Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2003

2026-05-08T11:06:16Z

Mohamedmeera29: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T09:43:14Z

Mohamedmeera29: stub

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Jalpaiguri {{Small|WB-3}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Jalpaiguri.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| assembly_cons = [[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] [[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]] [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]] [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]] [[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]] [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]]
| mp = [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 18,85,963 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Jalpaiguri]] in [[West Bengal]]. While six assembly segments of No. 3 Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Jalpaiguri district]], one assembly segment is in [[Cooch Behar district]]. The constituency has reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]] since 2009.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. '''Jalpaiguri''', 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 3 Jalpaiguri, reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]], is composed of the following segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] (SC)
|[[Cooch Behar District|Cooch Behar]]
|[[Dadhiram Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]] (SC)
|rowspan="6" |[[Jalpaiguri District|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Naresh Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|16
|[[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]] (SC)
|[[Dalim Chandra Roy]]
|-
|17
|[[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
|[[Ananta Deb Adhikari (Politician)|Ananta Deb Adhikari]]
|-
|18
|[[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]] (SC)
|[[Dinesh Sarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|19
|[[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|[[Sikha Chatterjee|Shikha Chatterjee]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|20
|[[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]] (ST)
|[[Sukra Munda]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Name<ref name="Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency2">{{cite news |date=4 July 2025 |title=Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jalpaiguri-lok-sabha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704125403/https://resultuniversity.com/election/jalpaiguri-lok-sabha |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University}}</ref><ref name="Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Jalpaiguri Parliamentary Constituency Results till 2019">{{cite news |date=2019 |title=Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Jalpaiguri Parliamentary Constituency Results till 2019 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/jalpaiguri.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704125941/https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/jalpaiguri.html |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Elections}}</ref>!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[N.R. Ghosh|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[B.N.Katham]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Tuna Oraon]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]||[[Subodh Sen]]
| rowspan=9 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan=9| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manik Sanyal]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jitendra Nath Das]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Minati Sen]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Mahendra Kumar Roy (West Bengal politician)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|2014]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalpaiguri]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalpaiguri">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalpaiguri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S253.htm |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703104441/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S253.htm |archive-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jalpaiguri Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Jalpaiguri Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jalpaiguri |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703104444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jalpaiguri |archive-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]|votes=766,568|percentage=48.58|change={{decrease}}2.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]|votes=679,875|percentage=43.07|change={{increase}}4.68}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Debraj Barman|votes=74,092|percentage=4.69|change={{decrease}}0.38}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=16,848|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shipra Roy Hakim|votes=9,907|percentage=0.63|change={{new}}}}

{{Election box majority||votes=86,693|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,78,389|percentage=83.66|change={{decrease}}2.85}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Jalpaiguri]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 760,145
|percentage = 50.65
|change = +33.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=576,141|percentage=38.39|change=+0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhagirath Chandra Roy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=76,054|percentage=5.07|change=-27.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani Kumar Darnal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=28,488|percentage=1.90|change=-4.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jiban Krishna Majumder|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,134|percentage=0.54|change=-0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Khushi Ranjan Mondal|party=Amra Bangalee|votes=2,205|percentage=0.15|change=-0.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranjit Kumar Roy|party=Samajwadi Jan Parishad|votes=1,899|percentage=0.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Subal Chandra Roy
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party]] (United)
|votes = 2,685
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Haribhakta Sardar|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=4,692|percentage=0.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sachimohan Barman|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,413|percentage=0.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subhash Biswas|party=Independent (politician)|votes=10,857|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Harekrishna Sarkar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,095|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=184,004|percentage=12.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,501,379|percentage=86.51|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +16.62
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalpaiguri]]<ref name="loksabha2014">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|title=General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 494,773
|percentage = 38.00
|change = +38.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 425,167
|percentage = 32.65
|change = -12.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satyalal Sarkar
|votes = 221,593
|percentage = 17.02
|change = +7.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukhbilas Barma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 87,588
|percentage = 6.73
|change = -30.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kshitish Chandra Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 12,147
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Haribhakta Sardar
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 9,283
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhas Biswas
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,545
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harekrishna Sarkar
|party = Republican Party of India
|votes = 7,636
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Haripada Barman
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|votes = 6,608
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dilip Sarkar
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 4,900
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhritiman Roy
|party = Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
|votes = 4,501
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhirendra Nath Roy
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = 2,835
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 16,541
|percentage = 1.27
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 69,606
|percentage = 5.35
|change = -3.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,02,117
|percentage = 85.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Jalpaiguri]]<ref name="loksabha2009">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Mahendra Kumar Roy (Marxist)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|votes = 469,613
|percentage = 45.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhbilas Barma]]
|votes = 381,242
|percentage = 36.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dwipendra Nath Pramanik
|votes = 94,373
|percentage = 9.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dr. Dhirendra Nath Das
|votes = 25,308
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Hari Bhakta Sardar
|votes = 19,295
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santi Kumar Sarkar
|votes = 14,802
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Prithwiraj Roy
|votes = 8,271
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = SWJP
|candidate = Satyen Prasad Roy
|votes = 6,471
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Chinmay Sarkar
|votes = 6,206
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Pabitra Moitra
|votes = 5,709
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 88,371
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,031,290
|percentage = 82.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1962-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Winner
! colspan="2" |Runner-up
|-
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1962
|[[N.R. Ghosh|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Saroj Kumar Chakraborty
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<ref name="loksabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|B.N.Katham
|Indian National Congress
|[[A.H. Besterwitch]]
|Independent<ref name="loksabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203524/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|Tuna Oraon
|Indian National Congress
|Birsen Kujar
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195218/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Khagendra Nath Dasgupta
|Independent
|Maya Ray
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|Subodh Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Sriram Singh
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1984
|Manik Sanyal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Arun Moitra
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Manik Sanyal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Sriram Singh
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|Jitendra Nath Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Tushar Kanti Choudhuri
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|Jitendra Nath Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Deb Prasad Roy
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|[[Minati Sen]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Kalyan Chakraborty
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|Minati Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Kalyan Chakraborty
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|Minati Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Parash Datta
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|[[Mahendra Kumar Roy (West Bengal politician)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Sukhbilas Barma
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2014
|[[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Mahendra Kumar Roy (West Bengal politician)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|2019
|[[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Jalpaiguri topics}}

{{Coord| 26.52|N| 88.73|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Gorkhaland]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Papam Prathap

2026-05-05T07:54:38Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu language film by S. P. Durga Naresh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Papam Prathap.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. P. Durga Naresh
| producer = {{plain list|
* Gaddam Rakesh Reddy
* Rudradev Madhi Reddy
}}
| writer = S. P. Durga Naresh
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Thiruveer]]
* Payal Radhakrishna
* [[Ajay Ghosh]]
}}
| music = '''Score''' Suresh Bobbili '''Songs''' [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| cinematography = Vishweshwar S. V.
| editing = Anwar Ali
| studio = {{plain list|
* Krishi Entertainments
* [[ETV Win]]
}}
| distributor = {{plain list|
* People Media Factory
* [[Mythri Movie Makers|Mythri Movie Distributors LLP]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Papam Prathap''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by S. P. Durga Naresh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title=Papam Prathap Review: Neat idea with a handful of laughs |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/papam-prathap-review-neat-idea-with-a-handful-of-laughs |access-date=2026-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Thiruveer]], Payal Radhakrishna and [[Ajay Ghosh]].

The film was released on 17 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-04-12 |title=‘Papam Prathap’ trailer promises a heartfelt rural drama set in 1998 Godavari |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/papam-prathap-trailer-promises-a-heartfelt-rural-drama-set-in-1998-godavari-1065025 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2026}}

==Cast==
* [[Thiruveer]] as Prathap
* Payal Radhakrishna as Bujjamma
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Veerayya, Prathap's father
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Papa Rao
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Subrahmanyam
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Prathap's mother
* Devi Prasad as Bujjamma's father
* Ravi Anthony Pudota
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Bujjamma's mother
* Prasad Behra
* [[Ananth Babu]]
* Mahaboob Basha

== Music ==
The background score was composed by Suresh Bobbili whereas the songs were composed by [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-07 |title=Thiruveer confident about Papam Pratap as makers unveil new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/07/thiruveer-confident-about-papam-pratap-as-makers-unveil-new-song |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pillekkadundi
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]], Harini Ivaturi, K.M. Radha Krishnan
}}

==Release==
''Papam Prathap'' was released on 17 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-12 |title=Papam Pratap trailer: Who is at fault when Bujjamma leaves Pratap? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/12/papam-pratap-trailer-who-is-at-fault-when-bujjamma-leaves-pratap |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was distributed by People Media Factory and [[Mythri Movie Makers|Mythri Movie Distributors LLP]] for the theatrical release.

The film is set to stream on OTT from 7th May, 2026 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2026-05-05 |title=Papam Prathap OTT release: Thiruveer’s village comedy-drama locks its streaming date |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/papam-prathap-ott-release-thiruveers-village-comedy-drama-locks-its-streaming-date-prp.html |access-date=2026-05-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and opined that with tighter writing and better narrative control, it could have been a much more engaging film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-19 |title=Papam Pratap Movie Review: A good idea let down by weak execution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Apr/19/telugureview2026apr17papam-pratap-movie-review-a-good-idea-let-down-by-weak-execution |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' that the film "is a reminder of a persistent problem with Telugu cinema — a sensitive issue downplayed by over-simplified, insensitive treatment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2026-04-17 |title=‘Papam Prathap’ movie review: Thiruveer’s dramedy makes for cumbersome viewing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/papam-prathap-movie-review-thiruveers-dramedy-makes-for-cumbersome-viewing/article70872147.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bhawana Tanmayi from ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' said that "''Papam Prathap'' is a light-hearted drama that works because of its situational comedy and Thiruveer's earnest performance, even if the narrative takes a predictable path".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Papam Prathap movie review: Thiruveer’s family drama is worth a watch for some laughs |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/papam-prathap-movie-review-thiruveer-s-family-drama-is-worth-a-watch-for-some-laughs-article-13891759.html|last=Tanmayi|first=Bhawana|date=17 April 2026|access-date=24 April 2026|work=Money Control}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|41526046|Papam Prathap}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]

Heinrich von Stietencron

2026-05-05T02:38:18Z

Mohamedmeera29: details...

{{Short description|German Indologist (1933–2018)}}
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee conferring the first ‘Distinguished Indologist’ Award to the Prof. Emeritus Heinrich Freiherr Von Stietencron of the Federal Republic of Germany at the inauguration of the International Conference of.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee conferring the first ‘Distinguished Indologist’ Award to the Prof. Emeritus Heinrich Freiherr Von Stietencron of the Federal Republic of Germany at the inauguration of the International Conference of Indologists, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on November 21, 2015.]]
'''Heinrich von Stietencron''' (18 June 1933 – 12 January 2018) was a German [[Indologist]]. During his academic career, he was an emeritus professor and the chair of the Indology and Comparative Religion department at the [[University of Tübingen]].

==Early life and education==
Stietencron was born 18 June 1933 in [[Ronco sopra Ascona]], Switzerland.<ref name="obit 2018">{{cite news |title=Indologe von internationalem Rang, Mittler zwischen den Kulturen Zum Tode von Professor Dr. Heinrich von Stietencron ein Nachruf von Heike Oberlin |url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/aktuelles-und-publikationen/newsletter-uni-tuebingen-aktuell/2018/1/leute/3.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=Newsletter Uni Tübingen |publisher=[[Universität Tübingen]] |date=January 2018}}</ref> He completed his [[Abitur]] at the [[Waldorf education|Waldorf School]] in [[Stuttgart]].<ref name="obit 2018"/> Beginning in 1957, he studied philosophy and then [[Indology]] at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] with a scholarship from the German National Academic Foundation.<ref name="obit 2018"/>

He traveled in northern India for six months in 1965.<ref name="obit 2018"/> His dissertation, titled "Indische Sonnenpriester: Sāmba und die Śākadvīpīya Brāhmaṇa" ("Indian Sun Priests: Sāmba and the Śākadvīpīya Brāhmaṇa") was published by [[Harrassowitz Verlag|Harrassowitz]] in 1966.<ref name="obit 2018"/>

==Career==
Beginning in 1965, Stietencron assisted Hermann Berger for five years at the South Asia Institute of the [[University of Heidelberg]].<ref name="obit 2018" /> He then continued research and writing, including about the Indian region formerly known as [[Odisha|Orissa]].<ref name="obit 2018" /> In 1973, he became the chair of the Indology and Comparative Religion department at the [[University of Tübingen]], and held this position until 1998,<ref name="PIB 2015">{{cite news |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan to host World Indology Conference from Nov. 21 to 23 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=13 November 2015|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=130445}}</ref> with several visiting professor positions during this time.<ref name="obit 2018" /> He continued his academic career as an emeritus professor until 2005.<ref name="obit 2018" />

[[Hinduism]] was a major focus of his academic work.<ref name="obit 2018" /> He also was a founder and contributed to projects at the Orissa Research Project.<ref name="PIB 2015"/><ref name="obit 2018" /> During the first World Indology Conference in 2015, Stietencron was awarded the first Distinguished Indologist Award from the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]],<ref name="PIB 2015"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian Vedic Scholar Jeffery Armstrong conferred ICCR's Distinguished Indologist Award |work=The South Asian Times |date=16 August 2022}} {{ProQuest|2702459879}}</ref> which was presented by the president of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Time to Reinforce Civilisational Values: Pranab Mukherjee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/nov/21/time-to-reinforce-civilisational-values-pranab-mukherjee-846353.html |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prez reminds nation of diversity, tolerance once again |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=November 22, 2015}} {{ProQuest|2288859743}}</ref>

==Scholarly society and association memberships==
* Life member, [[Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities|Heidelberg Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="University of Tübingen profile">{{cite web |title=Heinrich v. Stietencron |url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/fakultaeten/philosophische-fakultaet/fachbereiche/asien-orient-wissenschaften/indologie/personen/ehemalige/heinrich-v-stietencron/ |website=uni-tuebingen.de |publisher=[[University of Tübingen]] |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>
* Honorary member, [[Société Asiatique]]<ref name="University of Tübingen profile"/>

==Honors and awards==
* [[Padma Shri]], 2004<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Manik |title=A German scholar's love for Indian culture and history |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/a-german-scholars-love-for-indian-culture-and-history-1.1550798 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=17 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
* Distinguished Indologist Award, [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], 2015

==Selected publications==
* Ganga and Yamuna: River Goddesses and their Symbolism in Indian Temples, 1972, {{ISBN|8178242850}}.
* "The Saiva Component in the Early Evolution" and "The Jagannatha Temples in Contemporary Orissa" in ''The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa'', Anncharlott Eschmann, [[Hermann Kulke]], Gaya Charan Tripathi (eds.), Delhi: Manohar Publications 1978.
* [[Hans Küng]], Josef van Ess, Heinrich von Stietencron, and [[Heinz Bechert]], ''Christianity and World Religions: Paths to Dialogue with Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism'', 1984. Doubleday.<ref>Reviews of ''Christianity and World Religions''
*{{cite journal |last1=van der Bent |first1=A.J. |title=Christentum und Weltreligionen/ Tell Us Our Names (Book). |journal=[[List_of_theology_journals#E|Ecumenical Review]] |date=October 1985 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=512–513 |issn=0013-0796|via= Academic Search Complete}}
*{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Victoria |title=Christianity and the World Religions: PATHS OF DIALOGUE WITH ISLAM, HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM by Hans Kueng with Josef van Ess, Heinrich von Stietencron and Heinz Bechert; translated by Peter Heinegg (Doubleday: $19.95; 460 pp.) |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-04-bk-1890-story.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=4 January 1987}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Luck |first1=Donald G. |title=Review of Christianity and World Religions: Paths to Dialogue with Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism |journal=[[Buddhist-Christian Studies]] |date=1997 |volume=17 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.2307/1390421 |jstor=1390421 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1390421 |issn=0882-0945|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''Theologen und Theologien in verschiedenen Kulturkreisen'', 1986. Düsseldorf: Patmos Verl.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klimkeit |title=STIETENCRON, HEINRICH VON (Hrsg.): Theologen und Theologien in verschiedenen Kulturkreisen (Book Review) |journal=Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte |date=January 1, 1987 |volume=39 |pages=358–359}} {{ProQuest|1305398108}}</ref>
* Angst und Religion. Ed. by H. v. Stietencron. Düsseldorf: Patmos Verl., 1991.
* Epic and Purāṇic bibliography (up to 1985); annotated and with indexes, Co-ed.: P. Flamm. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1992.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Robert P. |title=Reviews of books -- Epic and Puranic Bibliography (up to 1985) Annotated and With Indexes compiled by Heinrich von Stietencron et al |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |date=April 1995 |volume=115 |issue=2 |page=351|doi=10.2307/604719 |jstor=604719 }} {{ProQuest|217142163}}</ref>
* Töten im Krieg. Ed. by H. v. Stietencron. Freiburg: Alber, 1995.
* Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious Traditions and National Identity, Co-editor: [[Vasudha Dalmia]], Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995.<ref>Reviews of ''Representing Hinduism''
*{{cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Knut |title=VASUDHA DALMIA and HEINRICH VON STIETENCRON (Eds.), Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious Traditions and National Identity — New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995 (467 p.), ISBN 0-8039-9194-0 (hb.), £35.00. |journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] |date=1 January 1997 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=347–348 |doi=10.1163/1568527971655878 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/44/3/article-p347_7.xml?language=en |language=en |issn=1568-5276|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Review of Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious Traditions and National Identity |journal=[[Journal of Church and State]] |date=1997 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=350–351 |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.350 |jstor=23919889 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23919889 |issn=0021-969X}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Werner |first1=Karel |title=South Asia - Dalmia Vasudha and Heinrich von Stietencron (ed.): Representing Hinduism: the construction of religious traditions and national identity. 476 pp. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks and London: Sage Publications, 1995. £35. |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |date=October 1997 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=576–577 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00032870 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/south-asia-dalmia-vasudha-and-heinrich-von-stietencron-ed-representing-hinduism-the-construction-of-religious-traditions-and-national-identity-476-pp-new-delhi-thousand-oaks-and-london-sage-publications-1995-35/930DE13AA509B4CC398A43019986DF5D |language=en |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pauwels |first1=Heidi |title=Review of Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious and National Identity |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |date=2002 |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=151–153 |doi=10.2307/3087697 |jstor=3087697 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087697 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Der Hinduismus, München: [[C.H. Beck]], 2000 [2010].<ref name="obit 2018" />
* Hindu Myth, Hindu History: Religion, Art, and Politics, Delhi: Permanent Black, 2005, {{ISBN|81-7824-122-6}}.
* The Oxford India Hinduism Reader, Co-ed.: Vasudha Dalmia, Oxford University Press, Delhi 2007.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cort |first1=John E. |title=The Oxford Hinduism Reader – Edited by Vasudha Dalmia and Heinrich von Steitencron |journal=[[Religious Studies Review]] |date=June 2010 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=167 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-0922.2010.01434_4.x}}</ref>
* The Divine Play On Earth: Religious Aesthetics And Ritual In Orissa, India, Co-authors: Cornelia Mallebrein, Heidelberg: Synchron 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallebrein |first1=Cornelia |title=The Divine Play on Earth: The Sirha Tradition of Orissa |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |date=December 2011 |volume=63 |issue=2|via=Art & Architecture Source}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=von Hinüber |first1=Oscar |title=The Divine Play on Earth. Religious Aesthetics and Ritual in Orissa, India |journal=[[International Quarterly for Asian Studies]] |date=November 2009 |volume=40 |issue=3/4 |pages=390–392, 403}} {{ProQuest|212184079}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719105335/http://orp.uni-kiel.de/ The Orissa Research Project]
* [http://www.escience.uni-tuebingen.de/projekte/orissa.html WebGIS-Interface for the databank "Temples in Orissa", compiled by H. v. Stietencron (work in progress)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222145241/http://www.escience.uni-tuebingen.de/projekte/orissa.html |date=2017-02-22 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lorenzen |first1=David N. |title=Who Invented Hinduism? |journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]] |date=October 1999 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=630–659 |doi=10.1017/S0010417599003084 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/who-invented-hinduism/B15BD087D421352F8F3C3E47FD2D5F59 |language=en |issn=1475-2999|url-access=subscription }}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stietencron, Heinrich von}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:German religion academics]]
[[Category:20th-century German historians]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century German historians]]
[[Category:People from Locarno District]]
[[Category:20th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century German male writers]]

TRISHNA

2026-05-03T06:15:37Z

Mohamedmeera29: created new article

{{Short description|Planned joint Indo-French weather satellite }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = TRISHNA
| image = TRISHNA_Earth_Observation_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png
| mission_type = Weather
| operator = [[ISRO]]/[[CNES]]
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/TRISHNA_Mission.html
| mission_duration = ~ 5 years with possible 2 year extension <ref>{{Cite web| title=International Science Workshop on High-Resolution Thermal Earth Observation | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/Flyer_Trishna_Workshop300724.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730181156/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/Flyer_Trishna_Workshop300724.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-30}}</ref>
| spacecraft_bus = [[Indian Mini Satellite bus|IMS-1K]]
| manufacturer = ISRO
| start_date = {{start date text| |timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_date = 2026 <ref name=":3">{{Cite web| title=International Science Workshop on High-Resolution Thermal Earth Observation | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/Flyer_Trishna_Workshop290724.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729170406/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/Flyer_Trishna_Workshop290724.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-29}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| orbit_regime = Polar sun-synchronous
| orbit_eccentricity = 0
| orbit_altitude = 761 km
| orbit_inclination = ~90°
| orbit_repeat = 8 days
}}

'''TRISHNA''' ''or'' '''(''Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment'')'''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> is a planned cooperative joint satellite mission between the Indian Space Research Organisation ([[ISRO]]) of [[India]] and Centre national d'études spatiales ([[CNES]]) of [[France]].Its orbit will provide a spatial resolution of 57 meters for land and coastal areas and 1 km for oceanic and polar regions. The mission is designed for a 5-year operational life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRISHNA Mission: Advancing High-Resolution Thermal Imaging for Climate and Resource Management |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/TRISHNA_Mission.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The Mission was announced during bilateral talks between India and France in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India, France agree on setting up strategic dialogue on space issues, work on Trishna satellite |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-france-agree-on-setting-up-strategic-dialogue-on-space-issues-work-on-trishna-satellite/articleshow/101771062.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ANI |date=July 14, 2013 |title=PM Modi calls to enhance India-France cooperation in Space-based Maritime Domain |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/pm-modi-calls-to-enhance-india-france-cooperation-in-space-based-maritime-domain20230714230355/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=ANI news}}</ref> On 19 March 2024, TRISHNA received approval from both space agencies and a project team has been formed to finish developing the mission concept.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Unlikely To Launch Before The End Of May, TRISHNA Gets Space Commission's Nod: Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/nasa-isro-sar-nisar-unlikely-to-launch-before-the-end-of-may-trishna-gets-space-commissions-nod-report-article-108623408 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=Nisar only in 2nd half of 2024; Trishna gets nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nisar-only-in-2nd-half-of-2024-trishna-gets-nod/articleshow/108620945.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is currently planned for a launch in 2026, aboard a PSLV rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=TRISHNA (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment) - eoPortal |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/trishna |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This marks the next collaboration in space between India and France following the [[Megha-Tropiques]] and [[SARAL]] satellites.

A Workshop is planned to be conducted by ISRO and CNES in November 2024 about the mission goals.<ref name=":3" />By 2026, The Preliminary Design Review for the bus elements and the VNIR and SWIR payloads were completed.<ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref>

== Instruments ==
Trishna aims to have a resolution of approximately 57 metres and a re-visit interval of about three days.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> It would have two instruments, namely Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR)/Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) sensor (VSWIR) that wil be built by ISRO and Thermal InfraRed instrument (TIR) built by CNES.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRISHNA Mission: Advancing High-Resolution Thermal Imaging for Climate and Resource Management |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/TRISHNA_Mission.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== See Also ==

* [[Megha-Tropiques]]
* [[SARAL]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of France]]
[[Category:Satellite meteorology]]
[[Category:CNES]]
[[Category:ISRO satellites]]
[[Category:2026 in spaceflight]]

Karan Sharma (TV actor)

2026-04-29T12:42:39Z

Mohamedmeera29: stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Other people|Karan Sharma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Sharma
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| known for = ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Tiaara Kar|2016|2019|reason=divorce}}
{{marriage|[[Pooja Singh]]|2024}}
}}

'''Karan Sharma''' is an Indian television actor.<ref name="iJfze">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Sakshis-surprise-Bday-party-for-Karan-in-Ekk-Nayi-Pehchaan/articleshow/29614916.cms Sakshi's surprise B'day party for Karan in Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]</ref> He played Karan Modi in the show ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]'' on [[Sony TV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/karan-sharma-says-he-was-destined-to-be-part-of-kaala-teeka-4489142/|title=Karan Sharma says he was destined to be part of Kaala Teeka|date=2017-01-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref> He is known for playing Vivaan Oswal in the [[Colors TV]] television show ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''. He recently played the role of Murtazim Siddiqui in ''[[Udaariyaan]]''.

== Early life and family ==
Karan was born in [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] family from Ranipokhari in [[Dehradun district|Dehradun, Uttarakhand]] and his father was in Indian Army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Sharma-ties-the-knot-with-Tiaara-Kar/articleshow/55496064.cms|title=Karan Sharma ties the knot with Tiaara Kar - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 November 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

He started his acting career from [[National School of Drama]] in [[Delhi]] acting in English and [[Kannada]] plays. He continued his stage career appearing as lead roles in various plays. In 2018, Sharma was due to appear in the [[mythological]] show ''[[Karn Sangini]]'' but was dropped at the last minute.<ref name="TP4Y8">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/make-up-room-fiasco-leads-to-karan-sharmas-exit-from-tv-show/articleshow/65821738.cms|title=Make-up room fiasco leads to Karan Sharma's exit from TV show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

In December 2019, he divorced his wife Tiaara Kar after three years of relationship.<ref name="A5Pm7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mohi-actor-karan-sharma-and-girlfriend-tiaara-kar-are-getting-married-soon/story-hK0TRcFKMI2eh1TeFWPeBL.html|title=Mohi actor Karan Sharma and girlfriend Tiaara Kar are getting married soon|date=2016-07-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref><ref name="WF5I3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karan-sharma-finally-gets-hitched/17771168|title=Small screen actor Karan Sharma gets hitched to Tiaara Kar|date=2016-11-20|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

In 30 March 2024, Karan Sharma married Pooja Singh.<ref name="A5Pm9">{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pooja-singh-and-karan-sharma-we-feel-blessed-to-have-each-other-as-partners/articleshow/108932861.cms#:~:text=Karan%20Sharma%20and%20Pooja%20Singh%2C%20who%20were%20introduced%20by%20a,their%20families%20and%20industry%20friends. |title= Pooja Singh and Karan Sharma: We feel blessed to have each other as partners |date=2024-04-01|website=Times Entertainment|language=en|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]''
|Sujoy Das/Aziz
|<ref name="XpuRT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/?cp-documentid=3280609|title=Indian TV shows, TV Stars, News and Gossip {{!}} MSN India|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|Anirudh Desai
|
|-
|''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Naina]]''
|Abhi
|
|-
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|Krishna Arjan Mahiyavanshi
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|Rishabh
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|Sunny Mukesh Khandeshi
|<ref name="rDBq2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Sharma-to-enter-Pavitra-Rishta/articleshow/17113256.cms|title=Karan Sharma to enter Pavitra Rishta - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 November 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence|Gumraah: End of Innocence]]''
|
|<ref name="zmy2u">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Sharma-roped-in-for-Gumraahs-Sex-Awareness-episode/articleshow/16638022.cms|title=Karan Sharma roped in for Gumraah's Sex Awareness episode! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]''
|Karan Suresh Modi
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]]''
|Ayush Gokhale
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Khidki]]''
|
|<ref name="cgV7Q">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-is-Shivshaktis-lovesick-husband/articleshow/53430881.cms|title=Karan is Shivshakti's lovesick husband - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Prabhan
|<ref name="5tbtC">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/karan-sharma-to-rescue-mansi-in-yeh-hai-aashiqui/|title=Karan Sharma to rescue Mansi in Yeh Hai Aashiqui|date=2016-04-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Kaala Teeka]]''
|Krishna Sinha
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2018
|''Bitti Business Waali''
|Prakash
|
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''
|rowspan="2"|Vivaan Oswal
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
|Guest
|-
|2023
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|Pulkit Sharma
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Udaariyaan]]''
|Murtazim Siddiqui
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=11 January 2024|title=It Was Challenging To Shoot In Extreme Cold Conditions In Chandigarh, Says Karan Sharma On Joining Udaariyaan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-challenging-shooting-in-extreme-cold-conditions-in-chandigarh-karan-sharma-who-will-enter-udaariyaan/articleshow/106727087.cms|access-date=12 January 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Dhaakad Beera]]''
|Vikram Beniwal
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=15 July 2025|title=Sasural Simar Ka Fame Karan Sharma To Join Dhaakad Beera Cast|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/movies/television/sasural-simar-ka-fame-karan-sharma-to-join-dhaakad-beera-cast-ws-l-9442575.html|access-date=25 July 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''Pyramid''
| Milind
|
|-
|2025
|''Superstar Naukar''
|Kartik
|[[Microdrama]]
|-
|2026
|''Begum of Crime''
|Guddu
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|Karansharmaa_official}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Karan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Deaf Enabled Foundation

2026-04-26T19:07:22Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added the details w/ sources.

{{Short description|NGO for the deaf and disabled from India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = DEF
| full_name = Deaf Enabled Foundation
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Of the Deaf.For the Deaf. By the Deaf.
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into = 
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|2009|10|31}} 
| founder = TKM Sandeep
| founding_location = [[Secunderabad]]
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = Nonprofit organisation
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active 
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = Hyderabad
| location = India
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, AndhraPradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal 
| products = 
| services = Education, Skill Training, Deaf Rights Advocacy, Sign Language Teaching, Placements
| methods = 
| fields = 
| num_members = 
| num_members_year = 
| language = Indian Sign Language and English
| owner = TKM Sandeep
| secretary_general = S Hari Hara Kumar
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Ramya Miryala
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title5 =
| leader_name5 =
| board_of_directors = Sujata Mandal, Sanjay Kumar Kankaria, Lakshmi Andalu, Murtaza TK, P Samuel, Ajit Sridhar Prabhu
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| subsidiaries = Talking Hands And Co.
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| ror_id = 
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| awards =
| website = https://def.org.in/
| remarks =
| former_name = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
'''Deaf Enabled Foundation''' ''(DEF)'' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] founded in 2009. DEF is based in India and operates in several states, including Telangana, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and [[West Bengal]].:<ref>{{cite web |title=DEAF ENABLED FOUNDATION |url=http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/directory_info.pdf |website=ignou |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214111216/http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/directory_info.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Republic Day 2022: Preamble to Constitution in Indian sign language - WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/republic-day-2022-preamble-to-constitution-in-indian-sign-language-watch/853142 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=www.timesnownews.com |date=26 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214104613/https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/republic-day-2022-preamble-to-constitution-in-indian-sign-language-watch/853142 |url-status=live }}</ref> DEF is affiliated to [[National Association of the Deaf (India)|National Association of the Deaf, India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliations - National Association of the Deaf |url=http://nadindia.org/AboutUs/Affiliations |website=nadindia.org |access-date=14 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214111648/http://nadindia.org/AboutUs/Affiliations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: The disabled Indians fighting for their livelihoods |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-54188218 |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018220641/https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-54188218 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History and mission==
DEF was established by a group of deaf and non-deaf individuals in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=B |first1=Nitin |title=Run by the deaf, this unique Hyderabad restaurant serves sign language lessons too |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/run-deaf-unique-hyderabad-restaurant-serves-sign-language-lessons-too-71871 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=19 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173734/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/run-deaf-unique-hyderabad-restaurant-serves-sign-language-lessons-too-71871 |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation trains individuals in Indian Sign Language (ISL). They provide education, vocational training, and support services to deaf individuals. DEF aims to empower women through various initiatives focused on reproductive health, counselling, and legal awareness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Students and teachers honoured with Helen Keller Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/students-and-teachers-honoured-with-helen-keller-award/article67501538.ece |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=5 November 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214104613/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/students-and-teachers-honoured-with-helen-keller-award/article67501538.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: The disabled Indians fighting for their livelihoods |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/disability-54188218 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=BBC News |date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/disability-54188218 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Initiatives==
DEF has the following initiatives<ref>{{cite web |last1=R |first1=Kausalya Suharika |title=Deaf EnAbled Foundation Empowering the Deaf Community |url=https://www.fridaywall.com/deaf-enabled-foundation-empowering-the-deaf-community/ |website=FridayWall |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219171710/https://www.fridaywall.com/deaf-enabled-foundation-empowering-the-deaf-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaleru |first1=Vasavi |title=Hyderabad: Meeting needs of specially challenged |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-meeting-needs-of-specially-challenged-670718?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=7 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219172611/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-meeting-needs-of-specially-challenged-670718?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF ISL===
DEF conducts individual classes and corporate workshops to create awareness about Indian Sign Language.<ref name="Hans 2021">{{cite news |last1=Kaleru |first1=Vasavi |title=Hyderabad: Meeting needs of specially challenged |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-meeting-needs-of-specially-challenged-670718 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=7 February 2021 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214104616/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-meeting-needs-of-specially-challenged-670718 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Sahana |title=Signing a new language |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/2021/Sep/23/signing-a-new-language-2362603.html |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214104613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/2021/Sep/23/signing-a-new-language-2362603.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sending out a positive signal through Sign Language |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Sending-out-a-positive-signal-through-Sign-Langauge/194350 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=oHeraldo |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214113955/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Sending-out-a-positive-signal-through-Sign-Langauge/194350 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF Academy===
DEF provides formal education assistance for deaf students pursuing intermediate and degree courses, collaborating with the Board of Intermediate, Telangana, and IGNOU.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patwardhan |first1=Aditi |title=Over 1,800 Hearing-Impaired Persons Have Found Employment Thanks to This NGO |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/92714/deaf-enabled-foundation-ngo-vocational-training-hearing-impaired/ |website=The Better India |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=25 March 2017 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214113837/https://www.thebetterindia.com/92714/deaf-enabled-foundation-ngo-vocational-training-hearing-impaired/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF Skills===
DEF offers vocational training in IT skills, English communication, and office readiness modules.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Reshmi |title=Letting silence do the talking |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/food-and-recipes/290817/letting-silence-do-the-talking.html |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 August 2017 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321071830/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/food-and-recipes/290817/letting-silence-do-the-talking.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tadepalli |first1=Maitreyi |title=A 'special' way to treat yourself |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2018-02-02/A-special-way-to-treat-yourself/356147 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=3 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173657/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2018-02-02/A-special-way-to-treat-yourself/356147 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF Youth Advancement===
This initiative includes leadership training, adventure camps, and sports tournaments for overall development.<ref>{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=4th edition of T-20 cricket championship for deaf held |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/4th-edition-of-t-20-cricket-championship-for-deaf-held-758710 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=22 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214114044/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/4th-edition-of-t-20-cricket-championship-for-deaf-held-758710 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Competitions held for the hearing impaired |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/Sep/02/competitions-held-for-the-hearing-impaired-512579.html |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 September 2013 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214114115/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/Sep/02/competitions-held-for-the-hearing-impaired-512579.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indore Sports Update: Emerald Heights, Modern School in semis |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-sports-update-emerald-heights-modern-school-in-semis |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173827/https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-sports-update-emerald-heights-modern-school-in-semis |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF Child Outreach===
DEF organises quizzes, painting competitions, and scholarships through the Helen Keller Academic Excellence Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=DEF- Celebrates its 13th Anniversary & Helen Keller Award Ceremony 2022 |url=https://www.digient.in/helen-keller-award-ceremony |website=Digient |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=english |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219171530/https://www.digient.in/helen-keller-award-ceremony |url-status=live }}</ref>

===DEF Women===
This program consists of reproductive health seminars, counselling sessions, legal awareness workshops, and other support services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tadepalli |first1=Maitreyi |title=Call to empathise with deaf women |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2018-03-07/Call-to-empathise-with-deaf-women/364265 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=8 March 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173532/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2018-03-07/Call-to-empathise-with-deaf-women/364265 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===EduTech Initiatives===
DEF has developed the DEF ISL App, a virtual dictionary with 70,000+ English words converted to Indian Sign Language, and the EduSign Academy, an online academic assistance platform that explains concepts in sign language for intermediate and degree deaf students. It also includes personality development and legal awareness modules.<ref name="Hans 2021"/><ref>{{cite news |title=International Sign language day celebrated(Telugu title) |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/happy-international-sign-language-day/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=Mana Telangana |date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214114241/https://www.manatelangana.news/happy-international-sign-language-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=our online |title=Chennai: Signs made easy with Deaf Enabled Foundation's ISL app by Larsen and Toubro |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Apr/09/chennai-signs-made-easy-with-deaf-enabled-foundations-isl-app-by-larsen-and-toubro-1962300.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173109/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Apr/09/chennai-signs-made-easy-with-deaf-enabled-foundations-isl-app-by-larsen-and-toubro-1962300.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why it is important for people to sign up for this |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-it-is-important-for-people-to-sign-up-for-this/articleshow/71258999.cms |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-it-is-important-for-people-to-sign-up-for-this/articleshow/71258999.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Recognition and awards==
DEF has received the NCPEDP-SHELL HELEN KELLER Award in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCDEDP-SHELL Helen Keller Awards 2011 |url=http://nadindia.org/Articles/1131 |website=nadindia.org |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219172310/http://nadindia.org/Articles/1131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Association of the Deaf (India)|National Association of the Deaf, India]]
* [[Indian Sign Language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://def.org.in/ Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@deafenabledfoundation1117 DEF YouTube Channel with Indian Sign Language Lessons]

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]

Manmohan Tiwari

2026-04-19T20:10:09Z

Mohamedmeera29: Created A Details!

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manmohan Tiwari
| image = Manmohan_Tiwari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|01|20|df=yes}}<ref name=birth>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Manmohan-Tiwari-Was-Born-On-January-20,-1984|title=Manmohan Tiwari was born on January 20, 1984|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<ref name="birth"/>
| occupation = Actor, Host
| height =
| known for = ''[[Hum Hain Na]]'', ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]'' and ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| spouse = Sneha Tiwari<ref name="knotty">{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-after-being-ditched-by-rakhi-sawant-tv-actor-manmohan-tiwari-finally-gets-hitche-4990842-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515064855/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-after-being-ditched-by-rakhi-sawant-tv-actor-manmohan-tiwari-finally-gets-hitche-4990842-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2015|title=Manmohan, get knotty!|work=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
| children = Rudransh Tiwari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/yipee-manmohan-tiwari-happy-dad-161201|title=Yipee: Manmohan Tiwari is a happy DAD!}}</ref>
Tvarita Tiwari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gudiya-hamari-sabhi-pe-bhari-actor-manmohan-tiwari-blessed-with-a-girl/articleshow/80214705.cms|title = Gudiya Hamari Sabhi Pe Bhari actor Manmohan Tiwari blessed with a baby girl - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| imagesize = 200
| years active = 2009–present
}}

'''Manmohan Tiwari''' (born 20 January 1984) is an Indian television and film actor and host.

He debuted with the show ''Jamunia'' but gained recognition from the television show ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' (2011–12) and ''[[Hum Hain Na]]'' (2014). Apart from this Manmohan has acted in multiple television series, including ''[[Armanon Ka Balidaan-Aarakshan|Arakshan]]'' (2011), ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum|Honge Juda Na Hum]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suthar |first=Manisha |date=2020-07-25 |title=Manmohan Tiwari to re-enter Zee TV's Kumkum Bhagya |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/manmohan-tiwari-re-enter-zee-tvs-kumkum-bhagya/2020/07/25 |access-date=2020-10-31 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Anamika (2012 TV series)|Anamika]]'' (2013),<ref name="Team">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Anamika to kill Abhay brutally in Sony TV's Anamika|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/anamika-kill-abhay-brutally-sony-tvs-anamika|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Madan-Joshi-Manmohan-Tiwari-in-Pavitra-Bandhan/articleshow/21338711.cms|title=Manmohan Tiwari in Pavitra Bandhan |work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> ''[[Police Factory]]'' (2015),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sab-tv-launches-its-new-action-comedy-police-factory-starring-tarun-khanna-264698-2015-09-24|title=Sab Tv launches Police Factory |newspaper=India Today |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door|Jana Na Dil Se Door]]'' (2016).<ref name="asianage.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/tv/swayamwar-contestant-jana-na-dil-se-door-435|title=Swayamvar Contestant in Jaana Na Dil Se Door |newspaper=Asian Age |access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>

Manmohan was also one of the four finalists in the first of its kind reality show ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/tiwari-fooled-rakhi-170310.html|title=Manmohan Tiwari Spills bean |newspaper=Filmy beat |access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> He has hosted travel series like ''Namah Shivay'' on ''Anandam'' and ''7th & 8th Aadhi Abadi Award Show''.

He made his debut in [[Bollywood]] with the film ''[[Awesome Mausam]]'' and has worked in five Bhojpuri films. As of 2019, he is seen as Rohit in [[Balaji Telefilms]]'s hugely popular fiction drama ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' on [[ZEE TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Saurabh Gumber and Manmohan Tiwari to RETURN in Zee TV's Kumkum Bhagya|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/saurabh-gumber-and-manmohan-tiwari-return-zee-tv-s-kumkum-bhagya-201027|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
Manmohan Tiwari was born on 20 January 1984 in [[Rishikesh]]. He did his schooling from [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]]. He completed his graduation from ''PG College Rishikesh''. He further completed his LLB from ''Gadwal University''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manmohan Tiwari: All languages deserve equal respect {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/manmohan-tiwari-all-languages-deserve-equal-respect/videoshow/78103648.cms|access-date=2020-10-31|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> He got married in 2015 to an IT Professional Sneha Tiwari.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-after-being-ditched-by-rakhi-sawant-tv-actor-manmohan-tiwari-finally-gets-hitche-4990842-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515064855/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-after-being-ditched-by-rakhi-sawant-tv-actor-manmohan-tiwari-finally-gets-hitche-4990842-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2015|title=Manmohan Tiwari gets Married |newspaper=Daily Bhaskar |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Awesome Mausam]]'' || Arjun || Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Rani Chali Sasural'' || Raja || Bhojpuri || <ref name="Times Of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Rising-star-of-Bhojpuri-cinema-Manmohan-Tiwari/articleshow/19376985.cms|title=Rising Star of Bhojpuri Cinema Manmohan Tiwari |work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Sapoot'' || Arjun || Bhojpuri || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-i-got-love-and-affection-from-the-audience-manmohan-tiwari-10545354.html|title=I got love & affection from the audience: Manmohan Tiwari |work=[[Jagran]]|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/real-indian-mother-30993 Real Indian Mother]'' || || Bhojpuri ||
|-
| || ''E Kaisan Duniyadari'' (Unreleased) || ||Bhojpuri ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Real Indian Mother (2016) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/real-indian-mother-30993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625035331/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/real-indian-mother-30993|url-status=live|archive-date=25 June 2023|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Television ====

===Fiction shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Shows that have not yet been broadcast}}
| Denotes shows that have not yet been broadcast
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Show
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2009
!scope="row" |''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]'' (Reality Show)
| As Self
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-i-got-love-and-affection-from-the-audience-manmohan-tiwari-10545354.html|title=I got love & affection from the audience: Manmohan Tiwari |work=[[Jagran]]|access-date=8 July 2013}}Ref Link</ref>
|-
| 2010
!scope="row"| ''Jamunia''
| Awadh Thakur
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Manmohan Tiwari|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/celebs/tv/manmohan-tiwari|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
!scope="row"| ''Armano ka Balindan Aarakshan''
| Arvind Thakur
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Theyre-the-Real-TV-stars/articleshow/7626434.cms?prtpage=1|title=Aarakshan |work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=5 March 2011}}Ref Link</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
| Radhe
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]''
| Badri Mishra
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Kishwer Merchantt and Manmohan Tiwari to enter Hongey Judaa Na Hum|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/kishwer-merchantt-and-manmohan-tiwari-enter-hongey-judaa-na-hum|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Anamika (2012 TV series)|Anamika]]''
| Abhay Pratap Singh
|<ref name="Team"/>
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]''
| RajKumar
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Madan-Joshi-Manmohan-Tiwari-in-Pavitra-Bandhan/articleshow/21338711.cms|title=Manmohan Tiwari in Pavitra Bandhan |work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=25 July 2013}}Ref Link</ref>
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Hum Hain Na]]''
| Papu Singh
|
|-
| 2015
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Factory]]''
| Reporter
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sab-tv-launches-its-new-action-comedy-police-factory-starring-tarun-khanna-264698-2015-09-24|title=Sab Tv launches Police Factory |newspaper=India Today |access-date=24 September 2015}}Ref Link</ref>
|-
| 2016
!scope="row"| ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door|Jana Na Dil Se Door]]''
| Vipul
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/tv/swayamwar-contestant-jana-na-dil-se-door-435|title=Swayamvar Contestant in Jana Na Dil Se Dur |newspaper=Asian Age |access-date=4 May 2016}}Ref Link</ref>
|-
| 2019–2021
!scope="row"| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Rohit "Sanju" Gill
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suthar|first=Author: Manisha|date=2020-07-25|title=Manmohan Tiwari to re-enter Zee TV's Kumkum Bhagya|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/manmohan-tiwari-re-enter-zee-tvs-kumkum-bhagya/2020/07/25|access-date=2020-10-31|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2019
!scope="row"| ''[[Vidya (TV series)]]''
| Ram Singh
|
|-
|2019–2021
!scope="row"| ''[[Gudiya Hamari Sabhi Pe Bhari]]''
| Pappu
|
|-
| 2022
| Jai Bharati
|jay
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Shravani (TV series)|Shravani]]''
| Viren
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Mishri]]''
|Shakti
|
|}

===Non-fiction and reality shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role
|-
| 2015 || ''Namah Shivay (Travel Series)'' || Host
|-
| 2015 || ''7th Aadhi Abadi Award '' || Anchor
|-
| 2015 || ''8th Aadhi Abadi Award '' || Anchor
|-
| 2011–present || ''[[Savdhaan India|Savdhan India]]'' || Episodic<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anushka-Singh-Manmohan-Tiwari-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/16333266.cms|title=manmohan tiwari to do justice to the character |newspaper=Times Of India |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–present || ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' || Episodic <ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ekta-Tiwari-to-feature-in-Crime-Patrol/articleshow/21599977.cms|title=manmohan tiwari to feature in crime patrol |newspaper=Times Of India |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–present || ''Crime Alert'' || Episodic
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Manmohan}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Rishikesh]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Uttarakhand]]

Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:40Z

Mohamedmeera29: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaisinghpur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 13
| map_image = 13-Jaisinghpur constituency.svg
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Yadvinder Goma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:85180}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Jaisinghpur''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Jaisinghpur]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jaisinghpur.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Yadvinder Goma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Ravinder Kumar (politician)|Ravinder Kumar]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Yadvinder Goma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisinghpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yadvinder Goma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,058 |percentage=50.43% |change={{increase}}13.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Kumar (politician)|Ravi Dhiman]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,362 |percentage=45.58% |change={{decrease}}12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=943 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=697 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=298 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=124 |percentage=0.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,696 |percentage=4.85% |change= {{decrease}}16.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,637 |percentage=65.32% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,180 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisinghpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Dhiman(politician)|Ravi Dhiman

]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,357 |percentage=57.68% |change={{increase}}30.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yadvinder Goma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,647 |percentage=36.64% |change={{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,082 |percentage=2.13% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murlidhar |party=All India Manavadhikar Rajnaitik Dal |votes=440 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,710 |percentage=21.04% |change= {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,896 |percentage=65.69% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,477 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisinghpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yadvinder Goma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,233 |percentage=48.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,498 |percentage=27.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Kumar (politician)|Ravinder Kumar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,006 |percentage=17.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jago Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=810 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Singh "Dhari" |party=Independent politician |votes=609 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=456 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=252 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,735 |percentage=21.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,436 |percentage=61.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,165 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jaisinghpur]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.9|76.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar

2026-04-17T20:36:26Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added a entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian author and politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = R. R. Diwakar
| image = R.R DIVAKAR.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Governor of Bihar]]
| term_start = 15 June 1952
| term_end = 5 July 1957
| predecessor = [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]
| successor = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|2nd Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| term_start1 = 1 April 1949
| term_end1 = 15 April 1952
| predecessor1 = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| successor1 = [[B. V. Keskar]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1962
| term_end2 = 2 April 1968
| birth_name = Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|9|30|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|1|15|1894|9|30}}
| occupation = Politician, writer
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar''' (30 September 1894 – 15 January 1990)<ref>{{cite journal |date=8 July 1992 |title=Obituary References - Second Session of the Ninth Lok Sabha |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/419/1/lsd_09_II_12_03_1990.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=19 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Sarkar|editor1-first=C.|title=Vidura|date=1990|publisher=C. Sarkar|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZZAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> was an Indian writer and politician who served as 2nd [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] from 1950 to 1952.

==Biography==
[[File:Godwin Moikusita Lewanika with R.R. Diwakar April 1950.jpg|thumb|left|Diwakar (''right'') with Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika (''left''), 1950]]
R. R. Diwakar was born on 30 September 1894. From the very beginning, he was interested in writing. He made many efforts to unify the [[Kannada]] linguistic regions.

He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] during the independence movement. Later he became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] and Provisional Parliament of India from [[Bombay State]]. He served as the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] in the [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru cabinet]] (from 1 April 1949 to 15 April 1952).

He was elected as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Bombay State on 3 April 1952, but resigned on 13 June 1952. Within two days he was appointed the [[Governor of Bihar]] (15 June 1952 to 5 July 1957). He was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1962 from [[Karnataka]] where he served till 1968.

After 1968, he distanced himself from politics and wrote several books in English, Kannada and [[Hindi]].

He died on 15 January 1990.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]|years=1952–1957}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}
{{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}
{{Authority control}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf Brief Biodata]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diwakar, R. R.}}
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Nadodi Mannan

2026-04-11T21:37:14Z

Mohamedmeera29: Created A Details!

{{short description|1958 film by M. G. Ramachandran}}
{{about|the 1958 film|the 1995 film|Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|the 2013 film|Nadodimannan}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nadodi Mannan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| screenplay = [[C. Kuppusami]] K. Srinivasan [[P. Neelakantan]]
| story = [[R. M. Veerappan]] Ve. Lakshmanan S. K. T. Sami
| producer = M. G. Ramachandran [[M. G. Chakrapani]] R. M. Veerappan
| starring = M. G. Ramachandran [[P. S. Veerappa]] [[M. N. Nambiar]] [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[M. N. Rajam]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu
| editing = K. Perumal C. P. Jambulingam
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] N. S. Balakrishnan
| studio = Em.Gee.Yar Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|1958|08|22}}
| runtime = 220 – 226 minutes{{efn|While Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen state the runtime is 220 minutes,{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}} [[Film News Anandan]] gives the film's runtime as 226 minutes.<ref name="FMNCredits" />}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}18 [[lakh]]<ref name="Kantha25" />
| gross = {{INR}}1.1 [[crore]]<ref name="NMBO" />
}}
'''''Nadodi Mannan''''' ({{Translation|The Vagabond and the King}}){{efn|According to politician and biographer [[S. Jagathrakshakan]], the title ''Nadodi Mannan'', while literally meaning "Vagabond King", also refers to the vagabond and king separately.{{sfn|Jagathrakshakan|1984|p=33}}}} is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action adventure film]] directed by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in his debut as a filmmaker. He stars in dual roles alongside [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[M. N. Rajam]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[M. G. Chakrapani]], [[T. K. Balachandran]] and [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] play supporting roles. The film revolves around a king being replaced by a look-alike after getting abducted on the eve of his coronation. The look-alike begins to implement social and economic reforms to uplift the poor which irks the kingdom's high priest, who has kidnapped the very person the look-alike resembles. The rest of the film shows how the look-alike saves the man he impersonates and defeats the high priest.

Made on a budget of {{INR}}18 [[lakh]], Ramachandran co-produced the film with Chakrapani and [[R. M. Veerappan]] under the banner of Em.Gee.Yar Pictures. [[C. Kuppusami]], K. Srinivasan, and [[P. Neelakantan]] were in charge of the screenplay. [[Kannadasan]] and Ravindar undertook the responsibility of writing the dialogues. The cinematography was handled by G. K. Ramu while K. Perumal and C. P. Jambulingam did the editing. [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and N. S. Balakrishnan composed the film's soundtrack and score. Songs from the soundtrack like "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey", "Thadukkathey", "Summa Kedandha", and "Senthamizhe" became popular hits.

Filmed in both black and white as well as [[Gevacolor]], ''Nadodi Mannan'' was released on 22 August 1958 and garnered positive critical reception. It was a commercial success, grossing {{INR}}1.1 [[crore]] in its lifetime, thereby becoming only the second Tamil film to earn {{INR}}1 crore after another Ramachandran starrer ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' (1956); it became a [[Silver jubilee#South Asian film terminology|silver jubilee film]]. ''Nadodi Mannan'' acquired [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema, and became a turning point for Ramachandran in terms of both his acting and political career.

== Plot ==
The kingdom of Ratnapuri is besieged by food shortages and high unemployment. Since the king's only daughter Ratna is missing and the king dies without naming a successor, Marthandan, a member of the royal family, is chosen by a majority of the imperial council of Ratnapuri to be its new ruler. However, the kingdom's Rajaguru (high priest) Vijayavarman plans to kill Marthandan and make Pingalan, Marthandan's cousin, king. Meanwhile, Veerabahu, a loyal bodyguard of the late king, and his men, including his son Bhupathi and daughter Madhana, are not pleased to see Marthandan as a king and are equally saddened by the situation of Ratnapuri's people.

Violent protests erupt all over the kingdom led by Veerangan, Marthandan's look-alike, with the support of his friend Sagayam. The protestors march to the palace condemning the monarchy and demanding democracy. Veerangan is imprisoned for his actions in Naganathapuram, a nearby town. Madhana is also incarcerated in the same prison on a similar charge. They are pardoned and released on the occasion of Marthandan's coronation. They travel together to Ratnapuri. Sharing the same ideals and revolutionary thoughts, they fall in love.

In the meantime, Marthandan arrives at Ratnapuri. Vijayavarman asks him to stay in an isolated palace on the outskirts and tells him that he should not meet his wife Manohari until the coronation, as the current moment is inauspicious. On entering a hotel in Ratnapuri, Veerangan and Sagayam beat up a gang of rowdies. Hired by Vijayavarman, they mistake Veerangan for Marthandan. Veerangan is chased by palace guards and ends up in Marthandan's room. Marthandan and Veerangan meet face to face. Veerangan tells him of the pathetic state of the people of Ratnapuri, and Marthandan agrees to set everything right as soon as he takes charge.

On the eve of the coronation, Vijayavarman arranges for Marthandan to be poisoned. He carries out his plan with the help of Karmegam, a royal advisor. Marthandan swoons after drinking a few sips of the poisoned beverage, but is soon saved by Veerangan and Ratnapuri's commander-in-chief. However, Marthandan is still unconscious and incapacitated. The commander-in-chief, and one of the ministers, persuade Veerangan to take Marthandan's place to ensure that the coronation takes place as scheduled. A reluctant Veerangan agrees to do so in the interests of the state, and arrives just in time for the coronation. It takes place smoothly and Veerangan, as Marthandan, becomes Ratnapuri's new king. Vijayavarman and Pingalan are taken aback and send men to investigate. They find the unconscious Marthandan and kidnap him.

Veerangan now finds himself saddled with the role of a king for more days than he had initially bargained for because of Marthandan's sudden disappearance. He does not let this setback deter him and puts the opportunity to good use by beginning many reforms, and enacting several measures to uplift the poor. These steps are supported by the people while causing a political upheaval among the elite. However, he is troubled by the fact that he is deceiving Manohari who believes him to be Marthandan. Unable to keep it a secret from her, he tells her the truth. Perceiving his noble character, Manohari accepts him as her brother. Madhana is killed by Pingalan, and a grief-stricken Veerangan vows to avenge her death. He discovers through Veerabahu that both Marthandan and Ratna have been kidnapped and held in custody on an island named Kanni Theevu.

Veerangan sails to Kanni Theevu and comes across Ratna, who falls in love with him; he reciprocates her feelings. Pingalan and Karmegam arrive there only to find that the island's chieftain is none other than Vijayavarman, who has kidnapped Ratna after she was born. Vijayavarman plans to marry Ratna himself, get rid of Pingalan, and declare himself the ruler of Ratnapuri. Pingalan decides to take Ratna back and make himself king legally by marrying her. Ratna does not approve of it. Pingalan takes her away by force. Veerangan saves her from Pingalan's clutches. The duo then frees Marthandan and Karmegam, who had been captured by Vijayavarman and is now reformed. Both Marthandan and Veerangan defeat Vijayavarman. Veerangan marries Ratna, and Marthandan issues a proclamation stating that Ratnapuri is a democracy.

== Cast ==
;Male actors
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Marthandan and Veerangan
*[[P. S. Veerappa]] as Vijayavarman
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Pingalan
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Karmegam
*[[T. K. Balachandran]] as Bhupathi
*[[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] as Sagayam
*[[K. R. Ramsingh]] as Veerabahu

;Female actors
*[[P. Bhanumathi]] as Madhana
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Manohari
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Ratna
*[[G. Sakunthala]] as Nandini
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Nagamma
*K. S. Angamuthu as Pappa

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the release of ''[[Naam (1953 film)|Naam]]'' (1953),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 December 2012 |title=Naam (1953) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naam-1953/article4252688.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603095930/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naam-1953/article4252688.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and his brother [[M. G. Chakrapani]], who were its co-producers and shareholders,<ref name="SSKPart21" /> were keen to make a film under their own production banner.<ref name="Kantha25" /> Hence, they established Em.Gee.Yar Productions and hired [[M. Karunanidhi]] to draft a script for their company's debut film titled ''Vidivelli''. The film was shelved after Karunanidhi was imprisoned for participating in the [[Kallakudi demonstration]] in July 1953.<ref name="Kantha25" />{{Sfn|Kannan|2010|p=204}} Ramachandran and Chakrapani then dissolved Em.Gee.Yar Productions and established the Em.Gee.Yar drama troupe instead, but the idea of producing a film was still on Ramachandran's mind.<ref name="Kantha25" />

Ramachandran had dreamt of making his own film ever since he attended a screening of [[Frank Lloyd]]'s [[historical drama]], ''[[If I Were King]]'' (1938) starring [[Ronald Colman]], in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="SSTHT" /> This occurred while he was playing a minor role in ''[[Maya Machhindra#1939 Tamil film|Maya Machhindra]]'' (1939).<ref name="Kantha25" /> He wished to make a film that would express his political views and interests to the people of Tamil Nadu. To this end, he assembled a team of three people: [[R. M. Veerappan]], V. Lakshmanan and S. K. T. Sami.<ref name="NM3" /><ref name="NM21" /> He gave them suggestions about the outline of the story and urged them to watch ''If I Were King'' and two other films: ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1937 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' (1937), another Colman film, and [[Elia Kazan]]'s ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'' (1952).<ref name="AnandaVikatan" /> After several [[brainstorming]] sessions, the team came up with a story loosely based on the three films and decided on the title ''Nadodi Mannan''.<ref name="NM3" /><ref name="NM21" /> The trio then helped make it look more Indian.<ref name="NM21" />

''Nadodi Mannan'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}1.8 million,{{efn|The exchange rate in 1958 was 4.79 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |url-status=dead |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829085318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=29 August 2013}}</ref>|name=exchange}} which was considered approximately two-and-a-half times more expensive than the average Tamil film made at the time. Nearly a year was spent on pre-production and casting.<ref name="Kantha25" /> [[K. Ramnoth]] was appointed initially to direct the film, but died before production began resulting in Ramachandran taking over the position himself, thereby making his directorial debut.<ref name="Kantha25" />{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=197}} This was the second film produced by Ramachandran, and the first under the production banner of Em.Gee.Yar Pictures, which was handled by Ramachandran, Chakrapani and Veerappan.<ref name="Loan" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nadodi Mannan |last=[[M. G. Ramachandran|Ramachandran, M. G.]] (director) |type=motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=Em.Gee.Yar Pictures |year=1958 |place=India |time=00:00:15 to 00:00:25 |time-caption=From}}</ref> [[Kannadasan]] and Ravindar, who assisted Veerappan, Lakshmanan and Sami with the story, wrote the dialogues.<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref name="Opening Credits" /> The screenplay was written by the trio of [[C. Kuppusami]], K. Srinivasan and [[P. Neelakantan]].<ref name="Opening Credits" /> G. K. Ramu, K. Nageswar Rao and R. N. Nagaraja Rao were in charge of cinematography, art direction and stills.<ref name="Opening Credits" /> K. P. Ramakrishnan and Arunachalam acted as stunt doubles for Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 June 2013 |title=Double impact |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/double-impact/article4794891.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613164531/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/double-impact/article4794891.ece |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=21 November 2016 |title=A stunt director's diary: 'We would be given a platform ticket and asked to jump from the train' |url=https://thereel.scroll.in/821934/a-stunt-directors-diary-we-would-be-given-a-platform-ticket-and-asked-to-jump-from-the-train |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613164746/https://thereel.scroll.in/821934/a-stunt-directors-diary-we-would-be-given-a-platform-ticket-and-asked-to-jump-from-the-train |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Film historian [[Film News Anandan]] noticed publicity stills of ''Nadodi Mannan'' on Veerappan's office desk when he happened to visit the office of Em.Gee.Yar Pictures. He then offered to distribute them to the press. Veerappan agreed knowing that Anandan was then a member of the South Indian Film Journalists Association. After a few days, stills of the film were published in many magazines. Ramachandran was impressed with Anandan's work and, at Veerappan's suggestion, hired him as the film's [[public relations officer]] (PRO).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 December 2002 |title=A pioneer speaks ... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200200100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613163543/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200200100.htm |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=31 October 2004 |title=A giant among chroniclers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/31/stories/2004103111890200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613163544/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/31/stories/2004103111890200.htm |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> This was Anandan's debut film as a PRO; however, his name does not appear in the opening credits.<ref name="Opening Credits" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 May 2012 |title=Tryst with the past |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tryst-with-the-past/article3404299.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613163240/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tryst-with-the-past/article3404299.ece |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Quote box
| quote = In those days, I had thought about poverty and people's situation. Rather than saying 'thinking', it would be proper to say, I was experiencing the same. Occasionally, I thought, why these problems exist. The answer I received was, 'It's because of foreigner's rule.' But I didn't realize that the foreigner's rule will be forever. Therefore, even if the foreigner's rule vanishes, the rulers should be of good mind. Then, people will benefit. That's why I created the vagabond character. Then, I thought about the situation of the king. Those who are ruling us now, belong to our tribe. They live with us. But their thinking and talents are controlled by foreigners. Thus, I imagined, if they join with commoners? This was the focus of the king character.
| author = – M. G. Ramachandran<ref name="Kantha25" />
| align = right
| width = 30em
}}During the filming of ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' (1956), an advertisement for ''Nadodi Mannan'' was released describing it as an adaptation of ''The Prisoner of Zenda''.{{efn|T. G. Vaidyanathan of the magazine ''Film World'' stated that ''Nadodi Mannan'' was a "free adaptation" of ''The Prisoner of Zenda'' and not an official one.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vaidyanathan |first=T. G. |year=1974 |title=M. G. R. Charisma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22free+adaptation%22 |magazine=Film World |volume=10 |page=88}}</ref>}} Two days later, [[Bharani Pictures]], the production company co-founded by [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]], released an advertisement for a film whose concept was similar to ''The Prisoner of Zenda''. When Ramachandran and Bhanumathi heard their films were similar, they tried to convince each other to change their film's storyline. After much deliberation, Ramachandran told Bhanumathi that he was keeping "only the section of a commoner switched to king" in the original, while the rest of the film would be different. Ramachandran accepted that they were both confused over what to do next. A few days later, for unknown reasons, Bharani Pictures' planned film was shelved. Bhanumathi informed Ramachandran and told him he could go ahead with his film. She offered Ramachandran her shelved film's script, written by A. K. Velan, and asked him to use it for ''Nadodi Mannan''. Ramachandran thanked her for her generosity, and offered her the role of Madhana; Bhanumathi agreed.<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} பானுமதியின் பெருந்தன்மை |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Bhanumathi's generosity |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan12.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614084340/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan12.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

[[M. N. Rajam]] was cast as Manohari, the queen of Ratnapuri, and king Marthandan's wife. Ramachandran wanted Rajam for the role to avoid her being typecast as a character-driven by jealousy and malice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} திறமையை நிரூபித்தார் எம்.என்.ராசம் |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} M. N. Rajam showed her talent |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614090929/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan13.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> For the role of Ratna, [[B. Saroja Devi]] was selected after a successful audition. Saroja Devi was not fluent in Tamil at the time, so her dialogues were written in such a way that she would find it easier to pronounce them.<ref name="BSDFNA" /> [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[M. N. Nambiar]] and Chakrapani played the antagonists Vijayavarman, Pingalan and Karmegam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} வீரப்பாவை சிரிக்கச் சொல்லவில்லை! |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} I never asked Veerappa to laugh! |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan16.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614092145/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan16.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="NM17" /> [[T. K. Balachandran]], who was prominent in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]], was cast as Bhupathi.<ref name="NM17" /> [[K. R. Ramsingh]] was selected for the role of Madhana and Bhupathi's father, Veerabahu, after Ramachandran was impressed by his performance in one of the stage plays he featured in.<ref name="NM17" /> [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] played Veerangan's friend and sidekick, Sagayam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} சகாயமாக சாதித்த சந்திரபாபு |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Chandrababu succeeded as Sagayam |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan19.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614093856/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan19.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] was cast as Nagamma, a native of Kanni Theevu, who wants a husband. G. Sakunthala played Manohari's [[lady-in-waiting]] Nandini and K. S. Angamuthu the restaurateur Pappa respectively.<ref name="BSDFNA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} முத்திரை பதித்த முத்துக்கள் |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Stamped Pearls |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan15.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614090027/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan15.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Nadodi Mannan'' was filmed in black-and-white for the sequences in Ratnapuri, and in [[Gevacolor]] for the later scenes depicting the happenings on Kanni Theevu.<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nadodi Mannan |type=motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=Em.Gee.Yar Pictures |year=1958 |place=India |time=02:16:00 onwards |time-caption=Gevacolor portions from}}</ref> The film's colour sections were processed at the Film Centre laboratory in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name="FMNCredits" /><ref name="Opening Credits" /> [[Principal photography]] took place from 1956 to 1957 over a period of 156 days, which was more than the usual amount of time taken for shooting as most films in that period were completed in 40–50 days.<ref name="Kantha25" /> The song "Sammadhama" was the first sequence to be shot. The underwater sequence for the song "Kannil Vanthu Minnalpol", the dance scenes for the song "Maanaithedi Machchaan", and "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey" took 12, 9 and 3 days each to shoot. The climax portions involving Ramachandran, Saroja Devi and Veerappa required 11 days of filming, while the sword fights between of Ramachandran and Nambiar were shot in a week.<ref name="Kantha25" />

As the director, Ramachandran wanted the end result to be perfect and shot multiple retakes for the same scene. Bhanumathi found his perfectionist directorial style demanding as she was used to finishing her scenes in a single take. She complained about the same, opining that Ramachandran should leave the job of directing the film to someone else instead, only then would she provide her commitment without charging any additional cost.<ref name="SSTHT" />{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=107}}<ref name="Dinamalar1" /> Ramachandran asked her to either do the role as he preferred or leave the project. Bhanumathi left, and her remaining scenes were altered by having her character, Madhana, die.<ref name="SSTHT" /><ref name="Dinamalar1" /> Since Ramachandran shot retakes, a lot of [[Film stock|film]] was wasted. At the time, film studios allowed the use of only a small number of film rolls to avoid budgetary concerns. Ramachandran bought {{Convert|1000|feet|metres}} from outside sources for {{INR}}500,{{efn|name=exchange}} which was considered expensive.<ref name="Loan" /> As a result of these various problems during the project's production, it was dubbed as ''Komali Mannan'' ("Jester King") by the magazine ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=107}}

During filming, Ramachandran received support from various members of the Tamil cinema industry. [[B. Nagi Reddy]] allowed Ramachandran to build the sets for ''Nadodi Mannan'' at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]]. Likewise, [[S. S. Vasan]] of [[Gemini Studios]] volunteered his equipment to ensure that the climax scenes came out well; it was the only time the studio's equipment was used outside its premises. The outdoor sequences were shot in collaboration with Aruna Films.<ref name="NM23" /> Ramachandran asked director [[K. Subramanyam]] to participate in the filmmaking as an overseer. Subramanyam was impressed with Ramachandran's approach and felt there was no need for anyone to supervise him. Subrahmanyam also helped make arrangements for filming some outdoor shots at [[Munnar]]. These were done in collaboration with Aruna Films.<ref name="NM23" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} சுப்பிரமணியம் அவர்களின் பெருந்தன்மை |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Subrahmanyam's generosity |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan22.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616103140/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan22.asp |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |language=Tamil}}</ref> Aarumugam handled the editing initially, but left during the beginning of the film's principal photography; he was later replaced by K. Perumal. C. P. Jambulingam took responsibility for editing the film's colour portions after Perumal suddenly fell ill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} ஜம்பம் இல்லாத ஜம்பு |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} No-nonsense Jambu |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan9.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616151403/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan9.asp |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |language=Tamil}}</ref> The final length of ''Nadodi Mannan'' was {{Convert|19830|feet|metres}}.<ref name="FMNCredits" />

== Themes ==
''Nadodi Mannan'' was inspired by films such as ''The Prisoner of Zenda'', ''If I Were King'' and ''Viva Zapata!''.<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref name="AnandaVikatan" /> Ramachandran, in an account about the film he wrote in 1959, mentioned three specific differences from ''The Prisoner of Zenda''. In the original, the look-alike and the queen have an intimate relationship while in ''Nadodi Mannan'', Veerangan rejects Manohari's advances. When she realises that Veerangan is not Marthandan, she addresses him as her brother instead. Secondly, the look-alike was related to the king and shared the same interests. Veerangan is not related to Marthandan and initially has contrasting traits until they meet. Thirdly, the character of Vijayavarman, and the sequences in Kanni Theevu, do not feature in the original, while these were incorporated as part of ''Nadodi Mannan''{{'}}s main plot.<ref name="Kantha25" />

Sri Lankan film historian [[Sachi Sri Kantha]] noted that several of Ramachandran's films reflect the 1950s trend of films being "costume dramas" that focus on princes and folk heroes, citing ''Nadodi Mannan'' as an example.<ref name="SSKPart21" /> Kantha points out that the protagonist featured in a "riding scene with an educational (or philosophical) song" with "either the heroine or a side-kick (comedian) or an actor in a minor role" alongside him is a recurring theme in many films starring Ramachandran. According to Kantha, this was after the song "Ethanai Kaalam Thaan Ematruvar Indha Naatinile" from ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954) became popular. In ''Nadodi Mannan'', the song "Summa Kedandha" which features Ramachandran alongside Bhanumathi, and "Uzhaipa Thilla" which features an extra, were described by Kantha as "educational songs with a riding scene".<ref name="Kantha25" />

R. Ilangovan of ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine believed the lyrics for "Summa Kedandha", which were written by [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] who was a member of the [[Communist Party of India]], "are a classic example of how he presented forcefully the idea of radical reforms". Ilangovan mentions the presentation of reforms by Kalyanasundaram in the song is indicated by two lines: "Kadu velanchenna machan, namakku kaiyum, kalum thane mitcham" (What if the fields are lush with crops, we are left with mere hands and legs) reflects a pessimistic tone, while “Kadu vilayttum ponnae, namakku kalam irukkuthu pennae” (Let the fields sprout, young lady, our time will come), presents an optimistic feel.<ref name="FrontlineIlangovan" />

''Nadodi Mannan'' is considered by many critics, historians and intellectuals to be a [[propaganda film]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) as Ramachandran was affiliated with the party at that time.<ref name="Kantha25" />{{Sfnm|1a1=Das|1y=1991|1pp=38–39|2a1=Barnouw|2y=1996|2pp=163–164|3a1=Rajadhyaksha|3a2=Willemen|3y=1998|3p=355|4a1=Vaasanthi|4y=2008|4pp=36, 38|5a1=Rajanayagam|5y=2015|5p=154|6a1=Kannan|6y=2017|6p=107}} Film historians Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, Vaasanthi, S. Rajanayagam and politician [[S. Jagathrakshakan]] note that the black and red flag of the DMK, as well as the party's rising sun symbol, are seen in the film.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=1998|1p=355|2a1=Vaasanthi|2y=2008|2p=36|3a1=Rajanayagam|3y=2015|3p=155|4a1=Jagathrakshakan|4y=1984|4p=64}} Rajadhyaksha and Willemen further state that Vijayavarman's corrupt nature is "a thinly disguised reference to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}} Both Vaasanthi and another film historian, Selvaraj Velayutham, mention a scene where Ramachandran issues a decree that can be passed off as "a DMK election manifesto".{{Sfnm|1a1=Vaasanthi|1y=2008|1p=36|2a1=Velayutham|2y=2008|2p=69}}{{efn|S. Rajanayagam mentions in his book, ''Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth'', that when Ramachandran assumed office as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], news reporters asked him what his plans were. To this, he replied, "See my ''Nadodi Mannan'' and you will get the answer".{{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=155}}}} According to both Erik Barnouw and Sisir Kumar Das, the song "Senthamizhe" represents the glorification of the Tamil language, identity and culture. It also symbolises what Das describes as "a medium of propagation of D.M.K. ideology".{{Sfnm|1a1=Das|1y=1991|1pp=38–39|2a1=Barnouw|2y=1996|2p=163}} Of the same song, Ramachandran's biographer R. Kannan found it to be a continuation of including songs with political messages in films beginning with ''Malaikkallan''.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=94}} Ramachandran even went on to say, during the celebration of the film's 100th-day theatrical run, that: "''Nadodi Mannan'' has been produced to show that the DMK is the party which is serving the people of this country."{{Sfnm|1a1=Norton|1y=1993|1p=90|2a1=Vaasanthi|2y=2008|2p=38}}<ref name="JeshiHindu" />

== Music ==
N. S. Balakrishnan composed the songs "Paadupattathannale", "Sammadhama" and "Senthamizhe" while the rest were by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], who was also in charge of the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} இனிய, உணர்ச்சிகரமான இசை |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Melodious, morale-lifting music |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan6.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617104051/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan6.asp |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The songs' lyrics were written by Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram, [[Suratha]], Kavi Lakshmanadas, N. M. Muthukkoothan and [[M. K. Athmanathan]].<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref name="Opening Credits" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivapprasadh |first=S. |date=15 August 2013 |title=Twin talent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twin-talent/article5025930.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617105830/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twin-talent/article5025930.ece |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The song "Varuga Varuga Vendhe", written by Suratha, was also composed in Kannada, Malayalam and in Telugu with lyrics by [[Vijaya Narasimha]], [[P. Bhaskaran]], and Narayanababu respectively.<ref name="Opening Credits" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} பாடல்களின் முக்கியத்துவம் |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films {{!}} MGR on Nadodi Mannan – Importance of songs |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan5.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617104331/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan5.asp |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The track "Summa Kedandha" was written earlier for the [[news agency]] ''Janasakthi'' before Kalyansundaram used it for the film with a few minor changes in the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=25 February 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 8 - எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் பொதுவுடமை |trans-title=MGR 100 – 8 – MGR's communal beliefs |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/71034-100-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930052552/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/71034-100-8.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref> The songs were recorded on 45 RPM records produced by [[Saregama|The Gramophone Company of India Ltd]] label, which also released the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by S M Subbiah Naidu |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nadodi-mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-s-m-subbiah-naidu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041236/https://mossymart.com/product/nadodi-mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-s-m-subbiah-naidu/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref name="Saregama" /> Plans for the inclusion of another track, "Kaalai Maatai Paal Karaga Paarkiraanga", were dropped since a pair of bullocks were used as the symbol of the Congress Party at that time.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=108}}

The soundtrack received positive feedback with songs like "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey,"<ref name="FrontlineIlangovan" /> "Thadukkathey",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2 October 2009 |title=A voice that mesmerised |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-voice-that-mesmerised/article16884379.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629082710/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-voice-that-mesmerised/article16884379.ece |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]|author-link=Randor Guy|language=en}}</ref> "Summa Kedandha" and "Senthamizhe" becoming popular hits.<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref name="FrontlineIlangovan" />{{Sfn|Das|1991|p=39}} Sachi Sri Kantha called "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey" a "magical educational song," further describing it as one of the songs that Ramachandran used to direct "his attention on the listlessness among Tamil workers".<ref name="Kantha25" /><ref name="SSKPart21" /> Rajadhyaksha and Willemen mention in their book, ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', that "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey" had inaugurated "MGR's personal political programme".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}} Both Sridhar Swaminathan of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' and Maayan of the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' also cite the same song as a good example of children's education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=28 May 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 74 - குழந்தை உள்ளம்! |trans-title=MGR 100 – 74 – Childish mindset! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/80141-100-74.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930052837/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/80141-100-74.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=மாயன் |date=13 April 2016 |title=பட்டுக்கோட்டை எனும் பாட்டுக்கோட்டை ! |trans-title=The king of songs who is Pattukkottai ! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/62393-birthday-anniversaryof-pattukottai-kalyanasundaram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617124546/http://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/62393-birthday-anniversaryof-pattukottai-kalyanasundaram.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=Tamil}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called the songs "philosophy-espousing" while noting how they "spelt the Dravidian tenets".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2017 |title=Will he? Won't he? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/22/will-he-wont-he-1607455.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617114256/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/22/will-he-wont-he-1607455.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name="Opening Credits" /><ref name="Saregama" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan |url=http://gaana.com/album/nadodi-mannan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617103215/http://gaana.com/album/nadodi-mannan |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nadodi-mannan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id954651738 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617103210/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nadodi-mannan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id954651738 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 01:01:29

| title1 = Kannil Vandhu Minnalpol
| lyrics1 = [[Suratha]]
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Jikki]]
| length1 = 04:24

| title2 = Kannoda Kannu
| lyrics2 = [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
| extra2 = Jikki
| length2 = 06:24

| title3 = Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey
| lyrics3 = Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length3 = 03:12

| title4 = Uzhaipa Thilla
| lyrics4 = Kavi Lakshmanadas
| extra4 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length4 = 03:35

| title5 = Thadukkathey
| lyrics5 = M. K. Aathmanathan
| extra5 = [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
| length5 = 03:03

| title6 = Maanaithedi Machan
| lyrics6 = Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
| extra6 = Jikki
| length6 = 04:38

| title7 = Summa Kedandha
| lyrics7 = Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| length7 = 03:16

| title8 = Varuga Varuga Vendhe
|note8 = Tamil
| lyrics8 = Suratha
| extra8 = [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], P. S. Vaidehi
| length8 = 06:01

| title9 = Namma Dravidare Kulage
| note9 = Kannada
| lyrics9 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| extra9 = Jikki
| length9 = 06:01

| title10 = Dravidamaam
| note10 = Malayalam
| lyrics10 = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| extra10 = [[Santha P. Nair]]
| length10 = 06:01

| title11 = Kudakkalla Kimpuma
| note11 = Telugu
| lyrics11 = Narayanababu
| extra11 = Jikki
| length11 = 06:01

| title12 = Paadupattathannale
| lyrics12 = M. K. Aathmanathan
| extra12 = [[T. V. Rathnam]]
| length12 = 03:18

| title13 = Sammadhama
| lyrics13 = N. M. Muthukkoothan
| extra13 = P. Bhanumathi
| length13 = 02:29

| title14 = Senthamizhe
| lyrics14 = N. M. Muthukkoothan
| extra14 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length14 = 03:06
}}

== Release ==

''Nadodi Mannan'' was released on 22 August 1958.<ref name="Kantha25" /> The expenses made for the film resulted in Ramachandran not having enough money to buy [[release print]]s.{{efn|According to film trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, six release prints were released for ''Nadodi Mannan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=20 February 2016 |title=Centres that mean business |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/indepth-look-at-the-kollywood-film-trade-and-the-different-areas-that-have-commercial-importance/article8261868.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620084454/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/indepth-look-at-the-kollywood-film-trade-and-the-different-areas-that-have-commercial-importance/article8261868.ece |archive-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>}} Hence, Veerappan and Chakrapani decided to acquire a legal loan of {{INR}}50,000 from [[AVM Productions]].{{efn|name=exchange}} However, Ramachandran's signature was required for the loan contract. When they consulted with him on this issue, he asked Veerappan and Chakrapani to tell the studio's founder [[A. V. Meiyappan]] that they would repay the loan and keep the price paid by the production company, Cinemas Limited, for distribution rights for the film's release in Sri Lanka as collateral. Meiyappan agreed to provide the loan, which was repaid by Veerappan immediately after the film's release.<ref name="Loan" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=9 September 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 25- அந்த நாட்கள்! |trans-title=Try to make cinema 25- Those days! |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58384-25.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120092013/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/58384-25.html |archive-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===

The film received positive critical response.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}} A review carried by ''Ananda Vikatan'' dated 7 September 1958, appreciated the film for being a commercial entertainer, describing it as a treat to the eyes. The review concluded that the film could be seen more than once.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Munusamy |last2=Manickam |date=7 September 1958 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: நாடோடி மன்னன் |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Nadodi Mannan'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41649--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200209052641/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41649--2 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=9 February 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> K. Jeshi from ''The Hindu'' appreciated the filmmaking techniques used to portray Ramachandran's dual roles, noting that it was "technically superior".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=18 September 2011 |title=Following a star |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/following-a-star/article2463462.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619152443/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/following-a-star/article2463462.ece |archive-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> A reviewer from the entertainment and news website [[Sify]] called it "a pucca mass entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan-Old is gold! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nadodi-mannan-old-is-gold-imagegallery-4-events-jdwmK0iedfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170620072304/http://www.sify.com/movies/nadodi-mannan-old-is-gold-imagegallery-4-events-jdwmK0iedfgsi.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Rajadhyaksha and Willemen mention that ''Nadodi Mannan'' was made "in a style derived from Gemini's post-''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1948) films".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}} James K. Norton, the author of the book ''Global Studies, India and South Asia'', called the film "a prime example of how rhetoric and action were combined to build an image as a hero of the oppressed".{{Sfn|Norton|1993|p=90}} Rajanayagam however, criticised Ramachandran's role as Marthandan, pointing out that the character's mannerisms are "overdone to the point of annoyance".{{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=15}}

=== Box office ===
Shortly before its release, Ramachandran's take on the film's fate was: "I am a king if this were to succeed. If not, I will be a vagabond."<ref name="SSTHT" />{{Sfn|Kannan|2010|p=229}} The film turned out to be an unprecedented success at the box office, grossing {{INR}}1.1 [[crore]],{{efn|name=exchange}} becoming only the second Tamil film to earn more than {{INR}}1 crore after ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' (1956), which also featured Ramachandran in the lead.<ref name="NMBO" /><ref name="SSTHT" />{{efn|name=exchange}} The film ran for 100 days in 23 theatres worldwide.<ref name="NMBO" /> It went on to achieve a theatrical run of 175 days and become a [[silver jubilee#South Asian film terminology|silver jubilee film]].{{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=153}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2011 |title=Curtains come down on Thangam theatre, once Asia's largest |work=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627094042/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 175 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D |date=14 April 2017 |title=Last day, Last show |work=[[Financial Chronicle]] |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/last-day-last-show-643? |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109092310/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/last-day-last-show-643 |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>}} It was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Anaganaga Oka Raju'' and as ''Hamen Bhi Jeene Do'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="FMNCredits" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=6 February 2015 |title=Panduranga Mahatyam (1957) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/panduranga-mahatyam-1957/article6862125.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620085005/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/panduranga-mahatyam-1957/article6862125.ece |archive-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

The DMK party celebrated the success of ''Nadodi Mannan'' with a public function on 16 October 1958 at the [[Tamukkam Ground]] in [[Madurai]] organized by R.M.Veerappan. The function, which was attended by 200,000 people, saw Ramachandran being taken in a procession on a chariot drawn by four horses and garlanded twice. He was awarded a golden sword worth 50 [[Kilogram|kg]] by the party leader [[C. N. Annadurai]] and member [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=1998|1p=355|2a1=Kannan|2y=2010|2p=229}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=9 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 17 - நிழலில் எதிரிகள்; நிஜத்தில் நண்பர்கள் |trans-title=MGR 100 – 17 – Enemies on screen, friends in real life |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74884-100-17.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930063137/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74884-100-17.html |archive-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> Ramachandran later donated the sword to the [[Mookambika|Kollur Mookambika Temple]].<ref name="AV MGR Facts" />

The film's 100th-day theatrical run celebrations were held on 30 November 1958 at the Alagappa College in Madurai.<ref name="JeshiHindu" />{{Sfn|Kannan|2010|p=229}} Another round of celebrations were held on the same day at the SIAA Grounds in [[Chennai]] where Annadurai praised Ramachandran, calling him his "Idhayakkani" or "heart's fruit", also stating, "Praising MGR is like me praising myself". Ramachandran later called that moment as the most memorable one in his life.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=108}}

== Legacy ==
=== Impact and influence ===
{{quote box
| quote = "When he introduced me in ''Nadodi Mannan'', I was so naive. He took care of me so well and used to give advice and tips while acting. After that we have acted together in several films. Without MGR, there's no Saroja Devi!"
| source = Saroja Devi on M. G. Ramachandran in an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=8 January 2016 |title=Chennai is my pugundha veedu: Saroja Devi |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160108/entertainment-kollywood/article/chennai-my-pugundha-veedu-saroja-devi |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628100139/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/160108/entertainment-kollywood/article/chennai-my-pugundha-veedu-saroja-devi |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

''Nadodi Mannan'' was a turning point in Ramachandran's career as both an actor and a politician. The film's success earned him the nickname "Puratchi Thalaivar" ("revolutionary leader").{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=355}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=6 June 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 28 |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628072823/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-28/ |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> Biographer Kannan dubbed the film as "the biggest propaganda blitzkrieg for the DMK till then.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=107}} Film historian Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai called ''Nadodi Mannan'' Ramachandran's "defining film as a star".{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=16}} The film acquired [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema and propelled Saroja Devi to stardom.{{Sfnm|1a1=NFDC|1y=1998|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=87|3a1=Pillai|3y=2015|3p=241}} T. S. Subramanian of ''Frontline'' noted that it was one among many of Ramachandran's films in the 1950s where he "espoused his personal ideals such as helping the poor, being chivalrous and fighting injustice."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=July 2004 |title=The celluloid connection |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm |url-status=live |magazine=Frontline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525153955/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> Film historian and critic [[Randor Guy]] labelled ''Nadodi Mannan'' as among the most memorable films both Nambiar and Veerappa had worked in.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 August 2014 |title=Rajaguru of villains |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nambiar-rajaguru-of-villains/article6299230.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081909/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nambiar-rajaguru-of-villains/article6299230.ece |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2 August 2014 |title=The superstar villain |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/p-s-veerappa-was-tamil-cinemas-bad-guy-personified-says-randor-guy/article6275472.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081916/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/p-s-veerappa-was-tamil-cinemas-bad-guy-personified-says-randor-guy/article6275472.ece |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> In 2024, [[K. Sivan]] said that when he first joined [[ISRO]], he was assigned to the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) project, which had experienced four consecutive failures. His seniors teased him about working on this project, and he responded by recalling Ramachandran's anecdote about ''Nadodi Mannan'', and successfully led the GSLV project to fruition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2024 |title=பிள்ளைகளை அவர்கள் போக்கிலேயே விடுங்கள்! பெற்றோருக்கு இஸ்ரோ முன்னாள் தலைவர் சிவன் அறிவுரை |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/india-tamil-news/let-your-children-be-themselves-former-isro-chief-sivan-advises-parents-/3810375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101165556/https://www.dinamalar.com/news/india-tamil-news/let-your-children-be-themselves-former-isro-chief-sivan-advises-parents-/3810375 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Ramachandran planned his second directorial film to be titled after the song "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey", but the project was abandoned,<ref name="SRAKHindu" />{{efn|S. R. Ashok Kumar does not mention why the project was abandoned.<ref name="SRAKHindu" />}} and the song was instead used as the title for a [[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey|1983 film]] starring [[Kamal Haasan]].{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=118, 651}} In their 2006 reviews of ''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'', both Baskaran of ''The Hindu'', and S. Sudha of [[Rediff.com]], mention the film shared similarities with ''Nadodi Mannan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=3 November 2006 |title=King who has exploded myths |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031020137/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king-who-has-exploded-myths/article3231189.ece |archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha |first=S. |date=13 July 2006 |title=Great satire from Shankar |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/imsai/20060713.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/imsai/20060713.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; [[K. Bhagyaraj]] named ''Nadodi Mannan''. Bhagyaraj selected the film because he "enjoyed the way both heroes combine acting prowess with entertainment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> In the film ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009), Assault Aarumugam ([[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]) is disguised as a woman and is chased by two thugs who mistake him for a real woman. During the chase, the song "Maanaithedi Machan" is played in the background.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Padikkadavan |type=Motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=[[Sun Pictures]] |year=2009 |trans-title=Uneducated Man |others=Dhanush, Tamannaah, Vivek |time=2:03:05 to 2:03:35 |time-caption=From}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]], writing for ''The Hindu'' in 2014, mentions in his review of ''[[Kaththi]]'' that the film's basic plot was "the old {{sic|''Naadodi Mannan''}} template, shaped with a relevant, burning social angle."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=22 October 2014 |title=Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628102755/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece |archive-date=28 June 2017 |ref=none}}</ref> For the same newspaper, [[Namrata Joshi]] noted that ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' (2015) bore a resemblance to ''Nadodi Mannan'' in terms of a prince's look-alike taking his place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=14 November 2015 |title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo: Salman saves the day |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-salman-saves-the-day/article7878174.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628102800/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-salman-saves-the-day/article7878174.ece |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> Lyricist [[Thamarai]] mentions in her interview with Rangan that she wishes to write songs as beautiful as "Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey".{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|p=161}} Haasan has acknowledged various films as influences on ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990), namely ''Nadodi Mannan'' along with ''[[Deiva Magan]]'' (1969) and ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Cancelled sequel ===
Ramachandran had planned a sequel to ''Nadodi Mannan'' titled ''Nadodiyin Magan'', but the project was abandoned.<ref name="AV MGR Facts" />{{efn|S. Kirubakaran does not mention why the project was abandoned.<ref name="AV MGR Facts" />}}

=== Re-releases ===
''Nadodi Mannan'' was first re-released on 4 August 2006 in Chennai and [[Chengalpattu]] by Divya Films,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan-Old is gold! - Slide 1 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nadodi-mannan-old-is-gold-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmK0iedfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627101436/http://www.sify.com/movies/nadodi-mannan-old-is-gold-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmK0iedfgsi.html |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Sify}}</ref> which spent {{INR}}300,000 on poster designs and promotions for its re-release.<ref name="SPMGR" />{{efn|name=exchange}} The film opened to a positive response from the audience.<ref name="SPMGR" /> It received another successful re-release on 18 March 2011 in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=3 May 2011 |title=MGR continues to live in the minds of Madurai people |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mgr-continues-to-live-in-the-minds-of-madurai-people/article1987423.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mgr-continues-to-live-in-the-minds-of-madurai-people/article1987423.ece |archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="FMNCredits">{{Cite web |title=1958 – நாடோடி மன்னன் – எம்.ஜி.ஆர். பிக்சர்ஸ். |trans-title=1958 – Nadodi Mannan – M.G.R. Pictures. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails20.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616163427/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails20.asp |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Kantha25">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=6 March 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 25 {{!}} Nadodi Mannan aka The Vagabond King |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608165716/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-25/ |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NMBO">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170607105251/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan.asp |archive-date=7 June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="SSKPart21">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |date=30 September 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 21 {{!}} Generativity in DMK Party of 1950s |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612153241/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-21/ |archive-date=12 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SSTHT">{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=22 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 – 26 - படம் ஓடினால் மன்னன், ஓடாவிட்டால் நாடோடி! |trans-title=MGR 100 – 26 – If the film is successful, he is a king, if not he is a vagabond! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74349-100-26.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930054152/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74349-100-26.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NM3">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} கதை தேர்வுக்கு காரணம்... |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Reason behind the story |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan3.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170613091935/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan3.asp |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="NM21">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} கதையை செதுக்கிய மூவர் |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} The trio who made the story |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan21.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170613092955/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan21.asp |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="AnandaVikatan">{{Cite web |last=சூரியராஜ் |first=ப. |date=16 April 2017 |title=தனுஷ் மட்டுமில்லை இந்த தமிழ் ஹீரோக்களும் இயக்குநர்கள்தான்..! |trans-title=Not just Dhanush, these Tamil actors are directors too..! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/86585-tamil-actors-who-have-directed-movies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613094526/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/86585-tamil-actors-who-have-directed-movies.html |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Loan">{{Cite news |last=நெல்லைபாரதி |date=1 February 2014 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர் வாங்கிய கடன் |trans-title=The loans MGR bought |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/205739-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930054321/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/205739-.html |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Opening Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Nadodi Mannan |last=[[M. G. Ramachandran|Ramachandran, M. G.]] (director) |type=motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=Em.Gee.Yar Pictures |year=1958 |place=India |time=00:00:45 to 00:03:35 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>
<ref name="BSDFNA">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} அசத்தினார் சரோஜாதேவி |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Saroja Devi impressed |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan14.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614103649/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan14.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="NM17">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} பிங்கலனாக பிரகாசித்த நம்பியார் |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} Nambiar shined as Pingalan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan17.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170614092416/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan17.asp |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Dinamalar1">{{Cite news |date=24 October 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: நாடோடி மன்னன் படத்திலிருந்து வெளியேறிய பானுமதி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52349/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Banumathi-out-in-MGRs-Nadodi-Mannan-film.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615153058/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52349/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-%3A-Banumathi-out-in-MGRs-Nadodi-Mannan-film.htm |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="NM23">{{Cite web |title=நாடோடி மன்னன் பற்றி எம்.ஜி.ஆர். {{!}} நாகி ரெட்டி, வாசனுக்கு நன்றி |trans-title=MGR on Nadodi Mannan {{!}} A note of thanks to Nagi Reddy and Vasan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616101910/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/nadodi_mannan23.asp |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="FrontlineIlangovan">{{Cite magazine |last=Ilangovan |first=R. |date=11 June 2014 |title=Songs of the soil |url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/songs-of-the-soil/article6100786.ece?css=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170613132419/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/songs-of-the-soil/article6100786.ece?css=print |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
<ref name="JeshiHindu">{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 December 2013 |title=Flashbacks of a director |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102741/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Saregama">{{Cite web |title=Nadodi Mannan |url=http://www.saregama.com/album/nadodi-mannan_13836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617100646/http://www.saregama.com/album/nadodi-mannan_13836 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AV MGR Facts">{{Cite web |last=கிருபாகரன் |first=எஸ். |date=18 January 2017 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர் 100 : கருணாநிதி நட்பு, கிரிக்கெட் ஆர்வம், படப்பிடிப்புதளப் பண்பு... 100 சுவாரஸ்ய தகவல்கள்! |trans-title=MGR 100 : Friendship with Karunanidhi, A Cricket enthusiast, Attribution to filmmaking... 100 interesting facts! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/india/77974-100-interesting-facts-about-mgr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627093814/http://www.vikatan.com/news/india/77974-100-interesting-facts-about-mgr.html |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="SRAKHindu">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 February 2000 |title=Box office collection |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/08/stories/1308046d.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081853/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/08/stories/1308046d.htm |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SPMGR">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=10 August 2006 |title=MGR magic! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mgr-magic/article3197628.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627101735/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mgr-magic/article3197628.ece |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barnouw |first=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCgwtII_6zsC |title=Media Marathon: A Twentieth-century Memoir |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8223-1728-9 |location=[[Durham, North Carolina]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofserpentintr0000bask |title=The Eye of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |date=24 December 2013 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |location=[[Chennai]] |orig-date=1996 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author-link=Sisir Kumar Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jagathrakshakan |first=S. |author-link=S. Jagathrakshakan |title=Dr. M. G. R.: A Phenomenon |publisher=Apollo Veliyeetagam |year=1984 |oclc=13425247}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08328-2 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=National Film Development Corporation of India |author-link=National Film Development Corporation of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uJkAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian cinema: A Visual Voyage |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-2300-646-8 |location=[[Mumbai]] |ref={{harvid|NFDC|1998}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norton |first=James K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrERAQAAMAAJ |title=Global Studies, India and South Asia |publisher=Dushkin Publishing Group |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-56134-113-9 |location=[[Guilford, Connecticut]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |date=12 June 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfpcswEACAAJ |title=Dispatches from the Wall Corner: A Journey through Indian Cinema |publisher=Tranquebar Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-84030-56-8 |location=Chennai}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vaasanthi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC |title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-306312-4 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsR8AgAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |date=3 April 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{M. G. Ramachandran}}
[[Category:1950s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1950s historical action films]]
[[Category:1950s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1958 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. G. Ramachandran]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Karaikudi Municipal Corporation

2026-04-10T02:38:59Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Short description|Indian civic governing body}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Karaikudi Municipal Corporation
[[File:Karaikudi City Corporation Welcome Board.jpg|thumb|Karaikudi City Corporation Welcome Board]]
| native_name=
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption = Karaikudi Metropolitan area
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2024|03|15}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = S. Muthudurai
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = N. Gunasekaran
| leader3_type = [[Commissioner]]
| leader3 = S. Chithra
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Municipal Complex, Karaikudi
| website =
| motto =
|last_election1=
}}

'''Karaikudi Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing [[Karaikudi]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. On 15 March 2024, it was established as the 22nd [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|municipal corporation]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government Updates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/16/cm-stalin-announces-creation-of-4-new-corporations-in-tn-total-goes-up-to-25 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Announcement from Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pudukottai-namakkal-tiruvannamalai-karaikudi-to-be-corporations/articleshow/108529513.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is headed by the [[mayor]], who presides over the city council, and is administered by the corporation commissioner.

Karaikudi municipality was established in 1928 and was upgraded to a grade II municipality in 1973, to selection grade in 1988, to a special grade in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudukkottai-namakkal-tiruvannamalai-and-karaikudi-set-to-become-municipal-corporations/article67954145.ece |access-date=15 March 2024 |date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The functions of the city corporation are divided into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and information technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|access-date=19 December 2012|year=2006}}</ref>

The corporation administers the [[Karaikudi metropolitan area]] which incorporates the city of Karaikudi and adjoining towns of [[Kottaiyur]], [[Kandanur]], [[Puduvayal]] and [[Sankarapuram]] and Surrounding villages of Kalanivasal, Sekkalai Kottai, Ilupakkudi, [[Ariyakudi]], [[Koviloor, Karaikudi|Koviloor]], Managiri and Senjai. It encompassed an area of {{cvt|33.75|km²}} and had had a population of 106,784 individuals as per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karaikudi Municipal Council|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_generalinformation.htm|publisher=Department Of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=31 Dec 2012|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218081248/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_generalinformation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population and Area|url=https://karaikudilpa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/VOL-2-FINAL-COPY-ADOBE-EDITEDorganized-KARAIKUDI.pdf|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Based on the expanded limits, the town was demarcated into 48 wards.<ref>{{cite news |title=The number of members for the newly created municipal corporations revealed |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2025/Dec/27/the-number-of-members-for-the-newly-created-4-municipal-corporations-published-in-the-government-gazette |work=[[Dinamani]] |date=27 December 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu|Municipal corporation]]

Aurangabad, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:21:03Z

Mohamedmeera29: Starting a data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aurangabad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 63,954
| mla = Zakaria Rafiq Balimy
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Aurangabad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shripad Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mir Mahmood Ali
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Zakaria Rafiq Balimy
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Zakaria Rafiq Balimy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,767 |percentage = 55.89% |change = {{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govinddas Mannulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,813 |percentage = 44.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,954 |percentage = 11.77% |change = {{decrease}}22.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,814 |percentage = 56.00% |change = {{increase}}24.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,954 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mir Mahmood Ali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,475 |percentage = 62.77% |change = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Saleemuddin |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,778 |percentage = 28.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Radhakrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,434 |percentage = 8.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,697 |percentage = 34.14% |change = {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,687 |percentage = 31.98% |change = {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,687}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,175 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shripad Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,966 |percentage = 60.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Das Munnulal Shroff |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 5,867 |percentage = 39.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,099 |percentage = 20.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 14,833 |percentage = 26.07% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 14,833}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,886 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Butta Bomma (film)

2026-04-07T17:20:53Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Butta Bomma
| image = Butta Bomma film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shouree Chandrasekhar T. Ramesh
| writer = Ganesh Kumar Ravuri (dialogues)
| producer = Naga Vamsi Sai Soujanya
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kappela]]''|Muhammed Musthafa}}
| starring = [[Anikha Surendran]] [[Arjun Das]] Surya Vashistta Navya Swamy
| cinematography = Vamsi Patchipulusu
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]] [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| studio = {{Ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]|Fortune Four Cinemas}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|02|04}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Butta Bomma''''' ''({{Translation|Beautiful doll}})'' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[Action-thriller film|action thriller film]] directed by Shouree Chandrashekhar T. Ramesh in his directorial debut and produced by Naga Vamsi. It is a remake of the 2020 Malayalam film, ''[[Kappela]]''. It stars [[Anikha Surendran]] (in her lead debut), [[Arjun Das]] and Surya Vashistta. The title is inspired by the [[Butta Bomma|song of the same name]] from ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020).

== Plot ==
Satya ([[Anikha Surendran]]) dials a wrong number and speaks to Murali (Surya Vashistta); over a period of time, their frequent conversations lead to the blossoming of love. But when they decide to meet in Vizag, Ramakrishna "RK" ([[Arjun Das]]) enters the scene. What happens next takes the romantic story on a different tangent.

== Cast ==
*[[Anikha Surendran]] as Satya
*[[Arjun Das]] as Ramakrishna aka RK
*Surya Vashistta as Murali
*Navya Swamy as Vasundhara, RK's love interest
*Raj Tirandasu
*[[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Butta Bomma
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]] and [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sundar]] [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Butta Bomma
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Manu Charitra]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Stand Up Rahul]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Butta Bomma
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Gaami]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
{{Singles
| name = Butta Bomma
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Vinodamlo Kathemundo
| single1date = 9 January 2023
| single2 = Ammadi Gummadi
| single2date = 2 February 2023
}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] and [[Sweekar Agasthi]] while the latter did the film score. The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]]. The first single ("Vinodamlo Kathemundo") was released on 9 January 2023, and the second single ("Ammadi Gummadi") on 2 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2023|title=Come feel the earthy vibes of falling in love with our #AmmadiGummadi from #Buttabomma 💌|url=https://twitter.com/SitharaEnts/status/1621098452980727808|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> The full album was released by Aditya Music on 10 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2023|title=Enjoy the Audio Jukebox of #ButtaBomma 💌|url=https://twitter.com/adityamusic/status/1624401767072157696?cxt=HHwWgMDSrZ-zhIstAAAA|website=Twitter}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vinodamlo Kathemundo
| lyrics1 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra1 = Mohana Bhogaraju
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Ammadi Gummadi
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Nutana Mohan
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Needaake
| lyrics3 = Shree Mani
| extra3 = Chaitra Ambadipudi
| length3 = 2:13
| title4 = Hello Ante Challe
| lyrics4 = Shree Mani
| extra4 = PVNS Rohith, [[Ramya Behara]]
| length4 = 3:16
| total_length = 13:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The beautiful locale, tasty cinematography, and impressive performances make it a decent watch, even for those who [have] watched the Malayalam original".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/butta-bomma/movie-review/97602796.cms|title=Butta Bomma Movie Review : A romantic tale that turns dramatic and uncovers a facade|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/butta-bomma/movie-review/97602796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Director Shouree Chandrasekhar T Ramesh makes inspired tweaks and nativized additions, resulting in a decent remake".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/feb/04/buttabomma-movie-reviewa-well-executed-story-on-the-pitfalls-of-perception-and-trust-39630.html |title=Buttabomma Movie Review: A well-executed story on the pitfalls of perception and trust|work=New Indian Express|author= |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102307/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/feb/04/buttabomma-movie-reviewa-well-executed-story-on-the-pitfalls-of-perception-and-trust-39630.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote that "''Butta Bomma'' is a well-crafted film about a social issue, but it is not as effective as the original Malayalam film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/butta-bomma-review-faithful-but-less-effective|title=Butta Bomma review: Faithful but less effective!|website=Telugu Cinema|date=4 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102308/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/butta-bomma-review-faithful-but-less-effective|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|23490324}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]

Vajreshvari Devi

2026-04-06T09:29:26Z

Mohamedmeera29: created new biography

{{Short description|Hindu goddess and one of the 51 Shakta pithas}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kangrawalidevi.webp
| name = Vajreshwari (Vajreśvarī)
| other_names = Bajreshwari, Kangra Devi, Kangrawali
| affiliation = [[Adi Shakti]], [[Shakti]]
| deity_of = Thunderbolt/Diamond (Vajra)
| equivalent1 = Kālī (Epithet)
| equivalent2 = Durgā (Warrior)
| equivalent3 = Nityā (Tantric Yoginī)
| equivalent1_type = Tantric
| equivalent2_type = Regional/Warrior
| region = Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| temples = Vajreshwari Devi Temple, Kangra ([[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]])
| texts = Manthānabhairavatantra, Tantric texts
| equivalent3_type = Tantric
| member_of = [[Saat Behna (Seven Sisters goddesses)]]
}}
'''Vajreshvari''' (lang-sa|वज्रेश्वरी, {{IAST|Vajreśvarī}}), also known as '''Bajreshwari''', '''Kangra Devi''', or '''Kangrawali''', is a fierce form of the Hindu goddess [[Shakti]], primarily worshipped in the [[Kangra Valley]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Her name derives from ''vajra'' (thunderbolt or diamond) and ''īśvarī'' (supreme female ruler), literally meaning "Goddess of the Thunderbolt" or "Diamond Goddess".<ref name="WisdomVajreshvari">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vajreshvari |title=Vajreshvari |publisher=Wisdom Library |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref name="Pramana1388">{{cite journal |title=Shakti Peethas of Himachal Pradesh: A Study of Vajreshwari Temple |journal=Pramana Research Journal |volume=9 |issue=12 |year=2019 |url=https://www.pramanaresearch.org/gallery/prj-p1388.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> The principal centre of her worship is the '''Vajreshwari Devi Temple''' in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], regarded as one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]].<ref name="Pramana1388"/><ref name="JSTOR598894">{{cite journal |last=Hutchison |first=J. |last2=Vogel |first2=J. Ph. |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=62 |issue=3 |year=1933 |pages=598–894 |publisher=JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/598894 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

== Scriptural mentions ==
Vajreśvarī appears in several Tantric texts. In the ''Manthānabhairavatantra'' she is identified as one of the nine Nitya Yoginīs particularly associated with Kāma.<ref name="WisdomVajreshvari"/> She is also described as an epithet of [[Kali]] while being invoked as the warrior form of [[Durga]] in certain rituals.<ref name="WisdomVajreshvari"/> In the Kangra region she is understood as a fierce manifestation of [[Mahadevi]].<ref name="Pramana1388"/>

== Legend ==
According to local tradition, the Vajreshwari temple in Kangra marks the spot where the left breast of the goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] fell, making it one of the 51 Shakta pithas.<ref name="Pramana1388"/>

== Temple ==
''Main Page - [[Vajreshwari Temple]]''

The main shrine is the '''Vajreshwari Devi Temple''' in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] town. Historically it was second in importance only to the nearby Jwalamukhi Temple and was a major source of revenue for the Kangra rulers.<ref name="JSTOR598894"/> The original structure was destroyed in the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] and rebuilt in the 1930s.<ref name="Pramana1388"/>

== Historical practices and academic views ==
Seventeenth-century European travel accounts and Mughal records describe the temple as a prominent centre of the Śakti cult where extreme acts of devotion, including self-mutilation and occasional ritual suicide, were performed as offerings of blood to ensure fertility.<ref name="ResearchGateBlood">{{cite journal |title=Blood for the Goddess: Self-mutilation Rituals at Vajreshwari Mandir, Kangra |year=2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301536043_Blood_for_the_Goddess_Self-mutilation_Rituals_at_Vajreshwari_Mandir_Kangra |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> These blood-spilling practices were largely discontinued in the 18th century as they came into conflict with the emerging non-violent, Brahmanical representation of Hinduism promoted by urban elites.<ref name="ResearchGateBlood"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Forms of Durga]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]

Kerala football team

2026-03-28T15:26:48Z

Mohamedmeera29: brief enhanced content to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Football team representing Kerala State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Kerala
| current = 2024–25 Santosh Trophy
| image = Kerala Football Association.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Kerala State Football Team
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|1948}}
| ground = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 41,000
| owner = [[Kerala Football Association]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Biby Thomas
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Runner-up
| pattern_la1 = _blueborder
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_b1 = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra1 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh1 = _FFA500bottam
| pattern_so1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 = _blueborder
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| socks2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = 1726C7
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 = FFFF00
| pattern_sh2 = F4FFFF
| pattern_ra2 = _blueborder
| pattern_b2 = _bluecollar
| pattern_so2 = _chelsea2122h
| pattern_la3 = FFFF00
| socks3 = FFFF00
| shorts3 = FFFF00
| rightarm3 = FFFF00
| body3 = FFFF00
| leftarm3 = FFFF00
| pattern_so3 = FFFF00
| pattern_sh3 = FFFF00
| pattern_ra3 = FFFF00
| pattern_b3 = FFFF00
}}

The '''Kerala football team''', formerly known as ''Travancore-Cochin football team'', is an Indian state level [[semi-professional]] [[association football|football]] team representing [[Kerala]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[National Games of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/495|title=Kerala Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal, Kerala & Punjab drawn together in tantalizing group in 75th edition of Hero Santosh Trophy|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/west-bengal-kerala-punjab-drawn-together-in-tantalizing-group-in-75th-edition-of-hero-santosh-trophy|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=6 January 2022|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106131705/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/west-bengal-kerala-punjab-drawn-together-in-tantalizing-group-in-75th-edition-of-hero-santosh-trophy|archive-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

The team appeared in the Santosh Trophy finals 15 times, and have won the trophy 7 times. Kerala last won the Santhosh Trophy in [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2022]] by defeating [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] in the final on 2 May at the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanadu Stadium]] in [[Malappuram, Kerala|Malappuram]]. The Kerala team was captained by Jijo Joseph under head coach [[Bino George]], being unbeaten during the tournament.

==Statistics and records==
===Season-by-season===

{{updated|15 February 2024}}
{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} '''Champions'''  {{Color box|silver|border=darkgray}} '''Runners-up'''  {{Color box|#E6C29E|border=darkgray}} Semifinal
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=7 class="unsortable" | [[Santosh Trophy]]
! colspan=6 class="unsortable" | '''Qualifiers'''
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}}
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-style="background:white;"
|[[1959–60 Santosh Trophy|1959–60]]
|3
|0
|1
|2
|1
|9
|Final round
|3
|1
|2
|0
|2
|1
|-
|-
|1963–64
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|3
|First round
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|-
|-
|[[1968–69 Santosh Trophy|1968–69]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|3
|First round
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|-
|-
|-style="background:white;"
|[[1969–70 Santosh Trophy|1969–70]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|1
|7
|First round
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Joseph Raju
|1
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[1973–74 Santosh Trophy|1973–74]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html#74|title=India - List of Santosh Trophy Finals|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|6
|5
|1
|0
|18
|8
|Champions
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|TKS Mani
|7
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1981–82 Santosh Trophy|1981–82]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|2
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Appukuttan
|9
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1983–84 Santosh Trophy|1983–84]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Ranjith
|6
|-style="background:white;"
|[[1984–85 Santosh Trophy|1984–85]]
|2
|1
|1
|0
|5
|0
|Preliminary league
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|5 players
|1
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1985–86 Santosh Trophy|1985–86]]
|4
|2
|0
|2
|6
|3
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|
|
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1986–87 Santosh Trophy|1986–87]]
|3
|1
|2
|0
|3
|2
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|
|
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1987–88 Santosh Trophy|1987–88]]
|6
|4
|2
|0
|10
|1
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
| C. V. Pappachan
|5
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1988–89 Santosh Trophy|1988–89]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india89.html#santosh|title=23rd Santosh Trophy|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Runners up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1989–90 Santosh Trophy|1989–90]]
|6
|3
|1
|2
|11
|9
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[I. M. Vijayan]], Santosh
|3
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1990–91 Santosh Trophy|1990–91]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html#74|title=India - List of Santosh Trophy Finals|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[1991–92 Santosh Trophy|1991–92]]
|4
|3
|0
|1
|12
|0
|Champions
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|PS Asheem, Harshan, Rajeev
|3
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[1992–93 Santosh Trophy|1992–93]]
|6
|4
|0
|1
|8
|3
|Champions
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[I. M. Vijayan]]
|3
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]]
|2
|1
|0
|1
|6
|1
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[Jo Paul Ancheri]]
|3
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|1994–95
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|
|
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|1995–96
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|
|
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1996–97 Santosh Trophy|1996–97]]
|4
|2
|1
|1
|6
|1
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|VP Shaji
|3
|-
|[[1997–98 Santosh Trophy|1997–98]]
|3
|0
|2
|1
|0
|3
|Group Stage
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[1998–99 Santosh Trophy|1998–99]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|1
|3
|Semifinal
|2
|2
|0
|0
|5
|1
|[[Asif Saheer]]
|3
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–00]]
|5
|3
|1
|1
|10
|5
|Runners up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[Asif Saheer]]
|4
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[2001–02 Santosh Trophy|2001–02]]
|4
|4
|0
|0
|16
|8
|Champions
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Abdul Hakim
|7
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[2002–03 Santosh Trophy|2002–03]]
|4
|3
|0
|1
|10
|7
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Sylvester Ignatius
|3
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[2004–05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]]
|4
|3
|1
|0
|9
|4
|Champions
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Abdul Naushad
|2
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[2005–06 Santosh Trophy|2005–06]]
|3
|2
|0
|1
|4
|1
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Abdul Hakkim
|2
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[2006–07 Santosh Trophy|2006–07]]
|4
|2
|2
|0
|5
|1
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]]
|3
|-
|[[2007–08 Santosh Trophy|2007–08]]
|3
|1
|2
|0
|3
|9
|Group Stage
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|[[Asif Saheer]] Abdul Naushad Javed OK
|1
|-
|[[2008–09 Santosh Trophy|2008–09]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|Pre Quarter
|2
|2
|0
|0
|8
|0
|Zubair KP
|3
|-
|[[2009–10 Santosh Trophy|2009–10]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|Pre Quarter
|3
|3
|0
|0
|18
|3
|Javed OK
|4
|-
|[[2010–11 Santosh Trophy|2010–11]]
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|Pre Quarter
|3
|2
|1
|0
|8
|1
|NA
|NA
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[2011–12 Santosh Trophy|2011–12]]
|5
|3
|2
|0
|8
|4
|Semifinal
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Kannan
|2
|-style="background:silver;"
|[[2012–13 Santosh Trophy|2012–13]]
|5
|3
|2
|0
|8
|4
|Runners Up
| colspan=6 rowspan=1|
|Kannan
|4
|-
|[[2013–14 Santosh Trophy|2013–14]]
|4
|2
|0
|2
|6
|4
|Group Stage
|4
|3
|0
|1
|23
|4
|NA
|NA
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[2014–15 Santosh Trophy|2014–15]]
|5
|3
|1
|1
|4
|4
|Semifinal
|2
|2
|0
|0
|10
|0
|[[V. P. Suhair|V P Suhair]]
|3
|-
|[[2015–16 Santosh Trophy|2015–16]]
| colspan=7 rowspan=1|''did not qualify''
|2
|1
|1
|0
|3
|1
|Firos Seesan Askhar
|1
|-style="background:#E6C29E;"
|[[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17]]
|5
|2
|1
|2
|11
|9
|Semifinal
|3
|2
|1
|0
|6
|2
| [[Jobby Justin]]
|5
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18]]
|6
|5
|1
|0
|18
|3
|Champions
|2
|1
|1
|0
|7
|0
| Rahul KP Afdal VK [[Jithin MS]]
|5
|-
|[[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|2018–19]]
| colspan=7 rowspan=1|''did not qualify''
|3
|0
|2
|1
|0
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2019–20 Santosh Trophy|2019–20]]
| colspan=7 rowspan=1|''Not held due to covid''
|2
|2
|0
|0
|11
|0
| [[Emil Benny]]
|3
|-style="background:gold;"
|[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]]
|6
|4
|2
|0
|19
|7
|Champions
|3
|3
|0
|0
|18
|1
|[[Jesin TK]]
|12
|-
|[[2022–23 Santosh Trophy|2022–23]]
|5
|2
|2
|1
|9
|8
|Final Round
|5
|5
|0
|0
|24
|2
|Nijo Gilbert
|8
|-
|[[2023–24 Santosh Trophy|2023–24]]
|6
|2
|3
|1
|7
|5
|Quarter Finalist
|4
|3
|0
|1
|12
|2
|Nijo Gilbert
|
|}

== Players ==

===Current squad===
As of 14 January 2026:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/11/15/santosh-trophy-kerala-squad-annonced-sanju-g-captain.html | title=Sanju G to lead Kerala in Santosh Trophy }}</ref>
{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Alkesh Raj|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Hajmal Sakeer|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=Muhammed Jaseem|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club= |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Sanju Ganesh|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Ajay Alex|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Manoj M|other=|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|08|21}}|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Bibin Ajayan|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Abdul Badish|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Sandeep S |other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Tejas Krishna |other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Asif OM|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Arjun V|other=|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1999|04|30}}|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Arjun MM|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Viknesh Mariya|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Aboobacker Dilshad|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs break}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Muhammed Riyas|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Sajeesh E|other=|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1997|01|29}}|caps=|goals=|club=[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Muhammad Ajsal]]|other=|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|2003|03|28}}|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kerala Blasters]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Shijin Thadhayouse|other=|age={{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|12|19}}|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Muhammed Ashar|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Muhammed Sinan|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Muhammed Ashique|other=|age=|caps=|goals=|club=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]] |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs end}}

==Current technical staff==
[[File:Kerala_Football_Team.jpg|alt=Kerala Football Team|right|180px|thumb|Team players on the ground]]
As of 14 January 2026
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Position'''
|'''Name'''
|-
| Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shafeeq Hassan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala eyes Santosh Trophy glory under Shafeeq |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/kerala-eyes-santosh-trophy-glory-under-shafeeq/article70525514.ece |access-date=2026-01-14}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ebin Rose
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Thomas Chacko
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ahmed Nihal Rasheed
|-
| Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shaji PK
|-
| Analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kiran K Narayanan
|-
|}

==Results and fixtures==
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 11 October 2023
|time = 09:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score = 0–3
|report =
|team2 = Kerala
|goals1 =
|goals2 = * Akbar {{goal|12||33}}
* Nijo Gilbert {{goal|36}}
|location = [[Benaulim]]
|stadium = SAG Benaulim Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 13 October 2023
|time = 09:00
|team1 = Kerala
|score = 6–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1 =* Jithin {{goal|8||54}}
* Sajeesh {{goal|13}}
* Ashiq {{goal|45+1}}
* Abdhu Raheem {{goal|66}}
* Riswan Ali {{goal|75}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Benaulim]]
|stadium = SAG Benaulim Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 15 October 2023
|time = 09:00
|team1 = [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|score = 0–3
|report =
|team2 = Kerala
|goals1 =
|goals2 =* Sajeesh {{goal|6}}
* Junain {{goal|56}}
* Nijo Gilbert {{goal|68}}
|location = [[Benaulim]]
|stadium = SAG Benaulim Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 17 October 2023
|time = 16:00
|team1 = Kerala
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Benaulim]]
|stadium = SAG Benaulim Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 21 February 2024
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|score = 1–3
|team2 = Kerala
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/29203
| goals1 = [[Dipu Mirdha]] {{goal|77}}
| goals2 = Abdu Raheem K {{goal|19}}
Sajeesh E {{goal|67}}
Nijo Gilbert {{goal|90+5}}
|location = [[Yupia]]
|stadium = Golden Jubilee Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 23 February 2024
|time = 19:00
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score =2–0
|report =
|team2 = Kerala
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Yupia]]
|stadium = Golden Jubilee Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =L
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 25 February 2024
|time = 14:30
|team1 = Kerala
|score =1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Yupia]]
|stadium = Golden Jubilee Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =D
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 28 February 2024
|time = 14:30
|team1 = Kerala
|score =2–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Yupia]]
|stadium = Golden Jubilee Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]]
|date = 01 March 2024
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score =1–1
|report =
|team2 = Kerala
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Yupia]]
|stadium = Golden Jubilee Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =D
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|Santosh Trophy Qualification]]
|date = 20 November 2024
|time = TBD
|team1 = Kerala
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|Santosh Trophy Qualification]]
| date = 22 November 2024
| time = TBD
| team1 = Kerala
| score = 10–0
| report =
| team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance =
| referee =
|result =W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|Santosh Trophy Qualification]]
| date = 24 November 2024
| time = TBD
| team1 = Kerala
| score = 7–0
| report =
| team2 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Honours==
[[File:Santosh Trophy winner Kerala football team called on the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on November 2, 2004.jpg|thumb|Santosh Trophy winning Kerala team with the Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in [[New Delhi]], November 2, 2004.]]
[[File:Kerala football team.jpg|thumb|right|Players of Kerala football team a Santosh Trophy match in Payynad Stadium in 2022]]

===State (senior)===
*'''[[Santosh Trophy]]'''
** Winners (7): [[1973–74 Santosh Trophy|1973–74]], [[1991–92 Santosh Trophy|1991–92]], [[1992–93 Santosh Trophy|1992–93]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india93.html#calc|title=India 1993 – Santosh Trophy|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=6 December 2006|access-date=4 November 2022|first1=Josef|last1=Bobrowsky|first2=Ian|last2=King|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india93.html}}</ref> [[2001–02 Santosh Trophy|2001–02]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2001-02s.html|title=2001/02 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628084429/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2001-02s.html|archive-date=28 June 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2004-05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]], [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18]], [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–2022]]
** Runners-up (9): [[1987-88 Santosh Trophy|1987–88]], [[1988–89 Santosh Trophy|1988–89]], [[1989-90 Santosh Trophy|1989–90]], [[1990–91 Santosh Trophy|1990–91]], [[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]], [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–2000]], [[2002–03 Santosh Trophy|2002–03]], [[2012–13 Santosh Trophy|2012–13]], [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''
** Gold medal (3): 1987, 1997, [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
** Silver medal (2): 1994, [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/sports/national-games-w-bengal-hammer-kerala-5-0-to-clinch-gold-in-men-s-football-122101101341_1.html|title=National Games: W Bengal hammer Kerala 5–0 to clinch gold in men's football|location=Ahmedabad|agency=IANS|website=wap.business-standard.com|publisher=Business Standard India|date=12 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012050045/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/national-games-w-bengal-hammer-kerala-5-0-to-clinch-gold-in-men-s-football-122101101341_1.html|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-narohari-shrestha-hat-trick-west-bengal-beats-kerala-5-0-wins-men-football-gold-medal/article65998238.ece|title=National Games: West Bengal routs Kerala 5–0, wins men's football gold medal after 11 years|first=Y. B.|last=Sarangi|location=Ahmedabad|agency=[[The Hindu]]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=11 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012050037/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-narohari-shrestha-hat-trick-west-bengal-beats-kerala-5-0-wins-men-football-gold-medal/article65998238.ece|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
** Bronze medal (1): [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]

===State (youth)===
* '''[[B.C. Roy Trophy]]'''
** Winners (3): 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73
** Runners-up (5): 1973–74, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1985–86
* '''[[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]]'''
** Winners (2): 1981–82, 1983–84
* '''[[M. Dutta Ray Trophy]]'''
** Winners (1): 1995

===Others===
* '''[[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]'''
** Runners-up (1): 1986

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sports}}

[[Category:Football in Kerala]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]

Kingdom of Tanur

2026-03-27T12:06:41Z

Mohamedmeera29: small changes

{{Short description|Medieval kingdom in southwest India}}
{{Distinguish|Vettom Grama Panchayath}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{native name|ml|Vettathunad}} {{native name|ml|Tanur Swaroopam}} {{native name|sa|Prakashabhu}} {{native name|en|Kingdom of Light}}
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Tanur
| common_name = Tanur
| government_type = Kingdom
| year_start = Before 12th century CE
| event_end = Death of last Raja
| date_end = 24 May
| year_end = 1793
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.97|N|75.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| capital = {{bulleted list|[[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]|[[Pudiyangadi, Tirur|Bettathu Pudiyangadi (B. P. Angadi)]]<ref>{{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands |page= 77
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf
}}</ref>}}
| common_languages = [[Malayalam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| today = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

The '''Kingdom of Tanur''' (also referred to as '''Vettathunadu''', '''Vettam''', '''Tanur Swaroopam''', and '''Prakashabhu'''; or the '''Kingdom of Light''') was a feudal [[List of feudal states of Kerala|principality]] on the [[Malabar Coast]] of the Indian subcontinent during the [[Middle Ages]]. It was governed by the Tanur dynasty, a [[Hindu]] ruling family that claimed ''[[Kshatriya]]'' status. The kingdom encompassed parts of the coastal ''taluks'' of [[Tirurangadi]], [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]], and [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]], including locations such as [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], Tirur (historically known as Trikkandiyur) and [[Chaliyam]]. The kingdom also contained the coastal villages of [[Kadalundi]] and Chaliyam in the southernmost region of [[Kozhikode district]].<ref name="askh" /><ref name="Makhdoom" />

The rulers of Vettathunadu were long-standing [[feudatory|feudatories]] of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettut (Vettutnaar, Vettatnad) |url=https://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/bettut.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316023255/http://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/bettut.html |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2011 |website=PRINCELY STATES OF INDIA}}</ref> With the arrival of the Portuguese on the Malabar Coast, the Vettathunadu kings began to manoeuvre between the Portuguese and the Zamorin. They were among the first vassals of Calicut to stand up against the Zamorin with Portuguese support.<ref name="askh">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=1967 |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |publication-date=2008}}</ref> In 1546, [[Francis Xavier]] visited Tanur and the [[Keraladeshpuram Temple]] located there.<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite book |last=M |first=Mathew K. |title=Manorama Year Book 1996 |publisher=Kottayam: Malayala Manorama |year=1996 |isbn= |edition=31nd}}</ref>

In 1549, a ruler of Vettathunadu{{Who?|date=January 2025}} converted to [[Christianity]] under Portuguese influence. This conversion marked a shift in the kingdom's alliance, allowing the Portuguese to construct a fortress at [[Chaliyam]].<ref name="askh" />

In the 17th century, the Queen of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] adopted some Vettathunadu princes. This adoption included parts of the Chovvaram ([[Sukapuram]]) village, which was one of the 64 historic villages of [[Nambudiri]]s. The adoption contributed to tensions among the regional powers and principalities.<ref name="askh"/>

The Tanur royal family became extinct following the death of the last king on 24 May 1793.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book |last=William |first=Logan |title=Malabar Manual |publisher=Government Press |year=1887 |volume=1 |location=Madras |pages=659}}</ref> Afterwards, the kingdom came under control of the [[Malabar District|English East India Company]]. In 1842, the temple associated with the royal family was transferred to the Zamorin of Calicut, marking the end of the kingdom's independent identity.<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Debates. Official Report by Madras (India : State). Legislature. Legislative Assembly, p. 373</ref>

The Vettathunadu rulers were renowned patrons of arts and learning. A Vettathunadu ruler is credited with introducing innovations to''[[Kathakali]],'' which have come to be known as the ''Vettathu Sambradayam'' ('Vettathu tradition'). The region was also the birthplace of the famous poets [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]], celebrated as "the father of modern Malayalam", and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], the founder of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name="askh"/>

The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. Scholars from the school made significant advancements in addressing astronomical problems and independently developed a number of important mathematical concepts, including [[series expansion]] for trigonometric functions.<ref name="roy">{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Ranjan |year=1990 |title=Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.2307/2690896 |jstor=2690896}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link=David Pingree |title=Hellenophilia versus the History of Science |year=1992 |journal=Isis |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=554–63 |jstor=234257 |doi=10.1086/356288 |quote=One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution. |bibcode=1992Isis...83..554P|s2cid=68570164 }}</ref>

==Etymology and dominions==
[[File:Colored vettattnad.jpg|thumbnail|Erstwhile Vettathunadu Taluk in the [[Malabar District]] during British rule. It was merged with [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani Taluk]] in 1861; it later separated to form [[Tirur Taluk]] in 1957.]]
The name ''Tanur Swaroopam'' (''Tanni-ur Swaroopam'') is derived from three words in the [[Malayalam language]]: ''tanni'' refers to the tree [[Terminalia bellirica|bastard myrobalan]], ''ur'' translates to "village", and ''swaroopam'' to "kingdom".<ref name="bibliomania.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/260/1287/20259/1/frameset.html|title=Bibliomania: Free Online Literature and Study Guides}}</ref> In literary works, the kingdom is often referred to as ''Prakasa Bhu'' ('The Kingdom of Light'), and its ruler as ''Prakasa Bhu Palan''.<ref name="askh"/> The king of Tanur Swaroopam was addressed ''raja,'' ''thampuran'', or ''[[naduvazhi]]''.<ref name="askh"/>

During the [[British Raj|British]] arrival, the Kingdom of Tanur ('nadu') was divided into 21 administrative divisions called ''amsoms'' as documented by [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Logan, William: ''Malabār, the manual of Malabār''</ref> Each ''amsom'' often had a central bazaar. The divisions were as follows:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Anantavur]] (Cherulal)
*[[Mangalam, Tirur|Chennara]]
*[[Perumanna-Klari|Clari]] ([[Kuttippala]])
*[[Iringavoor|Iringavur]]
*[[Kalpakancheri|Kalpakanchēri]] ([[Kadungathukundu]])
*[[Valavannur|Kanmanam]] (Thuvvakkad)
*[[Mangalam, Tirur|Mangalam]]
*[[Melmuri|Mēlmuri]]
*[[Niramaruthur|Niramaruthūr]]
*[[Ozhur|Ozhūr]]
*[[Pachattiri]]
*Pallippuram
*[[Pariyapuram|Pariyāpuram]]
*[[Ponmundam]] ([[Vailathoor]])
*[[Purathur]]
*Rayiramangalam
*[[Thalakkad]] ([[Pudiyangadi, Tirur|Betteth Puthiya Angadi]])
*[[Tanalur|Thanalur]]
*Trikkandiyoor ([[Tirur]])
*[[Triprangode]]
*[[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]]
}}
==Political history==
===Ancient history===
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes, and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
The ancient port of [[Tyndis]], mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]],'' was located on the northern side of [[Muziris]] and is believed to have been situated near [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]].<ref name="Kerala">{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> The exact location of Tyndis remains disputed, with suggested sites at [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]–[[Chaliyam]]–[[Kadalundi]]–[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Kerala"/> Notably, Ponnani marked the southern boundary of the kingdom of Tanur, while the Beypore–Chaliyam–Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu region was at its northern end. Tyndis was a major trade hub, second only to Muziris, facilitating trade between the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras dynasty]] and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref>

[[Pliny the Elder]], writing in the 1st century CE, noted that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' (Chera dynasty).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334–350.</ref> During the [[Sangam period]], the [[North Malabar]] region, lying north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'', the region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at [[Kannur|Naura]] and Tyndis. However, [[Ptolemy]] identified only ''Tyndis'' as the ''Limyrike'''s starting point. ''Limyrike'' likely extended to [[Kanyakumari]], corresponding approximately to the present-day Malabar Coast. The annual value of trade between Rome and this region has been estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> Pliny the Elder also mentioned that ''Limyrike'' was prone to attacks by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] identified it as a key source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

===Pre-Portuguese history===
The early history of Vettathunadu, prior to the arrival of the Portuguese armadas, remains largely obscure.<ref name="askh" /> According to legendary traditions, the origin of the dynasty is often dated back to the Chera period.<ref name="askh" /> The [[Chera Kingdom]] began to disintegrate in the early 12th century.<ref name="askh" /> During the following period of instability, most of the Chera lands were taken over by newly arrived [[Namboothri|Namboothris]] and [[Nair]] chieftains, who defeated the Tamil governors and vassals of the Chera administration. Many of these local rulers proclaimed independence.<ref name="askh" />

[[File:Vasco da Gama perante o Samorim de Calecute.png|350 px|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama]] and Manavikraman [[Zamorin]] by [[Veloso Salgado]] (1864–1945)]]

The ruler of Vettathunadu was among the earliest Nair chieftains in Malabar to acknowledge the suzerainty of the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut.<ref name="askh"/> The neighbouring states of [[Parappanad]] and [[Beypore]] also became vassals of the Zamorin.<ref name="askh"/> Calicut annexed these regions probably between 1340 and 1350 AD.<ref name="c-radhakrishnan.info">[http://c-radhakrishnan.info/ Welcome to the home page of C. Radhakrishnan, Malayalam novelist and Author]</ref> The primary objective of these conquests was not territorial expansion but rather control of strategic ports and the fertile paddy fields of the [[Bharathappuzha]] (Nila) river valley.<ref name="c-radhakrishnan.info"/> While regions like Parappanad, [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], and Vettathunadu prospered due to their geographical advantage in maritime trade, the inland [[Eranad]] region suffered from limited access to the [[Arabian Sea]] and less fertile lands for paddy cultivation.<ref name="askh"/> Following the annexation the Zamorin himself prepared and attended a coronation function of the Vettathunadu king.<ref name="c-radhakrishnan.info" /> This was a unique occurrence, as no other vassal state under the Zamorin received such attention. This may be interpreted as the Zamorin's strategy to solidify his authority over the parts, the Bharathappuzha river system, and its fertile valley.<ref name="c-radhakrishnan.info" />

The successors of the Zamorin, known as the Eralpads, governed the banks of the Bharathappuzha river after the annexation of territories formerly belonging to Vettathunadu and neighbouring principalities.<ref name="askh"/> During the [[Thirunavaya War]]s, fought between the Cochin–Valluvanad alliance and Calicut, the rulers of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin.<ref name="askh"/> Following the capture of [[Thirunavaya]], the Zamorin declared himself ''Protector'' and assumed the sole right to conduct the famous [[Mamankam festival]].<ref name="askh"/> As part of their allegiance, all feudatories, including the Vettathunadu king, were required to send flags to Thirunavaya during the festival as a symbol of respect for the Zamorin.<ref name="askh"/> During the Mamankam festival, the king of Vettathunadu held the right to stand on the right of the Zamorin of Calicut, while the Shah Bandar Koya of Calicut stood on the Zamorin's left.<ref>Malayala Manorama daily from Malayala Manorama group, India</ref>

After the puberty ceremony (''thirandu-kalyanam'') of the Zamorin princess (''Thampurati''), the Zamorin selected a suitable husband for his "anathiraval". They were generally chosen, for political and strategic reasons from the dynasties of Vettam, Berypore, Kurumburanad, and Kodungallur.<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/3379.pdf |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184904/http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/3379.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As the coronation ceremonies (''Ari-yittu-vazhcha'') of a new Zamorin, held after the death of his uncle, included a ritual where the Zamorin entered the ''pulakuli'' pond hand-in-hand with the ''raja'' of Punnattur. Until 1793, the Vettathunadu king also participated in the ceremony, holding the Zamorin's right hand, with the Punnattur king holding his left.<ref name="asi.nic.in" /> The lord of [[Kalpakanchery]] (a region within Vettathunadu) was also present during the coronation of a new Zamorin.<ref name="asi.nic.in" />

===Portuguese arrival===
[[File:1652 Sanson Map of India - Geographicus - India-sanson-1652.jpg|thumbnail|Map of India from 1652 ([[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] was a major port town on [[Malabar Coast]])]]{{Excessive detail|section|date=January 2025}}
The rulers of Tanur aligned with the Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries.

The Portuguese Armada, led by [[Vasco da Gama]], first landed in Malabar in 1498. However, the Zamorin of Calicut soon expelled the Portuguese from his territories. The Portuguese quickly found local allies among some of the city-states on the Malabar Coast, such as Cochin, [[Kannur|Cannanore]], and Quilon. The ruler of Tanur (''Vettathuraja''), who was partially subject to the Zamorin at the time, also seized this opportunity to break away.<ref name="bibliomania.com" /> Like the kings of Beypore and Chaliyam ([[Parappanad]]), he secretly opposed the policies of the Zamorin regarding the Kingdom of Cochin.<ref name="asi.nic.in" /> Despite these alliances with the Portuguese, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Battle of Cochin]] (1504).<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====The Defection of Tanur====
After the raid on [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] in October 1504, [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]], commander of the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|Sixth Portuguese Indian Armada]], received an urgent appeal from the ruler of Tanur. The Vettathuraja, in conflict with his overlord, the Zamorin of Calicut, offered to submit Portuguese suzerainty in exchange for military assistance.<ref name="askh"/> The Vettathuraja reported that a Calicut column, personally led by the Zamorin, had been hastily assembled to counter the Portuguese hold on Cranganore. However, the forces of Tanur managed to block the Zamorin's passage at Tanur. Responding to his request, Lopo Soares dispatched Pêro Rafael with a [[caravel]] and a sizeable Portuguese armed contingent to aid Tanur.<ref name="askh"/> The combined forces defeated and dispersed Zamorin's column upon its arrival.

[[File:Lopo Soares de Albergaria, in Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu.jpg|right|thumb|Governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria, in ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'']]

The raid on Cranganore and the defection of Tanur dealt serious blows to the Zamorin, pushing the frontline northward and placing the [[Vembanad]] lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. The loss dashed any immediate hopes the Zamorin had of resuming his attempts to capture Cochin via the backwaters.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/> Equally devastating were the battles at Cranganore and Tanur, involving significant numbers of Malabari captains and troops, which exposed the waning authority of the Zamorin.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/>

On 31 December 1504, commander Lopo Soares de Albergaria set out from Cochin with plans to dock briefly at the port of [[Ponnani]] to pay respects to his newly aligned ally, the king of Vettam.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/> During the negotiations for entry at the port, Lopo Soares received a message that redirected him to the [[Battle of Pandarane]] (modern-day [[Koyilandy|Koyilandi]]). Later in 1505, the king of Vettam invited a small Portuguese force to his kingdom.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/> Despite a growing alliance with the Portuguese, the king hesitated to openly defy the Zamorin. Instead, he sent the Portuguese back with numerous presents and a pledge of secret support against the Zamorin.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/>

Describing the kingdom, Barbosa (1516) says:<ref name="bibliomania.com"/><blockquote>Further on … are two places of Moors (Mappilas) 5 leagues from one another. One is called Paravanor, and the other Tanor, and inland from these towns is a lord (Vettathuraja) to whom they belong; and he (Vettathuraja) has many Nairs, and sometimes he rebels against the King of Calicut (Samoothiri). In these towns, there is much shipping and trade, for these Moors is great merchants.</blockquote>Correa (1521) praises the kingdom's hospitality, saying:<ref name="bibliomania.com" /><blockquote>…and the lord of Tanor (Vettathuraja), who carried on a great sea-trade with many ships, which trafficked all about the coast of India with passes from our (Portuguese) Governors, for he only dealt in wares of the country; and thus he was the greatest possible friend of the Portuguese, and those who went to his dwelling were entertained with the greatest honour, as if they had been his brothers. In fact, for this purpose he kept houses fitted up, and both cots and bed-steads furnished in our fashion, with tables and chairs and casks of wine, with which he regaled our people, giving them entertainments and banquets, insomuch that it seemed as if he were going to become a Christian…</blockquote>Muslim merchants in the region remained steadfastly allied with the Zamorin of Calicut.<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book |author=Nainar |first=S. Muhammad Hussain |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |publisher=University of Madras |year=1942 |isbn=9781458985552}}</ref> In 1523, a bold merchant from Tanur demonstrated his loyalty by sailing a fleet of 8 ships and 40 boats from Calicut to the Red Sea before the eyes of the Portuguese viceroy Duarte de Menezes.<ref name="Makhdoom" /> At the time, Portuguese power in the region was too weak to respond to such actions. Following the death of the Portuguese viceroy Vasco da Gama in December 1524, tensions escalated.<ref name="Makhdoom" /> Shortly thereafter, some 100 ships, with the support of Zamorin, attacked Jewish and Christian settlements in [[Kodungallur|Kodungallūr]].<ref name="Makhdoom" /> This attacking [[Moplah]] party included men from Tānūr and Chāliyam.<ref name="Makhdoom" />

In 1528, a ship was wrecked off the coast of Vettam, and the king of Vettam provided shelter to the crew, refusing to surrender them to the Zamorin.<ref name="asi.nic.in" /> Some sources indicate that the ship belonged to Portugal. However, the Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen identifies the ship as French:<blockquote>And in the year (A.H.) 935, a ship belonging to the Franks was wrecked off Tanur. Now the Ray of that place affording aid to the crew, the Zamorin sent a messenger to him demanding of him the surrender of the Franks who composed it, together with such parts of the cargo of the ship as had been saved, but that chieftain having refused compliance with this demand, a treaty of peace was entered into with the Franks by him; and from this time the subjects of the Ray of Tanur traded under the protection of the passes of the Franks.<ref name="Makhdoom" /></blockquote>Then, envoys of [[Nuno da Cunha]]<ref name="asi.nic.in" /> entered into a successful intrigue with the king of Vettam (the same king to be converted to Christianity later) to make a fort on the north bank of the Bharathappuzha river, opposite of Ponnāni town. However, the Portuguese were not successful as the ships bringing building materials were destroyed when trying to cross the dangerous river mouth during a storm.<ref name="asi.nic.in" />

In 1529, being joined by six brigantines and a galley, with 100 chosen men commanded by Christopher de Melo, the united squadron of Lope Vaz de Sampayo took a very large ship laden with pepper in the river Chale, though defended by numerous artillery and 800 men.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html Columbia Educational on-line].</ref><ref name="Makhdoom" />{{Excessive detail inline|date=January 2025}}

====Battles at Chaliyam Fort====
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege and battles at Chaliyam Fort
| partof = Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1538-40, 1571
| place = [[Chaliyam]], India
| result = Victory of [[Zamorin]] of Calicut, destruction of Chaliyam fort
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag Portugal (1495).svg}} Portuguese Empire [[Tanur, Malappuram]] [[Chaliyam]]
| combatant2 = [[Saamoothiri|Zamorin of Calicut]] [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s from [[Ponnani]], Punur, [[Tanur, India|Tanur]] and [[Parappanangadi]]
| commander1 = Athed (?)
| commander2 = Zamorin of Calicut Pattu Kunnhāli (Kunnhāli Marakkār III)
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}
[[File:From a map by Emanuel Bowen, 1744.jpg|thumb|South India from a map by Emanuel Bowen, an English map engraver. Note that in the map, only Vettathunadu is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Samoothiri.]]
Chāliyam (also known as Chale) was a strategic Portuguese garrison between 1531 and 1571.<ref>[http://www.colonialvoyage.com/cochin.html Portuguese India: History of Portuguese Cochin, Cannanore, Quilon. Malabar (Kerala)]</ref> Only 10 km south of Calicut, it was situated on a river that falls into the sea about three leagues from Calicut, and which is navigable by boats all the way to the foot of the Ghat mountains.<ref name="columbia.edu"/>

In 1531, the 'Christian convert' Vettam king{{Who?|date=January 2025}} permitted<ref name="ReferenceB">Panikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007), Kottayam India</ref> the construction of a Portuguese fort on Chaliyam island as a part of a peace treaty between the Zamorin ([[Samoothiri]]) and the Portuguese viceroy (the governor-general) [[Nuno da Cunha]].<ref name="columbia.edu">{{Cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Kerr (writer) |title=General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Arranged in Systemic Order: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, by Sea and Land, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. |last2=Edin |first2=F.A.S. |date=1811–1820 |volume=6 |chapter=Chapter 1, Section 7: Continuation of the Portuguese Transactions in India, from 1526 to 1538 |chapter-url=https://franpritchett.com/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html}}</ref> Perplexed by his great losses continually sustained due to the Portuguese superiority at sea, the Samoothiri made overtures towards an accommodation and under Nuno da Cunha the Portuguese began retaining their lost supremacy.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> At this time, Chaliyam was controlled by the [[Parappanad]] raja named Urinama.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> Like the Vettathuraja, he also helped the Portuguese. These two kings were anxious to throw off their subjection to the Samoothiri and to ally with the Portuguese in hopes of becoming rich by participating in their trade.

Immediately upon procuring the consent of the Zamorin to construct the fort, Nuno da Cunha set out from Goa with 150 sail of vessels, in which were 3,000 Portuguese troops and 1,000 native Lascarines. So much diligence was used in carrying on the work—with even the gentlemen participating in the labour—that in twenty-six days it was in a defensible situation, being surrounded by a rampart nine feet thick and of sufficient height, strengthened by towers, bastions, and bulwarks.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> The rectangular-shaped fort was built to decline the Arab sea trade in the region. In 1532 with the help of the king of Vettam, a chapel was built at Chaliyam, together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and storehouses for trade. The Portuguese captain Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.<ref name="columbia.edu"/>

The Samoothiri soon regretted allowing this fort to be built in his dominions, and endeavoured ineffectually to induce the rebellious kings—the Parappanatturaja, the Caramanlii (King of [[Beypore]]?), and by some records the Vettathuraja<ref name="columbia.edu"/>—to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.<ref name="Makhdoom"/>

====Samoothiri's first attempt (1538–1540)====
Within seven years, the Zamorin attacked Vettam and Chāliyam (Parappanad) in 1538. The king of Parappanād made unconditional peace with the Zamorin.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> The king of Vettam, after a protracted fight, was compelled to surrender some of his lands near Ponnāni and Chāliyam island;<ref name="Makhdoom"/> however, the Portuguese fort could not be destroyed. The Zamorin now had absolute control over the area around the fort.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> By 1540, the Zamorin entered into an agreement with the Portuguese and stopped the war, but skirmishes continued in the seas by Moplah navigators based at Ponnāni.<ref name="Makhdoom"/>

====Conversion of Vettathuraja====
From 1545, the Vettathuraja banked on the Portuguese to help him solidify his position vis-à-vis the Samoothiri.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> In his experience in dealing with the Portuguese, he presumed that converting to Christianity was the way to express his political alliance and client relationship. The Vettathuraja announced to the Portuguese religious specialists that his conversion had to remain secret in order not to lose his honour or his Caste. In fact, it was his close political (and religious ties) to the Portuguese that may have brought him certain disadvantages on the complicated checkerboard of power relations on the Malabar Coast.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> Jesuit records claim that the Vettathuraja thus played his own double game with the Portuguese and rival regional kings. The Vettathuraja demanded to preserve after conversion certain external signs of his caste, such as the ''Poonul'', as well as other Hindu customs. The unanimous opinion of the ecclesiastics in Goa was that such dissimulation went against the decisions of the Church Fathers. The theologians in Goa were puzzled and undecided about the question as to whether or not to permit Vettathuraja to continue wearing the external signs of a Brahman.<ref name="Makhdoom"/>

An urgent ad hoc consultation headed by Governor [[Jorge Cabral]] debated this issue and drafted some of the first typically accommodationist propositions. It was the bishop, Juan de Albuquerque, who furnished Biblical examples on behalf of such accommodating practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.calicutdiocese.com/Chronicler.doc |title=Diocese of Calicut Malabar Mission: 1498-1923 |access-date=24 September 2010 |archive-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601091409/http://www.calicutdiocese.com/Chronicler.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ineszupanov.com/publications/zupanov%20JEMH%202005.pdf |title='One civility, but multiple religions': Jesuit mission among St. Thomas christians in India (16TH-17TH centuries) |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030146/http://www.ineszupanov.com/publications/zupanov%20JEMH%202005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Xavier f map of voyages asia.PNG|thumb|left|350px|Voyages of St. Francis Xavier]]
[[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] town was one of the oldest Portuguese settlements in Kerala. In 1546, [[Saint Francis Xavier]] visited Tanur.<ref name="askh"/><ref name="Manorama"/>

In 1549 the King of Vettam fell in the offers of the Portuguese and officially converted to Christianity.<ref name="askh"/> The conversion took place in Goa in a festive mood led by a Jesuit padre named António Gomes. Gomes was a Catholic missionary who arrived from Goa in October 1548. The offer was to make him the king of Kērala by defeating the Zamorin. The poor king believed them. At the time, the choice to convert the Vettathuraja—whose tiny realm was jammed between Samoothiri to the north, mostly hostile to Portuguese, and the fortress of Chaliyam, guarded by Portuguese soldiers—appeared both practical and providential. Jesuit records says that Vettathuraja himself begged to be converted and asked for a Christian priest to reside in Tanur.<ref name="Makhdoom"/>

After the conversion, he was called Dom João. Vettathuraja was not permitted in Goa. After various spectacular or secret negotiations, confinements and escapes, Vettathuraja did finally visit Goa in October 1549. He received a sumptuous and ostentatious reception. He was paraded in procession through Goa, accompanied by various musical instruments such as trombetas, kettledrums and shawms, as well as artillery discharges and church bells; Vettathuraja was dressed up by the Portuguese as they felt fitting for the king:<ref name="askh" /> "in honourable and rich clothes, with a very rich sword fastened [around the waist], with a rich dagger, one golden chain, black velvet slippers, a black velvet hat with a printed design".<ref name="Logan"/>

But, a few days after, the king returned to Hinduism saying he did not have any gain. Once he regained his kingdom loaded with Portuguese gifts, Vettathuraja doffed his Portuguese clothes and in the long run disappointed Governor Cabral and the Jesuits. It was the politics of pepper that undid his friendship with the Portuguese. On 21 February 1550, Cabral wrote to the king of Portugal Dom João III doubting that Vettathuraja converted sincerely: "Jesuits who had so much confidence in conversion of Vettathuraja confess that they were deceived, but by caution, I have to dissemble with him". In addition, he cautioned that "the conversion to Christianity might produce 'discord' between the Samoothiri and Kochi and endanger the regular procurement of pepper in Kerala".<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="Makhdoom"/>

In fact, the Fourth Pepper War broke out sometime before June 1550 over a disputed territory—the island of Varutela—between the King of Kochi and the king of Vadakkumkur. A series of bloody encounters ensued and the Samoothiri allied with the Vettathuraja on the side of the king of Vadakkumkur, who was opposed to the King of Kochi and the Portuguese.<ref name="askh"/> After negotiations, rendered even more complicated by the appointment of the new Portuguese viceroy, Dom Affonso de Noronha, the conflict remained unsettled and the amuck runners of the deceased King of Vadakkumkur wreaked havoc in the town of Kochi. Consequently, the cargo of pepper was not sent to Lisbon until late February 1551.<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="Makhdoom"/>

Roughly from April until September 1549, Gomes partly resided in Tanur, and partly travelled southwards along the Malabar Coast. He had been officially sent by the bishop, Juan de Albuquerque, to instruct the Vettathuraja reputed to have been secretly converted to Christianity the previous year.<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="Makhdoom"/> By this time, the situation had somewhat changed: the Vettathuraja was secretly converted by the vicar in Chaliyam, João Soares, and the Franciscan Frey Vicente de Lagos, who gave the neophyte a metal crucifix to hang onto a thread, "hidden on his chest".<ref name="Logan" /><ref name="Makhdoom" />

Gomes was allowed to build the church in Tanur, to baptise the Vettathuraja's wife as Dona Maria, and to perform Christian marriage rites for the kingly couple—all this was done in secret (''ocultamente'').

When Lopo Soares arrived at Cochin (1553) after his victory over the Samoothiri, the Vettathuraja sent him a complaint against the Samoothiri, begging for peace and help against the Samoothiri.<ref name="bibliomania.com" /> In 1569 and 1570 there were again wars between the Portuguese and Zamorin's forces at Chāliyam fort. In these wars the notorious Moplah dacoit Kutti Pōker died fighting the Portuguese at Chāliyam fort.<ref name="Logan" /><ref name="Makhdoom" />

====Samoothiri's second attempt (1571)====
In 1571, the Zamorin got a fresh chance against the Portuguese. With help from nearby [[Moplah|Moplahs]], he began besieging Chāliyam fort.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Moplah admiral Pattu Kunnhāli (''Kunnhāli Marakkār III'') led the navy of the Zamorin in the siege. Moplahs from Ponnani, Punur, Tanur, and Parappanangadi were in the fleet.

The Zamorin spent great amount of money in the siege. The seizing force dug many trenches around the fortress. At the end of the two months of siege, the Zamorin himself came to Chaliyam from Ponnani and began to command. The Portuguese were starving inside the garrison, since food sent from Cochin and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] was being blocked.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

After two months of siege, on the midnight of 15 September 1571, the Portuguese led by Athed surrendered to the alliance.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> They agreed empty the fortress on the condition that no one will be harmed. The Vettam king escorted the Portuguese in their return journey to Tanur. Then they were sent to Cochin.

The Zamorin destroyed the fort and the chapel—it has been his greatest problem ever since its construction in 1531.<ref name="Makhdoom" /> He sent most of the debris to Calicut and he gave the land to build a new mosque.<ref name="Makhdoom" /> As earlier decided, he gave Kottaparamba and the surrounding areas to the king of Parappanād, his ally in the siege.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Antonio Fernandes de Chaliyam (Chale) held an important command under Portuguese generals, and was raised to the dignity of a [[knight]] of the military [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]]. He was a convert from Chaliyam. Killed in action in 1571, Antonio Fernandes received a state funeral at Goa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}{{Relevant inline|date=January 2025}}

The Portuguese sailors burned Chāliyam town in 1572 as revenge.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Post-Portuguese history===
By the 17th century, the Portuguese authority on the Malabar Coast significantly reduced with the emergence of the Dutch. Soon the small principalities in the region became puppets in the hands of the two colonial powers and fought each other.<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="askh"/> In 1658 the crown of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] became vacant and five princes from the Tānūr and [[Aroor]] dynasties were adopted to the palace by the regent of Cochin, Queen Gangādhara Lakshmi (1656–1658), and were given the right to succeed. This regent queen was under the influence of the Portuguese, and later the eldest member of the adoptees from Tanur, Rama Varma (1658–1662), was crowned. This incidence of adoption is mentioned in some of the local folk tales. However, Henric Vanrid has stated that the number of adoptions as four. Two of the five adopted were from Tanur, but there is no hint of how many people were adopted from Aroor and what happened to them later. Nonetheless, nine of them survived to be kings.<ref name="Logan"/>

[[File:Codacal Tile Factory.jpg|250px|thumb|Codacal Tile Factory was run by the ''Commonwealth Trust'' at Codacal. Started in 1887, it was the second tile manufacturing industry in India.]]
[[File:Tirur Railway Station name board.jpg|250px|thumbnail|[[Tirur railway station]], the oldest railway station of [[Kerala]], opened in 1861]]

However, an elder branch (''mūtta tāvazhi'') of the [[Cochin royal family|Cochin dynasty]] itself ignored the adoptions and appealed to the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut for help. The leader of the elder branch was the dispossessed prince Vīra Kērala Varma. The Zamorin decided to help the elder branch and Āditya Varma, king of Vadakkumkūr, king of [[Edappally]] and [[Paliath Achan|ruler of Pāliyam]] rallied around the Zamorin in support of the elder branch's dispossessed prince.<ref name="askh"/> The king of [[Purakkad]] supported the ruling Tānūr princes. On the advice of the chief of Pāliyam, the dispossessed prince set sail to Colombo in Ceylon and asked help from the Dutch governor, [[Joan Maetsuycker]], against the Portuguese-supported ruling princes. Later he sought exile in Colombo. The Dutch now found a huge chance of getting a major say in the politics of Malabar.<ref name="askh"/> In 1661, the Dutch led the allies of the dispossessed prince, with the armies of Zamorin of Calicut, against the Portuguese and the ruling Cochin king (Tānūr adoptee). The city of Cochin was attacked and the battle resulted in a disastrous failure of the Portuguese and Cochin rulers. Three of the Tānūr princes including Rama Varma killed in the war, Rani Gangadharalakshmi was sent to prison and the ruling king escaped to Eranākulam where he was given refuge by the king of Purakkad. After the death of Rama Varma and the other adopted prince Goda Varma (1662–1663), only survivor from Tanur, was crowned. On 7 January 1663, the Dutch attacked Cochin Port again and the prince surrendered to the Dutch. Vīra Kērala Varma (1663–1687) later crowned as the king of Cochin by the Dutch.<ref name="askh"/>

With the eclipse of the Portuguese influence in Malabar, the Kingdom of Tanur was reduced in status to one of the numerous petty states in the region.<ref name="askh"/> In the 18th century, the Kingdom of Mysore expanded its territory to the Malabar Coast; the Tanur royal family lost many of its members during the invasion of Mysore. By the [[treaty of Seringapatam]], Mysore ceded Malabar to the [[English East India Company]]. On 14 August 1792, a minister of Tanur took over the kingdom for his king from the East India Company.<ref name="askh"/> With the death of the Vettam king on 24 May 1793, the Tanur dynasty came to an end.<ref name="Logan"/> At the time, Joint Commissioners were carrying out revenue settlements of the kingdom as the beginning of the British occupation in Malabār. Since there was no heir to the throne, the British took over the rule again and soon absorbed Tanur into the newly formed [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Logan"/> The temple of the Tanur royal family was transferred to the Zamorin of Calicut in 1842.<ref name="Logan"/>

==Ponnani Canal==
The Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from [[Ponnani]] to the [[Tirur]] railway station. [[Basel Mission]] employees at Codacal mentioned the Ponnani Canal, saying:<ref>[http://www.ineszupanov.com Website of Ines Zupanov]</ref><blockquote><nowiki>''...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...''</nowiki></blockquote>

==Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics==
{{main|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}
The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including [[series expansion]] for trigonometric functions.<ref name="roy"/> Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a [[power series]] (apart from geometric series).<ref>{{Harv|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}</ref> However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of [[derivative|differentiation]] and [[integral|integration]], nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Harv|Bressoud|2002|p=12}} Quote: "There is no evidence that the Indian work on series was known beyond India, or even outside Kerala, until the nineteenth century. Gold and Pingree assert [4] that by the time these series were rediscovered in Europe, they had, for all practical purposes, been lost to India. The expansions of the sine, cosine, and arc tangent had been passed down through several generations of disciples, but they remained sterile observations for which no one could find much use."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2001|p=293}} Quote: "It is not unusual to encounter in discussions of Indian mathematics such assertions as that "the concept of differentiation was understood [in India] from the time of Manjula (... in the 10th century)" [Joseph 1991, 300], or that "we may consider Madhava to have been the founder of mathematical analysis" (Joseph 1991, 293), or that Bhaskara II may claim to be "the precursor of Newton and Leibniz in the discovery of the principle of the differential calculus" (Bag 1979, 294). ... The points of resemblance, particularly between early European calculus and the Keralese work on power series, have even inspired suggestions of a possible transmission of mathematical ideas from the Malabar coast in or after the 15th century to the Latin scholarly world (e.g., in (Bag 1979, 285)). ... It should be borne in mind, however, that such an emphasis on the similarity of Sanskrit (or Malayalam) and Latin mathematics risks diminishing our ability fully to see and comprehend the former. To speak of the Indian "discovery of the principle of the differential calculus" somewhat obscures the fact that Indian techniques for expressing changes in the Sine by means of the Cosine or vice versa, as in the examples we have seen, remained within that specific trigonometric context. The differential "principle" was not generalized to arbitrary functions—in fact, the explicit notion of an arbitrary function, not to mention that of its
derivative or an algorithm for taking the derivative, is irrelevant here"</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Pingree|1992|p=562}} Quote: "One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus; but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Katz|1995|pp=173–174}} Quote: "How close did Islamic and Indian scholars come to inventing the calculus? Islamic scholars nearly developed a general formula for finding integrals of polynomials by A.D. 1000—and evidently could find such a formula for any polynomial in which they were interested. But, it appears, they were not interested in any polynomial of degree higher than four, at least in any of the material that has come down to us. Indian scholars, on the other hand, were by 1600 able to use ibn al-Haytham's sum formula for arbitrary integral powers in calculating power series for the functions in which they were interested. By the same time, they also knew how to calculate the differentials of these functions. So some of the basic ideas of calculus were known in Egypt and India many centuries before Newton. It does not appear, however, that either Islamic or Indian mathematicians saw the necessity of connecting some of the disparate ideas that we include under the name calculus. They were apparently only interested in specific cases in which these ideas were needed. {{quad}}There is no danger, therefore, that we will have to rewrite the history texts to remove the statement that Newton and Leibniz invented the calculus. They were certainly the ones who were able to combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between them, and turn the calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today."</ref>

The Kerala school has made a number of contributions to the fields of [[Series (mathematics)|infinite series]] and [[calculus]]. These include the following (infinite) geometric series:

{{block indent|<math> \frac{1}{1-x} = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \cdots \text{ for } |x|<1 </math><ref name =singh>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. N. | date = 1936 | title = On the Use of Series in Hindu Mathematics | journal = Osiris | volume = 1 | pages = 606–628 |doi = 10.1086/368443 | s2cid = 144760421 }}</ref>}}

The Kerala school made intuitive use of [[mathematical induction]], though the [[Inductive hypothesis#Description|inductive hypothesis]] was not yet formulated or employed in proofs.<ref name=roy/> They used this to discover a semi-rigorous proof of the result:

{{block indent|<math>1^p+ 2^p + \cdots + n^p \approx \frac{n^{p+1}}{p+1}</math>}}

for large {{Mvar|n}}.

They applied ideas from (what was to become) [[Derivative|differential]] and [[integral]] [[calculus]] to obtain ([[Taylor series|Taylor–Maclaurin]]) infinite series representations for <math>\sin x</math>, <math>\cos x</math>, and <math> \arctan x</math>.<ref name=bressoud>Bressoud, David. 2002. "Was Calculus Invented in India?" ''The College Mathematics Journal'' (Mathematical Association of America). 33(1):2–13.</ref> The ''Tantrasangraha-vakhya'' gives the series in verse, which when translated to mathematical notation, can be written as:<ref name=roy/>

{{block indent|<math>r\arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right) = \frac{1}{1}\cdot\frac{ry}{x} -\frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{ry^3}{x^3} + \frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{ry^5}{x^5} - \cdots, \text{ where } \frac y x \leq 1. </math>}}

{{block indent|<math>r\sin \frac{x}{r} = x - x\cdot\frac{x^2}{(2^2+2)r^2} + x\cdot \frac{x^2}{(2^2+2)r^2}\cdot\frac{x^2}{(4^2+4)r^2} - \cdot </math>}}

{{block indent|<math> r \left( 1 - \cos \frac{x}{r} \right) = r \frac{x^2}{(2^2-2)r^2} - r \frac{x^2}{(2^2-2)r^2}\cdot \frac{x^2}{(4^2-4)r^2} + \cdots
</math>}}

where, for <math> r = 1, </math> the series reduce to the standard power series for these trigonometric functions, for example:

{{block indent|<math>\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + \cdots </math>}}

{{block indent|<math>\cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \frac{x^6}{6!} + \cdots </math>}}

(The Kerala school did not use the "factorial" symbolism.)

The Kerala school made use of the rectification (computation of length) of the arc of a circle to give a proof of these results. (The later method of Leibniz, using quadrature (i.e. computation of area under the arc of the circle), was not yet developed.)<ref name=roy/> They also made use of the series expansion of <math>\arctan x</math> to obtain an infinite series expression (later known as Gregory series) for <math>\pi</math>:<ref name=roy/>
{{block indent|<math>\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots </math>}}

Their rational approximation of the error for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. For example, the error, <math>f_i(n+1)</math>, (for {{Mvar|n}} odd, and ''i = 1, 2, 3'') for the series:

{{block indent| <math>\frac{\pi}{4} \approx 1 - \frac{1}{3}+ \frac{1}{5} - \cdots (-1)^{(n-1)/2}\frac{1}{n} + (-1)^{(n+1)/2}f_i(n+1)</math>
{{block indent|where <math>f_1(n) = \frac{1}{2n}, \ f_2(n) = \frac{n/2}{n^2+1}, \ f_3(n) = \frac{(n/2)^2+1}{(n^2+5)n/2}.</math>}}}}

They manipulated the terms, using the partial fraction expansion of <math>\frac{1}{n^3-n}</math> to obtain a more rapidly converging series for <math>\pi</math>:<ref name=roy/>

{{block indent|<math>\frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{3}{4} + \frac{1}{3^3-3} - \frac{1}{5^3-5} + \frac{1}{7^3-7} - \cdots </math>}}

They used the improved series to derive the rational expression<ref name=roy/> <math>104348/33215</math> for <math>\pi</math>, correct up to nine decimal places (i.e. <math>3.141592653</math>). They made use of an intuitive notion of a [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] to compute these results.<ref name=roy/> The Kerala school mathematicians also gave a semi-rigorous method of differentiation of some trigonometric functions,<ref name=katz>Katz, V. J. 1995. "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India." ''Mathematics Magazine'' (Mathematical Association of America), 68(3):163–174.</ref> though the notion of a function, or of exponential or logarithmic functions, was not yet formulated.

== Veṭṭathu Tradition (Kathakali) ==
The so-called "Veṭṭathu Tradition" (''Veṭṭathu Sampradayam'') of the Kerala dance drama [[Kathakali]] is attributed to a Raja of Veṭṭathunāṭu (1630–1640). The Raja introduced several important developments into the presentation of Kathakali:<ref name=":0">Culture of Kerala</ref>

* Introduction of two professional background singers.<ref name=":0"/>
* Introduction of [[chengila]]s ([[cymbals]]) to beat the [[tala (music)|tala (rhythm)]].<ref name=":0"/>
* Introduction of [[chenda]], a powerful drum played with sticks. Chendas were originally played in the outdoor temple ceremonies to accompany shadow puppets.<ref name=":0"/>
* Two singers, the ''Ponnikkaran'' and the ''Sinkidikkaran'', were introduced to add the ''Thiranukuu''. ''Thiranukuu'' is a method of introducing the evil characters of the play to the audience from behind a large satin curtain, held up at the front of the stage.<ref name=":0"/>

==Legacy==
* T. Raman Nambeesan (1888–1983) wrote a historical novel called ''Keralesvaran'' (1926) about a ruler of Tanur.
* ''Chandrika Vithi'', written by Muriyanattu Nampyar, mentions a Vettathu raja called 'Viraraya of Prakasa Kingdom'.

==See also==
* [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanadu]]
* [[Ponnani]]
* [[Zamorin of Calicut]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation |last=Bressoud |first=David |title=Was Calculus Invented in India? |journal=The College Mathematics Journal |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2002 |pages=2–13 |jstor=1558972 |doi=10.2307/1558972}}.
* {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Victor J. |title=Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=68 |issue=3 |year=1995 |pages=163–174 |jstor=2691411 |doi=10.2307/2691411}}.
* {{Citation |last=Plofker |first=Kim |title=The "Error" in the Indian "Taylor Series Approximation" to the Sine |journal=Historia Mathematica |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1006/hmat.2001.2331 |doi-access=free}}.
* {{Citation |last1=Stillwell |first1=John |year=2004 |edition=2 |title=Mathematics and its History |place=Berlin and New York |publisher=Springer, 568 pages |isbn=0-387-95336-1}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.auspostalhistory.com/articles/184.shtml About the Codakkal Tile Factory]

{{Feudal states of Kerala}}
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1793]]
[[Category:History of Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]

Majha

2026-03-25T07:53:41Z

Mohamedmeera29: added references

{{Short description|Area of the historical Punjab region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox region
| name = Majha
| settlement_type = Cultural region of [[Punjab]]
| image_map = {{maplink
|frame=yes
|frame-align=center
|stroke-width=0.5
|type=shape
|id=Q202822
|title=Amritsar district
|fill=#33f9ff
|type2=shape
|stroke-width2=0.5
|id2=Q2298993
|title2=Tarn Taran district
|fill2=#33f9ff
|type3=shape
|stroke-width3=0.5
|id3=Q146708
|title3=Gurdaspur district
|fill3=#33f9ff
|type4=shape
|stroke-width4=0.5
|id4=Q172269
|title4=Pathankot district
|fill4=#33f9ff
|type5=shape
|stroke-width5=0.5
|id5=Q2315527
|title5=Lahore district
|fill5=#33f9ff
|type6=shape
|id6=Q2503839
|stroke-width6=0.5
|title6=Kasur district
|fill6=#33f9ff
|type7=shape
|id7=Q2315579
|stroke-width7=0.5
|title7=Sialkot district
|fill7=#33f9ff
|type8=shape
|id8=Q2281238
|stroke-width8=0.5
|title8=Gujranwala district
|fill8=#33f9ff
|type9=shape
|id9=Q2419016
|stroke-width9=0.5
|title9=Narowal district
|fill9=#33f9ff
|type10=shape
|id10=Q2503836
|stroke-width10=0.5
|title10=Sheikhupura district
|fill10=#33f9ff
|type11=shape
|id11=Q2503781
|stroke-width11=0.5
|title11=Nankana Sahib district
|fill11=#33f9ff
|type12=shape
|id12=Q45303
|stroke-width12=0.5
|title12=Gujrat district
|fill12=#33f9ff
|type13=shape
|id13=Q114676709
|stroke-width13=0.5
|title13=Wazirabad district
|fill13=#33f9ff
|type14=shape
|id14=Q2281213
|stroke-width14=0.5
|title14=Hafizabad district
|fill14=#33f9ff
|map_caption=Geographical extent of Majha (Punjab)
}}
| mapframe = no
| named_for = ''mañjhlā'' ("middle")
}}
{{Punjabis}}

'''Majha''' ({{small|romanized:}} ''Mājhā''; {{IPA|pa|mäˑ˩˥.dʒˑäː}}; from "mañjhlā" {{literally|middle}})<ref name="Punjabi" group="note">[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਾਝਾ {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{Nastaliq|ماجھا}} {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}</ref><ref name=eos>{{cite encyclopedia |first= |last= |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=MĀJHĀ |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=Third |pages=23–24 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/23/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}</ref> is a region located in the central parts of the historical [[Punjab region]], presently split between the republics of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=Mohit |url= |title=Advances in Water Resource Planning and Sustainability |last2=Gujarati |first2=Ashwin |last3=Chandel |first3=Sumita |last4=Pateriya |first4=Brijendra |date=2023-07-12 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-99-3660-1 |editor-last=Rai |editor-first=Praveen Kumar |pages=43 |language=en |chapter=Assessment of River Water Dynamics and Optically Active Water Quality Parameters Over Punjab, Based on Cloud Computing Approach |quote=Majha is the region located in the central parts of the historical Punjab and is split between India and Pakistan. It is situated between the right bank of the river Beas and left bank of the river Ravi. Majha Region in Indian Punjab has four districts, viz., Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Tarn Taran, and Pathankot.}}</ref> It extends north from the right banks<ref name="banks" group="note">The left/right bank of a river is determined by looking in the direction of flow of the river (facing downstream).</ref> of the river [[Beas river|Beas]], and reaches as far north as left bank of the river [[Ravi River|Ravi]], constituting upper half of the [[Bari Doab]].<ref name=":0" />

The Majha region was [[partition of Punjab|partitioned]] between India and Pakistan in 1947. It includes four districts of Indian [[Punjab, India|state of Punjab]] — [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], and [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]. In the Pakistani [[Punjab, Pakistan|province of Punjab]], the Majha region proper includes [[Lahore District|Lahore]] and [[Kasur District|Kasur]] districts. However, it is not uncommon to include the districts of [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]] (including [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]] and [[Wazirabad district|Wazirabad]]), [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] (including [[Narowal District|Narowal]]) and [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]] (including [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]) — located in the Upper [[Rachna Doab]] — in the Majha area as well.<ref name=eos/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharamā |first=Rādhā |url= |title=Peasantry and the State: Early Nineteenth Century Punjab |date=2000 |publisher=K.K. Publishers and Distributors |isbn=978-81-86912-03-4 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A map of the Punjab region {{circa}} 1947 showing the different ''doabs''.]]
People of the Majha region are given the demonym "Mājhī" or "Majhail". Most inhabitants of the region speak the [[Majhi dialect]], which is the basis of the standard register of the [[Punjabi language]] in Indian Punjab.<ref>Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture, Punjabi University, Patiala [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp Punjabi University, Patiala.]</ref> The most populous city in the area is [[Lahore]] on the Pakistani side, and [[Amritsar]] on the Indian side of the border. Majha is also the birthplace of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=eos/>

==History==
[[File:Map of the Lahore Division comprising the Districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Lahore, Sialkot, and Gujranwala, surveyed in 1850–55. Reduced and drawn by Abdoos Sobhan, 1858 (F.4-31).jpg|thumb|Map of the Lahore Division in 1850–1855, comprising the Districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Lahore, Sialkot, and Gujranwala, usually included in the Majha region.<ref name="eos" />]]

The Majha region is called the "Sword Arm of the Country", due to it contributing disproportionately to the Officer as well as Orderly ranks of the Armies of both India and Pakistan.<ref>Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). ''Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants (Contemporary Ethnography)'', p. 153. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania.</ref> The [[Sikh Empire]] was founded in the Majha region, and so the region is also sometimes referred to as "the cradle of the brave Sikhs".<ref>Sandhu, Gulzar Singh (2004). ''Gods on Trial and Other Stories'', p. 132. Diamond Pocket Books. {{ISBN|8128808087}}</ref>

== Districts ==
The following districts are classified as Majha:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Majha districts of Punjab, Pakistan
! Majha districts of Punjab, India
|-
|[[Lahore District|Lahore]]
| [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|-
|[[Kasur District|Kasur]]
| [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|-
||[[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]
| [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
|-
|[[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]
| [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|-
|[[Narowal District|Narowal]]
|
|-
|[[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]
|
|-
|[[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]
|
|-
|[[Gujrat district |Gujrat]]
|
|-
|[[Wazirabad District|Wazirabad]]
|
|-
|[[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]
|
|}

==Tourist attractions==
===India===
* [[Harmandir Sahib|The Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]]
[[File:Goldener Tempel Amritsar 2022-11-21 4.jpg|thumb|The Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), Amritsar]]
* [[Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib]], Tarn Taran
*[[Jallianwala Bagh]], Amritsar
* [[Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal]], Amritsar
* [[Ram Bagh Palace]], Amritsar
* [[Partition Museum]], Amritsar
*[[Harike Wetland|Harike Pattan]] bird sanctuary, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]
*[[Durgiana Temple]], [[Amritsar]]
*[[Gobindgarh Fort]], [[Amritsar]]
* [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]], Pathankot
* [[Pul Kanjri]], [[Amritsar]]
*[[Wagah-Attari border ceremony]], [[Attari]] border between India and Pakistan.

===Pakistan===
[[File:Evening_sun_on_Badshahi.jpg|thumb|Badshahi Masjid, Lahore]]
*[[Akbari Sarai]], [[Lahore]]
*[[Aiwan-e-Iqbal]], Lahore
*[[Anarkali Bazaar]], Lahore
*[[Badshahi Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], Lahore
*[[Begum Shahi Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Chauburji]], Lahore
*[[Data Darbar]], Lahore
*[[Fakir Khana]], Lahore
*[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]], Kartarpur
*[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]], Lahore
*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]], Lahore
*[[Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh]], Lahore
*[[Hazuri Bagh]], Lahore
*[[Hiran Minar]], [[Sheikhupura]]
*[[Lahore Fort]], Lahore
*[[Lahore Museum]], Lahore
*[[Lahore Zoo]], Lahore
*[[Minar-e-Pakistan]], Lahore
*[[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)|Moti Masjid]], Lahore
*[[Neevin Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Oonchi Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], Lahore
*[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], Lahore
*[[Shahi Hammam]], Lahore
*[[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], Lahore
*[[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)|Sheesh Mahal]], Lahore
*[[Sunehri Mosque, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Tomb of Asif Khan]], Lahore
*[[Tomb of Jahangir]], Lahore
*[[Tomb of Allama Iqbal]], Lahore
*[[Tomb of Nur Jahan]], Lahore
*[[Wagah-Attari border ceremony]], [[Attari]] border between India and Pakistan.
*[[Walled City of Lahore]], Lahore
*[[Wazir Khan Mosque]], Lahore
*[[Zamzama]], Lahore
*Tomb of [[Bulleh Shah]], Kasur
*[[Changa Manga]] forest, Kasur

==Notable residents==

*[[Manmohan Singh]] former Prime Minister of India and economist from Gah, located in present-day Pakistan.
*[[Baba Deep Singh]] Ji (1682–1757).
*Nawab [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] - Sikh Emperor, supreme leader of [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]], Chief of Budha Dal, Jathedar [[Akal Takhat]].
*[[Lala Achint Ram]] - Noted freedom Fighter, Member of the Constitutional Assembly, Later Parliamentarian.
*Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of Punjab (1780–1839), the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]].
*[[Premchand Degra]] Bodybuilder from Gurdaspur.
*[[Zubair Jhara Pehalwan]] (1990-1991) Famous Wrestler from Lahore
*[[Krishan Kant]] - Former Vice President of India
*[[Hari Singh Nalwa]] (1791–1837), renowned warrior and [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], the army of the [[Sikh Empire]].
*[[Bhai Bidhi Chand]] (1640), [[Sikh]] warrior and religious preacher at the time of [[Guru Hargobind]].
*[[Akali Phula Singh]] Ji (1761 – 1823), [[Akali Nihang]] [[Sikh]] general and Jathedar of the [[Khalsa Panth]].
*[[Sham Singh Atariwala]] (1790 - 1846), the general of the [[Sikh Empire]].
*[[Allama Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet.
*[[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], Urdu poet.
*[[Sohail Ahmed]], Pakistani Comedian
*Captain [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]], Indian military officer.
*[[Musarrat Nazir]], Pakistani Punjabi folk singer of Kashmiri descent.
*[[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], Indian freedom fighter of Kashmiri descent.
*Baba [[Baghel Singh]], who occupied [[Delhi]]
*[[Akshay Kumar]]
*[[Baba Gurdit Singh]], [[SS Komagata Maru]]
*[[Satyavati Devi (born 1905)]]
*[[Raza Saqib Mustafai]], Islamic Scholar
*[[Bhai Maha Singh]]
*[[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]
*[[Sunanda Sharma]], Famous Female-Punjabi Singer
*[[Dara Singh]] wrestler
*[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]], ex-[[speaker of Lok Sabha]], [[India]]
*[[Jagbir Singh Chhina]], freedom fighter.
*[[Gurpreet Singh (shooter)]], winner of two medals in [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Delhi]]
*[[M. S. Gill]], former [[chief Election Commissioner of India]] and former sports Minister of [[India]]
*[[Mai Bhago]]
*[[Pratap Singh Kairon]], ex-[[Chief Minister]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*[[Surender Mohan Pathak]], [[Novelist]]
*[[Teja Singh Samundri]], founder of [[SGPC]]
* [[Bharti Singh]]
*[[Amrinder Gill]]
* [[Baj Singh|Sardar Baj Singh]], Sikh general and governor.<ref>Singh, Raj Pal (1998). ''Banda Bahadur and His Times'' p. 22. Harman Pub. House, 1 Aug 1998.</ref>
* [[Chhajja Singh Dhillon|Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon]], Sikh warrior of the early 18th century.
* [[Prem Dhillon]]
*[[Jordan Sandhu]]
* [[AP Dhillon]]
*[[Gurinder Gill]]
*[[Nimrat Khaira]]
*[[Ravi Thakur]]
*[[Bhagat Singh]], (September 1907 – 23 March 1931)

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Ranjit Sagar Dam 1.jpg|Ranjit Sagar Dam, Shahpur Kandi
Image:RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG|Ravi River
Image:Emperor Akbar crowning platform.jpg|Emperor Akbar crowning platform, Kalanaur-Gurdaspur, India
Image:Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab, India.jpg|Golden Temple and the Akal Takht, Amritsar
Image:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
Image:Lahore Fort.jpg|Lahore Fort, Lahore
Image:Lahore_Museum,_Lahore.jpg|Lahore Museum, Lahore
Image:Shalamar Garden July 14 2005-South wall pavilion with fountains.jpg|Shalimar Gardens
Image:Jahangir's_tomb-6.JPG|Jahangir's Tomb, Lahore
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Doaba]], cultural region in Punjab, India
*[[Bar Region|Bar]], cultural region in Punjab, Pakistan
*[[Pothohar Plateau|Pothwar]], cultural region in Punjab, Pakistan
*[[Malwa, Punjab|Malwa]], cultural region in Punjab, India
*[[Poadh]], cultural region in India
*[[Doab#The Punjab Doabs|The Punjab Doabs]], geographic regions in Punjab

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab, India}}
{{PunjabGeography}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Regions of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Plains of India]]
[[Category:Plains of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Landforms of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Punjab (Pakistan)]]

Clear Light of Day

2026-03-25T04:34:10Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added new info needs work.

{{Short description|1980 novel by Anita Desai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Clear Light of Day, first American edition cover.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the first American edition of ''Clear Light of Day'' by Anita Desai (1980)]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Clear Light of Day''''' is a novel published in 1980 by Indian novelist and three-time [[Booker Prize]] finalist [[Anita Desai]]. Set primarily in [[Old Delhi]], the story describes the tensions in a post-partition Indian family, starting with the characters as adults and moving back into their lives throughout the course of the novel. While the primary theme is the importance of family, other predominant themes include the importance of forgiveness, the power of childhood and the status of women, particularly their role as mothers and caretakers, in modern-day India.<ref name="clear light1">Desai, Anita. ''Clear Light of Day''. 1st Mariner Books edition, New York: Mariner Books, 2000. Print.</ref>

In 2022, the novel was included on the "[[Big Jubilee Read]]" list of 70 books by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] authors, selected to celebrate the [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign|title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign|website=BBC|date=17 April 2022|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
The novel is split into four sections covering the Das family from the children's perspective in this order: adulthood, adolescence and early adulthood, childhood, and a final return to an adult perspective in the final chapter.

The story centres on the Das family, who have grown apart with adulthood. '''Part one''' starts with Tara, whose husband Bakul is India's ambassador to the US, greeting her sister Bimla (Bim), who lives in the family's [[Old Delhi]] home, teaching history and taking care of their [[Autism|autistic]] brother Baba. Their conversation eventually comes to Raja, their brother who lives in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Bim, not wanting to go to the wedding of Raja's daughter, shows Tara an old letter from when Raja became her landlord, in which he unintentionally insulted her after the death of his father-in-law, also the previous landlord, Hyder Ali. The section closes with the two sisters visiting the neighbours, the Misras.<ref name="clear light2">Desai pp. 1–43.</ref>

In '''part two''' of the novel, the setting switches to [[Partition of India|partition-era India]], when the characters are adolescents in the house. Raja is severely ill with [[tuberculosis]] and is left to Bim's ministrations. Aunt Mira ("Mira-''masi'' "), their supposed caretaker after the death of the children's often absent parents, dies of alcoholism. Earlier, Raja's fascination with [[Urdu]] attracts the attention of the family's Muslim landlord, Hyder Ali, whom Raja idolises. After recovering from TB, Raja follows Hyder Ali to Hyderabad. Tara escapes from the situation through marriage to Bakul, leaving Bim to provide for Baba alone, in the midst of the partition and the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|death of Gandhi]].<ref name="clear light3">Desai pp. 44–101.</ref>

In '''part three''' Bim, Raja and Tara are depicted awaiting the birth of their brother Baba in pre-partition India. Aunt Mira, widowed by her husband and mistreated by her in-laws, is brought in to help with Baba, who is autistic, and to raise the children. Raja is fascinated with poetry. He shares a close bond with Bim, the head girl at school, although they often exclude Tara. Tara wants to be a mother, although this fact brings ridicule from Raja and Bim, who want to be heroes.<ref name="clear light4">Desai pp. 102–141.</ref>

The '''fourth part''' returns to modern India and shows Tara confronting Bim over Raja's daughter's wedding and Bim's broken relationship with Raja. This climaxes when Bim explodes at Baba. After her anger fades, she decides that family love is irreplaceable and can cover all wrongs. After Tara leaves, she goes to her neighbors the Misras for a concert, where she is touched by the unbreakable relationship they seem to have. She tells Tara to come back from the wedding with Raja and forgives him.<ref name="clear light5">Desai pp. 142–183.</ref>

==Background==
Desai considers ''Clear Light of Day'' her most autobiographical work as it is set during her own coming of age and also in the same neighbourhood in which she grew up.<ref>[http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl277b/Contexts/anita_desai.htm "Notes on the Biography of Anita Desai"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120033542/http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl277b/Contexts/anita_desai.htm |date=20 January 2007 }}. Elizabeth Ostberg. 12 February 2000. Haverford.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-21.</ref> She describes herself as placing "a premium on setting", unlike other Indian writers.<ref name="clear light6">Bliss, Corinne D. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25090017 "Against the Current: a Conversation with Anita Desai"], JSTOR. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 September 2010.</ref>

==Historical setting==

===Partition===

The book is set at various times around the partition in Old Delhi. The tension between Muslims and Hindus are clearly shown by the father's refusal to allow Raja to go to a Muslim university and study Urdu literature because he has cause to fear for his safety. The book also mentions the partition riots as well as the refugee camps. It also depicts the flight of the Alis, the Das's Muslim landlords and neighbours.

These tensions often escalated into riots, but not in Old Delhi. The Hindus' claim to India led to the neglect, abuse and often violence towards Muslims in India or Hindus in Pakistan. The nation of India was torn apart in a violent manner, leaving refugees on both side of the border and mutual anger and hostility.<ref name="clear light7">Census of India, 1941 and 1951.</ref><ref name="clear light8">Ansari, Sarah. 2005. ''Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh: 1947—1962''. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 256 pages. [{{ISBN|019597834X}}.]</ref><ref name="clear light9">Desai pp. 45–46, 50–53, 59, 71–72, 75, 85, 101.</ref>

===Delhi===
In the book, [[Old Delhi]] is frequently referred to as old, stagnant, or decaying. Old Delhi is overcrowded and generally overlooked in favour of [[New Delhi]]. New Delhi is considered vibrant, modern and alive. In the book New Delhi is where the characters, specifically Bakul, go to avoid the soporific effects of Old Delhi or even to be connected with the outside world. Bim is in New Delhi when she hears of Gandhi death, and Raja finds diversion and entertainment as a teenager in New Delhi.<ref name="clear light10">Desai pp. 4–5, 17–19.</ref>

===Religious===
The religious undercurrents in the book manifest themselves in two ways: the partition and Raja's relationship with the Alis. As a young adult he found acceptance (albeit not inclusion) in Hyder Ali's nightly gatherings. His fascination with the [[Muslim culture]], however, first manifests itself when he takes Urdu instead of Hindi, a language he considers banal, at school. Eventually he integrates himself into the Muslim culture and marries Hyder Ali's daughter, Benazir. However this relationship is strained during the partition and the Ali's subsequent flight to Hyderabad.<ref name="clear light17">Desai p. 47.</ref>

==Symbolism and motifs==

===Education===
During the book education is mentioned a lot. Not just school, but also in the nightly gatherings at the Ali's. Raja and Bim both go to college, although Raja's education is much more prominent. Even Hyderabad, where he went following the Alis, is a considered a place of learning in India; it is the home of universities such as [[Osmania University]], one of the oldest in India.<ref name="clear light12">NAAC. "INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE CELL". [http://www.osmania.ac.in/iqac/report2.html Welcome to Osmania University Hyderabad]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} N.p., n.d. Web. 27 September 2010.</ref> Raja symbolizes culture refinement and knowledge, as does poetry.

===Music===
The primary manifestations of music in the book are Baba's gramophone, Dr. Biswas's musical inclinations, and Mulk's singing at the end of the book. The idea of music relating to life experiences is present. Baba constantly playing his gramophone at the same volume with the same records shows the stagnation of his development. Dr. Biswas refinement in musical taste shows the personal refinement he learned in Europe. Mulk and the Guru show that while life alters our experiences, we are still the same people; as they used the same style but with different experiences shaping their performance. This is confirmed by Mulk complaining about his sisters sending away his musicians, like the partition of India. But the musicians return at the end of the book to accompany Mulk.

Tara also mentions her daughters' music but says it develops with their growth.<ref name="clear light13">Desai pp. 13, 38.</ref><ref name="clear light14">Desai p. 177.</ref>

Of particular interest is what music Desai has Baba play; all the records are from the same time period and he never gets any new ones. But the most potent of these songs seems to be "[[Don't Fence Me In (song)|Don't Fence Me In]]", performed by [[Bing Crosby]]. Every primary character in the book with the exception of Bim finds some way to escape. A song about being free, however, is what angers the one character who, on the surface, had no desire to do so.<ref name="clear light15">Desai pp. 12, 14, 163.</ref>

===Separation===
The novel tells not just the story of the separation of a family, but also of a nation. The partition of India is a tangible reality that is concurrent to Raja leaving, Tara marrying, the deaths of the Das parents as well as Aunt Mira, and the separation of the Das family. These familial separations are parallel to the social events leading up to Partition and to the continued social upheaval that followed the separation of Pakistan from India.

The summer of 1947 is described as tumultuous: it is the summer when Bim takes care of Raja in his illness, the Hyder Ali family abandons Delhi for Hyderabad under the threat of ethnic violence, and the father of the Das family dies. During the previous summer of 1946, the same summer that [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] made public demands for a Muslim homeland, the mother of the Das family had also died. The dissolution in the family that begins in 1946 parallels the growing Partition movement and the escalation of violence, such as the attacks in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in August 1946, in response to this division into two nations. In the summer of 1947, Tara marries Bakul and they leave for Ceylon (Sri Lanka), leaving Bim alone to care for the remaining family members: this coincides with the official division of India from Pakistan in August of that same year. The following summer, after the assassination of Gandhi earlier in January 1948 and the continued flight of refugees across Indian borders, Aunt Mira dies and Raja leaves for Hyderabad, thus isolating Bim further and leaving her to care for those who are left behind: Baba and herself. In particular, each of the three people who escaped (Tara, Raja and Aunt Mira) used a way of escape common during the Partition era: Tara fled the country for somewhere else, Raja fled to a Muslim center, and Aunt Mira left the earthly life entirely.<ref name="clear light16">Rao, P. Mallikarjuna. Postcolonial Theory and Literature. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2003. Print.</ref>

===Language===
Each of the languages in ''Clear Light of Day'' represents different things. Urdu is the language of culture, refinement and knowledge. Hindi is considered every day, mundane and banal.<ref name="clear light17">Desai p. 47.</ref> Additionally the repeated examples of poetry emphasise the beauty of the one language compared to the other as more often than not they are in Urdu. Raja expounds how an Urdu poet could do that in a single couplet. Urdu symbolizes Raja and the Ali's culture and sophistication.<ref name="clear light18">Desai p. 46.</ref><ref name="clear light19">Desai pp. 2, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50, 55, 82, 83, 98, 100, 182.</ref>

===Nature===

Nature is omnipresent in Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day. The children are constantly in the garden to escape the stuffy interior. Gatherings happen outside, such as at Hyder Ali's house and the Misra's; Tara's guilt is physically represented by bees; Nature is present even on clothes and in the poetry that Bim and Raja recite. It is significant that the novel begins with a description of the garden ("the koels began to call before daylight"), and Anita Desai clearly places an emphasis on setting. Nature in the novel is a source of entertainment, but more significantly, it is often analogous to the relationships and actions of the characters.

The first function of Nature in the novel is as a source of entertainment and learning for the Das children. The first instance of this is when Tara, at the very beginning of the story, thinking she has seen a pearl, finds a snail instead and plays with it, as she did when they were children, performing "the rites of childhood over the creature". A few pages later, Tara muses over the "rustic pleasures" that she used to derive from the garden, longing to run to the [[guava]] trees and find a whole one to bite into. The garden is their source of refreshment in the heat of summer, and the nature filled surroundings provide Tara with reprieve from the business of her city life. The garden is "overgrown", "neglected" and "uncontrolled", not perfect and square, so she feels like she can relax and forget about her engagement book. It also shows the contrast between Tara and Bim.

Nature's second function in the novel is to mirror or complement the actions or feelings of the characters in the book. Many paragraphs end with a reference to Nature, such as "the dog suddenly pounced upon the flea" or "a koel lifted itself out of the heavy torpor of the afternoon and called tentatively, as if enquiring into the existence of the evening". This offers a parallel between what has just happened in the story and the natural world. The dog pounces on the flea immediately after Bakul tells Bim that he will marry Tara, and could represent Bim's isolation beginning to trap her. The koel calls tentatively after Bim has come to an understanding of herself and her relationship with her family and is finally at peace. It could be seen as her uplifting rebirth. Another parallel we can find is the heat of the summer and the political heat of 1947.
The most important analogy between Nature and the human world is the garden. At the beginning of the novel, the roses are said to have grown smaller and sicker; they are "dusted with disease". At the end of the novel, there is a dust storm which mirrors the discussion Bim and Tara are having about Raja, and which leaves the garden "shrouded in dust" and everything looking "ancient and bent". The garden, so beautiful and enjoyable in their childhood, has become old and grey as the years have progressed and the Das children have grown apart. Nature in the novel is also beautiful and dangerous at the same time. For example, mosquitoes are mentioned at the beginning as "singing and stinging", and when the gardener waters the garden, "bringing out the green scent of watered earth and refreshed plants", mynahs quarrel and parrots come, a "lurid, shrieking green", ripping flowers to bits. This carries a warning and can be compared with human relationships, especially the relationship between Tara, Bim and Raja.

Finally, Nature is used as a point of comparison with the characters themselves. There is a long metaphor in which Aunt Mira and the children are compared to plants and trees, Aunt Mira being the "tree that grew at the centre of their lives": "Soon they grew tall, soon they grew strong. They wrapped themselves around her, smothering her in leaves and flowers. She laughed at the profusion, the beauty of this little grove that was the whole forest to her, the whole world. (…) she would just be the old log, the dried mass of roots on which they grew. She was the tree, she was the soil, she was the earth." This metaphor is continued when Baba is compared to a "plant grown underground", emphasizing the difference between him and his siblings. It also contrasts with the image that we are given of the Das parents. The roses in the garden were supposedly planted by the father, but neither he nor the gardener knew how to take care of them, so although beautiful at first, they withered. The fact that Tara doesn't know for sure that her father planted them compares with his constant absence in his children's lives. Like the roses, the Das children were not properly cared for which has led them to bicker and row, ultimately failing to understand each other.
The cow, warm and soft, can also be seen as the Das parents trying to offer comfort and nourishment to their children, but the cow, like the Das parents and Aunt Mira, dies, leaving the children alone, Raja and Tara longing to escape and Bim bitter. Additionally, both Aunt Mira and Tara are compared to birds, at different moments in the book. Aunt Mira, weak with alcoholism, "almost ceased to be human, became bird instead, and old bird with its feathers plucked, its bones jutting out from under the blue tinged skin, too antique, too crushed to move." Tara, when Bim cuts off her hair, looks "like a baby pigeon fallen out of its nest, blue-skinned and bristly, crouching behind the water tank and crying". The idea of a bird too weak to fly is an accurate representation of Aunt Mira, widowed and rejected, and Tara, who is an introvert with no grand ambitions. It seems to point to what Tara might have become without Bakul, and adds to the contrast between the two sisters.

===Other motifs and symbolism===
*Birds
*Flowers (Roses)
*Duality (Light and Dark)
*Stagnation
*[[Women in India]]
*The passage of Time

==Themes==

===Family===
Bim's breakdown at the end of the book results in remarkable clarity of thought. In this insight, she concludes that the bond of family is greater than any other thing in this world, that she felt their pains, and that she couldn't live without them.<ref name="clear light20">Desai p. 165.</ref>

===Forgiveness===
Bim's inability to forgive Raja demonstrates that the deepest hurts come from the closest bonds.<ref name="clear light21">Desai pp. 25, 27.</ref> However she does find it in herself at the end of the book to forgive Raja for the insult and realize the importance of family.<ref name="clear light22">Desai pp. 181–182.</ref>

===Adolescence===
A major a part of the book is devoted to the first years of the Das siblings and to how that period shaped their current lives. While Bim and Raja, being the eldest siblings, were sure of themselves, Tara and Baba were left behind, although loved, dependent—albeit in several ways— on others. the youngsters were rarely cared for in their household, then they constantly searched for affection from one another. Their experiences in adolescence were liable for their future selves, including their oft-tense relations with one another. Raja, who was selfish and proud, becomes an upscale , pompous man who remains trying to be the hero he idolized, Hyder Ali. Tara is consistently hooked in to her husband et al. to form decisions for her. Bim witnesses the degradation of her widowed aunt in her house and therefore the limitations of marriage, and she or he decides to measure a lifetime of independence.

===Escapism===

The Das siblings are constantly trying to flee their immediate surroundings. This need is fuelled by the shortage of attention they get from their parents. Raja starts inclining towards Islamic culture against his family’s wishes, Tara first seeks attention from Mira Masi and starts to spend longer with the Misra sisters, ultimately marrying Bakul and leaving Delhi . Baba also tries to flee his immediate surroundings, albeit during a more unconscious manner, by constantly playing an equivalent music on a loop. These three characters are propelled by the necessity to repress unpleasant memories of their childhood. Bim appears to be the sole one that doesn't want to flee her family. However, because the story progresses, one sees through chinks in Bim's armour. She is consistently hurt by her siblings and wishes to escape—this time, ironically, into the past.

==Poetry in ''Clear Light of Day''==
In this book, Desai quotes poems 12 different times, in addition to using a line by [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]] as a part of a song at the end of the book.<ref name="clear light23">Desai pp. 2, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50, 55, 83, 98, 100, 182.</ref> Poets quoted include [[T. S. Eliot]] (''The Waste Land'' and ''Burnt Norton''),<ref name="clear light24">Eliot, T. S. [http://www.bartleby.com/201/1.html "The Waste Land"]. Bartleby.com: 26 September 2010.</ref><ref name="clear light25">Eliot, T. S. [http://www.tristan.icom43.net/quartets/norton.html "Burnt Norton"]. 26 September 2010.</ref> [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] ([[Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal]], Now the White),<ref name="clear light26">Lord Tennyson, Alfred. [http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/now-sleeps-the-crimson-petal/ "Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal"] by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. PoemHunter.Com, 26 September 2010.</ref> [[Lord Byron]] (Isles of Greece)<ref name="clear light27">Lord Byron. [http://www.bartleby.com/101/601.html "Isles of Greece"]. George Gordon Byron, Lord Byron. ''The Oxford Book of English Verse''. Bartleby.com. 26 September 2010</ref> Sir Muhammad Iqbal ("Thou didst create...into an antidote", and "Your world is the world...over my world you have dominion")<ref name="clear light28">Iqbal, Muhammad. [http://quotationsbook.com/quote/8976/ Thou didst create the night, but I made the lamp. Thou didst create cl...."], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228062055/http://quotationsbook.com/quote/8976/ |date=28 February 2011 }} 26 September 2010.</ref> [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] ([[The Garden of Proserpine]])<ref name="clear light29">Swinburne, Algernon Charles. [https://www.angelfire.com/nj/persephone/gardenswinburne.html "Garden of Proserpine"] by Algernon Charles Swinburne". 26 September 2010.</ref> and [[D. H. Lawrence]] (Ship of Death).<ref name="clear light30">Lawrence, D. H. [http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/E316K/11/11/THESHIP.HTML "The Ship of Death"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521022704/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/E316K/11/11/THESHIP.HTML |date=2008-05-21 }} Digital Writing and Research Lab. 27 September 2010.</ref> The poetry each serves to convey not only a particular aspect involved in the poem, but also the importance of education.

==Awards and reception==
In 1980 ''Clear Light of Day'' was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, although it did not win.<ref name="clear light31">[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth124#prizes "Anita Desai."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214151412/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth124#prizes |date=14 December 2010 }} Contemporary Writers in the UK. British Council, 27 September 2010.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
*''[[Burnt Norton]]''
*''[[Fasting, Feasting]]''
*[[In Custody (novel)|''In Custody'']]
*''[[The Village by the Sea]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=HBKAELY0tV4C&q=clear+light+of+day+anita+desai+google+book ''Clear Light of Day'' – Google Books]

{{Anita Desai |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clear Light Of Day}}
[[Category:1980 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Anita Desai]]
[[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]
[[Category:American English-language novels]]

Indian locomotive class WDM-2

2026-03-24T02:06:59Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{short description|Broad gauge Indian diesel–electric locomotive}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDM-2
| powertype = Diesel
| image = KUNDAN (WDM2).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A WDM-2 named KUNDAN at BLW, Varanasi.
| builder = [[American Locomotive Company|Alco]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel = [[ALCO DL560C|DL560C]]
| builddate = 1962–1998
| totalproduction = WDM-2/A/B: 2,700
| rebuilder = BLW, PLW [formerly DLMW]
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt = 1246
| Britishclass = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]
| uicclass = [[Co′Co′]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trucks =
| bogies = ALCO Asymmetric cast frame trimount
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1092|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase = {{convert|12.834|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| length = {{convert|17.12|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| width = {{convert|2.864|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| height = {{convert|4.185|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| axleload = {{convert|18800|kg|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|112800|kg|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|5000|L|abbr=on}}
| lubecap =
| coolantcap =
| sandcap =
| consumption =
| primemover = [[ALCO 251|ALCO 251-B]]
| rpmrange = 400 - 1,000 rpm
| enginetype = [[V16 engine|V16]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| aspiration = [[Turbo-supercharger|Turbo-supercharged]]
| displacement =
| alternator =
| generator = BHEL 10931 AZ
| tractionmotors = [[General Electric|GE]]752, [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]] 4906 BZ and 4907 AZ
| cylindercount = 16
| cylindersize = {{convert|228|x|266|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} [[Bore (engine)|bore]]×[[Stroke (engine)|stroke]]
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission]]
| multipleworking = 2
| maxspeed = {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = Max:{{convert|2600|HP|abbr=on}} Site rated:{{convert|2430|HP|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|30.4|t|0|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 0.27
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]], [[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]] and [[Vacuum brake#Dual brakes|Dual]]
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = 16000-16887, 17100-17999, 18040-18079, 18112-18514, 18523-18900, 18903-18999
| officialname =
| nicknames = Jumbo, Prabal
| axleloadclass =
| locale = All over Indian Railways
| deliverydate = 1962; 62 years ago
| firstrundate = 1962; 62 years ago
| lastrundate =
| retiredate = November 2023; 9 months ago
| withdrawndate = 2023
| preservedunits = 10
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = All withdrawn from indian railway service, 9 pure units preserved, few rebuilds[WDM-3A] preserved, few sold to non-railway operators, rest scrapped.
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''WDM-2''' is a class of [[diesel–electric locomotive]] that was developed in 1962 by [[American Locomotive Company]] (ALCO) for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], Diesel (D), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 2nd generation (2). They entered service in 1962. A total of more than 2,700 WDM-2 was built at ALCO and [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW or DLW, as it was formerly Diesel Locomotive Works), Varanasi between 1962 and 1998, which made them the most numerous class of mainline diesel locomotive until its successor the [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A.]] Many of the WDM-2 locos were rebuilt into WDM-3A locos.

The WDM-2 is one of the most successful locomotives of Indian Railways serving both passenger and freight trains for over 60 years. A few WDM-2 units were exported to neighbouring countries like [[Sri Lanka Railways|Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh Railway|Bangladesh]]. Despite the introduction of more modern types of locomotives like [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]] and electrification, a significant number were still in use till 2023, both in mainline and departmental duties. As of November 2023, all WDM-2 units have been withdrawn from service, with further examples in service as [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] or WDM-2S.

== Origin ==
The history of WDM-2 begins in the early 1960s with the stated aim of the [[Indian Railways]] to remove [[steam locomotive]]s from Indian Rails after recommendation of Karnail Singh Fuel Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/report-expert-committee-coal-consumption-railways-1958 |title=Report of the expert Committee on Coal Consumption on Railways, 1958 |website=Indian Culture |language=en |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> Therefore, required building a large number of [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]] diesel locomotives producing at least 2,600 hp (1,900 kW) with [[road switcher]] cabs to achieve this aim. Thus Indian Railways began looking at various [[Diesel–electric train|diesel–electric]] designs.

Initially, the Indian railways invited tenders to build locomotives to the new specification. The following responses were received:

* ALCO submitted their model (RSD29 / DL560C) with 2,600 hp, 16-cylinder, 4-stroke turbo-supercharged engine with Co-Co bogies.
* [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD) submitted their [[EMD G16|G16]], turbocharged to become the GT16.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm1_4_5_6_7/wdm3_001.jpg.html |title=WDM-4 masquerading as a WDM-3! |website=IRFCA.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> They had Co-Co bogies with 16-cylinder 2-stroke turbo-supercharged engines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDM4.PDF |title=WDM-4 specs for IR |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

Each company submitted their prototypes and Indian Railways designated these prototypes as the WDM-2 class and [[Indian locomotive class WDM-4|WDM-4]] class respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html#class |title=[IRFCA] What do the designations such as 'WDM-2', 'WAP-4' mean |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> Technologically the General Motors WDM-4 was superior to ALCO WDM-2, but Indian Railways required a transfer of technology agreement that would allow these locomotives to be indigenously manufactured in India. Since General Motors did not agree to the transfer of technology agreement, the ALCO prototype was selected for production.

However, even before the arrival of WDM-2, another type of diesel locomotive was imported from ALCO in 1957. This locomotive was classified as [[Indian locomotive class WDM-1|WDM-1]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/four-decades-of-service-the-early-workhorses-of-india-s-diesel-age/-gKCw2asIUlWLg |title=Four decades of service: The early workhorses of India's diesel age - National Rail Museum |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> However WDM-1s were not selected for mass production because of having only one forward cab at one end which needed a lot of turntables.<ref name="coaches1">{{cite web |url=https://24coaches.com/indian-railways-wdm-series/ |title=Diesel Locomotive Roster – The WDM (ALCO) Series |date=2013-10-30 |website=24 Coaches |language=en-US |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

=== Production history ===
The first few prototype WDM-2 locomotives were imported, with locomotive number 18040 being assigned the first WDM-2 of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3571 |title=WDM-2 18040 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Historical Railway Images |title=India Railways - Indian Government Railways Class WDM2 (DL560C) diesel locomotive Nr. 18041 (Alco 84199 / 1962) |date=2019-12-31 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/49306888842/ |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> The need for a large number of locomotives quickly was deemed paramount. After [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (DLW) completed construction of its factory in Varanasi, production of the locomotives began in India. The first 12 locomotives were built using kits imported from ALCO (order no. D3389) in the United States.<ref name="dieselbglocos">{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-2d.html |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Broad Gauge Diesel Locomotives |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

The first diesel loco assembled in DLW was locomotive number 18233 and the first fully built WDM-2 from DLW was 18299.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3732 |title=WDM-2 18233 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shop.html#blw |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Production Units & Workshops |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3798 |title=WDM-2 18299 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> After that DLW started manufacturing WDM-2 locomotives from their own components. Since then over 2,800 locomotives have been manufactured with 16887 being the last locomotive in the series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/2670 |title=WDM-3A 16887 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

Although ALCO went bankrupt, DLW Varanasi successfully adapted the technology and produced many upgraded versions which were exported to many [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Broad Gauge countries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702 |title=History of DLW, Varanasi |access-date=2022-11-13 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402102647/https://dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later a number of modifications were made and a few sub-classes were created. These include WDM-2A, WDM-2B and WDM-3A (formerly WDM-2C). A few WDM-2 locomotives had been rebuilt by [[Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works|Diesel Loco Modernisation Works]] (DLMW) in Patiala, Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/CompanyProfile_Eng%201.pdf |title=DMW — About Us}}</ref> These are fitted with [[Dynamic braking|DBRs]] produced by Daulat Ram Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daulatram.com/dy3.htm |title=Forced Cooled Roof Mounted DBR Assembly with Short Hood (WDM3D/WDG3A Alco Type Locomotive DU100102004) |website=Daulat Ram Engineering |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

=== Service history ===
The whole batch of WDM-2 imports went all to the Diesel locomotive shed at [[Katni Junction railway station|Katni]] (KTE).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/wcr/New%20Katni%20Jn.pdf |title=Katni shed history |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> Locomotive number 18040 was first loco in the series, but 18042 was the first WDM-2 unit to be commissioned. By 1967 the first [[Express trains in India|express]] trains were being hauled by the WDM-2 instead of steam locomotives. Trains like the [[Himgiri Superfast Express|Himgiri express]] and [[Tamil Nadu Express|Tamil Nadu express]] were hauled entirely by WDM-2 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.world-railways.co.uk/general-photo-113 |title=Indian Railways WDM2 17722 with Himagiri Express at Varanasi |last=Johnson |first=Lou |date=1978 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/GeneralScenes/gsarchive2/TamilNadu-Dhaulpu.jpg.html |title=Northbound Tamil Nadu (WDM-2 #18321?) at 9.24, overtaking a freight train |website=www.irfca.org |last=Smith |first=Roderick |date=1977-01-18 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> One of the most important express trains hauled by the WDM-2 class was the [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express|Mumbai Rajdhani]] express.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm2x/DualWDM2Raj_BVI_1986.jpg.html |title=Ratlam WDM2 #18640 and an unknown one leads Rajdhani Express towards Bombay Central through Borivali |website=www.irfca.org |last=Bodas |first=Atul |date=1986 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm2x/WDM2A18425.jpg.html |title=WDM-2A #18425 and 18640 are seen at Bombay Central having brought in the overnight express from Delhi |website=www.irfca.org |last=Morris |first=Roger |date=1992-03-06 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> By the 1980s the WDM-2 class was hauling most of the passenger and freight trains in India.

The WDM-2 locomotives have a maximum speed of {{convert|120|km/h|abbr=on}}, restricted to {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} when run long hood forward.<ref name="interactive">{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/wdm2-interactive.html |title=Interactive Diagram of the WDM-2 Locomotive |first=Sheeju |last=Chandran |publisher=IRFCA |date=2006 |access-date=2022-11-13 |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621101642/https://www.irfca.org/docs/wdm2-interactive.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The last 3 pure units are based at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Abu Road|Abu Road]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Railway Website Mechanical Engineering Traction Circulars |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

=== Maintenance ===
The WDM-2 has a maintenance schedule of 3,000 km or 10 days, which was recommended by ALCO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1552994785415-White%20Manual.pdf |title=Indian Railways Maintenance Manual for Diesel Locomotives |date=December 2013 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> These have been extended by 20 days to 30 days by using better and more efficient lubrication oils and other component fluids and improving some bearings for the suspension. The original WDM-2 bearings were very failure-prone and often required minor repairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Maintenance%20Handbook%20on%20Roller%20Bearing%20fitted%20on%20WDM2%20Diesel%20Locomotive%20-%20English.pdf |title=Maintenance Handbook on Roller Bearing fitted on WDM2 Diesel Locomotive |date=July 2003 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> However the WDM-2 was very easy to operate and maintain because of its simple construction and mechanics which resulted in it being very reliable. This maintenance is usually done at the nearest Diesel loco shed.

== Variants ==

=== [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] ===
The WDM-3A class is actually an upgraded WDM-2 designed to produce more power (3,100 hp instead of 2,600 hp) and increased reliability (roller bearings instead of conventional ALCO bearings). Except for 150 units, these are rebuilt WDM-2s. Rebuilt WDM-3As can be identified by an “R” at the end of their road number.

=== [[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-2/3A]] ===
It is the dedicated freighter version of the WDM-2 and shares the same engine and horsepower rating with [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]].The first units of this class was delivered on 18 July 1995 under the model name of WDG-2. The class was manufactured till the end of 2015. All the older locomotives built by DLW had a regular WDM-2 type square short hood profile and control stand position. The [[Bogie]]s of WDM-2 have been replaced by high adhesion fabricated bogies for better traction and stability.

They are hugely successful; around 1163 units of this class were produced. These can be found all over [[Indian Railways|India]] performing various duties like hauling freight and passenger service to [[Switcher|shunting]] and departmental works.

=== [[Indian locomotive class WDM-7|WDM-7]] ===
They are lower powered (2,000 hp instead of 2,600 hp) version of the WDM-2. These locomotives were built from 1987 to 1989. A few were at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]], but all were transferred later to [[Tondiarpet railway station|Tondiarpet]]. They can also be seen shunting at Chennai Central or used for light passenger haulage. Some are at the thermal power station, Chennai.

They were formerly housed at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]]. They are reliable and rugged locomotives even though low powered. They can be easily recognised by the lack of grilles on the short hood. Two locomotives are running on a mixture of bio-diesel and diesel. All 15 are still in service.

=== [[Indian locomotive class WDP-1|WDP-1]] ===
It is a lower powered passenger (2,300 hp) version of the WDM-2. The [[Bogie]]s of WDM-2 have been replaced by Bo-Bo fabricated bogies with a max. speed of 140 km/h. They were not hugely successful. About 69 units have been produced with 60 locomotives still being in service. They are identifiable by their ‘baldie’ grille-less short hoods.

=== [[Indian locomotive class WDP-3A|WDP-2/3A]] ===

It is a dedicated passenger version of the WDM-2/3A, similar to how the freighter WDG-2/3A was developed, but unlike its mixed-use and freight-dedicated counterparts, this locomotive features an aerodynamic streamlined dual-cab design, similar to its [[Alternating current|AC-electric]] counterparts, like the [[WAP-1]] and [[WAP-4]], making it the first dual-cab diesel–electric locomotive of India, preceding the [[EMD 710]] based [[WDP-4D]], and the Only dual-cab member of the ALCO DL560C family. Ever since the arrival of the imported [[EMD GT46PAC]] (WDP-4) locomotive in 2001, it too proved to be only merely successful over the WDP-1. This locomotive is known by the nickname "Toaster", as the second cab, which is too small and closely attached to the radiator of the locomotive, gets heated up and causes discomfort while driving.

== Sub-classes ==

=== WDM-2A ===
The WDM-2A is a variant of the original WDM-2 series that have been retro-fitted with [[air brake (rail)|air brake]]s, in addition to the original [[vacuum brake]]s.<ref name="dieselbglocos"/> Thus, these locomotives can haul both vacuum- and air-braked [[Railroad car|wagons]]. Air brakes were introduced as they're safer and more reliable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/brakes/brake-comparison.html |title=[IRFCA] Brake systems used by IR |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> Despite this classification some WDM-2A locomotives are still marked as WDM-2 rather than WDM-2A.

=== WDM-2B ===
The WDM-2B is a variant of the original WDM-2 series built with air brakes as original equipment. They do not have vacuum brakes.<ref name="coaches1"/> Only some have been classified as WDM-2B.

=== Jumbos ===
[[File:WDM-2 Diesel loco of PUNE.jpg|thumb|Jumbo variant of the WDM-2|271x271px]]
The WDM-2 locomotives from serial numbers around 17788 to 17890 were fitted with full-width short hoods with the intention of improving visibility for drivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3461 |title=WDM-2 17890 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> These are unofficially termed 'Jumbos' by crew and [[Railfan|rail fans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/wdm2-jumbo.html |title=[IRFCA] WDM-2 'Jumbo' locos |website=www.irfca.org |date=1998 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> WDM-2 #17722 and #17748 are rumored to be the prototypes of the jumbo class but differ slightly from other Jumbos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3293 |title=WDM-2 17722 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3319 |title=WDM-2 17748 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/1214327 |title=WDM2 17722 'JUMBO' at Dildarnagar Junction |last=Kumar |first=Nitin |date=2014-09-13 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> However, these locomotives proved to be not so ergonomic since locomotive pilots observed that they had to stand up to operate them. So a few were modified to have normal short hoods. Some earlier Jumbo locomotives were also converted to WDM-3A.

These locomotives are easily recognisable by their short hoods with large windows. After over-ageing of these locomotives, the jumbos were mainly used on shunting or departmental works trains. All of them are now withdrawn from service and condemned.

=== WDM-2S ===
This classification is given to WDM-2s that are nearing the end of their service life. These locomotives can be easily recognized by '0' at the beginning of their road number.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/imagebank/Members/Shanx/ShanxMisc/018210_G_001.jpg.html |title=Kazipet WDM2 #018210 hauls a departmental flat car rake carrying finished track sections |last=Nanda |first=Shashanka |website=www.irfca.org |date=2004-09-20 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> These are relegated to shunting duties, and occasionally haul Departmental works trains.<ref name="irfca1">{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm2x/WDM-2S.jpg.html |title=SSB (Shakurbasti) WDM-2S #17217 just outside Ludhiana diesel shed onboard Sindhu Exp. |website=www.irfca.org |last=Bharaj |first=Ankit |date=2008-07-13 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> Some WDM-2 units remain in classification for many years before they are scrapped.

== Trains Hauled by WDM-2 ==
this diesel pull both passenger and freight at once
* [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow)–Yesvantpur Weekly Express]]
* [[Taj Express]]
* [[Island Express (train)]]
* [[Karnataka Express]]
* First [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]]
* First [[Bangalore Rajdhani Express]]

== Export versions ==

=== Sri Lanka ===
[[File:SLR M8 Loco.jpg|thumb|248x248px|WDM-2, operated as the [[Sri Lanka Railways M8|Class M8]] in [[Sri Lanka]]]]
{{Main|Sri Lanka Railways M8}}

Eight WDM-2 locomotives were purchased by the [[Sri Lanka Railways]], the state-run railroad operator in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1996. They were the longest and most powerful locomotives at that time. They were allocated the '''M8''' class.<ref>{{cite web |title=Class M8 |date=18 September 2012 |url=https://slrailinfo.wordpress.com/locomotives/class-m/class-m8/ |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diesel Locomotives of Sri Lanka Locomotive classification |url=http://www.srilankanlocos.com/data/data.html |website=www.srilankanlocos.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502083448/http://www.srilankanlocos.com/data/data.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> However, some modifications to the appearance were done by SLR.<ref>{{cite web |title=෴M8 දුම්රිය එන්ජිම - අපේ අසල්වැසි රට වන ඉන්දියාවේ නිෂ්පාදනයක්෴ |website=Loco Lanka |url=https://locolanka.blogspot.com/2011/02/m8.html |date=2011-02-06 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> These locomotives have been assigned road numbers 841 to 848<ref>{{cite web |title=SLR Locomotive data |url=http://www.srilankanlocos.com/data/locodata.html |website=www.srilankanlocos.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502083329/http://www.srilankanlocos.com/data/locodata.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> and all are still operational.

=== Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Railway Class 6400}}
Ten WDM-2 locomotives were purchased by [[Bangladesh Railway]] in 2001. They were the most powerful locomotives at that time. They were allocated Class 6400 or '''BED-26''' numbered from 6401 to 6410. All are fitted with air brake and [[Janney coupler|AAR coupling]]. Unlike their Indian counterparts, these locomotives do not have the [[Dynamic braking|dynamic braking system]]. All locomotives are still in service.

== Locomotive road numbers ==
During the manufacture of WDM-2, DLW built and numbered these locomotives non-sequentially.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WDM-2 |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Diesel and Electric Locomotive Specifications |website=www.irfca.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604102601/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html |archive-date=2020-06-04 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

=== 18040–079/18112–18232 series locomotives ===
These locomotives were among the first WDM-2s used in India. Locomotive number 18040 is the first in the series to be imported; subsequent ones were later supplied by ALCO. Locomotives numbered from 18080 to 18111 are actually WDM-4 class. These WDM-2 locomotives can be easily identified by their original ALCO dynamic brake vents with three partitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Diesel/wdm2x/100_0567.JPG.html |title=WDM-2 18068 hauls the Ratnagiri–Dadar passenger |website=www.irfca.org |date=2006-05-27 |last=Rayaguru |first=Kamal |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> They were mostly in mainline service till 2007 and were relegated to shunting/departmental duties thereafter. The last of these locomotives (WDM-2 numbered 18068 from Kurla) were condemned by March 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3599 |title=WDM-2 18068 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Original Alco built WDM-2/S #18068 rests with WCAM3 #21954 |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/608371 |last=Garg |first=Anil Kumar |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> all locomotives of this series have been withdrawn from service with most of them being condemned and scrapped. Some of these units like 18040, have been preserved.

=== 18233–18514-series locomotives ===
After 18232, DLW started manufacturing locomotives from kits supplied by ALCO. The first kit-built from DLW was 18233 named 'Kundan'; subsequent ones were later assembled in DLW from kits supplied by ALCO after technology transfer took place. Some of these locomotives (like WDM-2 18236) have retained their original ALCO dynamic brake vents with three partitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3735 |title=WDM-2 18236 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> The first fully built WDM-2 from DLW was 18299. These locomotives were mostly in mainline service till 2007, thereafter relegated to shunting/departmental duties like ALCO-built ones. The last of these locomotives (such as #18473) were condemned by November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3971 |title=WDM-2 18473 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

After 18514, DLW started manufacturing '17' series locomotives.

=== 17100–17999, 17-series locomotives ===
DLW stopped 18-series midway (18514) and started producing 17-series locomotives. Locomotives numbered from 17000 to 17099 are WDM-1 class. These were fully built WDM-2 locomotives from DLW. The locomotive numbers 17796–17895 are the ''Jumbo'' versions of WDM-2. All of the WDM-2 Jumbos belong to this series. Most of these locomotives were manufactured in the 1970s. Over time, The 17 series locomotives were phased out of service as they reached the end of their lifespan; All pure WDM-2s of this series including the jumbos have been withdrawn from service, condemned or scrapped.<ref name="irfca1"/>

18515–18522 are Indian locomotive class WDM-3 locomotives built by German manufacturers [[Henschel & Son|Henschel.]] these are no longer in service.

=== 18523–18900/18903–18999 series locomotives ===
The locomotives numbering 18523 onward were manufactured from the early 1980s. Almost all of these locomotives underwent rebuilding to the higher-powered WDM-3A standards during their service life. However, as they neared the end of their operational period, most of them were reverted back to WDM-2 standards. All locomotives of this series including both the upgraded WDM-3As and the pure WDM-2s, have been withdrawn from service, condemned or scrapped due to their age and the electrification of Indian Railways.

18901 and 18902 were assigned to WDM-6 class locomotives{{dash}}no longer in service.

=== 16000–16887 / '16' series locomotives ===
The '16' series represent the youngest and final batch of the WDM-2 series. these units were originally built as WDM-2's between 1988 and 1998, with the oldest unit being number 16000, manufactured on january 27, 1988. over time, most locomotives from this series were rebuilt to the more powerful WDM-3A standard, with the exception of those lost to accidents or collisions. As of august 2025, approximately 149 units, both the pure built WDM-3A's from the '14' series and the rebuild WDM-2s, which are in the '16' series still retain operational status.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/ |title=Listing All Locos - IRFCA Locomotive Database |website=www.irfca.org |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> The pure WDM-2 versions of the '16' series locomotives, along with the WDM-2S units, all have been withdrawn from service, condemned and scrapped. The ongoing railway electrification and the introduction of newer locomotives continue to reduce this number. Rapid scrapping of these aging '16' series units began.

== Liveries ==
* RTM : *1. Red top, Navy blue bottom and white band middle. - *2. Light Blue top, Navy blue bottom and white band middle. - 3. Typical Patiala Workshop livery dark blue top, bottom and white band middle.
* TNP: Light and dark blue bottom. Flying bird on pink background was the logo. Few biodiesel ones were green.
* ERS: A Kerala-based logo with characteristic ICF Rajdhani livery.
* ED: Prancing deer of IR, dark blue with white.
* R: Light Blue Top and Bottom with White Band in middle.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="190" heights="150">
File:A diesel loco WDM2 resting at Secunderabad Junction.jpg|KJM (SWR): dark blue/light blue livery and logo has SWR written in white on blue background.
File:BKSC WDM3A ^16149R with 15929 MS-DBRT Express instead of its regular UDL or MLDT link - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|BKSC: Green and orange livery similar to Bangladeshi national flag
File:A WDM 3A loco resting at Visakhapatnam.jpg|VSKP: red yellow maroon livery
File:12586 (Sambalpur-Howrah) Express.jpg|Bondamunda had a red yellow maroon livery somewhat similar to VSKP
</gallery>

* * = Forbidden

{{anchor|Preserved examples}}

== Preserved examples==
A number of WDM-2 locomotives have been preserved all over India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,1706 |title=Heritage Directorate, Railway Board, Ministry of Railways |website=www.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1L7PMD3GYsSQibjrOjIk9dpekeDi7Gp9u |title=Heritage Inventory for Website |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Class
! Manufacturer
! Loco Number
! Previous shed
! Name
! Livery
! Location
! ref
|-
|WDM-2/3A
|BLW
|16000
|Andal (UDL)
|
|UDL dark green with yellow stripe
| Preserved at [[Howrah Rail Museum]] [Dec 2021]
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/1783 |title=WDM-3A 16000 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2B
|BLW
|17307
|Malda Town (MLDT)
|
|MLDT blue/cream/blue with red lining
|Plinthed at Malda Town DLS
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/2878 |title=WDM-2 17307 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2
|BLW
|17445
|Kazipet (KZJ)
|
|Earmarked for preservation: I.R. Heritage Website [November 2018]
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3016 |title=WDM-2 17445 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-3A/2A
|BLW
|17754
|Ludhiana (LDH)
|
|LDH grey/red/grey with white lining
|Earmarked for preservation: I.R. Heritage Website [November 2018]
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3325 |title=WDM-3A 17754 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2
|ALCO
|18040
|Katni (KTE)
|
|Maroon with yellow lining & blue Stripes
|Preserved at [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3571 |title=WDM-2 18040 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Trips/north/Vicky-misc/IMG_2130.jpg.html |title=WDM-2#18040, which has just been moved to the NRM |author=Vicky |date=2004-10-24 |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2
|ALCo
|18113
|Itarsi (ET)
|
|Light blue with white band
|Plinthed at [[Zonal Railway Training Institute]], Bhusaval
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3612 |title=WDM-2 18113 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2
|ALCo
|18119
|Itarsi (ET)
|
|Light blue with white band
|Plinthed at Zonal Railway Training Institute, Bhusaval
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3618 |title=WDM-2 18119 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|- id="Kundan"
|WDM-2A
|ALCo
|18160
|Ernakulam (ERS)
|
|Red
|This loco is preserved in GOC workshop.
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3659 |title=WDM-2 18160 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2
|BLW
|18233
|Mughalsarai (MGS)
|''Kundan''
|Red/white/grey
|Permanent Exhibit at [[Diesel Locomotive Works|DLW]], [[Varanasi]]
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/3732 |title=WDM-2 18233 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2B
|BLW
|18575
|Malda Town (MLDT)
|
|MLDT blue/cream/blue with red lining
|Earmarked for preservation: I.R. Heritage Website [November 2018]
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/4065 |title=WDM-2 18575 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|-
|WDM-2/3A
|BLW
|18599
|Krishnarajapuram (KJM)
|
|KJM blue/turquoise/blue with blue lining
|Plinthed at SWR Headquarters Office - Rail Soudha, Hubballi, glass panels on one side
|<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/4089 |title=WDM-3A 18599 - IRFCA Locomotive Database |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|}

== Former sheds==
* Abu Road (ABR)
* Andal (UDL)
* Bardhaman (BWN)
* Bokaro Steel City (BKSC)
* Bondamunda (BNDM)
* Deen Dayal Upadhaya (DDU)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] (ERS)- The very last WDM-2 (18701) was removed from service in June 2019 after being in the shed for 38 years.
* [[Diesel loco shed, Erode|Erode]] (ED)
* Gonda (GD)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty]] (GY)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal|Guntakal]] (GTL)
* Howrah (HWH)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]] (ET)
* Izzatnagar Loco Shed (IZN)
* Jhansi (JHS)
* Kalyan (KYN)
* Kazipet (KZJ)
* Kharagpur (KGP)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram]] (KJM)
* Lucknow (LKO)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana]] (LDH)
* Moula Ali (MLY)
* Pune (PUNE)
* New Guwahati (NGC)
* Raipur (R)
* Patratu (PTRU)
* Ratlam (RTM)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur]] (SPJ)
* Tughlakabad (TKD)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiapet]] (TNP)
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva]] (VTA)
* Visakhapatnam (VSKP)
*[[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] (MLDT)

== Technical specifications==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Manufacturers
|Alco, DLW
|-
|Engine
|Alco 251-B, [[V16 engine|16 cylinder engine]], {{convert|2600|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} ({{convert|2430|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}} site rating) with Alco 710/720/?? turbo supercharged engine. 1,000 rpm max, 400 rpm idle; {{convert|228|x|266|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore x stroke; compression ratio 12.5:1. Direct fuel injection, centrifugal pump cooling system ({{convert|2,457|L/min|abbr=on|disp=or}} at 1,000 rpm), fan driven by eddy current clutch ({{convert|86|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}} at 1,000 rpm)
|-
|Governor
|[[General Electric|GE]] 17MG8 / Woodwards 8574-650 / Medha MEG 601
|-
|Transmission
|Electric, with [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] TG 10931 AZ generator (1,000 rpm, 770 V, 4,520 A)
|-
|[[Traction motor]]s
|GE752 (original Alco models) ({{convert|405|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}), BHEL 4906 BZ (AZ?) ({{convert|435|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and (newer) 4907 AZ (with roller bearings)
|-
|[[Axle load]]
|{{convert|18.8|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|total weight
|{{convert|112.8|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bogie]]s
|Alco design cast frame trimount ([[Co-Co engine|Co-Co]]) bogies
|-
|Starting TE
|{{convert|30.4|t|abbr=on}}, at adhesion 27%
|-
|Length over [[buffer beam]]s
|{{convert|15,862|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|-
|Distance between [[bogie]]s
|{{convert|10,516|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|}

==In Fiction==
The locomotive served as the basis for Noor Jehan from [[Thomas and Friends]].

== Image gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="250" heights="150">
File:Kundan, the first WDM-2 locomotive assembled at DLW, Varanasi.jpg|Kundan, the first WDM-2 locomotive assembled at DLW
File:Indian diesel loco WDM2.jpg|The first WDM-2 18040 preserved at national rail museum, New delhi
File:Maitri Express.jpg|WDM-2 is known as Class 6400 in Bangladesh
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of diesel locomotives of India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WDM2}}
{{reflist}}

===Notes===

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
{{refend}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WDM-2}}
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|M-2A]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:ALCO locomotives]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1962]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]

List of Malayalam-language periodicals

2026-03-23T19:51:42Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2014}}
The following is a list of [[periodicals]] and [[online magazines]] published in the [[Malayalam]] language.

== General interest, news and literature ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-

! Nerpatham
! Weekly
!
! Publisher
|- K. Sajjad
| ''Samoohyapadam Masika ''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''D Suvarnakumar ''
|-
|''samadarshi''
|daily
|Print
|''Kamalalayam''
|-
|''[[Bhashaposhini]]''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
|''[[Kesari (magazine)]]''
| Weekly
|Print,online
|''Hindustan Prakashan''
|-
| ''Chandrika Weekly''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)|Chandrika]]''
|-
| ''Deshabhimani Weekly''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Deshabhimani]]''
|-
|Starvision News Malayalam
|Daily
|Online
|Starvision Global
|-
| ''[[India Today]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[India Today]]''
|-
| ''[[Jayakeralam]]''
| Weekly
| Print
|
|-
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-
| ''Katha''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-
| ''Kerala Kamudi Weekly''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''
|-
| ''[[Keraleeyam (magazine)|Keraleeyam]]''
| Monthly
| Print, online
| ''Jagrathayude Keraleeyam''
|-
|[[:ml:കേരളശബ്ദം|''Keralashabdam'']]
|Weekly
|Print
|Keralashabdam Group
|-
|[[:ml:കുങ്കുമം_(മാസിക)|''Kumkumam'']]
|Monthly
|Print
|Keralashabdam Group
|-
| ''[[Madhyamam Weekly]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|-
| ''Malayalanaadu Vaarika''
| Weekly
| Print
|'' New India Press ''
|-
| ''[[Manorama Weekly]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Weekly]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
|[[:ml:മനോരാജ്യം_ആഴ്ചപ്പതിപ്പ്|''Manorajyam'']]
|Weekly
|Print
|Manorajyam
|-
| ''[[Navayugom]]''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Janayugom]]''
|-
| ''Pachakuthira''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[DC Books]]''
|-
|''Pouradhwani''<ref>{{cite news|title=പൗരധ്വനി ഗ്രൂപ്പ് പത്രാധിപർ അനുജൻ അത്തിക്കയം അന്തരിച്ചു | url=https://www.rashtradeepam.com/kerala/26/09/2023/anujan-athikayam/|publisher=Rashtradeepam|date=26 September 2023}} </ref>
|Weekly
|Print
|Pouradhwani Group

|-
| ''[[Prabodhanam]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| Islamic Services Trust
|-
| ''[[Puzha Magazine]]''
|
| Online
|
|-
| ''[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[The New Indian Express]]''
|-
|''[[Risala Weekly]]''
|Weekly
|Print
|''Islamic Publishing Bureau [[Sunni Students Federation]]''
|-
|''Ezhuthu Chinthikkunna Hrudayangalkku''
| Monthly
| Print
| Loyola Research Institute of Peace and International Relations
|-
| ''Vachakam ''
| Weekly
| Print & Online
| Vachakam News Ltd.
|-
|''Asaadhu''<ref>{{Cite news|title=മലയാളികളുടെ സ്വന്തം കാര്‍ട്ടൂണിസ്റ്റ്|url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/art-culture/photo/yesudasan-talented-cartoonist-line-301411-2021-10-06-3|publisher=India Today|date=29 September 2021}} </ref>
|Monthly
|Print
|
|-
|''Paakkanaar''
|Monthly
|Print
|Vettoor Raman Nair<ref>{{Cite news|title=സാഹിത്യകാരൻ വെട്ടൂർ രാമൻ നായരുടെ 105-ാം ജന്മവാർഷികം|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/416238708555189/posts/2639030509609320/|author=Saji Abhiramam|date=5 July 2024}} </ref>
|}

== Agriculture ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Karshakan''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|-
| ''Karshakasree''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''[[Kerala Karshakan]]''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''Farm Information Bureau, [[Government of Kerala]]''
|-
| ''[[Krishi Jagaran]]''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''Krishi Jagaran''
|}

== Family ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Madhyamam Kudumbam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|}

== Business and economics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
|[[Dhanam (business magazine)|Dhanam]]
|Fortnightly
|Print
|Dhanam Publications
|-
| ''Business Deepika''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|-
| ''Emerging Kerala''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[DC Books]]
|-
| ''Money Indices''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[DC Books]]
|-
| ''Sambadhyam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
|}

== Children's magazines and comics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
|''Balakeralam''<ref>{{cite news|title=പൗരധ്വനി ഗ്രൂപ്പ് പത്രാധിപർ അനുജൻ അത്തിക്കയം അന്തരിച്ചു | url=https://www.rashtradeepam.com/kerala/26/09/2023/anujan-athikayam/|publisher=Rashtradeepam|date=26 September 2023}} </ref>
|Monthly
|Print
|Pouradhwani Group
|-
| ''[[Balarama (magazine)]]''
| Weekly
| Print and E book
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''Balarama Digest''
| Weekly
| Print and E book
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''Balarama Amar Chitra Katha''
| Fortnightly
| Print and E book
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''[[Balabhumi]]''
| Weekly
| Print and E book
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''[[Balamangalam]]''
| Weekly
| Stopped
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''[[Boban and Molly]]''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Toms (cartoonist)|Toms]]
|-
| ''Cartoon Plus''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''Chitrakatha''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''Eureka''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]]
|-
| ''Kalikkudukka''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''Kalicheppu''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| Kusumam
| Monthly
| Print
| Sunni Jamiyyathul Muallimeen of "[[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (A.p Faction)
|-
| ''Kurunnukal''
| Monthly
| Print
| Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyathul Mu'allimeen of "[[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]]" (E.K Faction)
|-
| ''[[Kuttikalude Deepika]]''
| Fortnightly
| Print and E Book
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|-
|''[[Malarvadi]]''
| Monthly
| Stopped
| ''[[Prabodhanam]]''
|-
|[[Muthassi (magazine)|''Muthassi'']]
|Fortnightly
|Stopped
|Kerala Sabdam
|-
|[[:ml:ആർ._കൃഷ്ണസ്വാമി_റെഡ്യാർ|''Muthuchippi'']]
|Monthly
|
|Kerala Sabdam
|-
|''Mayilpeeli''
| Monthly
| Print and E book
| ''Balagokulam''
|-
| ''Mandoose''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Toms (cartoonist)|Toms]]
|-
| ''Minnaminni''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''[[PAICO Classics]]''
|
|
|Paico
|-
| ''[[Poompatta]]''
| Fortnightly
| Stopped
| Sooryaprabha Publications
|-
| ''[[Thathamma]]''
| Fortnightly
| Stopped
| ''[[Deshabhimani]]''
|-
|''Unnikuttan''
|Fortnightly
|Stopped
|Toms
|-
|}

== Education and career ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Educational'''
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Education Insider''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[DC Books]]
|-
| ''[[Labour India]]''
| Monthly
| Print
|[[Labour India Publications]]
|-
| ''Madhyamam Vidhya''
| Yearly
| Print
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|-
| ''Schoolmaster''
| Monthly
| Print
| V Publishers
|-
| ''Thozhil Vartha''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''Thozhil Veedhi''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''Vijaya Veedhi''
|
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
|}

== Film ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''[[Chalachithram (magazine)|Chalachithram]]''
|
|
|Manorajyam
|-
| ''[[Chithrabhumi]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|- sreebhoomi
| ''[[Cinema Mangalam]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''[[Film Magazine]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-
|[[:en:Nana_(magazine)|''Nana'']]
| Weekly
| Print
| ''Keralashabdam Group''
|-
| ''Rashtradeepika Cinema''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|-
| ''[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]''
| Weekly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|}

== Health ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- '''Home'''
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Arogya Madhyamam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|-
| ''Arogya Mangalam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''Arogya Masika''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''Arogyam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
| ''Ayurarogyam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-
|}

== Home ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Home'''
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Madhyamam Griham''
| Yearly
| Print
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|-
| ''Vanitha Veedu''
| Print
| Monthly
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|}

== Science and technology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Eureka''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]]
|-
| ''LUCA''
| Daily
| Online
| [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]]
|-
| ''Sasthrakeralam''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]]
|-
| ''Info kairali''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[Info kairali books]]
|-

|}

== Society and women ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Aaramam Weekly''
| Weekly
| Online
|
|-
| ''[[Grihalakshmi (magazine)]]''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''[[Grihshobha]]''
| Monthly
| Print
| Delhi Press
|-
| ''[[Kanyaka (magazine)|Kanyaka]]''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
|[[:ml:ആർ._കൃഷ്ണസ്വാമി_റെഡ്യാർ|''Kumari'']]
|Weekly
|Print
|Keralashabdam Group
|-
| ''Mahilachandrika''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)|Chandrika]]''
|-
| ''Sahayathrika''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Snehitha''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-
| ''Sthree Dhanam''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|-
| ''[[Vanitha]]''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|}

== Pre-Independence Era Malayalam women's magazines ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antony |first=Teena |date=2022 |title=An Introduction to the Early Malayalam Women’s Magazines |url=https://samyuktajournal.in/journal/index.php/sgc/article/view/37 |journal=Samyukta: A Journal of Gender and Culture |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref>
! Years in Print
! Type
! Place of Publication
|-
| ''[[Keraliya Suguna Bodhini|Kerali Sugunabodhini]]''
| 1886
| Print
|Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| ''[[Sharada (Malayalam women's magazine)|Sharada]]''
| 1904–1910
| Print
| Thripunithura
|-
| ''Lakshmibai''
| 1905–1940
| Print
| Thrissur
|-
| ''Sharada''
| 1913–1924
| Print
| Thiruvananthapuram/Punalur
|-
| ''Bhashasharada''
| 1915–1919
| Print
|Punalur
|-
| ''Mahilaratnam''
|1916
|Print
|Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| ''Sumangala''
| 1916
| Print
| Kayamkulam
|-
| ''Sanghamitra''
| 1920
| Print
| Kollam
|-
| ''(Christhava) Mahilamani''
| 1920–1940s
| Print
| Thiruvalla
|-
|''Mahila''
|1921–1941
|Print
|Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvalla/Chengannur
|-
|''Sevini''
|1924
|Print
|Kollam
|-
|''Araya Stree Jana Masika''
|1924
|Print
|Karunagapally
|-
|''Muslim Mahila''
|1926
|Print
|Cochin
|-
|''Sahodari''
|1925–1940s
|Print
|Kollam
|-
|''Vanitha Kusumam''
|1927
|Print
|Kottayam
|}

== Spiritual and astrology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| Sunnath
| Monthly
| Print
|Sunni jam iyyathul Muallimeen
[[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (AP faction)
|-
| Sunni Voice
| Fortnightly
| Print
| Samastha Kerala Sunni Yuvajana Sangam [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (AP faction)
|-
| ''Al Mu'allim''
| Monthly
| Print
| Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyathul Mu'allimeen [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]] (EK faction)
|-
| ''GulfSathyadhara''
| Monthly
| Print
| Published by [[Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation|SKSSF State Committee]] from Dubai, UAE
|-
| ''Jyothisha Bhooshanam''
| Fortnightly
| Print
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|-
| ''Muhurtham''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Kalakaumudi]]''
|-

|}

== Travel ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Frequency
! Type
! Parent publication/ published by
|-
| ''Mathrubhumi Yathra''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|-
| ''Travel and Flavors''
| Monthly
| Print
| [[DC Books]]
|-
| ''Traveller''
| Monthly
| Print
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rni.nic.in/ Registrar of Newspapers for India]

{{Malayalam journalism|state=expanded}}
{{Media of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of magazines published in India|Malayalam]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines| ]]
[[Category:Malayalam-related lists|periodicals]]
[[Category:Lists of magazines by language|Malayalam]]

Binoy Kumar Saikia

2026-03-22T07:21:51Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added a bio more to come

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Binoy Kumar Saikia
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Jonaki Nagar, [[Golaghat]]<ref name="News18">{{cite news | url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/assam-scientist-dr-binoy-kumar-saikia-awarded-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-manju-b-154895.html
| title=Assam Scientist Awarded : অসমৰ বিজ্ঞানী ড॰ বিনয় কুমাৰ শইকীয়ালৈ ভাৰতৰ বিজ্ঞান ক্ষেত্ৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সন্মান শান্তি স্বৰূপ ভাটনাগৰ বঁটা| date=26 September 2021 | accessdate=27 September 2021}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| field =
| work_institution = [[Tezpur University]] [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]]
| alma_mater = [[Debraj Roy College]] [[Cotton College]] [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]]
| known_for =
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], 2021<ref name="HT">{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/names-of-11-scientists-declared-for-india-s-highest-science-award-101632678640267-amp.html| title=Names of 11 scientists declared for India's highest science award| accessdate=27 September 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Binoy Kumar Saikia''', an eminent scientist and academician in India and currently at [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]] (NEIST), [[Assam]], India. He is also leading the Coal & Energy Research Group of NEIST and a Professor of AcSIR. His research interests span sustainable energy and environment in general and in particular coal-based nanotechnology, carbon and nano-materials, atmospheric chemistry, and energy storage devices. He has developed different chemical processes/technologies towards alternative applications of coal feedstocks presenting a new promising opportunity to reposition coal from a polluting energy source to a value-added material platform in the fight against climate change. He has developed and patented, both in India and the US, a technology for the production of blue-fluorescent carbon quantum dots from Indian coal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Cancer cell detection 'dots' developed from coal in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cancer-cell-detection-dots-developed-from-coal-in-assam/article28077873.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Process for the preparation of blue-fluorescence emitting carbon dots (CDTS) from sub-bituminous tertiary high sulfur Indian coals |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US10655061B2/en |website=Google Patents |publisher=Google |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

Saikia earned his MSc degree in inorganic chemistry from [[Gauhati University]] in 2001 and PhD degree from [[Dibrugarh University]] in 2008 for a thesis titled "Some aspects of the structural investigation of Assam coal".

==Honours and awards==

The honours and awards conferred on Saikia include:<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=Bio-data |url=https://neist.res.in/1177.php |website=CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat |publisher=CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 2021 for his contributions to earth, atmosphere, ocean and planetary sciences<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=579 |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
* Prof (Dr) MP Singh Memorial Coal Science Award (2019) from the Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India (MGMI)
* IIME Coal Beneficiation Award (2015) by Indian Institute of Mineral Engineers
* MESA Award (2014) by Mineral Engineering Science Association of India
* Achiever Awards 2021 in Science and Innovation by Asomiya Pratidin
* Associate member of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (IIChE)
* Fellow of [[Geological Society of India]] (FGS)
* Member of International X-ray Absorption Society, Italy
* Member of [[Indian Science Congress Association]]
* '[[Assam Saurabh]]' Award (2022) by the Government of Assam[https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/assams-highest-civilian-award-asom-baibhav-goes-to-oncologist-dr-tapan-saikia20230104160425/]
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2022

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|t2q_TNMAAAAJ}}
*{{YouTube|FYzPLAGOa8g|Low-quality coal to CQDs}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Binoy Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Saurabh]]

Raza Jama Masjid

2026-03-12T16:24:43Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added initial pg w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Mosque in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Raza Jama Masjid
| native_name = रजा जामा मशीद
| native_name_lang = mr
| image =
| caption =
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Maharashtra]]
| location = Gajapur village, [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| sect = [[Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Raza Jama Masjid''' ({{langx|mr|रजा जामा मशीद}}) is a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], located in Gajapur Village in the [[Kolhapur district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]], India, located near the [[Vishalgad|Vishalgad fort]]. The mosque was named in honour of the [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].<ref name=siasat>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-15 |title=Hindutva mob vandalises mosque in Maharashtra's Kolhapur |url=https://www.siasat.com/hindutva-mob-vandalises-mosque-in-maharashtras-kolhapur-3061966/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=Kolhapur Hindu Retaliation gives an alarming signal against Islamic Encroachments in Historical Forts |url=https://hinduexistence.org/2024/07/15/kolhapur-hindu-retaliation-against-islamic-encroachments-in-historical-forts/#respond |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=hinduexistence.org |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshwar |date=2024-07-16 |title=Mosque Attacked, Homes Torched at Kolhapur's Vishalgad Fort Over Encroachment |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kolhapur-vishalgad-fort-communal-riots-mosque-attack-illegal-encroachment-hindutva-mob-sambhaji-raje |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2024/07/15/mosque-demolished-in-maharashtras-kolhapur-saffron-flag-installed-atop-owaisi-reacts/ |title=Mosque demolished in Maharashtra's Kolhapur, saffron flag installed atop; Owaisi reacts |work=Free Press Kashmir |date=15 July 2024 |access-date= }}</ref>

== 2024 attack ==
On 14 July 2024, a [[Hindutva|Hindutva mob]] attacked and partially destroyed the mosque and burned copies of the [[Quran]]. Witnesses reported that the assailants were shouting slogans of [[Jai Shri Ram]].<ref name=siasat/> [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis Ittehadul Muslemeen]] President [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] condemned the attack on the mosque and criticised [[Devendra Fadnavis]] and Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Eknath Shinde]] by referring to December 6, the day when [[Babri Masjid]] was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=''6 December continues'': Owaisi sharply criticizes the Maharashtra Mahayuti Government |url=https://ythisnews.com/6-december-continues-owaisi-sharply-criticizes-the-maharashtra-mahayuti-government/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Y This News |language=en-US}}</ref> On 15 July 2024, Kolhapur police filed a case against over 500 people, including former Rajya Sabha MP [[Sambhaji Raje]]. The police detained 21 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=Vishalgad violence: 500 booked for arson and rioting after Chhatrapati Sambhaji's call for anti-encroachment, Kolhapur MP Shahu Maharaj condemns violence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/vishalgad-violence-500-booked-for-arson-and-rioting-after-chhatrapati-sambhaji-s-call-for-anti-encroachment-kolhapur-mp-shahu-maharaj-condemns-violence-101721067158516.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyaagrah |date=2024-07-16 |title="शुकराना": Maharashtra CM Eknath Shinde orders the removal of 156 ille |url=https://satyaagrah.com/india/india-news/3959-vishalgadh |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Satyaagrah |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Mosques in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:2024 in Islam]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2024]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]
{{Authority control}}

Islampur, Ratnagiri district

2026-03-12T11:09:58Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Short description|Village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{For|the town in Sangli district|Uran Islampur}}{{For|other places with the same name|Islampur (disambiguation){{!}}Islampur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Islampur, Ratnagiri district
| native_name = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village in Maharashtra
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.0471 |73.2815|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="COI-60-61"/>
| area_total_km2 = 1.3838
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = {{formatnum:1474}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="COI-60-61"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Islampur''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-60-61"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] said that its area was {{convert|1.3838|km2|sqmi}}, and had a population of 1,474 living in 267 households.<ref name="COI-60-61"/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="COI-60-61">{{citation | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook Ratnagiri, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract |series=Series-28 Part XII-B| publisher=[[Census of India|Directorate of Census Operations, Maharashtra]] |date=16 June 2015 |pages=60-61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604173125/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref>
}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Travancore

2026-03-11T17:06:14Z

Mohamedmeera29: updated page

{{Short description|Kingdom in southern India from 1729 to 1949}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Travancore
| native_name = {{nobold|''Thiruvithaamkoor Rajyam''}}
| common_name = Travancore
| era = [[Age of Imperialism]]
| status_text = [[Princely State]] of the [[British Empire]] in India [[Nair]] Aristocracy
| empire = United Kingdom
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = 1729
| year_end = 1949
| event1 = Subsidiary alliance with the [[East India Company]]
| date_event1 = 1795
| event2 = Vassal of [[Dominion of India|India]]
| date_event2 = 1947
| event3 = Merger with [[kingdom of Cochin]]
| date_event3 = 1 July 1949
| p1 = Venad
| s1 = India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Kingdom of Travancore.svg
| flag_width = 120
| flag_alt = Travancore
| image_coat = Travancore Emblem.jpg
| coat_alt = Conch in wreath, guarded by two elephants on either side '''[[Padmanabhapuram]]''' (1729–1795) '''[[Trivandrum]]''' (1795–1949)
| national_anthem = വഞ്ചീശ മംഗളം ''[[Vanchi Bhumi|Vancheesha Mangalam]]'' (1937–1949) ([[English language|English]]:"Hail the Lord of Vanchi") {{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Vancheesa Mangalam (KamalaKrishnamurthy,'37).ogg]]}}
| image_map = Kingdom of Travancore State in British India 1940.png
| map_caption = Location of the kingdom of Travancore (red) in 1940's British India (green)
| common_languages = [[Malayalam]] (official) 
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] (minority)
| religion = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] (official) '''Minority''': Chiefly [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] Small communities of [[Jews]], [[Jains]], [[Sikhs]], [[Buddhists]], and [[Zoroastrians]]
| currency = [[Travancore Rupee]]
| leader1 = [[Marthanda Varma]]
| leader2 = [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]]
| leader3 = [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Chithira Thirunal]]
| year_leader1 = 1729–1758 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1829–1846 (peak)
| year_leader3 = 1931–1949 (last)
| title_leader = [[Maharaja of Travancore|Maharaja]]
| title_deputy = [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan]]
| year_deputy1 = 1729–1736
| deputy1 = Arumukan Pillai
| year_deputy2 = 1838–1839 (peak)
| deputy2 = [[R. Venkata Rao]]
| year_deputy3 = 1947–1949 (last)
| deputy3 = [[P. G. N. Unnithan]]
| stat_year1 = 1941
| stat_area1 = {{convert|7662|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| ref_area1 = <ref name="1941Census" />
| stat_pop1 = 6,070,018
| ref_pop1 = <ref name="1941Census" />
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| motto = ധർമോസ്മത്ത് കുലദൈവതം ''Dharmōsmat Kuladaivatam'' ([[English language|English]]: "Charity is our household divinity")
| flag_p1 = Insignia from Quilon Syrian copper plates (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1843).jpg
}}

The '''Kingdom of Travancore''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|æ|v|ə|ŋ|k|ɔːr}}), also known as the '''Thiruvithamkoor Kingdom''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋid̪aːŋɡuːr|lang|}}) and '''Travancore State''', was a kingdom that lasted from {{Circa|1729}} until 1949. It was ruled by the [[Travancore royal family]] from [[Padmanabhapuram]], and later [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. At its zenith, the kingdom covered most of the south of modern-day [[Kerala]] ([[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] districts, major portions of [[Ernakulam district]], [[Puthenchira]] village of [[Thrissur district]]) and the southernmost part of modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Kanyakumari district]] and some parts of [[Tenkasi district]]) with the [[Thachudaya Kaimal]]'s enclave of [[Irinjalakuda]] [[Koodalmanikyam temple]] in the neighbouring [[kingdom of Cochin]].<ref>British Archives http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/d3e53001-d49e-4d4d-bcb2-9f8daaffe2e0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114120723/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/d3e53001-d49e-4d4d-bcb2-9f8daaffe2e0 |date=14 January 2017 }}</ref> However, the [[Tangasseri]] area of [[Kollam]] City and [[Anchuthengu]] near [[Attingal]] in Thiruvananthapuram were parts of [[British India]].

Geographically, [[Malabar District]] of [[Madras Presidency]] was to the north,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTNRAAAAYAAJ&dq=malabar+districts+neighbour+travancore&pg=RA1-PP3 |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1903 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Madurai district|Madurai]] and [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] districts of [[Pandya Nadu]] region in Madras Presidency to the east, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south, and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/>

Travancore was divided into five divisions: [[Padmanabhapuram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam|Quilon]], [[Kottayam]], and [[Devikulam]]. Padmanabhapuram and Devikulam divisions were predominantly [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking regions with small [[Malayalam]]-speaking minorities.<ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |last=Nagamaiya|first=V.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=135, 258|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404103822/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Kottayam divisions were predominantly Malayalam-speaking regions with small Tamil-speaking minorities.<ref name="r1881"/>

King [[Marthanda Varma]] inherited the small feudal state of [[Venad]] in 1723, and built it into Travancore. Marthanda Varma led the Travancorean forces during the [[Travancore–Dutch War]] of 1739–46, which culminated in the [[Battle of Colachel]]. The defeat of the Dutch by Travancore is considered the earliest example of an organised power from Asia overcoming European military technology and tactics.<ref name="Sanyal2016">{{Cite book |last=Sanjeev Sanyal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT183 |title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History |date=10 August 2016 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-86057-61-7 |pages=183–}}</ref> Marthanda Varma went on to conquer most of the smaller principalities of the native rulers.

The Travancore royal family signed a treaty with the British in 1788, thereby accepting British dominance. Later, in 1805, they revised the treaty, leading to a diminution of royal authority and the loss of political independence for Travancore.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Travancore and the friendship alliance with the British and its consequences |url=https://www.socialsciencejournal.in/assets/archives/2022/vol8issue2/8-2-26-278.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=90–91 |issn=2455-2070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=T. P. Sankarankutty |date=13 February 1978 |title=A New Look on Travancore Revolt |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |pages=627–633 |jstor=44139406}}</ref> They had to give up their ruling rights over the common people in 1949 when Travancore was forced to merge with independent India.

==Etymology==

The kingdom takes its name from [[Thiruvithamcode]] in the present-day [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

The region had many small independent kingdoms. Later, at the peak of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]–[[Chola dynasty|Chola]]–[[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] rule, this region became part of the Chera Kingdom (except for the Ay kingdom, which always remained independent). When the region was part of the [[Chera empire]], it was still known as ''Thiruvazhumkode''. It was contracted to ''Thiruvankode'', and anglicised by the English to ''Travancore''.<ref name="Menon1878">{{cite book|author=P. Shungunny Menon|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|date=1878|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|publisher=[[Higginbotham's]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><ref name="Panikkar1933">{{cite book|author=R. Narayana Panikkar|title=Travancore History|language=ml|location=[[Nagar Kovil]]|date=1933}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=madras&action=next&record=1706|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801174631/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=madras&action=next&record=1706|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-01|title=Database: Handbook For India, Part 1 – Madras|page= vii|date=2008-08-01|access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref>

In the course of time, the [[Ay kingdom|Ay clan]], part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became an independent kingdom, and the land was called ''Aayi Desam'' or ''Aayi Rajyam'', meaning 'Aayi territory'. The Aayis controlled the land from the present-day Kollam district in the north, through [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] to [[Kanyakumari district]] in the south. There were two capitals, the major one at Kollam (''Venad Swaroopam'' or ''Desinganadu'') and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur (''Thrippapur Swaroopam'' or ''[[Nanjinad]]''). The kingdom was thus also called [[Venad]]. Kings of Venad had built residential palaces in Thiruvithamcode and [[Kalkulam]]. Thiruvithamcode became the capital of the Thrippapur Swaroopam, and the country was referred to as ''Thiruvithamcode'' by Europeans even after the capital had been moved in 1601 to [[Padmanabhapuram]], near Kalkulam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=2014-04-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140404133809/http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=തിരുവിതാംകൂര്‍|date=2008-07-04|publisher=[[The State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]|title=തിരുവിതാംകൂര്‍|language=ml}}</ref>

The Chera empire had dissolved by around 1100 and thereafter the territory comprised numerous small kingdoms until the time of [[Marthanda Varma]] who, as king of Venad from 1729, employed brutal methods to unify them.<ref>{{cite book |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |title=The Indian Princes and their States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-13944-908-3 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA33}}</ref> During his reign, Thiruvithamkoor (anglicised as Travancore) became the official name.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Geography==

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Travancore 1871.JPG|Map of Travancore in 1871
File:A Canal Scene, Travancore.jpg|Historic scene of canal in Travancore
File:Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.jpg|[[Anantha Padmanabhaswamy]] was the [[National god|national deity]] of the kingdom of Travancore.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mateer|first=Samuel|title=The Land of Charity|publisher=University of Michigan Libraries|year=1871|pages=160}}</ref>
</gallery>
The kingdom of Travancore was located at the extreme southern tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Geographically, Travancore was divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains).{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==History==
Due to the geographical isolation of the [[Malabar Coast]] from the rest of the Indian peninsula, attributed to the presence of the [[Western Ghat mountain|Western Ghats]] mountain ranges lying parallel to the coast, the population and language spoken in Kerala differed from those in neighboring states such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].

According to the religious text "[[Keralolpathi]]" by the [[Nambudiri|Nambudhiri Brahmins]], the region from [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari district]] was created when [[Parashurama]] threw his axe and claimed this land, known as ''Parashuramakshetra''.<ref>''Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti'' Part 1, p. 206, B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |year=1906 |pages=210–212 |access-date=2007-11-12}}</ref><ref>''Ancient Indian History'' By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai, p. 204 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

===Medieval Kerala===

[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|India in 1320 CE. The [[Kollam]]–[[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Kanyakumari]] area, located at the southernmost tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was the main seat of the Ay dynasty and was under the influence of the Pandya dynasty.]]

The [[Chera dynasty]] governed the [[Malabar Coast]] between [[Alappuzha]] in the south and [[Kasaragod]]{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} in the north. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the [[Sangam period]] roughly between the first and the fourth centuries CE and served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state was under the [[Ay dynasty]]. During the Ay dynasty, they spoke a language known as [[Middle Tamil]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ponvannan |first=Gayathri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6VXEAAAQBAJ&dq=old+malayalam+quilon&pg=PT125 |title=100 Great Chronicles of Indian History: From Cave Paintings to the Constitution |date=2022 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-91028-77-0 |language=en}}</ref> When the Ay dynasty was conquered and succeeded by the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Kulashekara Perumals]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lannoy |first=Mark de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKjZAAAAMAAJ&q=kulasekhara+perumal |title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: History and State Formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758 |date=1997 |publisher=Leiden University |isbn=978-90-73782-92-1 |language=en}}</ref> based in [[Kollam district|Kollam]] (later known as [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]]),<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=P. Shungoonny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdCAAAAIAAJ&dq=kulasekhara+perumal&pg=PA28 |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higginbotham |language=en}}</ref> during the period of the Chera Kulashekara Perumal (Keralaputras) dynasty,<ref name="auto1"/> the language evolved into [[Old Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekhar |first=Anantaramayyar Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=123RAAAAMAAJ&q=old+malayalam |title=Evolution of Malayalam |date=1953 |publisher=S.M. Katre |language=en}}</ref> The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon copper plates]] (849/850 CE) are considered the oldest available inscription written in Old Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |title=Dravidian languages – History, Grammar, Map, & Facts |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|orig-date=1972|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the northern districts of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alapuzha, and Pathanamthitta became proper [[Malayalam|Malayalam-speaking]] populations in [[Kerala]], while the other districts showed influences from [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages. During the period of [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]], Travancore was referred to as Malayalam state or the land of proper [[Malayalis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&dq=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam&pg=PA214 |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=978-81-264-3782-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_nHft2p3moC&dq=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam&pg=PA277 |title=Liberation of the Oppressed a Continuous Struggle |publisher=History Kanyakumari District |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=State) |first1=Travancore (Princely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49F9hXNNjzsC&q=pattam+thanu+pillai+travancore+malayalam |title=The Travancore State Manual |last2=Aiya |first2=V. Nagam |date=1906 |publisher=Travancore government Press |language=en}}</ref>

===Venad Swaroopam===

{{main|Venad}}

[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|left|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'' was printed at Kollam, the capital of Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It is the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language ''[[Lingua Malabar Tamul]]'', which was spoken in southern Kerala (Kollam–[[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Kanyakumari]] area) during the medieval period.]]

Located at the tip of the Indian subcontinent, the former state of Venad was traditionally ruled by [[raja]]s known as the Venattadis. Until the end of the 11th century AD, it was a small principality in the Ay Kingdom. The Ays were the earliest ruling dynasty in southern Kerala, who, at their zenith, ruled over a region from [[Nagercoil]] in the south to Thiruvananthapuram in the north. Their capital during the first [[Sangam age]] was in Aykudi and later, towards the end of the eighth century AD, at [[Quilon|Quilon (Kollam)]]. Though a series of attacks by the resurgent Pandyas between the seventh and eighth centuries caused the decline of the Ays, the dynasty was powerful until the beginning of the tenth century.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA97|access-date=18 September 2012|date=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=97–99}}</ref> [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]], a [[Persians|Persian]] merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] (9th century CE), recorded the existence of extensive trade between Kerala and China, based at the port of Kollam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Charitram|last=Menon|first=A. Shreedhara|publisher=DC Books|year=2016|isbn=9788126419395|location=Kottayam|page=219}}</ref>

[[File:British Residency in Kollam.jpg|thumb|The [[British Residency]] in Quilon, where the resident of Travancore resided]]

When the Ay diminished, Venad became the southernmost principality of the [[Second Chera Kingdom]].<ref name="Menon139"/> An invasion of the Cholas into Venad caused the destruction of Kollam in 1096. However, the Chera capital, [[Mahodayapuram]], also fell in the subsequent Chola attack, which compelled the Chera king, Rama Varma Kulasekara, to shift his capital to Kollam.<ref name="Menon140">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA140|access-date=18 September 2012|date=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=140}}</ref> Thus, Rama Varma Kulasekara, the last emperor of the Chera dynasty, was probably the founder of the Venad royal house, and the title of the Chera kings, ''Kulasekara'', was thenceforth kept by the rulers of Venad. Thus the end of the Second Chera dynasty in the 12th century marks the independence of Venad.<ref name="Menon141">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA140|access-date=18 September 2012|date=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=141}}</ref>

In the second half of the 12th century, two branches of the Ay dynasty, the Thrippappur and Chirava, merged in the Venad family, which set up the tradition of designating the ruler of Venad as ''Chirava Moopan'' and the heir-apparent as ''Thrippappur Moopan''. While the Chrirava Moopan had his residence at Kollam, the Thrippappur Moopan resided at his palace in Thrippappur, nine miles north of Thiruvananthapuram, and was vested with authority over the temples of Venad kingdom, especially the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple]].<ref name="Menon139">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA139|access-date=18 September 2012|date=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=139}}</ref>

===Formation and development of Travancore===

[[File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg|thumb|A map of the Malabar Coast in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and [[Kanyakumari]], as shown in the map (Present-day districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of the Malabar Coast between [[Kannur]] and Kollam was under the control of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] then. In the latter half of the 18th century Travancore inherited the kingdoms as far as [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and became a powerful kingdom.]]

[[File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]]

[[File:De Lannoy Surrender.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Eustachius De Lannoy]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]] surrenders to [[Marthanda Varma]] of the kingdom of Travancore after the [[Battle of Colachel]]. Depiction at [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]].]]

In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]], and [[Parappanad]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> The history of Travancore began with Marthanda Varma, who inherited the kingdom of Venad (Thrippappur), and expanded it into Travancore during his reign (1729–1758). After defeating a union of feudal lords and establishing internal peace, he expanded the kingdom of Venad through a series of military campaigns from [[Kanyakumari]] in the south to the borders of [[Kochi]] in the north during his 29-year rule.<ref name="Fuller1976">{{cite book|author=C. J. Fuller|author-link=Chris Fuller (academic)|title=The Nayars Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17|access-date=17 September 2012|date= 1976|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-29091-3|page=17}}</ref>

During his rule occurred the [[Travancore–Dutch War]] (1739–1753) between Travancore and the [[Dutch East India Company]], which had been allied to some of these kingdoms.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 1741, Travancore won the [[Battle of Colachel]] against the Dutch, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in the region. In this battle Travancore forces captured the Dutch Captain, [[Eustachius De Lannoy]]; he later defected to Travancore.<ref name="AHoT 136">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n184 136]–140|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> De Lannoy was appointed captain of His Highness' bodyguard<ref name="AHoT 136" /> and later Senior Admiral ("Valiya kappittan")<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> and modernised the [[Nair pattalam|Travancore army]] by introducing firearms and artillery.<ref name="AHoT 136" /> From 1741 to 1758, De Lannoy remained in command of the Travancore forces and was involved in annexation of small principalities.<ref name="9th Madras Regiment">
{{cite web
|publisher = The journal of India's Armed Forces
|work = Sainik Samachar
|url = http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1
|title = 9 Madras : A Tale of 'Terrors'
|access-date = 2007-04-20
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312081154/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-04/body.html#l1
|archive-date = 12 March 2016}}</ref>

Travancore became the most dominant state in the Kerala region by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162"/> [[Ramayyan Dalawa]], the prime minister (1737–1756) of Marthanda Varma, also played an important role in this consolidation and expansion.

On 3 January 1750, (5 [[Makaram]], 925 [[Malayalam calendar|Kollavarsham]]), Marthanda Varma virtually "dedicated" Travancore to his tutelary deity [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabha]], one of the aspects of the Hindu God [[Vishnu]] with a lotus issuing from his navel on which [[Brahma]] sits. From then on the rulers of Travancore ruled as the "servants of Padmanabha" (the Padmnabha-dasar).<ref name="AHoT 171">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n235 171]|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en}}</ref>

At the Battle of Ambalapuzha, Marthanda Varma defeated the union of the deposed kings{{Who|date=January 2026}} and the king of the [[Cochin kingdom]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Mysore invasion===

{{main|Mysore invasion of Kerala}}

[[File:Tippoo Sahib at the lines of Travancore in the 1850s.jpg|thumb|[[Tipu Sultan]] at the lines of Travancore. Illustration from ''Cassell's Illustrated History of India'' by James Grant (c. 1896).]]

Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as [[Dharma Raja]], shifted the capital in 1795 from [[Padmanabhapuram Palace|Padmanabhapuram]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Dharma Raja's period is considered a golden age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor, but also improved and encouraged social development. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, [[Raja Kesavadas]], the Diwan of Travancore.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Travancore often allied with the [[English East India Company]] in military conflicts.<ref name="Travancore 2011">"Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. {{page?|date=August 2024}}{{ISBN?}}</ref> During Dharma Raja's reign, [[Tipu Sultan]], the de facto ruler of [[Mysore]] and the son of [[Hyder Ali]], attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the [[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]. Dharma Raja had earlier refused to hand over the Hindu political refugees from the [[Mysore invasion of Kerala|Mysore occupation of Malabar]] who had been given asylum in Travancore. The Mysore army entered the Cochin kingdom from Coimbatore in November 1789 and reached [[Thrissur]] in December. On 28 December 1789 Tipu Sultan attacked the Nedunkotta (northern lines) from the north, causing the [[Battle of Nedumkotta]] and the defeat of the Mysore army.

===Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion===

{{Main|Travancore Rebellion}}

[[File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg|left|thumbnail|A language map of India prepared in 1822. Note that a major portion of Travancore was included in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-spoken region.]]
On Dharma Raja's death in 1798, [[Balarama Varma]] (1798–1810), the weakest ruler of the dynasty, took over at the age of sixteen. A treaty brought Travancore under a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the English [[East India Company]] in 1795.<ref name="Travancore 2011"/>

The prime ministers ([[Dewan|''dalawas'']] or ''dewans'') started to take control of the kingdom beginning with [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi) (1799–1809), who was appointed as the ''dewan'' following the dismissal of [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]] (1798–1799). Initially, [[Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi]] and the East India Company got along very well. When a section of the Travancore army mutinied in 1805 against Velu Thampi, he sought refuge with the British Resident Colonel (later General) [[Colin Macaulay]] and later used company troops to crush the mutiny. Velu Thampi also played a key role in negotiating a new treaty between Travancore and the East India Company. However, the company's demands for compensating payment for their involvement in the Travancore–Mysore War (1791) on behalf of Travancore led to tension between the dewan and Colonel Macaulay. Velu Thampi and the dewan of Cochin kingdom, [[Paliath Achan]] Govindan Menon, who was unhappy with Macaulay for granting asylum to his enemy Kunhi Krishna Menon, declared "war" on the East India Company.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

[[File:Adoption Durbar, Trivandrum.jpg|left|thumb|Adoption Durbar, Trivandrum]]

The East India Company army defeated Paliath Achan's army in Cochin on 27 February 1809. [[Paliath Achan]] surrendered to the East India Company and was exiled to [[Madras]] and later to [[Benaras]]. The company defeated forces under Velu Thampi at battles near Nagercoil and Kollam, and inflicted heavy casualties on the rebels, many of whom then deserted and returned home. The Maharajah of Travancore, who hitherto had not openly taken any part in the rebellion, now allied with the British and appointed one of Thampi's enemies as his prime minister. The allied East India Company army and the Travancore soldiers camped in Pappanamcode, just outside Thiruvananthapuram. Velu Thampi now organised a guerrilla struggle against the company, but committed suicide to avoid capture by the Travancore army. After the mutiny of 1805 against Velu Thampi, most of the Nair army battalions of Travancore were disbanded, and after Velu Thampi's uprising, almost all of the remaining Travancore forces were also disbanded, with the East India Company undertaking to serve the Rajah in cases of external and internal aggression.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Cessation of mahādānams===

The Rajahs of Travancore had been conditionally promoted to [[Kshatriya]]-hood with periodic performance of [[sixteen great gifts|16 mahādānams]] (great gifts in charity) such as [[Hiranyagarbha (donation)|Hiranya-garbha]], Hiranya-Kāmadhenu, and Hiranyāsvaratā, in each of which thousands of [[Brahmins]] had been given costly gifts in addition to a minimum of 1 ''kazhanch'' (78.65 gm) of gold.<ref name="ASo00">''A Social History of India'' – Ashish Publishing House: {{ISBN|81-7648-170-X}} (2000). {{page?|date=August 2024}}</ref> In 1848 the [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Marquess of Dalhousie]], then [[Governor-General of India]], was apprised that the depressed condition of the finances in Travancore was due to these mahādānams by the rulers.<ref name="Adm88">Sadasivan, S.N., 1988, ''Administration and social development in Kerala: A study in administrative sociology'', New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public Administration</ref> Lord Dalhousie instructed [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]], Governor of the [[Madras Presidency]], to warn the King of Travancore, [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Martanda Varma (Uttram Tirunal)]] (1847–60), that if he did not end this practice, the Madras Presidency would take over his state's administration. This led to the cessation of the practice of mahādanams. {{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

All Travancorean kings including [[Sree Moolam Thirunal]] conducted the ''Hiranyagarbham'' and ''Tulapurushadaanam'' ceremonies. Maharaja [[Chithira Thirunal]] was the only King of Travancore not to have conducted these rituals as he considered them extremely costly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=230343 |title=ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്‍ണം KERALAM Paramparyam - Mathrubhumi Special |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224230755/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/paramparyam/story.php?id=230343 |archive-date=24 February 2014 }} MATHRUBHUMI Paramparyam ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്‍ണം – "ശ്രീമൂലംതിരുനാള്‍ വരെയുള്ള രാജാക്കന്മാര്‍ ഹിരണ്യഗര്‍ഭം നടത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ടെന്നാണ് അറിയുന്നത്. ഭാരിച്ച ചെലവ് കണക്കിലെടുത്ത് ശ്രീചിത്തിരതിരുനാള്‍ ബാലരാമവര്‍മ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് ഈ ചടങ്ങ് നടത്തിയില്ല."</ref>

===19th and early 20th centuries===

[[File:1887 Travancore revenue stamps.jpg|thumb|A block of 1887 Travancore revenue stamps depicting [[Queen Victoria]]]]

[[File:Travancore Rupee - Reverse.jpg|thumb|Malayalam letters on old [[Travancore Rupee]] coin]]

The [[Caste system in India|caste system]] was enforced more rigorously in Travancore than in many other parts of India up to the mid-1800s. The hierarchical caste order was deeply entrenched in the social system and was supported by the government, which transformed this caste-based social system into a religious institution.<ref>Cf. Ward & Conner, ''Geographical and Statistical Memoir'', p. 133; V. Nagam Aiya, ''The Travancore State Manual'', Volume 2, Madras: AES, 1989 (1906), p. 72.</ref>

In such a context, the [[Ayyavazhi]] religious sect served also as a reform movement in uplifting the downtrodden of society, both socially and religiously. The [[Ayyavazhi rituals|rituals of Ayyavazhi]] constituted a social discourse. Its beliefs, mode of worship, and religious organisation seem to have enabled the Ayyavazhi group to negotiate, cope with, and resist the imposition of authority.<ref>G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, The Subaltern Agency in Ayyavali, p. 174.</ref> The hard tone of the sect's founder, [[Ayya Vaikundar]], was perceived as a revolution against the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mission.akshaya.net/dpi/ |title=Kerala State Syllabus – Text books |access-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829094406/http://mission.akshaya.net/dpi/ |archive-date=29 August 2011 }}''Towards Modern Kerala, 10th Standard Text Book'', Chapter 9, p. 101.</ref> In response, King [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] initially imprisoned Vaikundar in the Singarathoppu jail, but later set him at liberty. Vaikundar's jailor, Appaguru, ended up becoming his disciple.<ref>Cf. Rev.Samuel Zechariah, ''The London Missionary Society in South Travancore'', p. 201.</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Anchal Box Perumbavoor Rest House.JPG|Travancore's postal service adopted a standard cast iron pillar box, made by Massey & Co in [[Chennai|Madras]], similar to the British [[Pillar box#Penfolds|Penfold]] model introduced in 1866. This [[Anchal post]] box is in [[Perumbavoor]].
File:Ayilyam Thirunal and Madhava Rao.JPG|[[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore]] (centre) with the first prince (left) and Dewan Rajah Sir [[T. Madhava Rao]] (right)
File:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|The last King of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
File:Nair pattalam cavalry.jpg|Travancore ''Nair Brigade'' in 1861
</gallery>
After the death of [[Sree Moolam Thirunal]] in 1924, [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] became regent (1924–1931), as the heir apparent; Sree [[Chithira Thirunal]] was then a minor, 12 years old.<ref>{{cite book|last=A. Sreedhara|first=Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|pages=271–273}}</ref>

In 1935, Travancore joined the [[Imperial Service Troops|Indian State Forces Scheme]] and a Travancore unit was named [[1st Travancore Nair Infantry]], [[Travancore State Forces]]. The unit was reorganised as an [[Indian State Infantry Battalion]] by Lieutenant Colonel H S Steward, who was appointed commandant of the Travancore State Forces.<ref name="TravancoreStateForces">{{cite web|title=Travancore State Forces|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ==&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q==links/Committee/1Adminrpt1958.asp?intID=1|date=2020-04-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413124927/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=0Shq7wwoytm5UmTfNYDhxQ%3D%3D&ParentID=X8ZXdizSqjhXDuSfL0C75Q%3D%3Dlinks%2FCommittee%2F1Adminrpt1958.asp%3FintID%3D1|archive-date=13 April 2020|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>

The last ruling king of Travancore, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], reigned from 1931 to 1949. Menon states that "his reign marked revolutionary progress in the fields of education, defence, economy and society as a whole."<ref>"During his rule, the revenues of the State were nearly quadrupled from a little over Rs 21/2 crore to over Rs 91/2 crore." – 'The Story of the Integration of the Indian States' by V. P. Menon</ref> He made the famous Temple Entry Proclamation on 12 November 1936, which opened all the [[Kshetram]]s (Hindu temples in Kerala) in Travancore to backward communities. This act won him praise from across India, most notably from [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]. The first public transport system (Thiruvananthapuram–Mavelikkara) and telecommunication system (Thiruvananthapuram Palace–Mavelikkara Palace) were launched during his reign. He also began state industrialisation, introducing heavy industry in the state and established giant public sector undertakings. As many as twenty industries were established, mostly for utilising the local raw materials such as rubber, ceramics, and minerals. Even today, a majority of the premier industries in Kerala were initially established by Sree Chithira Thirunal. He patronised musicians, artists, dancers, and Vedic scholars. Sree Chithira Thirunal appointed, for the first time, an Art Advisor to the Government, Dr. G. H. Cousins. He also established a new form of University Training Corps, viz. Labour Corps, preceding the N.C.C, in the educational institutions. The expenses of the university were to be met fully by the government. Sree Chithira Thirunal also built the beautiful [[Kowdiar Palace]], finished in 1934, which was previously an old [[Nālukettu|Naluektu]] given by Sree Moolam Thirunal to his mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi in 1915.<ref>{{cite web|last=Supreme Court|first=Of India|title=Good Governance: Judiciary and the Rule of Law|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf|publisher=Sree Chithira Thirunal Memorial Lecture, 29 December 2007|access-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164448/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Aswathy Thirunal Gauri Lakshmi Bai">{{cite book|last=Gauri Lakshmi Bai|first=Aswathy Thirunal|title=Sree Padmanabhaswamy Kshetram|year=1998|publisher=The State Institute of Languages, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|pages=242–243}}</ref><ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon">{{cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|title=A Survey of Kerala History|year=1967|publisher=D C Books|location=Kottayam|isbn=81-264-1578-9|page=273}}</ref>

A famine in 1943 claimed approximately 90,000 lives in Travancore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balasubramanian |first=Aditya |date=2023 |title=A forgotten famine of '43? Travancore's muffled 'cry of distress' |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/forgotten-famine-of-43-travancores-muffled-cry-of-distress/BB804EA24281112CC57ACAAADDB5BFD2 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=1495–1529 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000706 |s2cid=259440543 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

However, his prime minister, Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], was unpopular among the communists of Travancore. The tension between the Communists and Iyer led to minor riots. In one such [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|riot in Punnapra-Vayalar]] in 1946, the Communist rioters established their own government in the area. This was put down by the Travancore Army and Navy. The prime minister issued a statement in June 1947 that Travancore would remain an independent country instead of joining the Indian Union; subsequently, an attempt was made on his life, following which he resigned and left for Madras, to be succeeded by Sri [[P. G. N. Unnithan]]. According to witnesses such as [[Aiyappan Pillai]], constitutional adviser to the Maharaja and historians like [[A. Sreedhara Menon]], the rioters and mob-attacks had no bearing on the decision of the Maharaja.<ref>Sreedhara Menon in ''Triumph & Tragedy in Travancore'' Annals of Sir C. P.'s Sixteen Years, DC Books publication</ref><ref>Aiyappan Pillai Interview to Asianet news Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMS_6Z_WRE</ref> After several rounds of discussion and negotiation between Sree Chithira Thirunal and [[V. P. Menon]], the king agreed that the kingdom should accede to the Indian Union on 12 August 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2762946?searchWord=instrument&backquery=[query=%22instrument+of+accession%22&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=20 |title=Travancore State – Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Rama Verma, Ruler of Travancore State and the Dominion of India |publisher=Ministry of States, Government of India |year=1947 |location=New Delhi |page=3 |chapter=Instrument of Accession of His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore |access-date=31 August 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> On 1 July 1949 the kingdom of Travancore was merged with the kingdom of Cochin and the short-lived state of [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore–Kochi]] was formed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kurian|first=Nimi|date=2016-06-30|title=Joining hands|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Joining-hands/article14410304.ece|access-date=2021-07-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|Travancore in the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1909]]

On 11 July 1991, Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal suffered a stroke and was admitted to a hospital, where he died on 20 July. He had ruled Travancore for 67 years and at his death was one of the few surviving rulers of a first-class [[princely state]] in the old [[British Raj]]. He was also the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of both the [[Order of the Star of India]] and of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]]. He was succeeded as head of the Royal House as well as the Titular Maharajah of Travancore by his younger brother, [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]]. The Government of India issued a stamp on 6 Nov 1991, commemorating the reforms that marked his reign in Travancore.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gauri Lakshmi Bai|first=Aswathy Thirunal|title=Sree Padmanabha Swamy Kshetram|date=1998|publisher=The State Institute of Languages|location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|pages=278–282, 242–243, 250–251}}</ref>

===Formation of Kerala===

{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}

The State of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956, with a governor appointed by the president of India as the head of state instead of a king.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|website=legislative.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> The king was stripped of all political powers and of the right to receive [[Privy purse in India|privy purses]], according to the twenty-sixth amendment of the Indian constitution act of 31 July 1971. He died on 20 July 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Constitution (Twenty-Sixth Amendment Act), 1971|archivedate=6 December 2011}}</ref>

===Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State===

{{main article|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}

[[Tamils]] lived in large numbers in the [[Thovalai]], [[Agastheeswaram]], [[Sengottai]], [[Eraniel]], [[Vilavancode]], [[Kalkulam]], [[Devikulam]], [[Neyyattinkara]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] South and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] North [[taluk]]s of erstwhile Travancore State.<ref name="r1881"/> In these Tamil regions, [[Malayalam]] was the official language and there were only a few Tamil schools. This resulted in hardships for Tamils. The Travancore state government continued rejecting the requests of Tamils.<ref>V. S. Sathianesan – Tamil Separatism in Travancore</ref> During this period the Travancore State Congress favoured the idea of uniting all the Malayalam-speaking regions and forming a "Unified Kerala". In protest against this idea, many Tamil leaders vacated the party. Tamils gathered together at [[Nagercoil]] on 16 December 1945 under the leadership of Sam Nathaniel and formed the new political party All Travancore Tamilian Congress. That party pushed for the merger of Tamil regions in Travancore with Tamil Nadu.<ref>R. Isaac Jeyadhas – Kanyakumari District and Indian Independence Struggle (Tamil)</ref> During the election campaign, clashes occurred between the Tamil Nadar community and the Malayali Nair community in Kalkulam–Vilavancode taluks. The police force suppressed the agitating Nadars. In February 1948 police opened fire and two Tamil-speaking Nadars were killed.<ref name="DDaniel"/>

In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (TTNC). The TTNC was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram taluks. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam ([[Ma. Po. Si.|Ma.Po.Si]]) was the only leader from Tamil Nadu who acted in favour of TTNC.<ref name="DDaniel">D. Daniel – Travancore Tamils: Struggle for Identity.</ref> After the independence of India, State Assembly elections were announced in Travancore. As a consequence, TTNC improved its popularity among Tamils. A popular and leading advocate from Vilavancode, [[A. Nesamony]] organised a meeting of his supporters at Allan Memorial Hall, Nagercoil on 8 September 1947. In that meeting it was declared that they must achieve their objective through their political organisation, the TTNC. Thereafter TTNC started gaining strength and momentum in Kalkulam–Vilavancode taluks.<ref name="BYogeeswaran">B. Yogeeswaran – History of Travancore Tamil Struggle (Tamil)</ref>

TTNC won in 14 constituencies in the election to the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]]. Mr. [[A. Nesamony]] was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.<ref name="DPeter">D. Peter – Malayali Dominance and Tamil Liberation (Tamil)</ref>

{{Overly detailed|section|date=January 2026}}

In 1950, a meeting was held at [[Palayamkottai]] to make compromises between the state congress and the TTNC. The meeting met with failure and Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of the TTNC. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Nesamony, was elected as the new president.<ref name="BYogeeswaran" /> The first general election of independent India was held in 1952; TTNC won 8 legislative assembly seats. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of TTNC in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency, Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of TTNC.<ref name="BYogeeswaran" /> In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, the TTNC broke away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority, leading to fresh elections. In 1954 elections, TTNC gained victory in 12 constituencies.<ref name="BYogeeswaran" />
[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]] was the chief minister for Thiru–Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils, especially those in the [[Devikulam]]–Peermedu regions, who experiences atrocities by the Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, TTNC leaders from [[Nagercoil]] went to [[Munnar]] and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.<ref>R. Kuppusamy – Historical foot prints of a True War (Tamil)</ref>

On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised. Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of TTNC and communist sympathisers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions.<ref name="DPeter" /> The central government appointed the [[Fazal Ali Commission]] (December 1953) for the state's reorganisation based on language. It submitted its report on 10 August 1955. Based on this report, Devikulam–Peermedu and [[Neyyattinkara]] taluks were merged with Kerala state.<ref>B. Mariya John – Linguistic Reorganisation of Madras Presidenty</ref> On 1 November 1956 four taluks (Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode) were recognised to form the New Kanyakumari District and merged with Tamil Nadu state. Half of [[Sengottai]] taluk was merged with [[Tirunelveli district]]. As the TTNC's primary objective was a merger of Travancore's Tamil regions with Tamil Nadu, a major part of its goal had been realised, and it was dissolved thereafter.<ref name="DPeter" />

===Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala===

{{See also|Idukki district}}

Apart from [[Kanyakumari district]], the taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]] in present-day [[Idukki district]] also had a Tamil-majority until the late 1940s.<ref name="idukki">{{Cite news|title=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/why-did-kerala-surrender-kanyakumari-to-tamil-nadu.html|last=Ayyappan|first=R|date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 June 2021|work=Onmanorama}}</ref> The TTNC had also requested to merge these taluks with [[Madras State]].<ref name="idukki"/> However, due to some decisions of [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], the first prime minister of Travancore, they were retained in Kerala state.<ref name="idukki"/> Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of [[Cardamom Hills]].<ref name="idukki"/> His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000 Malayalam-speaking families into the taluks of [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]].<ref name="idukki"/> About 50,000 acres in these taluks, which were Tamil-majority area, were chosen for the colonisation project.<ref name="idukki"/> As a victory of the colonisation project done by post-independence Travancore, these two taluks and a larger portion of Cardamom Hills were retained in the state of Kerala, after [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act (1956)]].<ref name="idukki"/>

==Politics==

Under the direct control of the King, Travancore's administration was headed by a [[Dewan]] assisted by the ''Neetezhutthu Pillay'' (secretary), ''Rayasom Pillay'' (assistant or under-secretary), as well as ''Rayasoms'' (clerks) and ''Kanakku Pillamars'' (accountants). Individual districts were run by ''[[Sarvadhikari]]s'' under the supervision of Dewan, while dealings with the neighbouring states and Europeans was under the purview of the ''Valia Sarvahi'', who signed treaties and agreements.{{sfn|Aiya|1906|pp=329–330}}

===Rulers of Travancore===

{{main|Rulers of Travancore}}

# Anizham Tirunal [[Marthanda Varma]] (1729–1758)<ref name="deVriesTravancore">{{cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTravancore.htm|title=Travancore|last=de Vries|first=Hubert|date=2009-10-26|website=Hubert Herald|archive-date=2012-06-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627074558/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTravancore.htm}}</ref>
# Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma ([[Dharma Raja]]) (1758–1798)
# [[Balarama Varma]] I (1798–1810)
# [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] (1810–1815) – Queen 1810–1813 and Regent Queen 1813–1815
# [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]] (Regent) (1815–1829)
# [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] III (1813–1846)
# [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] II (1846–1860)
# [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] Rama Varma III (1860–1880)
# [[Visakham Thirunal]] Rama Varma IV (1880–1885)
# Sree [[Moolam Thirunal]] Rama Varma VI (1885–1924)
# [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] ([[Regent]]) (1924–1931)
# [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] II (1924–1949) – died 1991

===Titular Maharajahs of Travancore since 1991===

# [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] III (1991–2013)
#[[Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]] VI (2013–)

The current heir is [[Revathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma]] – the titular ''[[Elayaraja]]'' ([[Crown Prince|crown prince]]) (born 1953).

===Prime ministers of Travancore===

{{main|List of Diwans of Travancore}}

====Dalawas====

* Arumukham Pillai (1729–1736){{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* Thanu Pillai (1736–1737)
* [[Ramayyan Dalawa]] (1737–1756)
* Martanda Pillai (1756–1763)
* Warkala Subbayyan (1763–1768)
* [[Krishna Gopalayyan]] (1768–1776)
* Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer (1776–1780)
* Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai (1780–1782)
* Nagercoil Ramayyan (1782–1788)
* Krishnan Chempakaraman (1788–1789)
* [[Raja Kesavadas]] (1789–1798)
* Odiery [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]] (1798–1799)
* [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] (1799–1809)
* Oommini Thampi (1809–1811)
{{clear}}

====Dewans====

[[File:Madhava Rao.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dewan Rajah Sir [[T. Madhava Rao]]]]

* [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]] (1811–1814){{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* Devan Padmanabhan Menon (1814–1814)
* Bappu Rao (acting) (1814–1815)
* Sanku Annavi Pillai (1815–1815)
* Raman Menon (1815–1817)
* [[Reddy Row]] (1817–1821)
* [[T. Venkata Rao]] (1821–1830)
* [[Thanjavur Subha Rao]] (1830–1837)
* [[T. Ranga Rao]] (acting) (1837–1838)
* [[T. Venkata Rao]] (again) (1838–1839)
* [[Thanjavur Subha Rao]] (again) (1839–1842)
* [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Krishna Rao]] (acting) (1842–1843)
* [[Reddy Row]] (again) (1843–1845)
* Srinivasa Rao (acting) (1845–1846)
* [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Krishna Rao]] (1846–1858)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Portrait
! Took office
! Left office
! Term<ref name="term">The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period</ref>
|-
| [[T. Madhava Rao]]
| [[File:Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]
| 1857
| 1872
| 1
|-
| [[A. Seshayya Sastri]]
| [[File:Seshayya sastri.jpg|75px]]
| 1872
| 1877
| 1
|-
| [[Nanoo Pillai]]
|
| 1877
| 1880
| 1
|-
| [[V. Ramiengar]]
| [[File:V. Ramiengar.jpg|75px]]
| 1880
| 1887
| 1
|-
| [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]]
| [[File:T. Rama Rao.jpg|75px]]
| 1887
| 1892
| 1
|-
| [[S. Shungrasoobyer]]
|[[File:S. Shungrasoobyer.jpg|97x97px]]
| 1892
| 1898
| 1
|-
| [[V. Nagam Aiya]]
| [[File:V. Nagam Aiya, Dewan Peishcar of Travancore.jpg|75px]]
| 1901
| 1904
| 1
|-
| [[K. Krishnaswamy Rao]]
| [[File:K. Krishnaswamy Rao.jpg|75px]]
| 1898
| 1904
| 1
|-
| [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]
| [[File:V. P. Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]
| 1904
| 1906
| 1
|-
| [[S. Gopalachari]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|75x75px]]
| 1906
| 1907
| 1
|-
| [[P. Rajagopalachari]]
|
| 1907
| 1914
| 1
|-
| [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
|
| 1914
| 1920
| 1
|-
| [[T. Raghavaiah]]
|
| 1920
| 1925
|1
|-
| [[M. E. Watts]]
|
| 1925
| 1929
| 1
|-
| [[V. S. Subramanya Iyer]]
|
| 1929
| 1932
| 1
|-
| [[Thomas Austin (civil servant)|T. Austin]]
|
| 1932
| 1934
| 1
|-
| Sir [[Muhammad Habibullah]]
| [[File:MuhammadHabibullah.jpg|75px]]
| 1934
| 1936
| 1
|-
| Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
| [[File:SirCP.JPG|75px]]
| 1936
| 1947
| 1
|-
| [[P.G.N.Unnithan|P. G. N. Unnithan]]
|
| 1947
| 1947
| 1
|}

===Prime ministers of Travancore (1948–49)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|name="no1"|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Portrait
! colspan="3"| Term of office<ref name=responsible>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm Responsible Governments (1947–56)]. Kerala Legislature. Retrieved on 22 April 2014.</ref><ref name=history>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature History of Kerala Legislature]. [[Government of Kerala]]. Archived on 6 October 2014.</ref>
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Assembly (election)
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Appointed by (Monarch)
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
| [[Pattom Thanu Pillai|Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]
| [[File:Pattom A. Thanu Pillai.jpg|100x100px]]
| 24 March 1948
| 17 October 1948
| {{age in years and days|1948|3|24|1948|10|20}}
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" | Representative Body (1948–49)
| rowspan="2" |[[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai]]
| [[File:T. K. Narayana Pillai.jpg|100x100px]]
| 22 October 1948
| 1 July 1949
| {{age in years and days|1948|10|20|1949|6|30}}
|}

==Administrative divisions==

In 1856, the princely state was sub-divided into three divisions, each of which was administered by a Divan Peishkar, with a rank equivalent to a District Collector in British India.<ref name="AHoT 486">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n602 486]|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> These were the:
* [[Northern Division (Travancore)|Northern Travancore (Cottayam)]] comprising the [[Tehsils of India|talukas]] of [[Cherthala|Sharetalay]], [[Vaikom|Vycome]], [[Ettumanoor|Yetmanoor]], [[Kottayam|Cottayam]], [[Changanassery|Chunginacherry]], [[Meenachil]], [[Thodupuzha|Thodupolay]], [[Muvattupuzha|Moovatupolay]], [[Kunnathunad|Kunnathnaud]], [[Alangad|Alangaud]] and [[North Paravur|Paravoor]];
* [[Quilon Division|Quilon (Central Travancore)]], comprising the talukas of [[Kollam|Quilon]], [[Ambalappuzha|Amabalapulay]], [[Chengannur|Chengannoor]], [[Pandalam]], [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnattur]], [[Karunagappalli|Karungapully]], [[Karthikappally|Kartikapully]], [[Harippad]] and [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikaray]];
* [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore (Padmanabhapuram)]] comprising [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Chirayinkeezhu|Chirayinkir]], [[Thovala]]y, [[Agastheeswaram|Auguteeswarom]], Kalculam, [[Eraniel|Eraneel]], and Velavencode.

===Divisions according to the 1911 Census of Travancore===

====1. Padmanabhapuram Division====

The 1911 Census Report of Travancore states that Padmanabhapuram Division was the original seat of Travancore, where [[Thiruvithamcode]] and [[Padmanabhapuram]] are located.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor">{{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1911, Volume XXIII, TRAVANCORE, Part-I, Report|last=Iyer|first=A. Subrahmanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1912|location=Trivandrum|pages=19–22|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf}}</ref> The report further states that a vast majority of this division was ethnic [[Tamil people|Tamils]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> Padamanabhapuram Division consisted of the present-day district of [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The report also states that the two southernmost taluks of this division, namely Thovalai and Agastheeswaram, geographically too more resembles to [[Pandya Nadu]] of [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil country]] and the eastern [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] than the rest of [[Malayalam]] country.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/>

====2. Thiruvananthapuram Division====

This division has been the headquarters of Travancore since 1795.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The [[Neyyattinkara]] taluk was a main seat of industry according to the 1911 census report of Travancore.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> This division also contained many ethnic Tamils, mostly concentrated in the southern taluks of [[Neyyattinkara]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The Trivandrum Division consisted of the present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] excluding the British colony at [[Anchuthengu]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/>

====3. Quilon Division====

[[Kollam|Quilon]] was the capital of [[Venad]] and the largest port town in Travancore, and was also one of the oldest ports on [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The 1911 Census of Travancore states that [[Malayalam]] country began from Quilon division onwards.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> However, the [[Sengottai]] taluk of this division, which was earlier under [[Kottarakkara]] Thampuran, was a Tamil-majority region.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> Geographically too, Sengottai more resembled [[Madurai]] and [[Pandya Nadu]] than rest of the Malayalam country.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The Quilon division encompassed present-day [[Kollam]] district, [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] district, [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] district, and some parts of [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district.

====4. Kottayam Division====

This division was situated in the northernmost area of Travancore.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> It was a pure Malayalam-speaking and geographical region.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> The [[Vembanad Lake]] was a specialty of this division.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/>

====5. Devikulam Division====

This division consisted mostly of the present-day [[Idukki district]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> It was also related to [[Pandya Nadu]] and [[Kongu Nadu]].<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/> Devikulam division was Tamil-speaking region.<ref name="Thiruvithamkoor"/>

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1816|12=906,587 |13=1836|14=1,280,668 |15=1854|16=1,262,647 |17=1875|18=2,311,379 |19=1881|20=2,401,158 |21=1891|22=2,557,736 |23=1901|24=2,952,157|25=1911|26=3,428,975 |27=1921|28=4,006,062|29=1931|30=5,095,973|31=1941|32=6,070,018 |percentages=pagr|footnote=Source:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941)|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1942|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=13|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1891)|publisher=Government of India|year=1894|location=Chennai|page=631|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=87|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Travancore (1941):<ref name="r1941">{{Cite book|title=Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941)|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1942|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=124–125|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 60.5
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| value2 = 32.35
| color2 = dodgerblue
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 7.15
| color3 = Green
}}

Travancore had a population of 6,070,018 at the time of the [[1941 Census of India]].<ref name="1941Census">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114131939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM|archive-date=2013-11-14|access-date=2014-03-29|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM|title=Table 1 – Area, houses and population|work=[[1941 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

===Religions===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|-
! Census year
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|[[Hinduism|'''Hindus''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"|[[Christianity|'''Christians''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Islam|'''Muslims''']]
|Source
|-
! 1816 – 1820
| 906,587
| 752,371
| '''82.99%'''
| 112,158
| '''12.37%'''
| 42,058
| '''4.64%'''
|<ref name="r1931">{{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1932|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=327, 331|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5591/1/43534_1931_REP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! 1881
| 2,401,158
| 1,755,610
| '''73.12%'''
| 498,542
| '''20.76%'''
| 146,909
| '''6.12%'''
|<ref name="r1881" />
|-
! 1891
| 2,557,736
| 1,871,864
| '''73.18%'''
| 526,911
| '''20.60%'''
| 158,823
| '''6.21%'''
|<ref name="r1891">{{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1891)|publisher=Government of India|year=1894|location=Chennai|pages=10–11, 683|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! 1901
| 2,952,157
| 2,063,798
| '''69.91%'''
| 697,387
| '''23.62%'''
| 190,566
| '''6.46%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|-
! 1911
| 3,428,975
| 2,298,390
| '''67.03%'''
| 903,868
| '''26.36%'''
| 226,617
| '''6.61%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|-
! 1921
| 4,006,062
| 2,562,301
| '''63.96%'''
| 1,172,934
| '''29.27%'''
| 270,478
| '''6.75%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|-
! 1931
| 5,095,973
| 3,137,795
| '''61.57%'''
| 1,604,475
| '''31.46%'''
| 353,274
| '''6.93%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|-
! 1941
| 6,070,018
| 3,671,480
| '''60.49%'''
| 1,963,808
| '''32.35%'''
| 434,150
| '''7.15%'''
|<ref name="r1941" />
|}

===Languages===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|-
! Census year
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|[[Languages of India|'''Others''']]
|Source
|-
! 1875
| 2,311,379
| 1,902,533
| '''82.32%'''
| 387,909
| '''16.78%'''
| 20,937
| '''0.91%'''
|<ref name="r1881" />
|-
! 1881
| 2,401,158
| 1,937,454
| '''80.69%'''
| 439,565
| '''18.31%'''
| 24,139
| '''1.01%'''
|<ref name="r1881" />
|-
! 1891
| 2,557,736
| 2,079,271
| '''81.29%'''
| 448,322
| '''17.53%'''
| 30,143
| '''1.18%'''
|<ref name="r1891" />
|-
! 1901
| 2,952,157
| 2,420,049
| '''81.98%'''
| 492,273
| '''16.68%'''
| 39,835
| '''1.35%'''
|<ref name="r1901">{{Cite book|title=Census of India-1901, Volume-XXVI, Travancore (Part-I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subrahmanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1903|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=224–225|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55974}}</ref>
|-
! 1911
| 3,428,975
| 2,836,728
| '''82.73%'''
| 554,618
| '''16.17%'''
| 37,629
| '''1.10%'''
|<ref name="r1911">{{Cite book|title=Census of India – 1911, Volume-XXIII, Travancore (Part-I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subramhanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1912|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=176|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! 1921
| 4,006,062
| 3,349,776
| '''83.62%'''
| 624,917
| '''15.60%'''
| 31,369
| '''0.78%'''
|<ref name="r1921">{{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1921, Volume-XXV, Travancore|last=Iyer|first=S. Krishnamoorthi|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1922|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=91|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56017}}</ref>
|-
! 1931
| 5,095,973
| 4,260,860
| '''83.61%'''
| 788,455
| '''15.47%'''
| 46,658
| '''0.92%'''
|<ref name="r1931" />
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Distribution of Language by Division (1881)<ref name="r1881"/>
|-
| style="background:Orange;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Division''']]
| style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam (%)''']]
| style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil (%)''']]
|-
! [[Padmanabhapuram]] Division
| '''11.24'''
| '''88.03'''
|-
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Division
| '''87.05'''
| '''12.09'''
|-
! [[Kollam|Quilon]] Division
| '''92.42'''
| '''6.55'''
|-
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]] Division
| '''95.19'''
| '''3.65'''
|-
! [[Devikulam|Devicolam]] Division
| '''36.18'''
| '''59.14'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Languages by [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s (1881)<ref name="r1881"/>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:Black;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Taluk''']]
| '''Total population'''
| colspan="2" style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:gray;"|[[Languages of India|'''Others''']]
|-
! 1
! [[Thovalai]]
| 30,260
| 190
| '''0.63%'''
| 29,708
| '''98.18%'''
| 362
| '''1.20%'''
|-
! 2
! [[Agasteeswaram]]
| 78,979
| 705
| '''0.89%'''
| 76,645
| '''97.04%'''
| 1,629
| '''2.06%'''
|-
! 3
! [[Eraniel]]
| 112,116
| 9,640
| '''8.60%'''
| 102,389
| '''91.32%'''
| 87
| '''0.08%'''
|-
! 4
! [[Kalkulam|Culcoolum]]
| 60,908
| 10,528
| '''17.29%'''
| 49,930
| '''81.98%'''
| 450
| '''0.74%'''
|-
! 5
! [[Vilavancode]]
| 69,688
| 18,497
| '''26.54%'''
| 51,172
| '''73.43%'''
| 19
| '''0.03%'''
|-
! 6
! [[Neyyattinkara]]i
| 110,410
| 97,485
| '''88.29%'''
| 12,809
| '''11.60%'''
| 116
| '''0.11%'''
|-
! 7
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] South
| 51,337
| 39,711
| '''77.35%'''
| 10,522
| '''20.50%'''
| 1,104
| '''2.15%'''
|-
! 8
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] North
| 51,649
| 38,979
| '''75.47%'''
| 11,102
| '''21.50%'''
| 1,568
| '''3.04%'''
|-
! 9
! [[Nedumangad|Nedoomangad]]
| 52,211
| 48,492
| '''92.88%'''
| 3,573
| '''6.84%'''
| 146
| '''0.28%'''
|-
! 10
! [[Chirayinkeezhu|Sheraingil]]
| 87,072
| 82,339
| '''94.56%'''
| 4,629
| '''5.37%'''
| 146
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 11
! [[Kottarakkara]]i
| 55,924
| 51,836
| '''94.56%'''
| 3,994
| '''7.14%'''
| 94
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 12
! [[Pathanapuram]]
| 37,064
| 35,264
| '''95.14%'''
| 1,603
| '''4.32%'''
| 197
| '''0.53%'''
|-
! 13
! [[Sengottai]]
| 30,477
| 7
| '''0.02%'''
| 29,694
| '''97.43%'''
| 776
| '''2.55%'''
|-
! 14
! [[Kollam|Quilon]]
| 108,469
| 103,775
| '''95.67%'''
| 3,650
| '''3.37%'''
| 1,044
| '''0.96%'''
|-
! 15
! [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]]
| 62,700
| 60,330
| '''96.22%'''
| 2,339
| '''3.73%'''
| 31
| '''0.05%'''
|-
! 16
! [[Karunagappally|Karunagapully]]
| 101,039
| 99,079
| '''98.06%'''
| 1,814
| '''1.80%'''
| 146
| '''0.14%'''
|-
! 17
! [[Karthikappally|Karthikapully]]
| 81,969
| 79,705
| '''97.24%'''
| 1,059
| '''1.29%'''
| 1,205
| '''1.47%'''
|-
! 18
! [[Mavelikkara]]i
| 111,731
| 107,404
| '''96.13%'''
| 4,139
| '''3.70%'''
| 188
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 19
! [[Chengannur]]
| 81,301
| 80,295
| '''98.76%'''
| 986
| '''1.21%'''
| 20
| '''0.02%'''
|-
! 20
! [[Thiruvalla]]i
| 103,007
| 101,041
| '''98.09%'''
| 1,664
| '''1.62%'''
| 302
| '''0.29%'''
|-
! 21
! [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalappulay]]
| 93,401
| 82,345
| '''88.16%'''
| 5,864
| '''6.28%'''
| 5,192
| '''5.56%'''
|-
! 22
! [[Cherthala|Sharetala]]
| 113,704
| 107,108
| '''94.20%'''
| 2,312
| '''2.03%'''
| 4,284
| '''3.77%'''
|-
! 23
! [[Vaikom|Vycome]]
| 76,414
| 72,827
| '''95.31%'''
| 2,684
| '''3.51%'''
| 903
| '''1.81%'''
|-
! 24
! [[Ettumanoor|Yettoomanoor]]
| 79,058
| 75,004
| '''94.87%'''
| 3,879
| '''4.91%'''
| 175
| '''0.22%'''
|-
! 25
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]]
| 64,958
| 63,831
| '''98.27%'''
| 722
| '''1.11%'''
| 405
| '''0.62%'''
|-
! 26
! [[Changanassery|Chunganacherry]]
| 74,154
| 66,481
| '''89.65%'''
| 7,394
| '''9.97%'''
| 279
| '''0.38%'''
|-
! 27
! [[Meenachil|Meenachel]]
| 57,102
| 55,186
| '''96.64%'''
| 1,857
| '''3.25%'''
| 59
| '''0.10%'''
|-
! 28
! [[Muvattupuzha|Moovattupulay]]
| 95,460
| 93,473
| '''97.92%'''
| 1,930
| '''2.02%'''
| 57
| '''0.06%'''
|-
! 29
! [[Thodupuzha|Todupulay]]
| 24,321
| 23,227
| '''95.50%'''
| 1,085
| '''4.46%'''
| 9
| '''0.04%'''
|-
! 30
! [[Kunnathunad|Cunnathunad]]
| 109,625
| 108,083
| '''98.59%'''
| 831
| '''0.76%'''
| 711
| '''0.65%'''
|-
! 31
! [[Alangad|Alangaud]]
| 66,753
| 65,839
| '''98.63%'''
| 571
| '''0.86%'''
| 343
| '''0.51%'''
|-
! 32
! [[North Paravur|Paravoor]]
| 61,966
| 56,495
| '''91.17%'''
| 3,332
| '''5.38%'''
| 2,139
| '''3.45%'''
|-
! 33
! [[Cardamom Hills]]
| 6,228
| 2,253
| '''36.18%'''
| 3,683
| '''59.14%'''
| 292
| '''4.69%'''
|-
!-
! Travancore
! 2,401,158
! 1,937,454
! '''80.69%'''
! 439,565
! '''18.31%'''
! 24,139
! '''1.01%'''
|}
{{Further|topic=the language Nanam Monam, also known as|Naanam Moonam}}

==Currency==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
Unlike the rest of India, Travancore divided the [[Indian rupee|rupee]] into unique values, as represented on coins and stamps. The subunits of the currency used in the kingdom were as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit !! Equivalent Sub-units
|-
| 1 [[Travancore Rupee|Rupee]] || 7 [[Travancore Fanam|Fanam]]s
|-
| 1 Fanam || 4 Chuckrams
|-
| 1 Chuckram || 16 Cash
|}

Cash and Chuckram coins were made of copper while [[Travancore Fanam|Fanam]] and [[Travancore Rupee|Rupee]] coins were made of silver.

==Culture==

[[File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Kowdiar Palace]], Thiruvananthapuram ]]

Travancore was characterised by the popularity of its rulers among their subjects.<ref>THE HINDU by STAFF REPORTER, 14 May 2013, 'Simplicity hallmark of Travancore royal family'- National seminar on the last phase of monarchy in Travancore inaugurated: "History is replete with instances where the Travancore royal family functioned more as servants of the State than rulers who exploited the masses. The simplicity that the family consistently upheld in all aspects of governance distinguished it from other contemporary monarchies, said Governor of West Bengal M.K. Narayanan"</ref> The [[Kings of Travancore]], unlike their counterparts in the other [[princely states]] of India, spent only a small portion of their state's resources for personal use. This was in sharp contrast with some of the northern Indian kings. Since they spent most of the state's revenue for the benefit of the public, they were naturally much loved by their subjects.<ref>"Sree Chithira Thirunal, was a noble model of humility, simplicity, piety and total dedication to the welfare of the people. In the late 19th and early 20th century when many native rulers were callously squandering the resources of their, states, this young Maharaja was able to shine like a solitary star in the firmament, with his royal dignity, transparent sincerity, commendable intelligence and a strong sense of duty."- 'A Magna Carta of Religious Freedom' Speech By His Excellency V.Rachaiya, Governor of Kerala, delivered at Kanakakkunnu Palace on 25.10.1992</ref>

Violence rooted in religion or [[caste system in India|caste]] was uncommon in Travancore, but the barriers based on these parameters were rigid. [[Swami Vivekananda]] described Travancore as "The Lunatic Asylum in India" due to the level of caste discrimination.<ref name="Trava">A Survey of Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon (2007), DC Books, Kottayam</ref> [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] pointed out the high-level casteism existed in Travancore.

Travancore was once a dominant feudal state during the [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]] period, with the [[Nair|Nair aristocracy]] reaching its peak compared to other kingdoms.<ref name="Menon1878" /> Later [[Nairs]] and [[Kerala Iyers|Tamil Brahmins]] alone dominated the bureaucracy until the early 20th century. Many political ideologies (such as [[communism]]) and social reforms were not welcomed in Travancore, and in [[Punnapra]], police fired at communist protesters. The Travancorean royal family are devout [[Hindu]]s. Some practiced untouchability with [[British Raj|British officers]], European aristocrats, and diplomats. (For instance, [[Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]], reported that [[Maharaja]] [[Visakham Thirunal]] took a bath after touching Richard's wife, to remove ritual pollution, when they visited in 1880.) The decline of the caste system began at the end of the 19th century due to a series of [[Kerala reformation movement|reformation movements]]. As a result, the kingdom of Travancore became the region with the highest male literacy rate in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|title=The decline of Nayar dominance : society and politics in Travancore, 1847-1908|year=1976|pages=17–18}}</ref>

Unlike most of India, in [[South Canara]] and Travancore (and the rest of Kerala), the social status and freedom of women who belong to forward castes were relatively high. An exception was the 19th-century [[Upper cloth revolt|Upper Cloth Revolt]]. The women of backward castes had not the permission to wear upper cloth in Travancore.<ref name="Trava"/> In some communities, the daughters inherited the property (though property was exclusively administered by men, their brothers) (until 1925), were educated, and had the right to divorce and remarry. Due to laws passed by regent queen [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] in 1925, patriarchy was established and now women have relatively fewer rights.<ref>{{cite news|last=Santhanam|first=Kausalya|title=Royal vignettes: Travancore – Simplicity graces this House |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000700700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404124139/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000700700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2011|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 March 2003}}</ref>

==Notable people==





#[[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] (1736–1799) is the author of [[Varthamanappusthakam]] (1790), the first ever travelogue in an Indian language.
#[[Mor Severios]] (1851–1927), [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
#[[Kandathil Varghese Mappillai]] (1857 – 6 July 1904) was an Indian journalist, translator, publisher and the founder of the newspaper ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and the magazine ''[[Bhashaposhini]]''.

==See also==

{{Portal|Monarchy|Royalty|India|History}}
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Zamorin of Calicut]]
* [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
* [[Marthanda Varma]]
* [[Travancore-Cochin]]
* [[Thachudaya Kaimal]]
* [[Battle of Colachel]]
* [[Travancore War]]
* [[Travancore rupee]]
* [[Battle of Nedumkotta]]
* [[Travancore–Dutch War]]
* [[Cochin - Travancore Alliance (1761)]]
* [[Cochin Travancore War (1755–1756)]]
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
* [[Upper cloth revolt]]
* [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]
* [[Temple Entry Proclamation]]
* [[Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State]]
* [[Madras Presidency]]
* [[Malabar District]]
* [[Marthandavarma (novel)]]
* ''[[The Years of Rice and Salt]]'', an acclaimed novel that features an alternate history Travancore
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

=== Citations ===

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book|first1=V. Nagam|last1=Aiya|author-link1=V. Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|publisher=Travancore Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|year=1906}} ([https://archive.org/details/TRAVANCORESTATEMANUAL Digital book format])

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Hatch|first=Emily Gilchriest|title=Pictures of Travancore|year=1934|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=64}}
* {{cite book|last=Hatch|first=Emily Gilchriest|title=Travancore: A guide book for the visitor with thirty-two illustrations and two maps|year=1933|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Calcutta|page=270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OUxAAAAIAAJ}} (a second revision was published in 1939)
* {{cite book|last=Menon|first= P. Shungoonny |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/stream/ahistorytravanc00menogoog#page/n6/mode/2up|year=1879|publisher=Higginbotham & Co., Madras}}
* {{cite book
| author = U. Sivaraman Nair | year=1955
| title= Travancore–Cochin Language Handbook (1951) | publisher=Travancore–Cochin Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5618/1/47149_1951_LAN.pdf
}}

===Census reports===

* {{Cite book|title=1871 Travancore Census Report|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1874|location=Trivandrum|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5569/1/20013_1871_REP.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)|publisher=Government of India|year=1884|location=Trivandrum|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1891)|publisher=Government of India|year=1894|location=Trivandrum|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Census of India – 1901, Vol. XXVI, Travancore (Part I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subrahmanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1903|location=Trivandrum|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55974}}
* {{Cite book|title=Census of India – 1911, Vol. XXIII, Travancore (Part I)|last=Iyer|first=N. Subramhanya|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1912|location=Trivandrum|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20Travancore%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1921, Vol. XXV, Travancore|last=Iyer|first=S. Krishnamoorthi|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1922|location=Trivandrum|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56017}}
* {{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1931, Vol. XXVIII, Travancore, Part I Report|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1932|location=Trivandrum|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5591/1/43534_1931_REP.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Travancore, Part I, Vol. XXV (1941)|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=1942|location=Trivandrum|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507030858/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/tsm_2.htm Travancore State Manual] by T.K.Velu Pillai (archived 7 May 2006)

{{Kerala}}
{{Travancore region}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|8|26|N|76|55|E|type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore| ]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:1729 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]

List of ambassadors of India to Myanmar

2026-03-11T08:37:57Z

Mohamedmeera29: Created Pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador
| body = India to Myanmar
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 75px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Abhay Thakur
| acting =
| incumbentsince = April 2024
| department =
| style = [[His Excellency]]
| type = [[Ambassador]]
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| reports_to = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| residence =
| seat = Embassy of India, Yangon
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = No fixed tenure
| termlength_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|https://embassyofindiayangon.gov.in/pages/Mg,,|Indian Ambassador to Myanmar}}
}}

The '''ambassador of India to the''' '''Myanmar''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Myanmar]]. The embassy is located at 545-547 Merchant St, [[Kyauktada Township]], [[Yangon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://embassyofindiayangon.gov.in/pages/OA,, |access-date=11 March 2026 |website=Embassy of India, Yangon, Myanmar}}</ref>

The embassy is headed by the [[Ambassador]], while two consulates located in [[Mandalay]] and [[Sittwe]] are headed by a [[Consulate general]]. And the India Liaison Office in [[Nay Pyi Taw]] is headed by [[Liaison officer|Liaison Officer]].

==List of Indian ambassadors==
The following people have served as Ambassadors to the Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Ambassadors |url=https://embassyofindiayangon.gov.in/pages/MTQ4 |access-date=11 March 2026 |website=Embassy of India, Yangon, Myanmar}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Name
!Entered office
!Left office
|-
|1
|M. A. Rauf
|8 November 1946
|1952
|-
|2
|[[K. K. Chettur]]
|September 1952
|30 August 1954
|-
|3
|R. R. Saksena
|19 December 1954
|1955
|-
|4
|Lalji Mehrotra
|17 September 1956
|1958
|-
|5
|R. S. Mani
|4 November 1960
|30 September 1963
|-
|6
|[[R. D. Katari]]
|1 June 1964
|25 November 1969
|-
|7
|Baleshwar Prasad
|9 February 1970
|31 January 1971
|-
|8
|[[Ralengnao Khathing|Ralegnao Khathing]]
|10 January 1972
|9 January 1975
|-
|9
|N. P. Alexander
|26 February 1975
|27 March 1978
|-
|10
|A. N. Bose
|27 June 1978
|17 July 1980
|-
|11
|[[G. G. Swell]]
|11 November 1980
|30 July 1984
|-
|12
|[[Indu Prakash Singh|I. P. Singh]]
|12 August 1985
|28 August 1989
|-
|13
|P. M. S. Malik
|25 August 1990
|24 September 1992
|-
|14
|[[G. Parthasarathy]]
|12 November 1992
|27 May 1995
|-
|15
|L. T. Pudaite
|22 September 1995
|21 December 1996
|-
|16
|[[Shyam Saran]]
|20 April 1997
|4 July 2001
|-
|17
|Vivek Katju
|8 August 2001
|12 February 2002
|-
|18
|R. K. Bhatia
|28 June 2002
|24 August 2005
|-
|19
|Bhaskar K. Mitra
|1 September 2005
|30 September 2008
|-
|20
|Aloke Sen
|6 October 2008
|30 June 2010
|-
|21
|V. S. Seshadri
|5 July 2010
|28 February 2013
|-
|22
|[[Gautam Mukhopadhaya|G. Mukhopadhaya]]
|14 June 2013
|31 May 2016
|-
|23
|[[Vikram Misri]]
|31 August 2016
|19 December 2018
|-
|24
|[[Saurabh Kumar (ambassador)|Saurabh Kumar]]
|30 January 2019
|29 December 2021
|-
|25
|[[Vinay Kumar (diplomat)|Vinay Kumar]]
|24 February 2022
|12 April 2024
|-
|26
|Abhay Thakur
|29 April 2024
|''Incumbent''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://embassyofindiayangon.gov.in/|Official website of Indian embassy in Yangon}}

{{Ambassadors of India}}

[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Myanmar]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Myanmar|India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Myanmar| ]]

Raghaveshwara Bharati

2026-03-10T05:39:13Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added first info more to come

{{Short description|36th peetadipathi of ramachandrapura mutt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Raghaveshwara Bharati
| image =
| caption = Raghaveshwara Bharati
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Harish Sharma
| birth_place = Chaduravalli, [[Sagara, Karnataka]], India
| nationality = Indian
| order = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| guru = Raghavendra Bharati
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| website = [https://srisamsthana.org srisamsthana.org]
}}

'''Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati''' (born '''Harish Sharma''') is an Indian Hindu monk and the 36th pontiff of the [[Ramachandrapura Math]], a traditional [[Advaita Vedanta]] monastery headquartered in [[Hosanagara]], [[Karnataka]]. He succeeded Sri Raghavendra Bharati in 1999 after receiving [[sannyasa]] (renunciation) in 1994. He is known for promoting [[Vedic]] culture and leading various social initiatives related to cow protection, environmental conservation, and rural welfare.

Raghaveshwara Bharati has also been involved in legal controversies, including allegations of rape and sexual assault, which were later dismissed on procedural grounds by the [[Karnataka High Court]].

==Birth and childhood==
Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati in his early days before taking initiation was known by the name Harish Sharma. He was born in the village called Chaduravalli in [[Sagara, Karnataka]] .{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

== Education==
He studied [[Vedantha]], [[Yoga]], [[Astrology]] and [[Sanskrit]] in [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] and later in [[Mysore]].

==Sannyasa and after==

On 28 April 1999, Sri Bharati was made pontiff following the sadgati of Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri Sri Raghavendra Bharathi mahaswamiji{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==Religious thought and social responsibility==

He stresses the need to protect [[Vedic culture]], and its activities along with other social activities.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

One of the plans instituted by him in the Maṭhs is ''Musti Bikshe Yojana'' wherein each devotee keeps a fist full of rice daily as gift to the Maṭh, and collectively later feeds the needy and hunger, as old age orphans, hostels for homeless or at the time of natural calamity, etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/preparations-on-for-ramayana-mahasatra/article3167428.ece|title=Ramayana Mahasatra|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Musti Bhikshe|url=http://www.srimath.org/Projects/mustieng.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227034541/http://www.srimath.org/Projects/mustieng.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

He frequently conducts [[Rama]] Katha (Story of Rama) for the general public — a blend of discourse, dance, music and drawing — all that depict various incidents of [[Ramayana]] at various places.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Sri-Raghaveshwara-Bharathi-swamiji-of-Jagadguru-Shankaracharya-Mahasamsthanam-will-give-a-religious-discourse--Raamakatha-at-Shree-Bharathi-College-Nanthoor-here-from-January-28-to-February-1-Ramakatha-is-a-unique-blend-of-discourse-dance-music-and-drawing--all-that-depict-various-incidents-of-Ramayana-and-is-aimed-at-giving-a-flavour-of-Valmiki-Ramayana-to-the-present-generation-/articleshow/11629367.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Sri Raghaveshwara Bharathi swamiji of Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam will give a religious discourse – Raamakatha at Shree Bharathi College, Nanthoor here from 28 January to 1 February. Ramakatha is a unique blend of discourse, recitation of hymns, music and instant drawing, skit & dance – all that depict various incidents of Ramayana and is aimed at giving a flavour of Valmiki Ramayana to the present generation. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3872820.ece | newspaper=The Hindu | title=Bangalore Today for 8 Sept. | date=8 September 2012 | accessdate=2 June 2013 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3641614.ece | newspaper=The Hindu | title=Bangalore today | date=15 July 2012 | accessdate=2 June 2013 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Eye hospital===
He established the Bharathiya Nethra Chikitshalya in Mujangavu, [[Kumbla]] in [[Kasaragod]] dist, to cater the need of rural eye patients, criss-crossing the boundaries of religion in social service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eye hospital inauguration|work=VishwaHitam |url=http://www.vishwahitam.org/2011/sri-bharati-eye-hospital-mujungavu/|accessdate= 21 June 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Picture samsthana.jpg|thumb|36th Maṭhadhipati of Ramachandrapura Maṭh]]

===Preventing Mining at Ambaragudda===
Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati led a protest march by environmentalists against mining in and around [[Kodachadri]]. For opposing mining activities, he has to face the ire of mining agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andolan seeks restoration of ban on mining at Ambargudda |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702670300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423194135/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702670300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2007|location=Bangalore|date=17 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=19 September 2012}}</ref>

Under his Project ''Vanajeevana Yajna'', thousands traditional and medicinal plants have been planted. Citizens are encouraged to plant at least five saplings every year under the project.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hegde|first=Balakrishna|title=A green Venture|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july25/spt8.asp|accessdate=28 December 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=25 July 2003}}</ref>

At 2003, Manganese mining activities started at [[Ambaragudda]] (Kodachadri, Karnataka), situated at western ghats (India). Mine owners promised to build hospitals, roads for locals and got an approval for mining of 18 acres. But, they unearthed hundreds of acres of land unofficially. Sri Raghaveshwara Bharathi Swamiji of Ramachandrapura Maṭh came to know about this matter and decided to fight against mining at [[Ambaragudda]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bangalorewaves.com/articles/bangalorewaves-article-details.php?val1=OTA2 | title=ಅಂಬಾರಗುಡ್ಡ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಗಾಗಿ ರಾಘವೇಶ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀಗಳು ನಡೆಸಿದ ಆಂದೋಲನ }}</ref> He personally visited the place, looked at the casualty and created a stage called ''Kodachadri Sanjeevini'' to fight against mining. He brought locals, Forest officials, local MLAs into this stage and protested all over the place. As a result of this movement, forest department forfeit mining machines, equipments and stopped mining activities at Ambaragudda. Officials from Ministry of Environment visited the place and agreed upon casualty done to the environment. State High Court ordered to stop mining activities and encouraged to protect environment. On 16.05.2005, locals and devotees of maṭh planted new plants at Ambaragudda. Swamiji had a life threat in this case and Karnataka State Government had appointed a gun man for his security. Today this place is announced as Natural Heritage Site by Biodiversity Board.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july062004/spt2.asp |title=Dynamites & JCBS greet you at this bio-diversity hotspot - Deccan Herald |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023244/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july062004/spt2.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702670300.htm |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Shimoga News : Andolan seeks restoration of ban on mining at Ambargudda |website=The Hindu |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117140237/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702670300.htm |archive-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr52007/district222557200744.asp |title=Hosanagar residents stage protest - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513015603/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr52007/district222557200744.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Preservation of indigenous cows===
Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati has campaigned for the preservation of indigenous cow breeds through a programme called "Kamadugha". On 22 April 2007, he led a nine-day Vishwa Go-Sammelan (World Cow Conference).<ref>{{cite news|title=Math prepares to host cow conference|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/20/stories/2007042013740500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112183339/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/20/stories/2007042013740500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2013|accessdate=7 July 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://udayindia.in/2016/04/20/declare-cow-and-its-progeny-national-animal-sri-sri-raghaveshwara-bharati/ |title="Declare Cow and its progeny National Animal" -Sri Sri Raghaveshwara Bharati – Uday India : Uday India |website=udayindia.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927204955/https://udayindia.in/2016/04/20/declare-cow-and-its-progeny-national-animal-sri-sri-raghaveshwara-bharati/ |archive-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>

Projects are on to start 108 [[goshala]]s, of which few are already started in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. This work is highly noted, as so far no institutions in India, govt or NGO's, had started the work. The Maṭh has many breeds in its collection. Work is being done to preserve the same for the future. Some rare breeds as Amrithmahal, Vechur, which count less than 100 in numbers, are protected here. He has been working stressing the need to promote products other than milk products, as Go-ark, medicines from cow, Doopa, etc.<ref>{{cite news|title=NABARD has big plans for 'Kasaragod dwarf'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2061030.ece|work=The Hindu News Paper|accessdate=21 June 2012|location=Chennai, India|date=30 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimath.org/Projects/Goushalas.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415205709/http://www.srimath.org/Projects/Goushalas.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Goushalas |publisher=Shree Ramachandrapura Math |accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref>

He also led and inspired the 108-day-long (30 September 2009 – 17 January 2010 ) 'Vishwa Mangala Gou Grama Yathra' with the support of various saints and Hindu organizations. The yathra covered the whole of India to highlight the importance of preservation and protection of cow with demands such as to declare cow as the national animal of India and to formulate laws to preserve various breeds of Indian cows. It ended with a big mass signature campaign signed by over 83 million people across India calling for the end of cruelty to cow and to declare cow a national animal which is then submitted to [[President of India]] on 31 January 2010. An 18-member delegation which visited the President of India was led by Bharati including yoga Guru Baba [[Ramdev]], [[Pejavara]] [[Vishvesha Tirtha]], many other senior saints and [[Shankaracharya]]s, religious leaders from Islam and Christianity, cow scientists, experts, organic farmers and leaders belonging to various organisations of the country.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

=== Vishwa Mangala Gou Grama Yatra ===
Vishwa Mangala Gou Grama Yatra is an initiative organized covering many states which resulted in collection of over eight crores signatures over a petition seeking complete ban on cow slaughter. The petition was later submitted to Mrs. [[Pratibha Patil]], the then President of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Keralam |first1=Haindava |last2=Migration |first2=H. K. |date=2009-07-23 |title=Vishwa Mangal Gou Gram Yatra – A movement to restore smile of farmers |url=https://haindavakeralam.com/vishwa-mangal-gou-gram-yatra-a-movement-to-restore-smile-of-farmers-hk1688 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Haindava Keralam |language=ml-IN}}</ref>

=== Vishwa Gou Sammelana ===
The World Cow Conference, which involved the participation of over 20 lakh devotees of indigenous cow lovers from 11 different countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Keralam |first1=Haindava |last2=Migration |first2=H. K. |date=2007-04-19 |title=Vishwa Gou Sammmelana from Tomorrow |url=https://haindavakeralam.com/vishwa-gou-sammmelana-hk16742 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Haindava Keralam |language=ml-IN}}</ref>

=== Mangala Gou Yatra ===
This movement, named after Mangal Pandey, the hero of first freedom struggle of 1857, mainly covered the states of South India and some places in neighboring Maharashtra to create an awakening among the masses on the need to preserve the indigenous cow breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jaideep Shenoy|date=24 January 2017 |title=Gou Yatra Mahamangala aims to project cattle rearing as profitable venture {{!}} Mangaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/gou-yatra-mahamangala-aims-to-project-cattle-rearing-as-profitable-venture/articleshow/56758688.cms |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Flood Relief ===
Social help like flood relief is another key contribution of the Maṭha. [[Ramachandrapura Maṭh|Sri Ramchandrapura Math]]'s Bharatiya Gou Parivara team had completed a task of collecting and distributing about 25 loads of fodder, necessary items worth approximately four lakhs, one ton of rice, 18 tonnes of animal fodder, to the flood affected regions all over Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Kamadugha |date=2019-09-03 |title=Help from Bharatiya Gou Parivara to the people affected by the flood |url=https://kamadugha.org/help-from-bharatiya-gou-parivara-to-the-people-affected-by-the-flood/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Kamadugha |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Kamadugha’s mission is to achieve this vision through four themes: Protection, Conservation, Awareness, Research ===
Kamadugha is a holistic mission of [[Ramachandrapura Maṭh|Sri RamachandrapuraMatha]] to popularise the benefits of protecting and conserving Desi cow (Bos Indicus) to mankind through historical evidence and research based outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://kamadugha.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Kamadugha |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Gouswarga ===
The Gouswarga started on 27 May 2018 under the management of Kamadugha Trust®, [[Ramachandrapura Maṭh|Sri Ramachandrapura Matha]] is an initiative for protection and flourishing of indigenous cows in their natural environment. A natural picturesque beauty, lying amidst the green peaks of Sahyadri mountains, this place is situated in Bhankuli near Siddapura town of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. This goushala has 15 different breeds, and about a thousand cattle rearing capacity. About 2.5 acres of pasture is available for grazing freely. Green grass is grown in nearby areas in around 45 acres of land. Cows are not in confinement here; they roam freely in spacious, serene enclosure. Shine or shelter as per their choice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit GouSwarga on your trip to Siddapur or India • Inspirock |url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/siddapur/gouswarga-a2719224975 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=inspirock.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Travel |url=https://www.google.com.pk/travel/unsupported?ei=g5AhYuy0KIzY3gGXno_QCw&sa=X&ved=0CAAQ5JsGahcKEwiwvqz5p_n7AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw&ts=CAESABoECgIaACoECgAaAA&ucpp=CrwBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS5way90cmF2ZWwvZW50aXR5L2tleS9DaGtJbW8yaXp2eXF5WkJBR2cwdlp5OHhNV2N3YTJNd2FHUjJFQVE_ZWk9ZzVBaFl1eTBLSXpZM2dHWG5vX1FDdyZzYT1YJnZlZD0wQ0FBUTVKc0dhaGNLRXdpd3ZxejVwX243QWhVQUFBQUFIUUFBQUFBUUF3JnRzPUNBRVNBQm9FQ2dJYUFDb0VDZ0FhQUE |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=google.com.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GouSwarga (Siddapur) – All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g10548085-d18926937-Reviews-GouSwarga-Siddapur_Uttara_Kannada_District_Karnataka.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Tripadvisor |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vishnugupta VishwaVidyapeetham (VVV) ===
VVV is an initiative by SriSri RaghaveshwaraBharati MahaSwamiji, aiming to preserve and promote the glorious traditions of Bharata for the future generations. Here a blend of modern education and traditional education will be taught to students, seeking to imbibe in them knowledge of Indian traditional arts and languages, and the practices of Sanatana Dharma.The main motivation behind the establishment of Vishnugupta Vishwa Vidyapeetham is reclaiming the lost Takshashila in the country. Hence, VVV is named after Chanakya, the great guru of Takshashila<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=2021-04-21 |title=With Sanskrit medium, Veda lessons, new Karnataka varsity aspires to be modern-day Takshashila |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/with-sanskrit-medium-veda-lessons-new-karnataka-varsity-aspires-to-be-modern-day-takshashila/643097/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnugupta Vishwa Vidyapeetha – Takshashila Reborn |url=https://gocrowdera.com/VishnuguptaVishwaVidyaPeetha/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=GoCrowdera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-23 |title=Vishnugupta varsity starting on 26 April |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vishnugupta-varsity-starting-on-april-26/article30637956.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-16 |title=Vishnugupta Vishwa Vidyapeetha will not be a commercial venture |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vishnugupta-vishwa-vidyapeetha-will-not-be-a-commercial-venture/article30837761.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-08 |title=Vishnugupta Vishwa Vidyapeetha to open gurukulas for Halakki, Mukri communities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vishnugupta-vishwa-vidyapeetha-to-open-gurukulas-for-halakki-mukri-communities/article33786725.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Controversies==

{{Empty section|date=August 2025}}

== Rape Allegations ==

===Sexual assault cases===
Bharati has been accused in two separate rape cases, both involving women who were associated with Ramachandrapura Math.

In the first case, a woman referred to in court documents as Geetha (name changed), a former singer and disciple at the math, accused him of sexually assaulting her multiple times between 2011 and 2014. She alleged that the assaults began under the pretext of spiritual guidance and were continued during religious tours and events. In 2014, she filed a police complaint after confiding in her husband. A trial court later acquitted Raghaveshwara Bharathi, stating that the prosecution had not established a strong enough case to proceed to trial. An appeal against this acquittal is pending in the Karnataka High Court.

In the second case, the seer was accused of raping a 15-year-old girl in 2006. The complainant, a former student at a school run by the math, alleged that the assault occurred during a private ritual called "Rama Darshan" conducted at the math. She further alleged that she was threatened and later abducted by individuals including advocate Aruna Shyam, who was named as a co-accused in the case. Charges under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act were filed, and the matter is currently under judicial consideration.

===Judicial recusals and case developments===

Since 2014, over ten Karnataka High Court judges have recused themselves from various cases involving the seer. Reasons cited or speculated include potential conflicts of interest, prior professional associations, and personal connections to the parties involved. The high number of recusals has led to delays in the judicial process. Similar recusals by other judges followed over the years.

Additional allegations related to threats and intimidation of the complainants have been raised. In the second case, advocate Aruna Shyam, who also served as Additional Advocate General of Karnataka, was granted anticipatory bail after being accused of kidnapping and threatening the survivor.

As of 2022, proceedings in both cases continue, with hearings and appeals pending before various judicial benches.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/rape-chargesheet-against-seer-raghaveshwara-void-says-hc-whose-lapse-it-160228 | title=Rape chargesheet against seer Raghaveshwara is void, says HC: Whose lapse is it? | date=25 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/powerful-karnataka-seer-accused-2-rape-cases-and-saga-recusals-judges-158410 | title=A powerful Karnataka seer accused in 2 rape cases and a saga of recusals by judges | date=6 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Other Allegations ==

===Allegations related to Gauri Lankesh murder===

In September 2017, one of the alleged rape victims filed a complaint with the Special Investigation Team (SIT) probing the murder of journalist [[Gauri Lankesh]]. They alleged that Bharati might have had an indirect role in the murder due to critical articles written about him by Gauri Lankesh. According to them, her writings had exposed past allegations involving the Bharati, including sexual assault claims. The SIT reviewed the documents submitted by the couple and, according to media reports, found no direct evidence linking the seer to the crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raghaveshwara Bharathi Swamiji's name surfaces in Gauri Lankesh murder case complaint |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=472176 |website=Daijiworld |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

==Honors==

He declined the offer of an honorary doctorate from [[Gulbarga University]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=381829&newstype=local |title=Ramachandrapura Math Swamiji Declines Honorary Doctorate |publisher=Mangalorean.com}}</ref>

==Notable disciples==
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] and Vivek Oberoi [[Bollywood]] actors<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/tv/28371074_1_spirituality-bollywood-actor-small-screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112182519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/tv/28371074_1_spirituality-bollywood-actor-small-screen |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2013 |title=Suresh Oberoi to return to small screen |date=4 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref>
*[[Arvind Bhat]], PV Sindhu International [[Badminton]] players
*[[Rama Jois]], Former Chief Justice of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], Former Governor of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]
*[[Radhe Shyam Agarwal]], Indian Entrepreneur, Founder of Emami Industries, [[Kolkata]]
*[[Anant Kumar Hegde]], Former Union Minister and current MP (Lok Sabha) of [[Uttara Kannada]]
*[[Nalin Kumar Kateel]], BJP Karnataka State President
*[[Tejasvi Surya]] MP Bengaluru South and National President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.srisamsthana.org/ Official Website of Sri Sri Raghaveshwara Bharathi Swamiji]
* [http://udayindia.in/2016/04/20/declare-cow-and-its-progeny-national-animal-sri-sri-raghaveshwara-bharati/ “Declare Cow and its progeny National Animal” –Sri Sri Raghaveshwara Bharathi]

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathi, Raghaveshwara}}
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindu activists]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Deewana (2013 film)

2026-03-04T00:25:58Z

Mohamedmeera29: adjusted content per sources after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deewana
| image =
| caption = Deewana Movie Poster
| director = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| producer = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| writer = [[N.K. Salil|NK Salil]]
| story = [[Ezhil]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] [[Bharat Kaul]] [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] [[Supriyo Datta]]
| music = [[Dev Sen]]
| cinematography = Mohan Verma
| editing = Md Kalam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|01|18}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
| screenplay = N K Salil
}}

'''''Deewana''''' is a 2013 Indian Bengali [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rabi Kinagi]] starring [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supriyomaza.in/site_deewana-2013-bengali-movie-mp3-songs-download.xhtm|title=First Look: Deewana Movie Information|date=2012-12-31|accessdate=2012-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408022530/http://supriyomaza.in/site_deewana-2013-bengali-movie-mp3-songs-download.xhtm|archive-date=8 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Deewana Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/deewana/movie-review/18102393.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 May 2016}}</ref> The movie was a remake of 2007 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deewana Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/deewana/movie-review/18102393.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 May 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Abhi
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Shruti Roy
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Agnidev Roy
* [[Arun Bannerjee]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Abhi's father
* Supriyo Datta as binu da
* Tulika Basu
* Mousumi Das

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Deewana
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Dev Sen

| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2013|01|}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Renny Johnson
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Deewana (Title Track)
| extra1 = Prasenjit Mallick, Nilakshi Bhattacharjee
| length1 = 4:33
| music1 = Dev Sen
| lyrics1 = [[Priyo Chattapadhyay]]
| title2 = De Signal
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[June Banerjee]]
| length2 = 4:00
| music2 = Dev Sen
| lyrics2 = Prasenjit Mallick
| title3 = Jege Achi
| extra3 = Prasenjit Mallick
| length3 = 4:44
| music3 = Dev Sen
| lyrics3 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| title4 = Baja Sanai Aar Baja Re Dhool
| extra4 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Nilakshi Bhattacharjee, Dev Sen
| length4 = 4:44
| music4 = Dev Sen
| lyrics4 = Sudip
| title5 = Mahi
| extra5 = Prasenjit Mallick
| length5 = 4:10
| music5 = Dev Sen
| lyrics5 = Prasenjit Mallick
| title6 = Deewana (Bonus Song)
| extra6 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[June Banerjee]]
| length6 = 4:33
| music6 = Dev Sen
| lyrics6 = Priyo Chattapadhyay
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2753628}}

{{Rabi Kinagi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deewana 2013 Film}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2013 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic action films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Tamil films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Hungama (1971 film)

2026-03-03T23:32:49Z

Mohamedmeera29: quick refine details for accuracy also and fixed typos

{{Short description|1971 Indian Bollywood comedy film}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hungama
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. M. Abbas]]
| producer =
| writer = [[S. M. Abbas]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kishore Kumar]]|[[Vinod Khanna]]|[[Zeenat Aman]]}}
| music = [[R.D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hungama''''' is a 1971 [[Bollywood]] [[comedy film]]. The film stars [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Zeenat Aman]].

==Plot==
Bade, a rich businessman worked with his younger brother Chote. They were a mean and miserly pair. Their nephew Mehmood was a spendthrift. So they decided to get him married. But on the wedding day, the nephew ran away from home.

==Cast==
*[[Kishore Kumar]] ... Gareebchand a.k.a. Badey
*[[Vinod Khanna]] ... Preetam
*[[Zeenat Aman]] ... Nisha
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] ... Naseebchand a.k.a. Chhotey
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] ... Jagdeep
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] ... Chameli
*[[Aruna Irani]] ... Sweety
*[[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]]
*[[Mukri]] ... Talaram Dalaal
*[[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] ... Banaspati Prasad
*[[Khalid Siddiqui]] (as Master Khalid)

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[R.D. Burman]], while lyrics were written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]].

#"Ae Door Se Baat Karna Ri" – [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Suraj Se Jo Kiran Ka Naata" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
#"Waah Ri Kismat Waah Waah" – Asha Bhosle, [[Manna Dey]]
#"Kachchi Kali Kachnaar Ki" – Asha Bhosle, Manna Dey
#"Meri Jawaani Teri Deewaani" – Asha Bhosle

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0215827|title=Hungama}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 comedy films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-comedy-film-stub}}

Double Engine (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:13:43Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added new details v1

{{short description|2024 film by Rohit & Sasi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double Engine
| image = Double Engine Release poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Rohit–Sasi|Rohit Penumatsa]]
| producer = Siddharth Rapalli
| writer = [[Rohit–Sasi]]
| starring = {{ubl|Muni Myatari|Ajith Kumar|Rohit Narsimha|Raju Shivaratri|Gayathri Gupta|Vishwender Reddy}}
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cinematography = Shashank Raghavula
| editing = [[Rohit–Sasi|Avanti Ruya]]
| studio = Waltair Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|01|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Double Engine''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] written by [[Rohit–Sasi]] and directed by Rohit Penumatsa. [[Vivek Sagar]] composed the music for the film. Siddharth Rapalli is the producer of the film, under Waltair Productions banner. The film's primary cast has newcomers. The film was theatrically released on 5 January 2024.

Rohit and Sasi followed a [[Guerrilla marketing|guerrilla method]] and wrapped up the film in 12 days.

==Plot==
This is the story of Danny and his friends and their hunt for the double headed snake, aka Double Engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/double-engine-film-review-rohit-penumatsas-tale-of-friendship-challenges-and-mythical-quests-review-106554033|title=Double Engine Review: Rohit Penumatsa’s Tale Of Friendship, Challenges, And Mythical Quests|work=[[Times Now]]|date=5 January 2024|first=Raisa|last=Nasreen|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> Danny drives a [[Auto rickshaw|share auto]] in Hyderabad. He goes back home to his village for his 21st birthday but the weekend turns out to be a lot more than he expected.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Muni Myatari as Danny
* Ajith Kumar as Gopi
* Rohit Narasimha as Narsing
* Raju Shivaratri as Mouli (Snake Charmer)
* Gayathri Gupta as Danny's sister
* Sai Kiran Yadav as Kishore
* Vishwender Reddy as Gopi's Grandfather
* Thanmai Bolt (in Auto Deck Song)
* [[Rohit–Sasi|Camp Sasi]] as farmhouse owner
}}

== Production ==
The film is set in a rural village, [[Narayankhed]], [[Telangana]]; and a few portions of it were shot in [[Hyderabad]] city. The film was shot with a guerilla cast and crew and was wrapped up in 12 days. Rohit & Sasi's longtime collaborator Vivek Sagar returned to compose the music of the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-01-03 |title=Rohit and Sasi on 'Double Engine': We followed a guerrilla method and wrapped up our film in 12 days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-and-sasi-on-indie-telugu-movie-double-engine-we-followed-a-guerrilla-method-and-wrapped-up-our-film-in-12-days/article67698343.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105111534/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-and-sasi-on-indie-telugu-movie-double-engine-we-followed-a-guerrilla-method-and-wrapped-up-our-film-in-12-days/article67698343.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie was made under Rs 30 lakhs budget.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sunanda |title=Double Engine OTT Release Date: Know About Plot, Platform & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/double-engine-ott-release-date-know-about-plot-platform-cast |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Double Engine
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 March 2023
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio = Tapeloop
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:31
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| prev_title = [[Keedaa Cola]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = Chivaraku Migiledhi
| next_year = 2023
}}
[[Vivek Sagar]] composed the music for ''Double Engine'' whose rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].

This film has five songs, with lyrics written by Camp Sasi, Niklesh Sunkoji, [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] and Rap by Nikhil Bharadwaj.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 21:38
| title1 = Kadak
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]]
| extra1 = [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]], Smaran, Nikhil Bharadwaj
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Palletoori Pillagada
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = Camp Sasi
| extra2 = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Sandeyela
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Niklesh Sunkoji
| extra3 = Partha Sarathy
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Pailanga
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Sarath Chamer Cobbler
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Auto Deck
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra5 =
| length5 = 3:26
}}

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "How Rohit and Sasi narrate this story makes all the difference. Shashank Raghavula’s visuals, with a touch of grunge and realism, give us snapshots of a day in Danny’s life" but added that "In the 105-minute film that comes to speed when the friends begin their hunt for the double-headed snake, there are stretches where nothing seems to happen".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/double-engine-telugu-movie-review-an-unhinged-coming-of-age-tale-from-rural-telangana/article67709705.ece|title='Double Engine' movie review: An unhinged coming-of-age tale from rural Telangana|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105132235/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/double-engine-telugu-movie-review-an-unhinged-coming-of-age-tale-from-rural-telangana/article67709705.ece|archive-date=5 January 2024|date=5 January 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The movie was reviewed by ''[[Times Now]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=डोगरा |first1=खुशबू |title=Double Engine Movie Review: रोहित पेनुमत्सा दोस्ती, चुनौतियों और पौराणिक खोजों की कहानी |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/double-engine-movie-review-rohit-penumatsa-and-sasi-film-won-hearts-of-million-people-review-106570824 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=5 January 2024 |language=hi}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film streamed on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/25/double-engine-to-release-on-ott-on-this-date|title=Double Engine to release on OTT on this date|date=25 March 2024|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt30138535}}
{{Portal bar|Films|India|2020s}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Crime thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films set in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Action drama films based on actual events]]

Dum Laga Ke Haisha

2026-03-02T09:36:20Z

Mohamedmeera29: adjusted citations further

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dum Laga Ke Haisha
| image = Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015 film).jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sharat Katariya]]
| producer = [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| writer = Sharat Katariya
| starring = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Andrea Guerra (composer)|Andrea Guerra]]
| cinematography = Manu Anand
| editing = [[Namrata Rao]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|02|27|India}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|14|c}}<ref name="Budget and Gross – box office india">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2718 |title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Dum Laga Ke Haisha – Box Office, Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705063329/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2718 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|113.85|C}}
}}
'''''Dum Laga Ke Haisha''''' ({{translation|''Give it all your force''}}), released internationally as '''''My Big Fat Bride''''', is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]] written and directed by [[Sharat Katariya]] and produced by [[Maneesh Sharma]]. The film stars [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]], in her film debut, in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bhumi-Pednekar-to-keep-low-profile-before-Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha/articleshow/46284046.cms |title=Bhumi Pednekar to keep low profile before 'Dum Laga Ke Haisha' – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304131906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bhumi-Pednekar-to-keep-low-profile-before-Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha/articleshow/46284046.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/celebrating-bhumi-pednekar-the-hoopla-around-dum-laga-ke-haisha-reveals-our-ingrained-fat-phobia-2132481.html |title=Celebrating Bhumi Pednekar: Why hoopla around Dum Laga Ke Haisha shows ingrained fat-phobia |publisher=Firstpost.com |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405120645/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/celebrating-bhumi-pednekar-the-hoopla-around-dum-laga-ke-haisha-reveals-our-ingrained-fat-phobia-2132481.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Anu Malik]], with Italian composer [[Andrea Guerra (composer)|Andrea Guerra]] composing the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redkar |first=Surabhi |date=2015-02-24 |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha Music Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-music-review/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 27 February 2015 to positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dum-laga-ke-haisha-will-win-your-heart/20150227.htm|title=Review: Dum Laga Ke Haisha will win your heart|date=27 February 2015|work=Rediff|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422053719/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dum-laga-ke-haisha-will-win-your-heart/20150227.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dum-laga-ke-haisha-nostalgia-90s-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-242725-2015-03-02 |title=Five times when you will get nostalgic watching Dum Laga Ke Haisha : Bollywood, News – India Today |work=India Today |date=2 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105163620/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dum-laga-ke-haisha-nostalgia-90s-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar/1/421899.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/UTAxpSPGB5mbStV2EhBx5K/Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha-A-feminist-fable-about-weight-of-aspir.html|title='Dum Laga Ke Haisha': A feminist fable about weight of aspirational manhood|work=mint |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422091148/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/UTAxpSPGB5mbStV2EhBx5K/Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha-A-feminist-fable-about-weight-of-aspir.html|url-status=live |last1=Sampath |first1=G. }}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], the film collected {{INRConvert|42|c}} domestically after a five-week run.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2718 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film celebrated 50 days of its theatrical run on 16 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dum-laga-ke-haisha-50-days-release-uae-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-yash-raj-films-249053-2015-04-17|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha: 50 days after India release, film to hit UAE uiscreens|date=17 April 2015 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122205520/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dum-laga-ke-haisha-50-days-release-uae-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-yash-raj-films/1/430746.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's final worldwide gross was {{INRConvert|71.85|c}}.<ref name=":0" />

''Dum Laga Ke Haisha'' received five nominations at the [[61st Filmfare Awards]], winning two, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for Pednekar and [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] for Manu Anand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> The song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" received three nominations for its lyrics by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and vocals by [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]] and [[Monali Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Awards won by Dum Laga Ke Haisha Movie - Yash Raj Films |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/about-us/awards/all-awards/dum-laga-ke-haisha |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref> The film also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-28 |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha wins National Award: Bhumi Pednekar, Ayushmann Khurranna thank all |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dum-laga-ke-haisha-wins-national-award-bhumi-pednekar-ayushmann-khurranna-thank-all/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{long plot|date=February 2022}} 
In 1995,<ref>{{cite web| title = Flashback to the fashion faux pas '90s with Dum Laga Ke Haisha| url = http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/flashback-fashion-faux-pas-90s-dum-laga-ke-haisha-2143663.html| work = First Post| date = 9 March 2015| access-date = 16 March 2015| archive-date = 12 March 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150312163133/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/flashback-fashion-faux-pas-90s-dum-laga-ke-haisha-2143663.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Prem Prakash Tiwari is a young owner of a video cassette shop in the local market of [[Haridwar]], who subscribes to a nationalist organisation. One of the key values of the organisation is abstinence, although senior members are married and there are no restrictions on the marriage of junior members. However, it is expected that their members should not indulge in their married life at the expense of service to the nation. His father is keen on getting him married to an educated overweight girl Sandhya. In spite of not liking her, the school drop out Prem agrees to marry her. In addition, as Sandhya is trying to be a school teacher, his family asks him to think of this alliance for financial help too. Eventually, in an elaborate community-wedding ceremony, Prem and Sandhya get married.

Prem visibly shows his disinterest in the marriage and does not [[Consummation|consummate]] the marriage on the wedding night. At home, Sandhya tries to get Prem attracted to her. But he is too embarrassed to even walk with her on the street. Prem and Sandhya's relationship remains strained although they share a kiss and have sex on their second night together. The branch manager advises him that since he could not uphold his oath of abstinence he should rather focus on his married life. Over time, Sandhya's frustration shows; when Prem's aunt brings up a petty topic, the two have a heated exchange of words and she tells them how he does not treat her well.

Amidst all this a close friend of Prem, Nirmal gets married. Prem and Sandhya go for the ceremony where due to his excessive drinking and jealousy over Nirmal's pretty wife, he tells everyone that sleeping with Sandhya feels like hell. Sandhya hears this and slaps him in front of his friends and he slaps her back. The following morning, Sandhya reflects on what she's been through, feels she has had enough and decides to leave Prem. Meanwhile, Prem decides to channel his energy into studying and to take his English paper again; he enrolls for the examination. His friends give up on him; after a verbal squabble, they throw him out of the group. He studies sincerely for the exam, but at the time of his exam, he is overwhelmed by the emotional turmoil and is not able to write a word. Ultimately he plainly writes an emotional message to the person checking his paper that if at all he feels any pity for his state he should not award him with a zero or else his family would be reduced to zero (indicating his suicide attempt).

Soon, Nirmal's father opens a shop selling music CDs in the same market, clearly affecting Prem's family business. Prem's family talks to Nirmal's family and the discussion ends with Nirmal challenging him to participate and win the "Dum Lagao" contest, which entails him carrying his wife on his shoulders and running an obstacle course. Meanwhile, Sandhya and Prem reach the court to file for divorce. Prem's father pleads the judge that divorce should not happen on petty issues and his family is more than happy to take her home, Sandhya's parents too feel the same and support him. The court decides that the two must spend six months with each other and try to salvage their marriage. Both decide to live together just as a formality, but they soon begin to get on, as they both start understanding each other. Meanwhile, Sandhya is coerced into the contest. They start getting close with each passing day, but according to Prem, they lack co-ordination and are a total mismatch.

One day as Prem returns home, he is disgusted to see that his family members are pretending Sandhya's terrible culinary skills. He finally snaps and expresses his anguish over this pretense, and attempts suicide. A police constable arrives at their home, owing to a complaint regarding the emotional letter (attempt to suicide) he had written in his English exam. Sandhya is moved by this, and they have a deep conversation with each other. Sandhya gets a teaching job in [[Meerut]], which she gladly accepts since she feels that there is no one who cares about her anymore. When she tells Prem about it, he cannot come to terms with losing her and realises that he is in love with her.

On the day of competition, Prem's aunt successfully convinces him to participate in the competition and the couple takes a last chance to save their marriage. Surprisingly, Prem shoulders the weight of his wife and surges past all other contestants. In the last lap, Sandhya confesses to Prem that she does not want to go to Meerut and wants Prem to let her stay. Prem knows winning this competition is the only way to do this and pushes himself further to eventually win the race.

Prem does not let Sandhya get off his back even after the race is over. He takes her back all the way to his house where they seal their love with a kiss.

==Cast==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as Prem Prakash Tiwari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moifightclub.com/2015/12/30/best-of-2015-script-of-kanu-behls-titli-and-sharat-katariyas-dum-laga-ke-haisha/|title=Best Of 2015 : Script of Kanu Behl's 'Titli' and Sharat Katariya's 'Dum Laga Ke Haisha'|date=2015-12-30|website=F.i.g.h.t C.l.u.b|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608082310/https://moifightclub.com/2015/12/30/best-of-2015-script-of-kanu-behls-titli-and-sharat-katariyas-dum-laga-ke-haisha/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Sandhya Tiwari (née Verma)
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Chandra Prakash Tiwari
*[[Alka Amin]] as Sashi Tiwari
*[[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Nain Tara
*[[Seema Pahwa]] as Subhadra Rani
*Shardul Rana as Samar Verma
*Shrikant Verma as Shakha Babu
*Poorva Neeraj as Sandhya's divorce lawyer
*Kunal S Malla as Bade Jijaji
*Sonali Sharma Anand as Hema
*Chandrachoor Rai as Nirmal
*Mahesh Sharma as Vijay
*Jahidul Islam Shuvo as Shuvo
*[[V K Sharma]] as Raghuveer Nautiyal
*[[Kumar Sanu]] as Himself (special appearance)
}}

==Production==

Filming took place in [[Haridwar]] and [[Rishikesh]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Haridwar stinks of religion: Ayushmann|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Haridwar-stinks-of-religion-Ayushmann/articleshow/30791518.cms|access-date=13 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=21 February 2014|author1-link=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''Dum Laga Ke Haisha'' is the first Hindi film to be entirely shot in the twin temple towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha-shot-entirely-in-Haridwar/articleshow/46273404.cms |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha shot entirely in Haridwar – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502235430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dum-Laga-Ke-Haisha-shot-entirely-in-Haridwar/articleshow/46273404.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The script of ''Dum Laga Ke Haisha'' was written in 2007, almost seven years before the release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sharat-katariya-dum-laga-ke-haisha-took-7-years-to-be-a-reality/16054173 |title=Sharat Katariya: 'Dum Laga Ke Haisha' took 7 years to be a reality – Entertainment |date=12 March 2015 |publisher=Mid-day.com |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314061047/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sharat-katariya-dum-laga-ke-haisha-took-7-years-to-be-a-reality/16054173 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bhumi Pednekar]] was selected for the female lead, marking her debut as an actor.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sharat Katariya: I wrote Sui Dhaaga in three weeks!|publisher=Kovid Gupta Films| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbq-fW6jDUY |date=2018| access-date = 2019-06-25 }}</ref> The role required the actress to be overweight. As a result, she gained 30 kg to land the role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/wellness/story/bhumi-pednekar-on-weight-loss-diet-plans-and-playing-the-role-of-an-overweight-woman-dum-laga-ke-haisha-271533-2015-11-05 |title=From fat to fit: Bhumi Pednekar gained, and then lost, 30kg |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207125052/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bhumi-pednekar-on-weight-loss-diet-plans-and-playing-the-role-of-an-overweight-woman-dum-laga-ke-haisha/1/516490.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The censor board muted the word "lesbian"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/03/censor-board-lesbian_n_6789706.html?1425377692|title=Censors Mute 'Lesbian' In Dum Laga Ke Haisha; Even Ashoke Pandit Disagrees|date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031817/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/03/censor-board-lesbian_n_6789706.html?1425377692|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/beef-ban-nirbhaya-documentary-lesbian-cuss-words-bikini-ban-243005-2015-03-04 |title=We are a Ban Republic, if not a banana republic. 7 reasons why we love to ban |work=India Today |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306230054/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/beef-ban-nirbhaya-documentary-lesbian-cuss-words-bikini-ban/1/422232.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and replaced four words in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/not-just-lesbian-four-hindi-words-replaced-in-dum-laga-ke-haisha-744254 |title=Not Just Lesbian, Four Hindi Words Replaced in Dum Laga Ke Haisha – NDTV Movies |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311223953/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/not-just-lesbian-four-hindi-words-replaced-in-dum-laga-ke-haisha-744254 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/censor-board-asks-dum-laga-ke-haisha-makers-to-mute-lesbian-from-the-film/ |title=Censor Board muted 'lesbian' and replaced four words in Ayushmann Khurrana's 'Dum Laga Ke Haisha' |work=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306172442/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/censor-board-asks-dum-laga-ke-haisha-makers-to-mute-lesbian-from-the-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film had a [[Limited release#Platform release|platform release]] in India, opening on 775 screens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/abtakchappan2anddumlagakehaishaopenpoorly#.VPFc_3yUfsw |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301152256/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/abtakchappan2anddumlagakehaishaopenpoorly#.VPFc_3yUfsw |archive-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film released in UAE on 23 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dum-laga-ke-haisha-to-release-in-uae-on-april-23-115041700675_1.html|title='Dum Laga Ke Haisha' to release in UAE on April 23|author=Press Trust of India|date=17 April 2015|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225122/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dum-laga-ke-haisha-to-release-in-uae-on-april-23-115041700675_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 20 March 2015, this film has not been released in North America or [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dum-laga-ke-haisha-to-get-international-release-2065820 |title='Dum Laga Ke Haisha' to get international release |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306033747/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dum-laga-ke-haisha-to-get-international-release-2065820 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Dum Laga Ke Haisha (soundtrack)}}
[[Kumar Sanu]] sang two songs in the film, while [[Sadhana Sargam]] makes a comeback on this album for the hit duet song "Dard Karaara" with Kumar Sanu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/play-it-again-17/ |title=Kumar Sanu post Dum Laga Ke Haisha success: People's tastes haven't changed |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313162856/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/play-it-again-17/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other singers are [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]], Bishal Phukan, [[Kailash Kher]], sisters Jyoti and Sultana Nooran, [[Malini Awasthi]], [[Rahul Ram]] and [[Monali Thakur]]. Monali Thakur sang "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage", for which she won the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]. "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" is arranged by [[Hitesh Modak]].

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that while "You know from the onset that the guy will get his girl", the film "bucks stereotypes in many, many ways".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/5-reasons-why-dum-laga-ke-haisha-wins-your-heart-and-approval-too/article1-1323078.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305003642/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/5-reasons-why-dum-laga-ke-haisha-wins-your-heart-and-approval-too/article1-1323078.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2015|title=5 reasons why Dum Laga Ke Haisha wins your heart, and approval too}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the film's lead actors Bhumi and Ayushman's performances, but criticised the direction and editing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/728444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326074834/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/728444 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2014 |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> ''Koimoi'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, praising the script and cast performances, but criticising Katariya's directing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-review/ |title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha Movie Review | Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi Pednekar |publisher=Koimoi.com |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315014253/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-dum-laga-ke-haisha/ |title='Dum Laga Ke Haisha' review: A couple that wins you over gradually but surely |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310041133/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-dum-laga-ke-haisha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''CNN-IBN'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/531289/now-showing-rajeev-masand-reviews-ab-tak-chhappan-2-dum-laga-ke-haisha-and-kingsman-the-secret-service.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301143359/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/531289/now-showing-rajeev-masand-reviews-ab-tak-chhappan-2-dum-laga-ke-haisha-and-kingsman-the-secret-service.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2015 |title=Now Showing: Rajeev Masand reviews 'Ab Tak Chhappan 2', 'Dum Laga Ke Haisha', and 'Kingsman: The Secret Service' -Videos Movies News:IBNLive Videos |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-movie-review-1098|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha Movie Review|work=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317124343/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-movie-review-1098|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film and said "Dum Laga Ke Haisha: A well-rounded effort".<ref>{{cite news|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha: A well-rounded effort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-a-wellrounded-effort/article6941067.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221183139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dum-laga-ke-haisha-a-wellrounded-effort/article6941067.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Dum Laga Ke Haisha''<nowiki/>'s grossed {{INR}}30 crore domestically and was declared a "Hit" by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2718/|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807071818/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2718/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[63rd National Film Awards]]<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite web|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| [[Sharat Katariya]], [[Maneesh Sharma]] and [[Yash Raj Films]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Monali Thakur]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards|11th Star Guild Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Anu Malik]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| Sanjay Mishra
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[61st Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376|publisher=[[NDTV India]]|date=January 15, 2015|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317124128/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1266376|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| Bhumi Pednekar
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| Manu Anand
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Screen Awards|22nd Screen Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ghosh|first1=Raya|title=Screen Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815|website=NDTV Movies|access-date=21 April 2016|date=9 January 2016|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110051251/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
| Papon (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| Bhumi Pednekar
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Zee Cine Awards|2016 Zee Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941|title=Zee Cine Awards 2016 Complete Winners List: Who won what?|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=5 March 2016|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408183205/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| Sanjay Mishra
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Anu Malik
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| Papon (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| Bhumi Pednekar
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| Manu Anand
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Sharat Katariya
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Stardust Awards|2016 Stardust Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ghosh|first1=Raya|title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753|website=NDTV Movies|access-date=21 April 2016|date=22 December 2015|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125200252/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Editors Film of the Year
| Aditya Chopra, Maneesh Sharma
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debut (Female)
| Bhumi Pednekar
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[17th IIFA Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominees 2016 |url=http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/ |website=iifa.com |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527170146/http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/ |archive-date=27 May 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Female Debut]]
|Bhumi Pednekar
|{{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| Papon (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|6th GiMA Awards]]
| [[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| Papon (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Film Song|Best Film Song]]
| "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage"
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[8th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Best Lyrics
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| Monali Thakur (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| Papon (for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage")
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3495030}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films set in 1995]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]

Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari

2026-03-01T23:20:36Z

Mohamedmeera29: created new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{No significant coverage|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
| term_start = (2009-2014), (2019
| term_end = 2024)
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Arun Pandurang Patil
| successor = [[Amol Haribhau Jawale]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|05|23}}
| birth_place = Khiroda Pr Yawal, [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]], [[Jalgaon District]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children= Dhananjay Shirish Chaudhari
|parents = Late. Madhukarrao alias Balasaheb Chaudhari
}}
'''Chaudhari Shirish Madhukarrao''' (born 23 May 1959) is an Indian politician serving in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] since 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raver Election Result 2024 LIVE: Who is Leading, Winner, MLA |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/raver-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129955.html |website=News18}}</ref> A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he represents the [[Raver Assembly constituency]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Shirish Madhukarrao}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Gwalior Fort

2026-02-26T09:31:55Z

Mohamedmeera29:

{{Short description|Fort in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Copy edit|date=August 2025}}
{{Disputed|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Fort of Gwalior
| location =
| country = [[India]]
| image = Gwalior_Fort_front.jpg
| image_size = 350
| caption = The "Man Mandir" at Gwalior Fort.
| map_type = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2303|78.1689|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_size = 300
| map_caption =
| pushpin_relief = yes
| type = [[Fort]]
| code =
| built = 6th century, The modern-day fort, consisting of a defensive structure and six palaces with several Temples. Later renovated by Scindias in 1916
| materials = [[Sandstone]] and lime mortar
| height =
| used = Yes
| demolished =
| open_to_public = Yes
| owner = *[[Hunas]] (5th century)
*[[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara dynasty]] (8th–10th century)
*[[Kachchhapaghata |Kachchhapaghata Dynasty]] (10th–12th century)
*[[Delhi Sultanate]] (12th–13th century)
*[[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomar Dynasty]]{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=312}} (14th–16th century)
*Captured by [[Babur]] (1526)
*[[Sur Empire]] (1540–1542)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1542–1725)
*[[Jats]] of [[Gohad]] (1725–1735)
*Briefly captured by [[East India Company]] (1735–1740)
*[[Scindia Dynasty]] (mid 18th century; 1755–1948)
*Briefly captured by [[British Empire]] (1858–86)
*[[Government of India]] (1948–present)
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| past_commanders =
| occupants =
| battles = Numerous
| events = Numerous
| image2_size = 200px
}}

The '''Fort of Gwalior''' or '''Gwalior Fort''' is a 6th-century [[hill fort]] in [[Gwalior]], India. Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] described it as the "pearl amongst the fortresses of Hind and not even the winds could touch it's masts" due to its grandeur and magnificence. It was nicknamed as the "Gibraltar of India" for its impregnability and defensive structure. The fort dates back to the 5th century, perhaps earlier making it one of the oldest defense forts in India. Ancient Sanskrit inscriptions record the name of the fort as "Gopgiri".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gwalior Monument |url=https://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/gwalior.html |website=Archaeological Survey of India Bhopal}}</ref>

The current structure has stood since at least the 8th century, and the inscriptions and monuments found within the fort complex indicate that it may have existed as early as the beginning of the 6th century.

The modern-day fort comprises a defensive structure and six palaces, two of which were built by the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomar]] ruler [[Man Singh Tomar]] (reigned 1486–1516 CE).{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=312}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqmyEbLScZ4C&q=Rajput|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-193742-7|page=179|quote=Other claiming to be Rajput and descent from Solar and lunar lines established themselves as local kings in Western and Central India. Among these were the Chandelas present in 12th century in Bundelkhand, the Tomaras also subject to the earlier Pratiharas ruling in Haryana region near Dhilaka, now Delhi, around 736 AD and later established themselves in Gwalior region}}</ref> It has witnessed the changing fortunes of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]], the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagas]], the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], the [[Huna people|Hunas]], the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]], the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]], the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomaras]], the [[Pashtuns|Pathans]] ([[Sultanate]]), the [[Sur Empire|Surs]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], the [[British Raj|English]], the [[List of state leaders in 18th-century South Asia and its predecessor states|Jats]], and the [[House of Scindia|Scindias]].

The present-day fort includes several notable palaces, few of them are Man Mandir, Vikram Mandir, Karn Palace, Shah Jahan Palace, Jehangir Palace, and Gurjari Mahal. [[Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum|Gurjari Mahal]] was commissioned by Man Singh Tomar, for his 9th wife Mrignayani, who belonged to the [[Gurjar]] community.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=312}}

A stone inscription found engraved in the walls of Chaturbhuj Temple (famously known as [[Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior|Zero Temple]]) close to the top of the fort contains the second-oldest known record (after the [[Bakhshali manuscript]]) of the numeral ''"[[zero]]"'' with a place value, as used in decimal notation. The inscription is around 1,500 years old.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/you-can-visit-the-worlds-oldest-zero-at-a-temple-in-india-2120286/?no-ist You Can Visit the World's Oldest Zero at a Temple in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183250/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/you-can-visit-the-worlds-oldest-zero-at-a-temple-in-india-2120286/?no-ist |date=16 September 2017 }}, Smithsonian magazine.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=George Gheverghese |title=Indian Mathematics: Engaging with the World from Ancient to Modern Times |publisher=World Scientific |date=2016 |isbn=978-1786340634 |quote=In a temple on the path up to Gwalior Fort [...] where we find a circular zero in the terminal position. }} {{page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Gwaliorfort.png|right|200px|thumb|Map of the fortress.]]
The construction of the fort is associated with a local legend, and the exact date of its construction is therefore unknown. According to the legend, a local king named Suraj Sen ruled the region around the 3rd century CE. The king suffered from leprosy, a deadly disease that was incurable at the time.<ref>Fodor E. et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ifgtAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalipa "Fodor's India."] D. McKay 1971. p. 293. Accessed at Google Books 30 November 2013.]</ref> One day, while hunting at Gopgiri (Gop Mountain), he met with a sage named Gwalipa or Galav, who miraculously cured his disease by asking him to drink water from a sacred pond, believed to be the pond that is located inside the fort today. When the king was cured, he decided to build a wall around the pond, which later known as Suraj Kund, and constructed the fort on the hill and named it "Gwalior" meaning adobe of Rishi Gwalipa to honor the sage, subsequently a bustling city was developed from all corner of the Gwalior Fort which later came to be known as City of Gwalior.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ifgtAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalipa William Curtis, Fodor, Eugene, 1905 ''Fodor's India'' D. McKay., 1971]</ref> However, historical Sanskrit inscriptions and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] records, refer to the site as Gop Parvat (Gop Mountain), Gopachala Durg, Gopgiri, and Gopadiri, all of which mean "cowherd's hill".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=Cowherd's Hill |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gwalior-India |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref>

==Topography==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Gwalior Fort seen from the Residency. 10 December 1868.jpg|Gwalior Fort seen from the Residency. 10 December 1868.
Gwalior Fort map 1911.jpg|Gwalior Fort map 1911 (click to see details)
</gallery>
The fort is built on an outcrop of [[Vindhyan]] sandstone on a solitary rocky hill called Gopachal. The ridge is long, thin, and steep. The rock formations of the Gwalior range consist of [[ochre]]-coloured [[sandstone]] overlain by [[basalt]]. There is a horizontal stratum which rises to {{convert|342|ft|m}} at its highest point, extending roughly {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} in length, with an average width of about {{convert|1000|yard|m}}). It has a near-perpendicular precipice. A small river, the Swarnrekha, flows close by.<ref>Oldham R. D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tjOSGsoaZ_4C&pg=PA65 "A manual of the geology of India."] {{ISBN|978-1108072540}} Cambridge University Press 2011. p. 65 Accessed at Google Books 30 November 2013.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Fort with city.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Aerial view of Gwalior Fort]]
[[File:Eastern face of Inner Court yard of Man Mandir, Gwalior Fort..jpg|200px|right|thumb|Courtyard of Maan Mandir built by Raja Man Singh Tomar. ]]
The inscriptions and monuments found within what is now the fort campus indicate that it may have existed as early as the beginning of the 6th century.{{sfn|Konstantin Nossov|Brain Delf|2006|p=11}} A [[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior inscription]] describes a sun temple built during the reign of the [[Huna people|Huna]] emperor [[Mihirakula]] in 6th century.

The fort definitely existed by the 8th century, when it is first mentioned in the historical records. From 11th century onwards, the Muslim dynasties attacked the fort. In 1022 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] besieged the fort for four days. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', he lifted the siege in return for a tribute of 35 elephants.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=80–82}} Bahauddin Tourghil, a senior slave of the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] captured the fort in 1196 after a long siege.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=33}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] lost the fort for a short period before it was recaptured by [[Iltutmish]] in 1232 CE.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=312}}
[[File:Tile Work on Mandir Mandir.jpg|thumb|Blue Tile Works on Man Mandir]]
In 1398, the fort came under the control of the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomars]]. The most distinguished of the Tomar rulers was [[Man Singh Tomar|Maan Singh]], who commissioned several monuments within the fort.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=312}} The [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Delhi Sultan Sikander Lodi]] tried to capture the fort in 1505 but was unsuccessful. Another attack, by his son [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in 1516, resulted in Maan Singh's death. The Tomars ultimately surrendered the fort to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] after a year-long siege.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=314}}

[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|thumb|left|Gwalior Fort was the base for many of [[Hemu]]'s campaigns.]]
Within a decade, the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] captured the fort from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The [[Mughals]] lost the fort to [[Sher Shah Suri]] in 1542. Afterwards, the fort was captured and used by [[Hemu]], the [[Hindu]] general and, later, the last Hindu ruler of [[Delhi]], as his base for his many campaigns, but Babur's grandson [[Akbar]] recaptured it in 1558.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=314}} Akbar made the fort a prison for political prisoners. For example, Abu'l-Kasim,<ref name="Thorton" /> son of [[Kamran Mirza|Kamran]] and Akbar's first cousin was held and executed at the fort. The last Tomar king of Gwalior, [[Ramshah Tanwar|Maharaja Ramshah Tanwar]], who had then taken refuge in [[Mewar]] and had fought at the [[Battle of Haldighati]]. He was killed in the battle along with his three sons (which included [[Shalivahan Singh Tomar]], the heir-apparent).

[[Guru Hargobind]], on 24 June 1606, at age 11, was crowned as the sixth Sikh Guru.<ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pages 118–121</ref><ref name=hssingha>HS Singha (2009), Sikh Studies, Book 7, Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170102458}}, pages 18–19</ref> At his succession ceremony, he put on two swords: one indicated his spiritual authority (''piri'') and the other, his temporal authority (''miri'').<ref name=hssyan>HS Syan (2013), Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century, IB Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1780762500}}, pages 48–55</ref> Because of the execution of [[Guru Arjan]] by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Hargobind from the very start was a dedicated enemy of the Mughal rule. He advised the [[Sikhs]] to arm themselves and fight.<ref name=mah>{{cite book |title=Muslim Rule in India |author=V. D. Mahajan |year=1970 |publisher=S. Chand, New Delhi, p.223}}</ref> The death of his father at the hands of [[Jahangir]] prompted him to emphasise the military dimension of the [[Sikh]] community.<ref name="Phyllis2004">{{cite book |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |author=Phyllis G. Jestice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA345|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2004 |isbn=9781576073551 |pages=345, 346}}</ref> [[Jahangir]] responded by jailing the 14-year-old Guru Hargobind at Gwalior Fort in 1609, on the pretext that the fine imposed on [[Guru Arjan]] had not been paid by the [[Sikhs]] and [[Guru Hargobind]].<ref name=mandair48>{{cite book|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|author= Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA48 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |year=2013|isbn=9781441117083|page=48}}</ref> It is not clear as to how much time he spent as a prisoner. The year of his release appears to have been either 1611 or 1612, when Guru Hargobind was about 16 years old.<ref name=mandair48/> Persian records, such as ''Dabistan i Mazahib'' suggest he was kept in jail for twelve years, including over 1617–1619 in Gwalior, after which he and his camp were kept under Muslim army's surveillance by Jahangir.<ref name=eos>{{cite book |author=Fauja Singh |editor=Harbans Singh |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |volume=2, E–L |edition=3rd |chapter=Hargobind Guru (1595–1644) |year=2011 |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |pages=232–235 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n245x |isbn=978-8173802041 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikh Review |volume=42–43 |issue=491–497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XPXAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |pages=15–16}}</ref> According to Sikh tradition, Guru Hargobind was released from the bondage of prison on [[Diwali]]. This important event in Sikh history is now termed the ''[[Bandi Chhor Divas]]'' festival.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eleanor Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=28–29, 59, 120–131}}</ref>

[[Aurangzeb]]'s brother, [[Murad Bakhsh]] and nephew [[Sulaiman Shikoh]] were also executed at the fort. The killings took place in the Man Mandir palace. [[Sipihr Shikoh]] was imprisoned at Gwalior Fort from 1659 to 1675. Aurangzeb's son, [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]] was imprisoned at the fort from January 1661 to December 1672. After the death of Aurangzeb, the ruler of [[Gohad State|Gohad]], [[Bhim Singh Rana]] seized the Gwalior Fort in the Battle of Gwalior (1740). The [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] had captured many territories held by the declining [[Mughal Empire]] in [[North India|Northern]] and [[Central India|Central]] India after the death of Aurangzeb. The Maratha incursions into North India were raids by the [[Bajirao I|Peshwa Bajirao]]. in 1755–1756, The [[Marathas]] took over Gwalior fort by defeating the ruler of Gohad.<ref name="Thorton">Torton E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 "A gazetteer of the territories under the government of the East-India company, and of the native states on the continent of India, Volume 2"] W. H. Allen & Co. 1854.</ref>{{rp|page=68}} The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadaji]] [[Scindia]] captured the fort from the Gohad Rana Chhatar Singh, but later lost it to the British [[East India Company]].{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=131}} On 3 August 1780, a Company force under Captains Popham and Bruce captured the fort in a nighttime raid, scaling the walls with 12 [[grenadier]]s and 30 [[sepoy]]s. Both sides suffered fewer than 20 wounded total.<ref name="Thorton"/>{{rp|page=69}} In 1780, the [[Governor-General of India|British governor]] [[Warren Hastings]] restored the fort to the Ranas of Gohad. The Marathas recaptured the fort four years later, and this time the British did not intervene because the Ranas of Gohad had become hostile to them. [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] lost the fort to the British during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]].{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=131}}

[[File:A View of the Fortress of Gwalior, 1780.jpg|thumb|A View of the Fortress of Gwalior, 1780]]

There were frequent changes in the control of the fort between the [[Scindias]] and the [[British Empire|British]] between 1808 and 1844. In January 1844, after the [[Battle of Maharajpore|Battle of Maharajpura]], the fort was occupied by the [[Gwalior State]] ruled by [[House of Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]], as a protectorate of the [[British government]].<ref name="Thorton"/> During the [[1857 uprising]], around 6500 sepoys stationed at Gwalior rebelled against the Company rule, although the company's vassal ruler [[Jayajirao Scindia]] remained loyal to the British.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=314}} The British took control of the fort in June 1858. They rewarded Jayajirao with some territory but retained control of the Gwalior Fort. By 1886, the British were in complete control of [[British Raj|India]], and the fort no longer had any strategic importance to them. Therefore, they handed over the fort to the [[Scindia|Scindia.]] The [[Scindias]] continued to rule Gwalior until the [[independence of India]] in 1947 and built several monuments including the [[Jai Vilas Mahal|Jai Vilas Palace]].{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=316}}<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/9UHaBw1EDrk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200423185256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UHaBw1EDrk&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UHaBw1EDrk |title=History of Gwalior {{!}} ग्वालियर का इतिहास |date=27 January 2019 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2025, the Government of Madhya Pradesh participated in heritage and tourism investment initiatives that included proposals for conservation and development linked to Gwalior Fort and the wider cultural network of the region. At a state tourism conclave, investment proposals of around ₹3,500 crore were discussed, with plans including heritage works and infrastructure improvements benefitting historic sites such as Gwalior Fort and surrounding monuments.<ref>{{cite news|title=State gears up for major tourism boost with Rs 3,500 cr investment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/state-gears-up-with-rs-3500-cr-investment/articleshow/123607847.cms|work=The Times of India|date=Sep 2025|access-date=18 Dec 2025}}</ref>

==Structures==
[[File:247 Gwalior.jpg|thumb|Siddhanchal Rock Cut Colossal of the Tirthankaras.]]
The fort and its premises are well maintained and house many historic monuments including palaces, temples and water tanks. There are also a number of palaces (''mahal'') including the Man mandir palace, the Gujari mahal, the [[Jahangir]] palace, the Karan palace, the Vikram mahal and the [[Shah Jahan]] palace.<ref>[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/mp/gwalior.htm "Temples of Gwalior"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420011046/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/mp/gwalior.htm |date=20 April 2009 }} Kamat's Potpourri Webpage. Accessed 1 December 2013.</ref>
The fort covers an area of {{convert|3|km2|mi2}} and rises {{convert|11|m|ft}}. Its rampart is built around the edge of the hill, connected by six [[bastions]] or towers. The profile of the fort has an irregular appearance due to the undulating ground beneath.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

There are two gates: one on the northeast side with a long access ramp and the other on the southwest. The main entrance is the ornate Elephant gate (''Hathi Pol''). The other is the Badalgarh Gate. The Man Mandir palace or citadel is located at the northeast end of the fort. It was built in the 15th century and refurbished in 1648. The water tanks or reservoirs of the fort could provide water to a 15,000 strong garrison, the number required to secure the fort.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

The second [[Bakhshali manuscript|oldest record]] of ''"[[zero]]"'' in the world was found in a small temple (the stone inscription has the second-oldest record of the numeric zero symbol having a place value as in the modern decimal notation), which is located on the way to the top. The inscription is around 1500 years old.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=George Gheverghese |title=Indian Mathematics: Engaging with the World from Ancient to Modern Times |publisher=World Scientific |date=2016 |isbn=978-1786340634 |quote=In a temple on the path up to Gwalior Fort [...] where we find a circular zero in the terminal position. }} {{page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>

===Major monuments===
==== Jain temples ====
{{Main|Siddhachal Caves|Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments}}
'''Siddhanchal Jain Rock Cut Caves''' were built in 15th century. There are eleven Jain temples inside Gwalior fort dedicated to the Jain [[Tirthankara]]s. On the southern side are 21 temples cut into the rock with intricately carved of the tirthankaras. Tallest Idol is image of Rishabhanatha or Adinatha, the 1st Tirthankara, is {{convert|58|ft|4|in|m}} high.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kurt Titze |author2=Klaus Bruhn |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC |year=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6|pages=106–110}}</ref><ref name=cunninghamgfortjain>{{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Four Reports Made During the Year 1862–63–64-65 |volume=2 |chapter=XVI. Gwaliar, or Gwalior (Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures) |pages=364–370 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Simla |date=1871 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalsu02arch#page/n455/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=asifortjain>{{cite web |title=Gwalior Fort, Gwalior |website=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/gwalior_gwalior_gwaliorfort_more.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Culture |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515153007/http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/gwalior_gwalior_gwaliorfort_more.html |archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

'''Main Temple'''

'''Urvahi Valley'''
[[File:Rock-cut_Jain_Statues_in_the_Gwalior_Fort.JPG|thumb|Jain Colossi carved out of rock at Gopachal near Phoobagh, Gwalior]]
The entire area of Gwalior fort is divided into five groups namely Urvahi, Northwest, Northeast, Southwest and the Southeast areas. In the Urvahi area 24 idols of Tirthankar in the [[Lotus position|padmasana]] posture, 40 in the [[kayotsarga]] posture and around 840 idols carved on the walls and pillars are present. The largest idol is a 58 feet 4 inches high idol of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]] outside the Urvahi gate and a 35 feet high idol of [[Suparshvanatha]] in the Padmasana in ''Ek'' ''Paththar-ki Bawari'' (stone tank) area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2447&cat=40 |title=Jain Samaj |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604130802/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2447&cat=40 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Gopachal'''
[[File:Siddhachal - Rishabhanatha.jpg|thumb|150px|{{convert|58.4|ft}} high idol of Bhagwan Adinatha.]]
There are around 1500 idols on the [[Gopachal Hill]], which includes the size from 6 inch to 57 feet in height.<ref name=cunninghamgfortjain/>

Gopachal hosts a statue of Bhagwan Parsvanath in padmasan posture 42 feet in height & 30 feet in breadth. This is also the place where ''Shri 1008 Supratishtha Kevali'' was traditionally believed to have attained nirvana. There are 26 more Jain temples on this hill.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jain.org.in/tirth-Gopachal%20hill,%20M.P.html |title=jain.org.in |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421152014/http://jain.org.in/tirth-Gopachal%20hill,%20M.P.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Mughal Invasion:''' In 1527, [[Babur]] army attacked Gwalior Fort and de-faced these statues.<ref name=cunninghamgfortjain/> In spite of invasion the early Jaina sculptures of Gwalior have survived in fairly good condition so that their former splendour is not lost.

====Teli Temple====
{{main|Teli ka Mandir}}

[[Image:Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|150px|thumb|[[Teli ka Mandir|Teli Temple]] was built by the Pratihara emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sculptures near Teli Mandir, Gwalior Fort.jpg|thumb|right|Sculptures near Teli Temple, Gwalior Fort.]]
The [[Teli ka Mandir]] is a Hindu temple built by the Pratihara emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Michell1977p117">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA117 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=117 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Allen1991">{{cite book |author=Margaret Prosser Allen |title=Ornament in Indian Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=RA1-PA203 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |isbn=978-0-87413-399-8 |page=1}}</ref>

It is the oldest part of the fort and has a blend of south and north [[Architecture of India|Indian architectural styles]]. Within the rectangular structure is a shrine with no pillared pavilions ([[mandapa]]) and a South Indian barrel-vaulted roof on top. It has a [[masonry]] tower in the North Indian [[Architecture of India#Nagara Style of Architecture|Nagara architectural style]] with a [[barrel vault]]ed roof {{convert|25|m|ft}} in height. The niches in the outer walls once housed statues but now have [[Chandrashala]]s (horseshoe arches) ventilator openings in the north Indian style. The Chandrashala has been compared to the [[trefoil]], a honeycomb design with a series of receding pointed arches within an arch. The entrance door has a torana or archway with sculpted images of river goddesses, romantic couples, foliation decoration and a [[Garuda]]. The vertical bands on either side of the door are decorated in a simple fashion with figures that are now badly damaged. Above the door are a small grouping of discs representing the {{lang|und|dama laka}} ([[finial]]) of a {{lang|sa|[[shikhara]]}}. The temple was originally dedicated to [[Shakti]]. It was extensively damaged during Muslim raids, then restored into a [[Shiva]] temple by installing a [[Lingam|liṅga]], while keeping the Vaishnava motifs such as the Garuda.<ref>Allen M. P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=RA1-PA203 "Ornament in Indian architecture."] University of Delaware Press 1991. {{ISBN|0-87413-399-8}}.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalsu02arch#page/n443/mode/2up ASI Report: Gwalior], A Cunningham, pp. 356–359</ref> It was refurbished between 1881 and 1883.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Guatam |editor2-last=Lambah |editor2-first=Abha Narain |editor2-link=Abha Narain Lambah |title=Custodians of the past: 150 years of the Archaeological Survey of India |date=2012 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Ministry of Culture, Government of India |isbn=978-93-5086-199-8 |page=32 |url=https://archive.org/details/custodiansofpast00newd/page/32/mode/1up?q=keith&view=theater}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author2=(Curator of Ancient Monuments, India) |author1=Henry Hardy Cole |title=Preservation of National Monuments: Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR17 |year=1882 |publisher=Government Central Branch Press |location=Simla |page=17}}</ref>

====Garuda monument====
Close to the Teli ka Mandir temple is the [[Garuda]] monument, dedicated to [[Vishnu]], is the highest in the fort. It has a mixture of [[Muslim]] and [[Indian architecture]]. The word Teli comes from the Hindi word meaning oil.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

====Saas Bahu temples====

The Saas Bahu Temples were built in 1092–93.<ref name="TitzeBruhn1998p101">{{cite book |author1=Kurt Titze|author2=Klaus Bruhn |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC&pg=PA101 |year=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 |pages=101–102}}</ref><ref name="Allen1991p211">{{cite book |author=Margaret Prosser Allen |title=Ornament in Indian Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C |year=1991 |publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-399-8 |pages=211–212}}</ref> Dedicated to Lord Annirudha and Lord Shiva, These are pyramidal in shape, built of red sandstone with several stories of beams and pillars but no arches.

====Gurdwara Data Bandi Chhor====
Gurdwara Data Bandi Chhor was built during 1970s and 1980s at the place where 6th [[Sikh]] [[Guru Hargobind]] was arrested and held captive by Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1609 at the age of 14 years on the pretext that the fine imposed on his father, 5th Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev Ji|Guru Arjan Dev]] had not been paid by the Sikhs and Guru Hargobind. According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, 52 [[Hindu]] Rajas who were imprisoned in the fort as hostages for "millions of rupees" and for opposing the [[Mughal Empire]] were dismayed as they were losing a spiritual mentor. On getting released Guru Hargobind requested the Rajas to be freed along with him as well. Jahangir allowed Guru Hargobind to free as many rajas he could as long as they are holding on to the guru while leaving the prison. Guru sahib got a special gown stitched which had 52 hems. As Guru Hargobind left the fort, all the captive kings caught the hems of the cloak and came out along with him.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

===Palace===

====Man mandir====
[[File:Man Mandir and city skyline.jpg|thumb|Man Mandir view during winter morning dominating city's skyline]]
The Man mandir palace was built by [[Man Singh Tomar]] in 15th century. Man Mandir is often referred as a Painted Palace due to the use of styled tiles of turquoise, green and yellow used extensively in a geometric pattern.

====Hathi Pol====
The Hathi Pol (or Hathiya Paur), is the principal entrance gate located on the southeast, leads to the Man mandir palace. It is the last of a series of seven gates. It is named for a life-sized statue of an elephant (hathi) that once adorned the gate. The gate was built in stone with cylindrical towers crowned with [[cupola]] domes. Carved parapets link the domes.

====Karn Palace====
The Karan mahal is another significant monument at Gwalior Fort. The Karn mahal was built by the second king of the Tomar dynasty, Kirti Singh. He was also known as Karn Singh, hence the name of the palace.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

====Vikram Mahal====
The Vikram mahal (also known as the Vikram mandir, as it once hosted a temple of [[Shiva]]) was built by Vikramaditya Singh, the elder son of [[Maharaja]] Mansingh tomar. He was a devotee of shiva.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The temple was destroyed during [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] period but now has been re-established in the front open space of the Vikram mahal.

====Chhatri of Bhim Singh Rana====
This [[chhatri]] (cupola or domed shaped pavilion) was built as a memorial to [[Bhim Singh Rana]] (1707–1756), a ruler of [[Gohad]] state. It was built by his successor, Chhatra Singh. Bhim Singh Rana were occupied the fort when the Mughal [[Satrap]], Ali Khan, surrendered. In 1754, Bhim Singh built a bhimtal (a lake) as a monument at the fort. Chhatra Singh built the memorial chhatri near the Johar Kund.

====Assi Khambo ki Baoli====

Assi Khambo Ki Baoli, located near the Man Mandir Palace, is a step-well with 80 pillars and various chambers. It was built by [[Man Singh Tomar]] around 1500 CE. According to tradition, it was constructed in just five days by ancient Hindu engineers. The baoli served as a water storage during the siege of Gwalior in 1505

===Museum===
{{main|Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum}}

The '''Gurjari Mahal''' now a museum, was built by Raja [[Man Singh Tomar]] for his wife Mrignayani, a Gurjar princess. She demanded a separate palace for herself with a regular water supply through an aqueduct from the nearby Rai River.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The palace has been converted into an [[archaeological museum]]. Rare artefacts at the museum include Hindu and Jain sculptures dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE; miniature statue of [[Salabhanjika]]; [[terracotta]] items and replicas of [[frescoes]] seen in the [[Bagh Caves]].

===Other monuments===
'''Gates (Pol)''':

The Gwalior Fort has several gateways. These includes the Alamgiri Darwaza, Ganesha Pol, Chaturbhuj Pol, Urvai Pol, Laxman Pol, Badal Pol and Hathi Pol. The Hathi Pol is the principal entrance situated at the south east part and Urvai Pol used by the Britishers during British Raj.

There are several other monuments built inside the fort area. These include the [[Scindia School]] (Originally an exclusive school for the sons of Indian princes and nobles) that was founded by [[Madho Rao Scindia]] in 1897.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="190px">
Interior_of_Jain_Temple,_Gwalior_Fort.jpg|Interior of Sas Temple, Gwalior Fort
File:Pond of gwalior fort.jpg|Suraj Kund at Gwalior Fort.
File:View of Gwalior Fort from the north-west.jpg|View of Gwalior Fort from the north-west. {{circa|1790}}
File:246 Gwalior.jpg|The fort bastions.
File:Interior of North Room, Man Mandir, Gwalior Fort..jpg|The north room, Man Mandir.
File:Sas-Bahu temple, Gwalior Fort..jpg|[[Sasbahu Temple, Gwalior|Sas-Bahu temples]] were built by the kacchapghata dynasty.
File:Gate of Teki Mandir, Gwalior Fort.jpg|Gate of Teli Temple.
File:Gwalior Fort - Morning View.jpg|Gwalior Fort – Morning View
File:Gwalior fort6.jpg|Gwalior fort
File:Gurudwara Shri Data Bandi Chhor Shahib Gwalior 001 (2).jpg|Gurudwara Shri Data Bandi Chhor Shahib
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |author1=Konstantin Nossov |author2=Brain Delf |title=Indian Castles 1206–1526 |publisher=Osprey |year=2006 |edition=Illustrated |isbn=1-84603-065-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfocnQdZIAC }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Paul E. Schellinger |editor2=Robert M. Salkin |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |volume=5 |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis |year=1994 |isbn=978-1884964046 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA59 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=978-8120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tony McClenaghan |title=Indian Princely Medals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA131 |publisher=Lancer |year=1996 |isbn=978-1897829196 }}
* Tillotson G. H. R. "The Rajput Palaces – The Development of an Architectural Style" Yale University Press. New Haven and London 1987. First edition. Hardback. {{ISBN|0-300-03738-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200622185426/https://www.travelpraise.com/gwalior-fort/ Interesting Facts About Gwalior Fort]}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Gwalior topics}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Forts in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gwalior]]
[[Category:History of Gwalior]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gwalior]]
[[Category:6th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]

T. S. Chandrasekar

2026-02-24T07:57:30Z

Mohamedmeera29: created article

{{Short description|Indian gastroenterologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. S. Chandrasekar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|07|14}}
| birth_place = Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Gastroenterologist Medical administrator
| yearsactive = Since 1977
| known for = [[Endoscopy]] Medindia Hospitals
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://www.drtschandrasekar.com|drtschandrasekar.com}}
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|TNMGRMU]] Best Doctor Award
}}
'''Thoguluva Shesadri Chandrasekar''' (born 1956){{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} is an Indian [[gastroenterologist]] and the founder chairman of Medindia Hospitals, a healthcare facility based in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Endoscopy cancer unit launched">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/endoscopy-cancer-unit-launched/article934067.ece | title=Endoscopy cancer unit launched | work=The Hindu | date=6 December 2010 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> He is credited with the performance of over 23,000 [[endoscopy]] procedures<ref name="Dr. T.S. Chandrasekar awarded with Padma Shri Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.chennaisonline.com/padma-shri-award/ | title=Dr. T.S. Chandrasekar awarded with Padma Shri Award | publisher=Chennaisonline | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> and is known for the ''Braille chart on personal hygiene'' he prepared in 2015 for the visually impaired people.<ref name="Meet the Padma awardees from Tamilnadu">{{cite web | url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/01/26223952/Meet-the-Padma-awardees-from-Tamilnadu.vpf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112537/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/01/26223952/Meet-the-Padma-awardees-from-Tamilnadu.vpf | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 August 2016 | title=Meet the Padma awardees from Tamilnadu | publisher=DTnext | date=27 January 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |title=Padma Awards |date=2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Biography ==
T. S. Chandrasekar, born on 14 July 1956, graduated in medicine in 1977 from [[Madurai Medical College]]<ref name="Padma League Comprises 112 Achievers, Including Rajinikanth, Saina, Others">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Padma-League-Comprises-112-Achievers-Including-Rajinikanth-Saina-Others/2016/01/26/article3245486.ece1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127094833/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Padma-League-Comprises-112-Achievers-Including-Rajinikanth-Saina-Others/2016/01/26/article3245486.ece1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 January 2016 | title=Padma League Comprises 112 Achievers, Including Rajinikanth, Saina, Others | publisher=Indian Express | date=16 August 2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> winning the gold medal for the best outgoing student and followed it up with the degrees of MD and DM from [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], Chandigarh.<ref name=" Padma Shri Award for Dr. T.S. Chandrasekar">{{cite web | url=http://livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=24132 | title=Padma Shri Award for Dr. T.S. Chandrasekar | publisher=Live Chennai | date=30 January 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Highlights of Biography">{{cite web | url=http://www.medindiahospitals.com/profile.shtml | title=Highlights of Biography | publisher=Medindia | date=2016 | access-date=15 August 2016 | archive-date=30 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030002912/http://www.medindiahospitals.com/profile.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref> He started his career as a member of faculty at [[Coimbatore Medical College]] where he established the department of medical gastroenterology.<ref name="Awardees happy, vow to rededicate">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/awardees-happy-vow-to-rededicate/article8153522.ece | title=Awardees happy, vow to rededicate | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Later, he founded Medindia Hospitals at [[Nungambakkam]] which has since grown to become a super-specialty healthcare centre for gastro-intestinal diseases.<ref name="Services">{{cite web | url=http://www.medindiahospitals.com/services.shtml | title=Services | publisher=Medindia Hospitals | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016 | archive-date=30 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030070109/http://www.medindiahospitals.com/services.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chandrasekar is the founder of Medindia Charitable Trust, which is involved in healthcare services to the poor people through free medical camps, health awareness programs, and concessional treatment.<ref name="MedIndia Charitable Trust">{{cite web | url=http://www.medindiahospitals.com/charitable_trust.shtml | title=MedIndia Charitable Trust | publisher=MedIndia Hospitals | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016 | archive-date=18 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104948/http://www.medindiahospitals.com/charitable_trust.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a former president of the Society of GastroIntestinal Endoscopy of India (2007–08) where he sits in the advisory board of its journal.<ref name="National Advisory Board">{{cite web | url=http://www.sgei.co.in/about-journal.php | title=National Advisory Board | publisher=Society of GastroIntestinal Endoscopy of India | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> The incumbent national president of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology,<ref name="Office bearers">{{cite web | url=http://www.isg.org.in/indexmain.php?do=menu3&lmid=1&lm2id=4 | title=Office bearers | publisher=Indian Society of Gastroenterology | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> he is credited with the performance of over 23000 endoscopy procedures.<ref name=" Padma Shri Award for Dr. T.S. Chandrasekar" /> He prepared a ''braille chart for personal hygiene'' in 2015, for use by the visually impaired people and has prepared fourteen CD-ROMs for teaching endoscopic surgical procedures. He is one of the pioneers of ''Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy'' in India, an endoscopic surgical technique involving the insertion of a knife into the [[oesophagus]] to remove the blockages in the food pipe.<ref name="City doctor prescribes POEM to help swallow food">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/City-doctor-prescribes-POEM-to-help-swallow-food/2014/07/21/article2340679.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121115644/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/City-doctor-prescribes-POEM-to-help-swallow-food/2014/07/21/article2340679.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2016 | title=City doctor prescribes POEM to help swallow food | publisher=Indian Express | date=21 July 2014 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> He has published several articles on the subject, many of them published in international referred journals.<ref name="Publications authored by T S Chadrasekar">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Thoguluva+Seshadri+Chandrasekar | title=Publications authored by T S Chadrasekar | publisher=PubFacts | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> He is a recipient of the Best Doctor Award of the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]]<ref name="Padma League Comprises 112 Achievers, Including Rajinikanth, Saina, Others" /> and serves as an adjunct professor at the university. The [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]] honored him with their fellowship in 2009<ref name="Chairman Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.medindiahospitals.com/ | title=Chairman Profile | publisher=Medindia Hospitals | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> and the Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="Dr V Shanta gets Padma Vibhushan; Padma Bhushan for Dr D Nageshwar Reddy">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2016/01/25/dr-v-shanta-gets-padma-vibhushan-padma-bhushan-for-dr-d-nageshwar-reddy/ | title=Dr V Shanta gets Padma Vibhushan; Padma Bhushan for Dr D Nageshwar Reddy | publisher=India Medical Times | date=25 January 2016 | access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/30-per-cent-of-Chennaiites-suffering-from-constipation/2013/07/29/article1706432.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063347/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/30-per-cent-of-Chennaiites-suffering-from-constipation/2013/07/29/article1706432.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 August 2013 | title=30 per cent of Chennaiites suffering from constipation | publisher=Indian Express | work=News report | date=29 July 2013 | access-date=16 August 2016 | author=Express News Service}}
* {{cite web | url=http://vidsshare.com/watch/Padmashri-Dr-TS-Chandrasekar-Interview-in-Sourashtra-Voice-TV-VideoDownload_ZC1DdDRCMHVRN2s.html | title=Dr. T. S. Chandrasekar | publisher=Saurashtra TV | work=Interview | date=2016 | access-date=16 August 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | url=http://www.annalsgastro.gr/index.php/annalsgastro/article/viewFile/748/556 | title=Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography under Ultrasound Guidance without Fluoroscopy in a pregnant woman | author=T. S. Chandrasekar, R. Ravi Kumar, Y. Satish Kumar, M. Murugesh, M. A. C. Hameed Hussain | journal=Annals of Gastroenterology | year=2009 | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=194–196}}
* {{cite journal|pmid=23408259|title=Novel predictors for immediate puncture site bleed during endoscopic glue injection for gastric varices without using lipiodol|vauthors=Chandrasekar TS, Menachery J, Gokul BJ, Murugesh M, Vivek Sandeep TC|journal=Indian J Gastroenterol|date=May 2013|volume=32|issue=3|pages=200–203|doi=10.1007/s12664-012-0301-2|s2cid=5516473}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekar, T. S.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Rajveer Singh (actor)

2026-02-10T02:51:45Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added the bio w/ refs

{{short description|Indian television actor and model (born 1986)}}
{{for|the politician|Rajveer Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajveer Singh
| image = File:Rajveer_Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|09|04|df=yes}}<ref>[https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/all-you-need-know-about-telly-actor-rajveer-singh-210406 All you need to know about telly actor Rajveer Singh]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bahadurgarh, Haryana]], India
| occupation = Actor, Model, Writer
| television =
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Anagha Tawde|2019}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]''|''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''}}
}}
'''Rajveer Singh''' (born 4 September 1986) is an Indian television actor and model. He is best known for playing lead roles in ''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]'' and ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''. From August 2022 to March 2023, he played the role of Arjun Singh Thakur in ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]''.

== Career ==
Before becoming an actor, he was a farmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-actor-rajveer-singh-was-a-farmer-till-the-age-of-16/articleshow/80269732.cms|title=Did you know Qurbaan Hua actor Rajveer Singh was a farmer till the age of 16|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> In 2014, He made his television debut in the show ''[[Ishq Kills]]'' as Rajveer and Samar. In 2017, he appeared as Abir Anand, the male protagonist in ''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?]]''; the Indian remake of the popular Turkish drama, ''[[Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?]]''. In 2019, he appear in ''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]'' as Zaroon Shah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Looking-forward-to-play-role-of-sports-person-says-TV-actor-Rajveer-Singh.html|title=Looking forward to play role of sports person, says TV actor Rajveer Singh|website=Thehitavada|language=en|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> He also appeared in the movie [[De De Pyaar De|de de pyaar de(2019)]] in a significant role.

From 2020 to 2021, he replaced [[Karan Jotwani]] as Neelkant "Neel" Dhyani in ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-comfortable-to-start-shooting-as-i-know-all-safety-measures-are-in-place-says-rajveer-singh-who-is-set-to-replace-karan-jotwani-in-qurbaan-hua/articleshow/78888357.cms|title=I'm comfortable to start shooting as I know all safety measures are in place, says Rajveer Singh who is set to replace Karan Jotwani in Qurbaan Hua|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=9 February 2022|date=27 October 2020}}</ref> From August 2022 to March 2023, he portrayed the main lead Arjun Singh Thakur in [[Star Plus]]' show ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajveer-singh-to-play-lead-in-the-tv-show-udti-ka-naam-rajjo/articleshow/92960472.cms|title=Rajveer Singh to play the lead in the TV show Rajjo|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> For his role in the series, he lost 8 kilograms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-rajveer-singh-lost-8-kilos-for-udti-ka-naam-rajjo-23238934|title=Rajveer Singh lost 8 kilos for 'Udti Ka Naam Rajjo'|website=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en|access-date=28 August 2022|date=2 August 2022}}</ref> From 10 July 2023 to 18 February 2024, he played Abir Bagchi in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Neerja – Ek Nayi Pehchaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title='I never get bored of doing positive roles,' says Rajveer Singh who joins the cast of Neerja...Ek Nayi Pehchaan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-never-get-bored-of-doing-positive-roles-says-rajveer-singh-who-joins-the-cast-of-neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan/articleshow/100269046.cms |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

From 2024 to 2025, he is playing Inspector Abhimanyu Sinha opposite Shambhavi Singh in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''10:29: Ki Aakhri Dastak''.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 May 2024 |title=Rajveer Singh On His Role As Abhimanyu In 10:29 Ki Aakhri Dastak: As A Cop, He Maintains A Practical Outlook On Life And Is Not Easily Deceived|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajveer-singh-on-his-role-as-abhimanyu-in-1029-ki-aakhri-dastak-as-a-cop-he-maintains-a-practical-outlook-on-life-and-is-not-easily-deceived/articleshow/110468949.cms |access-date=29 May 2024 |issn=}}</ref> Since September 2025, he was signed to play Rishi in [[StarPlus]]' ''[[Jhanak]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 September 2025|title=TV show Jhanak extends runtime to 45 minutes, Rajvir Singh replaces Arijit Taneja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-jhanak-extends-runtime-to-45-minutes-rajvir-singh-replaces-arijit-taneja/articleshow/124192447.cms|access-date=30 September 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Television ==

{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Ishq Kills]]''
| Rajveer
| rowspan = "2" | Episodic Role
|-
| Samar
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?]]''
| Abir Anand
| rowspan = "7" | Lead Role
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]''
| Zaroon Shah
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''
| Neelkant "Neel" Bhatt Dhyani
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]''
| Arjun Singh Thakur
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Neerja – Ek Nayi Pehchaan]]''
| Abir Bagchi
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''10:29 Ki Aakhri Dastak''
| Inspector Abhimanyu Sinha
|-
|2025–present
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Inspector Rishi Chatterjee
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7478785}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajveer}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]

Inspector Nalinikanta

2026-02-05T18:09:38Z

Mohamedmeera29: adding...

{{orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Inspector Nalinikanta.jpg
| caption =
| director = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
| producer = Arkadia Entertainment LLP Production
| writer =
| story = Ayan Bhattacharya
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], [[Suspense]]
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]
* [[Subrat Dutta]]
* Rupsha Chatterjee
* Mishka Halim
}}
| music =
| cinematography = Saurav Banerjee, Pramit Das
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|17}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}

'''''Inspector Nalinikanta''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] and [[Suspense]] [[web series]] directed by Soumik Chattopadhyaya. The series is written by Ayan Bhattacharya.<ref>{{cite web |title=খুনি কে? রহস্যের জট কি ছাড়াতে পারবে 'ইন্সপেক্টর নলিনীকান্ত', প্রকাশ্যে ট্রেলার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/inspector-nalinikanta-trailer-rajatava-dutta-as-inspector-full-story-31667880218901.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209221052/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/inspector-nalinikanta-trailer-rajatava-dutta-as-inspector-full-story-31667880218901.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2022 |website=Hindustantimes |language=bn |date=8 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Nalinikanta (TV Series) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-rh1kds/inspector-nalinikanta/ |website=Radio Times |language=en |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427163906/https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-rh1kds/inspector-nalinikanta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The main cast of the series is [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Subrat Dutta]], Rupsha Chatterjee and Mishka Halim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajatava Dutta in and as Inspector Nalinikanta; investigates murder mystery |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rajatava-dutta-in-and-as-inspector-nalinikanta-investigates-murder-mystery-1503123371.html |website=The Statesman |date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Nalinikanta: Latest News, Photos and Videos on Inspector Nalinikanta |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/topic/inspector-nalinikanta |website=Abplive |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around renowned cosmetic surgeon Dr Aditya Sen of Kolkata, who is having an adulterous affair with one of his patients, Nisha. Surprisingly, on his 15th wedding anniversary, he suspects that his wife Sharmila is also having an affair. Meanwhile, Sharmila discovers that Nisha is more than Aditya's patient. And now for the twist. Nisha assists the doctor in his scheme to assassinate Sharmila. Sharmila was attacked at home one night, and it appears to be a burglary. Inspector Nalinikanta begins his inquiry and quickly realises there is more to this crime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Nalinikanta: Who’s the killer? Will Rajatava be able to solve the mystery? Official trailer out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/inspector-nalinikanta-whos-the-killer-will-rajatava-be-able-to-solve-the-mystery-official-trailer-out-now/articleshow/95376097.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=খুনি কি আদৌ ক্ষান্ত? ট্রেলারে কীসের সংকেত, রহস্যের জালে ইন্সপেক্টর নলিনীকান্ত |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/inspector-nalinikanta-official-trailer-launch-klikk-official-platform-ss-922762.html |website=News18 |language=bn |date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Rajatava Dutta]]
*[[Subrat Dutta]]
*Rupsha Chatterjee
*Mishka Halim
*Chhandak Choudhury

==Reception==
IMDb gave it 8.5 out of 10 ratings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Nalinikanta (TV Series 2022– ) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23782484/ratings/?ref_=tt_ov_rt |website=IMDB}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#B1A3BF |overall= Sharmila Sen is meticulously murdered just days after her 15th wedding anniversary with famous prosthetic surgeon Aditya Sen |title=Inspector Nalinikanta |director= Soumik Chattopadhyaya|airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Belonging of Trophy Husband
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Who is Aditya's owner? How will he resurrect himself? What action does he take to respond to the charges that he has the potential to be an ideal career holder?

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Don't Panic
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Aditya devised and carried out a detailed plot against Sharmila. Meanwhile, Nisha is always terrified. What lies next for Aditya?
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = How Murder Looks Alike?
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = On the floor, conduct an investigation. Sharmila and Aditya's secrets are being disclosed in a spiral. Meanwhile, Sharmila awakens from her coma. Will she be able to track out the criminal?

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Doppelganger
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Nalini Kundu, an investigating officer, solves the riddle by connecting the dots with the existence of a lookalike. It also casts doubt on the husband. What comes next?

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Not A Regular Inspector
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Inspector Nalini Kundu and his aide conduct a more detailed inspection based on important assumptions. The light interrogation with Nisha leads to the unravelling of the murder mystery and the next target of suspicion.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Fear Faith
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = According to the protracted investigation, the conspiracies behind the murder are becoming clearer. While the primary suspect tries to flee the inspector, inspector Nalini successfully manipulates Nisha against Dr. Sen.

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Cleaning Hand
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Change the game Inspector Nalini causes havoc between Nisha and Dr. Sen and eventually gains Nisha's trust. Finally, when Nisha tries to flee, the police arrive and discover the key evidence against the perpetrator.

|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23782484}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]

Kiliroor sex scandal

2026-02-04T21:06:14Z

Mohamedmeera29: refine formatting after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Child sexual abuse scandal in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{cleanup-rewrite|date=December 2012}}

In the infamous 2003 '''Kiliroor sex scandal''', a teenaged girl named Shari S. Nair, hailing from Kiliroor, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] was sexually abused by reportedly being promised roles in TV serials. She was taken to many places in and around Kerala and was allegedly exploited sexually by "influential persons". Shari S Nair later died after she gave birth to a daughter who is now being raised by her parents.<ref name="Five found guilty in Kiliroor sex scandal case">{{Cite web |title=Five found guilty in Kiliroor sex scandal case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/five-found-guilty-in-kiliroor-sex-scandal-case-568870 |access-date=2020-09-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Case details ==
According to official sources, the request to the Centre was based on a suggestion by [[Kerala Police]] DGP P K Hormis Tharakan that the probe be handed over to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] in view of the political nature of the case and the reported involvement of prominent persons.

Six persons, including the key accused Latha Nair who allegedly took the girl to many places, had already been arrested in the case, now being probed by a special police team.

Kerala government has recommended to the Centre to order a CBI inquiry into the scandal.<ref>[http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=13609854 sify.com]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The CBI filed chargesheet against nine persons in the sensational case before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ernakulam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/08/cbi-files-chargesheet-in-kiliroor-sex-scandal-1149779358.html |title=CBI files chargesheet in Kiliroor sex scandal |publisher=Oneindia |date=2006-06-08 |access-date=2013-10-29 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225174329/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/08/cbi-files-chargesheet-in-kiliroor-sex-scandal-1149779358.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The five accused are plead guiltily for rape of Shari Nair <ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kiliroor-culprits-get-10-years-in-jail/articleshow/11817256.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709175742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-09/thiruvananthapuram/31041457_1_scandal-case-latha-nair-minor-girl |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=Kiliroor culprits get 10 years in jail |date=2012-02-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2867612.ece |title=Kiliroor sex scandal case: accused found guilty |work=The Hindu |date=2012-02-07 |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

* August 2003 - Kochumon alias Binu introduces Shari S. Nair, the victim to Latha Nair, she was gang raped following this.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2008 |first=Gladwin |last=Emmanuel |title=Victim's parents demand fresh probe into Kiliroor sex scandal |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/victims-parents-demand-fresh-probe-into-kiliroor-sex-scandal/articleshow/15877227.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
* August 15, 2004 - The victim delivered a baby girl in [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm father of victim's child, says Praveen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/12/im-father-of-victims-child-says-praveen-329377.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* November 13, 2004 - The victim succumbed to death following medical complications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-11-14 |title=Girl involved in Kiliroor sex scandal dies |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/girl-involved-in-kiliroor-sex-scandal-dies-1.338541 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* December 10, 2008 - In response to a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]], [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|Judicial Magistrate of First Class- 3]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] directs [[Kerala Police]] to take case against Health Minister [[P. K. Sreemathy]], CM's secretaries S. Rajendran and [[K. N. Balagopal]], Latha Nair and sons of two ministers for conspiring to suppress certain sensitive information pertaining to the case in [[Chief minister]]'s office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiliroor: Case against Sremathi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2008/dec/11/kiliroor-case-against-sremathi-9707.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* February 8, 2012 - The five accused in the case namely Praveen, Manoj, Latha Nair, Kochumon and Prasanth sentenced for ten years rigorous imprisonment by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] special court, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-09 |title=Kiliroor culprits get 10 years in jail |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kiliroor-culprits-get-10-years-in-jail/articleshow/11817256.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Verdict of Kiliyoor Case |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/115571456/?type=print}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
* [[P. K. Sreemathy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Rape in India}}
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:History of Kottayam district]]
[[Category:2003 crimes in India]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Sex scandals in India]]
[[Category:Casting controversies]]
[[Category:Entertainment scandals]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:August 2003 in India]]
[[Category:August 2004 in India]]
[[Category:November 2004 in India]]
[[Category:December 2008 in India]]
[[Category:February 2012 in India]]

Shiv Singh of Sikar

2026-02-01T23:49:47Z

Mohamedmeera29: created biography

{{Short description|Rao of Sikar from 1721 to 1748}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Shiv Singh
| succession = [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| reign = 1721 – 1748
| predecessor = [[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]]
| successor = [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]
| death_date = 1748
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]
* [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]]
* Kirat Singh
* Medh Singh
* Budh Singh
* Suraj Kumari
}}
| house = [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| father = [[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Shekhawat]]
}}
'''Shiv Singh''' (or '''Sheo Singh''') was the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] from 1721 until his death in 1748, an area within [[Rajputana]].

== Reign ==
In 1721, upon the death of his father, [[Dowlat Singh|Daulat Singh]], he succeeded him as [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dundlod |first=Harnath Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T1XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sheikhawats & Their Lands |date=1970 |publisher=Raj Educational Printers |pages=63–65 |language=en}}</ref> His father began constructing the fort and palace at [[Sikar]] during his lifetime but died before they were completed.<ref name=":2" /> Shiv oversaw their completion.<ref name=":2" /> He built a defensive wall around the town of [[Sikar]] and fortified it.<ref name=":2" /> He erected the temple of Gopinathji.<ref name=":2" /> He also built a [[Shiva]] temple near the [[Harshnath Temple|Harshnath temple]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdbHDwAAQBAJ |title=Art Architecture & Culture of Rajasthan |date=2018-03-02 |publisher=RajRAS |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Aakib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sxEAAAQBAJ |title=Complete Rajasthan GK (English) |publisher=SI Publication |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref> Soon after, a Seth from Agra was looted by robbers who carried away all his silver.<ref name=":2" /> Sardar Singh of Kasli sent a false report to the [[Mughal emperor|Delhi]] authorities claiming that it was done by Shiv Singh.<ref name=":2" /> To recover the booty and dismantle the fort and defense wall of [[Sikar]], the [[Mughal emperor|Delhi]] authorities sent an army under the command of Jannisbar Khan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Seeing this, he requested [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]] to intervene, and using his influence, [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh]] sent Khan back to [[Delhi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He annexed [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]] in [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] following his victory in the war against the Qaimkhanis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Over the years, the Mughal Empire was weakening, and the Marathas were rising in power.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Meharda |first=B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Territory, Polity, and Status: A Study of Shekhawats |date=2006 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-887-1 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> Seeing this, and knowing that Shekhawati was always on the verge of attacks, it became necessary to have a powerful ally to rely on in times of war and conflict.<ref name=":3" /> He met [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh]], his kin, a powerful ruler who held considerable influence.<ref name=":0" /> This meeting took place at [[Mauzmabad]], where Shiv accepted [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai]] suzerainty and became a tributary of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==

=== Marriage ===
He had four wives.<ref name=":0" /> He married first Mertaniji from [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Maroth]].<ref name=":0" /> His second wife Champawatji was from Pali.<ref name=":0" /> His third wife also a Mertaniji was from Loonwa.<ref name=":0" /> His fourth wife was Bidawatji from Dantru.<ref name=":0" />

=== Children ===
He was the father of five sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0" /> They were:

'''By his first wife, he had one son and one daughter:'''

* [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]<ref name=":0" />
* Suraj Kumari who was married to Umaid Singh, [[Rajadhiraja|Rajadhiraj]] of [[Shahpura state|Shahpura]].<ref name=":2" />

'''By his second wife, he had two sons:'''

* Kirat Singh.<ref name=":0" /> He had a son:
** Padam Singh, born posthumously.<ref name=":0" />
* Medh Singh.<ref name=":0" /> He had a son:
** Bhao Singh, born posthumously.<ref name=":0" />
Both Kirat and Medh were killed by their brother [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]] at [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=693 |language=en}}</ref> This left Shiv Singh heartbroken, and he never returned to [[Sikar]] or [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]] afterward.<ref name=":1" /> When their mother learned of their killing, she wore white, the color worn in mourning, and took her daughters-in-law and left [[Sikar]].<ref name=":0" /> When their father, Shiv, came to know of this episode, he arrived just in time from [[Jaipur]] and convinced his wife not to go to her paternal home but to stay at Patoda.<ref name=":0" /> He sent his daughter-in-laws to their homes.<ref name=":0" /> And that's where, in time, they both gave birth to sons.<ref name=":0" />

'''By his third wife, he had two sons:'''
* [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]]<ref name=":0" />
* Budh Singh<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Following the death of [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh]], the [[Battle of Bagru]] ensued between [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] and [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.) |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref> He participated in the battle and received a serious wound while fighting against the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536468/ |title=Batra H. C. |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand and Co. |pages=9}}</ref> [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] made prompt arrangements for his treatment and visited him daily.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=141–144, 195 |language=en}}</ref> His son [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]] stayed with him and took care of him.<ref name=":0" /> At first, he was recovering, but later his illness worsened, and he died in 1748.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1748 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Sikar]]

[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]

Jharkhand Party

2026-01-31T23:06:08Z

Mohamedmeera29: Updated entries and formatting

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{distinguish|All India Jharkhand Party}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Jharkhand Party
|abbreviation = JKP
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1949|3|5}}
|headquarters = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|founder = [[Jaipal Singh Munda]]
|merged =[[Indian National Congress]]
|dissolution= 20 June 1963
|ideology={{ubl|[[Jharkhand|Jharkhand statehood]]|[[Adivasi|Indigenous rights]]|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]}}
|eci=Registered
|colorcode={{party color|Jharkhand Party}}
|colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}}} Green
| predecessor = Adivasi Mahasabha
|no_states=Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|150px]]
|website =
{{URL|jharkhandparty.org}}{{efn|The Jharkhand Party has used various domains for their website in the past, including {{URL|https://www.jharkhandparty.com}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/https://www.jharkhandparty.com archived]), {{URL|https://www.jharkhandparty.org}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/https://www.jharkhandparty.org archived]), and {{URL|https://www.jharkhandparty.in}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/https://www.jharkhandparty.in archived]). However, these websites are now defunct, and no active official website is currently maintained.}}
}}

The '''Jharkhand Party''' ('''JKP''') is one of the oldest [[political parties in India]]. formed on 5 March 1949 by ''Marang Gomke'' [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] in [[Ranchi]]. The party grew out of the demand for a separate [[Jharkhand]] state.

The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elections of [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]], [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]], and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]. For more than 15 years, the Jharkhand Party was the only major opposition political party against the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bihar. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand to the [[States Reorganisation Commission|States Reorganization Commission]], but the state was not created for linguistic and economic reasons.<ref name="a">{{cite book|title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India edited by Gautam Kumar Bera|pages=45–50|isbn=9788183241458|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q=Maharaja+Kameshwar+Singh+darbhanga&pg=PA48|last1=Bera|first1=Gautam Kumar|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/reunion-bells-ring-for-jharkhand-party-factions/cid/508512|title=Reunion bells ring for Jharkhand Party factions|website=m.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==History==
===Formation===
The 19th-century sociopolitical movement in the lower [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur region]], initiated by tribals to address their issues, gave rise to several tribal rights organizations, predominantly led by educated [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christian tribals]]. One of the earliest was the ''Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj'', founded in 1915 by Rev. Joel Lakra with help of Theble Oraon, Bandi Oraon and Paul Dayal, aimed at promoting education and social reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63VuAAAAMAAJ |title=Jharkhand, Castle Over the Graves |date=1992 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0298-1 |language=en}}</ref> The organization demanded autonomy and socio-cultural protection to the [[Simon Commission]] during its visit to [[Patna]] in 1928. Around the same time, the ''Chotanagpur Catholic Sabha'' was formed under the leadership of [[Boniface Lakra]] and Ignes Beck (1928–1929), while non-convert [[Munda people|Munda tribals]] established the ''Munda Sabha'' in 1929, although it failed to garner broad support. In 1931, peasant group broke away from the Unnati Samaj and founded the ''Chotanagpur Kisan Sabha'', with Laurentius Barla as president and Theble Oraon as secretary, focusing on agrarian and cultural concerns in the [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] belts. Similarly, in the early 1930s, some tribal traditionalists established the ''Sarna Sabha'' and began articulating the "[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]" ethno-religious identity bloc.<ref>Hembram, P. C. (1988). pp. 87–88.</ref> By this time, the Unnati Samaj had reorganized as the ''Adivasi Sabha'', a secular front for tribal consolidation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bara |first=Joseph |date=1997 |title=Western Education and Rise of New Identity: Mundas and Oraons of Chotanagpur, 1839-1939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405287 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=785–790 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> However, in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 Bihar Provincial Assembly elections]], only the Catholic Sabha managed limited success, winning two out of thirty-eight seats from Chotanagpur, while other tribal groups failed to gain representation. This electoral setback revealed the fragmented nature of tribal politics and prompted calls for unity, and in May 1938 the Adivasi Mahasabha ({{literally|Great Assembly of [[Adivasi]]s}}) was formed through consolidation of the Sabhas, with Theodore Surin as president and Paul Dayal as secretary. The Mahasabha began advocating the idea of a Jharkhand state in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in June 1938. At the Mahasabha's second annual session in [[Ranchi]] in January 1939, [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] was elected president. Following his election, the Mahasabha secured notable victories in the 1939 District Board elections, winning twenty seats in [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] and sixteen in [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]. To support its political agenda and mobilization efforts beyond Ranchi and Singhbhum, the Mahasabha began publishing materials such as "Adivasi" and "Adivasi Sakam".{{efn|The journal ''Adivasi'' was first published by the Unnati Samaj in 1932 from Ranchi and paused after its 8th edition in 1934. After the formation of the Adivasi Mahasabha in May 1938, it resumed with the 9th edition in September 1938.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sharma | first=A.P. | title=Descheduling of the Christian tribes in Chotanagpur | journal=Social Change | volume=21 | issue=4 | date=1991 | issn=0049-0857 | doi=10.1177/0049085719910407 | pages=57–76 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049085719910407 | access-date=September 16, 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Adivasi Sakam'', founded and edited by Jaipal Singh, was first published in July 1940 from Jamshedpur.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Tewari | first=Saagar | title=Framing the Fifth Schedule: Tribal agency and the making of the Indian Constitution (1937–1950) | journal=Modern Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=56 | issue=5 | year=2022 | issn=0026-749X | doi=10.1017/s0026749x21000779 | doi-access=free | pages=1556–1594 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1D3B7C94989412132E200A153633C65/S0026749X21000779a.pdf/div-class-title-framing-the-fifth-schedule-tribal-agency-and-the-making-of-the-indian-constitution-1937-1950-div.pdf | access-date=September 16, 2025}}</ref>}}

However, dissatisfaction with Christian influence in the Mahasabha led to a split in July 1939, when Theble Oraon founded the ''Sanatan Adivasi Mahasabha'' to represent traditionalist, non-Christian tribals aligned with the [[Nationalist Movements in India|nationalist movement]]. At the Ramgarh session of Congress in 1940, Munda discussed with [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subash Chandra Bose]] regarding Jharkhand state. Amid rejection of Jharkhand statehood demand from influential political leaders and growing internal disagreements, the Mahasabha's performance declined in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 Bihar Assembly elections]], securing only three seats, with Jaipal Singh defeated by Congress candidate Dr. P. C. Mitra. However, in the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|1946 Constituent Assembly elections]], Jaipal Singh was elected to represent the tribal population during the drafting of the [[Constitution of India]] and, as a member of the Tribal Sub-Committee, advocated for tribal interests in the Assembly. In 1947, internal debates emerged within the Mahasabha regarding the inclusion of non-tribal populations, since tribals accounted less than half of the Chotanagpur population, although no consensus was reached. Eventually, at its session held in Ranchi on 5 March 1949, the Mahasabha was reorganized as the Jharkhand Party, with Jaipal Singh as president and Julius Tigga as secretary. Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] on 15 August 1947 and the adoption of the Constitution on 26 November 1949, which provided [[Reservation in India|reserved political representation]] in tribal-concentrated regions, the Jharkhand Party was formally launched to the public on 1 January 1950 in [[Jamshedpur]], shifting from a tribal-centric organization to a broader regional movement advocating for a separate Jharkhand state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L. N. |date=1996 |title=Political Consciousness in Jharkhand, 1900-1947 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133351 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=467–484 |jstor=44133351 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L.N. |date=1992 |title=The Adivasi Mahasabha (1938-1949): Launching Pad of the Jharkhand Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142817 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |pages=397–405 |jstor=44142817 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=A. P. |date=1988-06-01 |title=The Jharkhand movement: A critique |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085719880203 |journal=Social Change |language=EN |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=59–82 |doi=10.1177/0049085719880203 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
{{Prose|section|date=December 2024}}
The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] and won 34 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and become the main opposition party.<ref name=a/> In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of separate state to the [[States Reorganization Commission]], but the demand was not accepted because the region had many languages and tribal groups were in the minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> In [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] Legislative Assembly election, the winning candidates of the party reduced to 31 and 20 in subsequent elections.

Jaipal Singh was disappointed by the declining popularity of his party and rejection of its demand for a separate Jharkhand state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India+Jharkhand&pg=PA118|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> In 1963 the Jharkhand Party merged with [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="a" /> The merger was quite unpopular within the party ranks, and a number of splinter groups were formed, including the [[All India Jharkhand Party]], the [[Hul Jharkhand Party]], and [[Veer Birsa Dal]].

In 1967, [[Niral Enem Horo|N.E. Horo]] became an MLA of the Jharkhand Party from Kolibera by election.

In 1971, the Jharkhand Party was reorganized by [[Bagun Sumbrai|Bagun Sumrai]], who was elected president. Horo became general secretary of the party.

In 1975, N.E. Horo was elected president of the party and Noren Hansda was elected general secretary.

In 1990, N.E. Horo was elected president, working president Lal Ranvijay Nath Sahdeo, Ashok Bhagat General Secretary in byniel conference.

On 8 January 2009, Jharkhand Party candidate Raja Peter defeated sitting [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], [[Shibu Soren]] by over 9,000 votes in presidency of [[Anosh Ekka]] and Shri [[Ashok Kumar Bhagat]]-Principal General Secretary.<ref name="Jharkhand CM Shibu Sores loses in by-election">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jharkhand-cm-shibu-sores-loses-in-byelection/82241-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132740/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jharkhand-cm-shibu-sores-loses-in-byelection/82241-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Jharkhand CM Shibu Sores loses in by-election|date=8 January 2009|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=2009-01-08}}</ref>

==Splinter groups==
{{See also|Political parties in Jharkhand}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
The Jharkhand Party was fragmented into several splinter groups, including more then nine during 1967–1972, after its merger into the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-reports }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L.N. |date=1991 |title=The Congress - Jharkhand Merger (1963) and the Separatist Movement in Tribal Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142668 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=634–642 |jstor=44142668 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Ambagudia | first1=Jagannath | last2=Xaxa | first2=Virginius | title=Handbook of Tribal Politics in India | publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd | publication-place=B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 | date=2021 | isbn=978-93-5388-458-1 | doi=10.4135/9789353884581.n4 | url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/handbook-of-tribal-politics-in-india | access-date=2025-09-26 | page=}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Party !! Abbr. !! Election Symbol !! Founded !! Founder/Leader !! Note
|- style="background:#eee;"
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}} || JKP || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50px]]|| {{date|5 March 1949}} || [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] || Merged with [[Indian National Congress]] ({{date|20 June 1963}})
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} {{Tooltip|(i)|Ad-hoc committee}} || AIJP || || {{date|21 June 1963}} || Lal Hari Nath Sahdeo || rowspan="2"|United with presidentship A.K. Lakra ({{date|5 April 1966}}); later split back into three groups
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} (ii)|| AIJP || || 1965 || Paul Dayal
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} (iii) || AIJP || || 1965 || A.K. Lakra ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Birsa Seva Dal}} || BSD || || 1967 || Lalit Kumar Kujur ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} (iv) || AIJP || || {{date|28 December 1967}} || Ratnakar Naik ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand Party}} || BPHJ || || {{date|28 December 1968}} || Justin Richard ||
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Anushilan Party}} ||[[Jharkhand Anushilan Party|Jharkhand Party (Aditya)]] || JKP(A) || || 1968 || Aditya Kisku || Later renamed to [[Jharkhand Anushilan Party]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} (iv) || AIJP || || {{date|19 May 1968}} || [[David Munzni]]||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party (Horo)}} (Horo) || JKP(H) || || 1970 || [[Niral Enem Horo]] ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} (v) || AIJP || || 1970 || [[Bagun Sumbrai]]||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party}} || PHJP || || 1972 || || Split of BPHJ
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Kolhan Raksha Sangh}} || KRS || || {{date|31 October 1977}} || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} || JMM || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]|| {{date|31 October 1977}} || [[Shibu Soren]] ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Kranti Dal}} || JKD || || 1980 || ||
|-
|{{party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}||[[All Jharkhand Students Union|All India Jharkhand Students Union]] || AJSU || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|50px]]|| {{date|22 June 1986}} || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Co-ordination Committee}} || JCC || || 1987 || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Liberation Front}} || JLF || || 1989 || [[Salkhan Murmu]] ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Hul Jharkhand Party}} || HJP || || 1989 || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party (Naren)}} (Naren) || JKP(N) || || 1990 || [[Naren Hansda]] ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|United Jharkhand Party}} || UJP || || {{date|20 January 1991}} || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Hul Jharkhand Kranti Dal}} || HJKD || || {{date|5 April 1991}} || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Chhotanagpur Front}}||CF || || || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad}} || CPPP || || || ||
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Krantikari Mukti Morcha}} ||KMM || || || ||
|}

==Electoral performance==
===Legislative Assembly election results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" |Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white;" |Party
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | +/- seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | Overall Votes
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" | {{Abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|JKP
|53
|32
|–
|765,272
|8.01
|<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1952 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1951.pdf |page=13}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|
|70
|31
|{{decrease}} 1
|749,021
|7.08
|<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/biharelection/statistical%20report/1957.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|
|75
|20
| {{Decrease}} 11
|432,643
|4.39
|<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1962.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
|-
||[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|JKD
|42
|1
| {{Decrease}}
|90,717
|0.53
|<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1972.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|JKD
|31
|2
|
|72,303
|0.42
|
<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1977.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
|}

==Working committee==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}; color:white" | S.No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}; color:white" | Name
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}; color:white" | Designation
|-
!1.
| [[Anosh Ekka]]
| National President
|-
!2.
| Ajit Kumar
| Executive President
|-
!3.
| Ashok Kumar Bhagat
| Principal General Secretary
|-
!4.
| Kiran Kumar Aind
| Executive President
|-
|}

== List of presidents ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}};color:white" | No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}};color:white" | Presidents
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}};color:white" | Term in Office
|-
!1.
|[[Jaipal Singh Munda]] {{small|(1903–1970)}}
|1949–1963
|-
! colspan=3|Merged into [[Indian National Congress|INC]], splinted into groups
|-
!2.
|[[Bagun Sumbrai]] {{small|(1924–2018)}}
|1971–1975
|-
!3.
|[[Niral Enem Horo]] {{small|(1925–2008)}}
|1975–2005
|-
!4.
|'''[[Anosh Ekka]]''' {{small|(born 1983)}}
|'''2005–Incumbent'''
|-
|}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Sources===
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L.N. |date=1992 |title=The Adivasi Mahasabha (1938-1949): Launching Pad of the Jharkhand Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142817 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |pages=397–405 |jstor=44142817 |issn=2249-1937}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]
[[Category:Political parties in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]

Koppal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:33:12Z

Mohamedmeera29: adding...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koppal
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Koppal.map}}
| map_caption = Koppal Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| state =[[Karnataka]]
| established =1952
| assembly_cons = [[Sindhanur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sindhanur]] [[Maski (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Maski]] [[Kushtagi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kushtagi]] [[Kanakagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kanakagiri]] [[Gangawati (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Gangawati]] [[Yelburga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yelburga]] [[Koppal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Koppal]] [[Siruguppa (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Siruguppa]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation =None
| mp =[[K. Rajashekar Basavaraj Hitnal]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]}}
[[File:Koppal Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]

'''Koppal Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=206}}</ref> This constituency covers the entire [[Koppal district]] and parts of [[Raichur district|Raichur]] and [[Bellary district|Bellary]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Koppal Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|58
|[[Sindhanur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sindhanur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raichur district|Raichur]]
|Hampanagouda Badarli
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|59
|[[Maski (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Maski]] (ST)
|Basanagowda Turvihal
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|60
|[[Kushtagi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kushtagi]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Koppal district|Koppal]]
|[[Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil|Doddanagouda Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|61
|[[Kanakagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kanakagiri]] (SC)
|[[Shivaraj Tangadagi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|62
|[[Gangawati (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Gangawati]]
|[[G. Janardhana Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|63
|[[Yelburga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yelburga]]
|[[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|64
|[[Koppal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Koppal]]
|[[K. Raghavendra Hitnal]]
|-
|92
|[[Siruguppa (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Siruguppa]] (ST)
|[[Bellary district|Ballari]]
|B. M. Nagaraja
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raichur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/raichur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Sivamurthi Swami Alavandi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Sangappa Agadi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Sivamurthi Swami Alavandi
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Sangappa Agadi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Siddarameshwar Swamy
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[H. G. Ramulu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Basavaraj Patil Anwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[H. G. Ramulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[K. Virupaxappa]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Shivaramagouda Shivanagouda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa|Karadi Sanganna]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[K. Rajashekar Basavaraj Hitnal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Koppal]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Koppal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Koppal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S108.htm |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727131645/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S108.htm |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[K. Rajashekar Basavaraj Hitnal|Rajashekar Hitnal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 663,511
|percentage = 49.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basavaraj S. Kyavater
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 617,154
|percentage = 46.44
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,519
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 46,357
|percentage = 3.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,329,839
|percentage = 71.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Koppal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]
|votes = 584,997
|percentage =49.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Rajashekar Basavaraj Hitnal
|votes = 547,573
|percentage = 46.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate =[[None of the above]]
|votes =10,800
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Shivaputrappa. Gumagera
|votes =9,469
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,397
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,190,627
|percentage = 68.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Koppal]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/7920/43/16 |title = Koppal Lok Sabha constituency results 2014}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]
|votes = 486,383
|percentage = 48.32
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Basavaraj Hitnal
|votes = 453,969
|percentage = 45.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate =[[None of the above]]
|votes = 12,947
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Syed Arif
|votes =9,529
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 32,414
|percentage = 3.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,007,430
|percentage = 65.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kushtagi Lok Sabha constituency|Kushtagi]]
* [[Koppal district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.3|76.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koppal Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Koppal district]]

Dwip Khanda

2026-01-19T02:06:59Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added basic data w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Dwip Khanda
| settlement_type = Village
| population_total = 1,432
| area_total_ha =
| name =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|18|0.56|N|88|35|50.47|E|scale:3125}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733127
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| other_name = Dwipkhanda
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics_type1 = Muslims = 100% {{increase}} Hindus = % Others (Christian, Sikh, Buddhists) = 0%
| demographics1_title1 =
| website = {{URL|ddinajpur.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| area_total_km2 = 3.6442
| area_land_ha =
| population_blank1_title = [[Male]]
| population_blank1 = 758
| population_blank2_title = [[Female]]
| population_blank2 = 674
| blank1_name_sec2 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur|
Tapan]]
| registration_plate = WB
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate, Comfortable]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| area_code = 03524
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
}}
'''Dwip Khanda''' or '''Dwipkhanda,''' is a [[village]] located in [[Tapan (community development block)|Tapan]] subdivision of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dakshin Dinajpur 2011 Census .XLXS file |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211020851/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=CensusIndia.gov.in |quote=No: 1204 on the XL Sheet}}</ref>

== Location ==
It is situated {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from sub-district headquarters [[Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur|Tapan]].<ref>According to [[Google Maps]].</ref> [[Balurghat]] is the district headquarters of this village. Dwipkhanda gram panchayat is the [[gram panchayat]] of this village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 No. Dwipkhanda Gram Panchayat, Memo No. – 263/DWIP/2022-2023 {{!}} District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://ddinajpur.nic.in/notice/5-no-dwipkhanda-gram-panchayat-memo-no-263-dwip-2022-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425183422/https://ddinajpur.nic.in/notice/5-no-dwipkhanda-gram-panchayat-memo-no-263-dwip-2022-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is {{convert|364.42|hectare|acre km2}}. The village code of this village is 311513.

== Population ==
With about 324 houses, this village has a total population of 1,432 people amongst them are 758 male and 674 female and a total geographical area of {{convert|84.75|hectare|acre}} or 3.6442 km2. The literacy rate of the total population of this village is 71.02% among 74.67% males and 66.91% females are literate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur|Tapan]] town in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].
* [[Majhi Khanda]] village in Dakshin Dinajpur.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshin Dinajpur district]]

{{DakshinDinajpur-geo-stub}}

Anitha Shaiq

2026-01-08T00:23:03Z

Mohamedmeera29: Starting new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anitha Shaiq
| image = Anitha Shaiq.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Anitha Shaiq
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| origin =
| genre = [[Sufi]], [[Ghazal]] and [[Playback singing|playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer, composer
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2007–present
| label =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Anitha Shaiq''', often credited as Anitha. S is an Indian playback singer, Sufi singer and music composer. She performs Indian [[wikt:classical|classical]], [[sufi]], [[Ghazal]], [[folk music|folk]] and pop music, having sung in [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. In her 18 years in the film industry, she has recorded songs for films in 12 different languages.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/anitha-shaiqs-musical-journey/article25333114.ece | title=Anitha Shaiq on her journey with music | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 October 2018 | last1=M | first1=Athira }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprimetime.in/anitha-shaiqs-recently-released-sufi-rock-is-trending-on-youtube-with-a-excellent-reviews/ | title=Anitha Shaiq's Recently Released Sufi Rock is Trending on YouTube with a Excellent Reviews! | date=11 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Anitha Shaiq on her journey with music">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Anitha Shaiq on her journey with music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/anitha-shaiqs-musical-journey/article25333114.ece |access-date=20 December 2023 |date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220055620/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/anitha-shaiqs-musical-journey/article25333114.ece |archive-date=20 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anitha Shaiq was born to Sirajuniza Begum, a secondary school music teacher, and Sheikh Ebrahim. She graduated from the Government College for Women, majoring in music. She has studied [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], [[sufi music|Sufi]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], and Western music.<ref name="Pillai2011" />

==Career==
[[File:Anitha Shaiq..jpg|thumb|At Pearl Awards in Qatar]]

===Composing===
Shaiq composed the song "Melake Ponnal" for the film ''Crossroad'' directed by Lenin Rajendran.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/crossroad-song-melakey-is-the-music-direction-debut-of-chandamama-singer/articleshow/61063176.cms | title='Crossroad' song 'Melakey' is the music direction debut of 'Chandamama' singer! | date=13 October 2017 | first=Deepa | last=Soman | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=29 August 2019 }}</ref>

===Playback singing===
Shaiq began her play back singing in 2007 with the hit song of that year composed by Sree. [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref name=Pillai2011>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Suchithra|title=Rolling in the hits – Since her debut in Rock n' Roll, singer Anitha S. has continuously rocked the charts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1151079.ece|accessdate=27 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 February 2011}}</ref> She has sung for many [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada]] movies.<ref name=Pillai2011 />

===Musical albums===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}
"Satrangee" is composed and sung by Anitha Shaiq, while it was produced by East Coast.The album consists of seven tracks written by legends like, [[Meera]], [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Bulleh Shah]], [[Amir Khusrow]] etc..The album was launched by the famous Indian Sufi singer [[Kailash Kher]] on 20 January 2015.

===Live performances===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}
Anitha has performed live concerts all over India, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Europe.

==Discography==
[[File:Anitha S..jpg|thumb|Anitha on a live show in Bahrain]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Music director !! Language !! year
|-
| O mama || [[Rock n Roll]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || Malayalam || 2007
|-
| Thumbi Thumbi ||Parunthu || Alex paul || Malayalam || 2008
|-
| Sarigamapa || Twenty Twenty || Berney Ignatious || Malayalam || 2008
|-
| Minnaminnikkoottam || [[minnaminnikkoottam]] || [[Bijibal]] || Malayalam || 2008
|-
| Rajakumari || lollipop || Alex paul || Malayalam|| 2008
|-
| Ekanda chandrike || 2 harihar nagar || Alex paul || Malayalam || 2009
|-
| Adavukal || 2 harihar nagar || alexpaul || Malayalam || 2009
|-
| Kozhy chingara ||[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]|| ouseppachan || Malayalam || 2009
|-
| Maama maama || Simhakutty || raghavendra || Malayalam || 2009
|-
| Pathalle pathalle || Ringtone || [[shaan (singer)|shaan]] || Malayalam || 2010
|-
| Manassin vaathi || Killaadi || keeravaani || Malayalam || 2010
|-
| Mazha mazha|| Killaadi || keeravaani || Malayalam || 2010
|-
| Panchasaara || Black&white kudumbam || Alex paul || Malayalam || 2010
|-
| Dhak dhak || Alexander the great || [[M G Sreekumar]] || Malayalam || 2010
|-
| Ola ola || In ghost house inn || Alex paul || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Miya miya ||In ghost house inn || Alexpaul || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Laddu laddu || Aarvam || Rony raphel || Tamil || 2011
|-
| Annakkili || [[Kai (film)|Kai]] || [[Ishaan Dev]] || Tamil || 2011
|-
| Theyyare || Varan || Mani sharma || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Pathinettin ||[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]|| Alex paul || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Noda beda || Kalla malla sulla || Alex paul || Kannada || 2011
|-
| Nath nath || [[Badrinath]] || Keeravaani || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Thuppa thuppa || Kalla malla sulla || Alex paul || Kannada || 2011
|-
| Odu paampe || Kochi to kodambakkam || Thaman || Malayalam || 2011
|-
| Kaadhaloru || Kaandharvan || Alex paul || Tamil || 2012
|-
| House full || Housefull || Sejo jone || Malayalam || 2013
|-
| Kanalu njaan || Idiots || Nandhu kartha || Malayalam || 2013
|-
| Raavoru || Rabecca Uthupp || Ratheesh vega || Malayalam || 2013
|-
| Kannaayiram || Solar Swapnam || Jayan || Malayalam || 2014
|-
| konjum ballyamalle || little superman 3D || mohan sitara || Malayalam || 2014
|-
| Arabean version || Ayne || rahulraj || Malayalam || 2015
|-
| to pain begaani || album||ganesh prasad ||oriya||2016
|-
| meree jaan ||ekkadiki potavu chinnavada ||sekhar chandra ||Telugu ||2016
|-
|appangal||
Usthad hotel||gopisunder||Tamil||2016|-
|thakiladi melam || viswaasapoorvam manzoor ||ramesh narayan || Malayalam || 2017
|-
| Kettu marannoru || match box ||bijipal ||Malayalam ||2017
|-
| Melakey || cross road || anitha shaiq || Malayalam || 2017
|-
| kattukkul vettai ||thulam||alex premnath ||Tamil||2018
|-
| khwajaa jee ||kabeerinte divasangal||Malayalam||2019
|-
|Rasa na otha ||en kadhale||Tamil||2025
|}

==Awards and honours==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}
Anitha received JESSEY Awards, Lions Club Musical Award, and [[Gulf Malayalam Music Awards|GMMA Award]] and was nominated for the "Best singer" in the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] Film Awards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150203125329/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=60397
* {{IMDb name|8351027}}
* https://theprimetime.in/ashwin-golani-the-young-producer-from-gujarat-is-racing-ahead-of-time-in-giving-quality-entertainment/
* https://theprimetime.in/anitha-shaiqs-navakeralam-song-dedicated-for-flood-relief-kerala/
* https://theprimetime.in/ennittenthe-ennittenthe-folk-song-trending-on-social-media/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaiq, Anitha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women composers]]

Tollywood

2025-12-31T11:39:29Z

Mohamedmeera29: created stub

{{Wiktionary|Tollywood}}

'''Tollywood''' may refer to the following film industries in Indian cinema:

* [[Cinema of West Bengal]], the Bengali-language film industry based in Tollygunge, a locality of Kolkata, West Bengal, India
* [[Telugu cinema]], the Telugu-language film industry based in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India, with the main production hub in Film Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana

==See also==
{{canned search|Tollywood}}
* {{intitle}}
* [[King of Tollywood (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bengali cinema (disambiguation)]]
* [[Tolly]], a name
* [[Wood (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bollywood (disambiguation)]]
* [[Hollywood (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mollywood (disambiguation)]]
* [[Pollywood (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Tekumatla, Mancherial district

2025-12-13T06:23:12Z

Mohamedmeera29: created location

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Tekumatla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 159
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504216
| area_code = 08736
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tekumatla''' is a village in [[Mancherial district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].
It is located in Jaipur [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Warangal.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219010637/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Warangal.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2014|page=28|format=PDF}}</ref>

Tekumatla has approximately 3,000 people and has a primary school.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord missing|Telangana}}{{Mancherial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]

Ice skating in India

2025-11-25T06:10:41Z

Mohamedmeera29: correct section per sources and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{sport overview
| image =
| imagesize = 
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| union = [[Ice Skating Association of India]]
| country = India
| sport = ice skating
| teamlabel1 = 
| nationalteam = 
| nickname = 
| first = 
| registered = 
| clubs = 
| national_list = 
| club_list = 
| intl_list = 
| match = 
| league = 
}}

Ice skating is popular in North India in places like [[Ladakh]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Shimla]] where cold weather occurs and it is possible to skate outdoors. Much of India has a [[tropical climate]], hence in the rest of the country, ice skating is limited to the few artificial rinks available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20010618-indias-first-artificial-ice-skating-rink-opens-in-bangalore-775055-2001-06-17 |title=India's first artificial ice-skating rink opens in Bangalore : YOUR WEEK - India Today 18062001 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2001-06-18 |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> An ice skating festival is organised in Shimla every year.

==Indoor ice rinks in India==
Indoor ice skating rinks are present in the following places:
* Doon Ice Skating Rink 60m x 30m Olympic size has a seating capacity of 3000. Located at Maharana Pratap Sports Complex, Raipur, [[Dehradun]].
* Essel World, [[Mumbai]] (Near Borivali).
* iSKATE located on 6th floor of Ambience Mall, [[Gurugram]].
* Neptune Magnet Mall, Lower Powai, L.B.S. Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai.
* Atria the millennium mall, Dr Annie Besant Rd, Worli, Mumbai.[Not Present]
* Sparkys Ice Skating at Lulu international shopping mall, Edappally, Kochi.

==Outdoor ice rinks in India==
* Shimla Ice Skating Rink, Circular Road, [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh.
* [[Gulmarg]] under Ministry of Tourism, Jammu and Kashmir Government.
* [[Leh]], Ladakh UT.
* [[Kargil town|Kargil]], Ladakh UT.

==See also==
* [[Bandy Federation of India]]
* [[Ice hockey in India]]
* [[List of Indian skaters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iceskatingindia.in/ Ice Skating Association of India]

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Ice skating in India| ]]
[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]
[[Category:Adventure tourism in India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Harua Road railway station

2025-11-01T13:04:20Z

Mohamedmeera29: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Harua Road
| other_name =
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Harua, [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.661948|88.690341|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|6|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible = available
| bicycle = available
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = available
| structure = At grade
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HRO
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah]]
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[Barasat Basirhat Railway]]
| opened = 1962
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1972<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref>
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Bhasila|right=Kankra Mirzanagar|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Hasnabad|type=[[Barasat–Hasnabad line]]}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Harua Road
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Harua Road railway station''' is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system and operated by [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]. It is located on the [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line|Barasat-Basirhat-Hasnabad line]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8512|title=Harua Road railway station| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Layout==
{{Routemap
| title = Harua Road track layout
| title-bg=
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| float = none
| map =
vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stnlnk|Hasnabad}}
\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\BUILDING
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = {{center|Station with two tracks and two side platforms}}
}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[North 24 Parganas district]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Sealdah railway station]]
* [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]]
* [[Bangaon Junction railway station]]
* [[Transport in West Bengal]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/8251 Harua Road Station Map]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Harua+Road/@22.6620278,88.6900345,186m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f8a9a0749c2fc7:0xee7a7288e3e388c7!8m2!3d22.6621079!4d88.6904296|title=Harua Road Railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1962]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Ratan Raajputh

2025-08-10T01:37:22Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added some pg nd citations

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratan Raajputh
| image = Ratan Rajput in 2018.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|blogger}}
| years_active = 2006–2020
| known_for = {{ubl|Amba in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''|Santoshi in ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''}}
| website = https://www.youtube.com/c/RatanRaajputh/videos
}}

'''Ratan Raajputh''',<ref name= Ratan/> is an Indian television actress and blogger known for her portrayal of Laali in [[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]] on [[Zee TV]]. Later, she went on to play [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' & Santoshi in ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''.<ref name= Ratan>{{cite news |last1=Kaushik |first1=Divya |title=Ratan Raajputh: Miss being with my family during Chhath Puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ratan-raajputh-miss-being-with-my-family-during-chhath-puja/articleshow/87608747.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ratan Raajputh on self-isolation in a small village: People elsewhere are watching Ramayan on TV, I am reading it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ratan-raajputh-on-self-isolation-in-a-small-village-people-elsewhere-are-watching-ramayan-on-tv-i-am-reading-it/story-wlLhDLLDtMBj3bLS5Ck9DN.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss 7 fame Ratan Raajputh is stuck in a village amid lockdown; Complains of poor sanitation facilities |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-7-fame-ratan-raajputh-stuck-village-amid-lockdown-complains-poor-sanitation-facilities-521924 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ratan was born and brought up in [[Bihar]] and did her schooling from there.

==Career==
Ratan made television debut with ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]'' in 2006. Raajputh rose to prominence with her portrayal of Laali in television series ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' and earned numerous accoloads. In 2013, Ratan participated in a reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'' and got evicted on day 28.

Ratan lost her father and was suffering from depression when she began traveling to cope with it. Following the lockdown in 2020, Ratan started her YouTube channel where she shares her traveling story. Ratan lockdown videos made waves on internet and was covered by major news portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television actress Ratan Raajputh stuck in a village due to lockdown |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/television-actress-ratan-raajputh-stuck-in-a-village-due-to-lockdown-narrates-her-lockdown-stories-22771261 |website=mid-day}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]''
| Chandernakha
|
|-
| 2008-2009
| ''[[Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi]]''
| Ruchi Sharma
|
|-
| 2009–2011
| ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| Laali
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Ratan Ka Rishta''
| Herself
| The Bachelorette India
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Dil Se Diya Vachan]]''
| Singer and Dancer in Prem and Nandini's Wedding
| Cameo Appearance (Episode 25)
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| Contestant
| Evicted Day 28
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Fear Files]]''
| Nalini
|
|-
| 2013-2014
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]]
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[MTV Fanaah]]''
| Iravati L<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Fannah Cast, Story, Repeat Telecast Timing, HD Photos Full Details & Wiki|url=http://www.olelele.com/mtv-fannah-cast-story-repeat-telecast-timing-hd-photos-full-details-wiki-mtv-serial.html|access-date=24 September 2014|archive-date=26 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926134115/http://www.olelele.com/mtv-fannah-cast-story-repeat-telecast-timing-hd-photos-full-details-wiki-mtv-serial.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
| Player in 'Rowdy Bangalore'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2017
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| Santoshi Dhairya Mishra
|
|-
|2019
|[[Vighnaharta Ganesha|''Vighnaharta Ganesh'']]
|[[Mahishi (demoness)|Mahishi]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Santoshi Maa - Sunayein Vrat Kathayein]]''
| Devi Ushma
|
|}

==Awards==
;'''2009''' [[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
* Favourite Saas-Bahu – Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo
* Popular Female Face of the Year – Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo

;2009 [[Indian Telly Awards]]
* [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]] – Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo

;2009 [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
* [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama|Best Actress Drama]] – Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo

;2010 [[Zee Gold Awards|Gold Awards]]
* [[Zee Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]] – Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Instagram|ratanraajputh}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Ratan Rajput
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput, Ratan}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Patna]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Jeremy Laldinpuia

2025-08-07T20:37:55Z

Mohamedmeera29: details

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jeremy Laldinpuia
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|6|3|df=y}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|jeremy-laldinpuia/882933}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height = 
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| clubnumber = 28
| youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–2018
| youthclubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| years1 = 2018–2021
| clubs1 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = [[Hindustan FC|Hindustan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps3 = 11
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2023
| clubs4 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| caps4 = 4
| goals4 = 0
| clubs5 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| years5 = 2023–2024
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2024
| clubs6 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Jeremy Laldinpuia''' (born 3 June 2000) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]].

== Club career ==
Born in [[Mizoram]],<ref name="AIFF">{{cite web |title=Jeremy Laldinpuia – All India Football Federation |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/105595?type=club |website=All India Football Federation}}</ref> Laldinpuia began his career with the [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] youth team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lajong Academy advance |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/lajong-academy-advance/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |publisher=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |date=7 January 2018}}</ref> On 16 July 2018, it was announced that Landinpuia had signed with [[Mizoram Premier League]] club [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Jeremy is a Blue |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BlSIOAsAPrA/?hl=en |website=Chanmari FC (Instagram)}}</ref> He stayed with the club until 2021, joining [[Hindustan FC|Hindustan]].<ref name="AIFF"/>

=== Aizawl ===
In August 2022, Laldinpuia signed with [[I-League]] club [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kum 10 hnuah Mizoram Police an champion |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/74572 |access-date=29 November 2022 |publisher=[[Vanglaini]] |date=16 August 2022}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 8 September 2022 against [[Chawnpui FC]] in the opening round of the [[Mizoram Premier League]]. Laldinpuia scored his first goal in the same match, his 38th minute strike giving Aizawl the lead in their 4–2 victory.<ref>{{cite news |title=A hun a thleng : Chanmari vs Chhinga Veng |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/77775 |access-date=29 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

On 15 November 2022, Laldinpuia made his professional debut for Aizawl in their opening [[I-League]] match against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]. He came on as a last minute substitute in the 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aizawl 1–1 TRAU |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2022/11/15/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/trau/3981588/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|11 March 2023}}<ref name="soccerway"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|11||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||11||1
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!11!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!11!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/105595?type=club Profile] at the [[All India Football Federation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laldinpuia, Jeremy}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Chanmari FC players]]
[[Category:Hindustan FC players]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Mizoram Premier League players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Real Kashmir FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
{{India-footy-bio-stub}}

Kanksa (community development block)

2025-08-07T05:36:06Z

Mohamedmeera29: basic reworked information per standard format and corrected details

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Kanksa
|other_name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline = File:Terracotta Panels on Pancha Ratna Gopaleswar Shiva Temple in Banakti at Paschim Bardhaman 01.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Terracotta panels at [[Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman|Bankati]] temple
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Kanksa in Paschim Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|subdivision_type3 =Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
|subdivision_type4 =Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi]], [[Durgapur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Purba]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 279.44
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 178,125
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|28|16|N|87|27|16|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 70
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 713148 (Panagarh Bazar) 713172 (Trilokchandpur)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code = 0343
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 76.34 per cent
|website = http://bardhaman.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kanksa''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Durgapur subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Kanksa is located at {{coord|23.471199|N|87.454495|E|format=dms|}}.
[[File:Map of Paschim Bardhaman district.jpg|600px|thumb|center|Map of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
Kanksa CD Block is part of the Kanksa Ketugram plain, which lies along the [[Ajay River|Ajay]]. The river forms a boundary with Birbhum district on the north for a long stretch and then flows through district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref> The uneven [[laterite]] territory found in the western part of Bardhaman district extends up to Ausgram and then the alluvial flood plains commence.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p18,28, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> The entire [[Durgapur]]-Kanksa-[[Faridpur Durgapur|Faridpur]]-[[Ausgram II|Ausgram]] area was densely forested even in more recent times. The influx of refugees from East Pakistan and their rehabilitation in the area, and irrigation facilities extended by [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] led to destruction of much of the forests in the area, but some still remain.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p38, 542</ref>

Kanksa CD Block is bounded by [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] CD Block, in Birbhum district, on the north, [[Ausgram II]] and [[Galsi II]] CD Blocks on the east, [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] and [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD Blocks, in Bankura district, on the south and [[Faridpur Durgapur]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Kanksa CD Block has an area of 279.44 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 132 gram sansads (village councils), 86 [[mouza]]s and 77 inhabited villages. [[Kanksa#Police station|Kanksa]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 January 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Kanksa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Kanksa block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Amalajore, Bidbihar, Bonkati, Gopalpur, Kanksa, Molandighi and Trilokchandrapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Kanksa CD Block had a total population of 178,125, of which 103,594 were rural and 74,531 were urban. There were 91,350 (51%) males and 86,775 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 20,210. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 62,239 (34.99%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 18,239 (10.24%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Kanksa block had a total population of 151,255, out of which 78,669 were males and 72,586 were females. Kanksa block registered a population growth of 17.71 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 59,956 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 15,290.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST%28TRU1%299.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Kanksa CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Arra, Paschim Bardhaman|Arra]] (7,808), [[Gopalpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Gopalpur]] (15,967), [[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]] (6,665), [[Amlajora]] (5,856), [[Kanksa]] (23,789), [[Debipur, India|Debipur]] (9,967) and [[Prayagpur]] (4,479).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Kanksa CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Basudha (5,166), Ijjatganj (4,085) and [[Panagarh]] (5,510),<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Kanksa CD Block included (2011census figures in brackets): Bidbihar (206), [[Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman|Bankati]] (1,255), [[Malandighi]] (2,590), Banskopa (2,711), Tilakchandrapur (1,970), [[Gourangapur]] (110) and [[Sibpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sibpur]] (1953).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Kanksa CD Block was 120,545 (76.34% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 67,797 (82.05% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 52,748 (68.62% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.03%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Kanksa block had a total literacy of 68.05 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 78.24 per cent female literacy was 56.96 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kanksa CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|6.82}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|0.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.05}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 163,186 and formed 91.61% of the population in Kanksa CD Block. Muslims numbered 12,157 and formed 6.82% of the population. Christians numbered 386 and formed 0.22% of the population. Others numbered 2,396 and formed 1.35% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kanksa CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 79.68 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 9.95 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 9.18 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.19 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 79.68% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.95% [[Hindi]], and 9.18% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, rural poverty in Kanksa CD Block was 34.23%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Kanksa CD Block'''
|value1 = 9.08
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 30.20
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.46
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 57.27
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Kanksa CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,850 and formed 9.08% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 22,793 and formed 30.20%, household industry workers numbered 2,611 and formed 3.46% and other workers numbered 43,226 and formed 57.27%. Total workers numbered 75,480 and formed 42.37% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 102,645 and formed 57.63% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 96, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 86, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

In Kanksa CD Block, although cultivators or agricultural labourers formed a good proportion of the workforce, comparatively more workers were engaged in the secondary and tertiary sectors.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman| work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 30 January 2017| archive-date = 19 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 33 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
All 86 or 100% of mouzas in Kanksa CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

All 86 mouzas in Kanksa CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 52 fertiliser depots, 4 seed stores and 36 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Kanksa CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 12.96%, patta (document) holders 20.03%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.31%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 11.59% and agricultural labourers 49.11%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Kanksa CD Block was 11,613 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 5,268 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Kanksa CD Block produced 30,815 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 10,211 hectares, 862 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 237 hectares, 380 tonnes of wheat from 120 hectares, 10,825 tonnes of potatoes from 413 hectares and 120 tonnes of sugarcane from 2 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Kanksa CD Block was 1,473.03 hectares, out of which 1,007.58 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 438.17 hectares by river lift irrigation and 27.28 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Kanksa CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Kanksa CD Block has 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

{{Bardhaman-Asansol section|collapse=yes}}
The [[Bardhaman-Asansol section]], which is a part of [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]], [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]] and [[Howrah-Delhi main line]], passes through this CD Block and there are stations at Panagarh and Rajbandh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/barddhaman-asansol-memu-63509/14847/2/7 |title = 63509 Bardhaman-Asansol MEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 9 February 2017}}</ref>

[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through this CD Block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

State Highway 14 (West Bengal), running from Dubrajpur (in Birbhum district) to Betai (in Nadia district), of which a section of [[Panagarh-Morgram Highway]] is a part, passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Kanksa CD Block had 107 primary schools with 8,035 students, 8 middle schools with 631 students, 11 high school with 6,265 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 9.870 students. Kanksa CD Block had 8 technical/ professional institutions with 3,613 students, 403 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,656 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management Durgapur|Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management]] was established at [[Panagarh]] in 2003. It is affiliated with [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aiemd.org/ | title = Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management Durgapur | publisher = AIEM | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130359/http://aiemd.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management was established at [[Rajbandh]] in 2002. It is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.diatm.rahul.ac.in/ |title = Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management | publisher= DIATM | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>

Durgapur College of Commerce and Science was established in 2003 at Rajbandh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegeadmission.in/DurgapurCollegeofCommerce%26Science/DurgapurCollegeofCommerce%26Science.shtml |title=Durgapur College of Commerce and Science |publisher=College Admission |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035418/http://www.collegeadmission.in/DurgapurCollegeofCommerce%26Science/DurgapurCollegeofCommerce%26Science.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ayan Arnab Sikshan Sanstha at Ajodhya, Bonkati, Panagarh offers BEd courses, was established in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ayanarnab.org/general-information.html | title = Ayan Arnab Sikshan Sanstha | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304042406/http://www.ayanarnab.org/general-information.html | archive-date = 4 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Kanksa CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 4 primary health centres and 3 private nursing homes with total 39 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 26 family welfare subcentres. 2,644 patients were treated indoor and 186,363 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Panagarh Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Panagarh]], is the major government medical facility in the Kanksa CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Malandighi (with 6 beds), Shibpur (with 6 beds), Shyambazar (with 6 beds) and Silambazar (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =12 May 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

==See also==
*[[Kanksa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi

2025-08-03T12:28:10Z

Mohamedmeera29: Added new data v1.

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi
| image = Maulana Mohammed Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi.jpg
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = Maulana
| office1 = General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| term_start1 = 3 June 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]]
| office2 = Rector of [[Jamea Tul Hidaya]]
| term_start2 = 1986
| predecessor2 = Mohammad Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| order = [[Naqshbandi]] (Mujaddidi)
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], educator
| father = Mohammad Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi
}}
}}

'''Mohammad Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi''' (born 1957) is an Indian Islamic scholar, educator, and the current General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB). He is the son and successor of Shah Mohammad Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi and is also associated with [[Jamea Tul Hidaya]] in [[Jaipur]].

== Early life and background ==
Mohammad Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi was born in 1957 into a family of Islamic scholars. His father, Shah Mohammad Abdur Rahim Mujaddidi, was a noted Sufi and educationist who laid the foundation of [[Jamea Tul Hidaya]] in Jaipur in 1976, with formal educational activities starting in 1986. The institution was envisioned as a madrasa incorporating modern and technical education alongside religious instruction.<ref name="mfrahim">{{cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=Enlightening Hearts, Inspiring Minds |url=https://mfrahim.com/about-mohammed-fazlurrahim-mujaddidi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204020813/https://mfrahim.com/about-mohammed-fazlurrahim-mujaddidi/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=mfrahim.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mujaddidi currently serves as the rector of [[Jamea Tul Hidaya]] and the chairman of the Abdul Rahim Educational Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bari |first=Pervez |date=2023-01-18 |title=Develop expertise in contemporary sciences with proficiency in Islamic studies: Maulana Fazl-ur-Rahim |url=https://www.siasat.com/develop-expertise-in-contemporary-sciences-with-proficiency-in-islamic-studies-maulana-fazl-ur-rahim-2506749/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fueIDwAAQBAJ&dq=fazlur+rahim+mujaddidi&pg=PT191 |title=Denial and Deprivation: Indian Muslims after the Sachar Committee and Rangnath Mishra Commission Reports |date=2019-02-18 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-60336-5 |language=en}}</ref> He has also been involved in other educational initiatives such as the [[Imam Rabbani Senior Secondary Public School|Imam Rabbani Group of Schools]] and has announced plans for the Imam Rabbani College.<ref>{{cite web |title=مولانا فضل الرحیم مجددی نے امام ربانی کالج بنانے کا اعلان کیا |date=21 May 2024 |url=https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/nations-develop-with-courage-maulana-fazl-ur-rahim-mujjadi/ |language=ur |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Qaumēn ḥauslon se taraqqī kartī hain: Maulānā Fazlur Raḥīm Mujaddidī |trans-title=Nations develop through courage: Maulana Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi |url=https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/nations-develop-with-courage-maulana-fazl-ur-rahim-mujjadi/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Hindustan Express |language=ur}}</ref>

Mujaddidi founded the Crescent Civil Services Academy in New Delhi under the aegis of the Maulana Abdur Rahim Educational Trust. The academy aims to support Muslim aspirants for India’s elite civil services such as the IAS, IFS, and IPS. Despite limited infrastructure, the academy has produced over 100 officers in various central and state services, including successful candidates in the 2012 examinations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawaja |first=Kaleem |date=2013-05-18 |title=Maulanas and dargahs who are imparting superior modern education and competitive ability in Indian Muslim youth |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/9-education-and-careers/7199-maulanas-and-dargahs-who-are-imparting-superior-modern-education-and-competitive-ability-in-the-indian-muslim-youth/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2004, Mujaddidi participated in a three-day brainstorming session held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, organized by Indian NRIs under the theme "Working Together for the Development of Muslim Community in India." The event led to the conceptualization of the Indian Muslim Initiative (IMI), an NGO aimed at addressing the educational, economic, media, and social challenges faced by Indian Muslims. Mujaddidi was part of a group of educationists, media professionals, and community activists invited in recognition of their work, and the gathering emphasized long-term goals such as poverty alleviation, 80% literacy, media presence, and women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf NRIs launch Indian Muslim Initiative |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Jul04-Print-Edition/011507200493.htm |website=The Milli Gazette |date=1–15 July 2004 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>

== Roles and affiliations ==
Mujaddidi was appointed as the General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) on 3 June 2023, succeeding [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ऑल इंडिया मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बोर्ड के नए जनरल सेक्रेटरी बने मौलाना फजलूर्रहीम मुजद्दीदी, चुने गए 2 उपाध्यक्ष समेत 3 सेक्रेटरी |trans-title=Maulana Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi appointed new General Secretary of All India Muslim Personal Law Board; 2 Vice Presidents and 3 Secretaries also elected |last=Mumtaz |first=Darakhshan |date=2023-06-04 |work=[[ABP Live]] |language=hi |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-appointed-new-general-secretary-maulana-fazlur-rahim-mujaddidi-2423551 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2023 |title=Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani elected fifth president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-elected-fifth-president-of-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board20230604061553/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130070605/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-elected-fifth-president-of-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board20230604061553/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-04 |title=Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani elected fifth president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://theprint.in/india/maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-elected-fifth-president-of-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board/1610945/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also chairman of Strive for Eminence and Empowerment (SEE), an organization focused on educational and social upliftment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bari |first=Parvez |date=2016-01-27 |title=A developed community is identified by its educational standard: Maulana Fazlurrahim Mujaddidi |url=https://muslimmirror.com/a-developed-community-is-identified-by-its-educational-standard-maulana-fazlurrahim-mujaddidi/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In addition, he has previously been a member of the steering committee of the Planning Commission of India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bari |first=Parvez |date=1 June 2013 |title=Muslims must be part of inclusive growth of India: Maulana Mujaddidi |url=https://twocircles.net/2013jun01/muslims_must_be_part_inclusive_growth_india_beccome_super_power_maulana_mujaddidi.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Opposition to the Waqf Amendment Bill ==
As General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB), Mujaddidi has been a vocal critic of the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025|Waqf (Amendment) Bill]] introduced by the central government. In November 2024, he stated that over 3.66 crore Muslims had submitted emails opposing the bill, arguing that the proposed amendments would weaken the autonomy of Waqf boards and facilitate the usurpation of [[Waqf]] properties.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Muslims oppose amendments in Waqf Bill: AIMPB |date=2024-11-03 |work=[[Pakistan Today]]|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/11/03/indian-muslims-oppose-amendments-in-waqf-bill-aimpb/ |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref> In March 2025, Mujaddidi and AIMPLB spokesperson [[Syed Qasim Rasool Ilyas]] jointly announced a protest at [[Jantar Mantar]], calling the bill a "direct attack on Muslims." Despite large-scale opposition and representation from several Muslim organizations, the government moved forward with the bill. Mujaddidi accused the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA government]] of ignoring the community's concerns and adopting an authoritarian approach.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=AIMPLB terms Waqf bill 'direct attack on Muslims', to stage protest on March 17 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aimplb-waqf-bill-attack-muslims-protest-march-17-9881293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317091715/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aimplb-waqf-bill-attack-muslims-protest-march-17-9881293/ |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In late March 2025, Mujaddidi issued a public video appeal urging Muslims across India to wear black armbands on their right arms during the [[Jumu'atul-Wida]] (the last Friday of Ramadan) prayers as a symbolic protest against the bill. He encouraged participants to share visuals of their protest with the AIMPLB’s digital platform. Simultaneously, large sit-ins were organised in front of state assemblies in cities such as [[Patna]] and [[Vijayawada]], while a "maha dharna" near the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] drew support from political parties and civil society groups. The AIMPLB’s 31-member Action Committee reiterated its commitment to resist the legislation through all legal, constitutional, and democratic means, calling the bill "controversial, discriminatory and damaging."<ref>{{Cite news |title=AIMPLB urges Muslims to wear black armband to 'last Friday of Ramzan' prayers to protest Waqf Bill |date=2025-03-28 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/03/28/del92-aimplb-waqf-protest.html |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>

In April 2025, following the passage of the Waqf (Amendment) Act and the Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, the AIMPLB announced the launch of a nationwide protest campaign. Mujaddidi declared that the movement would include legal challenges in the [[Supreme Court of India]], as well as peaceful demonstrations across major cities. The campaign’s first phase, titled "Save Waqf, Save the Constitution," was set to span a week and include symbolic arrests, submission of memoranda to government officials, and public gatherings in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Patna. The AIMPLB sharply criticised NDA allies like the [[Janata Dal (United)]], [[Telugu Desam Party]], and [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] for supporting the bill, accusing them of endorsing what it described as a communal agenda. Mujaddidi reassured the Muslim community of continued resistance through democratic means.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AIMPLB to launch nationwide protests |date=2025-04-06 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/nation/aimplb-to-launch-nationwide-protests-1871412 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Rajib |date=2025-04-07 |title=AIMPLB to launch nationwide protests |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/aimplb-to-launch-nationwide-protests-1871398 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-06 |title=Will lead nationwide movement against Waqf Act until law repealed: AIMPLB |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/will-lead-nationwide-movement-against-waqf-act-until-law-repealed-aimplb-125040600007_1.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-05 |title=Will lead nationwide movement against Waqf act until legislation repealed, says AIMPLB |url=https://theprint.in/india/will-lead-nationwide-movement-against-waqf-act-until-legislation-repealed-says-aimplb/2579806/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Views ==
Mujaddidi has advocated for the integration of traditional Islamic education with modern disciplines to equip students for contemporary challenges. He emphasizes employment-oriented education and has expressed concern over the socio-economic conditions of Muslims in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=Taʿlīm ko rozgār se joṛe baghair taraqqī nāmumkin: Maulānā Fazlur Raḥīm Mujaddidī – Sālīnā jalsa taqsīm-i asnād kā inʿiqād |trans-title=Development is impossible without linking education to employment: Maulana Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi – Annual convocation ceremony held |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/development-is-impossible-without-linking-education-with-employment-says-maulana-fazlurrahim-mujadidi-in-jamiatul-hidaya-jaipur-convocation-urn24020702850 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur}}</ref>

Mujaddidi strongly opposed the Waqf (Amendment) Bill 2025. He described the bill as "discriminatory, communally motivated and a blatant infringement on the constitutional rights of Muslim citizens." He stated that the management of Waqf has been taken away from Muslims and handed over to the government under the new provisions. Mujaddidi further said that despite over five crore emails being sent to oppose the bill, none of the objections were considered, and the amendments approved by the Joint Parliamentary Committee made the bill even more objectionable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Laimani |date=2025-04-02 |title='Discriminatory, communally motivated': AIMPLB to challenge Waqf Amendment Bill in court, launch nationwide fight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aimplb-challenge-waqf-amendment-bill-court-nationwide-fight-9920424/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
On 1 October 2024, Rajasthan cabinet minister [[Kirori Lal Meena]] accused Mujaddidi of illegally encroaching upon approximately 1,400 bighas of land on the outskirts of Jaipur. The alleged encroachment included Waqf properties, temple land, and plots belonging to the police department. Meena claimed that the land was used to establish the Islamic educational institution, Jamea Tul Hidaya, on Ramgarh Road. As of that time, no official investigation results or legal proceedings related to the allegations had been reported.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kirori Lal Meena claims 'new Pakistan' in Jaipur; accuses AIMPLB leader of land seizure for Muslim settlements |date=2024-10-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/kirori-lal-meena-claims-new-pakistan-in-jaipur-accuses-aimplb-leader-of-land-seizure-for-muslim-settlements/articleshow/113843314.cms |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mujaddidi, Fazlur}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Islamic education in India]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]