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Gourihar

2026-05-03T13:04:14Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new a post v1.

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaurihar
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.26|N|80.19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| postal_code = 471405
| registration_plate = MP-16
}}

'''Gaurihar''' is a town and a [[tehsil]] of [[Chhatarpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/madhyapradesh/tehsil/chhatarpur.html |title=Chhatarpur Tehsil Map, Chhatarpur Tehsil List |publisher=MapsofIndia.com |access-date=13 October 2013}}</ref> It is located in the [[Bundelkhand]] region of Madhya Pradesh and is adjacent to Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil |url=https://chhatarpur.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=[[Chhatarpur district]] |language=}}</ref>

==History==
This family is descended from Raja Ram Tiwari, who was governor of a fort in the service of Guman Singh, ancestor of the Maharajas of Ajaigarh. During the anarchy of the times, Raja Ram rebelled and for a short while held the fort successfully against [[Ali Bahadur I]] Gaurihar was [[Kanykubj Brahmin of Jhujautiya division]] Tiwari ruling state.<ref>The Chiefs of Central India</ref> Gaurihar state was founded in 1807 after a split from [[Ajaigarh State]]. Pratap Singh Judev signed the accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1950. Maharaja Pratap Singh Judev was the last ruler of Gaurihar state.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India A-J]</ref>

==Geography==
Gaurihar is located on {{Coord|25.26|N|80.19|E}}, It has an average elevation of 508 [[metre]]s (1669 [[foot (length)|feet]]). It's 90 km away from Chhatarpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Gaurihar, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Gaurihar.html |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the Census of India 2011 Gaurihar town has population of 5,128 of which 2,623 are males while 2 505 are females. A total of 1,094 families reside in the town. The average sex ratio of Gaurihar village is 955. In Gaurihar, male literacy stands at 84.87% while the female literacy rate was 66.74%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaurihar Village Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/457428-gaurihar-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gaurihar State]]
* [[Chhatarpur District]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chhatarpur district]]

Chaupal (caste)

2026-04-30T14:53:08Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new the stub w/ sources

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description|Bihari Dalit caste}}

The '''Chaupal''' or '''Choupal''' are a farmer and weaver caste mainly present in [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. They are also present in [[Assam]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].

== Notable members ==
* [[Kameshwar Choupal]], former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
* [[Chandrahas Chaupal]], [[Member of Legislative assembly, Bihar |Member of legislative assembly]] from [[Singheswar (Singheswar constituency)|Singheswar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-ethno-stub}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]

Archdiocese of Patna

2026-04-29T14:21:36Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: done - done

{{Short description|Latin Catholic archdiocese in India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Archdiocese
|name = Patna
|latin = Archidioecesis Patnensis
|country = [[India]]
|province = Patna
|cathedral = Queen of Apostles Cathedral in [[Patna]]
|cocathedral = Pro-Cathedral of St Joseph in [[Patna]]
|patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
|established = 10 September 1919
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|parishes =
|area_km2 = 28,808
|population = 24,709,333
|population_as_of = 2005
|catholics = 54,120
|catholics_percent= 0.2
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = Archbishop Sebastian Kallupura <ref>{{cite web | url=https://catholicconnect.in/news/priests-in-bihar-region-renew-spiritual-zeal-at-cdpi-gathering | title=Priests in Bihar Region Renew Spiritual Zeal at CDPI Gathering (Catholic Connect website) | date=19 October 2025 }}</ref>

|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops =
|vicar_general =
|website =
}}

The '''Archdiocese of Patna''' ({{langx|la|Patnen(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or [[archdiocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in India. Its [[episcopal see]] is [[Patna]], in the state of [[Bihar]]. A [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan see]], the archdiocese has five [[suffragan]] dioceses in its [[ecclesiastical province]].

==History==

The first Catholic missionary to the state of Bihar was the Jesuit priest Simon Figueredo SJ, who arrived in Patna in 1620 at the invitation of the Mughal Governor, Yohan Maquarrum Khan.<ref name=NNO1>{{cite web |url= https://newsnetone.com/2018/07/catholics-a-part-of-bihar-for-over-300-years/ |title= Catholics: a part of Bihar for over 300 years |author= |date= July 25, 2018 |website= News Net One |publisher= |access-date= 10 March 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

The Congregation for the Propagation of Faith erected the Prefecture of Tibet - Hindustan in 1703 and entrusted it to the Capuchin Fathers of the Italian Province of Picenum in the Marches of Ancona.<ref name=UCAN1>{{cite web |url= https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-patna/25 |title= UCAN News |author= |date= |website= Archdiocese of Patna |publisher= |access-date= 10 March 2026 |quote=}}</ref> The first group of fathers reached [[Lhasa]] (Tibet) in 1707 and began Church work there.<ref name=NNO1 /> For nearly 41 years, the Capuchin Fathers worked in Lhasa until a religious persecution forced them to give up their mission and move to Kathmandu (Nepal) in 1745. They were then invited to Bettiah and founded a mission there.<ref name=NNO1 />

Nepal had seen the Capuchin Fathers working with varying success in Kathmandu since 1715. A new conqueror of Kathmandu valley, Raja Pritvi Narayan, who was not sympathetic to the Fathers stopped all support to them. The Mission of Nepal was also abandoned in 1769, and the Fathers with 62 Nepalese Christians and five catechumens moved to India.<ref name=UCAN1 /> The Nepalese Christians and catechumens settled down at Chuhari near [[Bettiah]]. The scene of the capuchin Mission shifted now to the Indian soil. Fr Joseph Mary OFM cap, a saintly priest, founded the Bettiah Mission in 1745 after the King of Bettiah, Raja Druva Singh had obtained permission from Pope Benedict XIV.

Rome erected the Prefecture of Tibet-Hindustan into a Vicariate in 1812. In 1827 an Independent Patna Vicariate was created, comprising [[Bettiah]], [[Chuhari]], [[Patna City]], [[Dinapore]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]], and adjacent territories.<ref name=UCAN1 /> Anastasius Hartmann, was appointed its first Vicar Apostolic Bishop in 1845;<ref name=NNO1 /> a decree from Pope Leo XIII led to Patna becoming a part of [[Allahabad]] diocese in 1886. The North Bihar Mission with its four stations of Bettiah, Chuhari, [[Chakhani]] and [[Latonah]] was entrusted to the Tyrolese Capuchins in 1886. In May 1892 the North Bihar Mission became the Bettiah-Nepal Prefecture with Fr Hilarion of Abtei, OFM cap, as its first Prefect. In 1919 this Prefecture was dissolved and joined to South Bihar to form the present Diocese of Patna.<ref name=UCAN1 />

Pope Benedict XV by a Decree on 10 September 1919 divided the Diocese of Allahabad into two. The Diocese of Patna was thus created. The Prefecture of Bettiah-Nepal was annexed to the new diocese. The Holy See entrusted [[Patna]] diocese to American [[Missouri]] Province of the [[Society of Jesus]]. Later, on 13 November 1930, after the division of Missouri Province, Patna diocese was entrusted to the [[Chicago]] Province of the [[Society of Jesus]].<ref name=UCAN1 /> Louis Van Hoeck, a [[Belgium|Belgian]] Jesuit, was ordained the first Bishop of Patna on 6 March 1921. Bernard Sullivan SJ became the second Bishop of Patna (1929-1947), Augustine Wildermuth SJ was the third Bishop of Patna (1947-1980) and Benedict Osta SJ was the last bishop before Patna was elevated to an Archdiocese in 1999.<ref name=NNO1 />

The Third Order Regular (T.O.R.) Franciscan Fathers from [[Pennsylvania]], USA came to Patna diocese to assist the Jesuits in 1938. The mission stations of Bhagalpur, [[Gokhla]], [[Poreyahat]] and [[Godda]] were assigned to them. In 1956 Bhagalpur was made a Prefecture and in 1965 it was created a Diocese with Msgr [[Urban McGarry]], [[T.O.R.]], as its First Bishop.

The forbidden Kingdom of Nepal was once again open for Fathers in 1951, thanks to the efforts of Fr. [[Marshall D. Moran]], S.J. Nepal was made an independent ecclesiastical unit in 1984 and Fr. Antony Sharma, S.J. was appointed as its First Mission Superior.

On 28 March 1980, Pope John Paul II, accepted the resignation of Bishop [[Augustine Wildermuth]] S.J., and divided the Patna diocese into two units: [[Patna]] and [[Muzaffarpur]]. Fr Benedict J Osta S.J., was appointed Bishop of Patna.

In 1999, Patna was elevated to an Archdiocese and Bishop Benedict J Osta S.J., became the first Archbishop of Patna; on Osta’s retirement in 2007, Bishop [[William D'Souza]] SJ became the new Archbishop.<ref name=NNO1 /> On 9 December 2020 D’Souza's resignation was accepted by [[Pope Francis]], and auxiliary bishop [[Sebastian Kallupura]] was named as his successor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resignation and succession of metropolitan archbishop of Patna, India|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2020/12/09/201209b.html|date=9 December 2020|accessdate=9 December 2020|publisher=Vatican Press}}</ref> Bishop Sebastian Kallupura took on the post of Archbishop of Patna in December 2020.<ref name=UCAN3>[https://www.ucanews.com/directory/bishops/archbishop-kallupura/924 UCANews website, ''Archbishop Sebastian Kallupura'', accessed 24 March 2026]</ref>

The Diocese of Patna comprises in the State of [[Bihar]], the Districts of Patna, [[Nalanda]], Nawadah, Gaya, Aurangabad, Rohtas, Jehanabad, Bhojpur, Bhabhua, Buxar and part of Munger.

==Special churches==
*[[Pro-Cathedral]]:
**[[St Joseph's Pro-Cathedral, Patna]]

==Leadership==
* Archbishops of Patna
** Coadjutor Archbishop Sebastian Kallupura (9 December 2020 - present) <ref name=UCAN3 /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cnewsliveenglish.com/news/38795/patna-missionary-meet-charts-new-path-for-evangelization-and-social-outreach-tt | title=Patna Missionary meet charts new path for Evangelization and Social Outreach (C News Live website) | date=2 December 2025 }}</ref>
** [[William D'Souza|Archbishop William D’Souza, S.J.]] (1 October 2007 – 9 December 2020) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ccbi.in/bishop-sebastian-succeeds-as-patna-archbishop/ | title=Bishop Sebastian succeeds as Patna Archbishop | date=9 December 2020 }}</ref>
** Archbishop [[Benedict John Osta]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (76) (16 March 1999 – 1 October 2007)
* Bishops of Patna (Latn Rite)
** Bishop [[Benedict John Osta]], S.J. (76) (later Archbishop) (6 March 1980 – 16 March 1999)
** Bishop [[Augustine Francis Wildermuth]], S.J. (12 June 1947 – 6 March 1980)
** Bishop [[Bernard James Sullivan]], S.J. (15 January 1929 – 6 June 1946)
** Bishop [[Louis van Hoeck]], S.J. (20 July 1920 – 15 February 1928)
* Vicars Apostolic of Patna
** Bishop [[Francis Pesci]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]] (24 May 1881 – 1 September 1886)

==Suffragan dioceses==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah|Diocese of Bettiah]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bhagalpur|Diocese of Bhagalpur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Buxar|Diocese of Buxar]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur|Diocese of Muzaffarpur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea|Diocese of Purnea]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Ven. [[Anastasius Hartmann]], Apostolic Vicar of Patna<ref>{{cite web |title=Apostolic Nunciature, India & Nepal |url=https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/DiocesesofIndiaDispFull.aspx?DID=303 |website=www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://patnaarchdiocese.in Archdiocese of Patna website]
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/patn0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpatn.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|25.6422|N|85.1010|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Bihar]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Patna]]

Radharao Gracias

2026-04-20T09:00:12Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian social activist (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Radharao Gracias.jpg
| caption = Gracias in 2016
| birth_name = Radharao Socrates Gracias
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|2|9}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1994
| predecessor = [[Luis Proto Barbosa]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Loutolim]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Radharao Socrates Gracias'''<ref name="HeraldFriend">{{Cite web |last=Gracias |first=Radharao |date=31 Jan 2024 |title=Valmiki, my friend |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/opinions/valmiki-my-friend/277997/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=oHeraldo }}</ref> (born 9 February 1954) is an Indian lawyer, social activist and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Loutolim Assembly constituency]] in [[Goa]] as an independent candidate from 1990 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=126 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
While representing Loutolim from 1990 to 1994, Gracias introduced the Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language (Amendment) Bill on 25 March 1994 to recognize [[Konkani language]] when written in the [[Roman script]] alongside when written in the [[Devanagari]] script. The bill was stiffly opposed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Elements within Congress fiercely opposed Romi Konkani Bill - Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/elements-within-congress-fiercely-opposed-romi-konkani-bill/169889/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Gracias has been a leader of the [[United Goans Democratic Party]].<ref name="Jnanamrit25">{{Cite web |title=Goykarpon: The Enduring Legacy of Radharao Gracias – Jnanamrit |url=https://www.jnanamrit.com/2025/05/14/goykarpon-the-enduring-legacy-of-radharao-gracias/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Writing career==
In 2014, Gracias wrote a book titled ''A Shortcut to Tipperary''. It is a fictionalised memoir that revolves around life in Goa after its [[Liberation of Goa|annexation]].<ref name="Jnanamrit25" />

Gracias is a regular contributor to the Goan newspaper ''[[O Heraldo]]'' where he often writes in support of [[Zionist]] causes and in opposition to the [[self-determination]] of [[Palestinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Fallacies without end: A riposte to “Wars without End” – 8 December 2024 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/upfront/fallacies-without-end-a-riposte-to-wars-without-end/6486/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-25 |title=The Samson option – 25 February 2026 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/editorial/the-samson-option/465718/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Activism==
As a senior lawyer and social activist, Gracias has been active in protesting for multiple social causes, including for the rights of shack owners at Majorda and Utorda beaches, and opposing the proposal for evening courts in 2014. He has also been a president of the South Goa Advocates Association.<ref name="Jnanamrit25" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gracias, Radharao}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Social workers from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]

K. E. Shyam Kumar

2026-04-19T22:05:48Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added basic bio v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kambalapadu Ediga Shyam Kumar
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kangati Sreedevi]]
| constituency = [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
| parents = [[K. E. Krishna Murthy]] K. E. Padmavathamma
}}
'''Kambalapadu Ediga Shyam Kumar''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024 Result: Winners List - Winning Candidates & Parties |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/assembly-election-all-winners-list/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Pattikonda]]. His father [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]], served as a deputy chief minister.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-02-16 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Arrest warrant issued against deputy CM's son in murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-arrest-warrant-issued-against-deputy-cms-son-in-murder-case/articleshow/62951376.cms |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He completed his M.B.A. in 2001 at Institute of Computer and Business Management, [[Hyderabad]]. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.E. Shyam Kumar(TDP):Constituency- PATTIKONDA(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=126 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumar won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 98,849 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kangati Sreedevi]] of [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 14,211 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024: Telugu Desam (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/partywisewinresult-1745S01.htm |website=www.results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K E Shyam Kumar, TDP Candidate from Pattikonda Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/k-e-shyam-kumar-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a142e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of NDA candidates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-nda-candidates-19408374.htm |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

He was involved in a criminal case, an alleged murder case, and was arrested in February 2018.<ref name=":0" /> He denied the allegations and claimed that it was a false accusation.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2019-04-03 |title=Want to eradicate all traces of factionalism: K.E. Shyam Babu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/want-to-eradicate-all-traces-of-factionalism-ke-shyam-babu/article26726942.ece |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyam Kumar, K. E.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Inder Singh (politician)

2026-04-19T16:00:14Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added initial bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian police officer and politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder

|
| name = Inder Singh
| image = Kr Inder Singh, IPS.jpg
| caption = Inder Singh as Inspector General Police, Himachal Pradesh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|05|19}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education =
| alma_mater = Police Training School, Phillaur
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| title1 = Member of Legislative Assembly, [[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency]], 1967-72
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| title2 = Inspector General of [[Himachal Pradesh Police]], 1960-65
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| party = [[Jan Sangh]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Uttam Devi
| children = 5
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|12|05|1910|05|19}}
| profession = Police officer
}}

'''Inder Singh''' (19 May 1910 - 5 December 1993) was a senior police officer and later a politician in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.

== Personal life ==
Singh belonged to the royal family of [[Jaswan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date= |title=Jaswan (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/jaswan |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> In February 1945, Singh married Uttam Devi of the [[Chamba State|Chamba royal family]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sukrita Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wF5XOsG2zKgC&q=inder+singh+police+chamba |title=Chamba Achamba: Women's Oral Culture |date=2012 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-3266-2 |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jaswan+inder+singh&pg=PA34 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> Uttam Devi was the daughter of Kanwar Saheb Shri Nihal Singhji, a son of Raja Shyam Singh of Chamba (r.1873—1904). Inder Singh and Uttam Devi had four daughters (Neena, Neeta, Neema, and Neeru) and one son (Col. Vijay Singh).<ref name=":1" /> One of their daughters, Neeru Kumari, married Vijay Singh, who descended from the [[Sirmur State|Sirmur royal family]].<ref name=":3" />

== Police career ==
Singh was the first trained gazetted officer from the Police Training School, [[Phillaur]], and was posted as the Superintendent of Police in the [[Chamba State|Chamba state]]. He reorganised the police force according to the Punjab Police Rules. Later, he became the Home Member and the Deputy Inspector General of Police of the Chamba state - a post he continued to hold during the merger of the Chamba state with the newly-created province of Himachal Pradesh (on 15 April 1948).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Thakur Sen |title=Gazetteer of India, Himachal Pradesh: Chamba |publisher=Standard Printing Press |year=1963 |location=Batala |pages=368}}</ref>

In 1958, at the rank of Assistant Inspector General, CID & Headquarters (Himachal Pradesh), he was awarded the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Services]] by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCeOsNIuljcC&q=inder+singh+police+chamba |title=Administration Report of the Himachal Pradesh Administration |date=1958 |publisher=Director of Public Relations and Tourism |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref>

From 1 January 1960 to 17 May 1965, he served as the Inspector General of Police, Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcEQAQAAMAAJ&q=inder+singh+police+chamba |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1964 |pages=1067 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Singh was later elected as an MLA of the [[Jan Sangh]] party from the [[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat assembly constituency]] in Chamba, for a five-year term, during the [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Second Legislative Assembly of the state]] (1967-72).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&dq=jan+sangh+himachal+MLA+Inder+Singh&pg=PA411 |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |pages=400, 411 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkfVAAAAMAAJ&q=Inder+Singh+bhattiyat+MLA |title=India: A Reference Annual |date=1969 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. |pages=518 |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 July 1967, he was one of the few MLAs to move a Motion of No-Confidence against the [[Yashwant Singh Parmar|Y.S. Parmar]]-led Congress government. This motion was forwarded on account of alleged discrimination against constituencies that sent non-Congress MLAs to the Vidhan Sabha, deteriorating food security and worsening the condition of manual farmers and workers in the state, among other reasons. The motion was defeated.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:People from Chamba district]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Una district]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century police officers]]

Suresh Mehta Kushwaha

2026-04-16T08:04:53Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding new pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Suresh Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| predecessor = [[Ramadhar Singh]]
| successor = Ramadhar Singh
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| image_size =
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2005
}}

'''Suresh Mehta''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] political party based in [[Bihar]]. Mehta was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] on the symbol of Rashtriya Janata Dal in [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He is the sole non-[[Rajput]] candidate to be elected from Aurangabad Vidhan Sabha constituency to Bihar Legislative Assembly since the commencement of elections in until now.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/aurangabad/news/janardhan-nda-and-mahagathbandhan-put-bets-and-thorns-on-aurangabad-sadar-seat-127833220.html|title=History of election in Aurangabad Vidhan Sabha constituency|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=11 September 2024|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805194646/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/aurangabad/news/janardhan-nda-and-mahagathbandhan-put-bets-and-thorns-on-aurangabad-sadar-seat-127833220.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mehta has been associated with Rashtriya Janata Dal for decades. He has also been the district unit president of RJD for Aurangabad district. In 2020, he was involved in consultation with the prisoners locked in Daudnagar prison of Aurangabad for ending their hunger strike. The inmates were protesting to get some of their demands fulfilled by prison authorities; it was only after involvement of Mehta that the truce happened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/daudnagr/news/rjd-district-chief-ends-hunger-strike-of-eight-prisoners-in-upkara-128110196.html|title=RJD district chief ends hunger strike of eight prisoners|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=11 September 2024|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911174827/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/daudnagr/news/rjd-district-chief-ends-hunger-strike-of-eight-prisoners-in-upkara-128110196.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Mehta deserted Rashtriya Janata Dal for a brief period of time. He, along with six other deserters were led by [[Shakuni Choudhary]]. All of the met Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and joined [[Janata Dal (United)]] for a brief period of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shakuni-chaudhary-and-five-rjd-leaders-join-jd-u-114031200798_1.html|title=Shakuni Choudhary and five RJD leaders joined JDU|website=Business Standard|accessdate=11 September 2024|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075410/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shakuni-chaudhary-and-five-rjd-leaders-join-jd-u-114031200798_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, complaint was lodged in a police station in [[Patna]] by a junior engineer who accompanied police officials to evict the government flats occupied by unauthorised occupants at the Bir Chand Patel road in Patna. It was alleged that sons of Mehta assaulted the police party and the engineer who were authorised to evict the illegal occupants from several government flats and houses. The engineer named R.K Prasad was subsequently threatened by another MLA [[Ram Das Rai]]. However, Rai and Mehta's aide denied the charges and alleged that this was an attempt to frame them under false charges as they had some previous reservation with the officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-mla-s-sons-held-for-brawl-with-police/articleshow/27407110.cms|title=RJD MLA sons held for brawl|website=Times of India|date=7 November 2002 |access-date=2024-09-11|archive-date=2024-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911174816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-mla-s-sons-held-for-brawl-with-police/articleshow/27407110.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dholpur–Sarmathura railway line

2026-04-14T05:53:58Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new initial post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name =
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| start = [[Dholpur Junction railway station]]
| end = [[Sarmathura railway station]]
| stations =
| open = 1908
| close = 31 March 2023
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway]]
| electrification = Yes
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 70
| tracklength_km =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
}}
'''Dholpur–Sarmathura Railway Line''' is a {{RailGauge|2ft 6in|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] railway in [[Dholpur]]. It was built by [[Dholpur State]] during [[British India]]. The route length from [[Sarmathura]] to Dholpur is {{cvt|72|km|mi}} and from Dholpur to [[Tantpur]] is {{cvt|60|km|mi}}. Mohari is a Junction Station in Dholpur-Sarmathura Railway Line from where the line splits into its [[spur line]] towards Tantpur.

== History ==
Dholpur–Sarmathura Railway was sanctioned by the then Maharaja Ram Singh of the [[Dholpur State]] on 14 December 1905 and formally opened in February 1908.{{fact|date=May 2022}} The original name of the company was ''Dholpur-Bari Light Railway''. It was renamed the '''Dholpur State Railway''' in 1914.<ref>{{cite web| title=Dholpur-Bari Light Railway | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Dholpur-Bari_Light_Railway | access-date=16 November 2022| language=en}}</ref>

The rail initially used steam locomotives, but later diesel locomotives are used.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/At-Dholpur-the-train-arrives-at-your-door/articleshow/48677208.cms|title=At Dholpur, the train arrives at your door|last=Chauhan|first=Arvind|date=26 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> There was only one rake/train which covers to trips per day in this section. Its first trip begins in early morning at around 04:00 hrs and returns at 10:15 hrs. The second trip begins at 10:40 hrs. and ends at around 19:00 hrs. There are many halt stations in this section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Last narrow-gauge line in plains of north India is counting its days |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2022/11/25/remaining-narrow-gauge-service-in-north-india.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The train services on this route was stopped in March 2023.

==Rolling stock==
In 1936, the company owned six locomotives, eight coaches and 126 goods wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA20 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=225}}</ref>

==Classification==
It was labeled as a Class III railway according to [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=16 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA18 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=223–226d}}</ref>

== Conversion to broad gauge ==
The gauge conversion work of this section was started in around year 2010 but could not be completed and stopped due to political reasons. The Railways' plan was to connect the railway to [[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur]] via [[Karauli]].<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news-srh/c-10-1872380-NOR.html|title=धौलपुर में १२५ साल पुरानी नेरोगेज ट्रेन, सांसद ने मांगा हेरिटेज का दर्जा|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=17 July 2014|work=bhaskar.com|language=hi|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323223254/http://www.bhaskar.com/news-srh/c-10-1872380-NOR.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which could be an alternate route also for connecting the [[Jhansi]] and [[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-23 |title=Netas connect Karauli, Dholpur with rail line only during polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/rajasthan/news/netas-connect-karauli-dholpur-with-rail-line-only-during-polls/articleshow/68998478.cms |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:Narrow gauge Ticket .jpg|thumb|Narrow Gauge Ticket]]
[[File:Nerrow gauge Rail.jpg|thumb|Narrow Gauge]]
[[File:Steam Engine Narrow Gauge Train.jpg|thumb|Steam Engine Narrow Gauge Train]]

== Railway Administration ==
This section is under the administrative control of a Junior/Senior Scale officer generally designated as Assistant Divisional Engineer headquartered at Dholpur. This section falls under the Agra Division of North Central Railway Zone headquartered at Prayagraj. ADEN/DEN is assisted by a Permanent Way Supervisor and Works Supervisor generally designated as SSE/P-Way or SSE/Works. The maintenance of all the track and works comes under administrative control of ADEN/DEN. Generally a Group-'A' officer of [[Engineering Services Examination]] is posted at this post.

The tenures of Various Officers as Assistant Divisional Engineer/Divisional Engineer in Dholpur is as given below:
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Sr. No.'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Designation'''
!'''From'''
'''(DD-MM-YYYY)'''
!'''To'''
'''(DD-MM-YYYY)'''
|-
|1
|Parmanand Thapa
|ADEN
|03-04-2003
|10-12-2003
|-
|2
|Parmanand Thapa
|DEN
|11-12-2003
|21-06-2004
|-
|3
|Santosh Kumar Gupta, '''IRSE'''
|ADEN
|21-06-2004
|03-02-2006
|-
|4
|Santosh Kumar Gupta, '''IRSE'''
|DEN
|04-02-2006
|08-12-2007
|-
|5
|Ramlochan Yadav
|ADEN
|12-11-2007
|31-05-2010
|-
|6
|Karan Singh Chauhan
(16-09-10 TO 10.02.11 SICK)
|ADEN
|19-06-2010
|14-02-2011
|-
|7
|Anil Kumar Pandey
|ADEN
|18-10-2010
|25-06-2013
|-
|8
|Ranjeet, '''IRSE'''
|ADEN
|25-06-2013
|01-07-2016
|-
|9
|Gaurav Luniwal, '''IRSE'''
|ADEN
|01-07-2016
|16-04-2019
|-
|10
|Saurabh Singh, '''IRSE'''
|DEN
|16-04-2019
|06-03-2020
|-
|11
|Ankit Gupta, '''IRSE'''
|ADEN
|06.03.2020
|26-04-2023
|-
|12
|Digambar Singh
|ADEN
|26-04-2023
|15-06-2024
|-
|13
|Atul Kumar Johri
|ADEN
|15-06-2024
|28-10-2024
|-
|14
|Rajesh Verma
|ADEN
|28-10-2024
|TILL DATE
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dholpur-sarmathura-route-to-be-converted-to-broad-gauge-113061401020_1.html|title=Dholpur-Sarmathura route to be converted to broad gauge|website=Business Standard News|accessdate=20 January 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/343901/requiem-agra039s-british-era-train.html|website=deccanherald.com|title=Requiem for Agra's British-era train|accessdate=20 January 2018}}

{{Class III railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholpur-Sarmathura Railway}}
[[Category:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1908]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]

Mumbai Central–Hapa Duronto Express

2026-04-08T08:26:26Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Mumbai Central – Hapa AC ''Duronto Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|12|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT)
| stops = 3
| end = {{stnlnk|Hapa}} (HAPA)
| distance = {{convert|815 |km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hrs 40 mins as 12267 & 11 hrs 55 mins as 12268
| frequency = Daily Service
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier,
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12267 / 12268
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} Top Operating Speed,{{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (average speed)
| map = {{Mumbai Central-Hapa AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12267/12268 '''Mumbai Central–Hapa ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Mumbai Central}} and {{rws|Hapa}} in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 12267/12268 train numbers on daily basis.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/mumbai-central-hapa-ac-duronto-express-12267/7849/12293/1663| title=12267/Mumbai Central - Hapa AC Duronto Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/hapa-mumbai-central-ac-duronto-express-12268/7850/1663/12293| title=12268/Hapa - Mumbai Central AC Duronto Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The train had its inaugural run on 22 December 2009. It was initially running up to {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}. The train was extended to {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-extends-mumbai-duronto-express-from-ahmedabad-to-rajkot-details-here/1183169/| title=Indian Railways extends Mumbai Duronto Express from Ahmedabad to Rajkot; details here| website=Financial Express}}</ref> In 2022, The train was extended to {{stnlnk|Hapa}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6403&did=1647261103802E31D42028D022FAD93822E1472B69BB4| title=WR TO RESTORE MUMBAI CENTRAL - HAPA DURONTO SUPERFAST EXPRESS| website=Western Railway}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

earlier the trains run with mixed ICF rakes of ICF Rajdhani , Utkrisht and Duronto in one train. Now The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches :

* 1 AC First Class
* 3 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 4 AC III Tier Economy
* 1 End On Generator
* 1 2nd seating class Tier (DL1)

==Service==

The 12267/Mumbai Central - Hapa Duronto Express has an average speed of 70 km/h and covers 815 km in 11 hrs 40 mins.

The 12268/Hapa - Mumbai Central Duronto Express has an average speed of 68 km/h and covers 815 km in 11 hrs 55 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Mumbai Central}}
* {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Hapa}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 12267 || MMCT || Mumbai Central || 23:00 PM || Daily || Hapa || 10:40 AM || Daily
|-
| 12268 || HAPA || Hapa || 20:05 PM || Daily || Mumbai Central || 08:00 AM || Daily
|}

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:12268 Rajkot Duronto Express - AC 1st Class.jpg|12268 Rajkot Duronto Express –Old AC 1st Class
File:12268 Rajkot Duronto Express - AC 2 tier.jpg|12268 Rajkot Duronto Express – Old AC 2 tier
File:12268 Rajkot Duronto Express - AC 3 tier.jpg|12268 Rajkot Duronto Express – Old AC 3 tier
File:12268 Rajkot Duronto Express - AC 3 tier Economy.jpg|12268 Rajkot Duronto Express –Old AC 3 tier Economy
</gallery>

==Traction==

Dual-traction [[WCAM 2/2P]] locos would haul the train between Mumbai Central & {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} until at least March 2012 although [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] completed DC electric conversion to AC on 5 February 2012.

earlier was [[WDM-3A]]. It is now regularly hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]]-based [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] locomotive

This train skips {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} & {{stnlnk|Surat}}.
This is the only train along with Ahmedabad Pune Duronto 12297 which skips Vadodara Junction.

==See also==

*[[Mumbai Central railway station]]
*[[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
*[[Rajkot Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai Central-Hapa Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]

Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:43:00Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding a post added tags

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sundargarh (ST) {{Small|OD-2}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Sundargarh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| assembly_cons = [[Talsara (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Talsara]] [[Sundargarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] [[Biramitrapur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biramitrapur]] [[Raghunathpali (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpali]] [[Rourkela (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rourkela]] [[Rajgangpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajgangpur]] [[Bonai (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bonai]]
| established = 1952
| electors = 15,79,096{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Jual Oram PIB (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Jual Oram]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Union Minister of Tribal Affairs]]}}
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}

'''Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituencies]] representing [[Sundergarh district]] of [[Odisha]] state in Eastern [[India]].

==Assembly Segments==
Assembly segments which constitute this parliamentary constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012916/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2008-09-20 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|8
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]] (ST)
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
|[[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|9
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] (ST)
|[[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur]] (ST)
|[[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]
|-
|11
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]] (SC)
|[[Durga Charan Tanti]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|12
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
|[[Sarada Prashad Nayak]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|13
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]] (ST)
|[[C. S. Raazen Ekka]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai]] (ST)
|[[Laxman Munda]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Elected Members ==
{{bar box|float=right|title=Vote share of winning candidates|titlebar=#ddd|width=300px|barwidth=275px|bars={{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.77}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.42}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|24.14}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|22.42}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.96}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.85}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.71}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.44}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.23}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.37}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.99}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|41.27}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|53.24}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.03}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 18 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Sundargarh constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sundargarh2">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sundargarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S182.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609170307/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S182.htm |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Jual Oram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Sundargarh 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/orissa/sundargarh/9871/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/orissa/sundargarh/9871/6/17 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Odisha Result Status |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18 |access-date=31 May 2014 |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Sundargarh 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/sundargarh/7459/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/sundargarh/7459/6/15 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Hemananda Biswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jual Oram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Frida Topno]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Debananda Amat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Maurice Kujur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Christopher Ekka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Debananda Amat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Debananda Amat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Yagnyanarayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Kalo Chandramani]]
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
|Sibnarayan Singh Mahapatra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jual Oram]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dilip Tirkey|Dilip Kumar Tirkey]] by 1,38,808 votes.<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sundargarh2" />

{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sundargarh]]|}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jual Oram]]
|votes=4,94,282|percentage=42.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Dilip Tirkey|Dilip Kumar Tirkey]]
|votes=3,55,474|percentage=30.76|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Janardan Dehury]]
|votes=2,61,986|percentage=22.67|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above
|votes=17,801|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,38,808|percentage=12.01|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,59,760|percentage=73.44|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jual Oram]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sunita Biswal by 2,23,065 votes.<ref name=":2" />{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sundargarh]]<ref name="SP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-II) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>|}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jual Oram]]
|votes=5,00,056|percentage=45.45|change={{increase}}11.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Sunita Biswal
|votes=2,76,991|percentage=25.18|change={{decrease}}6.65|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=George Tirkey
|votes=2,68,218|percentage=24.38|change={{decrease}}2.30|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
party=Independent|candidate=Miss Juspin Lakra
|votes=14,790|percentage=1.34|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above
|votes=13,675|percentage=1.24|change={{decrease}}0.33|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Jastin Lugun|votes=9,524|percentage=0.87|change={{decrease}}0.07|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,23,065|percentage=20.27|change={{increase}}18.41|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,01,049|percentage=71.89|change={{decrease}}1.21|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{increase}}9.21}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jual Oram]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dilip Tirkey]] by a margin of 18,829 votes.<ref name=":1" />{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sundargarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS182.htm?ac=2|title=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 - Orissa, Constituency: Sundargarh (02)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000255/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=2|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>|}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jual Oram]]|votes=3,40,508|percentage=33.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Dilip Tirkey]]|votes=3,21,679|percentage=31.83|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hemananda Biswal]]|votes=2,69,335|percentage=26.65|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=15,835|percentage=1.57|change=''-''|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Jastin Lugun|votes=9,472|percentage=0.94|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bagi Lakra|votes=9,460|percentage=0.94|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=18,829|percentage=1.86|change=''-''|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,10,723|percentage=71.66|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Hemananda Biswal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jual Oram]] by a margin of 11,624 votes.<ref name=":0" />{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sundargarh]]|}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hemananda Biswal]]|votes=2,80,054|percentage=36.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jual Oram]]|votes=2,68,430|percentage=34.96|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Livinus Kindo|votes=74,558|percentage=9.71|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Salomi Minz|votes=71,582|percentage=9.32|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=11,624|percentage=1.52|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,67,284|percentage=61.43|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
<references responsive="1"></references>

==External links==

* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/odisha/sundargarh/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Sundargarh lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}{{Odisha elections}}{{coord|22.122872|84.042673|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sundergarh district]]

Muhammad Iqbal

2026-03-28T11:39:14Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: updated details

{{Short description|Islamic philosopher and poet (1877–1938)}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2026}}
{{Redirect|Iqbal||Iqbal (disambiguation)|and|Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] [[Allama]]
| name = Muhammad Iqbal
| native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد اقبال}}|rtl=yes}}}}
| image = Muhammad Iqbal in 1931.jpg
| alt = Portrait of Muhammad Iqbal in 1931
| caption = Iqbal in 1931
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1877|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1938|04|21|1877|11|09}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Punjab, British Raj {{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}}
| resting_place = [[Tomb of Allama Iqbal|Mazar-e-Iqbal]], Lahore
| spouse = {{marriage|Karim Bibi|1893||end=sep}} {{marriage|Sardar Begum|1910|1935|end=died}} {{marriage|Mukhtar Begum|1914|1924|end=died}}
| children = 6
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Council (British India)#Third Council|Member of the Punjab Legislative Council]] (1927–1930)
| alma_mater = {{unbulletedlist
| [[Murray College|Scotch Mission College]] (FA)
| [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]] (BA, MA)
| [[University of Cambridge]] (BA)
| [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] (LMU) (PhD)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Philosopher|author|politician}}
| notable_works = ''[[The Call of the Marching Bell|Bang-e-Dara]]'', ''[[Tarana-e-Milli]]'', ''[[The Secrets of the Self]]'', ''[[The Secrets of Selflessness]]'', ''[[Message from the East]]'', ''[[Persian Psalms]]'', ''[[Javid Nama]]'', ''[[Sare Jahan se Accha]]''
| signature = Iqbal signature.svg
| era = [[British Raj]]
| region = [[Punjab]]
| school_tradition = {{hlist|[[Islamic philosophy]]|[[idealism]]}}
| institutions = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (co-founder)
| thesis_title = [[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1908
| doctoral_advisor = [[Fritz Hommel]]
| language = {{Hlist|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Urdu literature]]|[[Persian poetry]]|[[History of Islam|Islamic history]]|[[Islamic revival]]|[[pan-Islamism]]}}
| notable_ideas = [[Allahabad Address]] (1930)
|native_name_lang=ur}}

'''Sir Muhammad Iqbal'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد اقبال}}}}}} (9 November 1877{{spnd}}21 April 1938) was an Islamic philosopher and poet who is regarded as the [[national poet]] of [[Pakistan]]. His poetry in [[Urdu]] is considered to be among the greatest of the 20th century, and his vision of a [[Two-nation theory|separate homeland]] for the [[Muslims]] of [[British Raj]] influenced the [[Pakistan Movement]]. He is commonly referred to by the honorific ''[[Allamah]]'' ({{Langx|fa|علامه}}, {{Translation|"learned"}}) and widely considered one of the most important and influential Muslim thinkers and [[Islamic philosophy|Islamic religious philosophers]] of the 20th century.

Iqbal was born and raised in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British Raj and studied at [[Murray College|Scotch Mission College]] in Sialkot and [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]] in [[Lahore]]. He taught Arabic at the [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]], Lahore, from 1899 until 1903, during which time he wrote prolifically. Notable among his [[Urdu]] poems from this period are "''Parinde Ki Faryad''" ("A Bird's Prayer"), an early contemplation on animal rights, and "[[Sare Jahan se Accha|''Tarana-e-Hindi'']]" ("Anthem of the Indians"), a patriotic poem—both composed for children. In 1905, he departed from India to pursue further education in [[Europe]], first in [[England]] and later in [[Germany]]. In England, he earned a second BA at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], and subsequently qualified as a barrister at [[Lincoln's Inn]]. In Germany, he obtained a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in philosophy at the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] (LMU), with his thesis focusing on "[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]" in 1908. Upon his return to Lahore in 1908, Iqbal established a law practice but primarily focused on producing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion. He is most renowned for his poetic compositions, including "[[The Secrets of the Self|''Asrar-e-Khudi,'']]" "[[The Secrets of Selflessness|''Rumuz-e-Bekhudi'']]," and "[[The Call of the Marching Bell|''Bang-e-Dara'']]." His literary works in the [[Persian language]] garnered him recognition in [[Iran]].

An ardent proponent of the political and spiritual revival of the [[Muslim world]], particularly of the [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], the series of lectures Iqbal delivered to this effect were published as ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'' in 1930. He was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Council]] in 1927 and held several positions in the [[All-India Muslim League]]. In his [[Allahabad Address]], delivered at the League's annual assembly in 1930, he formulated a political framework for the Muslim-majority regions spanning northwestern India, spurring the League's pursuit of the [[two-nation theory]].

In August 1947, nine years after Iqbal's death, the [[partition of India]] gave way to the establishment of [[Pakistan]], a newly independent [[Islamic state]] in which Iqbal was honoured as the [[national poet]]. He is also known in Pakistani society as ''{{Transliteration|ur|Hakim ul-Ummat}}'' ({{Literal translation|The Wise Man of the [[Ummah]]}}) and as {{Transliteration|ur|Mufakkir-e-Pakistan}} ({{Literal translation|The Thinker of Pakistan}}). The anniversary of his birth (''Youm-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal''), 9 November, is observed as a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|public holiday in Pakistan]].

== Early life and family ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 407
| width2 = 425
| image1 = Father of Allama Iqbal.jpg
| caption1 = Sheikh Noor Muhammad, Iqbal's father
| image2 = Mother of Iqbal.jpg
| caption2 = Imam Bibi, Iqbal's mother
}}
Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mushtaq |first=Faraz |title=Life of Allama Iqbal |url=http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218222845/http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA) |language=en-gb}}</ref> His family were [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi of Kashmiri descent]], tracing their ancestry back to the [[Sapru]] clan of [[Kashmiri Pandits]] who were from a south Kashmiri village in [[Kulgam]] and converted to Islam in the 15h-century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |pages=166 |language=en |quote=A Muslim, an Indian and a Punjabi of Kashmiri ancestry, all at the same time, Iqbal's own individuality and sense of community was shaped in equal measure by these multiple affiliations.}}</ref><ref>Khalid Bashir Ahmad, ''Kashmir: Exposing the Myth behind the Narrative'', SAGE Publishing India, 2017, p. 162</ref><ref>Justice Dr. [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in ''The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions'', Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</ref> Iqbal's mother-tongue was [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],<ref>{{harvnb|Schimmel|1963|loc=p. 37: Iqbal's mother-tongue was Panjabi, and even in his later poetry now and then a Panjabi-inspired expression occurs.}}</ref> and he conversed mostly in Punjabi and [[Urdu]] in his daily life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CorzOY37E0wC&pg=PA72 |title=Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter |date=1 January 1986 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-196-7 |pages=72 |language=en |quote=Leg-pulling, innocent naughtiness and hearty laughter were the marks, and religion almost always the subject, of Iqbal's conversation, which was mostly in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] or in an [[Urdu]] with a natural Punjabi accent.}}</ref> In the 19th century, when the [[Sikh Empire]] was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal.<ref>TNN (30 May 2015), [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Happy-that-Iqbal-is-revered-here/articleshow/47477315.cms "'Happy that Iqbal is revered here'"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</ref> Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-139-53639-4 |page=16}}</ref> According to scholar [[Annemarie Schimmel]], Iqbal often wrote about his being "a son of Kashmiri-Brahmans but (being) acquainted with the wisdom of [[Rumi]] and [[Shams Tabrizi|Tabrizi]]."<ref name="schimmel35">{{Harvnb|Schimmel|1963|p=35}}</ref>

Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ|first=Annemarie|last=Schimmel|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1962|pages=34–45}}</ref><ref name="Mustansir Mir">{{cite book|title=Iqbal|first=Mustansir|last=Mir|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2006|isbn=1-84511-094-3}}</ref> Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi, a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] from [[Sambrial]],<ref>[[Riffat Hassan]], [http://riffathassan.info/writing/Iqbal_Studies/Iqbal's_Ancestry_and_Date.pdf "Iqbal's Ancestry and Date of Birth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032206/http://riffathassan.info/writing/Iqbal_Studies/Iqbal%27s_Ancestry_and_Date.pdf |date=8 April 2023 }} in ''The Pakistan Review'', Volume 17 (1969), p. 5</ref> was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot.<ref name="Jai Narain Sharma">{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers, volume 17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKMK9WY9OOsC|first=Jai Narain|last=Sharma|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=14|isbn=978-81-7022-684-0|year=2008}}</ref><ref>''The Pakistan Review'', (1969) Volume 17
, p. 5</ref> Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in an [[elegy]]:<ref name="books.google.co.uk" />
{{blockquote|Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place? 
Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? 
I will visit thy grave with this complaint: 
Who will now think of me in midnight prayers? 
All thy life thy love served me with devotion— 
When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>}}

=== Early education ===
Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the Qur'an.<ref name="pktoday73">{{cite news|title=Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/|first=Imran|last=Sharif|work=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=21 April 2011|access-date=6 August 2012}}</ref> He learned the Arabic and Persian languages from his teacher, [[Syed Mir Hassan]], the head of the [[madrasa]] and professor of Arabic at [[Murray College|Scotch Mission College]] in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line|title=Time line|last=Mushtaq|first=Faraz|work=International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA)|access-date=28 March 2018|language=en-gb|archive-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329115613/http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line|url-status=dead}}</ref> He stood first in grade one and had started versifying under the pen-name of Iqbal while still in class nine, being published in literary journals as a teenager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |date=9 November 2017 |title=The Name — Not The Philosophy — Lives On |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1704841/the-name-not-the-philosophy-lives-on |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> He received an [[Intermediate 2|intermediate]] level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895.<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="allamaiqbal a person">{{cite web|title=Iqbal in years|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm|format=PHP|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=11 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611231356/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Taneja and Taneja">{{cite book |last1=Taneja |first1=V.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Fp2zaQVVMC&pg=PA151 |title=Educational thinkers |last2=Taneja |first2=S. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2004 |isbn=81-7156-112-8 |page=151}}</ref> The same year he enrolled at [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]], where in 1897 he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy, [[English literature]], and Arabic, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal for his performance in Arabic.<ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /> In 1899, he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and won first place in philosophy in the [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /><ref name="Taneja and Taneja" />

=== Marriages ===
[[File:Iqbal and son Javid in 1930.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Iqbal with his son [[Javed Iqbal (judge)|Javed Iqbal]] in 1930]]

Iqbal married four times under different circumstances.<ref name="Rasheeda">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065249|title=New research on Iqbal|work=Dawn|date=10 November 2003|access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref>
* His first marriage was in 1895 when he was 18 years old. His bride, Karim Bibi, was the daughter of Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan, a leading civil surgeon and fellow [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi-Kashmiri]] based in [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]].<ref>Lt. Col. K. A. Rashid, "New light on the Early life of Iqbal" in ''Islamic Education'', Volume 8 (1975), Page 75. "Ata Muhammad, was a medical man and a leading Kashmiri Muslim of those days in the Punjab."</ref> Her sister was the mother of director and music composer [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar]].<ref>Muḥammad Saʻīd, ''Lahore: A Memoir'', Vanguard Books (1989), p. 175</ref><ref>Harjap Singh Aujla, [http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/aujla-7/ Khurshid Anwar, a prince among the music directors of the sub-continent and his exploits in British and Independent India], Khurshid Anwar Biography, Academy of Punjab in North America website, Retrieved 29 September 2015</ref> Their families arranged the marriage, and the couple had two children; a daughter, Miraj Begum (1895–1915), and a son, Aftab Iqbal (1899–1979), who became a barrister.<ref name="Rasheeda" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/54660/From-grandfather-to-grandson-The-legacy-of-Mohammed-Iqbal-|title=From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal|work=[[Saudi Gazette]]|date=31 July 2013|access-date=2 December 2018|first=Roberta|last=Fedele}}</ref> Aftab's son Azad Iqbal is himself a barrister as well a writer and musician, being a singer-composer in both [[jazz]] and [[ghazal]] genres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedele |first=Roberta |date=31 July 2013 |title=From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/54660 |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Saudi Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901.
Iqbal and Karim Bibi separated somewhere between 1910 and 1913. Despite this, he continued to financially support her till his death.<ref name="Sabir">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/65913-justice-javed-iqbal-dies-two-days-before-his-91st-birthday|title=Justice Javed Iqbal dies two days before his 91st birthday|work=The News|date=4 October 2015|access-date=2 December 2018|first=Sabir|last=Shah}}</ref>

* Iqbal's second marriage took place on 26 August 1910 with the niece{{who?|date=September 2025}} of [[Hakim Noor-ud-Din]].<ref>''[https://alisl.am/u7758 Khutbat e Noor]'', page 477</ref>
* Iqbal's third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum, and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November.<ref name="Abida">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature (2 Vols. Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C|page=304|first=Abida|last=Samiuddin|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|year=2007|isbn=978-81-8220-191-0}}</ref><ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /> They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924.<ref name="Rasheeda" />
* Later, Iqbal married Sardar Begum, and they became the parents of a son, [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javed Iqbal]] (1924–2015), who became [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan]], and a daughter, Muneera Bano (born 1930).<ref name="Rasheeda" /><ref name="Sabir" /> One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite [[Yousuf Salahuddin]].<ref name="Sabir" />

=== Higher education in Europe ===
Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of [[Thomas Walker Arnold|Sir Thomas Arnold]], his philosophy teacher at [[Government College Lahore]], to pursue higher education in the West.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Tariq |title=The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, Jihads and modernity |date=2002 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-85984-679-7 |edition=1. publ |location=London}}</ref> In 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose, as Sir Thomas Arnold had advised him to specifically study [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|neo-Hegelian]] philosophy and law at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IQBAL, MUHAMMAD |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> While already acquainted with [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] and [[Henri Bergson]], Iqbal would discover [[Rumi]] slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the ''[[Masnavi-e-Ma'navi]]'' to his friend [[Swami Rama Tirtha]], who in return would teach him [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Syed Abdul Vahid, ''Glimpses of Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 1974, p. 77</ref> Iqbal was awarded a scholarship at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], and in 1906 he graduated Bachelor of Arts there. In the same year, he was [[call to the bar|called to the bar]] as a [[barrister]] (or advocate) from [[Lincoln's Inn]]. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to complete his doctoral studies under the supervision of [[Fritz Hommel|Friedrich Hommel]], and on 4 November 1907 he graduated as a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] from the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] (LMU) with a doctoral thesis entitled ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]''. This was published in London in 1908.<ref name="pktoday73" /><ref name="phdthesis">{{cite web|title=The development of metaphysics in persia|url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf|work=London Luzac and Company|first1=East|last1=Lansing|first2=Mi.|last2=H-Bahai|orig-year=1908|year=2001|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Mustansir Mir2">{{cite book|title=Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okxr1alsVqIC|publisher=c.Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd|location=London|first=Mustansir|last=Mir|page=2|isbn=978-967-5-06267-4|year=1990}}</ref><ref name="Roy Jackson">{{cite book|title=Fifty key figures in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6flsOIT5PsC|first=Roy|last=Jackso|page=181|isbn=978-0-415-35467-7|year=2006| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> Among his fellow students in Munich was [[Hans-Hasso von Veltheim]], who later happened to visit Iqbal the day before Iqbal died.<ref>Karl Klaus Walther: ''Hans Hasso von Veltheim'' (biography), Mitteldeutscher Verlag (Central German Publisher), 2005, p. 152-153</ref>

[[File:Allama Iqbal Plaque Cambridge.jpg|thumb|Plaque at Portugal Place, Cambridge, commemorating Iqbal's residence there during his time at Trinity College]]

In 1907, he had a close friendship with the writer [[Atiya Fyzee]] in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-102457|title=Fyzee, Atiya [married name Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin; known as Atiya Begum, and Shahinda] (1877–1967), author, social reformer, and patron of the arts {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/102457|access-date=18 February 2019|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}</ref> While Iqbal was in [[Heidelberg]] in 1907, his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about [[Goethe]]'s ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'', [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]] and Nietzsche.<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West" /> He mastered German in three months.<ref>Sheila McDonough, Vito Salierno, ''The Flame of Sinai: Hope and Vision in Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 2002, p. 45</ref> A street in [[Heidelberg]] has been named in his memory, "Iqbal Ufer". During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier{{why?|date=September 2025}} to express his thoughts.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} He would write continuously in [[Persian language|Persian]] throughout his life.<ref name="pktoday73" />

=== Academic career ===
[[File:Iqbal Youth.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph taken during Iqbal's youth in 1899]]
Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, at [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]] and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1907 he went to Germany for PhD In 1908, he returned from Germany and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature.<ref name="Brill">{{cite book|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ|first=Annemarie|last=Schimmel|publisher=Brill Archive|page=39|year=1963}}</ref> In the same period Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of ''[[Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam]]''.<ref name="allamaiqbal a person" /> In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organization. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. He also closely worked with [[Ibrahim Hisham]] during his stay at the Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /><ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West">{{cite web|title=Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html|first=Stephan|last=Popp|date=6 May 2010|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326003050/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html|archive-date=26 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide".<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the [[Ummah]].<ref name="allamaiqbal.com">{{cite web |website=Iqbal Academy |date=26 May 2006 |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |title=Allama Iqbal – Biography |format=PHP |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075055/http://allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.uk" />

Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century.<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /> Iqbal's ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' and ''[[Javed Nama]]'' were translated into English by [[Reynold A. Nicholson|R. A. Nicholson]] and [[Arthur John Arberry|A. J. Arberry]], respectively.<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="dailytimes">{{cite news|title=Cam Diary: Oxford remembers the Cam man |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6 |work=Daily Times |date=28 May 2003 |access-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506190825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6 |archive-date=6 May 2005 }}</ref> Upon the publication of ''Asrar-i-Khudi'', Iqbal was honoured with a British [[knighthood]].<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 32782
| date = 29 December 1922
| pages = 2
| supp = y
}}</ref>

=== Legal career ===
[[File:Iqbal as as a Barrister-at-Law.gif|thumb|1500px|left| Iqbal as a barrister-at-law]]

Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but also a known advocate. He appeared before the [[Lahore High Court]] in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgements to his name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/mazamine/11-Nov-2014/339879|title=قانون دان اقبال|date=11 November 2014|website=Nawaiwaqt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/letters/14-Oct-2016/518080|title=قانون دان اقبال|date=14 October 2016|website=Nawaiwaqt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailypakistan.com.pk/columns/04-Apr-2014/89210|title=قانون دان اقبال کی دریافت|date=3 April 2014|website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minhajsisters.com:443/urdu/tid/40533/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9/|title=علامہ ڈاکٹر محمد اقبال بطور ایڈووکیٹ|first=منہاج القرآن ویمن|last=لیگ|website=منہاج القرآن ویمن لیگ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jumhooripublications.com/qanoondan-iqbal|title=Jumhoori Publications – Biographies|website=jumhooripublications.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Nov-2013/unexplored-aspect-of-iqbal-s-life|title=Unexplored aspect of Iqbal's life|date=6 April 2016|website=The Nation}}</ref>

=== Final years and death ===
[[File:Shair Mashriq Allama Iqbal last resting place.jpg|thumb|The [[tomb of Muhammad Iqbal]] at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in [[Lahore]]]]
In 1933, after returning from a trip to [[Spain]] and [[Afghanistan]], Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1962|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> He spent his final years helping [[Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan]] to establish the [[Niaz Ali Khan (politician)#Dar ul Islam Movement and Trust|Dar ul Islam Trust]] Institute at a [[Jamalpur, Pakistan]] estate near [[Pathankot]],<ref>Azam, K.M., ''Hayat-e-Sadeed: Bani-e-Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali (A Righteous Life: Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan)'', Lahore: Nashriyat, 2010 (583 pp., Urdu) {{ISBN|978-969-8983-58-1}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/ Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence]. ''Pakistan Today''. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref> where there were plans to subsidize studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the [[Nawab of Bhopal]]. In his final years, he frequently visited the [[Dargah]] of famous Sufi [[Ali Hujwiri]] in [[Lahore]] for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="pktoday73" /> It is maintained that he died listening to a [[kafi]] of [[Bulleh Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Horizons; Volumes 26-27 |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |year=1977 |location=New Delhi |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |title=Literary Encounters; Volume 1 |publisher=Marwah Publications |year=1980 |location=India |pages=8 |language=English}}</ref> [[Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal|His tomb]] is located in [[Hazuri Bagh]], the enclosed garden between the entrance of the [[Badshahi Mosque]] and the [[Lahore Fort]], and official guards are provided by the [[Government of Pakistan]].

== Efforts and influences ==
=== Political ===
{{further|Pakistan Movement}}
[[File:Iqbalpolitics.jpg|thumb|250px|Iqbal with Muslim politicians. 
(L to R): M. Iqbal (third), [[Syed Zafarul Hasan]] (sixth) at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].]]

Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from England in 1908, and he was closely associated with [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]. When the [[All-India Muslim League]] was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organization of the [[Punjab Muslim League]], Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the All-India Muslim League (1906–1947)|last=Afzal|first=Rafique M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-906735-0|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=15}}</ref><ref name="Sevea2012">{{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |pages=14– |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00886-1 |quote=Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held various posts both in the All-India Muslim League and the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.}}</ref> While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in [[World War I]] and stayed in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He was a critic of the mainstream [[Indian National Congress]], which he regarded as dominated by [[Hindus]], and was disappointed with the League when, during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.<ref name="brightpk.com" />{{unreliable source?|date=May 2012}} He was active in the [[Khilafat Movement]], and was among the founding fathers of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] which was established at [[Aligarh]] in October 1920. He was also given the offer of being the first vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], which he refused.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/historical_note-13|title = Profile of Jamia Millia Islamia – History – Historical Note}}</ref>

[[File:Iqbal 2.jpg |thumb|right|Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the [[Punjab Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1930 and address deliverer]]

In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="Sevea2012" /> He supported the [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|constitutional proposals]] presented by Jinnah to guarantee Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress and worked with the [[Aga Khan]] and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.<ref name="brightpk.com" />{{unreliable source?|date=May 2012}} While in Lahore he was a friend of [[Abdul Sattar Ranjoor]].<ref name="n">''New Age Weekly''. ''[http://www.newageweekly.com/2013/04/in-memory-of-com-ranjoor.html In Memory of Com Ranjoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325184653/http://www.newageweekly.com/2013/04/in-memory-of-com-ranjoor.html |date=25 March 2016 }}''</ref>

=== Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of "Pakistan" ===
Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Discontented with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress:

{{blockquote|I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has the right to look up to for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India.<ref name="iqbalandpakmovement" />
}}

While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India.<ref name="jalal14">Ayesha Jalal, ''The Sole Spokesman'', pp. 14</ref> Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937:

{{blockquote|A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and [[Bengal]] be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}}

Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticized Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hyat Khan]], whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said:
{{blockquote|There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]]. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now, none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.<ref name="iqbalandpakmovement">{{cite web |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm |title=Iqbal and Pakistan Movement |publisher=Allamaiqbal.com |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620142012/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|author=|title=|source=}}

=== Madani–Iqbal debate ===
{{Main|Madani–Iqbal debate}}

A famous debate was held between Iqbal and [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] on the question of nationalism in the late 1930s. Madani's position throughout was to insist on the Islamic legitimacy of embracing a culturally plural, secular democracy as the best and the only realistic future for India's Muslims where Iqbal insisted on a religiously defined, homogeneous Muslim society. Madani and Iqbal both appreciated this point and they never advocated the creation of an absolute 'Islamic State'. They differed only in their first step. According to Madani the first step was the freedom of India for which composite nationalism was necessary. According to Iqbal the first step was the creation of a community of Muslims in the Muslim majority land, i.e. a Muslim India within India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |date=22 January 2011 |title=Madani-Iqbal debate over pluralism |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/107579/madani-iqbal-debate-over-pluralism |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=Shahid |last2=Ahmad |first2=Humaira |date=2019 |title=Discourse on Nationalism: Political Ideologies of Two Muslim Intellectuals, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani and Allama Muhammad Iqbal |journal=Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization |volume=09 |issue=2 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.32350/jitc.92.07|s2cid=214247581 |doi-access=free }}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>

== Revival of Islamic policy ==
[[File:Muhammad Iqbal in 1935.png|thumb|Iqbal in 1935]]
Iqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the [[Oxford University Press]] in 1934 in the book ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]''. The lectures had been delivered at [[Madras]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion and as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Muhammad Iqbal praying at the Cordoba Mosque, Spain, in 1933.jpg|thumb|Iqbal praying at the [[Cordoba Mosque]] in Spain, 1933]]
Iqbal expressed fears that not only would [[secularism]] weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society but that India's [[Hindu]]-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture, and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in [[Allahabad]] in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]],<ref name="Sevea2012-2">{{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |pages=14– |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00886-1 |quote=In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.}}</ref> as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his [[Allahabad Address|presidential address]] on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:<ref name="Sevea2012-2" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="Dec 1930" />

{{blockquote|I would like to see the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind province (1936–1955)|Sind]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]] amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the [[British Empire]], or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="Dec 1930">{{cite book |last=Sirriyeh |first=Elizabeth |date=21 October 1998 |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the modern world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bp0K-HpBPsC&q=I+would+like+to+see+the+Punjab,+North-West+Frontier+Province,+Sind+and+Baluchistan+amalgamated+into+a+single+state&pg=PA136 |location=University of Leeds, United Kingdom |publisher=Routledge |page=136 |isbn=978-0-7007-1060-7}}</ref>}}

In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance", with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim."<ref name="Naipaul">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |title=Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples |pages=250–52}}</ref> Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a [[theocracy]], and criticized the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars ([[ulema]]) as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility".<ref name=iqbal-2004-1934-131>{{cite book |title=The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam |edition=reprint |orig-year=1934| date=2004 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |page=131 }}</ref>

The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the third [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]], he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy for Muslim provinces.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticized feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory.<ref name="Sevea2012-2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Adeel |date=4 May 2018 |title=Muhammad Iqbal's constitutionalism |journal=Indian Law Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=135–158 |doi=10.1080/24730580.2018.1544023 |s2cid=201411616 |issn=2473-0580|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/79342 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Möller |first=Ulrika |title=Political leadership, nascent statehood and democracy : a comparative study |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |others=Isabell Schierenbeck |isbn=978-0-415-71096-1 |edition=1. publ |location=London |oclc=884937068}}</ref>

=== Patron of ''Tolu-e-Islam'' ===
[[File:TolueIslam1.jpg|thumb|Copy of the first issue of ''Tolu-e-Islam'']]
Iqbal was the first patron of ''[[Tolu-e-Islam (magazine)|Tolu-e-Islam]]'', an historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the [[All India Muslim League]]. In 1935, according to his instructions, [[Syed Nazeer Niazi]] initiated and edited the journal,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mag/1935/1935_Oct.djvu| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804120220/http://webcode.ca/docs/1935_Oct.pdf| archive-date=4 August 2017| title=Tolu-e-Islam – Under editorship of Syed Nazeer Niazi}}</ref> named after Iqbal's poem "[[Tulu'i Islam]]". Niazi dedicated the first issue of the journal to Iqbal. The journal would play an important role in the Pakistan movement.<ref name="brightpk.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.brightpk.com/personalities/allama-iqbal/|title=Allama Iqbal – The Great Poet And Philosopher|publisher=Bright PK.com|date=15 February 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604013142/http://www.brightpk.com/personalities/allama-iqbal/|archive-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> Later, the journal was continued<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/urdu.htm |title=Urdu Articles and Books |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208215843/http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/urdu.htm |archive-date=8 February 2010 }}</ref> by [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]], who had contributed many articles in its early editions.

== Literary work ==
{{Main|Works of Muhammad Iqbal}}

=== Persian ===
Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than [[Urdu]]. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' {{nastaliq|اسرارِ خودی}} (''Secrets of the Self'') in Persian, for which he was honoured with a British [[knighthood]] upon its publication.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 32782
| date = 29 December 1922
| pages = 2
| supp = y
}}</ref> The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|title=Asrar-e-Khudi|first=Allama Iqbal Academy|last=Official website|access-date=30 May 2006|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In ''Asrar-i-Khudi'', Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi",<ref name="A.Ali">{{Cite news |last=Ahmad Ali |first=Dr. Saeed |date=2023 |title=Realms of spiritual thought: Iqbal's concept of selfhood 'Khudi' encompassing youth's ideology |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/realms-of-spiritual-thought-iqbals-concept-of-selfhood-khudi-encompassing-youths-ideology-dr-saeed-ahmad-ali/}}</ref><ref name="Azad">{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Hasan |date=2014 |title=Reconstructing the Muslim Self: Muhammad Iqbal, Khudi, and the Modern Self |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=14–28 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> or "Self".<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Iqbal's use of the term "Khudi" is synonymous with the word [[Ruh|"Rooh"]] used in the Quran for a divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in [[Adam]], for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realisation and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the "Self" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the "Self" to become a vice-regent of God.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> When Asrar-i-Khudi was published, its first appearance is said to have taken the younger generation of Hindustani Muslims by storm. 'Iqbal has come amongst us as a Messiah and stirred the dead into life', so wrote R.A.Nicholson, whose prose version and translation of the work first introduced Iqbal's writings to the Western public. The book is divided into eighteen chapters. Several of these attempt to explain the Self, and its relationship with the universe and the creation of God - placing the sacred nature of man at the centre of existence. Two of the chapters cover the importance of devotion and love on the Self:

''When the Self is made strong by Love''

''It rules the whole world from above''

''Even the Sage who adorned the night skies''

''Plucks celestial buds from the Self’s sighs''

''Its hand becomes God’s Hand''

''The moon is split by the Self’s command''

''The Self is the judge of all worldly disputes''

''Its decree even Darius and Jamshid cannot refuse''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Zirrar |title=Masnavi Iqbal: Secrets of the Self |publisher=Ankaboot Press |year=2026 |isbn=9781036950644 |location=London |publication-date= |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>

The remaining chapters go on to enforce further moral and religious ethical lessons through the use of parables, symbols and examples. He uses opposites to draw clear distinctions between the polished Self and the lost, egotistical and hypocritical nature of the Self. In chapter thirteen Iqbal creates a dialogue between a diamond and a coal, and in chapter fourteen the Sheikh and a Brahman are brought together, as well as the Ganges and the Himalaya. In one of the longest chapters, ‘''On the true nature of poetry and the reformation of Islamic literature’,'' Iqbal expresses significant reservations about poetry, and his own role as a poet. In a letter dated 1936, two years before his death he writes: ‘I do not consider myself a poet. If I am presented in this role, I feel embarrassed. My ancestors belonged to the Sapru family of Kashmiri Brahmins who never composed poetry. I have no aptitude for music and painting either. Unfortunately, I had to take refuge in poetry to express my thoughts. Perhaps I would have been more successful in another field’. In his book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, he is openly critical of poetry that served only decorative or escapist purposes. He saw much of contemporary poetry, as well as classical, Persian and Urdu poetry as promoting fatalism, passivity, and mythical escapism, which were antithetical to his philosophy of ‘''Khudi''’ (Selfhood). He believed true art should have a higher purpose. In this sense, he was against poetry as mere entertainment or idle ornamentation. In the introduction to the Secrets of the Self, he writes:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Zirrar |title=Masnavi Iqbal |date=2026 |publisher=Ankaboot Press |year=2026 |isbn=9781036950644 |location=London |publication-date=2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Mere poetry is not the aim of this Masnavi

Nor devotion to beauty, or love’s fanatic ecstasy

I am of Hind, Persian is not native to me

I am like the crescent moon, my cup is not full you see

Do not seek from me wit and a charming tongue

Do not seek from me Khansar and Isfahan

Though Urdu is refined and sweet

The sweetness of Persian it cannot beat

Its wondrous beauty enchanted my mind

Out of the Burning Bush my pen was designed

In such high places are my ideas caught

That Persian alone captures my thoughts<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Zirrar |title=Masnavi Iqbal: Secrets of the Self |publisher=Ankaboot Press |year=2026 |isbn=9781036950644 |location=London |language=en}}</ref>

In his ''[[Rumuz-i-Bekhudi]]'' {{nastaliq|رموزِ بیخودی}} (''Hints of Selflessness''), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved, he should sacrifice his ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realize the "Self" outside of society. Published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community,<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he supports Islam, Iqbal also recognizes the positive aspects of other religions. ''Rumuz-i-Bekhudi'' complements the emphasis on the self in ''Asrar-e-Khudi'' and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title ''Asrar-i-Rumuz'' (''Hinting Secrets''). It is addressed to the world's Muslims.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

Iqbal's 1924 publication, the ''[[Payam-e-Mashriq]]'' {{nastaliq|پیامِ مشرق}} (''The Message of the East''), is closely connected to the ''West-östlicher Diwan'' by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion, and civilization by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardor, and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented ''Payam-e Mashreq'' to [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan]]. In it, he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of [[Kabul University]].<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West" />

The ''[[Zabur-e-Ajam]]'' {{nastaliq|زبورِ عجم}} (''Persian Psalms''), published in 1927, includes the poems "''Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed''" ("Garden of New Secrets") and "''Bandagi Nama''" ("Book of Slavery"). In "''Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed''", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. "''Bandagi Nama''" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfill the ideal life.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

Iqbal's 1932 work, the ''[[Javed Nama]]'' {{nastaliq|جاوید نامہ}} (''Book of Javed''), is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of [[Ibn Arabi]] and [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', through [[magic realism|mystical and exaggerated depictions]] across time. Iqbal depicts himself as ''[[Zinda Rud]]'' ("A stream full of life") guided by Rumi, "the master", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daula]] of [[Bengal]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]] by betraying them for the benefit of the [[British East India Company|British colonists]], and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javed, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the "new generation".<ref name="ThePrint" />

''[[What should then be done O people of the East|Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq]]'' {{nastaliq|پس چہ باید کرد اے اقوامِ شرق}} includes the poem "''Musafir''" {{nastaliq|مسافر}} ("The Traveller"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of [[Shariah|Islamic laws]] and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. "''Musafir''" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the [[Pashtun people]] are counselled to learn the "secret of Islam" and to "build up the self" within themselves.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems:<ref>'' Kuliyat Iqbal'', Iqbal Academy Publications, 1990, Lahore, Pakistan</ref>

{{blockquote|{{nastaliq|گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/poetry/persian/asrar/text/01.htm|title=1|website=www.allamaiqbal.com}}</ref>

''garchi Hindi dar uzūbat shakkar ast''

{{nastaliq|طرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است}}

''tarz-i guftar-i Dari shirin tar ast''}}

Translation: ''Even though in sweetness [[Hindustani language|Hindi]]* [archaic name for Urdu, lit. "language of India"] is sugar'' – ''(but) speech method in [[Dari language|Dari]] [the variety of Persian in Afghanistan] is sweeter *''

Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience.<ref name="goethezeitportal">{{cite web
| last = Bhatti
| first = Anil
| work = Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India
| date = 28 June 2006
| url = http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf
| title = Iqbal and Goethe
| access-date = 28 June 2006
}}</ref>

=== Urdu ===
[[File:Sir Muhammad Iqbal 1935 by Lady Ottoline Morrell.png|thumb|Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1935, by [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]]]]
Muhammad Iqbal's ''[[The Call of the Marching Bell]]'' ({{nastaliq|بانگِ درا}}, ''bang-e-dara''), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /> The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the Urdu language patriotic "[[Sare Jahan se Accha|Saare Jahan se Accha]]".<ref name="A Spiritual Bridge between East and West" /><ref name="ThePrint">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2018 |title=Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha' |url=https://theprint.in/features/allama-iqbal-pakistans-national-poet-the-man-who-gave-india-saare-jahan-se-achha/147155/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> The second set of poems date from 1905 to 1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of [[European culture|European society]], which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the ''[[Ummah]]'', to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan|date=7 June 2015|title=Remembering Iqbal and his sare jahan se achcha {{!}} Hyderabad News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Remembering-Iqbal-and-his-sare-jahan-se-achcha/articleshow/47570903.cms|access-date=18 November 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, ''[[Gabriel's Wing|Bal-e-Jibril]]'' {{nastaliq|بالِ جبریل}} (''Wings of [[Gabriel#Islam|Gabriel]]'') is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the [[Al-Andalus|kingdom of the Moors]]. It consists of [[ghazals]], miscellaneous poems, [[quatrains]] and [[epigrams]] and carries a strong sense of religious passion.{{Sfn|Anjum|2014|p=134}}

''[[Zarb-i-Kalim]]'' {{nastaliq|ضربِ کلیم}} (or ''The Rod of Moses'') is another book of philosophical poetry by Allama Iqbal in [[Urdu]] published in 1936, two years before his death, which he described as his political manifesto. It was published with the subtitle "A Declaration of War Against the Present Times." Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism, and injustice of modern civilization, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction "Zarb i Kalim"|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/poet/poetry/urdu/poet_introzarb.html|publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

Iqbal's final work was ''[[Gift from Hijaz|Armughan-e-Hijaz]]'' {{nastaliq|ارمغانِ حجاز}} (''The Gift of Hijaz''), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the [[Hijaz]] in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.{{Sfn|Anjum|2014|p=286-289}}

Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are:<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

{{blockquote|At last, the silent tongue of Hijaz has 
announced to the ardent ear the tiding 
That the covenant which had been given to the 
desert-[dwellers] is going to be renewed 
vigorously: 
The lion who had emerged from the desert and 
had toppled the Roman Empire is 
As I am told by the angels, about to get up 
again (from his slumbers.) 
You the [dwellers] of the West, should know that 
the world of God is not a shop (of yours). 
Your imagined pure gold is about to lose its 
standard value (as fixed by you). 
Your civilization will commit suicide with its
own daggers. 
For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}}

In Bang-e-Dra, a ghazal titled ''<nowiki/>'Tere Ishq Ki Intiha Chahta Hoon'<nowiki/>'' (Completion of Your Love is What I Desire):<blockquote>Completion of Your Love is what I desire

Look at my sincerity, what little I desire

It may be oppression or the promise of unveiling

Something testing my perseverance I desire

May the pious be happy with this paradise

To be in Your company, that’s all I desire

Though I am but a small heart, I exhibit such boldness

To hear the same, ‘I cannot be seen’1 I desire

O assembly’s companions! I exist for a speck

I am the dawn’s candle, I am about to be extinguished

I have divulged the secret to the packed assembly

I am very insolent; punishment I desire.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Zirrar |title=Ghazi and the Garden: Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal by Zirrar |publisher=Ankaboot Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781399901505 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

=== English ===
Iqbal wrote two books, ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]'' (1908) and ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'' (1930), and many letters in the English language. He also wrote a book on Economics{{title?}} that is now rare. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the [[separation of church and state]], to students and other participants:<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

{{blockquote|I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907. ... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State.<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />}}

=== Punjabi ===
Iqbal also wrote some poems in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], such as "''Piyaara Jedi''" and "''Baba Bakri Wala''", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javed's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display in 2016 at the [[Iqbal Manzil]] in Sialkot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/iqbal-s-punjabi-poetry-put-on-display|title=Iqbal's Punjabi poetry put on display|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|date=5 October 2016|access-date=1 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023756/https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/iqbal-s-punjabi-poetry-put-on-display|archivedate=1 November 2020}}</ref>

Iqbal was deeply influenced by Punjabi [[Sufism|Sufis]]. Once a comrade recited a poem by [[Bulleh Shah]] and he was "so much touched and overwhelmed...that tears rolled down his cheeks."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sud |first=Kider Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/iqbalhispoemsare0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Iqbal and His Poems; A Reappraisal |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1969 |location=Delhi |pages=41 |language=English}}</ref>

== Modern reputation ==

=== "Poet of the East" ===
[[File:Pic iqbal 004.jpg|thumb|right|Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933]]
Iqbal has been referred to as the "Poet of the East" by academics, institutions and the media.<ref name="dailytimes" /><ref name="thenews">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/04/21/nation-observes-allama-iqbals-74th-death-anniversary/#.UCjm36EaN0x|title=Nation observes Allama Iqbal's 74th death anniversary|newspaper=The Newstribe newspaper|date=21 April 2012|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203031912/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/04/21/nation-observes-allama-iqbals-74th-death-anniversary/#.UCjm36EaN0x|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/031108/yworld6.htm|title=Feature: Allama Iqbal—the spiritual father of Pakistan|newspaper=Daily Dawn|date=8 November 2003|access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=Taus-Bolstad>{{cite book|last=Taus-Bolstad|first=Stacy|title=Pakistan in Pictures|year=2008|publisher=Lerner|isbn=978-1-58013-452-1|page=70}}</ref><ref name=Sheikh>{{cite book|last=Sheikh|first=Naveed Shahzad|title=The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-44453-8|page=83}}</ref><ref name=Jalal>{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|url=https://archive.org/details/selfsovereigntyi1850jala|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22078-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/selfsovereigntyi1850jala/page/n587 565]}}</ref><ref name=YAHYA>{{cite journal|last=Yahya|first=MD|title=Traditions of Patriotism in Urdu Poetry: A Critical Study with Special Reference to the Poet of the East Allama Iqbal and His Poetry|journal=Journal of Contemporary Research|year=2013|volume=1|issue=2|url=http://scholarsworld.net/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Paper-7.pdf|issn=2319-5789|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715111050/http://scholarsworld.net/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Paper-7.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> He is often known by the title "Allama" within Pakistan.<ref name="platts-allama">{{citation |last=Platts |first=John T. (John Thompson) |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |year=1884 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=allama&matchtype=default |access-date=6 February 2021 |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.}}</ref>

The Vice-Chancellor of [[Quaid-e-Azam University]], Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity.<ref name="Preston">{{cite web|url=http://www.preston.edu.pk/allama_iqbal.php|title=Seminar on Allama Iqbal held at Preston University|publisher=Preston.Edu.PK|access-date=19 May 2019 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Yet it should also be borne in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West.<ref name="orient" />}}

Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognized as the "Poet of the East".<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="academia">{{cite book|url=https://amu-in.academia.edu/TauseefAhmadParray/Papers/400725/Democracy_in_Islam_The_Views_of_Several_Modern_Muslim_Scholars|title=Democracy in Islam: The Views of Several Modern Muslim Scholars|publisher=Amu-In Academia.Edu|access-date=14 August 2012|page=143|last1=Parray|first1=Tauseef Ahmad}}</ref><ref name="urdu">{{cite book|url=http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/20/03FaruqiIqbal.pdf|title=How to Read Iqbal|publisher=Urdu Studies.com|access-date=14 August 2012|page=2}}</ref>

{{blockquote|So to conclude, let me cite [[Annemarie Schimmel]] in ''Gabriel's Wing'' who lauds Iqbal's "unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns" (p. xv), a creative activity which, to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal, endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a "''universalist poet''" and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses to construct a bridge between the "East" and the "West."<ref name="orient">{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/66941478/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84|title=This document contains both interventions from Prof. Dharampal-Frick and Mrs. Al Sanyoura Baasiri- Gita Dharampal-Frick – (South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg)|publisher=Orient Institut.Org|access-date=15 August 2012|pages=5–12}}</ref>}}

The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the "Poet of the East".<ref name="urdu" /> Iqbal is also called ''Muffakir-e-Pakistan'' ("The Thinker of Pakistan") and ''Hakeem-ul-Ummat'' ("The Sage of the [[Ummah]]"). The Pakistan government officially named him Pakistan's "[[List of national poets|national poet]]".<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" />

=== Iran ===
In Iran, Iqbal is known as ''Iqbāl-e Lāhorī'' ({{langx|fa|اقبال لاهوری}}) (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's ''Asrare-i-Khudi'' and ''Bal-i-Jibreel'' are particularly popular in Iran. At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognized the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran1">{{cite web|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19455/137th-birthday-what-allama-iqbals-poetry-has-taught-me-so-far/|work=Osama Sajid|date=25 March 2011|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="the Friday" /> During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably ''Zabur-i-Ajam''.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran2">{{cite web|title=Iqbal and the Iranians Iqbal|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/656464/heritage-eghbal-i-lahuri-and-the-iranians|work=Nasir Riaz|date=25 March 2011|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="the Friday" />

Iranian supreme leader [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei|Ali Khamenei]] has stated, "We have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. [...] In spite of not having tasted the Persian way of life, never living in the cradle of Persian culture, and never having any direct association with it, he cast with great mastery the most delicate, the most subtle and radically new philosophical themes into the mould of Persian poetry, some of which are unsurpassable yet."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khamenei.de/books/iqbal.htm |title=Iqbal |publisher=Khamenei.de |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618081641/http://www.khamenei.de/books/iqbal.htm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. Iranian poet laureate [[Muhammad Taqi Bahar]] universalized Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qureshi |first1=A.Ali |title=Love letter to Persia |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/love-letter-to-persia/?amp=1 |access-date=11 February 2022 |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211104351/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/love-letter-to-persia/?amp=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mossadeq]], a national hero because of his oil nationalization policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. [[Ali Shariati]], a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received a place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the 1970s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including [[Ali Shariati]], [[Mehdi Bazargan]] and [[Abdulkarim Soroush]]. His book ''The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam'' was translated by [[Mohammad Masud Noruzi]].<ref name="the Friday">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/love-letter-to-persia/|title=Love letter to Persia|newspaper=The Friday Times|date=25 April 2014|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran3">{{cite book |last1=Sevea |first1=Iqbal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=Iqbal+lahori+iranian+revolution&pg=PA201 |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal |date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-53639-4 |access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> At the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), Khamenei stated that in its "conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements", Iran was "exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal".<ref name="Iqbal-Iran3" /> Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of "rejuvenation", "awakening" and "power" to the Muslim world.<ref name="Iqbal-Iran5">{{cite book |last1=Khamenei |first1=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivogAAAACAAJ |title=Iqbal: Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit |last2=Shariati |first2=Ali |last3=Sharīʻatī |first3=ʻalī |date=25 March 2011 |publisher=ABC International |isbn=978-1-871031-20-1 |access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

More recent admirers of Iqbal from Iran include former President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] and [[Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel]], a former Speaker of Parliament and writer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2009 |title=Imperialist powers blamed for dividing Muslims |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/945110/imperialist-powers-blamed-for-dividing-muslims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322133622/https://www.dawn.com/news/945110/imperialist-powers-blamed-for-dividing-muslims |archive-date=22 March 2026 |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=Dawn |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
[[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]], considered the national poet of [[Turkey]] for having composed its [[National anthem of Turkey|national anthem]], was directly influenced by Iqbal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Andrew |title=Late Ottoman Origins of Modern Islamic Thought: Turkish and Egyptian Thinkers on the Disruption of Islamic Knowledge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2022 |pages=121}}</ref>

In 2016, Turkey's Minister for Culture and Tourism [[Nabi Avcı]] presented the ''Dost Award'' to [[Walid Iqbal]], the grandson of Iqbal, in order to honour Iqbal's "services to Islam", the ceremony being held in [[Konya]], the resting place of Rumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Turkey honours Allama Iqbal for services to Islam |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1267013/turkey-honours-allama-iqbal-services-islam |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
Amongst the admirers of Iqbal was Indonesian revolutionary and president [[Sukarno]] who considered Iqbal "a hero of philosophy, literature, and religion."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Dr Nadeem Shafique |date=31 December 2001 |title=GLOBAL APPRECIATION OF ALLAMA IQBAL |url=https://jorurdu.bzu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5e8650117007e/page |journal=Journal of Research (Languages and Islamic Studies) |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=47–56}}</ref>

Numerous religious and political figures of Indonesia have been impacted by Iqbal, including [[Mohammad Natsir]], who had served as the country's prime minister and who, in a speech, honoured Iqbal as a pivotal figure in Islamic intellectual history who rejuvenated Muslim self-consciousness through poetic and philosophical works. He emphasises Iqbal’s concept of ''khudi'' (selfhood) and how Iqbal critiqued the separation of religion and state, his opposition to Western materialism, capitalism, socialism, and his advocacy for an Islamic state grounded in spiritual values.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Natsir |first=Mohammad |date=April 1967 |title=IQBAL DAY IN INDONESIA |url=https://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/apr67/6.htm |journal=[[Iqbal Review]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Arab world ===
Iqbal has an audience in the [[Arab world]], and in [[Egypt]] one of his poems has been sung by [[Umm Kulthum]], the most famous modern Egyptian artist, while among his modern admirers there are influential literary figures such as [[Farouk Shousha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2014 |title=Pakistani Embassy celebrates poet Muhammad Iqbal's anniversary |url=https://egyptindependent.com/pakistani-embassy-celebrates-poet-muhammad-iqbal-s-anniversary/ |website=Egypt Independent}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], among the important personalities who were influenced by Iqbal there was [[Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud (1923–2007)|Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud]], a member of the [[House of Saud|Saudi royal family]] and himself a poet.<ref>SHAHID, Mohammad Haneef, "IQBAL AND THE SAUDI SCHOLARS", ''IQBAL REVIEW'' 29, no. 1: April 1988 (1988): pp. 157-67</ref>

=== Western countries ===
[[File:Iqbal Street in Heidelberg Germany.jpg|thumb|Sign for the street ''Iqbal-Ufer'' in [[Heidelberg]], Germany, honouring Iqbal<ref name="Iqbal-West1">{{cite web|title=Luxury edition of works by poet Muhammad Iqbal|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news2011/pm20110325_sai_raritaet_en.html|work=[[University of Heidelberg]]|date=25 March 2011|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>]]
Iqbal's views on the Western world have been applauded by Westerners, including [[United States Supreme Court]] Associate Justice [[William O. Douglas]], who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal".<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" /> Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote:

{{blockquote|[Iqbal is] great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination and oppression in all forms, i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism, democracy, peace and friendship among peoples.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" />}}

Others, including [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]], stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was "anti-intellect", because "capitalism fosters intellect".<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" /> [[Freeland Abbott]] objected to Iqbal's views of the West, saying that they were based on the role of imperialism and that Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985">{{cite web|last=Review|first=Iqbal|year=1985|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct85/index.htm |title=American, West European and Soviet Attitudes to Iqbal |format=PHP|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilization.<ref name="allamaiqbal review 1985" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Muhammad Iqbal 1977 coin.png|thumb|
"'''[[Islamic honorifics#Unicode|{{huge|ؒ}}]]'''صد سالہ تقریب پیدائش علامہ محمد اقبال" ([[Persian language|P]], ''sad'', one hundred) (P. ''sāla/sālha'', years) ([[Arabic language|A]] ''taqrīb'', anniversary) (P. ''paidāʼish'', birth) of [[Allamah]] Muhammad Iqbal ([[Islamic honorifics#Applied to scholars and saints|R.A]]) on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] and "حکومتِ پاکستان 1 روپیہ" "[[Government of Pakistan]], 1 [[Pakistani rupee|Rūpiyah]]" on the reverse, among [[Commemorative coins of Pakistan|commemorative coins]] issued by the [[State Bank of Pakistan]] in 1977.]]
Iqbal is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the 20th century.<ref name="Kiernan2013-2">{{cite book |last=Kiernan |first=V.G. |author-link=Victor Kiernan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ |title=Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text |publisher=Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-906616-2 |pages=xi–xiii}} Quote: "In Urdu, Iqbal is allowed to have been far the greatest poet of this century, and by most critics to be the only equal of [[Ghalib]] (1797–1869). ... the Urdu poems, addressed to a real and familiar audience close at hand, have the merit of being direct, spontaneous utterances on tangible subjects. (p. xiii)"</ref><ref name="Anjum2014">{{citation |last=Anjum |first=Zafar |title=Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician |date=13 October 2014 |pages=16– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-81-8400-656-8 |quote=Responding to this call, he published a collection of Urdu poems, Bal-e-Jibril (The Wings of Gabriel) in 1935 and Zarb-e Kalim (The Stroke of the Rod of Moses) in 1936. Through this, Iqbal achieved the status of the greatest Urdu poet in the twentieth century. |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="Robinson1996">{{citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World |pages=283– |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66993-1 |quote=In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.}}</ref><ref name="britannica-maconough">{{citation |last=McDonough |first=Sheila D |title=Muhammad Iqbal |date=5 November 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal |access-date=7 February 2021 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote=He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century}}</ref> Apart from Urdu, he is also recognized as a leading Persian poet<ref name="Kiernan2013-1">{{cite book |last=Kiernan |first=V.G. |author-link=Victor Kiernan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ |title=Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text |publisher=Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-906616-2 |pages=xi–xiii}} Quote: "In Persian, ... he published six volumes of mainly long poems between 1915 and 1936, ... more or less complete works on philosophical themes" (p. xiii)"</ref><ref name="Lelyveld-Martin2004">{{citation |last=Lelyveld |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |page=356 |year=2004 |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |chapter=Muhammad Iqbal |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |quote=Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.}}</ref> and one of the foremost Islamic philosophers of the modern era.<ref name="IqbalSinghZakaria1981">{{citation |last1=Iqbal |first1=Sir Muhammad |title=Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en, ur |isbn=978-0-19-561324-7 |quote="Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9) |last2=Zakaria |first2=Rafiq |author-link1= |author-link2=Rafiq Zakaria |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Khushwant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Craig |first=Edward |title=Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=2000 |pages=404 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Parray |first=Tauseef |title=Islam and Democracy in the 21st Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023}}</ref> Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state.<ref name="Lelyveld-Martin2004" /><ref name="EmbreeHay1988">{{citation |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-06414-9 |quote=Sir Syed Ahmed had brought rationalism and the desire for knowledge and progress to the Indian Muslims; Muhammad Iqbal brought them inspiration and philosophy. Next to the Quran, there is no single influence upon the consciousness of the Pakistani intelligentsia so powerful as Iqbal’s poetry. In his own time, it kindled the enthusiasm of Muslim intellectuals for the values of Islam and rallied the Muslim community once again to the banner of their faith. For this reason, Iqbal is looked upon today as the spiritual founder of Pakistan. |last2=Hay |first2=Stephen N. |last3=Bary |first3=William Theodore De}}</ref> Iqbal is the [[namesake]] of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the [[Allama Iqbal Medical College]] in Lahore, [[Iqbal Stadium]] in [[Faisalabad]], [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in the [[University of Kashmir]], the [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], Iqbal Hostel in [[Government College University, Lahore]], the Allama Iqbal Hall at [[Nishtar Medical College]] in [[Multan]], [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town]] in Karachi, [[Allama Iqbal Town]] in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Allama Iqbal Hostel at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in New Delhi and Iqbal Hall at the [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight operation partially resumed at Pakistan's Lahore airport |url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/world/10/20190303/256429.html |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Xinhua / CRI News |date=3 March 2019}}</ref> Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in Persian, English and Urdu.

In India, his song "[[Tarana-e-Hind]]" is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony.<ref name="ThePrint" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Iqbal|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw0rOQAACAAJ|title=The Secrets of the Self|date=2008|publisher=LULU Press|isbn=978-1-4099-0959-0|pages=114|language=en}}</ref> ''Dr. Mohammad Iqbal'', an Indian documentary film directed by [[K.A. Abbas]] and written by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] was released in 1978. It was produced by [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ali Sardar Jafri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA204|year=2001|publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]|isbn=978-81-263-0671-8|page=204}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Mohammad Iqbal (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SYR/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in India awards the Iqbal Samman, named in honour of the poet, every year at the [[Bharat Bhavan]] to Indian writers for their contributions to [[Urdu literature]] and [[Urdu poetry|poetry]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Organiser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNA-AQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bharat Prakashan.|page=13|volume=51}}</ref>

The Pakistani government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the [[Iqbal Academy Pakistan]] to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in [[philately]] and in other hobbies. His son [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javed Iqbal]] served as a justice of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence.<ref>[http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx Javaid Manzil last residence of Allama Iqbal looking for visitors By M Abid Ayub] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110826055259/http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx |date=26 August 2011 }}. Ilmkidunya.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</ref>

In [[Bangladesh]], Sir Iqbal Road in [[Khulna]] named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=খুলনার স্যার ইকবাল রোডে কমিউনিটি ব্যাংকের দ্বিতীয় উপ-শাখা উদ্বোধন |url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2023/07/19/317129 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Dhakatimes News}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Iqbal Second Round Table Conference.jpeg|At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931
File:Pic iqbal 006.jpg|A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931).
File:Pic Iqbal 07.jpg|Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932
File:Iqbal in 1934.gif|Iqbal in 1934
File:Iqbal11.jpg|Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933
File:Muhammad Iqbal.jpg|Iqbal at [[Shimla]] in 1930s
File:Iqbal in Afghanistan.jpg|Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood
File:Allama muhammad iqbal.jpg|alt=Poet of East|A monument displaying Iqbal
</gallery>

== Bibliography ==
{{Main|Muhammad Iqbal bibliography}}

;Prose book in Urdu
* ''[[Ilm al-Iqtisad|Ilm-ul-Iqtisad]]'' (1903)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

;Prose books in English
* ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]'' (1908)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal|website=www.allamaiqbal.com|access-date=10 March 2004|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'' (1930)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />

;Poetic books in Persian
* ''[[Asrar-i-Khudi]]'' (1915)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Rumuz-i-Bekhudi]]'' (1917)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Payam-i-Mashriq]]'' (1923)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Zabur-i-Ajam]]'' (1927)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Javid Nama]]'' (1932)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[What should then be done O people of the East|Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq]]'' (1936)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Gift from Hijaz|Armughan-e-Hijaz]]'' (1938)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="brightpk.com" /> (in Persian and Urdu)

;Poetic books in Urdu
* ''[[Bang-i-Dara]]'' (1924)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Bal-i-Jibril]]'' (1935)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[The Rod of Moses|Zarb-i Kalim]]'' (1936)<ref name="allamaiqbal.com" />
* ''[[Gift from Hijaz|Armughan-e-Hijaz]]'' (1938)<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan" /><ref name="allamaiqbal.com" /><ref name="brightpk.com" /> (in Persian and Urdu)

== English Translations ==

Ali, Zirrar (2026) ''Masnavi Iqbal: Secrets of the Self''<ref name=":0" />

Mir, Mustansir (2000) ''Tulip in the Desert: A Selection of Iqbal's Poetry''

D.J. Matthews (2017). ''Iqbal, a Selection of the Urdu Verse''

Ali, Zirrar (2021) ''Ghazi and the Garden: Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal by Zirrar Ali''<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]

== References ==
{{noteslist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Ali, Zirrar (2021) ''Ghazi and the Garden: Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal by Zirrar Ali''. [[Special:BookSources/9781399901505|ISBN 9781399901505]].
* Ali, Zirrar (2026) ''Masnavi Iqbal: Secrets of the Self''. [[Special:BookSources/9781036950644|ISBN 9781036950644]].
* {{Cite book| first=Khurram Ali|last=Shafique| title=Iqbal: His Life and Our Times| publisher=ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan| year=2014| isbn=978-0-9571416-6-7}}
* {{Cite book| first=Kak| last=Ram Nath| title=Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences| url=http://www.koausa.org/Books/AutumnLeaves| publisher=Vitasta| place=India| year=1995| isbn=81-86588-00-0| archive-date=30 June 2006| access-date=3 June 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630040911/http://www.koausa.org/Books/AutumnLeaves/| url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation| first=Mir|last=Mustansir| title=Iqbal| publisher=I.B. Tauris| year=2006| isbn=1-84511-094-3}}
* {{Cite book| first=Munawwar|last=Muhammad| author-link=Muhammad Munawwar| title=Iqbal-Poet Philosopher of Islam| isbn=969-416-061-8|year=2003|publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan }}
* {{cite book|first=Debnath|last=Sailen|title=Secularism: Western and Indian|isbn=978-81-269-1366-4|publisher=Atlantic Publishers| place=New Delhi|date=January 2010}}
* {{Cite book| first=Naipaul|last=V.S.| author-link=V. S. Naipaul| title=Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples| publisher=Random House| place=USA| year=1998| isbn=0-375-50118-5}}
* {{Citation| first=Schimmel|last=Annemarie| author-link=Annemarie Schimmel| title=Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ | publisher=E. J. Brill| place=Leiden, Netherlands| year=1963}}
* {{cite news|title=Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877–1938|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1368130/special-report-the-enduring-vision-of-iqbal-1877-1938|access-date=9 November 2017|work=DAWN|date=9 November 2017}}
*{{Cite book|last=Anjum|first=Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ|title=Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician|publisher=Random House India|year=2014|isbn=9788184006568|author-link=Zafar Anjum}}
*Burzine Waghmar, [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/schimmel-annmarie-iqbal-indomuslim Annemarie Schimmel: Iqbal and Indo-Muslim Studies], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, published online, 16 April 2018.
*Md Mahmudul Hasan, "Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal"." The Muslim World 110.2 (2020): 195–216. [https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12335 Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal"]
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=S.Aydin |first1=Mehmet |title=İKBAL, Muhammed – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2000 |encyclopedia=[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|TDV Encyclopedia of Islam]] |publisher=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-975-389-449-4 |pages=17–23 |volume=22 (Ihvan-i Safa – Iskit)|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ikbal-muhammed |lang=tr}}
* {{Cite book| first=Rehmat|last=Farrukhabadi| author-link=Rehmat Farrukhabadi| title=اقبال اور عورت [Iqbal and Women] in Urdu| publisher=Ajaib Store Publications |location=Sukkur, Pakistan| year=1962}}

=== Online ===
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal Muhammad Iqbal: poet and philosopher], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by Sheila D. McDonough, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, J.E. Luebering, Kenneth Pletcher and Grace Young.
*{{cite ODNB |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |author-link=H. A. R. Gibb |title=Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1877–1938) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/34108 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34108 |year=2004}}

== External links ==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q = yes
|s = yes
}}

* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/iqbal The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University]
* {{Gutenberg author|id=41313}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Allama Iqbal |sopt=t}}
* [https://www.rekhta.org/Poets/allama-iqbal/ebooks E-Books of Allama Iqbal] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Muhammad Iqbal}}
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Sandeep Reddy Vanga

2026-03-24T08:18:27Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Short description|Indian director, screenwriter, editor}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Weasel|date=January 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Reddy Vanga
| image = Sandeep Vanga Dallas.jpg
| caption = Sandeep Vanga in 2023
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], India
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[editor]]}}
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Manisha Reddy|2014}}
| children = 2
| notable_works = * ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
* ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
* ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
}}
'''Sandeep Reddy Vanga''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]] and [[editor]] who works in [[ Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] cinema. Vanga made his directorial debut with the 2017 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic drama ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'', a critical and commercial success. He also directed its [[Hindi]]- remake, ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' in 2019, which became the highest grossing [[A certificate|A-rated]] Indian film of its time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=Kabir Singh enters 200 crore club, first A-rated film to achieve the feat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/04/kabir-singh-enters-200-crore-club-first-a-rated-film-to-achieve-the-feat-12747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705045731/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/04/kabir-singh-enters-200-crore-club-first-a-rated-film-to-achieve-the-feat-12747.html |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Vanga's prominence increased with the [[Hindi]]-language action-drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), which generally received mixed reviews from the critics. Nevertheless the film emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|10th highest-grossing Indian film]] and the highest-grossing A-rated Indian film of its time.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Animal box office collection Day 8 early report: Ranbir Kapoor-starrer becomes highest grossing 'A' rated film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-early-report-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-becomes-highest-grossing-a-rated-film-9060270/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209024111/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-early-report-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-becomes-highest-grossing-a-rated-film-9060270/ |url-status=live}}</ref> For ''Animal'', Vanga was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay writer]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editor]] at the [[69th Filmfare Awards]].

== Early life ==
Sandeep Reddy Vanga was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family, in [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]. He did his early schooling at Platinum Jubilee High School, Warangal, and moved to [[Hyderabad]] after class 8 standard for his further education. He earned a bachelor's degree in [[physiotherapy]], and later went on to pursue filmmaking at an International Film School in [[Sydney|Sydney, Australia]].<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170817/a-director-to-watch-out-for.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |title=Director Sandeep Vanga to watch out for! |first1=Pranita |last1=Jonnalagedda |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830205850/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170817/a-director-to-watch-out-for.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Animal: Who Is Sandeep Reddy Vanga, Whose Film Starring Ranbir Kapoor Has Sparked HUGE Debate |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-who-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-whose-film-starring-ranbir-kapoor-has-sparked-huge-debate-8700373.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420134524/https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-who-is-sandeep-reddy-vanga-whose-film-starring-ranbir-kapoor-has-sparked-huge-debate-8700373.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2005–2016: Early career ===
Vanga worked as an apprentice for the film ''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]'' in 2005 for 25 days at [[Rushikonda Beach]], [[Vizag]]. He worked for a few Tollywood films, including ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]'' (2010) as an assistant director with Kiran Kumar and ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]'' (2015) as an associate director. He started writing the script of ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''.

=== 2017–present: Breakthrough and recognition ===
Vanga started writing the script for ''Arjun Reddy'' in 2013 and finished it in two years. Producer [[Swapna Dutt]] and [[Sharwanand]] showed interest to produce and act in the film, however, it did not pan out as expected as Sharwanand had multiple projects in the queue at the time. He was introduced to [[Vijay Deverakonda]] by a common friend. He cast him as the lead for his directorial debut ''Arjun Reddy''. The film was released on 25 August 2017 to critical acclaim and became a commercial success. It was produced on a minuscule budget of ₹4–5 crores, but went on to gross more than ₹50 crores (US$8 million) at the box office.<ref name="gross">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |title=Telugu film 'Arjun Reddy' reaches the Rs 50 crore club |date=16 October 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206162933/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-week-2-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-collects-rs-41-5-crore-worldwide/articleshow/60449785.cms |title=Arjun Reddy box office collection week 2: Vijay Devarakonda starrer collects Rs 41.5 crore worldwide |last=Jayakrishnan |date=10 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180402084629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/arjun-reddy-box-office-collection-week-2-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-collects-rs-41-5-crore-worldwide/articleshow/60449785.cms |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="TH writeup">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-hours-and-a-huge-hit-later/article19643308.ece |title=Three hours and a huge hit later |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=9 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402084431/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-hours-and-a-huge-hit-later/article19643308.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

Vanga himself agreed to direct ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019), the Hindi version remake of his debut ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya defends Kabir Singh |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/170220/vidya-defends-kabir-singh.html |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220162219/https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/170220/vidya-defends-kabir-singh.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shahid Kapoor]] was signed in as the eponymous protagonist, while [[Kiara Advani]] was enlisted to play the female lead.

On 1 January 2021, Vanga's next directorial titled ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'', an action drama film starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Bobby Deol]] was announced. It was produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Bhadrakhali Pictures, and Cine1Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Ranbir Kapoor to star in Sandeep Reddy Vanga's crime drama Animal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-star-in-sandeep-reddy-vanga-animal-7128150/ |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Animal'' released on 1 December 2023, it made Vanga a household name in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. ''Animal'' received mixed response from the critics, with praise going towards its performances, music, and technical aspects. The film was major commercial success, grossing over {{INRConvert|900|c}} worldwide, becoming the [[List of Indian films of 2023|third highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]], the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|eighth highest-grossing Indian film]], and the highest-grossing [[A certificate|A-rated]] Indian film of all time.<ref name="indianexpress" /> A sequel titled ''Animal Park'' was teased in the post-credits scene of the film, whose shooting will commence between 2026 and 2027.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-sandeep-reddy-vang-gives-major-update-on-animal-park-says-it-will-be-bigger--wilder-713524 | title=Sandeep Reddy Vang gives major update on Animal Park, says it will be 'bigger & wilder' | date=21 April 2024 }}</ref>

Also in 2021, Vanga announced that he was set to work on the film ''Spirit'', an action thriller film. [[Prabhas]] was confirmed as starring in an unspecified role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2021-10-07 |title=Prabhas announces 25th film Spirit, to be directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-announces-25th-film-spirit-to-be-directed-by-sandeep-reddy-vanga-1861822-2021-10-07 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]] was initially set to also star, but was replaced by [[Triptii Dimri|Tripti Dimri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga opens up on Spirit poster; Prabhas calls it ‘cult’: ‘Both husband and wife are drinking’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sandeep-reddy-vanga-spirit-poster-prabhas-calls-it-cult-triptii-dimri-husband-wife-10462149/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Filming for ''Spirit'' began in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2025 |title=Prabhas, Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s Film Spirit Commences Shooting |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/prabhas-sandeep-reddy-vangas-film-spirit-commences-shooting-79483.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmmaking ==
Vanga's films are mostly character-driven, featuring [[antihero]]es as the protagonists, along with dark [[psychological]] themes. He also gets the soundtrack composed before shooting his films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/did-sandeep-reddy-vanga-finalise-music-for-prabhas-spirit-what-we-know-ws-l-aa-aa-9435753.html|title=Did Sandeep Reddy Vanga Finalise Music For Prabhas’ Spirit? What We Know|website=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> His debut film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' was described by [[The Times of India]] as a trendsetter which reinvented the love-tragedy genre.<ref name=r5>{{Cite news|title='Arjun Reddy' completes three years: Recollect these kick-ass SCENES from Vijay Deverakonda's cult film|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arjun-reddy-completes-three-years-recollect-these-kick-ass-scenes-from-vijay-deverakondas-cult-film/articleshow/77738811.cms|date=August 25, 2020}} {{Cite web|title=Three years for cult classic Arjun Reddy|url=https://www.telugu360.com/three-years-for-cult-classic-arjun-reddy/|date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> While making the action-drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'', Vanga cited the influence of ''[[The Godfather]]'' and ''[[Kill Bill]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-shares-how-influence-of-the-godfather-and-kill-bill-shaped-animal-i-saw-the-godfather-for-some-30-40-times-9076398/ | title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga shares how influence of the Godfather and Kill Bill shaped Animal: 'I saw the Godfather for some 30-40 times' | date=20 December 2023 }}</ref> He himself considers ''Arjun Reddy'' and ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' love stories and ''Animal'' a [[family drama]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/prabhas-and-sandeep-reddy-vangas-spirit-to-be-a-commercial-entertainer-1503319436.html | title=Prabhas and Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'Spirit' to be a 'commercial entertainer' | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=11 July 2024 }}</ref>

While Vanga's films have been commercially successful, they have been the subject of controversy for the inclusion and alleged glorification of misogynistic themes.<ref name="thefederal">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Takshi |date=1 December 2023 |title=Animal review: Sandeep Reddy Vanga parades misogyny under the guise of love |url=https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/animal-review-sandeep-reddy-vanga-parades-misogyny-under-the-guise-of-love-102119 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=thefederal.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129063852/https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/animal-review-sandeep-reddy-vanga-parades-misogyny-under-the-guise-of-love-102119 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Poorva |title='Animal' glorifies violence, misogyny. Is its success a stamp of approval? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/animal-violence-misogyny-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-box-office-collection-2474838-2023-12-15 |website=indiatoday.in |publisher=India Today |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> For instance, scenes in ''Arjun Reddy'' and ''Animal'' have been faulted for normalizing [[toxic masculinity]] and [[violence towards women | violence against women]], sparking widespread debates about the impacts of such portrayals on audiences. <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2023/Dec/13/excessive-gore-blinding-us-to-domestic-violence-2641253.html</ref> At the same time, he and his works have been defended by filmmakers such as [[Ram Gopal Varma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ram-gopal-varma-defends-ranbir-kapoors-animal-saying-movies-dont-influence-society-sholay-is-the-biggest-hit-nobody-became-a-dacoit/articleshow/105971431.cms|title=Ram Gopal Varma defends Ranbir Kapoor's Animal saying 'movies don't influence society': 'Sholay is the biggest hit, nobody became a dacoit'|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> [[Anurag Kashyap]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-meets-sandeep-reddy-vanga-after-watching-animal-twice-calls-him-most-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-at-the-moment-9107978/|title=Anurag Kashyap meets Sandeep Reddy Vanga after watching Animal 'twice'; calls him 'most misunderstood, judged filmmaker at the moment'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=13 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114105028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-meets-sandeep-reddy-vanga-after-watching-animal-twice-calls-him-most-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-at-the-moment-9107978/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vikram Bhatt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-discussions-animal-quotes-examples-shah-rukh-khan-darr-al-pacino-sacrface-9108209/|title=Vikram Bhatt says discussions around Animal 'too much', cites Shah Rukh Khan's Darr and Al Pacino's Scarface: 'Films are not community service'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=13 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114070350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-discussions-animal-quotes-examples-shah-rukh-khan-darr-al-pacino-sacrface-9108209/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/javed-akhtar-isnt-accepting-that-society-has-changed-sanjay-gupta-sides-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-animal-debate-9126626/|title='Javed Akhtar isn't accepting that society has changed': Sanjay Gupta sides with Sandeep Reddy Vanga in Animal debate|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> and [[Mohit Suri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mohit-suri-reacts-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-facing-backlash-for-his-films-i-loved-animal-8885232|title=Mohit Suri Reacts To Sandeep Reddy Vanga Facing Backlash For His Films: "I Loved Animal"|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> as well as actresses [[Rashmika Mandanna]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-unique-filmmaking-approach-supported/articleshow/106978835.cms?from=mdr|title=Rashmika Mandanna defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga; says, 'He functions differently'|website=[[Times of India]]|date=19 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119104111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-unique-filmmaking-approach-supported/articleshow/106978835.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tanishaa Mukerji]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanishaa-mukerji-dubs-animal-feminist-movie-defends-lick-my-shoe-scene-9118851/|title=Tanishaa Mukerji dubs Animal as a feminist movie, defends 'lick my shoe' scene: 'It was very realistic'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=20 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120102005/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanishaa-mukerji-dubs-animal-feminist-movie-defends-lick-my-shoe-scene-9118851/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sargun Mehta]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sargun-mehta-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-on-misogyny-in-animal-says-if-people-want-to-learn-lessons-from-films-lets-shut-down-schools-9167637/|title=Sargun Mehta defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga on misogyny in Animal, says if people want to learn lessons from films, 'Let's shut down schools'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2024|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218083654/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sargun-mehta-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-on-misogyny-in-animal-says-if-people-want-to-learn-lessons-from-films-lets-shut-down-schools-9167637/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indira Krishnan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-actor-indira-krishna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-verbal-spat-with-adil-hussain-101719204436613.html|title=Animal actor Indira Krishna defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga in verbal spat with Adil Hussain|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624074902/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-actor-indira-krishna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-verbal-spat-with-adil-hussain-101719204436613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Bhumi Pednekar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-defends-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-says-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-right-of-self-expression-as-a-filmmaker/articleshow/107559747.cms|title=Bhumi Pednekar defends Ranbir Kapoor starrer 'Animal'; says Sandeep Reddy Vanga has right of 'self expression' as a filmmaker|website=[[Times of India]]|date=9 February 2024|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-defends-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-says-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-right-of-self-expression-as-a-filmmaker/articleshow/107559747.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kashyap in particular has remained vocal about defending him and ''Animal'' because he himself faced similar challenges following the release of his own films ''[[Dev.D]]'', ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' and ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-backs-honest-sandeep-reddy-vanga-compares-toxic-bollywood-folks-call-out-hypocrisy-9384819/|title=Anurag Kashyap backs 'honest' Sandeep Reddy Vanga, compares him to 'toxic' Bollywood folks: 'I want to call out the hypocrisy'|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611063238/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-backs-honest-sandeep-reddy-vanga-compares-toxic-bollywood-folks-call-out-hypocrisy-9384819/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-says-he-loves-talking-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-a-lot-of-people-in-the-industry-are-toxic-8929113.html|title=Anurag Kashyap Says He Loves Talking To Sandeep Reddy Vanga: 'A Lot Of People In The Industry Are Toxic'|website=[[CNN-News18]]|date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611223846/https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-says-he-loves-talking-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-a-lot-of-people-in-the-industry-are-toxic-8929113.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-says-his-daughter-aaliyah-called-him-out-for-views-on-animal-and-photo-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-101718885106905.html|title=Anurag Kashyap says his daughter Aaliyah called him out for views on Animal and photo with Sandeep Reddy Vanga|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620125931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-says-his-daughter-aaliyah-called-him-out-for-views-on-animal-and-photo-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-101718885106905.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sandeep Reddy Vanga is married to Manisha Reddy. The couple has two kids, a daughter and a son in 2014.<ref name="news18" /> Vanga stated that he named his son, Arjun Reddy after the protagonist of his first film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |title=Kabir Singh director Sandeep Vanga: I named my son Arjun Reddy |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-singh-director-sandeep-vanga-i-named-my-son-arjun-reddy/articleshow/69623669.cms |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205231634/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-singh-director-sandeep-vanga-i-named-my-son-arjun-reddy/articleshow/69623669.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga showed Animal's edited version to 7-year-old son, had 'ideological battles' with wife: 'She felt there was too much bloodshed' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-showed-edited-version-of-animal-to-7-year-old-son-admits-he-had-ideological-battles-with-wife-9146247/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420134524/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-showed-edited-version-of-animal-to-7-year-old-son-admits-he-had-ideological-battles-with-wife-9146247/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of directorial feature films
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" | Editor
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Remake of ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Also voice-over for [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as Aziz Haque
|-
| 2027
| {{Pending film|Spirit}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Telugu
| Filming<ref>{{Cite web| title=Prabhas–Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s Spirit begins filming; muhurat held in Hyderabad with Chiranjeevi as the chief guest
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/prabhas-sandeep-reddy-vangas-spirit-begins-filming-muhurat-held-hyderabad-chiranjeevi-chief-guest/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=23 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

'''Acting roles'''
{| class="wikitable" text-align: center;

! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''
|Man on a boat
|Uncredited
|-
|2018
|''[[Mahanati]]''
|[[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| Aziz Haque
| Voice only
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;
|+ List of Sandeep Reddy Vanga awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| rowspan="2" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="SIIMA Awards 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="SIIMA Awards 2018"/>
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[26th Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
|[[21st IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| rowspan="4" | [[69th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="7" |''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards 2024 nominees"/>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards 2024 nominees">{{cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Shah Rukh Khan gets 2 Best Actor nominations, Animal leads with 19 nods |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-shah-rukh-khan-gets-2-best-actor-nominations-animal-leads-with-19-nods-101705337092903.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830122416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-shah-rukh-khan-gets-2-best-actor-nominations-animal-leads-with-19-nods-101705337092903.html |archive-date=30 August 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards 2024 nominees"/>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards 2024 nominees"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[24th IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9227039}}
* {{Twitter|id=imvangasandeep}}
* {{Instagram|id=sandeepreddy.vanga}}

{{Sandeep Reddy Vanga}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanga, Sandeep Reddy}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Telangana]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Telugu film editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]

Goud

2026-03-19T21:23:09Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: /* References */Removed parent category of Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh Category:Social groups of Telangana

{{about|the community|other uses|Goud (surname) }}
{{Short description|Indian caste}}

{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Goud
| caste_name_in_local =
| classification = [[Backward Caste|Other Backward Caste (OBC)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvZW9%2fwXcIbxcNal%2fTghxZUuV7adcx5Bs1cEGdzKqq0GufcXEZAUTq0|title=Central List of OBCs|website=National Commission for Backward Classes}}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| country = [[India]]
| languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| populated_states = [[Telangana]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
}}

'''Goud''' is a [[Caste system in India|caste]], predominantly settled in the [[Indian states]] of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Gouds have been traditionally involved in the occupation of [[toddy tapping]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cm-announces-sops-for-toddy-tapper-community/article23326020.ece|title=CM announces sops for toddy tapper community|work=The Hindu}}</ref> They are a rapidly developing community in both economical and political realms in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramagoud|first=Akhileshwari|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&dq=goud+toddy&pg=PT541|title=The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Somanaboina|editor-first=Simhadri|chapter=OBC Women in Nizamabad, Telangana: Entrenched inequality, a narrative of four castes|doi=10.4324/9781003152873-28|s2cid=244577161 |editor-last2=Ramagoud|editor-first2=Akhileshwari}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Harish Shankar

2026-03-17T05:18:38Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: small edit

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{About|the screenwriter and director|the conductor|Harish Shankar (conductor)}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Shankar
| image = Harish Shankar.jpg
| caption = Shankar at the success meet of ''[[Mahanati]]'' in May 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|3|31|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Harish Shankar: 5 films that prove the director's filmmaking prowess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-harish-shankar-5-films-that-prove-the-directors-filmmaking-prowess/photostory/81763701.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dharmapuri, Jagtial district|Dharmapuri]], [[Jagityal]],[[Telangana]], India
| alma mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sanganabhatla Harish Shankar''' (born 31 March 1977) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his works exclusively in [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Telugu drama|Telugu theater]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280617/harish-shankar-criticises-critics-at-duvvada-jagannadam-thank-you-meet.html|title=Harish Shankar criticises critics at 'Duvvada Jagannadam' Thank You Meet!|date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-harish-shankar-on-subramanyam-for-sale/article7668306.ece|title='Subramanyam for Sale' is for families|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'' (2006), produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rooted-in-commerce/article5236839.ece|title=Rooted in commerce|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 October 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

He has directed ''[[Mirapakay]]'' (2011), ''[[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012); for which he received the [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Director]], and [[CineMAA Awards|CineMAA Award for Best Director]]. Gabbar Singh grossed {{INRConvert|150|c}} worldwide, becoming one of the highest grossing Telugu films at the time.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|title=Gabbar singh highest grosser in south|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gabbar-singh-highest-grosser-110233-2012-07-18|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312155348/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gabbar-singh-highest-grosser/1/209129.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' (2013) grossed a worldwide share of {{INRConvert|309|m}}{{cn|date=October 2024}} and ''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' (2017) grossed {{INR}}150 crore,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/duvvada-jagannadham-completes-3-years-allu-arjun-calls-it-one-of-his-most-memorable-films/story-N8FRGMqCBzfG7JFFstjgfM.html |title=Duvvada Jagannadham completes 3 years: Allu Arjun calls it one of his most memorable films |website=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |quote=The film, which went on to gross over ₹150 crore worldwide}}</ref> both of which were directed by him.

==Early life==
Harish Shankar was born in [[Dharmapuri, Jagtial district|Dharmapuri]], [[Telangana]] into a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family and was brought up in [[BHEL Township, Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 June 2012|title=Harish Shankar interview - Telugu film director|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harishshankar.html|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> He has a younger brother, Vishnu Prasad, and a younger sister. He studied at [[Osmania University]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/duvvada-jagannadham-quick-review/article19132669.ece|title='Duvvada Jagannadham' quick review|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 June 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Film craft==
Shankar started stage acting with ''Seeta Nilayam'' and ''Lalitha kala Mandiram'', based in [[Telangana]]. He then began writing and screenwriting.<ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harishshankar.html |title=Harish Shankar Interview |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> He is influenced by [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]'s works and is interested in dialects, regional and linguistic influences.{{cn|date=October 2024}} He was associated with [[Kona Venkat]], [[Puri Jagannadh]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], and has worked as an associate director for films such as ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]'' and ''[[Veede]]''.<ref name=r1/>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in Telugu, unless mentioned.''

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mirapakay]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Subramanyam for Sale|Subramanyam For Sale]]''
|-
| 2017 || ''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham|Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]}}
|}

===Screenwriter===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]'' || Co-writer and actor
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Co-director
|-
| 2005 || ''[[A Film by Aravind]]'' || Actor
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Bujjigadu]]''|| rowspan="3" | Co-writer
|-
| ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Nippu]]'' || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2023 || ''[[ATM (web series)|ATM]]'' || Writer; [[ZEE5]] series
|-
|}

===Actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]''|| College student || Also co-writer
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' ||Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[A Film by Aravind]]''|| Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Modati Cinema]]''||Harish || also worked as Associate Director
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Neninthe]]''|| screenplay writer || rowspan="5" | Cameo role
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Nippu]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]''|| Himself
|-
|2025
|''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''
|
|-
|2026
|[[Funky (film)]]
|Himself
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2356507}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Harish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Ruthika

2026-03-16T20:42:24Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruthika
| image = Ruthika.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Rutika, Rutika Singh
| birth_name =
| children =
| spouse =
| occupation = Actress, Model
| height =
| yearsactive = 1995{{endash}}2010
}}

'''Ruthika''' is an Indian film actress who has acted in multiple Indian languages but predominantly in Telugu films. She has also made her mark in Hindi, Kannada, Bengali and Malayalam films. She made her film debut as the lead actress under the name Rutika in the 1995 [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movie ''[[Sarhad: The Border of Crime]]''. Later, she went on to play both leading and supporting roles, along with special dance numbers in various movies. She played glamorous roles in most of her films like ''[[6 Teens]], [[Xtra (film)|Xtra]], Thrill'' but she is also recognized for her acting prowess in the films like ''Tara, [[Vikramarkudu]], [[Sarhad: The Border of Crime]], Ananda and Dreams''. She is sighted as the bold and beautiful actress down South for her glamour and oomph factor.

== Career ==
Ruthika played the lead roles in films such as ''[[6 Teens]]'' (2001), ''Sorry Naaku Pellaindi'' (2004),<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sorrynaakupellaindi.html|title=Movie review - Sorry Naaku Pellaindi|date=5 March 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}</ref> and ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004). Regarding her performance in ''Xtra'', a critic wrote that "Ruthika Singh is really hot and lived up to her reputation as the Tollywood's latest sex symbol".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|title=Movie review - Xtra (Mythili Malli Rammandi)|date=25 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref> She played a sub-inspector in ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006) and went on to play supporting roles in many films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/know-what-ravi-teja-and-anushka-shetty-movie-vikramarkudu-side-actress-ruthika-is-doing-and-how-she-is-looking-now-au51-921168.html|title=Vikramarkudu: విక్రమార్కుడు సినిమాలో నటించిన ఈ బ్యూటీ ఇప్పుడు ఎలా ఉందో తెలుసా..?|language=te|first=Rajeev|last=Rayala|date=29 March 2023|work=[[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Telugu===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[6 Teens]]'' (2001) as Ankita<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/6_teens|title=6 Teens Rotten Tomatoes|work=[[RottenTomatoes.com]]}}</ref>
*''Tara'' (2001) as Tara's Mother
*''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]'' (2002) as herself ([[Item Number|Special Dance Number]])
*''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' (2003) as herself (Special Dance Number)
*''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]'' (2003) as a Pick-Pocketer (Special Dance Number)
*''Sorry Naaku Pellaindi'' (2004) as Sarita<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sorrynaakupellaindi.html |title=Sorry Naaku Pellaindi Movie Review|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
*''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004) as Mythili
*''Rambha Neeku Oorvasi Naaku'' (2005) as TV Anchor Ruthika Rani
*''[[Sarada Saradaga]]'' (2006) as Sundari
*''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006) as Sub-Inspector Razia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-rajamouli.html| title=Rajamouli - chitchat - Telugu film director |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
*''Thrill'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news249.html|title=Veeru K's Thrill with Ruthika|date=30 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
*''[[Allare Allari]]'' (2007) as herself (Special Dance Number)
*''[[Premabhishekam (2008 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (2008) as Jayasudha<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2008/premabhishekam-review-170308.html|title=Premabhishekam 2008 Movie Review|work=[[filmibeat.com]]|date=3 August 2011 }}</ref>
*''[[John Appa Rao 40 Plus]]'' (2008) as Fashion Model (Special Dance Number)
*''[[Blade Babji]]'' (2008) as Rani (Thief)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/blade-babji-review-entertaining-mass-comedy-10686|title=Blade Babji Movie Review|work=[[greatandhra.com]]}}</ref>
*''Sorry Maa Aayana Intlo Unnadu'' (2010)
{{Colend}}

===Kannada===
{{colbegin}}
*''Friends'' (2002)
*''Dreams'' (2003)
*''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Ananda (film)|Ananda]]'' (2003)
*''[[Laali Haadu]]'' (2003)
*''Nanna Hendti Maduve'' (2003)
*''Trin Trin'' (2004)
*''[[Rakshasa (2005 film)|Rakshasa]]'' (2005)
*''[[Lava Kusha (2007 film)|Lava Kusha]]'' (2007)
*''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' (2008)
*''[[Jolly Days (film)|Jolly Days]]'' (2009)
{{Colend}}

===Hindi===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Sarhad: The Border of Crime]]'' (1995) as Jyothi
*''[[Sanyasi Mera Naam]]'' (1999) as herself (Special Dance Number)
*''[[Billa No. 786]]'' (2000) as Pinky Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title= Billa No. 786 Collections |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=734 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
*''[[Baghaawat – Ek Jung]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghaawat... Ek Jung - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2090 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (2001) as Mary
*''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (2001 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' (2001) as Chhaila's love interest
*[[Arjun Devaa (film)|''Arjun Devaa'']]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/arjun-devaa-am328311/cast-crew |title=Arjun Devaa (2001) - Imraan Khan {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=www.allmovie.com}}</ref> (2001) as Phoolmati
{{Colend}}

===Malayalam===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Masmaram]]'' (1997) as Sherin
*''Naalamkettile Nalla Thambimar'' (1996) as herself (Special Dance Number)
{{Colend}}

===Bengali===
{{colbegin}}
*''Nishana'' (2002)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt5184680/|title=Nishana|work=[[imdb.com]]}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]

Padur, Chennai

2026-03-13T13:23:12Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padur, Chennai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Padur, Chengalpattu district (Tamil Nadu)
| coordinates = {{coord|12.807700|N|80.225800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| established_title = <! -- Established -->
| government_type =
| government_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31
| elevation_ft =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Speech
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 603103
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood]]s
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Siruseri]], [[Kelambakkam]], [[Navalur]], [[Semmencherry]], [[Thiruvidandai]] and [[Covelong]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = Mr. S. Arunraj, I. A. S.
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| blank6_info_sec1 =
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank7_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Padur''' is a neighbourhood situated along the [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]] (OMR) in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It lies approximately 35-40 kilometers south of Chennai city center and has become a popular area due to its proximity to the IT corridors of OMR, which house many technology companies, business parks, and educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Liffy Thomas |date=2021-09-25 |title=Wake up Padur! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wake-up-padur/article36674299.ece |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Padur is located at an altitude of about 31 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|12.807700|N|80.225800|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Padur, Kanchipuram |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Padur,_Kanchipuram&params=12.807700_N_80.225800_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref> Padur is situated at about 2 km from Siruseri, one of the largest IT Parks in India.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sathik Basha |date=2022-12-23 |title=Poor administration turns Padur roads into accident hot spots |url=https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/chennai-omr-padur-roads-civic-amenities-audits-accidents-57419 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Citizen Matters, Chennai |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Jayanthi Jacob |date=2016-10-07 |title=Residents of Padur on OMR raise their voices against dumping |url=https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/residents-of-padur-on-omr-raise-their-voices-against-dumping-1229 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Citizen Matters, Chennai |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Padur has a school viz., Hindustan International School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us now for Admissions in Hindustan Schools |url=https://hindustaninternationalschools.in/hindustan-padur/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Also, it has an institution namely [[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]] (HITS) here in Padur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HITS-Contact |url=https://hindustanuniv.ac.in/contact.php |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=hindustanuniv.ac.in}}</ref>

Padur is served by a medical facility viz, Supreme Speciality Hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Multi-speciality Hospitals Omr Padur |url=http://www.supremehospitals.in/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.supremehospitals.in}}</ref>

Krishnasamy alias Perumal Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Krishanaswamy @ Perumal Temple, Padur - 603107, Kancheepuram District [TM002945]., |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=2945 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> and Pazhandiyamman Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Pazhandiamman Temple, Padur - 603107, Kancheepuram District [TM002952]., pazhandiyamman, pazhandiyamman |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=2952 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> here in Padur are under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] Government of Tamil Nadu.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chengalpattu district]]

{{Chengalpattu-geo-stub}}

Dilip Joshi

2026-03-05T15:25:56Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Short description|Indian film and television actor (born 26 May 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Dilip Joshi
| image = Dilip Joshi at Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards 2019.jpg
| caption = Joshi in 2019
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1989–present
| spouse = Jaymala Joshi
| children = 2
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
}}
}}
'''Dilip Joshi''' is an [[Indian actor]] who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] and television and is best known for portraying the lead role in the long-running Indian Hindi-language television [[sitcom]], ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'', in which he plays the role of a businessman [[Jethalal Gada|Jethalal Champaklal Gada]], who gets himself in many problems and troubles. The show originally broadcasts on the channel [[Sony SAB]].<ref name=Joshitmkoc>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehtas-dilip-joshi-turns-53-doing-side-roles-in-bollywood-films-to-becoming-everyones-favourite-as-jethalal-his-journey-unfolded/photostory/82969450.cms|title=Taarak Mehta's Dilip Joshi turns 53: Doing side roles in Bollywood films to becoming everyone's favourite as Jethalal, his journey unfolded|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2021|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526092400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehtas-dilip-joshi-turns-53-doing-side-roles-in-bollywood-films-to-becoming-everyones-favourite-as-jethalal-his-journey-unfolded/photostory/82969450.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Joshi was born in Mumbai. He started acting at the age of 12.<ref name="News18Joshi">{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Akriti |title=DYK Dilip Joshi Wasn't The First Choice For Jethalal In Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/dyk-dilip-joshi-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-jethalal-in-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-9104124.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=News 18 |date=31 October 2024}}</ref> While doing [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]], he was awarded the [[Indian National Theatre|INT]] (Indian National Theater) Best Actor.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2021 |title=Dilip Joshi, Munmun Dutta; Educational Qualification Of The Cast Of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dilip-joshi-munmun-dutta-educational-qualification-of-the-cast-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah/etphotostory/86814248.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424060942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dilip-joshi-munmun-dutta-educational-qualification-of-the-cast-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah/etphotostory/86814248.cms|archive-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> He was also a co-owner of a travel agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dilip-joshi-failed-in-class-12-ran-travel-agency-for-five-years-failed-for-the-first-time-8607262/|title=Dilip Joshi shares he failed in 12th standard, ran a travel agency for five years before becoming an actor: 'I failed for the first time'|date=13 May 2023|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 September 2023|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527124509/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dilip-joshi-failed-in-class-12-ran-travel-agency-for-five-years-failed-for-the-first-time-8607262/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Dilip and Disha in Success bash for completion of 1000 episodes of TMKOC.jpg|thumb|200px|Joshi with his co-star [[Disha Vakani]] in success bash for completion of 1000 episodes of ''TMKOC'']]
Joshi's early career consisted of commercial stage performances as a backstage artist, earning approximately Rs 50 per role. He also appeared in films which included ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' and ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''. He also had a minor role in the film ''[[Khiladi 420]]''.<ref name="News18Joshi"/>

During 2008, Joshi began a long run playing the role of [[Jethalal Gada|Jethalal Champaklal Gada]] in the sitcom ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''.<ref name="News18Joshi"/> For his performance in the show, he received several accolades, including five [[Indian Telly Awards|Telly awards]] and three [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khullar |first1=Muskan |title=Dilip Joshi had refused Jethalal's role in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: More shocking facts about the actor |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/dilip-joshi-had-refused-jethalals-role-in-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-more-shocking-facts-about-the-actor-article-91800643 |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=Times News Now |date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || Ramlal "Ramu" Singh ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-joshi-shares-he-did-not-get-any-work-after-hum-aapke-hain-koun-8606000/|title=Dilip Joshi shares he didn't get any work after Hum Aapke Hain Koun: 'I thought now my life is set, but that film…'|date=12 May 2023|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208101911/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-joshi-shares-he-did-not-get-any-work-after-hum-aapke-hain-koun-8606000/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Hun Hunshi Hunshilal]]'' || Hunshilal ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/804700/destroy-all-traces-of-red-why-hun-hunshi-hunshilal-still-matters|title='Destroy all traces of red!' Why 'Hun Hunshi Hunshilal' still matters|date=7 March 2016|publisher=Scroll.in|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414155516/http://thereel.scroll.in/804700/destroy-all-traces-of-red-why-hun-hunshi-hunshilal-still-matters|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' || Bhola Prasad ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-joshi-remembers-when-he-shared-a-room-with-salman-khan-during-hahk-shooting-he-never-threw-a-tantrum-8624903/|title=Dilip Joshi remembers when he shared a room with Salman Khan during HAHK shooting: 'He never threw a tantrum'|date=23 May 2023|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208101909/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-joshi-remembers-when-he-shared-a-room-with-salman-khan-during-hahk-shooting-he-never-threw-a-tantrum-8624903/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Yash (film)|Yash]]'' || Gopi ||<ref>{{cite AV media |date=20 September 2022 |title=दिलीप जोशी उर्फ़ (जेठालाल) की हिंदी मूवी Yash (1996) Hindi Romantic Movie |trans-title=Dilip Joshi aka Jethalal's Hindi Movie Yash (1996) Hindi Romantic Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGBh9qLv8_Y |language=hi |publisher=[[Ultra Media & Entertainment]] |access-date=5 March 2026 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''Sar Aakhon Par'' || Sunday ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rediff.com/entertai/1999/oct/16par.htm |title=Filmi chakkar |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=16 October 1999 |website=Rediff.com |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=26 November 2023 |quote=Dilip Joshi as Sunday proves he has the talent, but unfortunately he doesn't look the part of a wise 50-year-old sick man. |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208223956/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/oct/16par.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000 || ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]''|| Sapney ||<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/7-films-you-probably-didn-t-know-dilip-joshi-aka-jethalal-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-was-a-part-of/761827|title=7 films you probably didn't know Dilip Joshi aka Jethalal of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah was a part of|date=26 May 2021|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929020507/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/7-films-you-probably-didn-t-know-dilip-joshi-aka-jethalal-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-was-a-part-of/761827|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khiladi 420]]'' || Arora ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' || Champak ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002 || ''[[Humraaz]]'' || Gauri Shankar ||<ref name=DilipJFilomgraphy>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Dilip Joshi Filmography |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/dilip-joshi/filmography/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' || Factory CEO ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]''|| Rahul's friend ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwivedie |first=Jaya |date=10 July 2024 |title='खटिये पे', बस ये डायलॉग बोलकर 22 साल पहले छाए जेठालाल, टपोरी स्टाइल से फीका कर दिया था सुपरस्टार के बेटे का चार्म |trans-title='Khatiya pe,' Jethalal became famous 22 years ago with this dialogue, and his Tapori style overshadowed the superstar's son's charm. |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-actor-dilip-joshi-played-super-stylish-role-in-tusshar-kapoor-kyaa-dil-ne-kahaa-2024-07-10-1058950 |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=16 November 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Firaaq]]'' || Deven ||<ref name=DilipJFilomgraphy/>
|-
| ''[[Don Muthu Swami]]'' || Fikarchand ||<ref name=DilipJFilomgraphy/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge]]'' || Mama Nautanki ||<ref name=DilipJFilomgraphy/>
|-
| ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'' || Jitubhai ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|}

=== Television ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Serial!! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1995
| ''Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh''
| Vasu
|<ref name="ITShows">{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Tuesday Trivia: Did you know Dilip Joshi was initially offered this role in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-dilip-joshi-was-initially-offered-this-role-in-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-1714868-2020-08-25 |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1996
| ''Daal Mein Kala''
| Ajay Koshal
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011125/spectrum/main9.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Article|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208100544/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011125/spectrum/main9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1997
| ''Kya Baat Hai''
| Rangaswami
|<ref name="ITBDAY"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998–1997
| ''[[Kora Kagaz (TV series)|Kora Kagaz]]''
| Varsha's brother
|<ref name="ITBDAY"/>
|-
| ''Do Aur Do Paanch''
| Rahul
|<ref name="ITBDAY"/>
|-
| 1998–2001
| ''Hum Sab Ek Hain''
| Sohan Khachroo
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 November 2020 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Jethalal aka Dilip Joshi shares a still from his old show 'Hum Sab Ek Hain'; jokes this is '2020 in a nutshell' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmahs-jethalal-aka-dilip-joshi-shares-a-still-from-his-old-show-hum-sab-ek-hain-jokes-this-is-2020-in-a-nutshell/articleshow/79315294.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''Yeh Duniya Hai Rangeen''
| Balkrishna Namudari
|<ref name="ITBDAY">{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=Dilip Joshi thanks fans for making his birthday special, shares pic with cake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/dilip-joshi-thanks-fans-for-making-his-birthday-special-shares-pic-with-cake-1807603-2021-05-27 |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=27 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
|''Sewalal Mewalal''
|Mohan Joshi
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Khosla|first=Mukesh|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000430/spectrum/tv.htm|title=An agony uncle on the telephone|work=[[Tribune India]]|date=30 April 2000|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813035137/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000430/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey – The Love Stories]]''
| Pappu Pardesi
| Episode "Izzat Ka Falooda"{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''Shubh Mangal Savadhan''
| Dilip Joshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/dilip-joshi-pens-emotional-note-on-amit-mistry-s-death-says-trio-is-broken-1794593-2021-04-24|title=Dilip Joshi pens emotional note on Amit Mistry's death, says trio is broken|website=India Today|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222194602/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/dilip-joshi-pens-emotional-note-on-amit-mistry-s-death-says-trio-is-broken-1794593-2021-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''Meri Biwi Wonderful''
| Raj
|<ref name="tribuneindia2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Just joking |work=Tribune India |date=21 March 2004 |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808010112/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2004
|''Aaj Ke Shrimaan Shrimati''
| Sanjay Sarfare
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kiku-sharda-recalls-the-time-when-he-and-dilip-joshi-were-replaced-in-a-show-5680939.html|title=Kiku Sharda Recalls The Time When He And Dilip Joshi Were Replaced In A Show|date=3 August 2022|website=News18|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809132757/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kiku-sharda-recalls-the-time-when-he-and-dilip-joshi-were-replaced-in-a-show-5680939.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hum Sab Baraati]]''
| Nathu Mehta
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-actor-dilip-joshi-played-delnaaz-iranis-husband-in-this-old-show-watch-the-throwback-video/articleshow/70484721.cms|title=Dilip Joshi played Delnaaz Irani's husband in this old show; watch the throwback video|website=Times of India|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822190933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-actor-dilip-joshi-played-delnaaz-iranis-husband-in-this-old-show-watch-the-throwback-video/articleshow/70484721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhagwan Bachaye Inko''
| Gopi
|<ref name="tribuneindia2004" />
|-
|''[[Malini Iyer]]''
|Ram Jane
|<ref name="tribuneindia2004" />
|-
| 2004–2006
|''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D Special Bureau]]''
| Bob
|{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
| Various characters
|{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Agadam Bagdam Tigdam]]''
| Uncle Tappu
|{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|-
| 2008–present
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|rowspan="3"| [[Jethalal Gada]]
|Lead<ref name=Joshitmkoc/>
|-
|2010
|''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''
|Guest<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Bf6iAqUKixM&t=743s&pp=ygUXc2FqYW4gcmUgamhvb3QgbWF0IGJvbG8%3D |title=Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo - Episode 24 |date=24 July 2016 |language=hi |publisher=[[Sony Pal]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |time=10:46 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
|Guest<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVFljDnDlAU| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708045415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVFljDnDlAU&feature=autoshare| archive-date=8 July 2014 | url-status=dead|title=CID – Mahasangam – Episode 1098 – 5th July 2014|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
[[File:Dilip Joshi at Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards 2019.jpg|thumb|180px|Joshi at an award show]]
{|class="wikitable"
|- 1992.
! Year !! Award !! Show !! Category
|-
| 2009
| [[Indian Telly Awards|9th Indian Telly Awards]]
| rowspan="17" | ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Best Actor in a Comic Role (Popular)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| [[Zee Gold Awards|3rd Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| Best Comic Actor (Popular)
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards|10th Indian Telly Awards]]
| Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| [[Zee Gold Awards|4th Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| Best Comic Actor (Popular)
|-
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actor
|-
| [[Apsara Awards]]
| Best Actor in Drama Series
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| [[Indian Telly Awards|11th Indian Telly Awards]]
| Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role
|-
| [[Zee Gold Awards|5th Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| Best Comic Actor (Popular)
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| Best TV Actor – Comedy
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|12th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor – Comedy
|-
| 2013
| [[Indian Telly Awards|12th Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Comic Role (Popular)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor In Comic Role (Male)
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|14th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor – Comedy
|-
| 2016
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor In Comic Role (Male)
|-
| 2018
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor – Comedy
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Telly Awards|15th Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Comic Role (Jury)
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor – Comedy TV
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|1118516}}
*{{instagram|maakasamdilipjoshi}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Television|India|Bollywood}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Dilip Joshi
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Comic Actor}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Dilip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Raisinghnagar tehsil

2026-03-04T06:19:58Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raisinghnagar Tehsil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=230|frame-height=250|frame-coordinates={{Coord|29.533249|73.445353}}|stroke-width=2|zoom=9|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#525252|id=Q7285174}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in SriGanga Nagardistrict, Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[SriGanga Nagar district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Raisinghnagar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 185,070
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Raisinghnagar Tehsil
}}
'''Raisinghnagar Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[SriGanga Nagar district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rural Ganganagar: SN. Block Names|publisher=Ganganagar District|url=http://ganganagar.nic.in/evill.htm}}</ref> It is in the central-western area of the district. [[Raisinghnagar]] is the headquarters of the tehsil.
Sameja and [[Muklawa]] are Sub [[Tehsil]] in [[Raisinghnagar]]

==Geography==
Raisinghnagar Tehsil is bordered by [[Karanpur Tehsil]] to the north, by [[Padampur Tehsil]] to the north and northeast, by [[Suratgarh Tehsil]] to the east, by [[Vijaynagar Tehsil]] to the southeast and south, by [[Anupgarh Tehsil]] to the south, and [[Bahawalnagar District]] of [[Pakistani Punjab]] to the west. The waters of the Bikaner branch of the Gang Canal (Gana Canal) irrigate the farms of this tehsil.<ref>
*{{Citation|date=May 1984|title=Chishtian Mandi, Pakistan; India, Sheet NH 43-9|series=Series 1501-C|publisher=United States Defense Mapping Agency|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/pakistan/txu-oclc-224096150-nh43-9.jpg}}
*{{Citation|date=April 1982|title=Sri Ganganagar, India, Sheet NH 43-10|series=Series 1501|publisher=United States Defense Mapping Agency|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/india/txu-oclc-224039079-nh43-10.jpg}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In the 2001 India census, Raisinghnagar Tehsil had 185,070 inhabitants, 97,197 (52.5%) males and 87,873 (47.5%) females, for a gender ratio of 904 females per thousand males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Rajasthan: Ganganagar: Raisinghnagar|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=08&district_code=01}}</ref>

[[Hindi]], Punjabi and [[Bagri language|Bagri]] (a dialect of the [[Rajasthani language]]) are spoken.

Sameja (17Ptd){{Definition needed|date=July 2021}}, Muklawa (17 Tk){{Definition needed|date=July 2021}}, Kikarwali (60Rb){{Definition needed|date=July 2021}}, Dabla (5Np){{Definition needed|date=July 2021}}, and Kararwali (8Np){{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} are major villages.

==Places of interest==
* Historical [[Gurudwara Buddha Johad]] – a large gurudwara. This is the place where Bhai Sukha Singh and Mehtab Singh brought the head of Massa Rangarh (guilty of sacrilege of [[Amritsar]] [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden temple]]) and hung it on a tree on 11 August 1740.{{Citation needed|reason=Is this in the tehsil?|date=May 2013}}
* The Raisinghnagar has a famous Shiv Mandir (Temple) and Singh Sabha Gurdwara.{{Citation needed|reason=Where in tehsil is this?|date=May 2013}}
* Raisinghnagar Tehsil has a famous Tripura Sundari Mata Mandir, (Rajasthan 1st Temple) in Shri Dharam Sangh Sanskrit Mahavidhayal, village kikarwalee, Village 24 P.S., Gajsinghpura Road, in Raisinghnagar.{{Citation needed|reason=Verification|date=May 2013}}
* Romana park
* Guru HarKrishan Public School 11 PS Raisinghnagar - Founded by S. Suhel Singh 26 PS, and the Incumbent Chairman is Baldev Brar.
* Bishnoi Mandir & Amrita Devi Park - Dabla

==See also==
*[[Kikarwali]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}

{{Sri Ganganagar district}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Thimayya & Thimayya

2026-03-03T12:10:20Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding new data nd citations

{{Short description|2022 family drama film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thimayya & Thimayya
| image = Thimayya n Thimayya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sanjay Sharma
| writer = Tejovrusha (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = Sanjay Sharma
| based_on = 
| producer = Rajesh Sharma
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Diganth]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Balakrishna Thota
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| studio = Garuda Motion Pictures Pvt. Ltd
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|2}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thimayya & Thimayya''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language family drama film directed by Sanjay Sharma and starring [[Anant Nag]] and [[Diganth]] in the titular roles.

== Cast ==
*[[Anant Nag]] as Sr. Thimayya
*[[Diganth]] as Jr. Thimayya
*[[Aindrita Ray]] as Jyotsana
*[[Shubra Aiyappa]] as Soumya
*[[Jordindian|Vineeth 'Beep' Kumar]] as Andy
*[[Prakash Thuminad]] as Jaganna
*[[Rukmini Vijayakumar]] (cameo appearance)

== Production ==
A father and son who reopened a thirty-five year old café in Goa inspired the two lead characters of a grandpa and grandson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/grandpa-grandson-relationship-is-at-the-heart-of-thimayya-thimayya-director-sanjay-sharma/articleshow/95930957.cms|title=Grandpa-grandson relationship is at the heart of Thimayya & Thimayya: Director Sanjay Sharma|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 December 2022|first=Sridevi|last=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ananth-nag-plays-a-unique-and-complex-role-in-thimmayya-thimmayya/articleshow/95706715.cms|title=Ananth Nag plays a unique and complex role in 'Thimmayya & Thimmayya'|date=23 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is set in [[Coorg]] and [[Madikeri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/thimayya-thimayya-helped-me-learn-more-about-my-land-and-culture-shubhra-aiyappa/articleshow/95886568.cms|title=Thimayya & Thimayya helped me learn more about my land and culture: Shubhra Aiyappa|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 December 2022|first=Sridevi|last=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/working-with-ananth-nag-and-my-wife-is-always-special-says-diganth-on-thimayya-thimayya/articleshow/95886303.cms|title=Working with Ananth Nag and my wife is always special, says Diganth on Thimayya & Thimayya|first=Sridevi|last=S.|date=1 December 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[J. Anoop Seelin|Anoop Seelin]]. The lyrics were written by Arasu Anthare and Ashok Maddur. The songs were released under the label [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022|title= Thimayya & Thimayya|url=https://gaana.com/album/thimayya-thimayya |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=4 July 2023 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Freedom
| extra1 = J. Anoop Seelin
| length1 = 3:04
| title2 = Aa Neeli Kaadinda
| extra2 = J. Anoop Seelin
| length2 = 3:14
| title3 = Yaara Pathravidu
| extra3 = Ankitha Kundu
| length3 = 3:22
| title4 = O My Sundara
| extra4 = [[Supriya Lohith|Supriyaa Ram]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Ondalla Saavira
| extra5 = Ankitha Kundu
| length5 = 2:22
| total_length = 15:43
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Thimayya and Thimayya are a visual treat. Both Diganth and Anant Nag have performed their roles with ease and won big in emotional scenes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/thimayya-thimayya/movie-review/95907973.cms|title=Thimayya & Thimayya Movie Review : An emotional tale of 2 Thimayyas|first=Harish|last=Basavarajaiah|date=2 December 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "It is worth a watch, if you are a hard core fan of Anant Nag".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thimayya-thimayya-movie-review-endearing-tale-fails-to-hit-the-mark/articleshow/95967616.cms|title=Thimayya & Thimayya Movie Review: Endearing tale fails to hit the mark|first=Y. Maheshwara|last=Reddy|date=4 December 2022|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "To sum it all up, ''Thimayya & Thimayya'' is definitely an ideal family watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/dec/03/thimayya-thimayya-movie-reviewan-ideal-family-watch-2524492.html|title='Thimayya & Thimayya' movie review: An ideal family watch|date=3 December 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' wrote that "''Thimayya & Thimayya'' is a feel-good film, and the gut feeling is that it is the kind of movie that audiences would love to see as a lazy Sunday watch, but in the comfort of their homes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thimayya-thimayya-review-anant-nag-and-diganth-shine-in-this-heart-warming-tale-of-modern-day-relationships/df27dac38b117|title=Thimayya & Thimayya review: Anant Nag and Diganth shine in this heart-warming tale of modern-day relationships|date=1 December 2022|first=Prathibha|last=Joy|work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15722634}}

[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Karagattakkari

2026-03-03T04:27:44Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added a entry basic info - done

{{Short description|2005 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karagattakkari
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Bharathi Kannan]]
| producer = London Shoban Vilasini
| writer = Bharathi Kannan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|Shridhar|Vilasini}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Shrinidhi Theatres
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|03|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karagattakkari''''' ({{translation|The [[Karakattam]] danseuse}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Bharathi Kannan]]. The film stars [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], with S. S. R. Kannan and Vilasini playing supporting roles. The film, which was produced by London Shoban of Shrinidhi Theatres, was released on 18 March 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newgenentertainments.com/tamil-movies-released-on-march-18/|title=Tamil movies released on March 18 – New Gen Entertainments}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529192805/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2011|title=2005-ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் - தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்| Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra |}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
*S. S. R. Kannan
*Shridhar
*Vilasini
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Yugendran]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]

==Production==
Director [[Bharathi Kannan]] had initially cast [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in the lead role during mid-2004. The actress however was busy with film production work for [[Avni Cinemax]] as they were making ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004), and had been slow to lose weight to play the character. As a result, [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] was drafted in to replace Khushbu in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/roja-for-kushboo-tamil--news-11003|title=Roja for Kushboo - News|date=19 October 2004|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Khushbu still remained hopeful of being reinstated in the role and hired [[karakattam]] dancers from [[Pudukottai]] to assist her with preparation, though Roja was finalised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07102004-1.shtml|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050207211038/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07102004-1.shtml|archive-date = 7 February 2005|url-status=dead|title = டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு — Tamil Kavithai -- தமிழ் கவிதைகள் - நூற்று கணக்கில்!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01102004-4.shtml|title=Dailynews - Roja's retaliation to Khushboo|date=7 February 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207223839/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01102004-4.shtml|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref>

Impressed by the plot, actress Vilasini — who had earlier appeared in films such as ''[[Nalla Manasukkaran]]'' (1997) and ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' (2002) — agreed to jointly produce the film. It was the first film for Vilasini following her return from a spell in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20092004-5.shtml|title=Dailynews - The original story of 'Karagaatakari'|date=7 February 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207210020/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20092004-5.shtml|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thatstamil.indiainfo.com/specials/cinema/heroines/vilasini.html |title=Vilasini produces another film |website=thatstamil.indiainfo.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425215847/http://thatstamil.indiainfo.com/specials/cinema/heroines/vilasini.html |archive-date=25 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vilasini produced the film alongside London Shoban of Shrinidhi Theatres, who brought in several actors who had appeared in roles in the unrelated ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989), which had a similar theme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/06092004-6.shtml|title=Dailynews - Khushboo as 'Karagaatakaari'|date=4 February 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204150439/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/06092004-6.shtml|archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> The filming was held at Sankaran Koil, Thirunellveli, Kutralam, Papanasam, Ambasamudhram and Surandai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/kara.shtml|title=Karagattam|website=Cinesouth|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215165643/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/kara.shtml|date=26 October 2004|archive-date=15 February 2005}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Karagattakkari
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 December 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mayyam.com/talk/archives/Ilaiyaraja__IR__Albums/t7638_IR_New_Albums___Old_responses__5_Aug_2006_.html|title=IR New Albums - Old responses (5 Aug 2006)|website=mayyam.com}}</ref>
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:41
| label =
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year = 2004
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The soundtrack features 7 tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Karakattakari-Various-artists/dp/B00BVGBOVG|title=Karakattakari|via=Amazon}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Enga Ooru Laila" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]] || Kamakodiyan || 4:21
|-
|2 || "Ennapetha" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Ilaiyaraaja || 4:55
|-
|3 || "Kattukkili" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Bhavatharini]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:24
|-
|4 || "Kotti Vacha" || Dr. Lavanya || [[Mu. Metha]]|| 4:29
|-
|5 || "Oththa Rooba" || [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]], Tippu || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 4:58
|-
|6 || "Saada Maada" || [[Vijay Yesudas]], Manjari || Palani Bharathi || 4:59
|-
|7 || "Thanthanathom Villupattu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Kovai Kamala, Chorus || Ilaiyaraaja || 8:35
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathi Kannan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aisha Ahmed

2026-02-21T19:06:13Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: starting

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{for|the academic|Aisha Ahmad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aisha Ahmed
| image = Aisha Ahmed at the premiere of Amar Singh Chamkila.jpg
| caption = Ahmed in 2024
| height =
| birth_date = 8 May 1996
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2016–present
| organisation =
| works =
| partner = Uday Oberoi (2022–present)
| spouse =
| children =
| mother = [[Rukhsar Rehman]]
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Aisha Ahmed''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Garvika |date=26 June 2020 |title=Lockdown Log: A Day In The Life Of Aisha Ahmed |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/lockdown-log-a-day-in-the-life-of-aisha-ahmed-5134.amp |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Grazia India]]}}</ref> Daughter of the actress [[Rukhsar Rehman]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/if-only-nepotism-could-have-applied-in-my-case/story-TiVAt0FDQeQkRNe95cmaHN_amp.html |title='If only nepotism could have applied in my case...' |first=Farah |last=Rizvi |date=26 July 2020 | website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref> she is best known for playing leading roles in several popular streaming series, including ''Adulting'' (2018) and ''[[Minus One (TV series)|Minus One]]'' (2019). She also entered films with the thriller ''[[3 Storeys]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |date=2023-02-27 |title=5 Women With Unconventional Talents To Watch Out For |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/5-women-with-unconventional-talents-to-watch-out-for-news-265834 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aisha Ahmed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/national/most-desirable-women/aisha-ahmed/articleshow/73018642.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ahmed had a minor role in the film ''[[Tum Bin 2]]'' (2016).<ref name=TOI1>{{Cite news |title=Aisha Ahmed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/aisha-ahmed/articleshow/88562722.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She made her debut in Arjun Mukerjee's ''[[3 Storeys]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aisha Ahmed talks about her debut film '3 Storeys' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/aisha-ahmed-talks-about-her-debut-film-3-storeys/videoshow/62890696.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=TOI2>{{Cite news |title=Aisha Ahmed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2018/national/most-desirable-women/aisha-ahmed/articleshow/67039430.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In a positive review, Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' praised Ahmed's chemistry with co-star Ankit Rathi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=10 March 2018 |title=Movie review: 3 Storeys |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-3-storeys-27044.amp |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> The same year, she appeared as Nikhat Rizvi in Jessica Sadana's series ''Adulting'', alongside [[Yashaswini Dayama]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagaraj |first=Sindhu |date=2022-09-20 |title=Aisha Ahmed and Yashaswini Dayama on 'Adulting' and entering the world of audio shows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aisha-ahmed-and-yashaswini-dayama-on-adulting-and-entering-the-world-of-audio-shows/article65908839.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Aisha Ahmed, Yashaswini Dayama Share What They Hate About Adulting, Say 'If You're Girl It's Harder to Get Work Done' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aisha-ahmed-yashaswini-dayama-share-what-they-hate-about-adulting-say-if-youre-girl-its-harder-to-get-work-done-6044881.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Her performance was well received.<ref name=TOI2 /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-20 |title=Adulting first impression: Dice Media's new coming-of-age story needs a lesson in adulting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/adulting-first-impression-5143548/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Ahmed featured opposite [[Ayush Mehra]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Minus One (TV series)|Minus One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=Aisha Ahmed and Ayush Mehra's Minus One commences shoot for Season 2 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aisha-ahmed-and-ayush-mehras-minus-one-commences-shoot-for-season-2-10930101.html/amp |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Minus One New Chapter Review: Ayush Mehra-Aisha Ahmed's show gets more real about the nuances of love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/minus-one-new-chapter-review-ayush-mehra-aisha-ahmeds-show-gets-more-real-about-nuances-of-love-2334460-2023-02-14 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The show had a second season, titled ''New Chapter'', released in 2023 on [[Lionsgate Play]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandhyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=2023-02-14 |title=Minus One New Chapter Review: Ayush Mehra-Aisha Ahmed's show gets more real about the nuances of love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/minus-one-new-chapter-review-ayush-mehra-aisha-ahmeds-show-gets-more-real-about-nuances-of-love-2334460-2023-02-14 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |title=Minus One: New Chapter review: Ayush Mehra-Aisha Ahmed's show is a page out of the book of love and heartbreaks |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/minus-one-new-chapter-review-ayush-mehra-aisha-ahmeds-show-is-a-page-out-of-the-book-of-love-and-heartbreaks/02fd2f0da8758 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=OTT Play}}</ref> Ahmed has also played leading roles in the [[MX Player]] series ''Balcony Buddies'' (2021; opposite [[Amol Parashar]])<ref name=TOI1 /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Balcony Buddies trailer: Amol Parashar, Aisha Ahmed give us a quirky lockdown story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/balcony-buddies-trailer-amol-parashar-aisha-ahmed-watch-video-7427244/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-02 |title=MX Player brings viewers its second interactive film with Amazon presents 'Balcony Buddies' |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/mx-player-brings-viewers-its-second-interactive-film-with-amazon-presents-balcony-buddies/707943/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and Zoya Parvin's short film ''Clean'' (2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Clean Review : An honest, bitter-sweet story about two sisters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/clean/ottmoviereview/88468560.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Short film 'Clean' review: This heartfelt tale of two sisters is worth a watch |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-short-film-%E2%80%98clean%E2%80%99-review-this-heartfelt-tale-of-two-sisters-is-worth-a-watch-441364 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2022, she played a supporting character in the Shubham Yogi-film ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title=Review: Kacchey Limbu Is Raw |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/kacchey-limbu-review/20230519.htm |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Ahmed starred in the music video "Nadaaniyan", alongside singer Akshath Acharya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=2024-07-24 |title=Meet ‘Nadaaniyan‘ singer Akshath Acharya, the voice and composer behind the viral hit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/meet-nadaaniyan-singer-akshath-acharya-the-voice-and-composer-behind-the-viral-hit/article68436341.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Aisha is the daughter of actress [[Rukhsar Rehman]] and Rehman's first husband Asad Ahmed. Director [[Faruk Kabir]] is Aisha's stepfather.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-29 |title=Exclusive! Rukhsar Rehman reveals she is headed for a divorce from Faruk Kabir after 13 years of marriage; the actor says, 'It wasn't an easy decision for me' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-rukhsar-rehman-reveals-she-is-headed-for-a-divorce-from-faruk-kabir-after-13-years-of-marriage-the-actor-says-it-wasnt-an-easy-decision-for-me/articleshow/101363152.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As per reports, Aisha is dating marketing professional Uday Oberoi since 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/exclusive-not-rohit-saraf-aisha-ahmed-is-seeing-uday-oberoi-101642590800191-amp.html |title=Exclusive: Not Rohit Saraf, Aisha Ahmed is seeing Uday Oberoi |first=Vinay |last=Mishra |date=19 October 2022|website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref> However, neither of them have confirmed their relationship in the media.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mumbai Diary: Sunday Dossier |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-diary-sunday-dossier-23210858 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row|2016
| ''[[Tum Bin 2]]''
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
!scope=row|2018
| ''[[3 Storeys]]''
| Malini Mathur
| Acting debut
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
!scope=row|2021
| ''Clean''
| Meher
| Short film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope=row|2022
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| Sara
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 2018
| ''Adulting''
| Nikhat Rizvi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! scope=row| 2019
| ''[[Minus One (TV series)|Minus One]]''
| Ria
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! scope=row| 2021
| ''Balcony Buddies''
| Sunanda
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row"| 2025
| ''[[Single Papa]]''
| Dr. Shreya Aggarwal
| [[Netflix]] series
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web| date=2 December 2025| title=Single Papa trailer: A man-child comes of age as a father in this comedy
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/02/single-papa-trailer-a-man-child-comes-of-age-as-a-father-in-this-comedy| website=[[Cinema Express]]| access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |2019
| "Sage"
| [[Ritviz]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":26">{{Citation |title=Ritviz - Sage |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kUrW9SEaJc |access-date=2025-01-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2020
| "Sukoon"
| [[Taaruk Raina]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":12">{{Citation |title=Sukoon sung by Taaruk – Sony Music India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8IOMBZryTM |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2024
| "Nadaaniyan"
| Akshath Acharya
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=9389735}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|aisha_ahmed|Aisha Ahmed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Aisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Srivilliputhur Andal Temple

2026-02-20T13:05:28Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Srivilliputhur Temple
| image = Srivilliputhur Andal temple (29).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|30|29.9|N|77|37|49.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = திருவில்லிபுத்தூர் ஆண்டாள் திருக்கோவில்
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Virudhunagar]]
| location = [[Srivilliputhur]]
| elevation_m = 177
| festivals = Aani Alvar Uthsavam (June–July) Thiruvadipooram (August) Purattasi Utsavam (October) Ennaikappu (December–January) Panguni Thirukkalyana Utsavam (March–April)
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 3 (Vatapatrasayi, Andal and Periyalvar)
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Chola]], [[Pandya]], and [[Vijayanagara Kings]]
| website = {{url|srivilliputhurandaltemple.tnhrce.in}}
|deity=[[Andal]]}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

The '''Srivilliputhur Andal Temple''' in [[Srivilliputhur]], a town in [[Virudhunagar district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Vatapatrasayi and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as [[Andal]]. It is believed to be the birthplace of two of the Alvars, namely [[Periyalvar]] and his foster-daughter, [[Andal]].<ref>Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013) Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇism. ''Acta Orientalia'', Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia, Vol. 74, pp. 37-90. '''ISSN 0001-6438.''' https://www.academia.edu/12405403/Historical_sequence_of_the_Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava_Divyade%C5%9Bas._Sacred_venues_of_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ism

Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2012) Antiquity of the Vaiṣṇava ''divyakśētras'' in Pāṇḍinādu. ''Acta Orientalia'', Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia, Vol. 73, pp. 59-104. https://www.academia.edu/7529429/Antiquity_of_the_divyak%E1%B9%A3etras_in_P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du
</ref> The temple is located 80 km from [[Madurai]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil Architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE.

The temple is associated with the life of Andal, who was found under a [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulasi]] plant in the garden inside the temple by Periyalvar. She worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding deity of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and stopped the practice. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate the garland worn by Andal to him daily, which is a practice followed during the modern times. [[Ranganatha]] of [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] married Andal, who later merged with him.

The temple has two divisions – the one of Andal located on the Southwest and the second one of Vatapatrasayi on the Northeast direction. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, the garden where Andal is believed to have been born and two of its three bodies of water. The Vijayanagar and Nayak kings commissioned paintings on the walls of the shrine of temple, some of which are still present.

The [[Kumbhabhishekham|samprokshanam]] ritual of the Andal temple was performed on 20 January 2016 by Tamil Nadu Government.<ref name="srivilliputhurandaltemple.tnhrce.in">{{cite web|title=Consecration of Srivilliputhur temple|url=http://www.srivilliputhurandaltemple.tnhrce.in//invitation/samprokshanam_16.pdf|access-date=29 January 2017|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

Vatapatrasayi is believed to have appeared to [[Andal]], Periyalvar and sages [[Markandeya]] and [[Bhrigu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Water, Source of ‘Genesis’ and the End Macro and Micro Viṣṇu in the Hymns of the Āḻvārs|url=https://www.academia.edu/44602573/Water_Source_of_Genesis_and_the_End_Macro_and_Micro_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u_in_the_Hymns_of_the_%C4%80%E1%B8%BBv%C4%81rs|journal=The Medieval History Journal|language=en}}</ref> The temple follows [[Thenkalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Aadipooram festival, the birthday of Andal, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Adi'' (July - August), is the most prominent.The Rajagopura was built by Vijayanagar Kings during 15th century. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Etymology==
As per Hindu legend, the land around Srivilliputhur was under the rule of Queen Malli. The queen had two sons called Villi and Kandan. While the two were hunting in a forest, a tiger killed Kandan. Unaware of this, Villi searched for his brother, got tired and fell asleep. In his dream, divinity narrated to him what happened to his brother. By divine orders, Villi founded a city. The city is originally named after its founder, Villi forming the word Sri-Villi-Puthur.<ref name="urbaninfra89">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 8-9</ref> Srivilliputtur is known by other names such as Varaha kshetram, Thenpuduvai, Vadeswarapuram, Vadamahadamapuram, Shenbagaranya kshetram, Vikrama chola chaturvedhi mangalam, and Sridhanvipuri.<ref name=Rao/>

==Legend==
[[File:Srivilliputhur Andal temple (17).jpg|The garden where Periyalvar is believed to have found the child Andal|left|thumb|250px]]
[[File:Srivilliputhoor-Aandaal-Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|The tower viewed from an angle]]
As per the ancient scriptures, the place was referred as Varaha Kshetra. It was a dense forest named Champaka where the sages [[Bhrgu]] and [[Markandeya]] were doing penance and had their hermitages in the place. A demon named Kalanerai was troubling the sages and they prayed to Vishnu to relieve them from the demon. Vishnu was pleased by their devotion and appeared in the place to slay the demon. He is believed to have taken the abode in the forest reclining on [[Adisesha]], his serpent bed, on the leaf of a banyan tree. The place thus came to be known as Vadaveshwarapuram.<ref name=Rao/>

Periyalvar (originally called Vishnuchittar) was an ardent devotee of Vishnu and he used to string garland to Vishnu every day. He was childless and he prayed to Vishnu to save him from the longing. One day, he found a girl child under a [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulasi]] plant in a garden inside the temple. He and his wife named the child as Kothai, who grew up as a devotee of [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding deity of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him. The girl Kothai was thus named Andal and was referred as ''Chudikodutha Sudarkodi'' (lady who gave her garland to Vishnu). The practise is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal is sent to [[Azhagar Koyil]] on Chitra Pournami day where the presiding deity Lord Kallazhagar entering into River Vaigai with the garland worn by Goddess Andal and [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] during [Garudostavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Puratasi'' (September - October)].<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|pages=195–99|ref=Rao}}</ref> It is also believed that [[Ranganatha]] of [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] married Andal, who later merged with the idol. Andal was taken in a palanquin from Srivilliputhur to Srirangam before the marriage.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=10}}</ref> Since Andal married Ranganatha, who came as a king (called Raja), the presiding deity is called Rangamannar.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=177–181|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|thumb|150px|Tamil Nadu [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu|State's Emblem]]]]
The history of Srivilliputhur centres around the Srivilliputhur Andal Temple, dedicated to [[Andal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular|first= Sisir Kumar|last= Das|publisher= Sāhitya Akādemī|pages=48–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=andal|year=2006|isbn=9788126021710}}</ref> It is argued that the temple of Vatapatrasayi is present from the 8th century, but there are epigraphic records are available only from the 10th century CE. The view that the Andal temple was built during the 14th century is highly debated.<ref name=A/> The temple has inscriptions from Chola, Pandya and Vijayanagar Nayakkar Kings, spanning across various centuries from the 10th to 16th centuries. As per some accounts, the original structure was constructed by Tribuvana Chakravarthy Konerinmai Kondan Kulasekaran and the Andal temple and 194 feet Rajagopura was built by Barathi Rayar of Vijayanagar king.<ref name=Rao/>

During the reign of [[Thirumalai Nayak]] (1623–1659) and [[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]] (1689–1706), this city became very popular. Thirumalai Nayak renovated all the temples of this city. He installed choultaries, temple tanks, paintings and golden towers inside the temple. The sculptures in the hall leading to the shrine of Andal were also built by him.<ref name=Rao/> From 1751 to 1756 CE, Srivilliputhur came under the rule of Nerkattumseval palayakkarar and was a maravarpalayam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Princely States of India|url=http://princelystatesofindia.com/Polegars/srivilliputtur.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715113054/http://princelystatesofindia.com/Polegars/srivilliputtur.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2013|publisher=Princely State of India}}</ref> Then it fell into the hands of Mohammed Yousoof Khan. Until 1850, Sri Andal temple was under the care of the king of Trivancore. The British ruled the country till India attained freedom in 1947. The temple's gateway tower, {{convert|192|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall and it is believed that this is the official symbol of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] (Sri Vatapatrasayi Temple Tower).<ref>{{cite web|title=Places of interest|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/srivilliputhur/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.htm|publisher= Srivilliputhur municipality|year=2011|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> But the artist who designed the emblem for the state of Tamil Nadu Thiru.Krishna Rao denied that it is not the temple of [[Srivilliputhur]] rather it is [[Meenakshi Temple]]'s West Gopuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|publisher= Times of India|year=2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> During the modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Srivilliputhur Andal temple (20).jpg|The [[vimana (tower)|vimana]] (ceiling) of Vadapathrasayee shrine|250px|thumb|left]]
The temple has two divisions – the one of Andal located on the Southwest and the second one is Vatapatrasayi (Vishnu) on the Northeast direction.
A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, the garden where Andal was found and two of its three bodies of water. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, {{convert|192|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. The tower is originally believed to have been built by Periyalvar with the prize money he obtained from religious debates in the court of Vallaba Pandya in [[Madurai]].<ref name=Rao/>

The Andal shrine houses the image of Andal and Rangamannar. [[Garuda]], who brought Ranganathar, the divine bridegroom, from [[Srirangam]] is also housed in the same shrine. The walls around the shrine has paintings of the life of Andal. The second hall from the entrance towards the sanctum, the Kalyana Mandapa, houses huge life-size sculptures of [[Mohini]], [[Rama]], [[Kamadeva]], [[Rati]], and many other deities.<ref name=Rao/>

The Vatapatrasayi division has two precincts. The sanctum in the second level approached through a flight of steps houses the image of Vatapatrasayi in a reclining posture and his consorts, [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhudevi]], are shown attending to him at his feet. Sage Bhrigu stands near his head and sage Markandeya is near his feet. The [[banyan]] tree whose leaf is known as Vatapatram, on which Vishnu is said to rest in the form of a baby during deluge, is at his head, behind Bhrigu. Images of Panchamurtis - [[Tumburu]], [[Narada]], the [[Sanatkumara|Sanatkumaras]], Kinnara Mithuna, the [[Surya|sun]] and the [[Chandra|moon]] gods are shown all around Rangamannar as well as representations of Villi and Puttan are seen at his feet. The sanctum has three doorways from which the presiding deity can be seen. The hall leading to the sanctum, Bhopala villam, has a hall with detailed teak wood carvings depicting incidents from the ''[[Puranas]]'' and the ten avatars of Vishnu, the [[Dashavatara]]. There are a set of carvings that decorate the ceiling.<ref name=Rao/>

The temple houses some rare Vijayanagara sculptures similar to the ones present in [[Soundararajaperumal Temple, Thadikombu]], [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]], [[Alagar Koyil]] and [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore]].<ref name=Gopal>{{cite journal|title=The Raṅga-maṇḍapa of the Tāṭikkompu Temple A Study of an Iconographic Programme of the Vijayanagara Tradition|journal=East and West|volume=46|last=S.|first=Gopalakrishnan|issue=3/4|date=December 1996|jstor=29757285|pages=415–431}}</ref> The composite columns of [[Virabhadra]] holding sword and horn are found be additions of the Vijayanayagara kings during the early 1500s. Similar columns of Virabhadra are found in [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari|Adikesava Perumal Temple]] at Thiruvattaru, [[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]], [[Nellaiappar Temple]] at [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi|Kasi Viswanathar temple]] at [[Tenkasi]], [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameswaram]], [[Soundararajaperumal temple, Thadikombu|Soundararajaperumal temple]] at [[Thadikombu]], [[Srivaikuntanathan Permual temple]] at [[Srivaikuntam]], [[Tirupperunturai|Avudayarkovil]], [[Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple]] at [[Thirukkurungudi]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India|jstor=20619601|last=Branfoot|first=Crispin |journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|date=1 June 2008|page=186|publisher=College Art Association|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389|s2cid=154135978}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
Srivilliputtur finds mention in ''Brahmakaivatsapuranam'' and ''Varaha puranam''. Varaha puranam foretells the existence of Srivilliputtur and the consequent visit of Vishnu in his Varaha form. ''Brahmakaivatsa puranam'' mentions the location of Vatapatrasayi Temple in Srivilliputtur.

Srivilliputhur has a significant place in Vaishnava philosophy and worship practices. The Srivilliputtur Divya Desam has the unique distinction among all other Divya Desams of being the birthplace of two important Alvars among the twelve Alvars, Periyalvar, who became the father-in-law of the Ranganatha himself and Andal who was the incarnation of Bhudevi and attained union with the Ranganathan at Srirangam.<ref name=A/> Andal is the only female Alvar saint of the 12 [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints of South [[India]]. She is credited with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works of ''[[Thirupavai]]'' and ''[[Nachiar Tirumozhi|Nachiar Tirumoli]]'' that are still recited by devotees during the Winter festival season of [[Margazhi#Months|Margali]]. The town wakes up to the sounds of ''Thiruppavai'' is believed to lead to a sublime atmosphere throughout the day.<ref name=Rao/>

Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to god [[Vishnu]], the supreme deity of the [[Srivaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavas]]. Adopted by her father, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu. In many places in India, particularly in [[Tamil Nadu]], Andal is treated more than a saint and as a form of god herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in most Vishnu temples.<ref>{{cite news|title=Architectural grandeur |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200120300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920095557/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200120300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2006 |date=12 August 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practises==
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The temple follows [[Thenkalai]] tradition of worship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thenkalai customs should prevail in Andal temple |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/thenkalai-customs-should-prevail-in-andal-temple/article2673072.ece |newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2011|location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref> The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vatapatrasayi and Andal. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Vadapathrasai, Andal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=912|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-08-08}}</ref>

Thousands of people from the state participate in the "Aadi Pooram" festival celebrated in the Andal Temple. After early morning special pujas, the presiding deities, Sri Rengamannar and Goddess Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car.<ref>Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2010) Some Rare Sculptures of the ‘Yester’ Śrīvillputtūr Tēr. In Rajarajan, R.K.K. and S. Ganeshram eds. ''Studies in Art History of India'', Delhi: Sharada Publishing House,, pp. 101-105.</ref> The festival marks the adoption of presiding deity, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a tulasi plant in the garden of Vatapatrasayi Temple at Srivilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of ''Adi''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728152641/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 July 2009 | location=Chennai, India | title=Thousands of devotees likely to throng Srivilliputtur today | date=25 July 2009| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825003037/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-08-25 | location=Chennai, India | title=Hundreds participate in Andal Temple car festival | date=2006-07-30| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-02-19}}</ref> The temple car<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parthiban|first1=R.K.|last2=Rajarajan|first2=R.K.K.|date=2016|title=Nāyaka Chef-d'œuvre. Sculptures of the Śrīvilliputtūr Tēr|url=https://www.academia.edu/34089697|journal=Acta Orientalia, Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia|volume=77|pages=145–191|issn=0001-6438}}</ref> was originally very heavy (40 m tall and 650 tonnes) and it took days to take it back to the original position. Before 2000, the practise of drawing the temple car during the yearly festival was suspended. With the efforts of Vanamamalai Jeer, the head of a monastic institution, the temple car was modified with hydraulic wheels to ease the movement.<ref name=Rao/> Kumbabishekam, the consecration of the Andal temple happened on 20 January 2016. Golden filials were also installed for Andal temple. Fridays and Saturdays are considered the ideal time to visit the temple.<ref name="srivilliputhurandaltemple.tnhrce.in"/>

==See also==
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/srivilliputhur/Srivilliputtur.pdf|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |last=Urban Infrastructure report |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |year=2008 |access-date=2012-12-29|ref=urban}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|Srivilliputhur Divya Desam}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Pandya dynasty}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]

Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha

2026-02-12T02:57:06Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding first details w/ sources

{{short description|Indian physicist (born 1940)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|12|25}}
| birth_place = [Vijayanagar, Banka, Bihar 813102], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] Training School | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[IIT Bombay]] | [[Oklahoma State University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Patna Science College]] | [[University of Patna]] | [[Stanford University]] | [[Harvard University]] | [[IBM Research]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Felix Bloch]] | [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Optoelectronics]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1979 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1988 C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Medal | 1992 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] S. N. Bose Medal | 2001–02 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Award }}
}}
'''Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha''' (born 25 December 1940) is an Indian [[condensed matter physicist]] and a former director of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]. Known for his research in [[optoelectronics]], Jha is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies – [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] – as well as of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] and [[American Physical Society]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded Jha the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Physical Sciences in 1979.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Tifr main.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
S. S. Jha, born on 25 December 1940 in [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]] in the Indian state of Bihar, earned his BSc (hons) from [[Patna Science College]] of the [[University of Patna]] in 1957 and started his career by joining [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] Training School (then known as Atomic Research Establishment) as a trainee.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0342 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> In 1958, he joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) as a research assistant but taking a sabbatical from work, he moved to the US to pursue his higher studies. After obtaining an MS in physics and mathematics from [[Stanford University]] in 1962, Jha continued there for his doctoral studies, mentored by [[Felix Bloch]], the 1952 [[Nobel laureate]] to secure a PhD in 1965.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Returning to India, he resumed his career at TIFR as a research fellow and in 1967, he joined [[Harvard University]]{{Refn|group=note|On leave from TIFR}} to do his post-doctoral work at the laboratory of [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]], who would also go on to win the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1981.<ref name="Nicolaas Bloembergen">{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/bloembergen-autobio.html |title=Nicolaas Bloembergen |date=2017 |publisher=Nobel Prize}}</ref> Jha spent two years in the US of which the first year was spent at Bloembergen's laboratory (1967–68) and the second at [[IBM Research|IBM Research Center]]. He returned to TIFR in 1969 and stayed at the institute till his superannuation in 2002 as the director. During this period, Jha held various positions as a reader, associate professor, professor, senior professor and a distinguished professor. Post-retirement, he worked as a distinguished guest professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] from 2002 to 2012, and as a guest faculty at [[Michigan State University]] and [[Oklahoma State University]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Married to Sudha ( 2 daughters, Nandita and Pallavi).

Jha is associated with Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, a collaborative initiative of the [[University of Mumbai]] and the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] as an honorary professor<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://twas.org/member/jha-sudhanshu-s |title=TWAS fellow |date=2017 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and lives at [[Seven Bungalows]], in [[Andheri]], a suburb of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=J |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707200112/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=J |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Raman energy levels.svg|thumb|235px|Raman energy levels]]
Jha's research was focused on various aspects of solid state and plasma physics, especially [[non linear optics]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=488 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is known to have carried out extensive work on [[Raman scattering]] which covered electronic exs in solids, laser beams, [[superconductivity]] in layered [[semimetals]], [[Excitons]] as well as [[neutrinos]] and has investigated the processes occur on a small space within a short time span, using [[Raman spectroscopy]]. Jha's work assisted in developing the theory related to wave-wave interactions in a [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] and also contributed in refining [[thermonuclear fusion]] studies.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 127 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Jha=3ASudhanshu_Shekhar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He has also supervised the work of a number of doctoral scholars.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Jha was a member of the scientific advisory committee to the cabinet of the [[Government of India|Union Government]] during 1997–98 and sat in two of the commissions of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He chaired
''PhD Graduate School Committee'' of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] from 1969 to 1974, the ''Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences'' (BRNS) of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] from 1993 to 1997, the governing council of the [[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar]] from 2001 to 2007 and the Consortium of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] and the Department of Atomic Energy for Scientific Research during the period 2002–08. Jha was a member of the council of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1989 to 1994 of which he served as the vice president from 1989 to 1991.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Jha,_Prof._Sudhanshu_Shekhar |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He was associated with the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR) from 1993 to 1996 as a member of its scientific council and has been a member of the governing council of [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] for six years between 1998 and 2004. Jha is a board member of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]],<ref name="Governing Board">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imsc.res.in/board |title=Governing Board |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai}}</ref>
and has been associated with the Indian National Science Academy as a council member for the term 1999–2001 and with the ''Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences'' (CeNS) as a governing council member.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected Jha as their fellow in 1974<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and five years later, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1979'<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> the same year as he became a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He received the C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Medal in 1988 and the year 1989 brought him the elected fellowships of the [[American Physical Society]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy honored Jha again with the Satyendranath Bose Bose Medal in 1992.<ref name="S. N. Bose Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#12 |title=S. N. Bose Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was elected as a fellow by the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="MAS fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://mahascience.org/files/fellowship/files/academymembers.htm |title=MAS fellows |date=2017 |publisher=Maharashtra Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and a year later, he became a fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> The [[Indian Science Congress Association]] selected Jha for the 2001–02 C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Award and the award orations delivered by him include the 1991 Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary lecture of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#jncl |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Press, M. R. |author2=Jha, Sudhanshu S. |title=Anomalous normal state electronic Raman scattering continuum in YBCO: inadequacy of frequency-dependent collision-rate models |journal=Physica C: Superconductivity |date=1992 |volume=201 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.1016/0921-4534(92)90099-X|bibcode=1992PhyC..201...21P }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jha, Sudhanshu S. |title=Electronic Raman scattering intensity in layered high-Tc superconductors: threshold energy, symmetry and anisotropy of energy gap |journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy |date=1996 |volume=27 |issue=3–4 |pages=321–327 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199603)27:3/4<321::AID-JRS953>3.3.CO;2-#|bibcode=1996JRSp...27..321J }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jawkar, Swapnil S. |author2=Jha, Sudhanshu S. |title=Mean square number fluctuation for a fermion source and its dependence on neutrino mass for the universal cosmic neutrino background |journal=Pramana - Journal of Physics |date=2005 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1007/BF02704526|bibcode=2005Prama..64...17J |s2cid=55905199 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mahanti, S. D. |author2=Jha, Sudhanshu S. |title=The ground state of chargeless fermions with finite magnetic moment |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General |date=2006 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1239–1249 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/39/6/002|bibcode=2006JPhA...39.1239M |s2cid=120022896 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jha, Sudhanshu S. |author2=Mahanti, S. D. |title=Hartree-Fock variational bounds for ground state energy of chargeless fermions with finite magnetic moment in the presence of a hard core potential: a stable ferromagnetic state |journal=Pramana - Journal of Physics |date=2007 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=819–830 |doi=10.1007/s12043-007-0080-y|arxiv=cond-mat/0703547 |bibcode=2007Prama..68..819J |s2cid=29928369 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[High-temperature superconductivity]]
* [[Fermion]]
* [[Mean squared displacement]]
* [[Hartree–Fock method]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://sudhanshusjha.blogspot.in/2012/05/bio-data-curriculum-vitae.html |title=Curriculum Vitae of Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha |date=2017 |publisher=Blog}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Sudhanshu Shekhar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:People from Banka, Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Michigan State University faculty]]
[[Category:Oklahoma State University faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]

Mukul Sinha

2026-02-08T17:55:58Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Started A Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist (1951 – 2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukul Sinha
| image = Mukul-sinha-baba-photo.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1951|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|05|12|1951|02|10}}
| death_place = [[Ahemdabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]]
| occupation = {{unbulleted list
|physicist
|human rights lawyer
|civil rights lawyer
}}
| spouse = [[Nirjhari Sinha]]
| children = [[Pratik Sinha]]
}}
'''Mukul Sinha''' (10 February 1951 – 12 May 2014) was an Indian human rights activist and a lawyer at the [[Gujarat High Court]] in [[Ahemdabad]]. He was an active trade union leader and a trained physicist. He legally represented the families of the individuals who were killed in [[Gujarat]] following the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 riots]] and in [[Manipur]], in which he secured convictions of the politicians and police officers involved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujarat-fake-encounters-are-similar-mukul-sinha/story-IxKf9JPn4Obk1bYYDmJ9tL.html|title=Gujarat fake encounters are similar: Mukul Sinha|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=8 July 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-07-11|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060303/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujarat-fake-encounters-are-similar-mukul-sinha/story-IxKf9JPn4Obk1bYYDmJ9tL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article5003.html|title=Remembering Advocate Mukul Sinha|last=Alam|first=Mahtab|date=21 June 2014|website=Mainstream Weekly|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625150511/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article5003.html|archive-date=2014-06-25|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref> Along with his wife [[Nirjhari Sinha]], he founded and served as the president of Jan Sangharsh Manch (''trans.'' People's Struggle Forum), an independent civil rights organization with the aim of addressing issues of labour and workers rights. He was also a vocal critic of erstwhile Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/on-the-side-of-victims/article6048929.ece|title=On the side of victims|last=Katakam|first=Anupama|date=13 June 2014|work=Frontline|access-date=2017-07-11|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060310/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/on-the-side-of-victims/article6048929.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/58040/indian-election-narendra-modi-course-victory|title=India election: what kind of PM will Narendra Modi be?|date=16 May 2016|work=[[The Week]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060305/https://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/58040/indian-election-narendra-modi-course-victory|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ScrollObit" />

==Early life and education==
Mukul Sinha was born in [[Kolkata]] on 10 February 1951.<ref name="ScrollObit">{{cite news |last1=Janmohamed |first1=Zahir |title=Mukul Sinha, self-effacing Modi opponent and labour organiser who disliked being called a leader |url=https://scroll.in/article/664314/mukul-sinha-self-effacing-modi-opponent-and-labour-organiser-who-disliked-being-called-a-leader |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=Scroll |date=13 May 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060331/https://scroll.in/article/664314/mukul-sinha-self-effacing-modi-opponent-and-labour-organiser-who-disliked-being-called-a-leader |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing his undergraduate studies in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]],<ref name="ScrollObit" /> he studied at [[IIT Kanpur]] where he received a master's degree in physics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noted-activist-and-lawyer-mukul-sinha-dies-561481|title=Noted Activist and Lawyer Mukul Sinha Dies|date=13 May 2014|work=[[NDTV|New Delhi Television Limited]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060305/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noted-activist-and-lawyer-mukul-sinha-dies-561481|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Sinha joined the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL) in Ahmedabad in 1973 for doctoral research.

He became involved with social activism after the expulsion of workers at PRL in 1978. He organized the workers to fight for their rights, founding the Federation of Employees of Autonomous Research and Development, Education and Technical Institutes (FEARDETI),<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mukul-sinha-who-fought-for-2002-riot-victims-succumbs-to-cancer/|title=Mukul Sinha, who fought for 2002 riot victims, succumbs to cancer|date=2014-05-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-29|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060306/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mukul-sinha-who-fought-for-2002-riot-victims-succumbs-to-cancer/|url-status=live}}</ref> although this cost him his job in 1979.

===Jan Sangharsh Manch===
Subsequently, Sinha obtained a degree in law in 1988 and joined the Gujarat High Court as an advocate in 1989. He co-founded Jan Sangharsh Manch in 1990 under the aegis of the [[New Socialist Movement]] and organized a group of lawyers and individuals from different professions to work ''pro-bono'' on various issues of the general public ranging from trade-unions, housing, environment, natural calamities, and civil rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=At a Memorial, Hundreds Pay Tribute to a Gujarat Human Rights Champion|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/at-a-memorial-hundreds-pay-tribute-to-a-gujarat-human-rights-champion/|last=Janmohamed|first=Zahir|date=15 May 2014|website=New York Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912064742/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/at-a-memorial-hundreds-pay-tribute-to-a-gujarat-human-rights-champion/|archive-date=12 September 2015|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160807/jsp/nation/story_101073.jsp#.WAknqMlfsbs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807172130/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160807/jsp/nation/story_101073.jsp#.WAknqMlfsbs|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=Young 'hero' behind new Dalit movement|date=7 August 2016|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> The group represented the [[2002 Gujarat violence]] victims and legally fought the Gujarat state government,<ref name="The Economic Times - 8 September 2013 - Narendra Modi still in PM race despite Vanzara letter bomb">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-still-in-pm-race-despite-vanzara-letter-bomb/articleshow/22398659.cms|title=Narendra Modi still in PM race despite Vanzara letter bomb|last=Dutta|first=Vishal|date=8 September 2013|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|accessdate=28 September 2013}}</ref> in the [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission|Shah-Nanavati inquiry]].<ref name="The Hindu - 2 July 2011 - Destruction of records: Jan Sangharsh Manch planning to move court">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/destruction-of-records-jan-sangharsh-manch-planning-to-move-court/article2152328.ece|title=Destruction of records: Jan Sangharsh Manch planning to move court|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|date=2 July 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|accessdate=28 September 2013}}</ref> The organisation has also fought for justice to the families of the victims in the fake encounter cases and exposed claims of the police and Modi's government branding them as terrorists to the public. The legal interventions by the organisation led the Supreme Court in the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case to pass the investigation from the Gujarat police to the Central Bureau of Investigation. This set a precedent as all the other cases taken up by JSM were handed over to the CBI and the investigation in all these cases established them as extrajudicial killings.<ref name="mukul tehelka">{{cite web|last=Tehelka bureau|title=The Only Thing The Minorities Once Got Were Bullets. Now We Are Getting Some Faith Back|url=http://www.tehelka.com/the-only-thing-the-minorities-once-got-were-bullets-now-we-are-getting-some-faith-back/|publisher=Tehelka.com|accessdate=28 September 2013|date=10 March 2013|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214000007/http://www.tehelka.com/the-only-thing-the-minorities-once-got-were-bullets-now-we-are-getting-some-faith-back/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His recommendations made after the [[2001 Bhuj earthquake]], titled "Kutch Quake Profile",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribuneindia.com/2001/20010506/nation.htm |title=IMD admits error in calculating quake epicentre |date=5 May 2009 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205222340/http://tribuneindia.com/2001/20010506/nation.htm |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref> resulted in an injunction from the court to incorporate earthquake-resistant structures in the state of Gujarat.

===2002 Gujarat riots===
{{main|2002 Gujarat riots}}
Gujarat experienced large scale [[2002 Gujarat riots|communal violence and riots in 2002]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burman|first=J. J. Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rpzmcHn-0kC&q=Gujarat+Unknown:+Hindu-Muslim+Syncretism+and+Humanistic+Forays|title=Gujarat Unknown: Hindu-Muslim Syncretism and Humanistic Forays|date=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183240529|page=186|language=en|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060306/https://books.google.com/books?id=0rpzmcHn-0kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Gujarat+Unknown%3A+Hindu-Muslim+Syncretism+and+Humanistic+Forays|url-status=live}}</ref> With [[Jan Sangharsh Manch]], he participated in the [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]] appointed by the Government of Gujarat to seek justice for the victims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/10405-irreparable-loss-noted-lawyer-and-activist-mukul-sinha-passes-away|title=Irreparable loss, Noted lawyer and activist Mukul Sinha passes away|work=Milli Gazette|publisher=13 May 2014|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060310/https://www.milligazette.com/news/10405-irreparable-loss-noted-lawyer-and-activist-mukul-sinha-passes-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> As a party to the lawsuit, he managed to obtain mobile phone 'call data records' (CDR) submitted by [[Indian Police Service]] officer [[Rahul Sharma (Gujarat police)|Rahul Sharma]]. A thorough analysis of these records enabled lawyers, activists and victims to cite the CDRs as evidence, implicating a number of political leaders and police officers. The CDRs of [[Maya Kodnani]] and [[Babu Bajrangi]] were crucial evidence in corroborating the testimonies of [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] victims. Finally, the special court convicted them for their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat riots: How IPS officer Rahul Sharma exposed rioters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/gujarat-riots-modi-government-rahul-sharma-139188-2011-08-11|last=Bhattacharya|first=D P|date=12 August 2011|website=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060320/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/gujarat-riots-modi-government-rahul-sharma-139188-2011-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electoral politics===
Mukul Sinha contested elections for the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] in 2007 as a candidate from his own political party, the [[New Socialist Movement]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-man-who-keeps-knocking/286836|title=The Man Who Keeps Knocking|date=22 July 2013|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060321/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/the-man-who-keeps-knocking/286836|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2012 as an independent candidate. He contested the 2007 elections from [[Shahpur, Gujarat|Shahpur]], a constituency where Muslims formed the majority of the population, and the 2012 elections from [[Sabarmati]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. He lost both elections, securing only a few votes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/AE2007/AC2007_070.pdf|title=Final Election Result, Shahpur constituency|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023418/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/AE2007/AC2007_070.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Form20_2012/AC055.PDF|title=Final Election Result, Sabarmati constituency|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023208/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Form20_2012/AC055.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Sinha died of [[lung cancer]] on 12 May 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Devesh|date=13 May 2014|title=Noted Activist and Lawyer Mukul Sinha Dies|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noted-activist-and-lawyer-mukul-sinha-dies-561481|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060305/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noted-activist-and-lawyer-mukul-sinha-dies-561481|url-status=live}}</ref> He is survived by his wife Nirjhari Sinha and their son [[Pratik Sinha]], who runs the [[fact-checking]] portal ''[[AltNews.in]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/b8AgLS4EO2P24wmuKxsq5M/Gujarat-riots-activist-Mukul-Sinha-dies-at-63.html|title=Gujarat riots activist Mukul Sinha dies at 63|date=13 May 2014|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060341/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/b8AgLS4EO2P24wmuKxsq5M/Gujarat-riots-activist-Mukul-Sinha-dies-at-63.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to his wishes, his body was donated to [[Ahmedabad Civil Hospital]] for cancer research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lawyer, social activist Mukul Sinha passes away|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2014/05/lawyer-social-activist-mukul-sinha-passes-away/|date=12 May 2014|website=Telheka.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021005509/http://www.tehelka.com/2014/05/lawyer-social-activist-mukul-sinha-passes-away/|archive-date=21 October 2016|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Journalist [[Rana Ayyub]] wrote an obituary for Sinha, remembering her personal loss and his legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=My Baba, the revolutionary - Mukul Sinha|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-my-baba-the-revolutionary-mukul-sinha-1988388|last=Ayyub|first=Rana|date=2014-05-14|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060341/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-my-baba-the-revolutionary-mukul-sinha-1988388|url-status=live}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the second Bhagirath Human Rights Award (BHRA) by the Bhagirath Memorial Fund Committee set up at the Centre for Social Studies (CSS), [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]], [[Surat]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Yagnesh Bharat|date=15 February 2017|title=Late Mukul Sinha to get Bhagirath Human Rights Award|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/late-mukul-sinha-to-get-bhagirath-human-rights-award/articleshow/57153997.cms|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/late-mukul-sinha-to-get-bhagirath-human-rights-award/articleshow/57153997.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Activist [[Jignesh Mevani]] worked under Sinha's mentorship before becoming [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Vadgam]], Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raza|first=Danish|date=20 January 2018|title=From Dalit activist to Gujarat MLA: Tracking Jignesh Mevani's journey|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-depth-jignesh-mevani-s-journey-from-a-dalit-activist-to-vadgam-mla/story-T9N0QvSF6jVaah8tjKPlQI.html|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-depth-jignesh-mevani-s-journey-from-a-dalit-activist-to-vadgam-mla/story-T9N0QvSF6jVaah8tjKPlQI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dabhi|first=Parimal A|date=26 December 2017|title=Ex-journalist, lawyer, aspiring politician: Meet Jignesh Mevani, face of the Gujarat Dalit agitation|work=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gujarat-dalit-agitation-jignesh-mevani-dalits-incident-in-una-2960239/|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209060421/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gujarat-dalit-agitation-jignesh-mevani-dalits-incident-in-una-2960239/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Mukul}}
[[Category:Indian critics of religions]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]

John IV of Portugal

2026-02-02T09:22:10Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: refine intro for clarity per standard format

{{Short description|King of Portugal from 1640 to 1656}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = John IV
| image = Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c. 1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png
| alt =
| caption = Portrait, {{circa|1628}}
| succession = [[King of Portugal]]
| moretext = ([[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|more...]])
| reign = 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656
| coronation = 15 December 1640
| predecessor = [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]]
| successor = [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1604|03|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa]], [[Vila Viçosa]], Portugal
| death_date = {{death date and age|1656|11|6|1604|03|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ribeira Palace]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Pantheon of the House of Braganza|Pantheon of the Braganzas]]
| spouse = [[Luisa de Guzmán]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1633)
| issue = [[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil]] [[Joana, Princess of Beira]] [[Catherine of Braganza|Catherine, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland]] [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI, King of Portugal]] [[Peter II of Portugal|Peter II, King of Portugal]]
| issue-link = #Marriages and descendants
| house = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<ref name="Torgal 1981">{{cite book |last=Torgal |first=Luís Reis |year=1981 |chapter=A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIKrsgWG91gC&pg=PA69 |title=Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração |location=[[Coimbra]] |publisher=[[University of Coimbra General Library|Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra]] |language=pt |volume=I |pages=69–85 |hdl=10316/665 |isbn=9789726160823}}</ref>
| father = [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza]]
| mother = [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]]
| religion = [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholicism]]
| signature = Assinatura D. João IV.svg
}}

''[[Dom (honorific)|Dom]]'' '''John IV''' ({{lang|pt|João|italic = no}};<ref>Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese</ref><ref>{{IPA|pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w|pron}}</ref> 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), also known by the Portuguese as '''John the Restorer''' ({{lang|pt|João, o Restaurador}}), was the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] from 1640 until his death in 1656. He [[Portuguese Restoration War|restored the independence of Portugal]] from [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg Spanish]] rule<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> by terminating the 60-year-old [[Iberian Union]] in which Portugal and Spain [[personal union|shared the same monarch]], and by establishing the [[House of Braganza]] on the Portuguese throne.

Before becoming king, he was '''John II''', the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]]. He was the grandson of [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal#History|display=Portugal § History|volume=22|page=148|first=Kingsley Garland|last=Jayne}}</ref> a claimant to the crown during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]. On the eve of his death in 1656, the [[Portuguese Empire]] was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.<ref name="Brading1993">{{cite book|author=[[David Brading|D.A. Brading]]|title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdyHIKrqJYC&pg=PA213|date= 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44796-6|page=213}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Pedro Américo - Retrato de Dom João IV, infante, duque de Bragança.jpg|thumb|140px|left|John as an infant; [[Pedro Américo]], 1879.]]
John IV was born at [[Vila Viçosa]] and succeeded his father [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]] as [[Duke of Braganza]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Dyer|first=Thomas Henry|title=1593–1721|year=1877|page=340|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref> when the latter died insane in 1630. He married [[Luisa de Guzmán]] (1613–66), the eldest daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia]], in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height.{{sfn |Sousa 1741, Vol VII|p= 238}}

== Reign ==
=== Accession ===
[[File:JoaoIV Google Arts Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|John as king of Portugal by [[José de Avelar Rebelo]], {{circa|1640s}}.]]
When [[Philip II of Portugal]] (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]] (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.

This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the ''[[bourgeoisie]]'',<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of [[Philip II of Spain]] to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the [[Forty Conspirators]], who killed the [[Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)|Secretary of State]], [[Miguel de Vasconcelos]], and imprisoned the king's cousin, [[Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal|Margaret of Savoy]], the [[Vicereine]] of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip III's troops were at the time fighting the [[Thirty Years' War]] and also dealing with a [[Reapers' War|revolution in Catalonia]], which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.

Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]], was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> (as the legend goes, with the persuasion of [[Luisa de Guzman|his wife]]), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Frances Gardiner|title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648|year=2004|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=978-1584774228|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&q=john+iv+King+philip+iv&pg=PA324}}</ref> The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.

=== Restoration War ===
{{main|Portuguese Restoration War}}
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring [[Spain]], a conflict known as the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=John IV. of Portugal|display=John IV.|volume=15|page=444}}</ref> Portugal signed lengthy alliances with [[France]] (1 June 1641) and [[Sweden]] (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the [[Thirty Years' War]] were in the field against Spain and against [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] encroachments on the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]].

The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the [[Thirty Years' War]] until 1648 and the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at [[Battle of Montijo|Montijo]], near [[Badajoz]], in 1644.

=== Imperial Recovery ===
Abroad, the Dutch took [[Portuguese Malacca]] (January 1641), and the [[List of rulers of Oman#List of imams (1406–1749)|Imam of Oman]] captured [[Muscat]] (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to [[Recapture of Angola|retake Luanda]], in [[Portuguese Angola]], from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered [[Dutch Brazil|northern Brazil]], which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (present day [[Sri Lanka]]) to the Dutch, who took [[Colombo]] in 1656.

==Death and legacy==
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]. His daughter, [[Catherine of Braganza]], married King [[Charles II of England]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.

John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake of 1755]]. Among his writings are a defence of [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], and a ''Defence of Modern Music'' (Lisbon, 1649).<ref>{{cite book |last= John IV |first= King of Portugal |author-link= John IV of Portugal |editor-last= Ribeiro |editor-first= Mário de Sampayo |year= 1965 |orig-year= 1649 |title= Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco |language= Spanish |trans-title= Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop [[Bernardino Cirillo|Cyrilo Franco]] |edition= reprint |series= Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis |publisher= [[University of Coimbra]] |location= [[Portugal]] |isbn= 9789726160564 |oclc= 258290532 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQLAAAAMAAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-TN0Vf9GwSMC 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book']</ref> One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the ''[[Crux fidelis]]'', a work that remains highly popular during [[Holy Week]] amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in [[France]]. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.<ref>Grove Dictionary of Music: ''Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)''</ref>

In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the [[Patronages of the Immaculate Conception|Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza]]. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."<ref>Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", ''The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art'', Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.</ref> Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on ''Revelation XII:1''.<ref>Anna Jameson, ''Legends of the Madonna'', Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.</ref>

==Marriages and descendants==
John married [[Luisa de Guzmán]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourn|first=Thomas|title=A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc.|year=1815|page=413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrdCAAAAcAAJ&q=john+iv+of+portugal+married+louisa&pg=PA413}}</ref> daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán]], 8th [[Duke of Medina-Sidonia]]. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king, they are not considered [[infante]]s or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|'''By [[Luisa de Guzmán]]''' (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633)
|-
|[[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil|Infante Teodósio]]|| 8 February 1634 || 13 May 1653 || [[Prince of Brazil]] and 9th [[Duke of Braganza]]. Died at the age of 19.
|-
|Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635 || 21 January 1635 || Stillborn.
|-
|[[Joana, Princess of Beira|Infanta Joana]] (Joan) || 18 September 1635 || 17 November 1653 || Died at the age of 18.
|-
|[[Catherine of Braganza|Infanta Catherine]] (Catarina) || 25 November 1638 || 31 December 1705 || Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. [[Queen consort]] through marriage to [[Charles II of England]].
|-
|Manuel de Bragança || 6 September 1640 || 6 September 1640 || Stillborn.
|-
|[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Infante Afonso]]|| 21 August 1643 || 12 September 1683 || Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, [[King of Portugal]].
|-
| [[Peter II of Portugal|Infante Peter]] (Pedro) || 26 April 1648 || 9 December 1706 || Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the [[Casa do Infantado]] and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, [[King of Portugal]].
|-
|colspan=4|'''Illegitimate offspring'''
|-
|[[Maria de Bragança]] || 30 April 1644 || 7 February 1693 || Natural daughter.
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''John IV of Portugal'''
|2= 2. [[Teodósio, 7th Duke of Braganza]]
|3= 3. [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]]
|4= 4. [[João, 6th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |title=The story of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |access-date=11 July 2018 |year=1903 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |pages=125, 279, 303|isbn=9780722224731 }}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|Catherine of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|6= 6. [[Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías|Juan, 5th Duke of Frías]]
|7= 7. [[María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán]]
|8= 8. [[Teodósio, 5th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|9= 9. [[Isabel of Lencastre]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|10= 10. [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Edward, Duke of Guimarães]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|11= 11. [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|12= 12. [[Íñigo Fernández de Velasco y Girón, 4th Duke of Frías|Íñigo, 4th Duke of Frías]]
|13= 13. Ana de Guzmán y Aragón
|14= 14. [[Pedro Téllez-Girón y de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Osuna|Pedro, 1st Duke of Osuna]]
|15= 15. Leonor de Guzmán y Aragón
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Sousa
| first = António Caetano de
| year =
| language = Portuguese
| title = História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa
| volume = VII
| publisher = Silviana
| location = Lisbon
| isbn =
| ref = {{sfnRef|Sousa 1741, Vol VII}}
}}{{ISBN?}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John IV of Portugal}}
* {{ChoralWiki|John IV of Portugal}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEU3VXiAqY ''Crux fidelis''] Recording of John IV's best-known choral work

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Braganza]]|19 March|1604|6 November|1656|[[House of Aviz]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarves]]}}|years=1640–1656}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]}}
{{s-reg|pt}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Barcelos]]|years=1630–1640}}
{{S-non|reason=Merged with the Crown}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
{{Dukes of Braganza}}
{{House of Braganza}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 04 Of Portugal}}
[[Category:1604 births]]
[[Category:1656 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese classical composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]]
[[Category:Constables of Portugal]]
[[Category:Dukes of Barcelos]]
[[Category:Dukes of Braganza]]
[[Category:Dukes of Guimarães]]
[[Category:House of Braganza]]
[[Category:Portuguese male classical composers]]
[[Category:People from Vila Viçosa]]
[[Category:Portuguese Baroque composers]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantes]]
[[Category:Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Rebel princes]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]

Balia, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T04:33:31Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{other uses|Balia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name=Balia, Bihar Lok Sabha
|state=[[Bihar]]
|assembly_cons=[[Ballia Assembly constituency|Ballia]];
[[Cheria-Bariarpur Assembly constituency|Cheria-Bariarpur]];
[[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]];
[[Barauni Assembly constituency|Barauni]];
[[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]];
[[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]]
|established=1976
|reservation=None
|abolished=2009}}
'''Balia''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Bihar]].

==Assembly segments==
Balia (Lok Sabha constituency) was composed of the following assembly segments in 2004:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 19. Balia | publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 2011-11-01 }}</ref>
*[[Ballia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balia]]
*[[Barauni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barauni]]
*[[Bachhwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bachwara]]
*[[Cheria-Bariarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cheria Bariarpur]]
*[[Bakhri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bakhri]]
*[[Alauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alauli]]

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-76 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Ram Jeevan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Surya Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Chanra Bhanu Devi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surya Narayan Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Shatrughan Prasad Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Raj Banshi Mahto]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Ram Jeevan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Surajbhan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{coord|26.0|85.3|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Inverted Head 4 Annas

2026-01-08T04:39:04Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added a details nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian postage stamp}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox rare stamps
| common_name = Inverted Head Four Annas
| image = [[File:Inverted Head Four Annas.jpg|150px]]
| country_of_production = [[India]]
| location_of_production = [[Survey of India|Survey Office]], [[Calcutta]]
| date_of_production = 1854
| depicts = [[Queen Victoria]]
| nature_of_rarity = [[Invert error]]
| number_in_existence = 28<ref>D.N. Jatia, ''India's Bi-coloured Four-Annas 1854'', Calcutta, Philatelic Congress of India [2000], pp. 62-63.</ref>
| face_value = Four [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]]
| estimated_value =
}}

The '''Inverted Head Four Annas''' of India is a [[postage stamp]] prized by collectors. The 1854 first issues of India included a Four Annas value in red and blue. It was one of the world's first multicolored stamps; the [[Basel Dove]] preceded it by nine years.<ref>[http://www.firstissues.org/ficc/details/india_1.shtml First Issues Collectors Club] (Retrieved 25 September 2006)</ref> However, an [[invert error]] occurred during production, showing the head "upside down."

== Four annas stamps ==
The Four Annas stamps were lithographed by the [[Survey of India|Survey Office]] in Calcutta. Two colors were used, red for the frame and blue for the head. During production, the [[postage stamp paper|paper]] was first imprinted with the red frames, and then the sheets were laid out to dry overnight. The next day, the blue heads were added within the frames. The First Printing, using '''Head Die I''' and '''Frame Die I''', both as shown [https://web.archive.org/web/20021212034600/http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/articles/classic_error.html here], began on October 13, 1854. There were 12 widely spaced stamps in each sheet. Exactly 206,040 stamps were printed for this Head Die I issue.

== Inverted head four annas ==
Among these '''''First Printing''''' stamps, at least six sheets with the red frames had been inadvertently turned 180 degrees before being placed in the press. So, although the heads appear to be upside down, it was the red frames that were inverted. D.N. Jatia found that at least six sheets must have been fed into the press upside-down, as six of these stamps from Position 4 showed different lithographic stones were used for the head and frame dies.<ref>D.N. Jatia, ''India's Bi-coloured Four-Annas 1854'', Calcutta, Philatelic Congress of India [2000], pp. 62-63.]</ref>

The surviving examples of this error are low in number. [[E. A. Smythies]] states that, at one time, "Details and illustrations of all the known copies [were] given in that interesting publication, ''Stamps of Fame,'' by L. N. and M. Williams."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/articles/classic_error.html |first= E. A. |last=Smythies |title=A Classic Stamp Error |journal=[[The American Philatelist|American Philatelist]] |pages=59, 60 |year=1950 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021212034600/http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/articles/classic_error.html |archivedate = 2002-12-12}}</ref><ref>L. N. Williams, ''Encyclopedia of Rare and Famous Stamps'', Volume 2. Geneva, David Feldman, ©1993-</ref> One additional example has been reported, yielding 28 total known examples. All of these are postally used. Only two (or three) are known cut square; another 25 are [[cut to shape]] (that is, in an octagonal shape).<ref>''The Robert H. Cunliffe Collection of Spectacular Inverted Stamps of the United States and the World - June 18–19, 2009,'' Spink Shreves Sale No. 114. Lot No. 1181.</ref> One from the collection of the Earl of Crawford was exhibited in the World Philatelic Exhibition in Washington in 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060207055505/http://www.washington-2006.org/wrarities.htm#indiaqueen#indiaqueen India's 1854 Blue and Pale Red Inverted Head]</ref>

== Discovery of the error ==
This error appears not to have been discovered until many years after the stamps were issued. None of the 1870s publications mentions the Inverted Head Four Annas. The 1891 reprints provide the first conclusive evidence that the error was known, but E. A. Smythies said the error was first noticed during a meeting of the Philatelic Society of London in 1874.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105908/http://geocities.com/mjshah.geo/articles/classic_error.html "A Classic Stamp Error"], [[E. A. Smythies]], ''[[The American Philatelist|American Philatelist]],'' pp. 59, 60 [1980?]</ref> In 1907 [[Leslie L. R. Hausburg|L.L.R. Hausburg]] mentioned the Inverted Head Four Annas, but incorrectly, as he was not sure whether it came from the First or Second Printings. Mr. Séfi described this error in the ''West End Philatelist,'' January 1912.

== Collections ==
[[File:India fouranna blueandred inverted1854.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The two cut-to-shape Inverted Head 4 Annas, on the cover. The Tapling Collection.]]
Three cut to shape examples of the Inverted Head Four Annas are in the [[Thomas Keay Tapling|Tapling Collection]] at the [[British Library Philatelic Collections|British Library]], London, including two (positions 3 and 4 on the printed sheet) on cover, indicating that the error was created by an incorrect sheet placement rather than by a careless die transfer.<ref>Thomas Tapling purchased the item for £32 in 1890 from the Italian stamp dealer Dr. Emilio Diena. [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/philrar/i/010in0000001854u00001001.html The Tapling Collection. British Library.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141116/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/philrar/i/010in0000001854u00001001.html |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> One example, carefully cut to shape, from position five on the sheet, is found in the Royal Collection. The Government of India Collection, in Delhi, has a cut to shape example on the piece, position two on the sheet. Two examples cut square, one of them on the cover, was in the collection of [[Choonilal Devkaran Nanjee|C. D. Desai]]. Desai "raised" his stamp from its cover for study. The provenance of several other examples is described in Martin and Smythies, as cited below.

== Forgeries ==
[[File:1854 India Yv 5.jpg|thumb|right|A '''forgery''' of the Inverted Head (left), next to an ordinary stamp (right). The head and frame of the inverted stamp are not from the First Printing, so this cannot be a genuine inverted head stamp.]]
[[Philatelic fakes and forgeries|Forgeries]] have been made by chemically erasing the upright head or the frame and then printing over it. These can be detected using "[[black light]]" (long wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light) and other techniques. One of these fakes appeared in the [[David Parkes Masson|Masson]] sale and one or two in the [[Philippe Ferrari de La Renotière|Ferrary]] auctions. Some clever forgeries purport to show an inverted head with incorrect head dies, which are obvious. Crude forgeries are plentiful.<ref>Robson Lowe, ''Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps,'' v. III: London, Robson Lowe, Ltd. (1951), p. 171.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of notable postage stamps]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of India]]

== References and sources ==
; References
{{reflist}}
; Sources
* D. R. Martin and E. A. Smythies, ''The Four Annas Lithographed Stamps of India, 1854-55'' London, [[Philatelic Society of India]] and Stanley Gibbons Ltd. (1930), pages 36–8.
* [[Robson Lowe]], ''Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps'', vol. III, p. 171.
* [[Edward Denny Bacon|E. D. Bacon]], ''The Essays, Proofs, and Reprints of the first issued Postage Stamps of British India of 1854-55''. Third edition, 1927 (with the supplement in P.J.I, 1933), page 19.
* [[Leslie L. R. Hausburg]], ''The Postage and Telegraph Stamps of British India ... Part I. Postage Stamps.'' London: [[Stanley Gibbons]], 1907.
* ''The Monthly Journal,'' v. X, p. 167.
* [[Bertram William Henry Poole|Bertram W. H. Poole]], ''West End Philatelist,'' June 1910, page 10.
* [[A. J. Sefi|Alexander J. Séfi]], ''West End Philatelist,'' January 1912.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inverted Head Four Annas}}
[[Category:1854 works]]
[[Category:Postage stamps featuring Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Philately of India]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of India]]
[[Category:Postage stamp invert errors]]
[[Category:1854 in India]]

Aman Singh Bundela

2025-12-15T21:15:10Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: starting - done

{{Short description|Raja of Sarila (1755 to 1788)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Aman Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| reign = {{circa|1755}} – {{circa|1888}}
| predecessor = ''Title established''
| successor = [[Tej Singh Ju Deo|Tej Singh]]
| father = Pahar Singh
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Sarila.png}} [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Aman Singh''' (or '''Man Singh''') was the [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]] from 1755 to 1788.
==Biography==
Aman Singh was the son of Pahar Singh and the grandson of [[Chhatrasal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> His father sent him to occupy and fortify [[Sarila]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarila |first=Narendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnAwAQAAIAAJ |title=Once a Prince of Sarila: Of Palaces and Tiger Hunts, of Nehrus and Mountbattens |date=2008-04-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84511-707-8 |pages=4–5,109 |language=en}}</ref> Aman Singh, following his father’s wishes, conquered the area and constructed a fortress there between 1755 and 1770.<ref name=":0" /> The descendants of the warriors who aided him were granted [[Jagir|jagirs]], and these [[Jagir|jagirs]] paid no tribute to the state.<ref name=":0" /> He was succeeded by [[Tej Singh Ju Deo|Tej Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=https://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-22/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India - Volume 22 |date=1908-06-01 |pages=108}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bundela, Aman Singh}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Badasahi (community development block)

2025-12-12T03:40:33Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: entry - done

{{Notability|1=Geographic|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Badasahi
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
| mapframe = yes
|map_caption1 =Badasahi in [[Mayurbhanj district]].
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in Odisha
|pushpin_map = India Odisha
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title = Formed
|established_date = August 15, 1996
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 36.64
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 132,580
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|21.7271|N|86.7409|E|display=inline|}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 51
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 757026
|area_code =
|registration_plate = OD–11
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 63.89 per cent
|footnotes =
}}

'''Badasahi''' or '''Barsahi''' s a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in Baripada subdivision of [[Mayurbhanj district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Mayurbhanj District, Government of Odisha {{!}} India |url=https://mayurbhanj.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> The block has six RI circles, i.e. (1) Pratappur (2) Khanua (3) Sankerko (4) Kuradiha (5) Durgapur (6) Manatri. Inhabited by around two lakh people and distributed in 30 panchayats and 224 revenue villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tahasil Office, Badasahi, Mayurbhanj |url=https://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/Pages/printAllManual/office_id:2094/lang: |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.rtiodisha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=Call for sub-division status to Badasahi |url=https://www.orissapost.com/call-for-sub-division-status-to-badasahi/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mayurbhanj-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Odisha]]

Ashta Someswaras

2025-12-08T02:42:50Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Short description|Eight lingas around Draksharamam}}
{{Unreferenced|date=October 2023}}
[[File:అష్ట సోమేశ్వరములు.jpg|thumb|A plaque in Someswaram showing the locations of the Ashta Someswaras, the nava lingas, and the story behind their consecration.]]
The '''Ashta Someswaras''' ({{lang|te|అష్ట సోమేశ్వరములు}}, {{IPA|te|aʂʈa soːmeːçʋaɾamulu|lang}}) refer to eight [[Shiva]] [[lingam|lingas]] consecrated in the eight directions (cardinal and inter-cardinal) around [[Draksharamam]], a village in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==Etymology==
''Ashta'' in Sanskrit means eight. ''Soma'' means the moon. ''[[Ishvara]]'' means lord, and epithet of the deity Shiva. The name refers to eight lingas consecrated by the moon god.

==Legend==
According to [[Sthala purana|regional tradition]], the origin of temples is as follows: The linga in [[Draksharamam]] is said to have been consecrated by the sun god [[Surya]]. This resulted in rise of atmospheric temperatures in the surrounding regions. To control these high temperatures, the moon god [[Chandra]] consecrated eight lingas in the eight directions of Draksharamam. The Dhraksharama lingam, along with these eight lingas together, are known as nava (nine) lingas. Visiting these nava lingas on the same day is believed to be a holy act.

==Locations==
With Draksharamam as reference point, the location of lingas is as follows:

# North: Vella
# South: [[Kotipalli]]
# East: Kolanka
# West: Venturu
# North-East: Penumaalla
# North-West: [[Someswaram]]
# South-East: Dangeru
# South-West: Korumilli

==See also==

* [[Pancharama Kshetras]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Farah Naaz Hashmi

2025-12-04T16:49:22Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: slightly fix citations additionally and updated info per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Farah (actress)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Deepak Prakash

2025-11-28T14:48:32Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: minor update

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deepak Prakash
| image = File:Deepak prakash.jpg
| office = [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry |Minister of Panchayati Raj]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 20 November 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Kedar Prasad Gupta]]
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
| birth_date = 22 October 1989
| birth_place = Patna, Bihar, India
| nationality = [[Indian]]
| spouse = Sakshi Mishra
| father = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| mother = [[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
| education = B. Tech in Computer Science from MIT, Manipal, 2011
| image_size = 220
| birth_name = Deepak Prakash
}}

'''Deepak Prakash''', also known as '''Deepak Prakash Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/know-about-bihar-minister-deepak-prakash-kushwaha-wife-sakshi-mishra-uttar-pradesh-connection/articleshow/125501064.cms|title=बिहार में बगैर चुनाव लड़े बन गए मंत्री, दीपक प्रकाश कुशवाहा की ब्राह्मण बीवी का यूपी से नाता जानिए |website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=24 November 2025}}</ref>, (born 22 October 1989) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is a member of the [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]] and currently serves as a Minister of Panchayati Raj in the [[Government of Bihar]] since 20 November 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Deepak Prakash was born on 22 October 1989 in [[Patna]], Bihar. He completed his Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science from MIT, Manipal in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=उपेंद्र कुशवाहा के बेटे दीपक प्रकाश बिना चुनाव लड़े कैसे बने नीतीश सरकार में मंत्री |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cp858r45yy7o |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/political-dynasties-and-votes-the-family-packs-of-bihar/article70315248.ece|title=Dynasty politics and votes: The family packs of Bihar |website=The Hindu|accessdate=24 November 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Deepak Prakash entered politics as a member of the [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]. In 2025, he was appointed as a Minister in the Bihar government under Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]]. He has not contested any election prior to becoming a minister.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-upendra-kushwaha-son-deepak-prakash-becomes-minister-without-election-40045292.html|title=Deepak Prakash: बिना चुनाव लड़े मंत्री बने उपेंद्र कुशवाहा के बेटे दीपक प्रकाश, इंजीनियरिंग छोड़ राजनीति में एंट्री |website=Jagran|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref> He first captured media spotlight during 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, when he and his wife Sakshi Mishra did widespread campaigning in the favour of his mother and Rashtriya Lok Morcha candidate from [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]], [[Snehlata Kushwaha]]. Snehlata won this election with a fair margin of votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/bihar/news/how-upendra-kushwahas-son-fell-in-love-with-brahmin-girl-deepak-prakash-jeans-oath-136481801.html|title=How Upendra Kushwahas son fell in love with a Brahmin girl?|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=25 November 2025}}</ref>

On 22 November 2025, he took the charge of Ministry of Panchayati Raj in [[Government of Bihar]], which deals with issues related to local governance. In his first press statement, Prakash announced that the ministry under his charge will focus on filling the vacancies under various departments of Panchayati Raj ministry. Prakash also announced that the ministry will focus on creating revenue generating assets on the land owned by [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]], the local body at district level in Indian federal system. He also proposed formation of committees at the Panchayat level, staffed by representatives of different political parties for overseeing various public works at the level of Gram Panchayats. This, according to him, was necessary to ensure accountability. Prakash also raised the issue of pendency in construction of building of Panchayat Bhawan at various places in state and poor quality of building material used, with a target to solve this issue on priority basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/deepak-prakash-bihar-panchayati-raj-minister-reaction-on-ongoing-schemes-and-construction-work-3047687|title=Deepak Prakash reaction on ongoing schemes and construction works|website=ABP news|accessdate=24 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-panchayati-raj-minister-deepak-prakash-initiates-development-plans-for-local-employment-201763815410043.html|title=योजनाओं की निगरानी को पंचायत स्तर पर बनेगी कमेटी : मंत्री |website=Hindustan|accessdate=24 November 2025}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
His appointment as minister without contesting any election led to public and media controversy. Questions were raised about political nepotism, and critics highlighted that he was taking office despite no prior legislative experience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=Bihar Cabinet: Who is Deepak Prakash — The new minister who took oath without contesting elections? - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bihar-cabinet-who-is-deepak-prakash-the-new-minister-who-took-oath-without-contesting-elections-19767645.htm |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Deepak Prakash is married to Sakshi Mishra, the daughter of former bureaucrat S.N. Mishra from Uttar Pradesh. His mother is [[Snehlata Kushwaha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/bihar/deepak-prakash-love-story-who-is-wife-sakshi-mishra-kushwaha-beauty-hits-aishwarya-explore-caste-1434829.html|title=Love Story: नीतीश कैबिनेट में जैकपॉट वाले Deepak Prakash की पत्नी कौन? खूबसूरती में ऐश्वर्या भी फेल! |website=One India|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/deepak-prakash-wife-sakshi-mishra-kushwaha-profile-see-photos-of-bihar-minister-wife-3047039|title=बिहार के सबसे चर्चित मंत्री दीपक प्रकाश की पत्नी कौन? इस बड़े अफसर की बेटी हैं साक्षी मिश्रा |website=ABP |accessdate=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]

Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station

2025-11-25T07:50:07Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding initial entry first draft

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vyasarpadi Jiva
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = VysarpadiStation View3.jpg
| image_caption = Eastern end of Vyasarpadi Jiva railway station
| address = [[Vyasarpadi]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|6|32|N|80|15|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 2 (Island platform)
| tracks = 4
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code = VJM
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| former = South Indian Railway
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Vyasarpadi Jiva railway station''' is one of the railway station of the [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|Chennai Central–Arakkonam section]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Vyasarpadi]]. It is located 4 km to the northwest of [[Chennai Central]] railway station and 4 km to the west of [[Chennai Beach]] railway station. The station lies at the western end of the 'diamond junction' of Chennai's railway network, where all the lines of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] meet. It has an elevation of 5 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

==History==
[[File:VyasarpadiStation View1.jpg|thumb|210px|left|A view of the island platform at the station]]
[[File:VysarpadiStation Subway.jpg|thumb|210px|left|The subway at Vyasarpadi railway station]]
[[File:VysarpadiStation View2.jpg|thumb|210px|A view of the station towards west]]
The station is one of the oldest stations in South India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} The first train to Arcot started from this station. The old ruins still remain 200 m away from the current station as a cabin room.

The lines at the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section. Additional line between Basin bridge and Vyasarpadi was electrified on 31 December 1985 and the doubling of track between Vyasarpadi and Korukkupet was electrified on 27 February 1986.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==The station==
The station acts as the junction and four rail routes branch from here. The southern line goes to [[Chennai Central]]. The eastern line goes to [[Chennai Beach]]. The northern line goes to Korukupet further proceeding to [[Gudur]]. The western line goes to [[Perambur]] further proceeding to [[Arakkonam]]. The christening of this station is unique since Vyasarpadi is the name of the place and Jeeva is the name of veteran socialist leader [[Jeevanandam]]. It is in memory of his presence in Vyasarpadi, the station is named as 'Jeeva'.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

==Facilities==
[[File:VysarpadiCabin Chennai.jpg|thumb|210px|Vyasarpadi cabin, located at the eastern side of the station]]
Vyasarpadi Cabin is a control cabin located between [[Basin Bridge]] and Vyasarpadi Jeeva. Its function is to control the Vyasarpadi Jeeva station and railway lines connected to it.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

The station is served by both a [[footbridge]] and a [[Rapid transit|subway]].

==Incidents==
On 29 April 2009, a suburban EMU train from [[Chennai Central Suburban|Chennai Central's Moore Market Suburban terminal]], hijacked by an unidentified man, rammed with a stationary goods train at the Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station, killing four passengers and injuring 11 others. A major portion of the platform at the station, foot over-bridge and railway track were damaged due to the impact of the collision.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Vijaya Kumar
| first = S.
| author2=S. Vydhianathan
| title = Hijack leads to train collision, 4 die
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 April 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502133100/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 May 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 22 Sep 2012}}</ref> The train which was to start at 5:15 am started at 4:50 am.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Bizarre Rail Accident in Chennai Kills 4
|newspaper = Outlook India
|location = Chennai
|publisher = OutlookIndia.com
|date = 29 April 2009
|url = http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124
|access-date = 22 Sep 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175943/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The speed of the EMU train at the time of the collision was 92 kmph. There were about 35 passengers on board the train at the time of the accident.<ref>{{cite news
| title = 7 killed in train accident in Tamil Nadu
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| publisher = IndiaToday.in
| date = 29 April 2009
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/7-killed-in-train-accident-in-tamil-nadu-45948-2009-04-28
| access-date = 22 Sep 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Vyasarpadi Jeeva|Vyasarpadi Cabin|Perambur|4|4.12}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Vyasarpadi Jeeva|Vyasarpadi Cabin|Perambur|4|4.12}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Vyasarpadi Cabin|Vyasarpadi Cabin|Perambur|4|4.12}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Bengali novels

2025-11-14T16:29:48Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new

{{short description|Bengali-language novels}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Bengali literature}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Bengalis}}
'''Bengali novels''' occupy a major part of [[Bengali literature]]. Despite the evidence of Bengali literary traditions dating back to the 7th century, the format of novel or prose writing did not fully emerge until the early nineteenth century. The development of Bengali novel was fueled by colonial encounter, booming print culture, growth of urban centers, and increased middle-class readership<ref>Chaudhuri, S. (2012). The Bengali novel. In V. Dalmia & R. Sadana (Eds.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture'' (Cambridge Companions to Culture, pp. 99–123). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521516259.008</ref> ''Upanyas,'' the Bangla word for novel, is derived from the words ''upanay'' and ''upanyasta.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novel – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Novel#:~:text=Some%20other%20well-known%20novels,Janani%20(1958)%20by%20shawkat%20osman |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

According to Ananda Sanker and Lila Ray, 'when the novel was introduced in Bengali in the middle of the 19th century, the form itself was new, the prose in which it was written was new, the secular tone was new in a country hitherto wholly dominated by religion, and the society in which and for which it was written was new' (p. 168). But some great novelists like [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]], and [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] developed the newly introduced genre in such a way that 'new' changed into 'matured' through their works. Almost all these literary activities went on in full swing in [[Kolkata]], which was considered the cultural hub before the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]]. After 1947, novelists from [[East Bengal]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) gained the platform to focus on their unique identities and [[Dhaka]] emerged as a flourishing hub for Bengali novelists. Despite the Bengali common heritage and customs, the political partition was accompanied by partition of literary streams between East and West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bangla Literature – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangla_Literature |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> In the twenty-first century, popular contemporary Bengali novels include those written by novelists from both Bengals. Examples include prominent and prolific authors like [[Humayun Ahmed]] from Bangladesh and [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] from India.

== Early Novels in Bengali ==
The first Bangla novelists were [[Peary Chand Mitra]] (1814–1883) and [[Kaliprasanna Singha|Kali Prasanna Singha]] (1840–1870).<ref name=":0" /> Under the pen name of 'Tekchand Thakur, [[Peary Chand Mitra]] wrote the first Bengali novel ''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]] (1858).'' His use of ''[[Bengali language#Spoken and literary variants|Cholitobhasa]]'' (colloquial form of the Bengali language) to narrate the story of Bengali society was unprecedented in the history of printed Bengali literature. Several other Bengali prose fiction published earlier are also considered as claimants of the first Bengali novels. These include: ''Nabababubilas (1825)'' by [[Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay]] and ''Karuna O Phulmonir Bibaran'' (1852) by [[Hana Catherine Mullens]].The 1865 novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] is considered the first significant or worthwhile Bengali novel in the modern period of [[Bengali literature]]. The first Bengali Muslim novelist [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] (1847–1912) published his first novel ''Ratnabati'' in 1869 and the first Bengali woman novelist was [[Swarnakumari Devi|Swarna Kumari Devi]] (1855–1932) was widely acclaimed for her novel Dipnirban (1870).

Many of the earliest published novels were written by [[Kolkata]]-based writers like Peary Chand Mitra and Kali Prasanna Singh, writers from then-[[East Bengal]] are also known to have written novels. [[Kangal Harinath]](1833–1896), based in [[Kushtia District]], now in [[Bangladesh]], published three original novels Bijoy Basanta (1859), Chittachapala (1876) and 'Prem-Promila'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সববাংলায় |date=2022-01-24 |title=কাঙাল হরিনাথ |url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/kangal-harinath/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=সববাংলায় |language=bn-BD}}</ref> His 1859 novel Bijoy Basanta was so popular that a second edition was published in 1862.

== Modern period of Bengali Literature (1890–1947) ==
Although this period is often called "The Tagore Phase" because of the domination of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in all genres of Bangla literature, the most popular novelist of this period was [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. He is best known for his novels, which often portrayed lives, struggles, and hopes of men and women in a relatable manner. His language was easy-to-read and left lasting impression on readers' minds. His work has been translated into many languages and has been adapted into films and television shows. His most popular novels include ''Badadidi'' (1913), ''Bindur Chhele'' (1914), ''Ramer Sumati'' (1914), ''Pandit Mashai'' (1914), ''Biraj Bau'' (1914), ''Charitrahin'' (1914), ''Chandranath'' (1916), ''Pallisamaj'' (1916), ''Devdas'' (1917), ''Datta'' (1918), ''Grhadaha'' (1920), ''Dena-Paona'' (1923), and ''Baikunther Will'' (1934).

Although [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] was most notable as a poet, he wrote twelves novels where he explored the nuances of human relationships, psychological phenomena, and social issues. His most notables novels include: ''Bauthakuranir Hat'' (1883) and ''Rajarsi'' (1887) based on historical events, ''Chokher Bali'', concerning taboo topic of illicit love, and ''Gora'' (1910) featuring a hero who is a European child brought up by a Hindu family.

[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] (1894–1950) was the most popular novelist to succeed Sharat Chandra. Through his work, he narrated the stories of struggle, poverty, hopes, and dreams of ordinary people of rural Bengal. His most famous novels include the trilogy consisting of ''Pather Panchali'' (1929), ''Apur Sangsar'', and ''Aparajita''. Among his other novels are ''Aranyak'' (1938), ''Debayan'' (1944), ''Drishtipradip'' (1935), ''Adarsha Hindu Hotel'' (1940), and ''Ichhamati'' (1949).

Other prominent novelists who shaped mainstream Bengali novels of this era include [[Jagadish Gupta]] and [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]],

=== Novelists from East Bengal during pre-partition era ===
Before 1947, events like [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, Foundation of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1906 and Unification of Bengali in 1911 inspired the Muslim community of Dhaka to establish a new identity in the horizon of literature. [[Mohammad Najibar Rahman]], [[Kazi Imdadul Huq]], [[Kazi Abdul Wadud]], Sheikh Idrish Ali, Akbaruddin, Abul Fazal, Humayun Kabir, etc. were among the novelists who tried to enrich the novels of the then [[East Pakistan]], present Bangladesh.

Mohammad Najibar Rahman's ''Anowara'' was the first notable novel and it moved the whole Bengali Muslim community after publication. According to Rafiqullah Khan, 'The novel could not create any novelty from artistic point of view, but it carried great importance for its picturization of socio-economic and political culture and ideals of the uprising populace' (p. 25, Translation). The main themes of most of the novels in this era were Muslim society, beliefs, and orthodoxy. Examples of novels incorporating these themes are Najibar Rahman's ''Premer Somadhi'' (published in 1919) and ''Goriber Meye'' (1923), Sheikh Idris Ali's ''Premer Pothe'' (1926). In this time, for the first time the life of the Bengali farmers took an artistic delineation through Kazi Abdul Wadud's ''Nodibakshe'' (1919).

Then Kazi Imdadul Huq sprinkled a new wave. His famous novel ''Abdullah'' was published in periodicals in 1920 and it came into book form in 1933. According to Biswajit Ghosh, this novel was a 'bourgeois and humanitarian revolt against devotion to Peers, religious dogmas, purdah-system and disparity between Ashraf and Atraf'.<ref>Biswajit Ghosh page 134, translation</ref> Later, 'Kazi Abdul Wadud and Humayun Kabir extended this attitude'.<ref>Syed Akram Hussain:page 97</ref> Another novelist, Abul Fazal, exposed human psychological analyses in his novel ''Chouchir'' (1927). He afterwards continued with his own style and wrote ''Prodip O Patongo'' (1940) and ''Shahoshika'' (1946). It is well accepted that this type of psychological approach was a first attempt in novels of Bangladesh, though not for the first time in Bengali novels.

== Post-Partition/ Contemporary era (1947–Present) ==
The [[Indian independence movement|independence of India and Pakistan from British rule]] bore more importance for the people of then [[Bengal]]. Since then the Bengali speaking community were divided into two parts – the East and the West Bengal. The practice and stream of literary practice also separated ways although both Bengals share common readership.

=== West Bengal stream ===
Novels in post-partition West Bengal portrayed proliferation of socialist ideas. Two of the most notable novelists from this era are [[Manik Bandopadhyay]] and [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay|Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]]. Tarashankar's goal was to write novels with a social purpose. Through his novels, he sketched the tension between socialism and capitalism. His popular novels ''Raikamal'' and ''Kavi, and Hasuli Banker Upakatha'' (1947) paints the pictures of lives of people with humble means.<ref name=":0" />

Contemporary prominenet novelists from West Bengal include [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, [[Samaresh Majumdar]], [[Mahasweta Devi]], and [[Ashapurna Devi]].

=== Bangladesh stream (formerly East Bengal) ===

==== East Pakistan era ====
The [[Indian independence movement|independence of India and Pakistan from British rule]] bore more importance for the people of then [[Bengal]]. Since then the Bengali speaking community were divided into two parts – the East and the West Bengal. It turns into the smashing of the millennium-old culture and unity of Bengali nation. Moreover, the existence of language became a great question just after the creation of Pakistan. The West-Pakistan ruling government tried to impose [[Urdu]] as the principal language on the Bengali people. But the whole society reacted strongly. This leaves a permanent impression on [[Bengali literature]]. In this tumultuous era, [[Syed Waliullah]]'s ''Lalsalu (Tree without roots)'' (1948) was published. It was the foremost successful novel, both from art and reality points of view. Later Syed Waliullah translated it in English by the name ''Tree Without Roots''. Mahbub-ul Alam wrote ''Mofijon'', also published in 1948. A progressive novelist Humayun Kabir wrote an English novel, ''Rivers and Women'', which was published in 1945. The Bengali form was published in 1952 by the name of ''Nodi O Nari''.

In the first years of the Pakistan regime the authors mostly took village life as their [[theme (literature)|theme]], but they gradually diversified their interests. Newly born urban society began to establish itself as worthy to be literary contents. Along with them political developments also took place in fiction. Among the first novelists of Pakistan period, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal]], Akbar Hossain, [[Shaukat Osman]], [[Abu Rushd]], Kazi Afsaruddin, [[Daulatunnessa Khatun]], Syed Waliullah, [[Sarder Jayenuddin]], [[Abu Ishaque]], and [[Shamsuddin Abul Kalam]] were the most prominent ones.

Then came a whole generation of extraordinary novelists. [[Chowdhury Shamsur Rahman]], [[Satyen Sen]], [[Abujafar Shamsuddin]], [[Ahsan Habib (poet)|Ahsan Habib]], [[Nilima Ibrahim]], Abdur Razzak, Khondkar Md. Eliash, [[Rashid Karim]], [[Shahidulla Kaisar]], [[Anwar Pasha]], Abdar Rashid, [[Alauddin Al-Azad]], [[Abdul Gaffar Choudhury]], [[Zahir Raihan]], [[Syed Shamsul Haq]], Humayun Kadir, Shahid Akhand, Razia Khan, Shawkat Ali, Dilara Hashim, Indu Saha, and [[Ahmed Sofa]] were notable names.

In this time, diversity of contents of the novel was noticeable. Village life was the core theme of a huge number of novels. Sometimes it centered the superstitious village mind or the oppression by the influential groups on the common people, some other times depressed womanhood took this place. Love between men and women in [[pastoral]] context were also a subject of many novels. ''Lalshalu'' by Syed Waliullah, ''Kashboner Konna'' by [[Shamsuddin Abul Kalam]], ''Surjo Dighol Bari'' by [[Abu Ishaque]], ''Meghabaran Kesh'' by Ishaq Chakhari, ''Adiganta'' by Sardar Jayenunddin, ''Mohuar Desh'' by Tasadduk Hossain, ''Janani'' by [[Shaukat Osman]], ''Jhar'' by Syed Sahadat Hossain, ''Karnafully'' by [[Alauddin Al-Azad]], ''Sareng Bou'' and ''Sangsaptak'' by [[Shahidulla Kaisar]], ''Aranya Mithun'' by Badruddin Ahmad, ''Modhumoti'' by Rabeya Khatun, ''Hazar Bachhar Dhore'' by [[Zahir Raihan]], ''Bobakahini'' by [[Jasimuddin]], ''Pannamoti'' by Sardar Jayenuddin etc. incorporated these themes.

Middle class society began to evolve in this time. Urban life, its problems and complexities, uprising middle-class people, their social context and love in their life started to be portrayed in a good number of novels. ''Jibon Pother Jatri'' by Abul Fazal, ''Pother Porosh'' (1957) by Daulatunnessa Khatun, ''Bhorer Bihongi'' (1958) by Satyen Sen, ''Surjer Niche'' (1958) by Atahar Ahmad, ''Pathasranta'' (1959) by Nilima Ibrahim, ''Shesh Bikeler Meye'' (1960) by [[Zahir Raihan]], ''Kanyakumari'' (1960) by Abdur Razzak, ''Uttam Purush'' (1961) by [[Rashid Karim]], ''Ek Path Dui Bank'' (1962) by Nilima Ibrahim, ''Akash Jodi Nil Hoi'' (1962) and ''Ihai To Prem'' (1963) by Syed Sahadat Hossain, ''Prasanno Pashan'' (1963) by Rashid Karim, ''Pingal Aakash'' (1963) by [[Shawkat Ali]], ''Akasher Rong'' (1964) by Zobeda Khanam, ''Panna Holo Sobuz'' (1964) by Shahid Akhand, ''Nirjan Megh'' (1965) by Humayun Kadir, ''Ghar Mon Janala'' (1965) by Dilara Hashim, ''Aronyo Nilima'' (1965) by Ahsan Habib, ''Antahshila'' (1967) by Kazi Md. Idris, ''Digonter Swapno'' (1967) by Razia Majid, ''Mon Ek Shet Kopoti'' (1967), ''Shaheb Bazar'' (1967) and ''Ananto Aneysha'' (1967) by Rabeya Khatun, ''Bipani Mon'' (1968) by Mir Abul Hossain, ''Sourav'' (1968) by Anis Chowdhury, ''Anishchita Ragini'' (1969) by [[Abu Rushd]], ''Borof Gola Nodi'' (1969) by [[Zahir Raihan]], ''Rajabagh Shahimar Bagh'' (1969) by Rabeya Khatun etc. are significant novels of this stream.

But the background of another major event was being prepared in this time. The country began to experience turmoil. The political situation of the country became more and more prominent in the novels also. In novels like ''Nongor'' by [[Abu Rushd]] and ''Mon Na Moti'' by Anis Siddique, ''Jibon Khuda'' by [[Abul Monsoor Ahmed]] exposed the context of [[Pakistan]] Movement. Communal picture out of this movement and the restoration of Hindu-Muslim harmony also became core content in a number of novels including ''Ranga Probhat'' by Abul Fazal, ''Khuda O Asha'' by [[Alauddin Al-Azad]], ''Neer Sandhani'' and ''Nishuti Rater Gatha'' by [[Anwar Pasha]] etc.

Then came the historic event of the [[Bengali language movement]]. The keen eyes of the novelists were nowhere but on this tremendous incident. Jahir Raihan's ''Aarek Falgoon'' was the most significant effort on language movement. Other political incidents like the [[class conflict]], socialism, and movement in the cultivators was depicted in the novels like ''Dui Mohol'' (later on renamed as ''Alamnagorer Upokotha'') by [[Shamsuddin Abul Kalam]], ''[[Surjo Tumi Sathi]]'' by [[Ahmad Sofa]] etc. [[Shaukat Osman]] wrote wonderful symbolic political novels ''[[Kritodasher Hashi]]'' and [[Raja Upakhyan]]. Abdul Gaffar Chowdhury's ''Chandradwiper Upakhyan'' and ''Nam Na Jana Bhore'' portrayed the uprising farmer society and its conflicts.

There were some historical novels also. [[Abujafar Shamsuddin]]'s ''Bhaowal Gorer Upakhayan'' about the [[Faraizi Movement]], Sardar Jayenuddin's ''Nil Rong Rokto'' about the [[Indigo revolt]], Satyen Sen's ''Kumarajiva'' about the spread of [[Buddhism]], and ''Oporajeyo'' about the [[Sepoy Revolt]] etc. are a few examples among them. Some novelists favoured psychological complexities. With his unique presentation and language of his own, [[Syed Waliullah]] wrote ''Chander Amabashya'' and ''Kando Nodi Kando'' keeping psychological analysis in the centre.

Another trend of novels having emphasis on the sexual behaviours and deviations of the characters began to mark its own place during the sixties. Razia Khan's ''Bot-tolar Uponyas'', and ''Anukolpo'' was among the first novels of this trend. [[Alauddin Al-Azad]]'s ''Teish Nambor Toilochitro'', ''Shiter Sheshrat Boshonter Prothomdin'' and [[Syed Shamsul Haq]]'s ''Ek Mohilar Chhobi'', ''Anupama Din'', ''Simana Chhariye'' etc. are mentionables in this regard.

Afterwards came the most memorable days of Bangali nation. After [[Bangladesh Liberation War|ten-month long war]] Bangalis became independent nation. After the massacre of three million people and huge violation and harassment of womenfolk and loss of property [[Bangladesh]] emerged as a secular and [[democratic nation]] on 16 December 1971, and Bangladeshi novel enters into a new era.

==== Bangladesh era ====
Most of the writers who were contributing in the pre-liberation period were also very creative in this period. [[Rashid Karim]] wrote novels based on middle-class society and their societal and psychological analysis. [[Alauddin Al-Azad]], [[Shawkat Ali]], Razia Khan and Dilara Hashim, [[Mahmudul Haque]], [[Ahmad Sofa]], [[Syed Shamsul Haq]] is among other notable names. Syed Shamsul Haq, commonly known as Syed Huq, wrote a good number of novels along with a huge number of books of other genres. He is always very experimental in both technique and form. ''Khelaram Khele Ja'' placed him in great controversy for his open delineation of human sexual behaviour. In his novels like ''Duratto'', ''Mahashunye Poran Master'', ''Ek Juboker Chhayapoth'' etc. [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation war]], its consequences, hopeless human existence and analysis of human mind and society take sharp pen-picture. Another powerful writer [[Shawkat Ali]] wrote ''Prodoshe Praakritojon'', which is a real representation of the [[twelfth century Bengali]] during King [[Lakhkhan Sen]]. His trilogy ''Dakshinayaner Din'', ''Kulaya Kalasrot'' and ''Purbaratri Purbadin'' deserve much compliment. Mahmudul Haque wrote ''Anur Pathshala'' before [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] in 1967. He wrote ''Nirapod Tondra'', ''Khelaghar'' (written 1978, published 1988), ''Kalo Borof'' (written in 1977, published in 1992), and ''Matir Jahaj'' (written in 1977, published in 1996). Ahmad Sofa, wrote novels with different tone. In ''Onkar'' (1975) he portrayed the suppressed Bangali mind of the pre-liberation period in a very artistic and symbolic way. In ''Gaavi Brityanto'' he presents the contemporary picture in a meticulous allegory. ''Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishwari'', a novel of [[romantic love]], is widely considered as his masterpiece. His ''Pushpa Brikhkha Ebong Bihongo Puran'' is a narration of true human affinity to nature.

After the liberation war, freedom fight became a unique subject. The first of this discipline is [[Anwar Pasha]]'s ''[[Rifle Roti Awrat]]'' that he wrote during the war. [[Shaukat Osman]]'s ''Jahannam Hoite Bidai'', ''Nekre Aranyo'', ''Dui Soinik'', Rashid Haider's ''Khanchai'', ''Andho Kothamala'', Shawkat Ali's ''Jatraa'', [[Selina Hossain]]'s [[Hangor Nodi Granade]], Mahmudul Huq's ''Jiban Aamar Bone'', Syed Shamsul Haq's ''Nil Dangshon'', ''Nishiddho Loban'', Harun Habib's ''Priyo Joddha Priyotoma'', [[Humayun Ahmed]]'s ''[[Jochona O Jononir Golpo]]'' etc. are examples of novels which directly deal freedom fight as their subject. Besides this, novels like ''Amar Jato Glani'' by Rashid Karim, ''Ferari Surjo'' by [[Rabeya Khatun]], ''Abelay Ashamoy'' by Amjad Hossain also portray the different facets of liberation war. Rashid Karim's ''Prem Ekti Lal Golap'', ''Ekaler Rupkotha'' or ''Sadharon Loker Kahini'' are presentation of the hopeless picture of Bangladesh after the war. 'Critics say that though after the liberation huge number of novels was written about our war, none of them could depict the historic incident in necessary epic form'.

New faces appeared in the literary world after the liberation. Among them, [[Selina Hossain]], [[Humayun Ahmed]], Hasnat Abdul Hye, Rizia Rahman, Jubaida Gulshan Ara Hena, and [[Bashir al-Helal]] were the most prominent.

Selina Hossain started with ''Jalochchhwas'' and till now she has authored more than twenty-one novels. Her ''Hangor Nodi Granade'' is a success written on [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. She has written novels like ''Taanaporen'' on coastal life and natural disaster. ''Gayatree Sondhya'' (3 volumes: published in, 1994, 1995, 1996), ''Kalketu O Fullora'', ''Chandbene'' are some of her historical novels.

[[Abdur Rouf Choudhury]]'s novel ''Natun Diganta'' (three volumes: published in 1991, 1992, 1993 and complete collection in 2005 by Pathak Shamabesh) is a quality work of art by any standard and most successful writing on pre- Bangladesh Liberation War. Choudhury most vividly depicted the unity of Bengal and the articulation of Bengali nationalism in his novel ''Natun Diganta'' (''New Horizon'') (vols. 1–3). Reason and humanity – these are its two eternal pillars. The essence of Choudhury's thought is a complete faith in the efficiency of these two immeasurable forces. Its most striking characteristic is its insistent association of work, precept and practice. It appeals not to controversial tests, not to any appearance of sweet reasonableness but to trials in the rough and tumble of life, and it will accept no other judgment. Natun Diganta gives warning against: 1) dogma, mysticism, ceremonial, hypnotism, the binding of the mind and will by oaths, and other inventions of external authority in religion and politics, 2) participation in violence, individual or social, and organisation's dependence on violence, 3) exploitation, luxury and material property, 4) self-degradation and 5) devotion to self-sacrifice.

Humayun Ahmed, perhaps the most popular novelist in Bengali after [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], appeared with his novel ''Nondito Noroke'' and then ''Shonkhoneel Karagar''. Later he gradually turned to less serious things. Almost all of his novels are best sellers. Some of his titles are ''1971'', ''Daruchinir Deep'', ''Brihonnola'', ''Joyjoyonti'', ''Kobi'' etc. Humayun Ahmed's ''Tomader Jonno Valobasa'' is the first [[Bengali science fiction|science fiction]] novel in Bangladesh.

A serious poet, essayist and literary researcher [[Abdul Mannan Syed]] published his first novel ''Pariprekshter Dasdashi'' in 1974. Later on he wrote ''Kolkata'', ''Poramatir Kaaj'','' O Te Ojogor'', ''Hei Songsar Hei Lota'', ''Khudha'', ''Prem'', ''Aagun'', ''Shyamoli Tomar Mukh'' etc. Hasnat Abdul Hye, arrived with his ''Suprobhat Bhalobasa''. By now he has written at least twenty novels. Along with his other novels he has introduced a different form of novels called biographical. ''Sultan'', ''Ekjon Aaroj Ali'' and ''Novera'' are example of this form. All of these novels are based on the biographical sketches of giant Bangali characters. Rizia Rahman's ''Uttar Purush'' came in black and white in 1977. She wrote some fifteen novels in the eighties. Her voluminous ''Bongo Theke Bangla'' is an [[Epic poetry|epic]] composition about the past culture and [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] of Bangali nation. Her other major novels are ''Rokter Okhkhor'', ''Alikhito Upakhyan'', ''Ekal Chirokal'', ''Prem Aamar Prem'', ''Ekti Phuler Jonyo'', ''Harun Fereni'' etc. Bashir al-Helal's ''Kalo Elish'' was published in 1979. His other novels include ''Ghritokumari'', ''Shesh Panpatro'', ''Nurjahander Modhumas'' etc.

In the eighties, Bangladeshi novel got some senior writers who wrote novels for the first time along with some promising young ones. Among the earlier writers Abubakar Siddique's ''Jalarakshas'' and ''Kharadaha'' appeared with much novelty. His important later novel is ''Ekatturer Hridoybhashma''. Makbula Manjoor started in the late years of the sixties, but most of her novels came out in the eighties and nineties. ''Kaler Mondira'' is one of her most notable work. [[Rahat Khan]] wrote novels about middle class city people, their joys and sorrows, love and separation. His significant works include ''Omol Dhabol Chakri'', ''Ek Priyodorshini'', ''Chhayadampoti'', ''Hai Shunyota'', ''Sangharsho'', ''Shahar'', ''Hai Anonter Pakhi'', ''Modhyomather Khelowar'' etc.

[[Akhtaruzzaman Elias]], one of the most artistic but least productive writers, wrote only two novels. He has started his journey with ''[[Chilekothar Sepai]]''. His most prestigious work ''[[Khoabnama]]'', which came out in 1996, is considered a milestone in the history of Bengali novels.

Another senior novelist [[Abu Ishaque]]'s second novel ''Padmar Palidwip'' was published in 1986, after thirty-one years of his debut novel ''Surjo Dighal Bari''. Appearance and disappearance of Chars (strip of sandy land), their effect on nearby humanity etc. have taken a keen narration in ''Padmar Palidwip''.

Haripada Datta is also a worthy name. His two-volume novel ''Ojogor'' (Vol. I −1989, Vol. II-1991) chronicles the recent history very remarkably. His previous novels are ''Eshane Ognidaho'' and ''Ondhokupe Janmothsob''. In 2000 he wrote an epic volume titled ''Jonmo Jonmantor''.

From the early years of the eighties, the arrival of some young novelists who, later on, obtained enough popularity, was heard. Monju Sarkar, [[Imdadul Haq Milan]] and [[Moinul Ahsan Saber]] are the few but most common names in this regard. Monju Sarkar's ''Tamosh'', ''Nagno Agontuk'', ''Protima Upakhyan'' and ''Abashbhumi'', Imdadul Haq Milan's ''Jabojjibon'' (written in 1976, published in 1900), ''Nodi Upakhyan'', ''Bhumiputro'', ''Poradhinota'', ''Rajakartontro'', Moinul Ahsan Saber's ''Adomer Jonye Opekhkha'', ''Pathor Somoy'', ''Char Torun Toruni'', ''Manush Jekhane Jai Na'', ''Dharabahik Kahin'', ''Opeksha'', ''Kobej Lethel'', ''Tumi Amake Niye Jabe'', ''Prem O Protishodh'', ''Songsher Japon'' got much recognition from the literati. [[Shahidul Zahir]], wrote his first novel ''Jibon O Rajnoitic Bastobota'', published in 1988 while his second, till now the last, ''Shei Rate Purnima Chhilo'' came out in 1995. Magic realism, which is a recent trend of the [[Latin American]] novels, takes place in Shahidul Zahir's narration.

The last decade of twentieth century is comparatively fruitful for Bangladeshi novels. [[Al Mahmud]]'s novelistic exposition, Bipradas Barua's Buddhist life, [[Humayun Azad]]'s brave creations, Akimun Rahman's novels about womanhood, [[Nasreen Jahan]]'s novels of magic realism, [[Shamsuddin Abul Kalam]]'s historic work ''Kanchongram'' is few mark of this decade. [[Syed Shamsul Haq]]'s masterpiece ''Bristi O Bidrohigon'', published in 1998, is a milestone on the past heritage and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]].
Senior poet Al Mahmud's debut novel ''Dahuki'' came out in 1992 which was followed by ''Kobi O Kolahol'', ''Upamohadesh'', ''Kabiler Bone'', ''Purush Sundor'', ''Nishinda Nari'' etc. Bipradas Barua's major novels are ''Somudrochar O Bidrohira'', ''Muktijoddhara'', ''Shromon Goutam'' etc.

[[Humayun Azad]] commenced his novelist career with ''[[Chhappanno Hajar Borgomail]]'' in 1994, which was a courageous slap on [[martial law]] and dictatorship. In no time the novel brought its writer much name and popularity. His later novels include ''[[Sab Kichu Bhene Pare]]'', ''[[Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad]]'', ''[[Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu]]'', ''[[Ekti Khuner Svapna]]'' etc. [[Mohammad Nurul Huda]], a renowned poet, had also two attempts in novel. Excepting ''Janmajati'' and ''Moinpahar'' he did not make any third attempt. [[Akimun Rahman]] is the first novelist ever in Bengali language in whose writing the untold and unknown secrets of womanhood are getting tongue. She has by now written four novels, ''Purusher Prithibite Ek Meye'', ''Roktopunje Genthe Jawya Machhi'', ''Pashe Shudhu Chhaya Chhilo'', and ''Jeebaner Roudre Udechhilo Kayekti Dhulikana''. Another notable novelist is [[Nasreen Jahan]]. Her first novel ''Urukku'' arrived with much appreciation. In her novels like ''Chondrer Prothom Kola'', ''Chondrolekhar Jaadubistar'', ''Sonali Mukhosh'', ''Ure Jai Nishipakhkhi'' etc., she manipulated the elements of magic realism. [[Anisul Hoque]], a journalist by profession, has established himself as a renowned writer. His ''Andhokarer Ekshaw Bachhar'' presented him a very honourable place but ''Ma'' (''The Mother'') has given him international reputation. Imtiar Shamim is also a young but promising name for the novels of recent Bangladesh. In ''Dana Kata Himer Bhetor'' he presented an NGO-world. His ''Amra Hetechhi Jara'' encompassed a very touching story of the sorry saga of post-independence Bangladesh life. In the first decade of the 21st century, literary critic and essayist [[Syed Manzoorul Islam]] wrote some experimental novels like ''Adhkhana Manush'', ''Tin Parber Jiban'' etc.; he also co-authored ''Jogajoger Gabheer Samasya Niye Kayekjan Eka Eka Lok'' which is one of few [[metafiction]] novels in Bengali. ''[[Agunpakhi]]'' by [[Hasan Azizul Huq]] received wide critical acclaim both in Bangladesh and India and two important literary award [[Prothom Alo]] book of the year prize in 2007 and [[Ananda Purashkar]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mahmud Rahman |date=2008-06-14 |title=Agunpakhi: Chronicle of a Life, Place and Time |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=40997 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Among other notable works, [[Shahaduz Zaman]]'s novel ''Bishorgo Te Dukkho'' is a pioneer work of the genre of [[metafiction]] in Bengali, and his ''Crutch-er Colonel'' is a popular historical novel on the life of Colonel Taher.

==Top novels of West Bengal, India==
[[File:Bankim chandra chatterjee.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]]]
{{Dynamic list|date=February 2021}}

{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#F4F9FF"
|-
! style="background-color:#98CFFF"|#
! style="background-color:#99CCFF"|Novel
! style="background-color:#08CCFF"|Author

|-
|align=center|1
| [[Durgeshnandini]]
| [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|2
| [[Kapalkundala]]
| Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
|-
| align=center|3
| Madhabi Kankan
| Ramesh Chandra Dutta
|-
| align=center|4
| Gora
| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|-
| align=center|5
| Ghare Baire
| Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| align=center|6
| Char Addhyay
| Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| align=center|7
| Shesher Kabita
| Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| align=center|8
| Noukadubi
| Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| align=center|9
| Pather Dabi
| [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|10
| Shesh Prashna
| Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay
|-
| align=center|11
| Aparajito
| [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|12
| Pather Panchali
| Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|13
| Aranyak
| Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|14
| Debjan
| Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|15
| Ganadevata
| [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|16
| Nagini Kanyar Kahini
| Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|17
| [[Hansuli Banker Upakatha (novel)|Hansuli Banker Upakatha]]
| Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|18
| Putul Nacher Itikatha
| [[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|19
| Dibaratrir Kabya
| Manik Bandopadhyay
|-
| align=center|20
| Padma Nadir Majhi
| Manik Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|21
| [[Jagari]]
| [[Satinath Bhaduri]]
|-
| align=center|22
| Antarjali Jatra
| [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]]
|-
| align=center|23
| Ekhon Amar Kono Asukh Nei
| [[Sandipan Chattopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|24
| Rubi Kakhan Asbe
| Sandipan Chattopadhyay
|-
| align=center|25
| Jiban Je Rakam
| [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|26
| Prathom Alo
| Sunil Gangopadhyay
|-
| align=center|27
| Sei Somoy
| Sunil Gangopadhyay
|-
| align=center|28
| Uttar Jahnabi
| [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]
|-
| align=center|29
| Aleek Manush
| Syed Mustafa Siraj
|-
| align=center|30
| Trinabhumi
| Syed Mustafa Siraj
|-
| align=center|31
| Panchyajanya
| [[Gajendrakumar Mitra]]
|-
| align=center|32
| Ghunpoka
| [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| align=center|33
| Purna Apurna
| [[Bimal Kar]]
|-
| align=center|34
| Kharkuto
| Bimal Kar
|-
| align=center|35
| Banpalashir Padabali
| Ramapada Choudhury
|-
| align=center|36
| Dweeper Naam Tiarong
| Ramapada Choudhury
|-
| align=center|37
| Mirar Dupur
| Jyotirindra Nandi
|-
| align=center|38
| Baaro Ghar Ek Uthon
| Jyotirindra Nandi
|-
| align=center|39
| Ei Taar Puroshkar
| Jyotirindra Nandi
|-
| align=center|40
| Nilkantha Pakhir Khonje
| Atin Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|41
| Aloukik Jalajan
| Atin Bandyopadhyay
|-
| align=center|42
| Manusher Gharbari
| Atin Bandyopadhyay
|-
|43
|Ishwarer Bagan
|Atin Bandyopadhyay
|-

| align="center" |44
| Dubjaley Jetuku Prashwas
| [[Malay Roy Choudhury]]
|-
| align="center" |45
| Kheladhula
| [[Basudeb Dasgupta]]
|-
| align="center" |46
| Bramhavargab Puran
| Kamal Chakrabarty
|-
| align="center" |47
| Brikhu
| Kamal Chakrabarty
|-
| align="center" |48
| Herbert
| [[Nabarun Bhattacharya]]
|-
| align="center" |49
| Matam
| Barin Ghosal
|-
| align="center" |50
| Suryaheen
| Arupratan Ghosh
|-
| align="center" |51
| Lohitparer Upakatha
| [[Samar Deb]]
|-
| align="center" |52
| Tungabhadrar Tire
| Sharadindu Bandopadhyay
|-
|53
|Mohulbonir Sereng
|Tapan Bondyopadhyay
|-
|54
|Shankhachil
|Sayantani Putatunda
|-
|55
|Ichhamoti
|Bibhutibhushan Bondopadhyay
|-
|56
|Keya Patar Nouko
|Prafulla Roy
|-
|57
|Uttal Somoyer Itikotha
|Prafulla Roy
|-
|58
|Shotodharay Boye Jaay
|Prafulla Roy
|-
|59
|Devdas
|Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
|-
|60
|Srikanta
|Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
|-
|}

==Further reading==
* ''Bangla Academy Lekhak Obhidhan'', Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1998
* ''Bangla Uponyase Chitrita Jiban O Somaj'', Sudhamoy Das, Dhaka, 1995
* ''Purba O Pashchim Banglar Uponyas'', Shahida Akter, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1992
* ''Amader Uponyase Bisoy Chetona : Bivagottor Kal'', Muhammad Idris Ali, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1988

==References==

{{reflist}}
* ''[[Bangla Academy Charitabhidhan]]'', Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Second Enlarged Edition, 1997
* ''Rafiqullah Khan, Bangladesher Uponyas: Bishay O Shilparup'', Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1997
* Syed Akram Hossain, 'Bangladesher Uponyas: Chetanaprabaha O Shilpajijnansha', Prosango Bangla Kathashahitya, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka, 1997
* Annada Sankar and Lila Ray, ''Bengali Literature'', Pashchimbanga Bangla Academy, Kolkata, 2000
* Biswajit Ghosh, ''Bangladesher Uponyas'', Sahitya Patrika, Vol. 28 No. 01, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1984
* ''Bangladesher Uponyase Char Doshok'', Kalyan Mirbar, Kolkata, 1992
* ''Bangladesher Koekjon Ouponyashik'', Subrata Kumar Das, Dhaka, 2005
* ''Anya Dahan Bela'', Pradip Kumar Bhadury, Aruna Prokashoni, Kolkata, 2002

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Novels}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi literature]]

1644 in India

2025-10-27T22:50:53Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: minor update

{{short description|none}} 
{{list incomplete|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Year in India|1644}}
Events in the year '''1644 in India'''.

==Events==
*The British establish themselves at Madras,<ref>''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 319</ref> building [[Fort St. George, India|Fort George]] there.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1644}}

[[Category:1644 in India| ]]
[[Category:1644 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

49th Kerala State Film Awards

2025-10-23T06:10:23Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: slightly updated intro and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Annual Indian film awards ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 49th Kerala State Film Awards
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Honouring achievements in Malayalam films
| presenter = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| host =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|07|27}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| country = [[India]]
| reward =
| year = 1969
| holder =
| most_wins = ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' (6)
| website = http://www.keralafilm.com
| previous = [[48th Kerala State Film Awards|2018 (48th)]]
| main = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| next= [[50th Kerala State Film Awards|2020 (50th)]]
}}

The '''49th Kerala State Film Awards,''' presented by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] were announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs, [[A. K. Balan]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 27 February 2019.<ref name="award">{{cite web|author=Keralafilm.com|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2018 declaration|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2019/Kerala_Film_Award_2018_declaration.pdf|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=27 February 2019|language=ml|date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/27/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners.html | title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019 Winners | work=[[Malayala Manorama]]| date=27 February 2019 | access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Writing category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[P. K. Pokker]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} M. Saritha Varma
| {{•}} Jinesh Kumar Eramom
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Mahesh Panju (member and secretary)
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.<ref name="award"/>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of work
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Malayalacinema Pinnitta Vazhikal''
|M. Jayaraj
|align="right"|{{INR}}30,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema|Best Article on Cinema]]
|''Vellithirayile 'Avarum' 'Nammalum' Thammilenthu ?''
|Blais Johny
|align="right"|{{INR}}20,000
|}

===Special Jury Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.<ref name="award"/>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of work
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Type of work
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|Special Mention
|''Kanyakayude Dhurnadappukal''
|N. V. Muhammad Rafi
|Book
|-
|''Malayala Cinemayum Novelum''
|Sunil C. E.
|Article
|-
|''Maranavum Marananantharavum Jeevanukalodu Parayunnathu''
|Rajesh K. Erumeli
|Article
|}

==Film category==
===Jury===
{| style="border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}} [[Kumar Shahani]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} K. G. Jayan
| {{•}} P. J. Ignatius
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Sherry Govindan
| {{•}} [[Vijayakrishnan]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Biju Sukumaran
| {{•}} Mohandas V. P.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} George Kithu
| {{•}} [[Navya Nair]]
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| {{•}} Mahesh Panju (member and secretary)
|}

===Awards===
All award recipients receive a cash prize, certificate and statuette.<ref name="award"/>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Kanthan - The Lover of Colour]]''
|Director: Shareef C.
|align="right"|{{INR}}200,000
|-
|Producer: Shareef C.
|align="right"|{{INR}}200,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Oru Njayarazhcha]]''
|Director: [[Shyamaprasad]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}150,000
|-
|Producer: Sarathchandran Nair
|align="right"|{{INR}}150,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|''[[Oru Njayarazhcha]]''
|[[Shyamaprasad]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}200,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' ''[[Njan Marykutty]]''
|[[Jayasurya]]
| align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|[[Soubin Shahir]]
| align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''Chola'' ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|''Chola'' ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''
|[[Joju George]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|[[Savithri Sreedharan]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}25,000
|-
|[[Sarasa Balussery|Sarasa Balusserry]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}25,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''Appuvinte Sathyanweshanam''
|Rithun ({{small|Male category}})
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
|''Panth''
|Abani Adhi ({{Small|Female category}})
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]''
|[[Joy Mathew]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|[[K. U. Mohanan]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|Zakariya Mohammed
|align="right"|{{INR}}25,000
|-
|[[Muhsin Parari]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}25,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''[[Theevandi]]'' ({{small|"Jeevamshamai"}}) ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' ({{small|"Kannethadooram"}})
|B. K. Harinarayanan
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director (song)]]
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' ({{small|All songs}})
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Music Director (score)]]
|''[[Aami]]''
|[[Bijibal]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Male Singer]]
|''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' ({{small|"Poomuthole"}})
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Singer]]
|''[[Aami]]'' ({{small|"Neermathalam"}})
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|''Oru Njayarazhcha''
|Aravind Manmadhan
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''
|Vineesh Banglan
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Sync Sound
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|Anil Radhakrishnan
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Sound Mixing
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|[[Sinoy Joseph]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Sound Design
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|Jayadevan C.
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|Best Processing Lab/Colourist
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|Prime Focus, [[Mumbai]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
|''[[Njan Marykutty]]''
|Ronex Xavier
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''
|[[Sameera Saneesh]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|''[[Odiyan]]'' ({{small|Character: Ravunni}})
|[[Shammi Thilakan]] ({{small|Male category}})
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
|''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]'' ({{small|Character: Lilli}})
|Sneha M. ({{small|Female category}})
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]''
|C. Prasanna Sujit
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|Producer: [[Sameer Thahir]], [[Shyju Khalid]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000 each
|-
|Director: Zakariya Mohammed
|align="right"|{{INR}}100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
|Zakariya Mohammed
|align="right"|{{INR}}100,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''Angu Doore Oru Deshathu''
|Producer: Baby Mathew
|align="right"|{{INR}}300,000
|-
|Director: [[Joshy Mathew]]
|align="right"|{{INR}}100,000
|-
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|''Pani'' ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...|And the Oscar Goes To]]''
|[[Madhu Ambat]] ({{small|awarded for cinematography}})
|align="right"|{{INR}}50,000
|}

===Special Jury Mention===
All recipients receive a certificate and statuette.<ref name="award"/>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Name of award
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Title of film
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" |Awardee(s)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0" class="unsortable" |Awarded for
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''Pani''
|Santhosh Mandoor
|Direction
|-
|[[Chola (film)|Chola]]
|[[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
|Direction
|-
|[[Chola (film)|Chola]]
|[[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
|Sound Design
|-
|''Roudram 2018''
|K. P. A. C. Leela
|Acting
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.keralafilm.com
{{Kerala State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]
[[Category:2018 Indian film awards]]

National Highway 39 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:29:21Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 102 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Maya Govind

2025-10-16T17:16:07Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Started Some Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian lyricist (1940–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Maya Govind
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Maya Govind
| alias =
| birth_date = 17 January 1940
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|04|07|1940|01|17|df=y}} <ref>[https://m.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/apr/07/hindi-film-lyricist-maya-govind-passes-away-at-82-30742.amp Maya Govind passes away at age 82]</ref>
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| origin =
| genre = [[Classical music]]
| occupation = [[lyricist]]
| instrument = vocals
| years_active = 1974–2001
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Maya Govind''' (17 January 1940 – 7 April 2022) was an Indian lyricist who wrote songs for many Bollywood films. She has written popular songs such as "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya", " Gale Mein Laal Tai", "Maine Paayal Hai Chhankayi", " Main Khiladi Tu Anari", "Aankhon Mein Base Ho Tum" <ref name=Maya>[https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/veteran-lyricist-maya-govind-passes-away-after-heart-attack Veteran Lyricist Maya Govind Passes Away After Heart Attack]</ref><ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/people/noted-lyricist-maya-govind-dies-of-heart-attack-wrote-main-khiladi-tu-anadi-song-among-many-others-2451562.html/amp Maya Govind dies of Heart Attack]</ref> etc. She wrote lyrics in films like ''[[Aarop]]'' (1974), ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]'' (1995), ''[[Yaarana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1995), ''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]'' (2001) etc. She has written over 800 songs.<ref name=b>[https://www.news18.com/news/movies/veteran-lyricist-maya-govind-dies-aged-82-was-undergoing-brain-clot-treatment-4954556.html Maya Govind dies at age 82]</ref>

==Career==
Maya was married to late director Ram Govind. She started her career after marriage, with a song in ''[[Aarop]]'' (1974), starring [[Vinod Khanna]]. The music was composed by [[Bhupen Hazarika]] and was rendered by [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. At a time of Urdu-poets' prominence and male domination in the songwriting industry, she established herself with her songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribute-to-lyricist-maya-govind/article65363431.ece/|title=A Tribute To Maya Govind|website=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=8 May 2022}}</ref> She has written songs for such composers as [[Kalyanji-Anandji]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Khayyam]], Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen and [[Anu Malik]]. Anu Malik was her most frequent collaborator, with whom she worked in commercially successful films including, ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]'' (1995), and ''[[Yaarana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]''{{cn|date=October 2022}} (1995).

Apart from films, she wrote title songs in numerous television series such as ''[[Maayka]]'', ''[[Phulwa]]'', ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1987), etc. She also penned [[Falguni Pathak]]'s 2000 Indie-pop song "Maine Paayal Hai Chhankayi", which emerged as a nationwide rage.<ref name=b/>

==Death==
She died on 7 April 2022 following a heart attack, at the age of 82.<ref name=Maya/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govind, Maya}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian women songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque

2025-09-06T19:33:51Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: creating data

{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque
| native_name = {{langx|ur|قلعہ کہنہ مسجد}}
| image = Qila Kuhna Masjid inside Puran Qila, Delhi.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2008
| location = [[Purana Qila]], [[Central Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Central Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6100|77.2450|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| established =
| year_completed = 1541 [[Common Era|CE]]
| rite = [[Hanafi]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]|[[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]]}}
| length = {{cvt|51|m|ft}}
| width = {{cvt|13.5|m|ft}}
| height_max = {{cvt|20|m|ft}}
| dome_quantity = One
| materials = [[Red sandstone]]; [[marble]]
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = {{nowrap|Mosque of Sher Shah}} (Kila Kohna Masjid); {{nowrap|(''Qila-i-Kuhna mosque'')}} | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = '''[[Purana Qila]]''' | designation1_number = N-DL-37 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque''' ({{langx|ur|قلعہ کہنہ مسجد||Mosque of the Old Fort}}), also known as the '''Mosque of Sher Shah''' and the '''Kila Kohna Masjid''', is an [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[mosque]] located inside the [[Purana Qila]] ({{literally|Old Fort}}) of [[Central Delhi]], [[India]].

After [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated [[Humayun]], he occupied Purana Qila. There, he built the mosque for his private use, which became a "symbol of his royal aspiration". The mosque is believed to have been constructed in {{CE|1541|link=on}}.<ref name="D'Ayala">{{cite book |last1=D'Ayala |first1=Dina|last2=Fodde|first2=Enrico|title=Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance : Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, 2-4 July [2008], Bath, United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmGLMwEACAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=CRC Pres s|isbn=978-0-415-46872-5 |pages=291-294}}</ref>

The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]],<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02 |date= }}</ref> administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

== Location ==
The mosque is located inside Sher Shah Suri's fort, Purana Qila, which became his fortification after he won Delhi. It is one of the structures beside the [[Sher Mandal]] (which is attributed as Humayun's library) present in the fort.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yasin |first=Mohammad |title=Reading in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hz4LJu1EqJIC&q=qila-i-kuhna+mosque |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & District |date=1988 |page=73 }}</ref> The fort is located near the [[Delhi Zoological Park|Delhi zoo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Purana Quila |url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/purana_quila.jsp |work=Delhi Tourism |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
Derived from various accounts of contemporary historians,<ref name="D'Ayala"/> the mosque history is written by [[Abbas Sarwani]], who claims that [[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi]], Sher Shah Suri built the mosque in 1540, from "[[gold]], [[lapis lazuli]]" and other precious stones.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarwani |first=Abbas |year=1580 |title=[[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi]] |author-link=Abbas Sarwani |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9789693518047 |page=46 }}</ref> He is said to have built the mosque to "revive" the city's status "as a major city".<ref name=Tracy>{{cite book |author1-link=James Tracy (historian) |last=Tracy |first=James D. |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSupaU3vVacC&pg=PA274 |date=25 September 2000|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6 |page=274-5 }}</ref> Historian MC Joshi argues that although Sher Shah completed the mosque, it was originally "designed" and its construction was started by [[Humayun]].<ref name="D'Ayala"/> Joshi believes that Sher Shah built the upper part of the mosque which included the dome. The [[marble]] works of the exterior walls could be attributed to his son [[Akbar]], because the geometric works are of his time and not of pre-Akbar era. The use of half-dome, pointed arches represents "A strong Mughal association". Humayun is credited with "introducing [[pietra dura]]" works in the [[liwan]] and [[mihrab]].<ref name="D'Ayala"/>

== Features ==
[[File:Qila Kuhna Masjid inside Purana Qila.jpg|thumbnail|Entrance of mosque]]
The mosque is built in the [[Architecture of Afghanistan|Afghan]] style of a [[congregational mosque]].<ref name=Tracy/> It is a symbol of the architectural tradition of "a five bay mosque", a concept which was developed during the [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] dynasties. The mosque lacks any inscription.<ref name="D'Ayala"/> It is {{convert|51|m|ft}} wide and {{convert|13.5|m|ft}} long; and is {{convert|20|m|ft}} high (which includes the dome). The mosque was built by "core masonry" with stone rubble "bonded with [[lime mortar]]".<ref name="D'Ayala"/> Blocks of [[quartzite]], marble and [[red sandstone]] were also used in the construction process. The internal rectilinear hall is laterally divided by five arches. The external facade comprises the same number of arches. The central arch is sunken "in an arched recess" which is contained within a rectangular frontage called ''liwan''.<ref name="D'Ayala"/> The mosque was intended to be constructed from marble. However, as it ran out of supply, [[red sandstone]] had to be used.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kapur, Subodh |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia |volume=1 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=9788177552577 |page=5862}}</ref>

From the ''liwan'' rises the dome, built in the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] style, flanked by small [[minaret]]s, called ''guldastas'' (flower bouquets). The dome on the central bay has a ''kalash'' [[finial]] on top. There are also "multiple openings" in the "drum" for ventilation and is decorated with intricate tile work. The internal part of the mosque has five [[mihrab|''mihrabs'']], one in each bay, corresponding to the external [[façade]].<ref name="D'Ayala"/> The ''mihrabs'', with alternate dark and light coloured stones, are similar to that of the [[Atala Masjid, Jaunpur|Atala Masjid]] in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].<ref name="D'Ayala"/> Flat domes are present on the "penultimate bays". The end bays are oblong in shape but the penultimate ones are square shaped. There are two half arches in the last bay which tangentially spring from the "shoulders of lateral arches", resulting in the creation of three spaces spanned with a cross-rib arrangement. There is a shallow dome in the central space, whereas the eastern and western arcades have semi-domes called ''"nim-gumbad"'' which rest on "suspending arches".<ref name="D'Ayala"/>

Two [[octagonal]] turrets are attached to the ends of the rear wall, "which are functional as well as structural".<ref name="D'Ayala"/>(decorative brackets with oriel windows, sunshades, narrow turrets) are found. The walls are ornamented with hexagonal star motifs which have coloured geometric patterns.<ref name="D'Ayala"/> The walls are filled with [[calligraphy]].<ref name=Tracy/> The mosque has two internal staircases located in the end bays. They were used to reach the terrace and the turrets. It also had private entrances on the north and south sides which are currently closed.<ref name="D'Ayala"/> The mosque also has "cusped entrance arches", a feature common during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |title=India Before Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&q=qila-i-kuhna+mosque |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=9780521809047 |page=121 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Qila-i-Kuhna mosque Stairs.jpg|Stairs of the mosque
Qila-i-Kuhna mosque Wall.jpg|A wall work in the mosque
Qila-i-Kuhna mosque Inside.jpg|Prayer hall of the mosque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Qila-i-Kuhna mosque}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:1541 establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Hanafi mosques]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1540s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1541]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]

Vateria indica oil

2025-07-27T12:57:16Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: adding basic stub w/ sources!

{{Short description|Oil from the seeds of the Vateria indica plant}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Vateria indica'' oil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''''Vateria indica'' oil''' is extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Vateria indica]]'' plant, a species in the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The ''Vateria indica'' plant is indigenous to the [[Western Ghats]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] regions of [[India]]. It thrives in the evergreen forests, surviving up to 800 meters above sea level.<ref name="dhupa">{{cite web|url=http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2170&parname=0 |title=Plant Details |publisher=Envis.frlht.org |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> Oil from the seeds of the plant is extracted through a chemical refining process which makes the plant edible.

==Common names in Indian languages==
*[[Sanskrit]]: Dupa, Kundura, Ajakarna, Sarjaks.
*[[Hindi]]: Kharub, Safed Damar, Sundras.

==Kernel==
Dhupa kernels are approximately 47% of the fruit, with the average kernel weighing 55 grams. The color of the kernel is reddish white or green, and it has a thick brown covering/hull and is hard, brittle, and aromatic. The [[moisture]] content in a fresh kernel is about 41-47%; it also contains 19-23% of pale yellow fat/oil having a tallow-like consistency that turns white over time. Kernels are generally dried in sunlight or by steam to enable extraction of the fat/oil, which is generally around 25% of the dried kernel by weight.

==Collection and processing==
[[Seeds]] are collected immediately after the [[fruit]] falls to avoid germination in the wet soil or infestation by worms. Seeds are collected by hand and it usually it takes 4–5 weeks for the crop to be collected. The germ is removed by hand and the fruits are decorticated with wooden mallets; the kernels are broken and sterilized in the process. The kernels are dried by agitating them in a layer 4–5 feet deep under the sun in a godown. The kernel is broken up to 6–7 mm size and crushed through an [[expeller]]; 8-9% oil is recovered from the seed, then the oil cake is processed by [[solvent extraction]] to yield the remaining oil from the oil cake.

==Oil and fat==
Vateria indica oil is known as piney tallow or dhupa fat. Because Dhupa oil contains more than 55.0% [[saturated fatty acids]], it remains solid at lower temperatures and so is known as [[fat]]. The fat contains up to 40-45% [[stearic acid]], 10-13% [[palmitic acid]] and 43-48% [[oleic acid]]. The [[linoleic acid]] content is only 0.5%. Also arachidic acid, a saturated fatty acid with 20 carbons, is present up to 5.0%.

'''Fatty acid composition'''<ref name="sea">SEA Hand Book-2009.By The Solvent Extractors' Association of India.page No:911</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chempro.in/fattyacid.htm |title=Fatty Acid Composition Of Some Major Oils |publisher=Chempro.in |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:green; color:yellow;" align="centre"
|Fatty Acid||Percentage
|-
|[[Myristic acid]](C14:0)||0.0-1.0
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]](C16:0)||9.7-13.0
|-
|[[Stearic acid]](C18:0)||38.0-45.0
|-
|[[Arachidic acid]]||0.4-4.6
|-
|[[Oleic acid]]||42.0-48.0
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]]||0.2-2.3
|-
|[[Linolenic acid]]|| up to 0.5
|}
Dhupa fat is greenish yellow to white, fairly soft with a pleasant odor. It can be bleached by exposure to light.

'''Specification for dhupa fat'''<ref name="sea"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.8879.1980.pdf |title=IS 8879 (1980): Dhupa Fat (FAD 13: Oils and Oilseeds) |publisher=Law.resource.org |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:green; color:yellow;" align="centre"
|Character||Range
|-
|Refractive index at 600C||1.4577-1.4677
|-
|Iodine value||36-51
|-
|Saponification value||186-193
|-
|Unsaponifiable matter||1.0-2.0
|-
|Titer||530C min
|}

==Uses of oil==
Refined fat is obtained after chemical conventional refining and is edible. It is used as a component for filling, as a substitute or extender for [[cocoa butter]], after proper processing, and in yarn-sizing and manufacture of [[candles]], [[Soap|soaps]] and other [[cosmetics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramagroup.co.in/speciality_fats_dhupa.html |title=Welcome to Manorama Group |publisher=Manoramagroup.co.in |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015124028/http://www.manoramagroup.co.in/speciality_fats_dhupa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The fat is also refined for edible use in confectionery and as an adulterant of ghee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pilikula.com/botanical_list/botanical_name_v/vateria_indica.html |title=Welcome to Pilikula Nisarga Dhama |publisher=Pilikula.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vateria indica]]
*[[Trees of India]]
*[[Incense of India]]
*[[Puja (Buddhism)]]
*[[Puja (Hinduism)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/dhupa/ Crirec.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211901/http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/dhupa/ |date=13 November 2013 }}
*[http://www.pilikula.com/botanical_list/botanical_name_v/vateria_indica.html Vateria Indica]

{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Food and drink in India]]

Nelliampathi

2025-06-22T06:45:26Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added intro further and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nelliyampathy
| other_name = Nelliampathi
| nickname = Nelliampathi
| settlement_type = Hill Station
| image_skyline = The Western Ghats003.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Western Ghats]] at Nelliampathi
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.529627|N|76.684012|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Nelliampathi
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 576
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,545
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/article/1031 |title=Basic details of Grama Panchayats in Palakkad District |website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL—Kerala|KL]]-70
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nenmara and Kollengode
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Nelliampathi
}}

'''Nelliyampathy''' (also spelled as '''Nelliampathi''') is a [[hill station]], located {{convert|60|km|mi}} from [[Palakkad]], state of [[Kerala]], India.

==Geography==
* Nelliampathy is surrounded by [[tea]] and [[coffee]] plantations.
* The village has its own [[gram panchayat]] and forms a part of the [[Chittur]] [[taluk]]. [[Pothundi Dam]], which was constructed in the 19th century, is the entrance to Nelliyampathy.

==Seetharkundu==
A viewpoint called Seethargund is situated 8 km away from Nelliyampathy. Seethargund, according to beliefs is the place where [[Lord Rama]], [[Laxmana]] and [[Seetha]] rested during their exile.

==Kesavan Rock==
Another attraction of Nelliyampathy is the [[Kesavanpara]] viewpoint. The film [[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]], starring [[Mammootty]], was shot here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralahome.in/en/interesting.html|title=Nelliyampathy|last=Maradei|first=Irene|year=2007|work=Things to Do and See Around Palakkad|access-date=25 January 2010|location=Palakkad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007135110/http://www.keralahome.in/en/interesting.html|archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224727&rlbtype=V |access-date=29 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234811/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224727&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Nelliyampathy had a population of 8,718 with 4,358 males and 4360 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=29 December 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Sithar Kundu View Point 01.jpg|Sitharkundu viewpoint
File:A mountain stream.JPG|A mountain stream
File:Nelliyampathy03.JPG|Hill view
File:Nelliyampathy Hill Station (14992548986).jpg
File:Nelliampathi Sitharkundu viewpoint.jpg|Another view of Sitharkundu viewpoint
File:A picture of Seetharkund Waterfalls, Kollengode.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pothundi Dam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article83474.ece Silent Valley model eco-tourism proposed to save Nelliampathy Hills]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Nelliampathy}}

{{Palakkad district}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Geography of Palakkad district]]
__FORCETOC__

Abdul Hannan (footballer)

2025-05-14T09:15:23Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: done - done

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2004)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abdul Hannan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|09|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| height = 1.82 m
| currentclub = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Sri Dashmesh Martial SA
| years1 = 2020–2022
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 14
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2023–
| clubs2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin B]]
| caps2 = 4
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| club-update = 20:10, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Abdul Hannan''' (born 4 September 2004) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]].

==Career==
Abdul Hannan made his first professional appearance for Indian Arrows on 10 January 2021 against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]].<ref name="ESPN 2021">{{cite web | title=Indian Arrows vs. Churchill Brothers - Football Match Summary - January 10, 2021 | website=ESPN | date=2021-01-10 | url=https://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=590486 | access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|4 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|abdul-hannan/657537}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Arrows]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Arrows season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||9||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!14!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!14!!0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin B]]
|[[2022–23 I-League 2|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||4||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!18!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!18!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Arrows squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hannan, Abdul}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Jairampur Pande

2025-05-12T13:47:31Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added first info needs work - done

{{Short description|Village in Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh), India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jairampur Pande
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Jairāmpur Pānde
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Jairampur Pande (#551) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.986315|N|81.545619|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.984
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 770
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jairampur Pande''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 39 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Jairampur Pande has a population of 770 people, in 109 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no schools and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a periodic [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jairampur Pande as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 233 people (121 male and 112 female), in 49 households and 49 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 252 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jairampur Pande (as "Jairampur Panday") as having a population of 625 people, in 76 households, and having an area of 99.96 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=218–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Bava Pyara Caves

2025-05-04T22:27:43Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Caves in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox cave
| name = Bava Pyara caves
| photo = Baba Pyra caves.jpg
| photo_caption = Bava Pyara caves
| depth =
| length =
| map = India#India Gujarat
| relief = yes
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| label = Sana Caves
| map_alt =
| coords = {{coord|21.519878|70.470133|display=inline, title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| survey =
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count =
| entrance_list =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| translation =
| pronunciation =
}}
[[File:Plan of Bava Pyara Caves, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.png|thumb|Plan of Bava Pyara caves]]
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Bava Pyara caves''' (also known as '''Baba Pyara caves''') are an example of ancient man-made [[caverns]]. The caves are a part of the [[Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups]] situated in the eastern part of [[Junagadh]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. Bava Pyara caves contains artworks of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].

== Caves ==
These caves are arranged in three lines; the first line on the north-facing southwards, the second line on the south from the east end of the first line, and the third line runs back of the second line in west-north-west. The second line has a primitive flat-roofed ''chaitya'' cave having simple cells on either side of it with extra cells on the north and east of it.<ref name="Sankalia1941" />

The Bava Pyara caves were visited by [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]], an English archaeologist and founder of [[The Indian Antiquary]]. He concluded that they have affiliated with both [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. According to Burgess these caves were initially built for Buddhists [[bhikkhus]] and were in a later period occupied by Jain ascetics. He was not certain about the exact age of the ancient caves. One fragmentary inscription was found in the Bava Pyara cave that affirms its affiliation to Jainism because one term in that inscription is exclusively used by Jains. The inscription was read as "केवलज्ञान संप्राप्तानां जीतजरामरणानां ".<ref name="Sankalia1941" /><ref>Aspects of Jaina art and architecture, Umakant Premanand Shah, Madhusudan A. Dhaky Gujarat State Committee for the Celebration of 2500th Anniversary of Bhagavān Mahāvīra Nirvāna: distributors, L.D. Institute of Indology, 1975, page no. 75</ref><ref>''Journal of the Oriental Institute'', Volume 49, page no. 83</ref>

The term ''kevalgyan'' was used exclusively by Jains. Scholar H. D. Sankalia attributes these caves to Jainism because of some auspicious symbols typical of Jainism that is depicted above the door's frame. Sankalia recorded about eleven auspicious symbols, "Nandhyavarta", "[[Swastika]]", "Darpan", "Bhadrasana", "Meen Yugal" and "Purna Ghata". Such symbols were also found on Ayagpattas from Kankali Teela [[Mathura]]. About five such symbols are found in another cave of Bava pyara Caves. These symbols are in a bad state and not recorded, although they were identified as Darpan, Meen Yugal, Purna Ghat, Meen Yugal, Darpan. On a small entrance of one of the caves in the second row at the south end are two symbols depicting [[Yali (mythology)|Vyala]] figures. Burgess and Sanklia failed to notice them. According to [[Madhusudan Dhaky]], based on the Vyala figure, the Bava pyara cave is from the 2nd or 3rd century AD.<ref>Aspects of Jaina art and architecture, Umakant Premanand Shah, Madhusudan A. Dhaky Gujarat State Committee for the Celebration of 2500th Anniversary of Bhagavān Mahāvīra Nirvāna: distributors, L.D. Institute of Indology, 1975, page no. 77–78</ref> Sankalia claimed that the Chaityagruh containing cave should be at least from the 2nd century BC, and caves with symbols carving should be hailed from 2nd or 3rd century AD.<ref name="Sankalia1941">{{cite book |author=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia |title=The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAdAAAAMAA |year=1941 |publisher=Natwarlal & Company |pages=47–49 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/51876 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130738/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/51876 |date=3 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Image gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Bava Pyara caves 001.jpg|Bava Pyara caves
Bava Pyara caves 002.jpg|Bava Pyara caves
Bava Pyara caves 004.jpg|Bava Pyara caves
Bava Pyara caves 005.jpg|Bava Pyara caves
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Commons category|Bava Pyara Caves}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110641/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/attractions/caves/baba-pyara-junagadh.htm Baba Pyara Junagadh]}}
* [http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/247 Buddhist caves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000647/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/247 |date=27 August 2016 }}
* [http://www.jainglory.com/research/baba-pyara History of Baba Pyara cave] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224249/http://www.jainglory.com/research/baba-pyara |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222121/http://www.asivadodaracircle.in/sites/baba-pyare-khapra-kodia-caves/about Baba Pyare, Khapra Kodia Caves]

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}
[[Category:History of Jainism]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Caves of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:2nd-century Jain temples]]

Duvvuri Venkata Ramana Shastri

2025-03-06T05:38:03Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new a data needs work.

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Duvvuri Venkata Ramana Shastri
| image =
| birth_date = 1897
| birth_place = Masaka Pally, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1972
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet
| period = 1895–1976
}}
'''Duvvuri Venkata Ramana Shastri''' (1897–1972), popularly known as the ''Kalaprapurna Duvvuri'', was a Telugu - Sanskrit scholar of the 20th century. He studied Sanskrit and worked as Telugu Lecturer for more than six decades. He wrote Ramaneeyam a book on Telugu grammar and he translated Pingarli Surana kalapurnodayam to Telugu as "Madhura Lalasa". In addition he wrote an autobiography. His autobiography was focused on many teachers and giants from Telugu literature rather than his birth and family details. He held high standards for good hand writing.

==Early life and personal life==
Shri Duvvuri Venkata Ramana Shastri was born to Parvateesham, an affluent Brahmin in Masaka Pally, [[East Godavari District]], A.P. India.

==Early career==
Duvvuri taught in various colleges in Vishakhapattanam, Guntur.

==School of Thought==
Shri Duvvuri was expert in teaching Telugu grammar using simple explanations. He viewed the two languages, Samskrutam and Telugu, as two eyes that need each other to get a perfect view.

==Literary career==
Duvvuri Shashtri's literary works includes the following:

* ''Ramaṇīyamu''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Venkata Ramana Sastri |first1=Duvvuri |title=Ramaṇīyamu (Balavyakarana Sameeksha |date=1970 |publisher=Andhra University Press |location=Waltair |pages=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnAOAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=15 June 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref>
* ''Telugu Vyakarana Pada Koshamu''

===Autobiography===
He wrote his memoirs or [[biography]] which was published in 1976 as ''Kaḷāprapūrṇa Duvvūri Veṅkaṭaramaṇaśāstri sviyacaritra''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Venkata Ramana Sastri |first1=Duvvuri |title=Kaḷāprapūrṇa Duvvūri Veṅkaṭaramaṇaśāstri sviyacaritra |date=1976 |publisher=Racayitala Sahakārasaṅghamu |pages=312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4YtAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=15 June 2020 |language=Telugu}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

* [[Kalaprapoorna]] by Andhra University.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkata Ramana Shastri, Duvvuri}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]

Alexandre Moniz Barbosa

2025-01-25T11:27:50Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989:

{{Short description|Indian journalist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Alexandre Moniz Barbosa
|image = Alexandre Moniz Barbosa.jpg
|caption = Barbosa in 2010
|nationality = Indian
|occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|writer}}
| website = {{URL|x.com/Monizbarbosa}}
}}

'''Alexandre Moniz Barbosa''' is an Indian journalist and writer. He is the winner of the 2013 biennial Goan Short Story competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Oriente-Unifying-languages-in-short-stories/89393.html|title=Fundação Oriente: Unifying languages in short stories|website=oHeraldo|language=en|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goa-stories-in-brief/articleshow/34505348.cms|title=Goa stories in brief - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2014 |access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

==Journalism==
Barbosa has written, ''[[inter alia]]'', for ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/author-Alexandre-Moniz-Barbosa.cms|title=Alexandre Moniz Barbosa: Times of India Reporter|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> After a spell as assistant editor at ''[[Goa Today]]'', he became assistant resident editor for ''The Times of India'', [[Goa]] edition. He was editor of ''[[O Heraldo]]'' from 2018 to 2022.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Literary writing==
Barbosa wrote the novel ''Touched By The Toe'' (2004), set in [[Portuguese India|sixteenth-century Goa]], and taking its name an incident in which a [[Portuguese nobility|Portuguese noblewoman]] bit off a toe from the relics of [[St Francis Xavier]].<ref>[[Frederick Noronha]] and Pamela D'Mello, 'Goa in Creative Writing', in ''Mirror to Goa: Identity and the Written Word in a Small Society'' (Goa: Broadway/Goa,1556, 2010), accessed from https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/goa-book-club/yXbbkTI9tOI.</ref><ref name=StoriesFromGoa>{{cite news|title=Stories from Goa|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Stories-from-Goa-in-brief/articleshow/34551346.cms|accessdate=17 January 2016|publisher=Times of India|date=3 May 2014}}</ref> He translated from Portuguese to English essays by [[José Inácio Candido de Loyola]], as ''Passionate and Unrestrained'' (2008).<ref>Dale Luis Menezes, 'A Thinker Translated', ''Gomantak Times'', 21 July 2010, http://daleluismenezes.blogspot.in/2011/04/thinker-translated.html.</ref>

In 2011, Barbosa published the book ''Goa Rewound'', a [[Social commentary|socio]]-[[political commentary]] on [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/WhenGoaVotedForGoa/Almost-split-down-the-middle-but-Goa-finally-won-it-FOR-GOA/83581.html|title=Almost split down the middle, but Goa finally won it. FOR GOA|website=oHeraldo|language=en|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

In 2016 he published the novel ''Raw Earth'', set in contemporary Goa with [[mining]] as a backdrop to the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Raw Earth' release on Feb 7 |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/raw-earth-release-on-feb-7/10756.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> ''Kaddio Boddio'', a collection of [[short stories]], was published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=G. T. |date=2023-02-07 |title=These 'kaddio boddio' in Goa are a feast for the mind |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/these-kaddio-boddio-in-goa-are-a-feast-for-the-mind |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> He has also written scholarly articles<ref>E.g. 'St Francis Xavier: An Everlasting Icon', in ''Jesuits in India History and Culture'', ed. by Delio de Mendonca (Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 2008); 'Álvaro da Costa: Journalism, Family Involvement', in ''Episodio oriental: readings in Indo-Portuguese literature'', ed. by Maria Inês Figueira, Oscar de Noronha
(Fundação Oriente, 2007), pp. 58ff.</ref> and short stories.<ref>E.g. ‘Mangoes for Gabru’, ''Muse India'', 64 (November–December 2015), http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4293 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140400/http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=50&id=4293 |date=2016-03-04 }}.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Vasanth & Co

2025-01-24T03:55:03Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian retail chain}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=September 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vasanth & Co
| type = [[Partnership]]
| logo = Vasanth&co logo.jpg
| logo_size = 100px
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| products = Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, Gadgets, Mobiles, Laptops, Furniture
| foundation = 1978
| founder = [[H. Vasanthakumar]]
| num_locations = 84
| num_locations_year = 2020
| area_served = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Bangalore]]
| industry = [[Retail]]
| services =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 1200
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| dissolved =
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{Increase}}₹1500 Crores US$200million (2021)}}
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|V.Tamilselvi ([[Managing Partner]])|V.Thangamalar Jaganath (Partner)|V.Vijayakumar(alias) Vijayvasanth (Partner)|V.Vinothkumar (Partner)|}}
| website = {{URL|vasanthandco.in}}
}}
'''Vasanth & Co''' is a chain dealer of [[consumer electronics]] and [[home appliance]]s in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The company was founded in 1978 and {{as of|2020}} has 84 showrooms. The company was founded and owned by the late [[H. Vasanthakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/Vasanth-amp-Co-to-implement-SAP/article20225460.ece|title=Vasanth & Co to implement SAP|website=@businessline}}</ref>

== Expansion ==
The chain reported a turnover of ₹ 5 billion (100 million US dollars) in the year 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/Retailers-in-South-gung-ho-about-new-year-sales/article20150902.ece|title=Retailers in South gung-ho about new year sales|website=@businessline}}</ref> which had doubled by 2020.<ref name="nm-1">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-30|title=Vasanthakumar – the man who delivered middle class dreams, in instalments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vasanthakumar-man-who-delivered-middle-class-dreams-instalments-131920|access-date=2021-12-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Vasanth & Co Chennai India.jpg|thumb|Vasanth & Co., [[Purasawalkam]], Chennai, India]]

== SAP implementation ==
The company chose to implement the [[mySAP ERP]] in 50 of its [[showroom]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/27/stories/2006102702121904.htm |title=The Hindu : Business / Briefly : Vasanth & Co. opts for SAP |date=24 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124090654/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/27/stories/2006102702121904.htm |archive-date=24 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Founder==
The founder H. Vasanthakumar was born in 1950. He died on 28 August 2020, due to coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-28|title=Congress MP and Vasanth & Co founder H Vasanthakumar dies due to COVID-19|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-mp-and-vasanth-co-founder-h-vasanthakumar-dies-due-covid-19-131840|access-date=2021-12-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Vasanth TV]]
*[[H. Vasanthakumar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://vasanthandco.in/ Vasanth & Co website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanth and Co}}
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{retail-company-stub}}

Namma Lacchi

2025-01-01T22:02:56Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: Started A Page V1

{{Short description|Indian Kannada drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Namma Lacchi.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| writer =
| screenplay = Raghucharan
| story =
| director = Samprathvi
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 364
| list_episodes =
| producer = J. Jayamma
| cinematography =
| editor = Nitya N. Doddery
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Shri Jaimata Combines
| network = [[Star Suvarna]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|04|06|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''
}}

'''Namma Lacchi''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language Drama television series which premiered from 6 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಹಾಡುವ ಹಂಬಲದ ಮರಿ ಕೋಗಿಲೆಯ ಕಥೆಯೇ ‘ನಮ್ಮ ಲಚ್ಚಿ’; ಫೆ. 6ರಿಂದ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/namma-lacchi-serial-from-6th-february-at-8-pm-on-star-suvarna-181675313868082.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref> on [[Star Suvarna]]. It stars [[Vijay Suriya]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Vinay Gowda on playing a baddie in Namma Lacchi: Playing a lead role seemed very monotonous, I'm trying to explore the other side now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-vinay-gowda-on-playing-a-baddie-in-namma-lacchi-playing-a-lead-role-seemed-very-monotonous-im-trying-to-explore-the-other-side-now/photostory/102314876.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Neha Gowda and Vanishree in lead roles. This show is produced by Jai Mata Combines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-02 |title=Namma Lacchi enters the top five race; A look at the most-watched Kannada TV shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/namma-lacchi-enters-the-top-five-race-a-look-at-the-most-watched-kannada-tv-shows/articleshow/101434088.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=ನಮ್ಮ ಲಚ್ಚಿ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಿಂದ ಸಾರಾ ಔಟ್, ದೀಪಿಕಾ ಆಗಿ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಐಶ್ವರ್ಯ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/star-suvarna-channel-namma-lachhi-serial-aishwarya-enter-as-a-deepika-svl-pod-1110385.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Budding singer Sangam falls in love with and secretly marries a village girl named Girija living in Sampigepur. But there comes a situation where he has to choose between Girija and his career. But not knowing that Girija is pregnant, he leaves her and chooses a career. Later he marries rich Deepika. Deepika cherishes her daughter Riya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಸಂಗಮ್ಮಪ್ಪ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಲೇ ಕರುನಾಡ ಮನಗೆದ್ದ ನಮ್ಮ ಲಚ್ಚಿ; ಸಾಂಘವಿ ರಿಯಲ್‌ ಲೈಫ್‌ ಕಹಾನಿ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-television-kannada-serial-lacchi-character-star-suvarna-namma-lacchi-sanghavi-interview-in-kannada-rst-181692526636640.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*Sanghavi Kantesh as Lacchi : Sangam and Girija's daughter
*[[Vijay Suriya]] as Sangam Sathanur: Lacchi's father
*Neha Gowda as Girija/Jaaji
*Aishwarya Sindhugi / Sara Annaiah as Deepika : Sangam's second wife, Rhea's mother

===Recurring===
*Sridisha as Rhea
*Vanishree<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=Vanishri on playing JJ in Namma Lacchi: I purchase outfits weekly for my onscreen role and find great satisfaction in it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vanishri-on-playing-jj-in-namma-lacchi-i-purchase-outfits-weekly-for-my-onscreen-role-and-find-great-satisfaction-in-it/articleshow/104916888.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Jolly Janaki
*Sushmita as Shantavva
*Vikas Kargod as Sagar
*Manasa Bhatt as Manasa
*Deepa Ravi Shankar as Sarada
*Vinay Gowda as Bhadri
*Chandrashekhar Shastri<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Chandrashekar Shastry on playing Gopala in Namma Lacchi: Much like my character on-screen, I used to deliver milk during my college days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandrashekar-shastry-on-playing-gopala-in-namma-lacchi-much-like-my-character-on-screen-i-used-to-deliver-milk-during-my-college-days/articleshow/105205134.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Gopala
*Yamuna Srinidi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title=Yamuna Shrinidi to play a cop in daily soap Namma Lacchi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-shrinidi-to-play-a-cop-in-daily-soap-namma-lacchi/articleshow/103278947.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Cop
*Vinay Gowda<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Vinay Gowda on playing a baddie in Namma Lacchi: Playing a lead role seemed very monotonous, I'm trying to explore the other side now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-vinay-gowda-on-playing-a-baddie-in-namma-lacchi-playing-a-lead-role-seemed-very-monotonous-im-trying-to-explore-the-other-side-now/photostory/102314876.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]'' পটল কুমার গানওয়ালা
| 14 December 2015
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 10 September 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Koilamma'' కోయిలమ్మ
| 5 September 2016
| [[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="2"| 18 September 2020
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]'' വാനമ്പാടി
| 30 January 2017
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]'' மௌன ராகம்
| 24 April 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 17 March 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'' कुल्फ़ी कुमार बाजेवाला
| 19 March 2018
| [[StarPlus]]
| 7 February 2020
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]'' तुझेच मी गीत गात आहे
| 2 May 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 16 June 2024
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Namma Lacchi'' ನಮ್ಮ ಲಚ್ಚಿ
| 6 February 2023
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 6 April 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/browse/editorial/episodes/1 ''Namma Lachi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Star Suvarna original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

India at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships

2024-10-31T02:44:30Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: added some entry initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox country at games
| games = World Aquatics Championships
| NF = IND
| NFname = [[Swimming Federation of India]]
| year = 2023
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| website = {{URL|swimming.org.in}}
| location = [[Fukuoka]], [[japan]]
| competitors = 10<ref>
3https://olympics.com/en/news/world-aquatics-championships-2023-india-live-streaming-schedule</ref>
| competitors_men = 8
| competitors_women = 2
| events =
| sports =3
| officials =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| rank =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year =
| seealso =
}}

'''[[India]]''' competed at the [[2023 World Aquatics Championships]] in [[Fukuoka]], [[Japan]] from 14 July to 30 July.

==Diving==
{{Main|Diving at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships}}
India entered 1 diver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001160103FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|title=20th World Aquatics World Championships Diving Entry List|publisher=Omega Timing|date=12 July 2023|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:50%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Preliminaries
!colspan=2|Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Heman London Singh]]
|align=left| [[Diving at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 1 metre springboard|1 m springboard]]<ref>https://www.worldaquatics.com/competitions/1/world-aquatics-championships-fukuoka-2023/results?discipline=WP&disciplines=DV&event=01389966-c76c-48b8-973b-1add0d8e0945</ref>
|235.65
|56
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|did not advance
|-
|align=left| [[Diving at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 3 metre springboard|3 m springboard]]
|234.75
|65
|colspan=4|did not advance
|}

==Open water swimming==
{{Main|Open water swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships}}
India entered 5 open water swimmers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001160300FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|title=20th World Aquatics World Championships Open Water Swimming Entry List - Men|publisher=Omega Timing|date=12 July 2023|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001160300FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF02.pdf|title=20th World Aquatics World Championships Open Water Swimming Entry List - Women|publisher=Omega Timing|date=12 July 2023|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left| [[Prashans Hiremagalur]]
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Open water swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 5 km|Men's 5 km]]
| 1:05:43.7
| 60
|-
|align=left| [[Army Pal]]
| 1:08:42.5
| 63
|-
|align=left| [[Anurag Singh (swimmer)|Anurag Singh]]
|align=left| [[Open water swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 10 km|Men's 10 km]]
| 2:03:52.5
| 47
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left| [[Bangalore Mahesh Rithika]]
|align=left| [[Open water swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 5 km|Women's 5 km]]
| 1:12:23.2
| 54
|-
|align=left| [[Ashmitha Chandra]]
|align=left| [[Open water swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 km|Women's 10 km]]
| 2:27:58.7
| 57
|}

==Swimming==
{{Main|Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships}}
[[Swimming Federation of India]] has released the qualifying standards in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SFI Qualifying standards for Asian Games |url=http://www.swimming.org.in/management/upload/circular/SELECTION%2520TRIAL%2520CIRCULAR.pdf |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Swimming Federation of India}}</ref> Aryan Nehra achieved qualifying standards for Asian Games as well as B - qualifying standards for World Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Swimming: Aryan Nehra books Asian Games, World Championship spots |url=https://thebridge.in/swimming/swimming-aryan-nehra-books-asian-games-world-championship-spots-41188 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=Swimmer qualifies for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/swimmer-qualifies-for-asian-games-2023-8559999/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|-
|[[Kushagra Rawat]]
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]]
|3:59.03
|35
|Colspan=2{{n/a}}
|Colspan=2|did not advance
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Aryan Nehra]]
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 metre freestyle]]
|8:00.76
|27
|Colspan=2{{n/a}}
|Colspan=2|did not advance
|-
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 metre freestyle]]
|15:39.47
|25
|Colspan=2{{n/a}}
|Colspan=2|did not advance
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Srihari Nataraj]]
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre backstroke|50 metre backstroke]]
|25.51
|28
|Colspan=4|did not advance
|-
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100 metre backstroke]]
|55.26
|31
|Colspan=4|did not advance
|-
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre backstroke|200 metre backstroke]]
|2:04.42
|31
|Colspan=4|did not advance
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Sajan Prakash]]
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre butterfly|50 metre butterfly]]
|24.93
|57
|Colspan=4|did not advance
|-
|[[Swimming at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre butterfly|200 metre butterfly]]
|1:58.07
|23
|Colspan=4|did not advance
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nations at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships}}

[[Category:2023 in Indian sport|World Aquatics Championships]]
[[Category:India at the World Aquatics Championships|2023]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships]]

D. B. M. Patnaik

2024-08-26T16:30:58Z

Mohamedmeerafazil1989: new new stub w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{infobox person
|name =D. B. M. Patnaik
|birth_name =Donkada Bhuvan Mohan Patnaik
|birth_date =31 October 1925
|birth_place =Bhagimpeta, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh
|occupation =lawyer
|death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|2009|2|11|1925|10|31}}
}}
'''Donkada Bhuvan Mohan Patnaik''' (31 October 1925 – 11 February 2009), also known as '''D. B. M. Patnaik''' or simply '''DBM''', was an Indian lawyer, politician and communist leader. He was from Bhagimpeta in [[Srikakulam district]].<ref name="Hindu obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/UCCRI-ML-leader-DBM-passes-away/article16332183.ece|title=UCCRI (ML) leader DBM passes away|date=12 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

Patnaik practiced law at the [[Gunupur]] district court where he met [[Nagbhushan Patnaik]]; both of them defended peasants in court cases. In 1967, the two of them became active in the [[Naxalite movement]] that lead to the formation of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Sumanta|title=Nagbhushan Patnaik and His Political Legacy|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1998|volume=33|issue=44|pages=2775–2776|jstor=4407316}}</ref>

Patnaik started his political career with the [[Communist Party of India]] and subsequently joined the [[CPI (M)]]. Along with Nagbhushan Patnaik, he joined the revolutionary communists in the [[Srikakulam Girijan Naxalbari movement]]. He was an active leader of the movement and subsequently joined the CPI (ML) which was formed after the various Naxalite movements. He later joined the [[UCCRI(ML)|UCCRI (ML)]]. He was active in various trade union movements and was also instrumental in the struggles of the people belonging to the lower economic strata of coastal Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.<ref name="Hindu obit" />

D. B. M. Patnaik died on 12 February 2009 at the age of 84, after developing complications from surgery.<ref name="Hindu obit" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Donkada}}
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}