estuary where the [[Chandragiri River]], which is also the longest river in the district, empties into [[Arabian Sea]].

The historic hill of [[Ezhimala]] is located on the southern portion of [[Kavvayi Backwaters]] of [[Nileshwaram]]. Kasaragod is home to several forts which include [[Arikady fort]], [[Bekal Fort]], [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]], and [[Hosdurg Fort]] (Puthiya Kotta fort). [[Bekal Fort]] is also the largest fort in Kerala.

Tulunad, where Tulu is traditionally spoken, is said to be bound on the south by the Chandragiri river and fort, thus including Kasaragod city within the Tulunad region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steever|first=Sanford B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=15 April 2015|isbn=9781136911644|pages=158–159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860, A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170995869|pages=6}}</ref>

[[File:Local Self Governance in Kasaragod District.svg|thumbnail|Local bodies in [[Kasaragod district]]]]

== Ancient era ==
[[File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy temple]] at Ananthapura, [[Kumbla]]]]

The Ancient Tamil Works of Sangam Age records that the area covering the district was part of [[Puzhinadu]] which consists of the coastal belt from [[Kozhikode]] to [[Mangalore]]. Politically the area was part of the [[Ezhimala Kingdom]] with its Capital at [[Ezhimala]] in present day [[Kannur district]]. The most famous King of Ezhimala was Nannan whose Kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. ''Poozhinad'', along with ''Karkanad'' which included the eastern regions of [[Mushika dynasty|Ezhimala dynasty]] ([[Wayanad]]-[[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] region with some portions of [[Kodagu]]), had its capital at [[Ezhimala]]. The Mooshaka kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, [[Mooshika dynasty|Mooshaka Kingdom]] was known as Kolathirinad and the rulers as Kolathiris.

The Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from
[[Netravati River]] ([[Mangalore]]) in the north<ref name="Kola Swaroopam">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> to [[Korapuzha]] ([[Kozhikode]]) in the south with Arabian Sea on the
west and [[Kodagu]] hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in Arabian Sea.<ref name="Census_Handbook">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=9|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf}}</ref>

== Medieval era ==
[[File:Malikdeenar Mosque in the Morning.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Malik Dinar Mosque]], [[Thalangara]], Kasaragod, is one of the oldest mosques in India.]]
[[File:Maipady palace.jpg|left|thumbnail|Maipady palace]]
[[File:Arikady fort.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Arikady fort]] at [[Kumbla]]]]

Kasaragod, about 50 km south of [[Mangalore]] city, was an important centre of trade in earlier times. ''[[Malayalam literature|Ramacharitam]]'', probably the oldest literary work written in [[Old Malayalam]], which dates back to 12th century CE, is thought to have written in Kasargod district as its manuscripts were discovered from [[Nileshwaram]] and the poem mentions about [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]] in [[Kumbla]] in detail.<ref name="kasaragod">{{Cite web | url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf | title=2015 Admission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608091936/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf | archive-date=8 June 2021 }}</ref> Kasaragod was known to the [[Arabs]] by the name ''Harkwillia''.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |title=Kasaragod History |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=11 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925134038/http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm |archive-date=25 September 2008 }}</ref> The [[Malik Dinar Mosque]] in Kasaragod town is one of the oldest [[Mosque|''Masjid'']]s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], Kasaragod, [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in Kasaragod town.<ref name="ch"/> Many [[Arab]] travelers visiting Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, which was an important trade centre then. [[Duarte Barbosa]], a Portuguese traveler who visited [[Kumbla]], near Kasaragod Town in 1514 recorded that rice being exported for coir to [[Maldives]].<ref name="history" /> According to Barbosa, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from [[Kumbla]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south had spoken a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" ([[Malayalam]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants (Volume 2)|last=Barbosa|first=Duarte|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|isbn=9788120604513|pages=1–7}}</ref>

Until 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name ''Kanhirakode'' (may be by the meaning, 'The land of ''Kanhira'' Trees') in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Kanhirakode">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref> The [[Kumbla]] dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern [[Tulu Nadu]] wedged between [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] and [[Netravati River]] (including present-day Taluks of [[Manjeshwar]] and Kasaragod) from ''Maipady Palace'' at [[Kumbla]], had also been vassals to the [[Kolathunadu]] kingdom of [[North Malabar]], before the [[Kannada|Carnatic]] conquests of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}</ref> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of [[Malayali]] [[Nair]]s and [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s.<ref name="askh"/> They also claimed their origin from [[legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]]s of Kerala.<ref name="askh"/> [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary [[Malayali]] kings.<ref name="askh"/>

The [[Kolathunadu|Kolathiri]] Dominion emerged into ten independent principalities i.e., [[Kadathanadu]] ([[Vadakara]]), [[Dharmadom|Randathara]] or Poyanad ([[Dharmadom]]), [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]] ([[Thalassery]]), [[Nileshwaram]], Iruvazhinadu ([[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]), [[Kurumbranad]] etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> Many portions of the present-day [[Hosdurg taluk]] (Kanhangad) and [[Vellarikundu]] were parts of the [[Nileshwaram]] dynasty, who were relatives to both [[Kolathunadu]] as well as [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], in the early medieval period.<ref name="Neeleswaram fete">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/neeleswaram-fete-to-showcase-its-heritage/article2645520.ece | title=Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage | author=The Hindu staff reporter | website=The Hindu | date=21 November 2011 | access-date=24 November 2016 }}</ref> The areas north to the [[Chandragiri river]] (present-day Taluks of Manjeshwaram and Kasaragod) were ruled by the Kumbala dynasty. According to local legends, the region between Talapadi and Kavvayi rivers which constituted the erstwhile Kasaragod taluk, consisted of 32 [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and 32 [[Malayalam]] villages.
<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref>

[[Kannada]] kingdoms focused on Kasaragod in the 16th century CE. The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] attacked and annexed Kasaragod from the [[Kolathiri]] [[Raja]] with [[Nileshwaram]] as one of the capital in the 16th century. During the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the administration of this area was vested with [[Nayakas of Keladi|Ikkeri Nayakas]].<ref name="history" /> At the onset of collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire, ''Venkappa Nayaka'' declared independence to Ikkery. Kumbla, Chandragiri, and Bekal are considered to be the chain of forts constructed or renovated by [[Shivappa Nayaka]].<ref name="history" />

The [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]] is built on the southern bank of the estuary of [[Chandragiri River]], just opposite to Kasaragod town. The [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Bekal]], [[Pallikkara, Bekal|Pallikkara]], which is situated in the midway between Kasaragod and [[Kanhangad]], and is also largest fort in Kerala, was built in 1650 by [[Shivappa Nayaka]] of [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi]].<ref name="Bekal">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-portion-of-kasaragods-bekal-forts-observation-post-caves-in/article28993345.ece/ |title= A Portion of Kasaragod's Bekal Forts Observation Post Caves in |date=12 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
{{wide image|SeaFromBakel.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view from inside [[Bekal Fort]], the largest fort in Kerala}}

== Colonial era ==
[[File:Valiyaparamba Beach sun set.jpg|thumbnail|Sunset at [[Valiyaparamba]] beach]]
[[File:Buchanan Journey map.jpg|left|thumbnail|A map of [[Malabar District]] (Malayalam district) drawn by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in 1807. The portion to the south of Kasaragod's Payaswini/Chandragiri river of British [[South Canara]] district was also included in the Malayalam region (just above the blue shaded region).]]

Francis Buchanan, the family doctor of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], visited Kasaragod in 1800.<ref name="history" /> In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, Kavvayi, [[Nileshwaram]], [[Bekal]], [[Chandragiri]] and [[Manjeshwar]].<ref name="history" />
On 19 January 1801, Francis speaks of visiting a Siva temple at Pulla (Pallikere), beyond which, the country rises into open rising lands, all the way to Chandragiri river and Chandragiri fort, which he describes as the northern border of the Malayala. He says that the country on the north of the Chandragiri fort and river is called by Hindus as Tuluva, the Tulu country.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Francis Hamilton|date=1807|title=A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar|publisher=Cadell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jD1NAAAAcAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=M.|first=Amruth|date=2004|title=Forest-Agriculture Linkage and its Implications on Forest Management: A study of Delampady panchayat|url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/69.pdf}}</ref> In 1763, [[Hyder Ali]] raided Bedanoor (Bidnur), the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son [[Tippu Sultan]] raided much of [[Malabar district|Malabar]] region in Kerala. As per the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except [[Kanara]] to the [[British India|British]]. The British occupied Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan.<ref name="history" /> it is said that ''Kinavoor Molom'' (Sree Dharma Shashtha Temple) is belonging to ''Karinthalam'' (one of 64 Brahmin villages in old Kerala). Initially [[South Canara]] was placed under the [[Bombay presidency]].<ref name="ksd_81">{{cite book
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |page=11
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}</ref> Later on 16 April 1862, South Canara was transferred to [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Kasaragod]] taluk was formed by replacing the erstwhile [[Bekal]] taluk.<ref name="ksd_81"/> Kasaragod was the second-most populated Taluk in [[South Canara]] only after to [[Mangalore taluk]], and also the second-largest Taluk.<ref name="ml1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref>

== Post-Independence ==
[[File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kavvayi Backwaters]] of [[Nileshwaram]]]]
[[File:KanhangadMulticipalOffice1.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kanhangad]] Municipal Office]]

Before the formation of Kerala, Kasargod was a part of [[South Canara]] district of erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]]. However, in 19th century CE, Kasargod Taluk witnessed many struggles to separate the region from South Canara and to merge it with the [[Malabar District]] as it was the only Malayalam-majority region in South Canara. Kasargod became a part of [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm |title= Kasargod After District Formation |publisher= Kasargod District |access-date= 11 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm |archive-date= 10 April 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Later Kasargod was divided into two Taluks for the ease of administration - Kasargod and Hosdurg. Kasargod was declared a district in the year 1984. The inclusion of Kasaragod with Kerala has been a contentious issue as there is a sizeable population that speaks Tulu and Kannada. At the time of the 1951 Census of India, only 72.0% of the district's population chose their mother tongue as [[Malayalam]].<ref name="census1951">{{cite book | author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf}}</ref> 14.2% chose [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and 86.3% chose Kannada.<ref name="census1951"/> But it is noted that as per the 2011 census report only 8.8% and 4.2% of the total population in the district speak Tulu and Kannada respectively as their mother tongue. In 2012, the [[Second Chandy ministry|Second Oommen Chandy ministry]] appointed a commission under the leadership the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up special package for the district.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commission to draw up package for Kasaragod|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Commission-to-draw-up-package-for-Kasaragod/article12890231.ece|last=Roy Mathew|date=24 May 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2013, two more taluks, Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu, were formed in the district.<ref name="tal">{{Cite news|title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece|last=|date=21 March 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
===General===
* ''Manorama Yearbook 1995'' (Malayalam edition) {{ISSN|0970-9096}}.
* ''Manorama Yearbook 2003'' (English edition) {{ISBN|81-900461-8-7}}.

===History===
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}

===Languages===
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}

===District Census Handbooks===
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = K. Narayanan | year=1973
| title= 1971 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5695/1/25255_1971_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = K.Narayanan | year=1973
| title= 1971 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-C) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5711/1/28874_1971_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni | year=1983
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5747/1/27978_1981_CAN.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. Vijayanunni
| title= 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5757/1/51134_1981_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = N. M. Samuel | year=1993
| title= 1991 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5784/1/35807_1991_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Sheela Thomas | year=2003
| title= 2001 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (Part-A&B) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5791/1/37444_2001_KAS.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_A_KASARAGOD.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook - Kasaragod (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf
}}
{{Histories of Kerala cities}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:History of Kasaragod district]]

Sunil Kashyap

2026-02-07T00:06:09Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Adding A Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sunil Kashyap
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Sunil Kashyap during Backbench Student Audio Launch
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| origin = India
| instrument =
| genre = [[Film score]], [[World music]]
| occupation = [[Film score composer]], music director, Singer,actor, dancer
| years_active = 2008–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Sunil Kashyap''' is an Indian [[Indian film|film]] music composer, singer, and musician in [[Telugu Cinema|Tollywood]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120122015824/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/76516.html Vennela Kishore positive about his debut – Telugu Movie News]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Suhasini-in-Mani-Ratnams-next/articleshow/6201299.cms | title=Suhasini in Mani Ratnam's next | date=23 July 2010 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=2 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rhythm-of-love/article12642786.ece | title=Rhythm of love | date=5 November 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=M L | last=Narasimham | accessdate=2 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013064104/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/34059.html 'Gita' completes shooting – Telugu Movie News]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article2642232.ece Itsy bitsy – The Hindu]</ref>

Sunil has sung the famous "Azeemo Shan Shehenshah" of [[A. R. Rahman]]'s ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' in the dubbed Telugu and Tamil versions.

==Early life and education==

Nothing much about his childhood or early career is known since his lesser appearances in television interviews and musical functions. Sunil's mother tongue is actually Kannada but he is very familiar with Telugu, as he spent considerable time in Rayalaseema.

He is graduated from Sri Ramakrishna Degree College, Nandyal in Kurnool district .

Sunil came first in a talent show titled 'Ooh Laa Laa' on TV. AR Rehaman was the judge for the show. He has given music to "loafer",a popular Telugu film

Sunil was born in Andhra Pradesh and he spent all his childhood in Cement Nagar studied in St. Anns English Medium High School run by the Kerala nuns and later he studied his secondary school in Panyam Cements High School which is located in Kurnool District. His father was a Mechanical Engineer and he also familiar with music. His brother Anil Kashyap and sister Gayathri are singers, too.

==Discography==

===As composer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''Gita''|| rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Ninnu Kalisaka''||
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sneha Geetham]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[The Lotus Pond]]'' || English ||
|-
| ''Matrudevobhava''|| rowspan="3"|Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[It's My Love Story]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Vennela 1 1/2]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Login (film)|Login]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Ayyare''|| rowspan="19" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''Ullamellam Talladuthe''||
|-
| ''Jagame Maya''||
|-
| ''[[Backbench Student|Back Bench Student]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''Dil Kabaddi''||
|-
| ''Romeo''||
|-
| ''Chusinodiki Chusinantha''||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2015 || ''Kavvintha''||
|-
| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' ||
|-
| [[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|''Jyothi Lakshmi'']]||
|-
| ''[[Mantra 2]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]''||
|-
| ''Om Mangalam Mangalam'' ||
|-
| ''Oo Malli''||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''Yugam''||
|-
| ''The Lotus Pond''||
|-
| ''[[Oka Manasu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Lakshmi Bomb]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Babu Baga Busy]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'' || Kannada Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Okate Life]]'' || rowspan="11" | Telugu || Background score only
|-
| ''[[Bewars (2018 film)|Bewars]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''Kothaga Maa Prayanam'' || Background score
|-
| ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' || Two songs only
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
| ''[[Shaadi Mubarak (film)|Shaadi Mubarak]]''
|
|-
|''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]''
|
|-
|''Gem''
|
|-
|''Maro Prasthanam''
|
|-
|''[[Priyuraalu]]'' ||
|-
|[[Romantic (film)|''Romantic'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Kothala Rayudu''
|
|-
|[[Liger (film)|''Liger'']]
|Hindi Telugu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Krishna Rama]]''
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]''
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|
|}

===As a singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song(s)
|-
| 2009 || ''Ninnu Kalisaka''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Junction''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Sneha Geetham''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Its My Love Story''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju|Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vykuntapali]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Mr.Rascal''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[All the Best (film)|All The Best]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Login (film)|Login]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Ayyare''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Love Touc''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Naa Style Naade''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Backbench Student|Back Bench Student]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Rosham''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Romeo''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Madhura Meenakshi''|| Telugu ||
|-
| 2016 || ''The Lotus Pond''|| Telugu ||
|-
|2021 || ''Maro Prasthanam'' || Telugu || "Sunyame"
|-
|2022 ||''[[Kothala Raayudu]]'' || Telugu || "O Thalapai"
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Andondittu Kaala]]'' || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || "Maharaja Agendu"
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]

2021 SAFF Championship

2026-02-04T03:06:53Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Stub - done

{{EngvarB|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = 2021 SAFF Championship
| image = SAFF Championship Maldives logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| cities = 1
| country = Maldives
| dates = 1–16 October
| num_teams = 5
| sub-confederations = 1
| venues = 1
| champion = India
| count = 8
| second = Nepal
| matches = 11
| goals = 22
| attendance =
| top_scorer = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (5 goals)
| player = {{fbicon|IND}} Sunil Chhetri
| young_player =
| goalkeeper =
| fair_play = {{fb|MDV}}
| prevseason = [[2018 SAFF Championship|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023]]
}}
The '''2021 SAFF Championship''', known as '''[[Ooredoo Maldives|Ooredoo]] SAFF Championship 2021''' for sponsorship reasons,<ref>{{cite news|last=Zalif|first=Zunana|url=https://raajje.mv/106753|title=Ooredoo named title sponsor of SAFF Championship 2021|website=Raajje|date=20 September 2021|access-date=20 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921111840/https://raajje.mv/106753|url-status=live}}</ref> was the thirteenth edition of the [[SAFF Championship]], the biennial international men's [[association football|football]] championship of [[South Asia]] organised by [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF). Initially, it was decided to be hosted by [[Pakistan]] in 2020, but was postponed to September 2021 in [[Bangladesh]]. However, the tournament was postponed again to October due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia|COVID-19 pandemic]], with [[Maldives]] as host.<ref name="official" /><ref name="hosts" />

==Host selection==
On 11 April 2018, SAFF decided to allow [[Pakistan]] to host the tournament after the restoration of [[Pakistan Football Federation]]'s membership by [[FIFA]] and since then it would be country's first international football tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=Pakistan to host SAFF Football Championship 2020 |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/227019/pakistan-to-host-saff-football-championship-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608132829/https://dailytimes.com.pk/227019/pakistan-to-host-saff-football-championship-2020/ |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Daily Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=Pakistan to host South Asia football championship and two other soccer tournaments |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1284551/sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706193034/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1284551/sport |archive-date=6 July 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> However, on 15 September 2019, SAFF president [[Kazi Salahuddin]] and general secretary Anwarul Haque Helal along with representatives of seven member countries decided to host the regional tournament in Bangladesh. This was to be the last edition to be held in even years, as it was decided that the subsequent editions would be held in odd years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2019 |title=Bangladesh to host SAFF Championship in Sept 2020 |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/sports/news/201883/Bangladesh-to-host-SAFF-Championship-in-Sept-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003064255/https://en.prothomalo.com/sports/news/201883/Bangladesh-to-host-SAFF-Championship-in-Sept-2020 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=BD to host SAFF C'ship in Sept, 2020 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/bd-host-saff-cship-sept-2020-1801165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005175744/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/bd-host-saff-cship-sept-2020-1801165 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |publisher=The Daily Star |accessdate=4 October 2019}}</ref>

However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia|COVID-19 pandemic]], the tournament was postponed from its original date of 2020 to 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: SAFF Championship postponed to 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/coronavirus-saff-championship-postponed-to-2021/1usbkrzre8sn71nqtym2iy58vh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017220802/https://www.goal.com/en/news/coronavirus-saff-championship-postponed-to-2021/1usbkrzre8sn71nqtym2iy58vh |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=Goal |language=en}}</ref> and it was supposed to be held in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Executive Committee Meeting (SAFF) |url=https://saffederation.org/executive-committee-meeting/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117064031/https://saffederation.org/executive-committee-meeting/ |archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> Later, Bangladesh withdrew from hosting due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh|COVID-19 pandemic]] and lack of sponsors,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Football federation 'unwilling' to arrange SAFF Championship |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sports/football-federation-unwilling-to-arrange-saff-championship-1627051505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724072848/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sports/football-federation-unwilling-to-arrange-saff-championship-1627051505 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |publisher=The Financial Express |accessdate=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2021 |title=BFF 'unwilling' to organise SAFF Championship |work=Daily Bdnews24 |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/sport/1917720 |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726153603/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/sport/1917720 |archive-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> after which [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Nepalese Prime Minister]] [[KP Sharma Oli]] asked [[All Nepal Football Association]] (ANFA) to "initiate the process" of hosting the tournament in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ANFA bid to host 13th SAFF Championship in Nepal gets Prime Minister's nod |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2021/07/11/anfa-bid-to-host-13th-saff-championship-in-nepal-gets-prime-minister-s-nod |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809071326/https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2021/07/11/anfa-bid-to-host-13th-saff-championship-in-nepal-gets-prime-minister-s-nod |archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> In July, the ANFA received an offer to host the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2021 |title=Nepal receive conditional offer to host SAFF Championship |url=https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728134515/https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1213 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=ANFA |publisher=All Nepal Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2021 |title=Nepal receives an offer to host SAFF Championship 2021 |publisher=Online Khabar English |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-receives-an-offer-to-host-saff-championship-2021.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728133953/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-receives-an-offer-to-host-saff-championship-2021.html |archive-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Football Association of Maldives]] submitted their bid to host the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Male |first=K. |date=2 August 2021 |title=Maldives officially submits bid to host SAFF Championship 2021 |publisher=raajjee |url=https://raajje.mv/104176 |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802095832/https://raajje.mv/104176 |archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2021 |title=Maldives Submits Bid To Host SAFF Championship 2021 |publisher=goalnepal |url=https://www.goalnepal.com/news/detail/11411 |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802104444/https://www.goalnepal.com/news/detail/11411 |archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> On 9 August 2021, Maldives was declared as the hosts after an online meeting of the executive committee.<ref name="official">{{Cite press release |title=South Asian Football Federation (SAFF)'s Press Release |publisher=South Asian Football Federation |url=https://saffederation.org/south-asian-football-federation-saffs-press-release/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813103827/https://saffederation.org/south-asian-football-federation-saffs-press-release/ |archive-date=13 August 2021 |work=SAFF}}</ref><ref name="hosts">{{Cite news |title=Nepal loses the SAFF Championship hosting opportunity to the Maldives |publisher=Online Khabar English |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-loses-the-saff-championship-hosting-opportunity-to-the-maldives.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133921/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nepal-loses-the-saff-championship-hosting-opportunity-to-the-maldives.html |archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>

==Participating nations==
The [[Pakistan Football Federation]] was sanctioned by FIFA in April 2021, hence they were ineligible to participate in the competition.<ref>{{Cite news |title=FIFA suspends Chad and Pakistan football associations |publisher=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-suspends-chad-and-pakistan-football-associations |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407143916/https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-suspends-chad-and-pakistan-football-associations |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Bhutan initially abstained from participation as their government refused to permit the national football team to travel abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title=সাফ ফুটবলে খেলবে না বলছে ভুটান |publisher=Daily Prothom Alo |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/সাফ-ফুটবলে-খেলবে-না-বলছে-ভুটান |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725125252/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |lang=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SAFF Championship 2021 Is In Limbo ! |publisher=Goal Nepal |url=https://goalnepal.com/news/detail/11281 |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705064325/https://goalnepal.com/news/detail/11281 |archive-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> However, Bhutan's withdrawal was only confirmed when the fixtures were released on 18 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal begin SAFF Championship against hosts Maldives |url=https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1230 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818115502/https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1230 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=ANFA |publisher=All Nepal Football Association}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! style="width:160px;"|Country
! style="width:100px;"|Appearance
! style="width:300px;"|Previous best performance
! [[FIFA World Rankings|FIFA ranking]] 16 September 2021<ref name="rankings">{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13407|title=Men's Ranking|publisher=FIFA|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916105240/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13407|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{fb|BAN}} || align=center|12th || '''Champions''' ([[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]) ||189
|-
| {{fb|IND}}||align=center|13th || '''Champions''' ([[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]], [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]], [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999]], [[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]], [[2009 SAFF Championship|2009]], [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]], [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]]) ||107
|-
| {{fb|MDV}} ||align=center|11th || '''Champions''' ([[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]], [[2018 SAFF Championship|2018]]) ||158
|-
| {{fb|NEP}} ||align=center|13th || Third-Place ([[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]]) ||168
|-
| {{fb|SRI}} ||align=center|13th || '''Champions''' ([[1995 SAARC Gold Cup|1995]]) ||205
|}

===Squads===
For the list of squads that appeared in the tournament, see [[2021 SAFF Championship squads]].

==Venue==
The [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]] in capital [[Malé]] hosted all the matches.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Malé]]
!rowspan=4|{{location map+| Maldives |float=center |width=100 |caption=| places={{Location map~|Maldives|lat=4.1740|long=73.5130|position=right|label=[[Malé]]}}
}}
|-
| [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''11,850'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Stadium Maldives |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/maldives/new-radiant/3856/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814165906/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/maldives/new-radiant/3856/ |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Rashmee Dhandu Stadium on a matchday of the 2021 SAFF Championship.jpg|200px]]
|}

==Officials==

;Referees
{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
*{{fbaicon|IRQ}} Yousif Saeed Hassan
*{{fbaicon|KUW}} Ammar Ashkanani
*{{fbaicon|KSA}} [[Majed Al-Shamrani]]
*{{fbaicon|SYR}} Feras Taweel
*{{fbaicon|TJK}} Sajëçon Zayniddinov
*{{fbaicon|UZB}} Akhrol Riskullaev
{{colend}}

;Assistant Referees
{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
*{{fbaicon|BAN}} Ahmed Sabah
*{{fbaicon|IRQ}} Ahmed Sabah Qasim Al-Baghadi
*{{fbaicon|KUW}} Yaquob Al-Mutairi
*{{fbaicon|KSA}} Omar Ali Al-Jamal
*{{fbaicon|SYR}} Mohamad Kazzaz
*{{fbaicon|TJK}} Farhod Kuralov
*{{fbaicon|UZB}} Husniddin Shodmonov
{{colend}}

==Group stage==
{{Hatnote|All times listed below are local, [[Time in Maldives|MVT]] ([[UTC+05:00]]).}}
After the suspension of [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]] and the withdrawal of [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]], the format was changed to a single group round robin format where the top two teams advance to the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Soham |date=9 September 2021 |title=SAFF Championship 2021: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-saff-championship-2021-india-national/6r9qsaun8dn01c49l3i4f8qgz |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=Goal |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913075500/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-saff-championship-2021-india-national/6r9qsaun8dn01c49l3i4f8qgz |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/international/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/2020/group-stage/r50023/tables/ Soccerway]
|teamwidth=180


|name_BAN={{fb|BAN}}
|name_IND={{fb|IND}}
|name_MDV={{fb|MDV}}
|name_NEP={{fb|NEP}}
|name_SRI={{fb|SRI}}


|update=complete
|win_BAN=1|draw_BAN=2|loss_BAN=1|gf_BAN=3|ga_BAN=4
|win_IND=2|draw_IND=2|loss_IND=0|gf_IND=5|ga_IND=2
|win_MDV=2|draw_MDV=0|loss_MDV=2|gf_MDV=4|ga_MDV=4|status_MDV=H
|win_NEP=2|draw_NEP=1|loss_NEP=1|gf_NEP=5|ga_NEP=4
|win_SRI=0|draw_SRI=1|loss_SRI=3|gf_SRI=2|ga_SRI=5


|team_order = IND, NEP, MDV, BAN, SRI

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=FI |result2=FI
|col_FI=green1 |text_FI=Advance to the final

|class_rules=1) Points; 2) Head to Head; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/tournament/football/asia/saff-championship/2354|title=SAFF Championship 2021|work=SofaScore|access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>
}}</onlyinclude>

===Matches===
{{football box
|id = Sri Lanka v Bangladesh
|date = {{start date|2021|10|1|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]]
|location = [[Malé]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SRI}}
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|score1 = 0
|score2 = 1
|goals2 = [[Topu Barman|Barman]] {{goal|56|pen.}}
|attendance = 2,500
|referee = Feras Taweel ([[Syrian Football Federation|Syria]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/01/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/sri-lanka/bangladesh/3627850/
}}
{{football box
|id = Nepal v Maldives
|date = {{start date|2021|10|1|df=y}}
|time = 21:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NEP}}
|team2 = {{fb|MDV}}
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 0
|goals1 = [[Manish Dangi|Dangi]] {{goal|86}}
|attendance = 5,000
|referee = Akhrol Riskullayev ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/01/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/nepal/maldives/3627849/
}}
----
{{football box
|id = Bangladesh v India
|date = {{start date|2021|10|4|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 1
|goals1 = [[Yeasin Arafat (footballer)|Arafat]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|26}}
|attendance =
|referee = [[Majed Al-Shamrani]] ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/04/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/bangladesh/india/3627851/
}}
{{football box
|id = Sri Lanka v Nepal
|date = {{start date|2021|10|4|df=y}}
|time = 21:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SRI}}
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 3
|goals1 =
*[[Marvin Hamilton|Hamilton]] {{goal|57}}
*[[Dillon De Silva|De Silva]] {{goal|90+4|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*[[Suman Lama|S. Lama]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Anjan Bista|Bista]] {{goal|51}}
*[[Ayush Ghalan|Ghalan]] {{goal|86}}
|attendance =
|referee = Ammar Ashkanani ([[Kuwait Football Association|Kuwait]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/04/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/sri-lanka/nepal/3627852/
}}
----
{{football box
|id = India v Sri Lanka
|date = {{start date|2021|10|7|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{fb|SRI}}
|score1 = 0
|score2 = 0
|attendance =
|referee = Sajëçon Zajniddinov ([[Tajikistan Football Federation|Tajikistan]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/07/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/sri-lanka/3627853/
}}
{{football box
|id = Maldives v Bangladesh
|date = {{start date|2021|10|7|df=y}}
|time = 21:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|MDV}}
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 0
|goals1 =
*[[Hamza Mohamed|Mohamed]] {{goal|55}}
*[[Ali Ashfaq|Ashfaq]] {{goal|74|pen.}}
|attendance =
|referee = Yousif Saeed Hassan ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/07/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/maldives/bangladesh/3627854/
}}
----
{{football box
|id = Maldives v Sri Lanka
|date = {{start date|2021|10|10|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|MDV}}
|team2 = {{fb|SRI}}
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 0
|goals1 =
*[[Ali Ashfaq|Ashfaq]] {{goal|6}}
|attendance = 5,000
|referee = [[Majed Al-Shamrani]] ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/10/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/maldives/sri-lanka/3627855/
}}
{{football box
|id = Nepal v India
|date = {{start date|2021|10|10|df=y}}
|time = 21:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NEP}}
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|score1 = 0
|score2 = 1
|goals2 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|82}}
|attendance =
|referee = Yousif Saeed Hassan ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/10/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/nepal/india/3627856/
}}
----
{{football box
|id = Bangladesh v Nepal
|date = {{start date|2021|10|13|df=y}}
|time = 16:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 1
|goals1 = [[Sumon Reza|Reza]] {{goal|9}}
|goals2 = [[Anjan Bista|Bista]] {{goal|88|pen.}}
|attendance =
|referee = Akhrol Riskullaev ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/13/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/bangladesh/nepal/3627857/
}}
{{football box
|id = India v Maldives
|date = {{start date|2021|10|13|df=y}}
|time = 21:00
|stadium = National Football Stadium
|location = Malé
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{fb|MDV}}
|score1 = 3
|score2 = 1
|goals1 =
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|M. Singh]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|62||71}}
|goals2 = [[Ali Ashfaq|Ashfaq]] {{goal|45|pen.}}
|attendance = 5,000
|referee = Ammar Ashkanani ([[Kuwait Football Association|Kuwait]])
|report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/13/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/maldives/3627858/
}}

==Final==

{{Football box
| id = Final
| date = {{Start date|2021|10|16|df=y}}
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 3
| team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
| score2 = 0
| goals1 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{goal|50}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Samad]] {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = National Football Stadium
| location = Malé
| attendance =
| referee = [[Majed Al-Shamrani]] ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
| report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/10/16/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/nepal/3627859/
}}

==Champion==
{{winners|fb|SAFF Championship 2021|India|Eighth}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
!Most Valuable Player
!Top Scorer
!Fair Play
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Chhetri
|{{fb|MDV}}
|}

=== Goalscorers ===
{{goalscorers
|updated=|matches=11|goals=22|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/international/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/2020/group-stage/r50023/players/ Soccerway]


|5 goals=
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|3 goals=
*{{fbicon|MDV}} [[Ali Ashfaq]]
|2 goals=
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Anjan Bista]]
|1 goal=
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Yeasin Arafat (footballer)|Yeasin Arafat]]
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Topu Barman]]
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Sumon Reza]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Suresh Singh Wangjam]]
*{{fbicon|MDV}} [[Hamza Mohamed]]
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Manish Dangi]]
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Ayush Ghalan]]
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Suman Lama]]
*{{fbicon|SRI}} [[Dillon De Silva]]
*{{fbicon|SRI}} [[Marvin Hamilton]]
}}

== Prize money ==
Prize money amounts were announced in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesportsgrail.com/saff-championship-2021-awards-and-winners-prize-money-golden-boot-glove-best-player-of-the-tournament-and-fair-play-award/|title=SAFF Championship 2021 Awards And Winners|website=Sportsgrail|date=17 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!Amount ([[USD]])
|-
|Champions
|50,000
|-
|Runner-up
|25,000
|-
!Total
!75,000
|}

== Broadcasting rights ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Broadcaster<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/saff-championship-2021-fixtures-teams-results-telecast|title=SAFF Championship 2021: Fixtures, Results, Telecast and more|work=Khel Now|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050128/https://khelnow.com/football/saff-championship-2021-fixtures-teams-results-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[T Sports]]
|-
| {{flag|India}} || [[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/telecast-details-for-indias-matches-in-saff-championship|title=Telecast details for India's matches in SAFF Championship|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004153516/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/telecast-details-for-indias-matches-in-saff-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}} || Yes TV
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}} || [[DishHome|Action Sports]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1302|title=Nepal games in SAFF Championship to be broadcasted live in Action Sports|website=ANFA|publisher=All Nepal Football Association|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004153516/https://the-anfa.com/news-detail/1302|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || Supreme TV and Football SriLanka TV
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SAFF Championship}}
{{2021 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SAFF Championship}}
[[Category:2021 SAFF Championship| ]]
[[Category:SAFF Championship tournaments|2021]]
[[Category:2021 in Asian men's international football]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by the Maldives|2021]]
[[Category:October 2021 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:Association football events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Cities, towns and locations in Bardhaman district

2026-01-16T21:23:46Z

Mohammad.Fahim: started basic place needs work

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

The '''cities, towns and locations in Bardhaman district''', a former district in [[West Bengal]], India, are divided among six subdivisions, which contain 2 municipal corporations, 9 municipalities and 31 [[Community development block in India|community development block]]s. The community development blocks in turn contain census towns and out-growths, as well as rural areas. [[Bardhaman district]] has 70 official urban units and many other smaller towns and villages. As of 2001 the total population was 6,919,698, of which 4,347,275 was rural and 2,572,423 was urban. The total area was {{convert|7024|km2}} of which {{convert|6230|km2}} was rural and {{convert|794|km2}} was urban.

==Subdivisions==

Subdivisions contain Municipal Corporations and Municipalities, classified as urban, and predominantly rural [[Community development block in India|community development block]]s.
The subdivisions as of 2001 were:<ref name="Administrative Units"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision !!Municipal Wards !!Villages !!Households
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] ||style="text-align:right"|128 ||style="text-align:right"|168 ||style="text-align:right"|277,977
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]] ||style="text-align:right"|51||style="text-align:right"|498 ||style="text-align:right"|259,186
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] ||style="text-align:right"|16||style="text-align:right"| 626||style="text-align:right"|219,220
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] ||style="text-align:right"|43 ||style="text-align:right"|248 ||style="text-align:right"|263,447
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]] ||style="text-align:right"|18 ||style="text-align:right"|528 ||style="text-align:right"|202,170
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]] ||style="text-align:right"|33 ||style="text-align:right"|370 ||style="text-align:right"|169,072
|-
|Total ||style="text-align:right"|289 ||style="text-align:right"|2,438 ||style="text-align:right"|1,390,072
|}

==Community development blocks and municipal areas==

Subdivisions are divided into community development blocks and municipal areas (M).
Community development blocks contain Census Towns and Out Growths, which are classified as urban, and rural areas.
The community development blocks and municipal areas as of 2001 were:<ref name="Administrative Units"/><ref name="Population Density"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision!!Block or municipal area!!Area km2!!Population!!Rural Area km2 !!Rural population
|-
|Durgapur ||[[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] (or Ondal)
|style="text-align:right"|84.78||style="text-align:right"|168,807||style="text-align:right"|39.32||style="text-align:right"|41,413
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North || [[Ausgram I (community development block)|Ausgram I]]
|style="text-align:right"|164.50||style="text-align:right"|106,813||style="text-align:right"|164.50||style="text-align:right"|106,813
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North ||[[Ausgram II (community development block)|Ausgram II]]
|style="text-align:right"|354.00||style="text-align:right"|136,235||style="text-align:right"|354.00||style="text-align:right"|136,235
|-
|Asansol ||[[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]]
|style="text-align:right"|150.50||style="text-align:right"|110,361||style="text-align:right"|142.54||style="text-align:right"|91,660
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North ||[[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]]
|style="text-align:right"|414.40||style="text-align:right"|236,397||style="text-align:right"|414.40||style="text-align:right"|236,397
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North ||[[Burdwan I (community development block)|Burdwan I]]
|style="text-align:right"|250.41||style="text-align:right"|179,774||style="text-align:right"|250.41||style="text-align:right"|179,774
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North ||[[Burdwan II (community development block)|Burdwan II]]
|style="text-align:right"|179.14||style="text-align:right"|138,909||style="text-align:right"|179.14||style="text-align:right"|138,909
|-
|Durgapur ||[[Faridpur-Durgapur (community development block)|Faridpur-Durgapur]]
|style="text-align:right"|144.60||style="text-align:right"|108,619||style="text-align:right"|129.89||style="text-align:right"|89,010
|-
|Durgapur ||[[Galsi I (community development block)|Galsi I]]
|style="text-align:right"|287.70||style="text-align:right"|174,070||style="text-align:right"|283.13||style="text-align:right"|162,285
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North ||[[Galsi II (community development block)|Galsi II]]
|style="text-align:right"|277.90||style="text-align:right"|133,951||style="text-align:right"|277.90||style="text-align:right"|133,951
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Jamalpur (community development block)|Jamalpur]]
|style="text-align:right"|267.88||style="text-align:right"|243,474||style="text-align:right"|267.88||style="text-align:right"|243,474
|-
|Asansol ||[[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]]
|style="text-align:right"|145.86||style="text-align:right"|112,799||style="text-align:right"|130.24||style="text-align:right"|84,182
|-
|Kalna ||[[Kalna I (community development block)|Kalna I]]
|style="text-align:right"|161.34||style="text-align:right"|190,687||style="text-align:right"|157.13||style="text-align:right"|174,106
|-
|Kalna ||[[Kalna II (community development block)|Kalna II]]
|style="text-align:right"|185.32||style="text-align:right"|152,853||style="text-align:right"|185.32||style="text-align:right"|152,853
|-
|Durgapur ||[[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]]
|style="text-align:right"|270.78||style="text-align:right"|151,255||style="text-align:right"|258.66||style="text-align:right"|120,463
|-
|Katwa ||[[Katwa I (community development block)|Katwa I]]
|style="text-align:right"|169.91||style="text-align:right"|152,066||style="text-align:right"|168.88||style="text-align:right"|146,401
|-
|Katwa ||[[Katwa II]]
|style="text-align:right"|164.45||style="text-align:right"|120,314||style="text-align:right"|164.45||style="text-align:right"|120,314
|-
|Katwa ||[[Ketugram I (community development block)|Ketugram I]]
|style="text-align:right"|189.86||style="text-align:right"|146,013||style="text-align:right"|189.86||style="text-align:right"|146,013
|-
|Katwa ||[[Ketugram II (community development block)|Ketugram II]]
|style="text-align:right"|165.24||style="text-align:right"|107,011||style="text-align:right"|165.24||style="text-align:right"|107,011
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]]
|style="text-align:right"|256.13||style="text-align:right"|170,310||style="text-align:right"|256.13||style="text-align:right"|170,310
|-
|Kalna ||[[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]]
|style="text-align:right"|305.40||style="text-align:right"|213,262||style="text-align:right"|305.40||style="text-align:right"|213,262
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Memari I (community development block)|Memari I]]
|style="text-align:right"|200.76||style="text-align:right"|198,152||style="text-align:right"|200.76||style="text-align:right"|198,152
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Memari II (community development block)|Memari II]]
|style="text-align:right"|185.13||style="text-align:right"|135,621||style="text-align:right"|185.13||style="text-align:right"|135,621
|-
|Katwa ||[[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]]
|style="text-align:right"|364.90||style="text-align:right"|233,944||style="text-align:right"|364.90||style="text-align:right"|233,944
|-
|Durgapur ||[[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]]
|style="text-align:right"|97.89||style="text-align:right"|146,445||style="text-align:right"|36.42||style="text-align:right"|37,709
|-
|Kalna ||[[Purbasthali I (community development block)|Purbasthali I]]
|style="text-align:right"|146.91||style="text-align:right"|183,041||style="text-align:right"|138.42||style="text-align:right"|154,168
|-
|Kalna ||[[Purbasthali II (community development block)|Purbasthali II]]
|style="text-align:right"|188.18||style="text-align:right"|188,149||style="text-align:right"|184.70||style="text-align:right"|183,698
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Raina I (community development block)|Raina I]]
|style="text-align:right"|266.44||style="text-align:right"|162,921||style="text-align:right"|266.44||style="text-align:right"|162,921
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South ||[[Raina II (community development block)|Raina II]]
|style="text-align:right"|222.40||style="text-align:right"|137,458||style="text-align:right"|222.40||style="text-align:right"|137,458
|-
|Asansol ||[[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]]
|style="text-align:right"|41.47||style="text-align:right"|101,678||style="text-align:right"|7.94||style="text-align:right"|24,372
|-
|Asansol||[[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]]
|style="text-align:right"|109.86||style="text-align:right"|156,338||style="text-align:right"|84.80||style="text-align:right"|84,396
|-
|
|-
|Asansol||[[Asansol]] (MC) ||style="text-align:right"|127.87||style="text-align:right"|486,304 || ||
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North||[[Bardhaman]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|23.04||style="text-align:right"|285,871|| ||
|-
|Katwa||[[Dainhat]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|10.36||style="text-align:right"|22,593|| ||
|-
|Durgapur||[[Durgapur]] (MC)||style="text-align:right"|154.20||style="text-align:right"|492,996|| ||
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar North||[[Guskara]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|21.15||style="text-align:right"|31,863|| ||
|-
|Asansol||[[Jamuria]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|73.23||style="text-align:right"|129,456|| ||
|-
|Kalna||[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|6.40||style="text-align:right"|52,176|| ||
|-
|Katwa||[[Katwa]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|8.53||style="text-align:right"|71,573|| ||
|-
|Asansol||[[Kulti]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|99.57||style="text-align:right"|290,057|| ||
|-
|Bardhaman Sadar South||[[Memari]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|8.77||style="text-align:right"|36,191|| ||
|-
|Asansol||[[Raniganj]] (M) ||style="text-align:right"|23.44||style="text-align:right"|122,891|| ||
|-
| ||style="text-align:right"|'''Total'''||style="text-align:right"|'''7,024.00'''||style="text-align:right"|'''6,919,698'''||style="text-align:right"|'''6,229.73'''||style="text-align:right"|'''4,347,275'''
|}

==Urban units==
Urban units include Municipal Corporations (MC), Municipalities (M), Census Towns (CT) and Out Growths (OG),
As of 2001 they were:<ref name="Population Density"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision !! Block !! Urban Unit!!Type !!Area km2!!Population
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]||Raniganj ||[[Amkula]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.01||style="text-align:right"|5,936
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal ||[[Andal, Bardhaman|Andal]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.77||style="text-align:right"|19,504
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Asansol (MC) ||[[Asansol]] ||style="text-align:center"|MC||style="text-align:right"|127.87||style="text-align:right"|486,304
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]||Pandabeswar ||[[Bahula]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.59||style="text-align:right"|16,264
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Ballavpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.67||style="text-align:right"|5,391
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Banshra]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.01||style="text-align:right"|5,128
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]]|| Bardhaman (M)||[[Bardhaman]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|23.04||style="text-align:right"|285,871
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Baska, Andal|Baska]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.95||style="text-align:right"|4,980
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Belebathan]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.95||style="text-align:right"|4,292
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Barabani || [[Bhanowara]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.11||style="text-align:right"|7,732
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Bilpahari]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.08||style="text-align:right"|7,786
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal /Pandabeswar || [[Chak Bankola]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.78||style="text-align:right"|10,318
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Chapui]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.18||style="text-align:right"|5,185
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Barabani ||[[Charanpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|OG||style="text-align:right"|2.63||style="text-align:right"|3,301
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Chelad]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.93||style="text-align:right"|7,901
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Chhora]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|5.64||style="text-align:right"|12,839
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Salanpur || [[Chittaranjan]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|19.65||style="text-align:right"|45,925
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]|| Dainhat (M) ||[[Dainhat]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|10.36||style="text-align:right"|22,593
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Dalurband]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|7.95||style="text-align:right"|14,978
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Kanksa || [[Debipur, India|Debipur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|0.87||style="text-align:right"|9,115
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Dhandadihi]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.49||style="text-align:right"|3,843
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Kalna-I || [[Dhatrigram]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.60||style="text-align:right"|9,609
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Dignala]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.64||style="text-align:right"|12,510
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Durgapur (MC) ||[[Durgapur]] ||style="text-align:center"|MC||style="text-align:right"|154.20||style="text-align:right"|492,996
|-
| [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || Raniganj ||[[Egara, Bardhaman|Egara]]||style="text-align:center"|OG||style="text-align:right"|3.66||style="text-align:right"|5,710
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Purbasthali-I || [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal|Gopinathpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.89||style="text-align:right"|4,983
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]]|| Guskara (M) ||[[Guskara]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|21.15||style="text-align:right"|31,863
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Haripur, Bardhaman|Haripur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.50||style="text-align:right"|6,888
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Harishpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.44||style="text-align:right"|8,401
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Purbasthali-I || [[Hatsimla]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.17||style="text-align:right"|6,175
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Salanpur || [[Hindusthan Cables Town]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.90||style="text-align:right"|22,152
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Jamuria (M) ||[[Jamuria]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|73.23||style="text-align:right"|129,456
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Salanpur || [[Jemari]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.51||style="text-align:right"|3,865
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.24||style="text-align:right"|14,087
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Kajora]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|10.33||style="text-align:right"|24,955
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Kalna (M) ||[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|6.40||style="text-align:right"|52,176
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Kanksa || [[Kanksa]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|8.66||style="text-align:right"|16,528
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]|| Katwa (M) ||[[Katwa]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|8.53||style="text-align:right"|71,573
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Jamuria || [[Kenda]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|7.95||style="text-align:right"|14,517
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Kendra Khottamdi]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|8.26||style="text-align:right"|7,090
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Khandra]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|7.49||style="text-align:right"|13,490
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Konardihi]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|7.11||style="text-align:right"|8,248
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Kulti (M) ||[[Kulti]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|99.57||style="text-align:right"|290,057
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Jamuria || [[Kunustara]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.18||style="text-align:right"|5,415
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Mahira]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.34||style="text-align:right"|4,492
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Durgapur-Faridpur || [[Mandarbani]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.87||style="text-align:right"|5,497
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]]|| Memari (M) ||[[Memari]]||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|8.77||style="text-align:right"|36,191
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Murgathaul]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.12||style="text-align:right"|7,872
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Nabgram]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.51||style="text-align:right"|4,643
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || Raniganj ||[[Nimeha]] ||style="text-align:center"|OG||style="text-align:right"|3.85||style="text-align:right"|1,793
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal ||[[Palashban]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.83||style="text-align:right"|4,856
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Barabani ||[[Pangachhiya]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.22||style="text-align:right"|7,668
|-
|[[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]|| Katwa ||[[Panuhat]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.03||style="text-align:right"|5,665
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal /Pandabeswar ||[[Parashkol]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|6.80||style="text-align:right"|10,989
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Jamuria ||[[Parasia]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.49||style="text-align:right"|8,684
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Purbasthali-II || [[Patuli]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.48||style="text-align:right"|4,451
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Kanksa ||[[Prayagpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|2.59||style="text-align:right"|5,149
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Raghunathchak]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|0.87||style="text-align:right"|5,477
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Ramnagar, Pandaveswar|Ramnagar]], [[Ramnagar, Kulti|Ramnagar]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|5.94||style="text-align:right"|4,926
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj (M) ||[[Raniganj]] ||style="text-align:center"|M||style="text-align:right"|23.44||style="text-align:right"|122,891
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]]|| Raniganj || [[Ratibati]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.38||style="text-align:right"|4,370
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || Raniganj ||[[Sahebganj, Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] ||style="text-align:center"|OG||style="text-align:right"|1.66||style="text-align:right"|4,164
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Pandabeswar || [[Sankarpur, Bardhaman|Sankarpur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|3.31||style="text-align:right"|5,921
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Durgapur-Faridpur || [[Sarpi, Bardhaman|Sarpi]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|5.43||style="text-align:right"|8,897
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Andal || [[Siduli]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.85||style="text-align:right"|8,341
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]|| Durgapur-Faridpur || [[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|5.41||style="text-align:right"|5,215
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Purbasthali-I || [[Srirampur, India|Srirampur]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.43||style="text-align:right"|17,715
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] || Galsi-I ||[[Sukdal]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|4.57||style="text-align:right"|11,785
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]||Andal||[[Ukhra]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|7.33||style="text-align:right"|19,868
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]|| Kalna-I ||[[Uttar Goara]] ||style="text-align:center"|CT||style="text-align:right"|1.61||style="text-align:right"|6,972
|-
| || ||style="text-align:right"|'''Total'''|| ||style="text-align:right"|'''794.27'''||style="text-align:right"|'''2,572,423'''
|}

==Other locations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision !! Location !! Notes
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Barakar]]|| Small town and trade center
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Churulia]]|| Village under Jamuria block, birthplace of the poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]].
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Dihika]]|| Village where [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] set up a "How-to-Live" school
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Dishergarh]]|| Small town
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]] || [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman|Dwariapur]]|| Village of Ausgram I block
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Ethora]]|| Village - site of first commercial coal extraction in India
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] || [[Masagram]]|| Village of Jamalpur block
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]] || [[Monteswar]]|| Village
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] || [[Nabagram, Bardhaman|Nabagram]]|| Village with railway station of Jamalpur block
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]] || [[Nadanghat]]|| Village and police station
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Neamatpur]]|| Small town
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] || [[Palsit]]|| Small town
|-
|[[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]] || [[Purbasthali]]|| Village with police station
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Ramnagar, Kulti|Ramnagar]]|| Colliery town near Kulti
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] || [[Randiha]]|| Location of the Anderson weir
|-
|[[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]] || [[Saktigarh, Bardhaman|Saktigarh]]|| Town with railway station
|-
|[[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] || [[Sitarampur]]|| Small town, early hub of coal mining
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] || [[Waria, India|Waria]]|| Railway station
|}
Other villages include [[Amgoria]], [[Badulia]], [[Bamshore]], [[Channa village]], [[Charanpur]], [[Gangpur]], [[Gonna Serandi]], [[Jhamatpur]], [[Kaigram]], [[Kasba, (Burdwan)|Kasba]], [[Kuara (West Bengal)|Kuara]], [[Kumirkola]], [[Majida]], [[Muidhara]], [[Pahalanpur]], [[Paharhati]], [[Palitpur]], [[Panchkula (West Bengal)|Panchula]], [[Putsuri]], [[Routhgram]], [[Sankari (West Bengal)|Sankari]], [[Srikhanda]], [[Uchalan]] and [[Udaypur Kalna Burdwan]].

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Administrative Units">{{cite web|url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/adminunit.html
|title=Administrative Units|publisher=Bardhaman District|access-date=2013-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Population Density">{{cite web|url=http://bardhaman.nic.in/census/popdensity.html
|title=Population, Density & General Sex Ratio|publisher=Bardhaman District|access-date=2013-11-08}}</ref>

</references>

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Paschim Bardhaman district]]

M. G. Venkata Raghavan

2026-01-07T23:58:01Z

Mohammad.Fahim: starting initial info first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Venkata Raghavan M. G.
| image = MG Venkataraghavan.jpg
| caption = 
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|5|14}}
| death_date =
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = [[Vocalist]] of [[Indian classical music]]
| years_active = 1956-present
| label =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Verification|date=February 2024}}
'''Mysore Govinda Rao Venkata Raghavan '''(born 14 May 1956) is an Indian [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic]] vocalist, playback singer, composer and actor. He was awarded the [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi]] for his contribution towards Carnatic music.

== Early life ==
Venkata Raghavan was born on 14 May 1956. His father was M.G. Govinda Rao, a schoolteacher, and his mother, P. S. Savithramma, was a musician from [[Mysore]]. His mother introduced him to Carnatic music at the age of four and he gave his first recital when aged nine. Three years later, he sang the 72 ''Melakartha Raagas'' (major scales) of Carnatic music.

Thereafter, he entered the traditional [[gurukula]] system, being tutored in [[Madras]] by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] for nearly five years. The [[Madras Music Academy]] and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] provided him with merit scholarships.

Raghavan also graduated in science and engineering.

== Innovations ==
Raghavan has revived several rarely heard difficult raagas, such as ''Nishada'', ''Gamanashrama'', ''Vakulabharana'', ''Kanakambari'' and ''Jhenkaaradhvani''. He has also created or evolved new raagas, including ''Kusumdharani'', ''Khadyotakaanthi'', ''Komalanagi'', ''Vageeshwari Laasaki'' and ''Pranayaraagini''.

As a composer, he has created music for the Ashtapadias of Jayadeva, Daasa Saahithya, Vachanas of Shiva- Sharans, and the lyrics of many classical and modern poets in various languages, like, D. V. G, AdiShankaraacharya, Annamaacharya and Naareyanayathi of Kaivara. He has also transliterated and sang the ''Daasa Saahithya'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

In addition, Raghavan has sung in films. These include ''Adi Shankara'', the world's first [[Sanskrit]] movie, ''Madhwacharya'', ''Ramanujacharya'', ''Shanthala'' and ''Krishnavathara''. Prabhath Kalavidaru's ballets like Krishna vijayanthi, Srinivas-kalyana and others.

== Awards and honours ==
The state of Karnataka recognised Raghavan with its Rajyotsava award in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/personality/2008/personality-venkataraghavan.asp |title=Venkataraghavan, creative & melodious musician - Carnatic Music Personality - Darbar for claissical music / claissical dance |publisher=Carnaticdarbar.com |accessdate=2014-03-19}}</ref>

Other awards, medals and prizes won by Raghavan since his childhood include the Presidential National AIR award (1977) and titles such as Gaana Gandharva, Naada Hamsa, Gaana Vishradha, Gaana Kala Saraswathi and Basavanagudi Rathna,

The [[Government of India]] awarded Raghavan a Senior Fellowship and the [[Government of Karnataka]] appointed him as a [[Guru]] for Carnatic music under the Guru–Shishya Parampara in 2000. He has also been a guest lecturer at [[Bangalore University]] for eight years.

Raghavan has completed a work on the mathematical rhythmic patterns and is working on an exhaustive treatise on the raagas.

== Selected compositions ==
Raghavan has produced several documentaries, related to music and culture for television. These include:

*Mysore Vasudevacharya
*Thyagaraja Manasa Rama
*Devi and Dikshitar

He has produced, directed the music, sung and acted in his own serial ''Anthahpurageethegali'' (the works of D.V. Gundappa). He also composed and sang the music to a documentary on the national television network, produced by the National Institute of Linguistic Studies, on the complete works and life of the national poet, D. V. Gundappa.

== See also ==
*[[List of Carnatic singers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://archive.today/20131004084219/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/05/02/stories/2005050213380200.htm] - The Hindu : Life Bangalore : An echo of his master's voice.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, M. G. Venkata}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2008]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]

Sabarmati Railway Station metro station

2026-01-07T18:58:15Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{notability|date=January 2024}}
{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sabarmati Railway Station
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image =
| address = Ram Nagar, Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005
| coordinates = {{coord|23.06979|72.58777|display=inline,title}}
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Motera Stadium metro station|Motera Stadium]] Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Under construction
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=AEC|to-left=Motera Stadium|right=Ranip|to-right=APMC}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sabarmati Railway Station''' is an important elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. This metro station holds the main {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}} railway station for passengers to depart towards {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}} in the northern side or towards {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in the southern side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This phase of the metro was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Sabarmati Railway Station track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|AEC}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Ranip}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]] next station is [[Ranip metro station|Ranip]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Motera Stadium metro station|Motera Stadium]] next station is [[AEC metro station|AEC]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Tanwar (surname)

2026-01-05T02:04:54Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

'''Tanwar''' is a [[surname]] in [[Hindustani language]]. Alternative spellings include '''Tawar''' and '''Tanvar'''.

== Notable people ==
*[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]], Indian politician
*[[Brahm Singh Tanwar]], Indian politician
*[[Kartar Singh Tanwar]], Indian politician
*[[Karan Singh Tanwar]], Indian politician
*[[Ramveer Tanwar]], Indian social activist
*[[Sakshi Tanwar]], Indian actress
*[[Satpal Tanwar]], Indian social activist
{{surname}}
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Gurjar clans of India]]

Goa Public Service Commission

2026-01-04T04:58:18Z

Mohammad.Fahim: created basic details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|Indian government body}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Goa Public Service Commission
| native_name =
| native_name_a = {{lang|hi|गोंय लोक सेवा आयोग}}
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Constitutional body]]
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1988|05|30}}
| preceding1 = Governor Of Goa
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Goa]]
| headquarters = EDC House, Dada Vaidya Road, [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4954|73.8248|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Jose Manuel Noronha
| chief1_position = Chairman
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|gpsc.goa.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Goa Public Service Commission''' ('''GPSC''') is a [[constitutional body]] of the government of [[Goa]], India, responsible for recruiting through standardized examinations candidates for various state government jobs under the [[Government of Goa]]. It deals with matters relating to the appointment, rules of recruitment, transfer, promotion and disciplinary action of government officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/quality-of-education-not-keeping-up-with-required-standards-noronha/ |title=Quality of education not keeping up with required standards: Noronha |website=navhindtimes.in |publisher=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=14 April 2017 |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202457/http://www.navhindtimes.in/quality-of-education-not-keeping-up-with-required-standards-noronha/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1718/1718-20-SII-OG-0.pdf. |title=OFFICIAL GAZETTE — GOVT. OF GOA |website=goaprintingpress.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Goa]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/only-5-candidates-clear-gpsc-test/articleshow/57484081.cms |title=Only 5 candidates clear GPSC test |date=6 March 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916173447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/only-5-candidates-clear-gpsc-test/articleshow/57484081.cms |archive-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> It reports directly to the [[Governor of Goa]].

The chairman and other members are appointed by the [[Governor of Goa]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} In 2018, Jose Manuel Noronha was the chairman,<ref>{{cite news |title=GSPCB's Noronha at helm of Goa public service commission - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/GSPCBs-Noronha-at-helm-of-Goa-public-service-commission/articleshow/51265623.cms |access-date=3 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/GSPCBs-Noronha-at-helm-of-Goa-public-service-commission/articleshow/51265623.cms |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ameya Abhayankar was secretary<ref>{{cite news |title=Abhyankar appointed as GPSC secy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/abhyankar-appointed-as-gpsc-secy/articleshow/60520279.cms|date=15 September 2017|access-date=14 September 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and Seema V. Malkarnekar the deputy-secretary.

== History ==

After Goa became a [[Union territory]] in 1962,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962 {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twelfth-amendment-act-196 |website=www.india.gov.in |language=en |publisher=[[India.gov.in]] |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105162009/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twelfth-amendment-act-196 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Union Public Service Commission]] was responsible for civil service recruitment and other service-related matters. When Goa became a [[State of India]] in 1987,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987 {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fifty-sixth-amendment-act-1987 |website=www.india.gov.in |access-date=3 November 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170227/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fifty-sixth-amendment-act-1987 |archive-date=2018-11-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> it became entitled to its own [[Public Service Commissions in India|Public Service Commission]]. The Goa Public Service Commission was set up on 30 May 1988.<ref>Notification no.13/54/88-PER-117 w.e.f 30 May 1988</ref> The first chairman was [[J C Almeida|J.C. Almeida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gpsc.goa.gov.in/formerchairmen.php|title=Former Chairmen|publisher=Goa Public Service Commission|accessdate=30 November 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716142144/https://gpsc.goa.gov.in/formerchairmen.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Goa Human Rights Commission]]
*[[Goa State Information Commission]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Government of Goa]]

Arthala metro station

2025-12-26T03:47:40Z

Mohammad.Fahim: basic adjust formatting after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Arthala
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Arthala metro station (as of May '22).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = GT Road, Arthala, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date|2019|3|8|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Red|right=Hindon River|left=Mohan Nagar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Red Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Arthala''' metro station is located on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], in the Sahibabad Industrial Area locality of [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was opened to the general public on 8 March 2019.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Hindon River}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mohan Nagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}
==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]

==References and External links==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ghaziabad}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] — descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district, India]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Baba Budangiri

2025-12-13T09:35:27Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baba Budan
| other_name = Baba Budan Giri, Chandradrona, Chandra Drona
| settlement_type = [[Hill]] and [[mountain range]]
| image_skyline = File:A scenery from bababudan hill.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view from Baba Budangiri
| nickname = Coffee land
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.421|N|75.763|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Baba Budan]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1895
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Mountains of Western Ghats 04.jpg|thumb|View of [[Western Ghats]] of India]]
'''Baba Budangiri''' ({{lit|[[Baba Budan]] hill}}), also known as '''Chandradrona''' ({{lit|Moon guide}}, as the range naturally forms the shape of a crescent moon), is a [[hill]] and [[List of mountain ranges in India|mountain range]] in the [[Western Ghats]] of India, located in the [[Chikkamagaluru district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/17901/declare-chandradrona-hills-forest-land.html|title = Declare Chandradrona hills as forest land|date = 4 August 2009}}</ref>

The main peaks in this range are the eponymous Baba Budangiri (height 1895 m), [[Mullayanagiri]] (1930 m) and others. Mullayanagiri is the highest peak in the range. With a height of 1930 m (6317 ft), it is the fourth highest peak between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]]. There is a famous trekking trail between Mullayanagiri and Baba Budangiri.

The Mountain range is known for its extensive [[coffee plantation]]s, one of the earliest and most extensive in India, said to have been started by the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Baba Budan]], who is believed to be the first person to have brought coffee from the country of [[Mocha, Yemen]]. [[Bababudangiri shrine|His shrine]], located amongst three caves on the ''Baba Budangiri'' still serves as a pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullayyanagiri Peak - Trekking Point in Karnataka Karnataka Tourism |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/mullayyanagiri-peak/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Dattatreya Peetha]] (or Datta Peetha), a Hindu religious place dedicated to the deity [[Dattatreya]], is coextensive with the shrine.

== Dargah and Dattapeeta ==
[[File:Datta Peeta - Babudan cave - panoramio.jpg|thumb|View of Baba Budan Dargah and Datta Peeta]]
The '''Baba Budangiri shrine''' is [[shrine]] named after the [[Sufi]] saint [[Baba Budan]], who is revered by both Muslims and Hindus. Its origin appears to be a syncretization of reverence for an 11th-century Sufi, Dada Hayath (Abdul Azeez Macci); for the 17th-century Sufi Baba Budan, said to have brought coffee to India; and for [[Dattatreya]], an incarnation of Shiva (or of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu). It has been controversial due to political and religious tension over its status as a syncretic shrine.

===Incarnation of Dattatreya===
The available history says that one Dada Hayath, his real name being Abdul Azeez Macci, considered to be a direct disciple of Muhammad, was sent to India in the 11th century from Saudi Arabia to spread the message of Islam and peace, in true tradition of Sufism. In fact, Dada Hayath's religious preaching did not target Hindus as a religious community. Rather, it targeted local landlords (palegars in local parlance) who were highly oppressive against the common masses. History says that the palegars did not tolerate the intervention of Dada Hayath into their domain, as his mission was about to affect their stronghold and dominance. On many occasions, they tried to eliminate him but failed.

According to some accounts, Dattatreya is a later phenomenon and it could develop a syncretic culture by synthesizing Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Sufi culture together. The people of the region believe that Bababudan is an incarnation of Dattatreya. Having a long history in Karnataka, the Dattatreya tradition – a part of Awadhut tradition, upholds the idea of a formless god, and condemns caste and sacrificial rituals performed by Brahmin priests(citation needed). Also a long tradition of the Dattatreya and Sufism going hand in hand can be witnessed by the fact that Baba Budan and Dattatreya have become interchangeable.

===Cave===
[[Dattatreya]], for whom the shrine was once named, is considered by some [[Hindu]]s to be God who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and Maheshwara ([[Shiva]]), in the form of an [[ascetic]] in the discipline of ''Avadhuutha'' (God intoxicated monk). A [[Sufi]] saint known as [[Baba Budan]] is believed to have later been in the same cave for some time. Some Hindus have making a claim over the shrine, which is controlled by [[Muslim]]s. This has led to tension between the two communities. This has become the place of communal riots on the occasion of [[Urs]] (the death anniversary of the Sufi saint) and the occasion of [[Datta Jayanti]] in the month of December. Hindu [[Shobha Yatra]]s have been organized at the same time give rise to the communal conflict.

The [[Supreme Court of India]] has ruled that only religious ceremonies which were performed prior to 1975 be permitted. As [[Shobha Yatra]] was not performed prior to 1975, police have in some years denied buses permission to approach Bababudangiri on Datta Jayanti.

Baba Budan Giri represents a unique syncretic culture of Hindus and Muslims where both offer prayers in a cave-like structure. It derived its name from a Muslim Sufi saint who was in turn the disciple of another Sufi saint called Dada Hayath Meer Khalandar. Dada was one of the earliest to arrive in India (1005 AD) from west Asia to preach Sufism in India. When he came to south India, he selected the present cave for his meditation. In fact, the Puranic name of the hills was Chandra Dona, as it look like a crescent or a horse shoe. The place Dada selected was equally believed to be the seat of Dattaraya Swamy, who is said to be the last avatar of Vishnu; he is believed to have vanished from one of the caves to [[Varanasi|Kashi]] to be reincarnated in future. Another belief is that Dada Khalandar and Dattaraya Swamy are one and the same person. The story goes that after clearing the area Dada decided to settle down for meditation. "He needed water to perform 'wazu' for his prayers. He was a stranger in this area and did not know where water was available. He prayed and started digging the ground in front of the place he had selected as his seat of meditation and found a perennial spring. He thanked god and spent the night in prayers and meditation. Early in the next morning a Brahmin and a jangama entered the cave, as per their custom, for worship. Seeing Dada absorbed in meditation they thought that he was the incarnation of Sri Dattaraya Swamy".<ref>Sajjade Nishin, Hazrat Dada Hayat Meer Khalandar, 1979:10.</ref>

Likewise the Hindus, Muslims also believe that Dada had disappeared from one of the caves to Mecca and Madina and is alive and will in due course appear before the disciples. After him, Baba Budan, one of his closest disciples who introduced coffee to this hilly region, brought from Mocha in the west Asia, carried his mission further. Baba Budan, whose history is usually traced to [[Baghdad]], reached Chickmagalur via Malabar and Mangalore. Baba Budan was killed in an ambush near the present cave and was buried along with two other Sufis inside the cave. He is also called Syed Meran Baba and also Jan-e-Pak Shaheed. The institution of custodian of the site although it is traced to Dada, began to centralise in a single family after the death of another Sufi saint, [[Syed Shah Jamaluddin]]. "For reasons not known Jamaluddin also became famous as Baba Budan during his lifetime.".<ref>Sajjade Nishin, Hazrat Dada Hayat Meer Khalandar, 1979:43</ref> The custodian of the site/shrine is called Sajjade Nishin. There are a few characteristics attached to him: "only Sayyads can become swami, either Husseins or Khadris, the descendents of Hussen or Hassan, sons of Ali. After initiation, a Khadri becomes Shah Khadri, and after apostolic seat, he is styled Sajjade. No unmarried man can become Sajjade".

[[Sangh parivar]] organisations started [[Datta Jayanti]] celebrations in the late 2000s in the area as part of their fight to claim "Sri Guru Dattatreya Swami Dattapit".

===Stories===
A large number of stories have been constructed around Dada's dargah. These stories pertain to the spiritual and healing powers including the power to bestow children, relief to physical disorders, property disputes, etc. This is one of the reasons why the site has become famous. There are stories about how Dada protected a princess who later on came to be known as Sathi Samyukta by Hindus and Mama Jigni by the Muslims. Most important is the story about how the princely state of Mysore was bestowed with an heir to the throne by Dada, and how the maharaja would be able to break the stone laid before the cave. This is a typical story which has similarities with the stories surrounding the birth of Jahangir (with the blessings of Sufi saint Nazrath Shah Sali) and [[Tippu Sultan]] (with the blessings of Tippu Aulia of [[Arcot]]). This story is important for two obvious reasons: It provided legitimacy to the claims of spiritual power of the Sufi saints, secondly, it made the state liberal, moderate and secular:

Sri Krishna Raja Wadiyar had no son in his family for a long time. He was worried much about it. Once, coming out of the dargah, he saw the stone slab where devotees broke the offered coconuts. Struck with an idea, he made a vow quietly that he would split that stone with coconuts on the birth of a son in the family. Soon after that his brother had a son, Sri Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar. He came to the dargah with cart-loads of coconuts to fulfil his vow and began breaking coconuts one by one. The stone remained solid even after many cart-loads were finished. He was in a dilemma. He had to fulfil his vow but it appeared impossible. At long last he realised that in his anxiety he made a vow which was apparently impossible. He explained the situation and requested Hazrath Peer to take him to Dada and pray for his pardon and suggest a solution. After Hazrath Peer recited the Fateha, Maharaja expressed his gratitude to Dada, repented his folly, sought out of the dargah and following the instructions, he broke the coconut on the stone slab. To his pleasant surprise the stone developed a crack"

== Nearby places of interest ==
[[File:Baba Budangiri (Galikere).jpg|thumb|Galikere in the Baba Budangiri range]]
* '''Caves:''' Three large caves said to have been sanctified by three siddhas contain their icons and {{transliteration|und|gaddiges}} (tombs) and an annual 'jatra' (fair) is held here in their honour. The enthralling scenery makes this a much frequented pilgrim centre.
* '''Seethala''' contains a 'matha' and the dual shrine temple of 'Seethala-Mallikarjuna'.
* '''Waterfalls:''' A short distance from here are the three waterfalls with epic associations, namely Gada Theertha, Nallikayi Theertha and Kamana Theertha near [[Attigundi]]
* '''Gada Theertha''', according to a myth was created by the pandava prince, Bheema with his 'gada', the club, to quench the thirst of his mother during their exile.
* Pilgrims who bathe in the Nellikayi Theertha formed by Manikya Dhara waterfall, leave behind one item of their clothing as per a local belief.
*'''Galikere''' is a lake near the temple, can be accessed by walk of 2 km
[[File:Manikyadhara.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Manikyadhara falls]]
*'''Manikyadhara Falls:''' Manikyadhara Falls is near [[Kemmangundi]] of [[Chikmagalur district]]. It is on the Baba Budangiri Hills, which is a sacred place for Hindus and Muslims who believe in dead saints. It is one of the main attractions of Baba Budan Giri. It is approximately 40 km from Chickmagalur town and about 5.5 hours from Bangalore.

== Baba Budangiri Range ==

Baba Budangiri Range is a range of mountains in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The range, originally known as Chandra Drona Parvatha, takes its current name from the Dattapeeta Cave and 16th century [[Sufi]] saint [[Baba Budan]]. The Baba Budan Giri Range includes the highest peaks of Karnataka. Unique mountain flowers called kurinji blooms in these hill ranges once every 12 years. The last time this spectacle happened was in 2006. The next one happened in 2018.

Peaks in the Baba Budan Giri Range include:

* [[Mullayanagiri]] (height 1930 m)
* Dattagiri/Baba Budan Giri (height 1895 m)
* Bindagadammanagiri (height 1830 m)
* Sithalaiyyanagiri (height 1810 m)

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Coffee production in India]]
* [[History of coffee]]
* [[Coffee Board of India]]
* [[Chikmagalur]]
* [[Kudremukh]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Mullayanagiri]]
* [[Halebeedu]]
* [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka]]
* [[Kodachadri]]
* [[Pushpagiri (mountain)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Baba Budangiri}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060504214559/http://karnatakavision.com/chikmagalur.php About Chikmagalur]}}

{{Chikkamagaluru topics}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dattagiri}}
[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mountains of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Coffee in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikmagalur district]]

Mangu Singh

2025-12-12T17:28:16Z

Mohammad.Fahim: starting the bio w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Managing Director Of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2012}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=April 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}

'''Dr. Mangu Singh''' (born 15 December 1955) was the managing director of [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]], He took over after [[E. Sreedharan|Dr.E. Sreedharan]], the former managing director, retired from service on 31 December 2011, he retired on 31 March 2022, succeeded by Vikas Kumar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mangu-Singh-to-be-next-Metro-chief/articleshow/10422048.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707061755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/delhi/30302246_1_e-sreedharan-metro-man-dmrc-employee|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-07-07|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Mangu Singh to be next Metro chief}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/delhi/30519832_1_delhi-metro-kolkata-metro-project-metro-man-e-sreedharan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813210629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/delhi/30519832_1_delhi-metro-kolkata-metro-project-metro-man-e-sreedharan|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-13|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Mangu Singh appointed Metro chief}}</ref> He is an Indian Railways Service of Engineers (IRSE) officer of the 1981 batch.

==Personal life==
Singh was born in a small village of Uttar Pradesh called Alawalpur Nainu near [[Najibabad]], District- [[Bijnor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.delhispider.com/resources/4714-Profile-biography-Mangu-Singh-new-MD.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415175705/http://www.delhispider.com/resources/4714-Profile-biography-Mangu-Singh-new-MD.aspx|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2012|title=Profile and biography of Mangu Singh, new MD of DMRC}}</ref>
Singh received his early education from his native place and later graduated in civil engineering from University of Roorkee (now IIT Roorkee) in 1979 . He also received Master of Science (sustainable development). He has been Awarded D.Sc. (Honoris Causa) by Amity University, India and D.Lit. (Honoris Causa) by Modi University, India . He has been awarded prestigious Sat Paul Mittal Award for Public Service – 2017.

==Education==
He is a B.E (civil) from [[University of Roorkee]] (now IIT Roorkee) of 1979 batch.

==Career==
Singh joined Indian Railway Service of Engineers (IRSE), in March 1983 through the 1981 UPSC Indian Engineering Services (IES) Examination. After training he held various positions on Indian Railways from 1983 to 1997 including in Kolkata Metro Railway.

Singh joined Delhi Metro Rail Corporation at inception in November 1997 in the capacity of Chief Engineer/Chief Project Manager and moved upwards to executive director and then Director (Works). He has been instrumental in construction of Metro Network in Delhi at record pace of construction. Currently a network of more than 390 km. is operational. He also assisted other State Governments in developing metro systems in cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata East-West Line, Lucknow, Jaipur, Kochi, Ahmdabad, etc..

Singh has also headed the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects of Delhi Metro, the first successful projects in Railway Transportation System in the world. Singh is the recipient of National Award (Railway Week Award 1996) for his contribution in completing the Kolkata Metro Rail Project, Distinguished Alumni Award -IIT (Roorkee) 2016 Distinguished Alumnus Award-National Academy of Indian Railway, Vadodara -2020 and Engineer of the Year Award 2012 by IEI. He is a member of Fellow Institution of Engineers (India) and National Academy of Engineering, India. He has also been awarded the 'Green Champion' by Indian Green Building Council.

Singh has published/presented many technical papers in National and International Journals/Conferences etc.

Singh is Founder President, Tunneling Association of India. He is also Member of Policy Board of UITP (International Association of Public Transport).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mangu}}
[[Category:Indian Railways officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

Central Board of Direct Taxes

2025-12-06T17:07:06Z

Mohammad.Fahim: started initial stub more to come

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Central Board of Direct Taxes
| logo = Logo of Income Tax Department India.png
| logocaption = Central Board of Direct Tax Logo
| abbreviation = CBDT
| motto = कोष मूलों दंड:
| mottotranslated = Fund roots and bars
| formed = {{Start date and age|1964|1|1|df=yes}}
| preceding1 = Central Board of Revenue
| employees =
| legalpersonality = [[Statutory body]]
| legaljuris = India
| national = Yes
| country = India
| countryabbr = IND
| map = India-locator-map-blank.svg
| mapcaption = Income Tax Department India
| dmap = India
| governingbody = [[Government of India]]
| constitution1 = Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963
| speciality1 = Direct taxes
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| electeetype = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1pfo = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
| chief1name = Ravi Agarwal, [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|IRS]]
| chief1position = [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes|Chairperson]]
| parentagency = [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]]
| child1agency = [[Income Tax Department]]
| activitytype = Income Tax
| website = https://www.irsofficersonline.gov.in/
}}
The '''Central Board of Direct Taxes''' ('''CBDT''') is a [[statutory body]] under the [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It oversees the administration of [[direct taxes]], including [[income tax]] and [[corporate tax]], through the [[Income Tax Department]]. The CBDT was constituted in 1964 under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. The counterpart for [[indirect tax]]es is the [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] (CBIC).

CBDT is currently headed by Ravi Agarwal, the [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]].

==History==
The Central Board of Revenue, the apex body of the Department entrusted with the administration of taxes, was established under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1924. It was initially responsible for both direct and indirect taxes. However, on 1 January 1964, the Board was bifurcated into two separate entities: the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the [[Central Board of Excise and Customs]] (CBEC). This division was formalized through the constitution of the two Boards under Section 3 of the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Board of Direct Taxes|url=https://incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/about-us/central-board-of-direct-taxation.aspx#cbdtl |publisher=[[Income Tax Department]]|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

==Associated bodies==
*[[Income Tax Department]]
*[[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
*[[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]]
*[[Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in Income Tax Department ]

[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Taxation in India]]

National Highway 4B (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T17:00:44Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 348 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Mahindra e2o

2025-09-27T22:56:42Z

Mohammad.Fahim: starting some article basic info

{{Short description|Urban electric car hatchback manufactured by Mahindra Reva}}
{{For|the later 4-door electric vehicle|Mahindra e2o Plus}}
{{Infobox electric vehicle
| name = Mahindra e2o
| image = Mahindra e2o Kathmandu 2.jpg
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra Electric]]
| aka = Reva NXR
| production = 2013–2017
| model_years =
| successor = [[Mahindra e2o Plus]]
| assembly = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| class = [[City car]] [[A-segment|(A)]]
| body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]]
| layout =
| platform =
| motor = 3 phase induction motor<ref name=Specs>{{cite web|title=Mahindra e2o Car Specification|url=https://www.mahindrae2oplus.com/pages/buyers-guide/specifications|website=www.mahindrae2oplus.com/|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>
| battery = 11 to 16kWh [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]]<ref name=Specs/>
| range = {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Specs/>
| length = 3280 mm<ref name=Specs/>
| width = 1514 mm<ref name=Specs/>
| height = 1560 mm<ref name=Specs/>
| weight = {{convert|1,830|lb|abbr=on|disp=flip}}<ref name=Specs/>
| sp =
| predecessor = [[G-Wiz]]
}}
The '''Mahindra e2o''', previously Reva NXR, is an [[City car|urban]] [[electric car]] [[hatchback]] manufactured by [[Mahindra Reva]] or Reva Electric Vehicles in 2013–2017. The e2o is the successor of the [[REVAi]] (or G-Wiz as it was known in the UK)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Reva lines up offer to boost E2O electric car sales|url=http://www.team-bhp.com/news/mahindra-reva-lines-offer-boost-e2o-electric-car-sales|publisher=www.team-bhp.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> and was developed using Reva's technology, and has a range of {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Specs />

In 2006, the G-Wiz became the world's best-selling electric vehicle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://optimistworld.com/Boris-Johnson-charged-up-by-environmental-friendly-G-Wiz/ |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416135251/http://optimistworld.com/Boris-Johnson-charged-up-by-environmental-friendly-G-Wiz/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |title=Companies - Boris Johnson charged up by environmental friendly G-Wiz }}</ref> and by 2008, the company managed to sell over 950 G-Wiz electric cars, making it the UK's best-selling electric car of all time at that time (the record was later surpassed by the Nissan LEAF, with over 14,000 sold by 2016; the LEAF was in turn surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander, with over 23,000 sold in the UK by the end of 2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric Car Market Statistics|url=http://www.nextgreencar.com/electric-cars/statistics/|publisher=[[Next Green Car]]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

The e2o, a two-door, four-seater hatchback, is equipped with features like automatic transmission and allows the buyer to lock the car and operate the air conditioning using a mobile application. According to Forbes, the car "will inoculate its buyers from rising gas prices, provide relief from tailpipe exhaust on India’s polluted streets, and provide a much more convenient and cost effective alternative for the urban city driving."<ref>{{cite web|title=India Launches A $15,000 Electric Car, With No Help From The Government|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2013/03/18/india-launches-a-15000-electric-car-with-no-help-from-the-government/|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the firm had plans to launch the e2o in the European market during the first quarter of 2014,<ref name=e2o_4>{{cite web|last=Chaudhari|first=Yuga|title=Lack of government subsidy puts brakes on e2o sales, says Mahindra & Mahindra|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-lack-of-government-subsidy-puts-brakes-on-e2o-sales-says-mahindra-and-mahindra-1919464|work=dna india|date=15 November 2013|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|access-date=2013-12-06}}</ref> but the UK launch actually occurred much later, in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra e20 Electric Car Launches in UK|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mahindra-e2o-electric-car-launches-uk/|publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

The car was discontinued in India in November 2016, coinciding with the start of production of the larger [[Mahindra e2o Plus|e2o Plus]], though Mahindra Electric CEO announced that "the e2o will continue to sell in the export market".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/mahindra-e2o-two-door-officially-discontinued-in-india-exports-to-continue-1629581|title=Mahindra e2o Two-Door Officially Discontinued in India; Exports to Continue}}</ref>

The e2o was retired from UK market in May 2017 due to poor sales and trading situation under Brexit, the company bought back at full price the cars from customers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mahindra/e2o/99382/mahindra-e2o-electric-city-car-pulled-from-uk-sales|title=Mahindra e2o electric city car pulled from UK sales|work=Auto Express|access-date=2018-02-17|language=en}}</ref>

==Company history==
Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited, formerly known as the [[Mahindra REVA|Reva Electric Car Company (RECC)]], was founded in 1994 by [[Chetan Maini]], as a joint venture between the Maini Group of Bengaluru and Amerigon Electric Vehicle Technologies (AEVT Inc.) of the US. The company's sole aim was to develop and produce an affordable compact electric car. Several other automakers were also aiming to do so, but in 2001 RECC launched the [[REVAi|REVA]] electric car, the company's flagship vehicle, which was available in 26 countries with more than 4,000 of its versions sold worldwide by mid March 2011.

Reva was acquired by Indian conglomerate [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] in May 2010. In 2013, Mahindra Reva was selected as one of "The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies 2013″ by Fast Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Reva in "Most Innovative Companies 2013 by Fast Company"|url=http://www.woolor.com/thetechbook/mahindra-reva-in-most-innovative-companies-2013-by-fast-company/|publisher=www.woolor.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

Since inception, the company has come to be regarded as a pioneer in the electric vehicles space.<ref>[https://www.vodafone.in/documents/pdfs/mahindra_reva_casestudy.pdf Mahindra reva casestudy]</ref>

==Product history==
[[File:Reva NXR (rear quarter).jpg|thumb|Rear-quarter view of the REVA NXR concept exhibited at the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]].]]
The Reva NXR M1 class electric [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]]. Production was initially scheduled for late 2010 with deliveries slated for early 2011;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/31/reva-explains-rescheduling-of-pilot-production-fpr-nxr-electric/|title=Reva explains "rescheduling" of pilot production of NXR electric car|date=2010-03-31|access-date=2010-06-12|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|archive-date=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402024919/http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/31/reva-explains-rescheduling-of-pilot-production-fpr-nxr-electric/|url-status=dead}}</ref> export production was initially scheduled for 2012. It was later rescheduled for late 2012 only for the Indian market, and took place in March 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/11/20/next-gen-mahindra-reva-nxr-electric-car-spotted-in-india/|title=Next-gen Mahindra Reva NXR electric car spotted in India|author=Jon LeSage|publisher=[[Autoblog Green]]|date=2012-11-20|access-date=2012-11-20}}</ref> when the Mahindra e2o was launched.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.carwale.com/news/9874-official-mahindra-reva-nxr-to-be-called-e2o-launch-soon.html | title=Official: Mahindra Reva NXR to be called e2o, launch soon | date=7 January 2013 }}</ref>

According to Mahindra, the market launch was delayed while awaiting a decision from the Indian government on whether it would provide consumer tax benefits for electric car buyers. Although the incentives were not included in the 2013-14 Indian government budget, the company decided to proceed with the market launch. The company anticipates that [[Delhi]] will become the largest market for the e2o, as the city offers a 29% subsidy for the purchase of electric cars. The company has already set up over 250 [[charging station]]s in various cities, with 95 in Delhi and over 100 in Bengaluru.<ref name=E20_1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/mahindra-e20-all-electric-car-launch-india-mid-march-126594.html|title=Mahindra's e20 All-Electric Car to Launch in India in Mid-March |author=Brad Berman|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=2013-03-05|access-date=2013-03-19}}</ref>

The Mahindra e2o was expected to be available with either [[lead-acid]] or [[lithium-ion]] batteries. The car's exterior concept was initiated in collaboration with DC Design, and detailed design of production exterior and interior styling was done in-house by Reva's R&D and Styling team.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Range, speed, safety and interior specifications fall along the lines of a new generation of [[battery electric vehicles]]. In Europe, the process might start with Mahindra e2o undergoing M1 categorisation. The earlier Reva was exempted from most European crash test rules because of its low weight and power, and it was registered in the European ‘heavy quadricycle’ category instead of the ‘car’ category. Now the Mahindra e2o like any other car sold in Europe, has to have a crash test, ABS and airbags.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Reva might test launch e20 in Amsterdam|url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/news/mahindra-reva-might-test-launch-e20-amsterdam/1470|publisher=www.wheelsunplugged.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> The Mahindra e2o however, passed all safety tests in 2013 when it was crash tested in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/autos/htauto-carreviews/mahindra-e2o-review-test-drive/article1-1028691.aspx |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119122736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/autos/htauto-carreviews/mahindra-e2o-review-test-drive/article1-1028691.aspx |archive-date=19 November 2013 |title=Mahindra e2o review, test drive - Hindustan Times }}</ref>[[File:Reva nxr solar panels.jpg|thumb|left|Roof-mounted [[solar panels]] of the REVA NXR concept.]]

The Mahindra e2o has features like a REVive battery charging system. Through the [[telematics|telematic]] remote access to the car's on-board Energy Management System, the company's support centre can individually determine the battery condition and allow access to a small reserve charge. Mahindra e2o is manufactured through processes that do not pollute all the way from the design stage in India's first Platinum certified automobile plant. The facility itself is naturally lit and ventilated, uses LED lights, recycles, gets 35 percent of its power from solar panels and is claimed to be 60-70 percent more efficient than a conventional facility. Much like a modern-day smartphone, the Mahindra e2o has functions that can be powered remotely. Remote diagnostics through telematics monitors the e2o on a daily basis giving instant diagnosis of any existing or impending problems. A smartphone app provides information of the car's state of charge, and even sends a reminder for its various functions. One can remotely lock and unlock the car, start and stop charging, turn the car on and off, switch the air conditioning on and off and even set a schedule using the smartphone app.<ref>{{cite web|title=6 reasons why Mahindra e2o is the coolest car to come out of India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/auto/6-reasons-why-mahindra-e2o-is-the-coolest-car-to-come-out-of-india/slideshow/19042323.cms|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

There are other ingenious technologies that have been incorporated in the e2o such as Sun2Car, and Regenerative braking system that further boost the car's range. The Sun2Car, for instance, allows people to charge the e2o using solar energy while it's parked.<ref>{{cite web|title=M&M launches all-electric passenger car 'e2o'|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/auto/mm-launches-all-electric-passenger-car-e2o/some-ingenious-technologies/slideshow/19036054.cms|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> The regenerative braking technology puts energy back into the car's batteries and charges them every time the brake is applied.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra launches electric car 'e2o' priced at Rs 5.96 lakh|date=19 March 2013 |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/auto/mahindra-launches-electric-car-e20-price/story/193406.html|publisher=[[Business Today (business magazine)]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

==Specifications==
The car has a [[lithium-ion battery]] pack that takes five hours for a full charge, and with a weight of {{convert|1,830|lb|abbr=on|disp=flip}}, delivers a range of {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} and a top speed of {{convert|90|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The e2o is one of the more advanced cars on Indian roads, with [[smartphone]]-controlled features, [[GPS navigation system]] and a dashboard-mounted [[touchscreen]], [[keyless entry]], [[start/stop]] button, and [[regenerative braking]]. According to the company, the car's safety features comply with European norms.<ref name=E20_1>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mahindra-launches-electric-car-e20-priced-at-rs-5.96-lakh/1089850/0|title=Mahindra launches electric car 'e20' priced at ₹5.96 lakh |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2013-03-18|access-date=2013-03-18}}</ref><ref name=E20_2>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1082969_mahindra-e2o-electric-minicar-launches-in-india-nee-reva-nxr|title=Mahindra E2O Electric Minicar Launches In India, Nee Reva NXR |author=Antony Ingram|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2013-03-18|access-date=2013-03-18}}</ref>

==Production and sales==
[[File:Mahindra e2o Kathmandu 5.jpg|thumb|A Mahindra e2o in Kathmandu, Nepal.]]
[[File:Mahindra Reva dealership Kathmandu 2.jpg|thumb|A Mahindra REVA dealership in Kathmandu, Nepal.]]
The Mahindra e2o is manufactured at the company's Bengaluru factory. The company invested [[Indian rupee|₹]]100 [[crore]] ({{USD|18.5 million}}) on the development of the car and construction of a manufacturing plant with an annual capacity of 30,000 units a year, and initially projected to sell only about 400 to 500 units a month, with Delhi accounting with about 150 to 200 units.<ref name=E20_1/> Due to delays in the roll-out of the central government incentives, in November 2013 the company announced it was scaling back plans to release of other electric vehicles, and reported that by mid November only about 400 units have been sold in India, [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/m-m-restrains-its-plan-for-new-electric-vehicles-113111401053_1.html|title=Govt support missing, M&M scales back plans for new electric vehicles|author=BS staff |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=2013-11-15|access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref>

The Mahindra e2o was launched in India in March 2013 at a price between [[Indian rupee|₹]]6.5 [[lakh]] ({{USD|11,900}}) to ₹8.5 lakh ({{USD|15,670}}) depending on the city and before any [[government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#India|subsidy]].<ref name=E20_1/><ref name=E20_3>{{cite web|url=http://www.rushlane.com/mahindra-reva-e2o-price-ranges-1270382.html|title=Mahindra Reva e2o price ranges from Rs 6.5 to 8.5 lakhs in states with no subsidy|author=Sagar Patel|publisher=Rushlane Daily Auto News|date=2013-03-01|access-date=2013-03-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322231428/http://www.rushlane.com/mahindra-reva-e2o-price-ranges-1270382.html|archive-date=2013-03-22}}</ref>

As a response to lower sales than initially expected, the e2o Premium variant was launched in August 2014 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/passenger-vehicle/cars/mahindra-reva-e2o-premium-launched-at-rs-5-72-lakh/articleshow/40592055.cms |title=Mahindra Reva e2o Premium launched at Rs 5.72 lakh |author=Zigwheels.com |work=Economic Times |date=2014-08-14|access-date=2014-12-23}}</ref> with Electric Power steering and 120 km range upgrade {{Convert|120|km|abbr=on}} at 5.72 lakh INR (ex-
showroom Delhi) with a monthly energy fee of Rs. 2,999. The energy fee has been rechristened as “e2o care protection plan”.<ref>{{cite web|title=e2o CARE PROTECTION PLAN|url=http://mahindrareva.com/buy/e2o-care-protection-plan|publisher=www.mahindrareva.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

To address consumer concerns of high initial acquisition cost, Mahindra Reva introduced an ownership program, “Goodbye Fuel, Hello Electric”. The
program splits the acquisition cost into initial cost and e2o care protection plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra Reva launches Premium variant of e2o 'smart car'|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mahindra-reva-launches-premium-variant-of-e2o-smart-car/article6335220.ece|access-date=23 March 2016|publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> Under this program, the company would guarantee the performance of the battery as the ownership of the battery lies with Mahindra Reva. The company will also provide the 24X7 assistance and a courtesy car during battery repair period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Reva slashes e2o price by up to Rs 1.7 lakh|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-18/news/47451135_1_electric-car-e2o-mahindra-reva-electric-vehicles-small-car|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302051029/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-18/news/47451135_1_electric-car-e2o-mahindra-reva-electric-vehicles-small-car|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2014|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

Mahindra e2o has also been launched in countries such as Nepal, Bhutan and Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra launches e20 car in Nepal|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/mahindra-launches-e20-car-in-nepal/article5026120.ece|publisher=[[Business Line]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra enters Bhutan, launches electric car e2o|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-28/news/47774130_1_ngultrum-bhutan-government-tobgay|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303204759/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-28/news/47774130_1_ngultrum-bhutan-government-tobgay|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Video/Photos: Mahindra e2o Electric Car Launch|url=http://bernews.com/2014/07/mahindra-reva-to-offer-electric-car-on-island/|publisher=[[Bernews]]|access-date=23 March 2016|date=2014-07-10}}</ref>

==Sustainable mobility solutions{{Buzzword inline|date=July 2019}}==
Besides manufacturing, the company is also involved in developing energy solutions{{Buzzword inline|date=July 2019}} for sustainable mobility, notably Sun2Car, Car2Home and Quick2Charge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric vehicles: Back to the future?|url=http://forbesindia.com/blog/technology/electric-vehicles-back-to-the-future/|work=Forbes India|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Reva e2o Gets Host Of Options – Quick2Charge, Sun2Car, Car2 Home, Goodbye Fuel/Hello Electric|url=http://insideevs.com/mahindra-reva-e2o-gets-host-options-quick2charge-sun2car-car2-home-goodbye-fuelhello-electric/|publisher=InsideEVs.com|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="energynext.in">{{cite web|title=MAHINDRA REVA LAUNCHES NEW CAR|url=http://www.energynext.in/mahindra-reva-launches-new-car/|publisher=www.energynext.in|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra Reva showcases the Electric Future|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cd/mahindra-reva-showcases-the-electric-future-114020601253_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=23 March 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2014-02-06|last1=Khandal|first1=Vidhyadhar}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[List of production battery electric vehicles]]
* [[Mahindra Halo]]
* [[Mahindra REVA]]
* [[REVAi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.mahindrae2oplus.com/pages/ Official Mahindra e2o website]

{{Cars in India}}
{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}

[[Category:Production electric cars|Mahindra E20]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Electric city cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Mahindra vehicles|e2o]]

Sat Sandarbhas

2025-09-22T05:50:54Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Adding New Stub

{{short description|Sanskrit text}}
{{italic title}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Sat Sandarbhas
| image =
| caption = Compilation of six theological treatises by Jiva Goswami
| author = Jiva Goswami
| title_orig = Ṣaṭ Sandarbha (षट्संदर्भ)
| country = India
| language = Sanskrit
| subject = Vaishnavism, Vedanta, Bhakti
| genre = Philosophy, Theology
| published = 16th century
| series = Six Sandarbhas
| preceded_by = Preliminary work by Gopala Bhatta Goswami
| followed_by = Krama-sandarbha (sometimes considered the 7th Sandarbha)
}}

'''''Sat Sandarbhas''''' (''Six Sandarbhas'', {{aka}} {{IAST|Bhāgavata-sandarbha}}) is a 16th-century [[Vaishnava]] [[Sanskrit]] text, authored by [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] [[theologian]] [[Jiva Goswami]]. The six treatise are ''Tattva-'', ''Bhagavat-'', ''Paramatma-'', ''Krishna-'', ''Bhakti-'', and ''Priti-sandarbha''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=De|first1=Sushil K.|title=Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Bengal|date=1942|pages=254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dasa |first=Satyanarayana |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin F. |title=Sources of the Krishna tradition |publisher=Oxford University press |date=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/373 373–408] |chapter=The Six Sandarbhas of Jiva Goswami |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/373 }}</ref> Jiva's ''Krama-sandarbha'' commentary on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' is often described as the "seventh" of the six ''sandarbhas''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book| author-last=Rosen| author-first=Steven| author-link=Steven J. Rosen| year=1990| title=The Six Goswamis of Vrindavan| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLd-AAAAMAAJ |publisher=FOLK Books| isbn=0961976322| pages=165}}</ref>

The ''Six Sandarbhas'' are sometimes called the ''Bhagavata-sandarbha'', not to be confused with the second treatise titled ''Bhagavat-sandarbha''. The word "''sandarbha''" literally means "weaving" or "arranging"; the ''Bhagavata-sandarbha'', his main philosophical work, is a thematic arrangement of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', which presents [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Chaitanya Vaishnavism]] in a systematic and comprehensive way. Gupta places this composition as an early work due to references in latter works such as ''Radha-krsnarcana-dipika'', ''Krama-sandarbha'', ''Dig-darsini'', ''Durgama-sangamini'', and ''Gopalacampu''. Brzezinski dates the composition between Jiva's ''Madhava-mahotsava'' in 1555 and published praises of Jiva in 1561.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=Dr. Ravi M. |author-link=Radhika Ramana Dasa |year=2007 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami: When knowledge meets devotion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFH2nQEACAAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=11 (Introduction) |isbn=978-0-203-50068-2}}</ref>

According to Jiva Goswami, [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]] had already done the preliminary work on ''Sat Sandarbhas'', but did not complete it. Jiva took the work of Gopala Bhatta and expanded it into six parts, systematically presenting the philosophy of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and providing scriptural evidences. Jiva Goswami also wrote an extensive commentary to the first four ''sandarbhas'' called ''Sarva-samvadini.'' The Jiva Institute of [[Dr. Satyanarayana Dasa]] based in Vrindavan is engaged in what Lucian Wong calls an "ambitious Sandarbha translation project".<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1= Wong |first1= Lucian|date= 2015|title= Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Studies: Mapping the Field|journal= Religions of South Asia |volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 312}}</ref>

== ''Tattva-sandarbha'' ==
''Tattva-Sandarbha'' is a treatise on the various types of evidences (''[[pramana]]s'') used in Vedic philosophy, concluding that ''[[shabda]]'' (divine sound in the form of the [[Hindu texts|Vedic scriptures]]) is the highest, and of all the scriptures, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' is the highest pointing to the Absolute Truth.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=163}}

English translations by:
* Stuart Elkman (1986)<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Elkman|author-first=Stuart|title=Jīva Gosvāmin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Movement.|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass.|location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Kusakratha dasa (1987)<ref>{{cite book|author=Kusakratha Dasa|title=Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī's Śrī Tattva-sandarbha: An Essay on Truth|volume=The Kṛṣṇa Library Vol. 6|date=1987|publisher=The Kṛṣṇa Institute|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> (2007)<ref>{{cite book|author=Kusakratha Dasa|editor=Purnaprajna Dasa|title=Śrī Tattva Sandarbha|date=2007|publisher=Rasbihari Lal & Sons|location=Vrindaban, (U.P) India|isbn=978-81-8403-055-6}}</ref>
* Satyanarayana Dasa and Kundali Dasa (1995)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Satyanarayana Dasa|author2=Kundali Dasa|title=Śrī Tattva Sandarbha of Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī: The First Book of the Śrī Ṣaṭ Sandarbha.|date=1995|publisher=Jiva Institute.|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>
* Bhanu Swami (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://blservices.com/product/tattva-sandarbha-bhanu-swami/|title=Tattva Sandarbha with Sarva-samyadini commentary by Jiva Gosvami and commentary of Baladeva Vidyabhusana|author=Bhanu Swami|publisher=Sri Vaikuntha Publishers|year=2012|isbn=978-81-89564-48-3|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* Gopiparanadhana Dasa (2013)<ref>{{cite book|author=Gopiparanadhana Dasa|title=Śrī Tattva-sandarbha by Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī|date=2013|publisher=Giriraja Publishing|location=India at Samrat Offset|isbn=978-81-926743-0-8}}</ref>
* Satyanarayana dasa (2015)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dasa|first1=Satyanarayana|title=Śrī Tattva Sandarbha – Vaiṣṇava Epistemology and Ontology Translation and Commentary|date=2015|publisher=Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies|location=Vrindavana}}</ref>

Hindi translations by:
* [[Haridas Shastri]] (along with commentaries by Jiva Goswami, Baladeva Vidyabhushan, Radha Mohan Goswami, and Gaura Kishor Goswami)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Tattva Sandarbhah|date=1983|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim (Shri Shyamdas)<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Tattva Sandarbha|date=2000|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

== ''Bhagavat-sandarbha'' ==
''Bhagavat-sandarbha'' distinguishes the impersonal aspect of Godhead ([[Brahman]]), the localized form of God within the heart of each living being ([[Paramatman|Paramatma]]), and the highest personal aspect of Godhead ([[Krishna]] or [[Bhagavan]]). Describes the spiritual realm of Krishna, the modes of material nature, the mode of pure goodness (''visuddha-sattva''), the importance of worshiping the [[deity]] of Krishna, and the eternal nature and qualities of the deity.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=163}}

English translations by:
* Bhanu Swami (with commentary of Jiva Goswami)
* Satyanarayana dasa (with his own commentary)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dasa|first1=Satyanarayana|title=Bhagavat Sandarbha: God—His Qualities, Abode and Associates.|date=2014|publisher=Jiva Institute|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

Hindi translations by:
* Haridas Shastri<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Bhagavat Sandarbhah|date=1984|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim (Shri Shyamdas)<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Bhagavat Sandarbha|date=2007|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

== ''Paramatma-sandarbha'' ==
''Paramatma-sandarbha'' ({{IAST|Paramātma-sandarbha}}) describes the characteristics of [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] (supersoul), and how he resides in all living entities in the universe. Discusses the nature of the materially conditioned living entities, the phenomenal material world, the illusory potency ([[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]), the theory of transformation, the various [[avatar|avatars]] of [[Krishna]], how Krishna reciprocates with his devotees, and how Krishna is characterized by six particular opulences.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|pages=163-164}}

English translations by:
* Bhanu Swami (with commentary of Jiva Goswami)
* Satyanarayana dasa (with his own commentary)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dasa|first1=Satyanarayana|title=Śrī Paramātma Sandarbha: The Living Being, Its Bondage, and the Immanent Absolute.|date=2016|publisher=Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies|location=Vrindavana}}</ref>

Hindi translations by:
* Haridas Shastri<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Paramatma Sandarbhah|date=1984|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Bhagavat Sandarbha|date=1999|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

== ''Krishna-sandarbha'' ==
''Krishna-sandarbha'' ({{IAST|Kṛṣṇa-sandarbha}}) gives a number of quotes from various scriptures to prove that [[Krishna]] is the supreme god. Discusses the pastimes and qualities of Krishna as well as his [[avatar|avatars]] and functionary expansions. There is a description of [[Goloka]], the planet of Krishna in relation to [[Vrindavan|Vrindavana]] in the material sphere, the eternal associates of Krishna and their expansions, and a description of the [[Gopis]] and the topmost position of [[Radha]] among them.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=164}}

English translations by:
* Bhanu Swami (with commentary of Jiva Goswami)
* Satyanarayana dasa (with his own commentary)

Hindi translations by:
* Haridas Shastri<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Krishna Sandarbhah|date=1984|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Krishna Sandarbha|date=1996|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

== ''Bhakti-sandarbha'' ==
''Bhakti-sandarbha'' explains how devotion to [[Krishna]] is directly executed, how the self is manifest through ''[[bhakti]]'', the potency of imperfectly executed ''bhakti'', the differences between a great and ordinary devotee, spontaneous love of god (''raganuga-bhakti''), the specific purpose of becoming a devotee of Krishna, and other perfectional stages.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|pages=164-165}} Discusses ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|Varnashrama dharma]]'' (the socio-religious system established in scriptures), the superexcellent position of devotion to Krishna as compared to other conceptions such as ''[[yoga]]'', and the worship of minor deities of the [[Hindu]] pantheon as being futile in comparison to the worship of Krishna's devotees. Explains liberation of the soul, the position of [[Shiva]] as a devotee of Krishna, how unmotivated devotion to Krishna promotes a devotee to the highest spiritual position and numerous other points concerning the performance of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] devotion.

English translations by:
* Bhanu Swami
* Satyanarayana Dasa and Bruce Martin<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dasa|first1=Satyanarayana|last2=Martin|first2=Bruce|title=Śrī Bhakti Sandarbha of Jīva Gosvāmin. 3 vols.|date=2005–2006|publisher=Jiva Institute.|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

Hindi translations by:
* Haridas Shastri<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Krishna Sandarbhah|date=1985|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Krishna Sandarbha|date=1998|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

== ''Priti-sandarbha'' ==
''Priti-sandarbha'' ({{IAST|Prīti-sandarbha}}) is a treatise on divine love, the supreme object being [[Krishna]], where love for God (''[[Love#Hinduism|prema]]'') is considered the highest form of [[moksha|liberation]]. Presents a comparative study of other types of liberation, concluding ''[[Bhakti|Prema Bhakti]]'' as topmost. Discusses how to attain ''Prema'', how to awaken it, and the symptoms of one who has attained it. Discusses the distinctions between mundane lust and divine love, the various mellows found among the associates of Krishna, the superexcellence of ''[[Bhakti#Bhavas|Madhurya-rasa]]'' (divine conjugal love), the overlapping of different ''rasas'', and the glories of [[Radha]].{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=165}}

English translations by:
* Bhanu Swami

Hindi translations by:
* Haridas Shastri<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=Haridas|title=Priti Sandarbhah|date=1986|publisher=Sri Gadadhar Gaurahari Press|location=Vrindavan}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sastri translation}}
* Shyamlal Hakim<ref>{{cite book|last1= Hakim|first1=Shyamlal|title=Shri Priti Sandarbha|date=1998|publisher= Vraja gaurava prakashan| location=Vrindavan}}</ref>

==Notes==

{{notelist|30em|refs=
*{{efn|name=Sastri translation|Haridasa Shastri tends to blend his commentary into the translation, along with excerpts from Jiva Goswami’s Sarva-samvadini.{{sfn|Gupta|2007}}}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gopaljiu.org/tmp/ggmbackup/ Gaudiya Grantha Mandira] (Sanskrit Texts)
* [http://www.sandarbhas.jiva.org/ Sat Sandarbhas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205150612/http://www.sandarbhas.jiva.org/ |date=2023-12-05 }} (Jiva Institute)

[[Category:16th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Indian Uruguayans

2025-06-28T05:42:14Z

Mohammad.Fahim: basic adjusted details based on references and cleaned formatting after review

#REDIRECT [[Indians in Uruguay]]

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National Law University Odisha

2025-05-12T08:35:14Z

Mohammad.Fahim: updated references and added references

#REDIRECT [[National Law University, Odisha]]

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Raju Sethi

2025-04-04T01:24:21Z

Mohammad.Fahim: minor added intro to improve readability further and added references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Raju Sethi
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|6|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 10 April 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34967.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Raju Sethi''' (born 22 June 1962) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He played thirteen [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] between 1978 and 1984.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34967.html |title=Raju Sethi |accessdate=10 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Delhi cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/34967.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Raju}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Amritsar]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

K. C. Palanisamy

2025-02-23T16:20:42Z

Mohammad.Fahim: enhance details based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K C Palanisamy
| image = K C Palanyswamy.png
| caption =
| residence = [[Coimbatore]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office =
| constituency =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[AIADMK]](1972 – Till Date)
| spouse = Late Soundari
| children = 2
| Business =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September|
| year = 2006|
| office2 = [[Member of parliament|Member]] of [[lok sabha]] [[government]] of India for [[Tiruchengode]]
| termstart2 = 1989
| termend2 = 1991
}}

'''K C Palanisamy''' is an Indian politician, former Member of Parliament (MP) and Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) Tamil Nadu (TN). A former member of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), he served the Dravidian party founded by former Chief Minister (CM) of Tamil Nadu, M G Ramachandran (MGR) on 17 October 1972. He was born and raised in Chennimalai, Erode District of Tamil Nadu. At the age of 9, K C Palanisamy met MGR and got influenced by the mission and vision of AIADMK. His political career began aged 13. In 1972, he joined AIADMK as a party member. K C Palanisamy was handpicked by former CM of Tamil Nadu, MGR as Deputy District Secretary of AIADMK's Youth Wing in 1982, at the age of 23. In 1984, he was elected as the party's youngest Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kangeyam constituency in Thiruppur District. In 1989, K C Palanisamy chosen to contest in Assembly election as Member of Parliament (MP) by Jayalalitha and won with the second highest vote difference Nationally and highest difference in the State.

== Biography ==

K C Palanisamy was handpicked by both MGR and J Jayalalitha to strengthen and guide AIADMK. After the demise Jayalalitha in 2016, K C Palanisamy opposed V K Sasikala being appointed as AIADMK's General Secretary, stating that General Secretary should be elected by cadres. A staunch believer of Annaism and follower of MGR and Jayalalitha's political ideology.

== Early life and education ==

In his early school days K C Palanisamy got motivated and inspired by MGR's mission and vision. At his age of 9years, he met MGR during the bi-election campaign for Perundurai constituency. This was the point where K C Palanisamy realized that he has to follow the path of MGR and had the ability to formulate opinions and views about society.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Positions Held
|-
| Deputy District Secretary, Youth Wing – Coimbatore Urban District || 1982 –
|-
| MLA – Kangeyam || 1984–1988
|-
| MP – Tiruchengode || 1989–1991
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3355 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palanisamy, K. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Ahmadiyya views of Jesus

2025-02-14T06:52:45Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya]]

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Gujaratis in Fiji

2024-12-27T01:13:53Z

Mohammad.Fahim:

{{Short description|Ethnic community}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2010}}
Many of [[Fiji]]'s [[India]]n population, who are descendants of Indian [[indenture]]d labourers brought to Fiji between 1879 and 1916, the '''[[Gujaratis]]''' came to Fiji as free [[immigrant]]s beginning in 1904. South Indians also came as free immigrants, mostly as government officials, teachers, lawyers and doctors. While the labourers focussed on work by generally taking up farming, the Gujaratis were [[Merchant|traders]] and [[Artisan|craftsmen]]. In the [[Indo-Fijians|Indo-Fijian]] population as a whole, the [[caste]] system disappeared within a few years of indenture, but the Gujaratis still maintain it and very rarely [[marry]] outside their caste. The Gujaratis continue to maintain strong links with India, usually sending their sons and daughters to be married there while the rest of Fiji's Indian population are often more progressive, allowing intercaste marriages.<ref name="fiji">{{cite web |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094513 |title=The Gujaratis of Fiji, 1900-1945 : a study of an indian immigrant trader community |author= Prasad, Kamal Kant |year=1978 |accessdate=30 May 2024 |website=The University of British Columbia }}</ref>

== Arrival of Gujaratis in Fiji ==
The first Gujaratis in Fiji were two [[goldsmith]]s (of the ''[[Sonar]]'' caste), who arrived in Fiji in 1904 from [[Natal Province|Natal]], but were originally from [[Porbandar]] in the [[Kathiawar]] district of [[Gujarat]] with the support of [[Totaram Sanadhya]]. Four years later, other goldsmiths arrived, and they were soon followed by warriors, tailors (such as the famous Divek Lal), barbers, launderers and shoemakers from [[Surat]] and [[Navsari]] who were mainly of the [[Soni (caste)|Soni]] caste. Between 1916 and 1920, of the 752 Gujaratis who applied to migrate to Fiji, 336 were from Surat, 296 from Navsari and 120 were from Kathiawar. [[Patel]]s, began arriving in 1914, and came mainly from [[Baroda]] State and the [[Nadiad]] district of the [[Bombay Presidency]], and although most of them were farmers in India, they became grocers, drapers and laundrymen in Fiji. The first Patels were [[Appabhai Lalubhai Patel|Appabhai Lalubhai]] and [[Chimanbahi Patel|Chimanbahi]], who together with [[J.P. Maharaj]] formed the [[A.J.C. Patel and Company]] with stores in [[Sigatoka]], [[Nadi]], [[Lautoka]] and [[Ba (town)|Ba]]. The most famous of the Patels were the lawyer brothers [[A. D. Patel]], [[R. D. Patel]], and [[S. B. Patel]]. The Gujarati population steadily grew from 324 in 1921 to 1,200 in 1930, 2500 in 1935, and 5400 in 1956.

== Gujarati dominance of Fiji's retail trade ==
Once the Gujarati immigrants had established themselves in Fiji, other relatives usually followed. They continued to maintain close ties with their districts of origin, received goods from their relatives in India, remitted money and returned home to get married and bring their wives back to Fiji. New arrivals were assisted by relatives in Fiji and were very successful in business, being thrifty and hardworking with a strong sense of loyalty to other members of their caste. Between 1924 and 1945, of the 600 [[business]]es registered in Fiji, Gujaratis held 300 trading licenses.

== Conflict between Gujaratis and Fijian Indians ==
The [[Sikh]]s, who arrived in Fiji at almost the same time as the Gujaratis, also maintained their identity, but unlike the Gujaratis, took [[Hindu]] spouses and interacted with other Indians, mainly as farmers. The Gujaratis, on the other hand, maintained their own language and caste and remained aloof from girmits, while residing mainly in towns. There were numerous calls for them to be deported from Fiji. This division was exploited in the 1937 election, when a little-known son of an indentured labourer, [[Chattur Singh]], defeated the highly educated lawyer A.D. Patel, after turning the election into a contest between Fiji-born and India-born.

== Famous Gujaratis in Fiji ==
One of the first Gujaratis to gain fame in Fiji was [[Manilal Doctor]], who arrived in Fiji in 1912 after pleas by [[Indians in Fiji|Fiji Indians]], especially Totaram Sanadhya, to [[Gandhi]] to send a barrister (lawyer) to defend Indians' rights in Fiji. He was deported from Fiji following the 1920 strike. A.D. Patel and S.B. Patel arrived in Fiji in the late 1920s, and both played a key role in Fiji-Indian politics, but while A.D. Patel was thrust into the leadership of various organisations, S.B. Patel usually worked in the background. Gujaratis have taken a leading role in the areas of [[law]], [[medicine]] and [[commerce]] in Fiji. As Gujaratis are concentrated in the towns, they generally take a leading role in town and city council politics.

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Gillion
| first = Kenneth
| title = Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1973
| location = Melbourne
| isbn = 0-19-550452-6}}

* {{cite book
| last = Lal
| first = Brij
| title = A Vision for Change: A.D. Patel and the politics of Fiji
| publisher = Australian National University
| year = 1997
| location = Canberra
| isbn = 0-7315-2350-4}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gujarati diaspora}}

[[Category:Asian diaspora in Fiji]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Fiji|Gujarati]]
[[Category:Fijian people of Gujarati descent| ]]
[[Category:Gujarati diaspora]]

Svapna

2024-12-06T08:06:04Z

Mohammad.Fahim: Adding New Post

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for dream}}
{{Italic title}}
'''Svapna''' ({{Langx|sa|स्वप्न|translit=svapna}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanman |first=Charles Rockwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBb1NkkEV3oC&pg=PA283 |title=A Sanskrit Reader: Text and Vocabulary and Notes |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1363-2 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref> is the [[Sanskrit]] word for a [[dream]]. In [[Hindu philosophy]], svapna is a state of [[consciousness]] when a person is dreaming or is asleep.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA517 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=2010-09-30 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |pages=517 |language=en}}</ref> In this state, he or she cannot perceive the external universe with the senses. This state may contain the [[vritti|conscious activities]] of memory or imagination. It is typically compared with the states of wakeful consciousness (''[[jagra|jagarata]]''), deep sleep in which no cognition occurs (''sushupti''), and the fourth state known as ''[[turiya]]''.<ref>Shiva Sutra of Vasugupta as translated by: Feuerstein, Georg (2013-09-11). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice (Kindle Locations 9285-9291). Hohm Press. Kindle Edition. "[Even] during the differentiation [of consciousness into the three modes of] waking, dream sleep, and deep sleep, [there is continuous] emergence of enjoyment of the Fourth [i.e., absolute Reality]. (1.7) The waking state (jâgrat) [consists in conditional or finite] knowledge (jnâna). (1.8) Dream sleep (svapna) [consists in] imagination (vikalpa). (1.9) Deep sleep (saushupta) [corresponding to] illusion (mâyâ) [consists in complete] nondifferentiation (aviveka). (1.10)"</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Dipak |date=1978 |title=The Doctrine of Four in the Early Upaniṣads and Some Connected Problems |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440028 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |issn=0022-1791}}</ref><ref>Saraswati, Sri Swami Sivananda (2013-06-13). Kundalini Yoga (Kindle Location 2724). Kindle Edition."During the states of waking, dreaming and dreamless sleep, the Vijnana Atma which dwells in this body is deluded by Maya."</ref><ref>Patrick Olivelle, The Early Upanishads Annotated, p. 23. "The cavity of the heart is the seat of the vital powers and the self and plays a central role in the explanations of the three states of awareness—waking, dreaming, and dreamless sleep— as well as of death. In sleep, the cognitive powers distributed throughout the body during the waking hours are gathered together in the cavity of the heart. The space of this cavity is homologized with cosmic space (see CU 3.12.7-9), and in the dream state the person travels about this space seeing and enjoying the same type of things that he experienced while awake. During deep and dreamless sleep, the self slips out of that cardiac space and enters the veins going from the heart to the peri- cardium; there it remains oblivious to everything (see BU 2.1; 4.3-4)."</ref> These four states of consciousness are described in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] and recur commonly in the literature of [[yoga]].

==See also==
*[[Jagra|Jagarata]]
*[[Dream Yoga]]
*[[Yoga Nidra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]