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Abu Sa'id Mirza

2026-05-07T11:08:19Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding initial data basic info

{{short description|Sultan of the Timurid Empire (1451–1469)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Abu Sa'id Mirza {{nq|{{nobold|ابو سعید میرزا}}}}
| title = [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] [[Sultan]]
| image = Jam’i Jam (The Cup of Jamshid) 22.jpg
| caption = Contemporary depiction of Abu Sa'id Mirza
| reign = [[Samarkand]]: 1451–8 February 1469 [[Herat]]: 1459–8 February 1469
| coronation =
| full name =
| succession = Ruler of the [[Timurid Empire]]
| predecessor = [[Abdullah Mirza]]
| successor = [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza]]
| spouse = [[Abu Sa'id Mirza#Marriages|See below]]
| issue = {{ubl|[[Sultan Ahmed Mirza|Sultan Ahmad Mirza]]|[[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]]|[[Umar Shaikh Mirza II]]|[[Ulugh Beg II|Ulugh Beg Mirza II]]|''[[Abu Sa'id Mirza#Issue|Many other children]]''}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]
| father = [[Muhammad Mirza]]
| mother =
| religion =
| birth_date = {{C.}} 1424
| birth_place = [[Herat]], [[Timurid Empire]] (present-day [[Afghanistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1469|2|8|1424|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] (head only)
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Timurid Succession Crisis}}

'''Abu Sa'id Mirza''' ([[Chagatay language|Chagatay]]/{{langx|fa|ابو سعید میرزا}}; 1424{{spaced ndash}}8 February 1469) was the ruler of the [[Timurid Empire]] during the mid-fifteenth century.

Born a minor prince of the [[Timurid dynasty]], Abu Sa'id quickly established himself as the most prominent among his warring relations. Over the course of two decades, he reunified much of the Timurid Empire, which had become fractured in the aftermath of the death of his great-uncle [[Shah Rukh]]. However, Abu Sa'id's hopes of restoring the empire to its former extent at the time of [[Timur]] ultimately failed after he was killed during an invasion of what is now western Iran.

He was the paternal grandfather of [[Babur]], who later founded the [[Mughal Empire]] of India.

==Early life and background==
Abu Sa'id Mirza was born in 1424, the second son of the Timurid prince [[Muhammad Mirza]], a son of [[Miran Shah]], himself the third son of [[Timur]].<ref name=WoodsP35>{{cite book|first=John E.|last=Woods|authorlink=John E. Woods (historian)|title=The Timurid dynasty|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XcMAQAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th.|authorlink=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1145|volume=IV|year=1993|publisher=E.J. Brill|isbn=90-04-09790-2|page=1145}}</ref> Muhammad Mirza appears to have had little involvement in political matters,<ref name=ErskineP73>{{cite book|last=Erskine|first=William|authorlink=William Erskine (historian)|title=History of India Under Baber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CbaLlr3sC4C&pg=PA72|year=1994|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-032-5|pages=72–73}}</ref> though did maintain a close relationship with his influential cousin [[Ulugh Beg]], son of the ruling sultan [[Shah Rukh]] and governor of [[Transoxiana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-l Fazal|authorlink=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|translator=Henry Beveridge|translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l Fazal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.469729|volume=I|year=1907|publisher=Asiatic Society|location=Calcutta|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.469729/page/n252 216]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=B. W.|authorlink=Basil William Robinson|title=Fifteenth-Century Persian Painting: Problems and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WbwqfEfoFUC&pg=PA47|year=1993|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-7446-5|page=47}}</ref> When the former visited Muhammad Mirza on his death-bed, the dying prince took Abu Sa'id's hand and placed it in Ulugh Beg's, putting the boy under his protection.<ref name=ErskineP73/>

==Initial power struggles==
Abu Sa'id was given a role at Ulugh Beg's court, later receiving his daughter in marriage through good service. However, upon Ulugh Beg's ascension to the Timurid throne following the death of Shah Rukh, Abu Sa'id turned against his benefactor.<ref name= ShyamP14>{{cite book|last=Shyam|first=Radhey|title=Babar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwchAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|page=14}}</ref> In 1449, while the former was suppressing [[Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza|the rebellion]] of his son [[Abdal-Latif Mirza|Abdal-Latif]], Abu Sa'id left his post on the northern borders and used a group of Arghun tribesmen to lead an attack on the capital [[Samarqand]]. Ulugh Beg's other son Abdal-Aziz retreated to the citadel and warned his father, who marched his army back to the city, forcing Abu Sa'id to retreat. However, Abdal-Latif used this distraction to his advantage, pursuing and defeating Ulugh Beg, who he had assassinated soon after.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manz|first=Beatrice Forbes|authorlink=Beatrice Forbes Manz|title=Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfkpHz9q_RMC&pg=PA163|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46284-6|page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barthold|first=Vasilii Vladimirovitch |authorlink=Vasily Bartold|title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-twUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA161|volume=2|year=1963|publisher=Brill Archive|page=161}}</ref> Abu Sa'id led his forces against his cousin, but was also defeated, as well as being taken captive.<ref name= ShyamP14/>

Abu Sa'id escaped his imprisonment in Samarqand in 1450, fleeing to [[Bukhara]]. However, he found little support there and was imprisoned, only being spared execution when news of Abdal-Latif's death reached the city.<ref>{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=161}}</ref> The Bukhari nobles hastened to release the prince and swore their allegiance to him, upon which he immediately marched against the new ruler, Ulugh Beg's nephew [[Abdullah Mirza]]. After an initial failed assault on Samarqand, Abu Sa'id and his small group of followers seized the frontier town of [[Turkistan (city)|Yasi]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=164}}</ref> When Abdullah marched his forces out in retaliation, Abu Sa'id appealed to the [[Uzbek Khanate|Uzbek]] ruler [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] for aid. The latter agreed and their combined forces defeated Abdullah in June 1451. Given that his rival was killed during the battle, the victors were able to enter Samarqand unopposed.<ref>{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=165}}</ref> Abu Sa'id claimed the Timurid throne and in thanks to the Uzbeks, gave Abu'l-Khayr Khan rich presents as well as Ulugh Beg's daughter in marriage.<ref name="Barthold 1963 168">{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=168}}</ref>

==Reign==
===Encounters with Timurid princes===
[[File:Timurid and Qara Qoyunlu domains, 1458.png|thumb|Maximum extent of [[Qara Qoyunlu]] territory in 1458 under [[Jahan Shah]]]]
When Abu Sa'id annexed [[Balkh]] in 1454, another Timurid, [[Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza|Abul-Qasim Babur]] of [[Herat]], led his forces against him in response, culminating in a siege on Samarqand. However, the two sides eventually agreed on a truce, establishing the [[Amu Darya]] river as a border. This treaty remained in effect until Abul-Qasim Babur's death in 1457, when his young son and successor [[Mirza Shah Mahmud|Mahmud]] was ousted from Herat by [[Ibrahim Mirza (Timurid)|Ibrahim Mirza]], a great-nephew of Ulugh Beg. Abu Sa'id, who desired to conquer the city as well as the surrounding region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], led his forces against Ibrahim, forcing the latter to flee.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|authorlink1=Peter Jackson (historian)|last2=Lockhart|first2=Lawrence|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY01Tc2SZVEC&pg=PA113|volume=VI|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20094-3|page=113}}</ref> However, he was unable to capture the city until 1456.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ṣiddīqī|first=Muḥammad Shamsuddīn|title=The Ruling Dynasties of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar|page=206}}</ref> The following year, Abu Sa'id had Shah Rukh's aged widow, the influential dowager-empress [[Gawhar Shad]] executed, having accused her of conspiring with Ibrahim, who was her great-grandson.<ref name=BartholdP173>{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=173}}</ref>

Noting the conflict among the Timurid princes, [[Jahan Shah]], ruler of the [[Qara Qoyunlu]], took advantage of the situation and marched his forces into the region, capturing Herat in 1458. Jahan Shah had already had great success in conquering much of the western Timurid territories. However, as he was facing a revolt by his son [[Hasan Ali (Kara Koyunlu)|Hasan Ali]], he was forced to abandon his latest conquests, allowing the re-annexation of Khorasan by Abu Sa'id, who subsequently made Herat his capital.<ref name=JacksonP114>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|p=114}}</ref><ref name=AsimovP350>{{cite book|last1=Asimov|first1=Muchammed Sajfiddinoviĉ|last2=Bosworth|first2=Clifford Edmund|authorlink2=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA350|volume=IV, Part 1|year=1998|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|page=350}}</ref> Friendly relations were established between the two rulers, with multiple embassy missions taking place throughout the 1460s. During this period, Abu Sa'id continued to consolidate his power. In 1459, he defeated the combined forces of the three Timurid princes, [[Sultan Sanjar Mirza|Sultan Sanjar]], Ibrahim Mirza and [[Ala al-Dawla Mirza|Ala al-Dawla]], in the [[Battle of Sarakhs (1459)|Battle of Sarakhs]]. Sanjar was captured and executed after the battle and the latter two died in exile in the following years. Abul-Qasim Babur's ousted son [[Mirza Shah Mahmud|Mahmud]] also died around this time. With the deaths of so many rivals, Abu Sa'id now had the resources to extend his dominion up to [[Mazandaran]] and [[Sistan]].<ref name=JacksonP114/> The sultan even succeeded in conquering [[Badakhshan]], a region which [[Timur]] himself had gained only nominal suzerainty over.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen|authorlink=H. A. R. Gibb|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXcRAQAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1967|publisher=Brill|page=852}}</ref>

[[File:Qara Qoyunlu forces (left) in battle against Timurid forces (right). 1430 Shahnama, Bodleian Library, ms. Add 176, folios 6r-7v.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Contemporary depiction of Qara Qoyunlu forces (left) in battle against Timurid forces (right). 1430 ''Shahnama'', Bodleian Library.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soucek |first1=Priscilla |title=The Theory and Practice of Portraiture in the Persian Tradition |journal=Muqarnas |date=2000 |volume=17 |page=105 |doi=10.2307/1523292 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523292 |issn=0732-2992 |quote=The double-page battle scene in which Ibrahim Sultan, on the right, is shown confidently leading his troops toward a Turkman force, on the left, headed by Iskandar b. Kara Yusuf, who turns back biting his finger in consternation (figs. 3-4). This image is the frontispiece for a copy of Firdawsi's Shāhnāma and is thus not accompanied by any explanatory text, but it does correspond to descriptions of a battle that occurred on April 1429 which are contained in Timurid historical sources. Although neither of these key figures is labeled, each of them would have been recognized by a contemporary viewer because of this event's notoriety.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
However, other Timurid princes remained who continued to challenge his rule. In 1454, Uways Mirza, a descendant of Timur's eldest son [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaikh]], started an uprising with the aid of Abu'l-Khayr Khan, Abu Sa'id's erstwhile ally, during which the latter suffered a serious defeat. Abu Sa'id faced similar threats from another descendant of Umar Shaikh, [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]. The latter had previously captured [[Gorgan]] from a Qara Qoyunlu chief when Jahan Shah had withdrawn from the region. Although he initially swore fealty to Abu Sa'id, when his overlord was distracted by a rebellion in 1460, Husayn Bayqara occupied Mazandaran and then laid siege to Herat the following year. Although he was later expelled from these lands, Husayn Bayqara nevertheless continued to make raids into Abu Sa'id's territories with impunity. In 1461, Muhammad Juki, son of [[Abdal-Latif Mirza|Abdal-Latif]], also rose in rebellion. He pillaged his way through Transoxiana before occupying the city of Shahrukhiyya, where Abu Sa'id was forced to launch [[Siege of Shahrukhiya|an extended siege]] which lasted from November 1462 to September 1463.<ref name=FishierP115>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|p=115}}</ref>

===War with the Aq Qoyunlu===
Towards the end of 1467, Abu Sa'id received word of the death of Jahan Shah at the hands of [[Uzun Hasan]], the ruler of the [[Aq Qoyunlu]], a kingdom which had previously been the traditional allies of the Timurids. Abu Sa'id, in spite of his warm relations with Jahan Shah, had never truly abandoned hopes of recapturing the western territories which had previously been conquered by the Qara Qoyunlu. Seeing these lands now being absorbed by the Aq Qoyunlu, Abu Sa'id was aware that any chance of reclaiming them was unlikely if Uzun Hasan's rise was not checked. Therefore, under the pretext of responding to Jahan Shah's son [[Hasan Ali (Kara Koyunlu)|Hasan Ali]]'s appeal for aid, Abu Sa'id launched a campaign against the Aq Qoyunlu in February 1468.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|pp=115–16}}</ref>

It seems that this campaign was an impulsive undertaking, with little initial planning being involved. This became clear when Abu Sa'id began to advance without waiting for all his troops to arrive, thus failing to ensure that he had adequate reserves. Though he did manage to dislodge the Aq Qoyunlu governors of [[Persian Iraq|Iraq-i Ajam]] and [[Fars province|Fars]], as well as having his authority recognised in areas such as [[Gilan province|Gilan]], he did not do enough to establish order in the hinterland as he advanced. Some important strongholds were not captured and were even bypassed entirely, such as the city of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]. He also paid little attention to declarations of friendship and peaceful intentions from Uzun Hasan which reached him en route.<ref name=FishierP116>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|p=116}}</ref>

However, Abu Sa'id's situation during this time was relatively favourable. Following Jahan Shah's death, there were a fair number of his former [[amirs]] who were eager to support a new leader in a fight against Uzun Hasan. Therefore, upon the arrival of the Timurid army in [[Mianeh, East Azerbaijan|Miyana]], Abu Sa'id was joined by these amirs as well as 50,000 [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] troops. Jahan Shah's sons [[Mirza Yusuf|Yusuf]] and Hasan Ali, as well as the latter's son Amirzada Ali, also lent their support. When the army reached the banks of the [[Aras (river)|Araxes]], the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Farrukh Yassar]] too joined in the coalition.<ref name=FishierP116/>

In spite of this strength, the Timurid army soon found itself in a dangerous situation before any true fighting was engaged. Already suffering from difficulties posed by the Azerbaijani winter, the troops began to face serious supply issues. This was due to the supply routes back to Khorasan, stretching over 1200 miles, being vulnerable to disruption. A supply column was intercepted by Uzun Hasan, who also blocked off access to ships carrying provisions from [[Shirvan]]. In addition to this, he quickly succeeded in blocking all routes through which reinforcements could be brought, and mounted attacks from Ray against Timurid communications. The lack of food, winter clothing, riding and transport animals as well as continual surprise raids by the Aq Qoyunlu undermined the morale of Abu Sa'id's troops. This worsened when Uzun Hasan convinced Farrukh Yassar to defect from the Timurids, resulting in a large number of desertions.<ref name=FishierP116/>

===Death and aftermath===
The demoralised and depleted army marched via [[Ardabil]] into the [[Mugan plain|Mugan steppes]], where they were met by the Aq Qoyunlu troops. In the ensuing disastrous [[Battle of Qarabagh]], Abu Sa'id suffered heavy losses and was taken prisoner. Uzun Hasan handed the captive sultan over to [[Yadgar Muhammad Mirza]], a Timurid who had been taking refuge with him. In vengeance for the execution of his great-grandmother [[Gawhar Shad]] twelve years previously, Yadigar had Abu Sa'id executed on 8 February 1469.<ref name=FishierP117>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|p=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirza Muhammad Haidar|authorlink=Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|translator=E. Denison Ross|translator-link=Edward Denison Ross|title=The Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pkeWqq7pdgC&q=FEBRUARY+1469&pg=PA93|year=1895|publisher=S. Low, Marston|page=93|isbn=9781605201504}}</ref> Uzun Hasan sent his severed head to [[Qaitbay]], the [[List of Mamluk sultans|Mamluk Sultan]] of [[Egypt]], who gave it an [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Melvin-Koushki|first=Matthew|title=The Delicate Art of Aggression: Uzun Hasan's "Fathnama" to Qaytbay of 1469|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=44|issue=2|pages=193–214|year=2011|jstor=23033324|doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.541688|s2cid=162248528}}</ref>

Abu Sa'id's death resulted in the final loss of all Timurid lands west of Khorasan to the Aq Qoyunlu.<ref name=FishierP117/> What remained of the empire was divided among various princes. Abu Sa'id's eldest son [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza|Sultan Ahmad]] received [[Samarqand]], while his second son [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza|Sultan Mahmud]] gained [[Badakhshan]] and Hissar. A third son, [[Ulugh Beg II]], became ruler of [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]] while the fourth, [[Umar Shaikh Mirza II|Umar Shaikh]] (future father of [[Babur]]) inherited [[Fergana Valley|Ferghana]]. However, the greatest of the new Timurid rulers was not one of Abu Sa'id's sons, but rather [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara|Husayn Bayqara]], who reigned from his former overlord's capital of Herat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rapson|first1=Edward James|authorlink1=E. J. Rapson|last2=Haig|first2=Wolseley|authorlink2=Wolseley Haig|last3=Burn|first3=Richard|authorlink3=Richard Burn (Indologist)|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIndiaVol.4TheMughulPeriod|volume=IV The Mughul Period|year=1971|publisher=University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIndiaVol.4TheMughulPeriod/page/n30 3]}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Jam’i Jam (The Cup of Jamshid) 1.jpg|thumb|Court scene in the ''Jam’i Jam'' (The Cup of Jamshid), which includes a eulogy of the reigning Sultan Abu-Sa’id in 1459-60 in [[Herat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rieu |first1=Charles |title=Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum |date=1881 |publisher=British Museum |page=619 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4ddUiO7HIEC&pg=PA619 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Abu Sa'id was able to bring stability to the internal situation of his empire, in a region that had previously been subject to the conflicts of multiple bellicose factions.<ref name=FishierP112/> However, this was not achieved without considerable bloodshed, with his advent to power being accompanied by murders and executions which surpassed in cruelty even those seen during Timur's reign.<ref name=BartholdP173/> The scholar [[Muhammad Khwandamir|Khwandamir]] reports that court officials were deposed and sometimes killed for misappropriating funds, including Abu Sa'id's [[vizier]] [[Qutb al-Din Ta'us Simnani|Qutb al-Din Simnani]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Khwandamir|authorlink=Muhammad Khwandamir|translator=Wheeler McIntosh Thackston|translator-link=Wheeler Thackston|title=Habibu's-siyar, tome three: the reign of the Mongol and the Turk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZIPAQAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University|pages=203–04}}</ref> When the army tax-collector Khwaja Mu'izz al-Din and moneychanger Shaikh Ahmad were accused of bribery and extortion in 1462, Abu Sa'id had the pair brutally executed. Shaikh Ahmad was skinned alive at the gates of Herat, while Khwaja Mu'izz al-Din was boiled in a cauldron at the foot of the citadel.<ref name=BartholdP173/> Women could also be caught up in the court intrigues. This includes Abu Sa'id's execution of [[Gawhar Shad]], which was viewed negatively by contemporary chroniclers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manz|first1=Beatrice Forbes|authorlink1=Beatrice Forbes Manz|editor1=Lois Beck|editor2=Guity Nashat|title=Women in Timurid Dynastic Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLRem_ixfcEC&pg=PA134|series=Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800|year=2003|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07121-8|pages=134–35}}</ref>

He is generally seen as a typical representative of the [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] military aristocracy. His main prop to power was the Arghuns, a Turk tribe which had early on elected him as their chief and upon whom he counted for support in his political and military ventures.<ref name=FishierP117/> In return, the tribe was greatly favoured, with it being notable that Abu Sa'id's chief wife was the daughter of an Arghun lord.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gibb|1967|p=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Houtsma|first=M. Th.|authorlink=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1kOAQAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1993|publisher=E.J. Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09787-2|page=106}}</ref> He consolidated his power through the granting of fiefs, which he provided generously to leading members of the tribe, his sons, as well as secular and religious dignitaries.<ref name=FishierP117/>

Abu Sa'id's rule was also buoyed by the support of the religious classes.<ref name=AsimovP350/> His policies were subsequently greatly influenced by Islamic dervishes, who tended to oppose the cultural expressions which marked the reign of his predecessor [[Ulugh Beg]]. The most prominent among these dervishes was the [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Naqshbandi]] shaikh, [[Khwaja Ahrar|Ubaydullah al-Ahrar]], with whom the sultan shared a close relationship.<ref name="Barthold 1963 168"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Manz|2007|p=193}}</ref> Under Ahrar's encouragement, Abu Sa'id re-instituted [[Sharia|Sharia law]] in Samarqand and Bukhara, and removed taxes on commerce which could not be reconciled with religious doctrine.{{NoteTag|The removal of this tax may have been as much a reversal of an act by an earlier, little-liked ruler as a shift in policy toward Islamic taxation systems.<ref>{{harvtxt|Manz|2007|p=267}}</ref>}} It was also partially through the shaikh's persuasion that Abu Sa'id launched his final, fatal campaign against the Aq Qoyunlu.<ref name=FishierP117/> However, another powerful dervish, Burhan al-Din, titled "Shaikh al-Islam", also held great power in the royal court. Unlike Ahrar, Burhan al-Din sought to the preserve the traditions of Ulugh Beg. Abu Sa'id made use of the authority of either shaikh depending on the circumstance. Ahrar's influence held sway among the common people as well as the army, while Burhan al-Din's cultural interests more closely aligned with that of the government, which proved useful when faced with popular uprisings.<ref>{{harvtxt|Barthold|1963|p=171}}</ref>

[[File:Jésus et Mahomet dans un manuscrit timouride (Collection Al Thani, Paris, detail).jpg|thumb|Jesus and Muhammad introduced by an angel in paradise. Timurid, 1466.]]
It is perhaps in response to these types of uprisings that Abu Sa'id developed a special interest in agriculture and the welfare of peasants. Among other policies, he began tax provisions which favoured agriculture and made improvements to existing irrigation systems. In regard to the latter, his vizier Qutb al-Din Simnani was particularly active in the construction of the Juy-i Sultani Canal to the north of Herat.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|pp=117–18}}</ref>

Abu Sa'id himself does not seem to have personally engaged in large-scale building projects, perhaps because of the time he spent on campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Terry|title=Timurid Herat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m37yAEACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Reichert|page=24|isbn=9783882261752}}</ref> However, there are some works which have been credited to him. This includes the Aq Saray (white palace) in Herat, which shifted the royal living space to outside the city walls, "marking a conscious break with the past."<ref>{{harvtxt|Allen|1983|pp=49, 52–53}}</ref> Other public works attributed to him include repairs to the Gulistān dam "while at the same time appropriating the lands it watered".<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Kane|first=Bernard|title=Timurid Architecture in Khurasan|series=Islamic Art and Architecture|year=1987|location=Costa Mesa, CA|page=15}}</ref> Buildings include an aiwan at the [[musalla]] in Herat,<ref>{{harvtxt|O'Kane|1987|p=20}}</ref> repairs to Ghār-i Karukh which includes an inscription,<ref>{{harvtxt|O'Kane|1987|pp=251–52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Golombek|first1=Lisa|last2=Wilber|first2=Donald|authorlink2=Donald Wilber|title=The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIZOmGxz2E0C|volume=1|year=1988|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-03587-1|page=327}}</ref> and construction of a spa and bath at Ūba (Obeh), a "resort for the Timurids" in their summer quarters.<ref>{{harvtxt|Allen|1983|p=24}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Views on Abu Sa'id tend to be favourable based on his success in maintaining a large, cohesive dominion for nearly two decades, in spite of being involved in a near continual state of warfare.<ref name=FishierP117/><ref name=FishierP112>{{harvtxt|Jackson|Lockhart|1986|p=112}}</ref> The 15th century historian [[Mīr-Khvānd]] in his ''[[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ]]'' described Abu Sa'id as "supreme amongst the princes of the House of Timur in high enterprise, lofty rank and perfect discernment. He was a friend and patron of scholars, theologians and men of letters, and during the period of his rule the lands of [[Turkestan|Turkistan]], [[Turan]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Zabulistan]], [[Sistan]] and [[Mazandaran]] attained the zenith of prosperity."<ref>{{cite book|last=Browne|first=Edward Granville|authorlink=Edward Granville Browne|title=A Literary History of Persia: A history of Persian literature under Tartar dominion (AD 1265–1502).|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpersian00browiala|year=1920|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpersian00browiala/page/388 388]}}</ref>

However, in spite of his achievements, Abu Sa'id failed in his endeavour to restore the Timurid Empire to its extent at the time of Timur, or even that of Shah Rukh.<ref name=FishierP112/> He was unable to achieve a lasting peace in his domains and within forty years of his death, nearly all his territories were lost to external invasions. However, these losses eventually pushed his grandson [[Babur]] to begin his conquests in the [[Indian subcontinent]], leading to the foundation of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=FishierP117/><ref>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQmcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-246-0|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wallbank|first=Thomas Walter|authorlink=T. Walter Wallbank|title=Civilization Past & Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5QSAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|page=373|isbn=9780673388674}}</ref>

==Marriages==
Abu Sa'd had thirty nine consorts (wives and [[Concubinage in Islam|concubin]]es):
*Khanzada Begum, daughter of [[Abu'l Khayr Khan]]
*Rabia Sultan Begum, daughter of his paternal uncle Muhammad Timur Mirza and Khand Sultan Begi
*Aqa Begum (Taghay Shah), daughter of [[Ulugh Beg]]
*Qutlugh Sultan Khanum
*Malik Sultan Begum, daughter of Ordu Bugha Tarkhan Arghun
*Shah Sultan Begum Mughal
*Shahzada Begum, daughter of [[Sultan Muhammad (Badakhshan)|Shah Sultan Muhammad]] of [[Badakshan]]
*Khanzada Begum, daughter of Khanzada Taj-al-Din Tirmizi
*Saliha Sultan Agha, daughter of Chake Barlas
*Jamal Begi Agha Barlas
*Dawlat Bakht Agha, daughter of Qazan Shaikh Mughal
*Kanizak Begi Agha, daughter of Shaikh Yusuf Ilke
*Umid Agha, daughter of Sultan Ahmad, son of Ghiyas Beg
*Qutlugh Begi Agha, daughter of Muhammad son of Khudaidad, former wife of [[Ibrahim Mirza (Timurid)|Ibrahim Mirza]]
*Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, daughter of [[Ala al-Dawla Mirza]]
*Khurshid Begi Aghacha, daughter of Murad Akhtaji
*Dilshad Aghacha, daughter of Amir Buzurg, son of Amir Bayan
*Bay Malik Aghacha, daughter of Jan Darvish
*Aafaq Aghacha Kukaltash, foster sister of [[Ibrahim Mirza (Timurid)|Ibrahim Mirza]]
*Shahum Aghacha, daughter of Amir Yahya Qushji
*Hanifa Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Amir Ajab Mughal
*Dawlat Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Rustam Tuta
*Bulghan Aghacha
*Makhdum Aghacha, relative of Sultan Muhammad, son of Ghiyas Beg
*Sa'adat Bakht Aghacha, daughter of Ali Araka, Pirzada of Baghdad
*Afaq Aghacha
*Gohar Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Khwaja Rasti
*Gulshah Aghacha
*Shah Sultan Aghacha
*Subur Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Abd al-Shaikh
*Khadija Begi Khurd, daughter of Mawlana Nasr-al-Din;
*Nusrat Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Shah Saqd Wali Suldoz;
*Bibi Sultan Aghacha, daughter of FarrukhShah Qauchin;
*Gulrukh Sultan Aghacha, daughter of Yusuf, son of Hamza;
*Zainab Begi Agha, daughter of Sultan Ahmad Suldoz;
*[[Khadija Begi Agha|Khadija Begum]], daughter of Amir Muhammad Sarik bin Amir Muhammad Khawaja;
*Habiba Sultan Begum, daughter of Amir Jalal-ud-din Suhrab;

<ref>{{harvtxt|Woods|1990|pp=35–36}}</ref>

==Issue==
Abu Sa'id had sixty known children:

'''By Khanzada Begum (daughter of Abu'l Khayr Khan):'''
*Sultan Muhammad
'''By Aqa Begum (Taghay Shah):'''
*Sultan Badi al-Mulk
*Gawhar Shad Begum (d. after 1531){{NoteTag|name=fn1|These women were recorded to have travelled to [[Agra]] in 1531 to attend the "Mystic Feast", a celebration hosted by their great-nephew [[Humayun]] to commemorate the fourth anniversary of his ascension to the Mughal throne.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=The Begims of the Mystic Feast: Turco-Mongol Tradition in the Mughal Harem|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=69|issue=1|year=2010|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|page=131|jstor=20721773|doi=10.1017/S0021911809992543}}</ref>}}
*Khanzada Begum
'''By Malik Sultan Begum:'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Babur|authorlink=Babur|translator=Annette Beveridge|translator-link=Annette Beveridge|title=The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur)|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBabur-namaInEnglish-VolumeI|volume=I|year=1922|publisher=Luzac & Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheBabur-namaInEnglish-VolumeI/page/n100 33]}}</ref>{{NoteTag|[[John E. Woods (historian)|John E. Woods]] has more recently identified the mother of Sultan Ahmad and Sultan Mahmud as being Aqa Begum (Taghay Shah), daughter of [[Ulugh Beg]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Woods|1990|p=36}}</ref>}}
*[[Sultan Ahmed Mirza|Sultan Ahmad]] (1451 – 1494)
*[[Sultan Mahmud Mirza|Sultan Mahmud]] (1453 – 1495)
*Khadija Sultan Begi (d. after 1531){{NoteTag|name=fn1}}
'''By Shah Sultan Begum Mughal:'''<ref name=BaburP13/>{{NoteTag|The background of Umar Shaikh's mother is uncertain, though [[Annette Beveridge]] had suggested that she may be identical to the mother of Sultan Ahmad and Sultan Mahmud.<ref name=BaburP13>{{harvtxt|Babur|1922|p=13}}</ref>}}
*[[Umar Shaikh Mirza II]] (1456 – 1494)
'''By Shahzada Begum:'''
*Abu Bakr (d. 1479)
'''By Khanzada Begum (daughter of Khanzada Taj-al-Din Tirmizi):'''
*Shah Muhammad
'''By Saliha Sultan Agha:'''
*Zubayda Sultan Begi
'''By Dawlat Bakht Agha:'''
*Muhammad Jahangir
*Sultan Jahangir
*Sultan Khalil
*Sa’adat Sultan Begi
*Sahib Sultan Begi
*Bibi Begum
'''By Kanizak Begi Agha:'''
*Sultan Ibrahim
*Sultan Bakht Begi (d. after 1531){{NoteTag|name=fn1}}
*Jahan Sultan Begi
'''By Umid Agha:'''
*Aman Sultan Begi
'''By Qutlugh Begi Agha:'''
*Umar (d. after 1478)
'''By Ruqaiya Sultan Begum:'''
*Shah Rukh (1459 – 1493/4)
*Baysunghur (b. 1456)
*Urun Sultan Khanum; married [[Badi' al-Zaman Mirza]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Woods|1990|p=26}}</ref>
'''By Khurshid Begi Aghacha:'''
*Qutlugh Tarkan Agha
'''By Dilshad Aghacha:'''
*Sultan Sanjar
*Payanda Sultan Begum; married [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]
*Rabia Sultan Begi; married Muhammad Qasim, a descendant of [[Miran Shah]]
*Aisha Sultan Begi
'''By Bay Malik Aghacha:'''
*Abdullah
*Sultan Murad (d. after 1475)
*Shahrbanu Begi; married [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]
*Mihr Nush Begi
*Mihr Banu Begi
'''By Afaq Aghacha Kukaltash:'''
*Sultan Begi
*Badr Jamal Begi (d. after 1531){{NoteTag|name=fn1}}
'''By Shahum Aghacha:'''
*Tuman Agha
*Shirin Beg Agha
'''By Hanifa Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Sultan Muhammad (d. {{circa}} 1494)
'''By Dawlat Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Iskandar
'''By Bulghan Aghacha:'''
*Shah Mansur
*Maryam Sultan Begi
'''By Makhdum Aghacha:'''
*Qutlugh Sultan Begi
'''By Sa'adat Bakht Aghacha:'''
*Khvand Sultan Begi
'''By Gohar Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Miran Shah
*Fakhr Jahan Begi (d. after 1531);{{NoteTag|name=fn1}} married Mir Ala-al-Mulk of [[Termez]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|authorlink=Abul Fazl|translator=Henry Beveridge|translator-link=Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|title=The Akbarnama of Abul Fazl|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/mode/1up|volume=II|orig-year=1907|year=2000|publisher=The Asiatic Society|isbn=81-7236-093-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/page/n46/mode/1up 37]}}</ref>
*Bibi Khan Begi
'''By Gulshah Aghacha:'''
*Rustam
*Dawlat Sultan Begi
'''By Shah Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Zainab Begi
'''By Subur Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Sultan Usman
'''By Nusrat Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Sultan Walad (d. after 1469)
'''By Bibi Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Muzaffar
'''By Gulrukh Sultan Aghacha:'''
*Aisha Sultan Begi
'''By Zainab Begi Agha:'''
*Qutlugh Sultan Begi
'''By unnamed mothers:'''
*[[Ulugh Beg II]] (d. 1501/2)
*Khvand Sultan Begi
*Khadija Sultan Begi
*Aq Begum<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Matthew|last2=Hain|first2=Kathryn A.|title=Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062218-3|page=196}}</ref> (d. after 1531){{NoteTag|name=fn1}}

<ref>{{harvtxt|Woods|1990|pp=36–40}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]}}
{{succession box
| before=[['Abdullah (Timurid)|'Abdullah]]
| title=[[Timurid Empire]] (in Samarkand)
| years=1451–1469
| after=[[Sultan Ahmad]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Ibrahim (Timurid Dynasty)|Ibrahim]], then Interregnum (Black Sheep)
| title=[[Timurid Empire]] (in Herat)
| years=1459–1469
| after=[[Yadigar Muhammad]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Timurid Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Said Mirza}}
[[Category:1424 births]]
[[Category:1469 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Herat]]
[[Category:People from Herat]]
[[Category:Samarkand]]
[[Category:Timurid monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century executions]]

Haobam Nalini

2026-05-06T21:10:32Z

ModestoMolino5: Made.

{{Infobox writer
| name = Haobam Nalini
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Haobam Nalini Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|3|1}}
| birth_place = Kangabam Leikai, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date =
| occupation = Writer, academic
| nationality = Indian
| education = MA, PhD (Manipuri), BEd
| genre = Short stories, poetry, drama, essays
| notableworks = ''Kanglamdriba Eephut''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2025)
}}
'''Haobam Nalini''' (also known as '''Haobam Nalini Devi''') is an Indian writer and academic from [[Manipur]], known for her contributions to [[Manipuri literature]]. In 2026, she was conferred the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the year 2025 for her short story collection, ''Kanglamdriba Eephut''.<ref name="UkhrulTimes">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=March 18, 2026 |title=Manipur’s Noted Writer Haobam Nalini Wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipurs-noted-writer-haobam-nalini-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2025/ |work=Ukhrul Times |access-date=March 19, 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nalini was born on March 1, 1957, in Kangabam Leikai, Imphal. She is the daughter of Haobam Ibungotombi Singh and Haobam Ongbi Sakhitombi Devi.<ref name="ManipurUpdate">{{cite web |title=Dr Nalini Haobam’s ‘KangLamdriba Eephut’ Awarded Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 |url=https://manipur-update.com/dr-nalini-haobams-kanglamdriba-eephut-awarded-sahitya-akademi-award-2025/ |website=Manipur Update |access-date=March 19, 2026 |date=March 16, 2026}}</ref> She pursued her higher education in Manipuri literature, earning a Master of Arts (MA) and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) from [[Manipur University]]. She also holds a [[Bachelor of Education]] (BEd) and the Kaba Shastri title.<ref name="ManipurUpdate"/>

== Personal life ==
Haobam Nalini is married to Khaidem Jaichandra. The couple has one son and one daughter. She resides with her family at Thongju Part II, Imphal, near the IPS School.<ref name="ManipurUpdate"/><ref name="SangaiExpress">{{cite news |title=Nalini named for Sahitya Akademi |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2026/3/17/imphal-mar-16-dr-haobam-nalini-has-been-honoured-with-the-sahitya-akademi-award-for-her-short-story-kanglamdri.html |work=The Sangai Express |date=March 17, 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nalini had a long career in academia, serving as a teacher at several institutions including Kha Manipur College in Kakching and Thoubal College. She was an Associate Professor at the D.M. College of Teacher Education in Imphal, from which she retired.<ref name="SangaiExpress">{{cite news |title=Nalini named for Sahitya Akademi |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2026/3/17/imphal-mar-16-dr-haobam-nalini-has-been-honoured-with-the-sahitya-akademi-award-for-her-short-story-kanglamdri.html |work=The Sangai Express |date=March 17, 2026}}</ref>
She is an active life member of several prominent literary organizations, including:
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]
* Leikol (a women's literary body)
* Manipuri Sanskrit Parishad
* Naharol Sahitya Samiti

== Literary career ==
Nalini has published ten books across various genres, including poetry, short stories, and drama. Her writings are noted for their cultural depth, exploration of human emotions, and nuanced portrayal of contemporary Manipuri society.<ref name="IndiaTodayNE">{{cite news |date=March 17, 2026 |title=Noted Manipuri writer Haobam Nalini wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 for "Kanglamdriba Eephut" |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/noted-manipuri-writer-haobam-nalini-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2025-for-kanglamdriba-eephut-1361062-2026-03-17 |work=India Today NE |access-date=March 19, 2026}}</ref>
Her most acclaimed work, ''Kanglamdriba Eephut'' is a collection of short stories published in 2019. In 2025, she published a poetry collection titled ''Nungsi Thoiba'', which was released in English, and [[Meitei language]], in [[Bengali script]], and [[Meitei script]].<ref name="ManipurUpdate"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
* '''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2025):''' Awarded for her book ''Kanglamdriba Eephut''.<ref name="PIB">{{cite press release |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2240704 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=March 16, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Yendrembam Surlata Puraskar (2020):''' Awarded by Sahitya Seva Samiti, Kakching, for ''Kanglamdriba Eephut''{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
* '''Dr. Jamini Devi Award (2022):''' Presented by the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad.<ref name="SangaiExpress"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in Official Sahitya Akademi Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalini, Haobam}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Meitei-language writers]]

Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi line

2026-05-05T11:17:31Z

ModestoMolino5: Made a post.

{{Infobox rail line
| name = Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi railway line
| image = Rupsa Junction railway station in Odisha 16.jpg
| type = [[Branch line]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Odisha]], India
| start = {{stnlnk|Rupsa Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Bangriposi}}
| stations =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| character = Passenger and freight
| tracks = Single
| gauge = {{track gauge|BG}}
| electrification = No
| map =
| image_caption = Rupsa Junction railway station
| length_km =
| speed_kmph =
}}
The '''Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi railway line''' is a railway line in the [[States of India|state]] of [[Odisha]], India. The line connects {{stnlnk|Rupsa Junction}} with {{stnlnk|Bangriposi}} via [[Baripada]], serving as an important rail link for the [[Mayurbhanj district]] and surrounding regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupsa – Baripada MEMU/68177 Time Table/Schedule: Rupsa to Baripada SER/South Eastern Zone Complete Train Route – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/rupsa-baripada-memu-68177/8554/1137/1139 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is operated by the [[South Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=78013 Rupsa Baripada Demu Train Schedule & Route Details – RailYatri |url=http://www.railyatri.in/app |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi railway line was constructed during the [[British India|British colonial period]], by [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]], to improve connectivity between the mineral-rich and forested regions of northern [[Odisha]] and the main railway network. This operation was lead and managed by the [[Dewan]] of Mayurbhanj <ref>''[https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/2/41148.pdf Bhanja Dynasty of Mayurbhanj: Exploring the Contribution of Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo]'' (1890–1912) Ghanashyam Giri, Volume 7, Issue 2, March–April 2025 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research pp. 8</ref> Mohini Mohan Dhar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Pravat |date=August 2024 |title=Prajamandal Movement in Mayurbhanja: A Subaltern Fight for Power |url=https://sampratyaya.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/s4.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Sampratyaya |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |doi=10.21276/smprt.202408.1s1.a4 |issn=3048-5851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430062834/https://sampratyaya.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/s4.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref> The line primarily facilitated the transport of forest produce, minerals, and passengers from the interior regions of [[Mayurbhanj]] to major railway junctions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MR BPR |url=https://www.irtrainsim.com/copy-of-bdr-1 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=IRTRAINSIM |language=en}}</ref>

Over time, the line became an important means of transportation for local passengers, contributing to regional economic development and improved accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Glorious History Of Mayurbhanj Railway {{!}} Mycitylinks |url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/the-glorious-history-of-mayurbhanj-railway |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.mycitylinks.in}}</ref>

== Route ==
The railway line originates at Rupsa Junction, on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], and proceeds towards [[Baripada]], the district headquarters of [[Mayurbhanj district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupsa Jn to Baripada Ph Trains |url=https://erail.in/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=erail.in |language=en}}</ref> From Baripada, the line extends further north to terminate at {{stnlnk|Bangriposi}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupsa to Bangriposi Trains – Time Table, Fares & Seat Availability |url=https://tickets.paytm.com/trains/rupsa-to-bangriposi-trains |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Paytm |language=en}}</ref>

== Stations ==
Major stations on the line include:

* {{stnlnk|Rupsa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Baripada}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangriposi}}

== Operations ==
The line supports [[Passenger train|passenger]] services and limited [[Freight transport|freight]] movement. It plays a crucial role in connecting rural and tribal areas of northern Odisha with the broader railway network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RailMitra Your Partner for Train Journey Planning |url=https://www.railmitra.com/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=RailMitra |language=en}}</ref>

== Gauge and infrastructure ==
The Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi railway line is constructed on [[broad gauge (India)|broad gauge]] (1,676 mm). The line is a single-track, non-electrified route and is maintained by the [[South Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TrainTrackers Narrow-gauge Steam Locomotives |url=https://www.traintrackers.com/locomotives/steam/steam_html/PL-691.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.traintrackers.com}}</ref>

== Importance ==
The railway line is vital for:

* Passenger mobility in [[Mayurbhanj district]]
* Access to education, healthcare, and markets
* Economic development of northern [[Odisha]]
* Connectivity to the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]

== See also ==

* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://indianrailways.gov.in}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division]]

Rajeshwar Singh

2026-05-02T17:35:05Z

ModestoMolino5: Made a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeshwar Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|03|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_name =
| spouse = [[Laxmi Singh]]
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Police officer|politician}}
| profession =
| alma_mater = Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University, ([[PhD]], 2011) [[Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]])
| relations =
}}
'''Rajeshwar Singh''' (born 11 March 1973) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] representing [[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar constituency]] of [[Lucknow district]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Rajeshwar Singh, Sarojini Nagar Constituency : Rajeshwar Singh Profile, Win or loss Result in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/key-candidates/rajeshwar-singh |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="ECI"/> Singh is a former joint director of the [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="TOI"/>

==Personal life==
Singh was born on 11 March 1973 in [[Lucknow]] in the family of Ran Bahadur Singh, a [[deputy inspector general of police]] (DIG).<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="FPBio"/><ref>{{cite news |title=IPS से विधायक बने डॉ.राजेश्वर का सियासी जन्मदिन:राजनीति में एक साल पूरे होने पर मनाया 'आभार दिवस'; सिलाई मशीन, साइकिल बांटी, बोले-मॉडर्न होंगे स्कूल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/gratitude-day-program-of-mla-dr-rajeshwar-singh-one-year-of-politics-106-sewing-machines-50-cycles-distributed-on-birthday-said-modern-schools-are-being-built-131025292.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=11 March 2023}}</ref> A graduate from the Colvin Taluqdars' College in Lucknow, he completed his [[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]] from [[Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad]] and a [[PhD]] from Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University in 2011.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Rajeshwar Singh (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Sarojini Nagar (Lucknow) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2632 |website=myneta.info |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="FPBio"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=Vasudha |title=ED's Rajeshwar Singh likely to join BJP in a few weeks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/eds-rajeshwar-singh-likely-to-join-bjp-in-a-few-weeks/articleshow/85468593.cms |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Singh is married to [[Laxmi Singh]], an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, with whom he has a daughter.<ref name="FPBio">{{cite news |title=Enforcement Directorate officer Rajeshwar Singh goes on leave: How joint director became the god of Lutyens Delhi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/enforcement-directorate-officer-rajeshwar-singh-goes-on-leave-how-joint-director-became-the-god-of-lutyens-delhi-5487511.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=2 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Santosh |title=UP polls: Ex-ED Joint Director Rajeshwar Singh's 12-year-old daughter campaigns for her father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/ex-ed-official-rajeshwar-singh-daughter-campaigns-for-father-1912419-2022-02-13 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=13 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
An officer of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] (Provincial Police Service) since the last 14 years, Singh took a voluntary retirement from the post of the Joint Director of [[Enforcement Directorate]] on 31 January 2022 to join politics.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=ED joint director Rajeshwar Singh quits, set to join BJP, contest polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ed-joint-dir-rajeshwar-quits-set-to-join-bjp-contest-polls/articleshow/89258907.cms |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Print">{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=11 February 2022 |title=Ex-ED officer Rajeshwar Singh: How 'master networker, sleuth', once a suspect, got BJP ticket |url=https://theprint.in/politics/ex-ed-officer-rajeshwar-singh-how-master-networker-sleuth-once-a-suspect-got-bjp-ticket/827290/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Singh represented [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as a candidate from [[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]] and went on to defeat [[Samajwadi Party]]'s [[Abhishek Mishra]] by a margin of 56,186 votes, succeeding own party member and incumbent [[Swati Singh]] in the process.<ref name="HT"/><ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh-Sarojini Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24170.htm?ac=170 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=मिश्रा |first1=हिमांशु |date=2 February 2022 |title=UP Election 2022: योगी के मंत्री की जगह भाजपा से टिकट पाने वाले राजेश्वर सिंह कौन हैं, अखिलेश यादव से इनके कैसे रिश्ते हैं? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/up-election-2022-know-about-bjp-candidate-rajeshwar-singh-sarojini-nagar-minister-swati-singh |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

==Other ventures==
Singh portrayed Rajeshwar Singh in the 2011 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Kya Yahi Sach Hai]]'', which talked about corruption within the police force and the politician-police nexus.<ref name="FPBio"/><ref name="Print"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajeshwar}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]

Aahwanam

2026-04-24T12:41:16Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aahwanam
| image = Aahwanam.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| producer = T. Trivikrama Rao
| writer =
| narrator = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] [[Brahmanandam]]
| music = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = K. Ram Gopal Reddy
| distributor = Vijayalakshmi Art Movies
| released = {{film date|df=y|1997|5|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Aahwanam''''' ({{translation|''Invitation''}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language]] film directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]. The film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]], [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]], and [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Srikanth: Six films of the actor you can't miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326054101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |archive-date=26 March 2019 }}</ref> The director remade the film in English in 2012 as ''[[Divorce Invitation]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sv-krishna-reddys-divorce-invitation-to-premiere-in-la-hm.html/amp | title=SV Krishna Reddy's Divorce Invitation to premiere in LA | date=12 May 2013 | access-date=16 November 2022 | archive-date=21 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421162130/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sv-krishna-reddys-divorce-invitation-to-premiere-in-la-hm.html/amp | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film centers on Ravi Kumar, a man who believes money is the only important thing in life, even more than family ties and affection. Once he goes to a village and plays a drama which results in his marriage with Rajeswari, a traditional woman from a wealthy family. They live happily for a while until Ravi runs into Sireesha, an even wealthier unmarried businesswoman. She falls in love with him, and Ravi, focused on her money, lies to her that he is married, but recently divorced. In order to marry Sireesha, Ravi files for divorce, devastating Rajeswari. Unwilling to lose her husband due to his greed, she tries in many different ways to change his mindset. When nothing works, Rajeswari accepts the divorce, but with the condition that her divorce be held as a grand ceremony, just as her marriage. At this event, in front of a statue of Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Raja Rajeswari]], Rajeswari lights a [[yajna]] fire and holds her hair up asking Ravi to remove mangalsutra, then suddenly Ravi has a vision where it is Goddess [[Durga]] sitting in the place of Rajeswari, while threatening him with a trident (because the [[Mangalasutra|mangalsutra]] worn by Rajeswari was coincidentally identical to the one worn by Durga). A terrified Ravi, realizes the importance and sanctity of marriage and apologizes to his wife, who presents him a garland to remarry her again.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Ravi Kumar
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Rajeswari
* [[Heera Rajagopal]] as Sireesha
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Cook
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Satyanarayana
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Shalabhayya
* [[Giri Babu]] as Ravi's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Babu Mohan]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[P. J. Sharma]]
* Shiva Parvathi as Ravi's mother
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as Ravi's brother
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Erukala Subbi
* [[Tammareddy Chalapathi Rao|Chalapathi Rao]] as Sireesha's uncle
* Alapati Lakshmi
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* [[Dubbing Janaki]]
* [[Telangana Sakunthala]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]]

}}

== Production ==
The film was inspired by the Telugu film ''[[Pellinaati Pramanalu]]'' (1959), produced and directed by [[K. V. Reddy]].

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aahwanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| cover = Aahvaanam_telugu.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:57
| language = Telugu
| label = Super Cassettes Industries
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video|{{YouTube|dHD6nvIyMv8|Aahwanam – Jukebox}}}}
}}
All lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], except for "Minsare Minsare" which was written by [[Bhuvana Chandra]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2wf4AzgSj7MNoH3uzo9ALU | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Aahwanam | accessdate = 14 December 2020}}</ref> The song "Minsare Minsare" was based on [[Johnny Wakelin]]'s "In Zaire".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/how-muhammad-ali-inspired-sachi-yeh-kahani-hai-from-kabhi-haan-kabhi-naa/ |title=How Muhammad Ali Inspired 'Sachi Yeh Kahani Hai' From Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2019-05-14 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607122028/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/how-muhammad-ali-inspired-sachi-yeh-kahani-hai-from-kabhi-haan-kabhi-naa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two lines from the song "Srirasthu Subhamasthu" were incorporated by Seetharama Sastry into the song "Dharmardha Kamamulalona" in ''[[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |title=Audio review of Johnny - Hodgepodge of solos, duets and music bits |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/johnny.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415204151/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/johnny.html |archive-date=15 April 2003 |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:57

| title1 = Devatalaaraa
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:53

| title2 = Pandiri Vesina
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:12

| title3 = Hai Hai Naayaka
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:16

| title4 = Manasa
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 3:31

| title5 = Yelaloye
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, Chorus
| length5 = 3:46

| title6 = Srirasthu Subhamasthu
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 7:09

| title7 = Nee Manasulo Maata
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra, [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Nirmalamma]], Prasanna Kumar
| length7 = 4:06

| title8 = Minsare Minsare
| extra8 = Hariharan, K. S. Chithra
| length8 = 3:59
}}

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopala Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave the film a positive review praising the screenplay, music, and the performances of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 1997 |title=ఎస్ వి కృష్ణారెడ్డి విశ్వరూప సందర్శనం ఆహ్వానం |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/16-May-1997.pdf |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9, 11 |language=te |access-date=23 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823205857/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/16-May-1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "If one glosses over the shortcomings of the climax, and enjoy the movie as an entertainer, 'Aahwanam' is a movie worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aahwanam |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/AAHWANAM.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002203/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/AAHWANAM.htm |archive-date=13 February 1998 |work=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
* 1997 - [[Nandi Special Jury Award]] - [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4899202}}

{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1990s female buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian female buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Abdul Karim (Bengal Legislative Assembly member)

2026-04-18T19:36:45Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding new stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|East Pakistani politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Karim
| native_name = আব্দুল করিম
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| image_size =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_place =
| citizenship = Pakistan
| office = Speaker of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Munawwar Ali]]
| successor = [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)|Abdul Hakeem]]
| term_start = 1948
| term_end = 1954
| party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|PML]]
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Abdul Karim''' was a politician, originally from [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India (present-day [[Dewanganj Upazila]], [[Jamalpur District]], Bangladesh) and was the brother of Abdur Rahim, first elected mayor of [[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]].<ref name=d/> Karim was member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Assembly Proceedings Official Report Bengal Legislative Assembly Fourth Session, 1938|volume=LIII|publisher=Bengal Government Press|page=vii}}</ref> In 1947, he was appointed Deputy Speaker<ref name=d>{{cite web|url=https://dewangonj.jamalpur.gov.bd/bn/site/page/zdsB-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC|title=প্রখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব|language=bn|access-date=3 November 2025|website=Dewanganj Upazila}}</ref> and in 1948, he was elected as the Speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/638875/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6 |title=৫০ বছর পূর্ণ ইতিহাসের ধারাবাহিকতায় বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদ |language=bn |first=Shamsuddin |last=Ahmed |date=7 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Abdul}}
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:People from Jamalpur District]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Pakistan-politician-stub}}

Chhau mask

2026-04-18T14:07:09Z

ModestoMolino5: Added some data initial version

{{Short description|Mask used for Chhau dancing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Purulia Chhau mask
| image = Chhau Mask of Charida.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chhau mask of [[Charida]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| alternative names = Chhau dance mask
| description =Chhau mask is used for [[Chhau dance]] in [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| type =[[West Bengal]] folk cultural art
| area = [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and nearby villages
| country = India
| registered =28 March 2018
| material = Clay, soft paper, diluted glue, cloth, mud, fine ash powder etc.
}}

The '''Chhau mask''' is a traditional cultural heritage of [[Purulia district|Purulia]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> The Chhau mask of Purulia is registered on the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|List of Geographical Indications]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/Bengal-handicrafts-to-get-new-fillip-with-GI-tags/article14572749.ece|title=Bengal handicrafts to get new fillip with GI tags|date=2016-08-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-15|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the basic difference of Purulia Chhau the mask is unique and traditional.

It is the mask which differentiates the Purulia Chhau from its other two significant branches: the [[Seraikela chhau|Seraikella Chhau]] of Jharkhand and the [[Mayurbhanj Chhau]] of Odisha. The Jharkhand counterpart does involve masks but they are rather simpler, small and evocative, without any of the pompous vibrancy of the Purulia variants.<ref name=":0" /> While the Mayurbhanj type is an unmasked form. It is the Purulia form only that uses large evocative masks along with elaborate costumes that intensify the energetic performance, despite the challenges to physicalization.<ref name=":0" />

The mask allows the artists to morph into the character — therefore Anusua Mukherjee notes that when an artists wears a particular mask, he or she “gets into character immediately, transforming into mellow [[Kartikeya|Kartik]], fierce [[Ravana]], or [[Durga|Durga’s]] ferocious lion”.<ref name=":0" /> Chhau artist Anil Mahato says, “[[Shiva]] danced the ''[[tandava]]'' : wearing his mask brings in that frisson for me.”<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Chau - Wonder Mask |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1LHfqZU7Us |language=en |access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref> One could perhaps imagine the centrality of the mask to Chhau dance with the Thalia or the Melpomene masks used in [[Ancient Greek comedy|Greek Comedy]] and [[Greek tragedy|Tragedy]] theatres respectively, or perhaps the masks used in [[mystery play]]s during the middle ages<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-06 |title=A Comparative Study of Chhau Masks of Eastern India and Ancient Greek |url=https://stagebuzz.in/2019/01/06/a-comparative-study-of-chhau-masks-of-eastern-india-and-ancient-greek-masks-gouri-nilakantan/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=StageBuzz |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
The tradition of making Chhau masks started during the rule of king Madan Mohan Singh Deo of [[Baghmundi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=about chau - Chau |url=https://www.puruliachau.com/about/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Chhau mask is traditionally associated with the age-old dance forms in Purulia district.
[[File:Chhau Mask.jpg|thumb|Variety of Masks. The Kirat-Kiratini masks can be seen in the front rows.]]
The tradition of mask-making was popularised by Buddeshwar, who is venerated as the first mask maker of Charida. In Charida, there is also a statue of Buddeshwar. He is said to have created the first male and female masks, known as Kirat and Kiratni, representing forms of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. This was a turning point in the history of mask-making.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Many Faces of Purulia Masks |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-many-faces-of-purulia-masks/FgWxjtMD6J6BIQ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Theatre Museum Kolkata, Chhau Mask, Folk Gallery,.jpg|left|thumb|Chhau Masks on display at the Theatre Museum in Kolkata.]]

==Themes==
[[File:Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9131.JPG|thumb|right|Mahisasuramardini in Purulia Chhau]]
The Purulia Chhau mask received the [[Geographical indication|GI tag]] in 2018. This has been a welcome step: the artists have become more aware of their intellectual property rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2018-05-29 |title=Bengal's Chau mask acquires GI fame |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/bengals-chau-mask-acquires-gi-fame/article24028259.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Besides being used for performances, some of the masks are sold as keepsakes and souvenirs particularly to the tourists.

The masks are of various types used for particular dance renditions. They are classified into the ''babu'', ''bir'', ''bhoot'', animal, birds, and ''nari'' masks.<ref name=":0" />

The ''babu'' category includes masks for chiefly male gods like [[Narayana]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Kartik]], [[Krishna]], [[Shiva]], etc. The ''bir'' or the hero masks would include those worn by artists who play the demons like [[Ravana]] and [[Mahishasura]]. Tiger, buffalo, monkey heroes like [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]] and [[Sugriva]] from the epic [[Ramayana]] fall under the category of animal masks. [[Durga]], [[Parvati]], [[Saraswati]] and incarnations of the Goddess are categorised under the ''nari'' or women masks, while bird masks are for [[Jatayu]], peacock, swan, etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Chhau Dance2.jpg|left|thumb|A typical ''bir'' mask showing the face of a demon.]]
[[File:Chhau Nritya (2).jpg|thumb|A ''nari'' mask showing the face of Durga.]]
[[File:Chau Mask.jpg|left|thumb|A mask showing the Hindu deity ''Ganesha''. The distinguishing feature is the trunk.]]
“Each dancer’s mask is unique”, says Anusua Mukherjee while reporting on Charida for [[The Hindu]]. The masks are made “according to his or her facial measurements by their trusted craftsmen, who work in close collaboration with the troupes”, Mukherjee adds.<ref name=":0" /> In this way, the mask-maker imparts his own understanding of the character which eventually also shapes the dances. There isn’t much scope for experimentation for the masks are stylised but artisans being in their own flavour particularly while painting the eyes of the characters.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Performers use only the full-face masks, but smaller masks are also produced and sold to the art collectors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Deepsikha |date=2019 |title=Masks and Costumes of Purulia Chhau |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26732449 |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=221–238 |doi=10.1353/atj.2019.0011 |jstor=26732449 |s2cid=166328226 |issn=0742-5457|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Tsubaki and Richmond, the style of mask-making bears a similarity to the Krishna Nagar School of Painting that had its origins in the [[Nadia district|Nadia]] district of West Bengal during the 18th Centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian theatre : traditions of performance |date=1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=Farley P. Richmond, Darius L. Swann, Phillip B. Zarrilli |isbn=0-8248-1190-9 |location=Honolulu |oclc=20594132}}</ref>
[[File:Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG|thumb|The '[[Mahisasuramardini]]' Chhau recital performed by Purulia's 'Royal Chhau Academy', during an international conference and intensive seminar on 'Strategic Transformations: Museums in 21st Century' organised by the National Council of Science Museums, India in collaboration with [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]], [[National Museum, New Delhi]] (Ministry of Culture Govt. of India) and Indian National Committee of ICOM, held at Mini Auditorium, [[Science City Kolkata|Science City, Kolkata]] on 13 February 2014. Note the animal mask of the lion, and the ''nari'' mask of Durga.]]
The performance masks are full-face, and covers almost the parietal bone to the base of the back skull which allows for an improved stability especially when halos strung of wire are added around the headgear. The wire frames on the headgear are embellished using coloured beads, sequins, confetti, etc., to evoke the image of the imposing gods and goddesses, grotesque demons, or specific animals which the masks portray.<ref name=":5" /> Some of the headdresses weigh up to five kilograms.<ref name=":4" />

For popular Chhau characters, there exist standardised visual conventions. Handsome, yet human-like heroes like [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]], [[Kartikeya|Kartik]], [[Arjuna]], or [[Parashurama]] are painted pink with a black moustache. Lord [[Krishna]] sports a blue mask, while [[Rama]] has a green one. The Goddesses are mostly pink, and have prominent feminine jewelries such as nose rings, earrings, and vermillion marks drawn on their foreheads. The distinct gods are portrayed with their very specific iconography — for instance [[Narasimha|Narasingha]] (the half-lion, half-man avatar of Vishnu) has furious eyes, a very fierce expression and a mane, whole [[Ganesha]] has an elephant head, and [[Shiva|Shiva’s]] mask shows a matted hair and a serpent true to the blue god’s representation. On the other hand, a peacock-headed associate, played by another dancer, accompanies [[Kartikeya|Kartik]]; and [[Durga]] is accompanied by a performer who plays the role of [[Mahishasura|Mahishashur]] wearing a designated demon mask, while another dancer performs the role of the actual bull (Mahishasura is believed to have sprung into the battlefield from a buffalo). Her vahan or vehicle, the lion, is shown wearing a large mask, and an oversized orange fabric that moves and pulsates with movements of the two dancers who make the lion appear larger. The demons usually are shown with fierce eyes fitting with their monstrous features and their faces are painted in black, green or other dark colours.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

The artistic capability and spirit of innovation of the mask artists come to the fore when unusual characters have to be made. In recent past, masks of Marvel comic characters such as [[Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)|Green Goblin]], Sylvester Stallone, or [[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]] have been created by artists, and these are particularly popular among the non-chhau buyers.<ref name=":5" />

==Manufacture==
[[File:Makers of Chau mask in the village Chorida of Bagmundi block of Purulia. 01.jpg|thumb|Makers of Chhau masks in the village of [[Charida]], Baghmundi block, Purulia]]
[[File:Making of Chhau Mask.jpg|thumb|An old artisan busy making masks in his workshop.]]
Chhau masks are made by artists from the [[Sutradhar]] community. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8–10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and a second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is coloured and decorated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5590e1c1e4b01cfd84ef7264/t/56bd94ae7da24fd5476fbc2e/1455264959070/Masks+of+Bengal.pdf|title=The Masks of Bengal|website=static1.squarespace.com|access-date=2019-01-07|archive-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135506/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5590e1c1e4b01cfd84ef7264/t/56bd94ae7da24fd5476fbc2e/1455264959070/Masks+of+Bengal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|title=The Mask|work=Biswa Bangla|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

The base of the mask is formed with a wood or a cane, which most mask makers own. After this, the clay is applied to the base and a mould is created. The mould, after it has been dried, is separated from the base and layered with [[Papier-mâché|papier mache]].<ref name=":5" /> The papier mache is smoothened by adding another layer of clay. Lightweight cotton fabrics are also used at times. The making of the base requires roughly about three days, and most of this time is needed for sun-drying. However, before the entire mask dries up completely details such as hair, eyes, eyebrows, etc., are added. The decoration and painting of the masks requires another set of three working days or more. Smaller and simple masks, usually meant to be taken and sold as souvenirs, are painted and decorated within a day.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

An engaging video of the mask making process can be accessed here: https://www.daricha.org/video_play.aspx?ID=95 . The video documents how Nepal Chandra Sutradhar demonstrates the art of mask-making in his workshop at Charida.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Daricha Foundation |url=https://www.daricha.org//video_play.aspx?ID=95 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.daricha.org}}</ref>

The clay used for mask-making is sourced from alluvial soil from neighbouring farms, while hair and animal manes are made using jute or acrylic wool. Paint, wire, the sequins, shiny stars, leaves and other decorative items come from the wholesale markets of Kolkata in large quantities. Older masks being sold from the artisan’s collection undergoes what is called polishing: that is the artists add colour to spruce them up. While blow dryers are used to hasten the drying phase so as to meet the clients’ deadline. In Charida, the artists are not just skilled craftsmen but also very able sales people.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />
[[File:A man making the Chhau mask, Charida, Purulia.jpg|left|thumb|Man making a chhau mask in his workshop at Charida, Purulia.]]
Masks are commissioned only after a particularly company receives an order/invitation for performance, and an advance payment that enables the company to pay for the masks. For example: in 2017, when the New Star Chhau Dance Group went to perform in Maharashtra, they had commissioned tricolour masks which resembled the Indian flag from Charida artist Manoranjan Sutradhar. They had played the Mahishashur Slayer performances. However, at times, when there is a lack of time or finances, mask-makers work in close association with the dance troupe, modifying older masks and repainting them to meet the current production demands. A typical handsome male mask, used for [[Kartikeya|Kartik]], could be easily repainted to show [[Arjuna]]; similarly the demon mask also could be easily altered.<ref name=":5" />

== Charida: Where masks are made ==
[[Charida]], located in the [[Baghmundi]] block of [[Purulia]], is the centre of making Chhau masks, where nearly every residence along the street becomes a workshop simultaneously. Some even have names like ''Mukhosh Ghar'' (House of Masks).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anusua |date=2021-01-02 |title=The mask is the pivotal part of Purulia Chhau |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-mask-is-the-pivotal-part-of-purulia-chhau/article33472537.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The place has been designated as the Bengal government’s Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises & Textiles, in association with [[UNESCO]]. Charida is also known as ''Mukhosh Gram'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=A trip to Charida – the village of Chhau mask makers in Purulia |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/a-trip-to-mukhosh-gram-charida-the-village-of-bengal-chhau-mask-makers-in-purulia/cid/1890437 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> literally meaning the mask village.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Purulia Chhau mask shop.jpg|left|thumb|A typical mask shop at Charida.]]
[[File:A shop of Chhau Mask in Charida.jpg|thumb|A Chhau Mask-Shop in Charida.]]In Charida, mask making is a family business. The place has 300 individuals from 115 families approximately engaged in this art of mask creation.<ref name=":0" /> Simple ingredients like clay and paper is used, however the process is slow, detailed and progresses from one step to another. While for the final decorations tinsel, glass beads, ''zari'', plastic flowers, feathers, strips of coloured jute for hair, etc. are used.<ref name=":0" /> Even little girls and boys are engaged in this creative process, and this is a way that the art is handed down from one generation to the next.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-16 |title=Process - Chau |url=https://www.puruliachau.com/process/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The chief mask-maker supervises the task executed mainly by the women folk in the family. The distinctive decoration, which adds the vibrancy and elaborate effect for which the Purulia masks are known, is done almost entirely by the women of the household. Yet there is a disjunct for till now all award-winning mask-makers from Charida have been men, a change thus needs to be called for.<ref name=":0" />

[[Gambhir Singh Mura]] (1930–2002), who was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], brought the name and recognition to the art form for the first time. Performers like Mura are also mask-makers.<ref name=":0" /> Mura's statue is found in Charida. There is also a museum in Charida which documents the art and the journey of Purulia Chhau masks. A Chhau mask festival is also held at the village during the time of January–February.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Tania |date=2018-06-09 |title=A visit to Charida the village of Chhau mask makers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/charida-the-village-of-mask-makers/article24113945.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Chhau Mask of West Bengal in Indian Stamp.jpg|thumb|left|Chhau mask of West Bengal on an Indian stamp, 2017]]

==Geographical Indication Tag==
The Chhau mask of [[Purulia]] acquired the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2018, and was registered in the [[List of Geographical Indications in India]].<ref name=":7"/> As the basic difference of Purulia Chhau the mask is unique and traditional craft, and the GI tag has brought increased attention to the craft both from the national and international levels, made the artisan's aware of their rights, and improved their condition as sales and demand for performances have increased.<ref name=":7" />

==See also==
* [[Chhau dance]]
* [[Arts of West Bengal]]
* [[Charida]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Purulia district]]

Bilasipara West Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:17Z

ModestoMolino5: Added a data w/ sources

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilasipara West
| mla = [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| party = {{Color box|#0A8612}} [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Dhubri District|Dhubri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 26
| map_image = Bilasipara West Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Bilasipara West Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. Bilasipara West forms a part of the [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilasipara West Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bilasipara West Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bilasipara-west-election-result-s03a026/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=News18}}</ref>

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123143817/https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
===Bilasipara constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Md.Umaruddin
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Ahmed Jahanuddin
| {{Full party name with color|PSP}}
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Derajuddin Sarkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Giasuddin Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Giasuddin Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

===Bilasipara West constituency===
Following is the list of past members representing Bilasipara West constituency Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.<ref name="bi ref1">{{cite news |title=Bilasipara West Election Result 2021 LIVE: Bilasipara West MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bilasipara-west-assembly-elections-as-26/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Giasuddin Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Sirajuddin
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Yusuf Ali Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Giasuddin Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Ali Akbar Miah]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Ali Akbar Miah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Assam United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Hafiz Bashir Ahmed
|votes = 44,407
|percentage = 32.29
|change = -3.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ali Akbar Miah
|votes = 33,205
|percentage = 24.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sabana Aktar
|votes = 25,515
|percentage = 18.55
|change = -14.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Ali Azom Sheikh
|votes = 14,688
|percentage = 10.68
|change = +9.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Giasuddin Ahmed
|votes = 6,792
|percentage = 4.93
|change = +0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Biplab Mukherjee
|votes = 5,812
|percentage = 4.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Atowar Hussain
|votes = 1,997
|percentage = 1.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saiful Islam
|votes = 1,412
|percentage = 1.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sheikh Monshur Rahman
|votes = 616
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Moharuddin Mondal
|votes = 577
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Afzalur Rahman
|votes = 498
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Ajmira Aktar
|votes = 492
|percentage = 0.35
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prakrita Kumar Nath
|votes = 486
|percentage = 0.35
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Yousub Ali Ahmed
|votes = 250
|percentage = 0.18
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 766
|percentage = 0.55
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,202
|percentage = 8.15
|change = +4.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,513
|percentage = 93.45
|change = +5.73
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,47,151
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara West}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Hafiz Bashir Ahmed
|votes = 40,501
|percentage = 36.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ali Akbar Miah
|votes = 36,717
|percentage = 32.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Batendra Brahma
|votes = 23,070
|percentage = 20.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Giasuddin Ahmed
|votes = 4,532
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Hatem Ali Choudhury
|votes = 2,261
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Sheikh Monshur Rahman
|votes = 1,635
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Entaz Ali
|votes = 1,250
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Minati Sarkar Roy
|votes = 1,007
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Lok Bharti
|candidate = Mokles Rahman
|votes = 573
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Akbar Ali
|votes = 362
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,784
|percentage = 3.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,11,908
|percentage = 87.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,27,581
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.24|90.21|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Shyam Bihari Lal

2026-04-12T12:07:35Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding The Page First Draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1966–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prof. Dr. Shyam Bihari Lal
| office = Member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2 January 2026
| predecessor = himself
| successor =
| constituency = [[Faridpur Assembly constituency|Faridpur]]
| office1 = Member of [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Siyaram Sagar]]
| successor1 = himself
| constituency1 = [[Faridpur Assembly constituency|Faridpur]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1966|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|1|2|1966|1|1|df=y}}
| death_place = Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Radheshyam (died)
| spouse = Manju Lata
| education = Post graduate P. H.D
| children = 1 son 2 daughters
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician Teaching
}}

'''Shyam Bihari Lal''' (1 January 1966 – 2 January 2026) was an Indian politician.<ref name="up legis assembly">{{cite web |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19919|website=uplegisassembly.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/faridpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851089.html|title=Faridpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Prof. Shyam Bihari Lal of BJP Wins|date=10 March 2022|website=News18}}</ref> He represented the [[Faridpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Bareilly district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was twice [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Faridpur Assembly constituency|Faridpur]].<ref name="up legis assembly"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/faridpur-2007139311|title=Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2022 – Get Faridpur constituency news updates and complete details|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lal was born in [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="up legis assembly"/> He was married and had a son and two daughters.<ref name="up legis assembly" /> Lal was a postgraduate and also completed his Ph.D.<ref name="up legis assembly" />

==Political career==
Lal won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Vijay Pal Singh of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by a margin of 2921 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/faridpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923151-2022-03-09|title=Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Faridpur seat, Prof. Shyam Bihari Lal wins with 5011 votes|website=India Today|date=10 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/faridpur-sc-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810791/|title=Faridpur (sc) (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up|date=9 March 2022|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref>

==Death==
Lal died from a heart attack in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh on 2 January 2026, a day after his 60th birthday.<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/bjp-mla-shyam-bihari-lal-passes-away-after-heart-attack-in-bareilly-cm-yogi-expresses-grief-reactions-latest-updates-2026-01-02-1024230 Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Shyam Bihari}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]

Porur Junction metro station

2026-04-12T08:44:01Z

ModestoMolino5: Made stub.

{{short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Porur Junction
| style = Chennai Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 4}}
| image =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.03587|80.15683|display=inline,title}}
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}''' in the future)''
| tracks = 2
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Final Stages before Commercial Operations - 95% complete
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|June 2026}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=Porur Bypass|to-left1=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2026)''|right1=Vadapalani|to-right1=Vadapalani|line2=Yellow|left2=Porur Bypass|to-left2=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid2=''(Operational around Q2 of 2027)''|right2=Alapakkam|to-right2=Vadapalani|line3=Yellow|left3=Porur Bypass|to-left3=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid3=''(Lighthouse - Around Dec 2027)''|right3=Alapakkam|to-right3=Lighthouse|line4=Yellow|left4=Porur Bypass|to-left4=Parandur Airport|note-mid4=''(Extension in the future)''|right4=Alapakkam|to-right4=Lighthouse}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Porur Junction metro station''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 30 elevated stations of Corridor IV and 12 underground stations along Corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]]–[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] stretch. This station is slated to be commercialized in December 2025.<ref name="AB">{{Cite news |title=Poonamallee to Porur metro stretch to be inaugurated by December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/14/poonamallee-to-porur-metro-stretch-to-be-inaugurated-by-december-says-cm-stalin|date=2025-02-14|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The New Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==

In 2020, [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T) was awarded the contract for construction of stations from Porur Junction to [[Kodambakkam Powerhouse metro station|Kodambakkam Powerhouse]] with the construction commencing from then.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=L&T gets first contract for Chennai Metro phase II|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lt-awarded-contract-for-metro-phase-ii/article33283687.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref> As MGR flyover passes close to this station, steel beams were placed above to connect to Poonamallee.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-03 |title=CMRL corridor 4: Steel portal beams erected in Porur|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/cmrl-corridor-4-steel-portal-beams-erected-in-porur-poonamallee-797895 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=DT Next |language=en-US}}</ref> The work on Porur station was almost completed in March 2025 along with the next set of stations from {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Bypass}} to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-09 |title=Chennai Metro Rail Limited completes viaduct between Poonamallee and Porur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-completes-viaduct-between-poonamallee-and-porur/article69306354.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref> Trial runs are conducted since June 2025 and the line is set for opening by end of the year.<ref name="AB"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-07 |title=CMRL Initiates Trial Run on Porur Junction -Poonamalle Bypass section of Chennai Metro Line 4|url=https://metrorailnews.in/trial-run-on-chennai-metro-line-4s-stretch/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Metro Rail News}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Porur Junction track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| title-color = blue
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Alapakkam metro station|Alapakkam]] **
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Porur Bypass metro station|Porur Bypass]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Alapakkam}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Bypass}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|'''''Further extension to * {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} and ** {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 4=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

National Food Technology Institutes

2026-03-31T10:04:36Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Short description|Food technology governmental institute}}
[[File:Gemini Generated Image duf06wduf06wduf0 (1).png|thumb]]
The '''National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management''' ('''NIFTEMs''') are specialised higher education [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INI) in India dedicated to advancing research, innovation, and skilled manpower development in the field of food processing, technology, and allied sectors. These institutes operate under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] (MoFPI) by the government of India.

There are currently two operational NIFTEMs, the [[National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management]] (NIFTEM-K) located in [[Kundli]], [[Haryana]] and the [[National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur]] (NIFTEM-T) located in [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 October 2021 |title=Two National Food Technology Institutes functioning under Ministry of Food Processing Industries |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1763456 |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

Both institutions were established to strengthen India’s food processing sector by integrating education, research, entrepreneurship, and industry linkages.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=August 11, 2025 |title=NIFTEM & CFTRI at the forefront of academic excellence in food processing & technology |url=https://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/niftem--cftri-at-the-forefront-of-academic-excellence-in-food-processing--technology-84487 |work=Food & Business News |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref> Though criticisms of the establishment of the NIFTEM's were made by the Parliamentary committee on agriculture in 2016 due to the increase in costs to facilitate the institutes and their time overrun on producing outputs. The committee argued that the [[Institute of Crop Processing Technology]] already accomplished the aims of the new institutions.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Panel questions move to set up food technology institute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panel-questions-move-to-set-up-food-technology-institute/article5681102.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>

==History==
===Institute of National Importance status===
On 1 October 2021, the [[National Institutes of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management Act, 2021]] came into effect, granting INI status to both of the existing NIFTEMs. This designation, conferred by an [[Act of Parliament]], recognises their critical role in developing highly skilled professionals, offering greater academic and administrative autonomy, and enabling direct central government funding. In India, an Institute of National Importance is a premier public higher education institution acknowledged for its strategic role in national development within a specific sector or discipline.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=National Institutes of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management Act, 2021 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/actsofparliamentfromtheyear/national-institutes-food-technology-entrepreneurship-and-management-act |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Legislative Department |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=July 26, 2021 |title=Lok Sabha passes NIFTEM bill: Paras says, historic day for NIFTEM, IIFPT |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/lok-sabha-passes-niftem-bill-paras-says-historic-day-for-niftem-iifpt/na20210726215700381 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>

===Role and expansion plans===
NIFTEM-K and NIFTEM-T focus on producing industry-ready graduates and postgraduates for the [[Food processing|food processing and allied industries]].<ref name="Bihar"/> To accommodate increasing demand, both institutes have expanded their sanctioned student intake. In addition, the [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] supports several other [[Centrally Funded Technical Institutes|centrally funded]] institutions, state universities, and private institutions offering degrees and research programmes in food technology and its specializations. With this funding, the Ministry also uses the NIFTEM to promote new food technology startup companies by entrepreneurs, hosting monetary challenges and conferences through the institutes.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=August 3, 2024 |title=38 Food Tech Startups Thrive Under MoFPI's Visionary Support Program |url=https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/sectors/38-food-tech-startups-thrive-under-mofpis-visionary-support-program |work=[[Knowledge and News Network]] |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>

In 2022, it was proposed by the union food processing minister [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] that the Indian government should establish a third National Food Technology Institute in [[Bihar]], to be named NIFTEM-Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Piyush |date=July 8, 2022 |title=Union minister proposes to set up National Institute of Food |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/union-minister-proposes-to-set-up-national-institute-of-food-technology-entrepreneurship-and-management-in-bihar/articleshow/92752381.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref> As part of its 2025 budget proposals, the Indian government officially announced plans to create the new institute, which is expected to further boost research and training capacity in the eastern region of the country.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Union Budget 2025-26: Key Provisions for Food Processing Sector |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Union Budget |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> Bihar was chosen due to its high quality food production such as [[lychee]] and [[honey]] foodstuffs, but the area also lacks food quality testing labs, which the NIFTEM would fill the role for.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Proposal for NIFTEM in Patna to Boost Agriculture and Economy |url=https://patnapress.com/proposal-for-niftem-in-patna-to-boost-agriculture-and-economy/ |work=Patna Press |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref> An evaluation of the region by MoFPI officials began in April 2025 to determine the right location to establish the institute.<ref name="Bihar">{{cite news |last=Bishnoi |first=Kamakshi |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Centre Evaluates Bihar For National Food Tech Institute, Focus On Boosting Processing Sector |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/bihar/centre-evaluates-bihar-for-national-food-tech-institute-focus-on-boosting-processing-sector-details-10229326 |work=[[The Daily Jagran]] |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Food Technology Institutes}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Food science institutes]]
[[Category:Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2026}}

Indian locomotive class WAG-5

2026-03-28T09:34:32Z

ModestoMolino5: improved article

{{Short description|Indian Railway freight class electric locomotive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Original research|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAG-5
| powertype = Electric
| image = WAG-5HA AJJ.jpg
| caption = Arakkonam based WAG-5HA twins hauling freight train near Thiruvallur.
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| bogies = [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] Asymmetric cast frame trimount
| wheeldiameter = {{ubl|New: {{convert|1092|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}|Half worn: {{convert|1055|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=2}}|Full worn: {{convert|1016|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} }}
| builder = [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)]].
| builddate = {{ubl|Original: 1978–1998|WAG-5A: 1983–1988|WAG-5B: 1978–1983}}
| totalproduction = 1,196
| length = {{convert|17.162|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}
| width = {{convert|3.055|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}
| height = {{convert|1.997|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=16}}
| uicclass = Co′Co′
| axleload = {{convert|20|t}}
| tractiveeffort =
| t/e starting = {{convert|37500|kgf|kN|-1|abbr=on}}
| t/e 1 hr =
| t/e continuous = {{convert|33600|kgf|kN|-1|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 0.29
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]/[[Railroad hand brake|Hand]]
| trainbrakes = Air, Dual and [[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]]
| safety = Slip control, Main overload relay, Over voltage relay, No volt relay, Earth fault relay, Low pressure governor, Train parting alarms, Vigilance Control Device (VCD) and Brake cylinder cutoff valve
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|Overhead]]
| collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| multipleworking = 4
| maxspeed = {{convert|105|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} 
{{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|80|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = Continuous:
{{convert|3850|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|119|t}}
| tractionmotors = [[Alstom]] TAO 659/[[Hitachi]] HS15250A
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = '''21100–21153''', '''23000–23999''', '''24000–24075''', '''24401-24466'''
| nicknames = '''Krishnaveni, Navdoot, Minkalan, Pasumai, Priyadarshini, Basanti, Srilata, Nouvion, Gurudev, Chetak, Nasbandhi, Janmashati, Ajay, Kirtimaan, Cheetah'''{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
| locale = All over [[India]]
| disposition = Active
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WAG-5''' is a class of 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[electric locomotive]]s that was developed in 1978 by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] ('''W'''), alternating current ('''A'''), goods traffic ('''G''') engine, 5th generation ('''5'''). They entered service in 1980. A total of 1,196 WAG-5 were built at CLW and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] between 1978 and 1998, which made them the most numerous class of mainline electric locomotive until the introduction of its successor, the [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7.]]

The WAG-5 is one of the most successful locomotives of Indian Railways currently serving both freight and passenger trains for over 43 years. This class provided the basic design for a number of other locomotives, like WAG-7 and the [[Indian locomotive class WCM-6|WCM-6]]. However, with the advent of new 3-phase locomotives like [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]], the WAG-5 locomotives were relegated to hauling smaller passenger trains and now the aging fleet of WAG-5 locomotives is rapidly being withdrawn from mainline duties and scrapped.

== Subclasses and modifications ==
The WAG-5A and WAG-5H(x) variants are fitted with Alstom and Hitachi traction motors respectively,<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WAG-5 Indian locomotive specifications]</ref> whereas the WAG-5B are units converted from the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]], and the WAG-5P(x) is a subclass specialised for passenger duties. The WAG-5(x)D and WAG-5(x)E are respectively fitted with dual and air brakes. WAG-5RH and WAG-5HR are fitted with rheostatic or friction braking. Another variant is WAG-5HG.{{Explain|date=August 2025}} The units with additional '6P' markings have parallel grouped traction motors. BHEL-built units are classified as WAG-5HB. Some units are fitted with Static Converter (STC), Microprocessor, Dynamic brake resistors (DBR) and SI unit.

Due to the advent of the WAG-7 and WAG-9 locomotives, the WAG-5s, except WAG-5HA/HB variants, occasionally hauled passenger trains despite being designed for freight haulage. WAG-5HB{{Clarify|date=August 2025|reason=A single locomotive or multiple members of that subclass?}} is homed at Jhansi shed near BHEL's installations for maintenance purposes. WAG-5 has a shell of the WAM-4. Units numbered until 23293 have side louvre and round glass windows like the WAM-4, and units after 23293 have louvres similar to those fitted to the WAG-7 for better ventilation. Recently,{{When|date=August 2025}} WAG-5 have been fitted with data loggers.

Due to the decline of tap changer control suppliers, unit 23026 was selected by [[Research Design and Standards Organization|RDSO]] for the adoption of thyristor controlled electricals in 1995. The project began in 1992, with the new prototype system, built in collaboration with the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], was fitted in the locomotive between 1997 and 1998. Due to several problems such as interference with signalling equipment, the project was ceased in 1999, and the engine was rebuilt to original WAG-5 and designated as WAG-5P.
[[File:WAG-5inammugudabyepassline.jpg|thumb|WAG-5 idling at the Ammuguda Bye pass line]]

==Technical specification==
{|class=wikitable
|-
|Traction Motors
|Alstom TAO 659 (575 kW, 750 V, 1070 rpm) or TAO 656; or Hitachi HS 15250A. Axle-hung, nose-suspended. Six motors.
|-
|Gear Ratio
|62:16 or 62:15 with Alstom motors, some 64:18 (Hitachi motors), many now 58:21 for mixed use. There are also 17:77
|-
|Transformer
|BHEL, type HETT-3900. 3900 kVA, 22.5 kV, 182 A. 32 taps, 11730 kg, Forced oil cooling, 'A' Insulation.
|-
|Rectifiers
|Silicon rectifiers (two) using 64 S-18FN-350 diodes each from Hind Rectifier. 2700 A / 1050 V per cubicle. 64 cells per bridge. Starting current at 3300 A. Motor (380 V, 970-1460 RPM)
|-
|Max Haulage capacity
|2375 t (WAG-5 original)
|-
|Pantographs
|Two [[Faiveley Transport|Faiveley]] AM-12 of 285 kg with four insulators
|-
|Current Ratings
|1100 A / 10 min, 750 A continuous
|-
|Sandboxes
|8
|-
|Auxiliaries
|2 Head lights (32 V, 250 W), Lead-acid Battery (50 cells, 110 V)
|-
|3 Elgi Compressors
|3 motors (12.5 hp, 380 V)
|-
|2 SF India Ltd. Traction Motor blowers
|MLBR-42.51-1-H4 type, 2 Siemens Motors (22 kW, 380 V, 41 A, 3000 rpm)
|-
|2 SF India Ltd. Smoothing reactor blower
|2 motors(3 hp, 380V, 2860rpm)
|-
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] Breaking resistor blower
|Dy-3423M type, Moto r(532 kW, 70 hp, 325 V, 175 A, 3500 rpm)
|-
|2 SF India Ltd. Silicon rectifier blower
|Axial type
|-
|SF India Ltd. Oil cooler blower
|MLBH-60-1-H2 type, 22.2 m/hr, Motor (30 hp, 380 V, 6.6 A, 2865 rpm)
|-
|2 Smoothing reactors
|SL42 type, 1250 V, 950 A, 0.00718 ohms at 110 °C
|-
|BEST & Co. Pvt. Ltd. Oil pump for transformer
|Motor (3.3 kW, 380 V, 6.6 A, 2865 rpm)
|}

==Locomotive sheds==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Zone
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Name
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Shed Code
! colspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Quantity
|-
! style="background:skyBlue;"|WAG-5
! style="background:skyBlue;"|WAG-5H
|-
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] ||[[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusawal]] || BSLL
|53
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] || [[Bardhaman railway station|Bardhaman]]|| BWNX
|1
|24
|-
|[[Jamalpur railway station|Jamalpur]]
|JMPD
|16
|1
|-
| [[east Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] || WATE
|13
|
|-
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] || [[Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi|Jhansi]] || JHSE
|
|86
|-
|[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
|[[Gonda Junction railway station|Gonda]]
|GDDE
|31
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
|| [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]
| GZBE
|1
|
|-
| [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]]
| AMVD
|18
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] || [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]] ||AJJE
|
|7
|-
|| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] || ERSX
|12
|6
|-
| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]]||EDDX
|
|50
|-
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] || [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]] || BZAE
|35
|
|-
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] || [[Bondamunda railway station|Bondamunda]] || BNDL
|
|2
|-
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] ||[[Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam|Ratlam]] || RTMD
|
|75
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]|| ETD
|54
|60
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Katni|New Katni Jn.]]|| NKJD
|
|54
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of April 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>
| 234
| 365
|}


==See also==
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WAG5}}
*http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WAG-5
*[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html#loco Electric locomotives in India]
*[http://www.irfca.org India railway fan club]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAG-5}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1978]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:BHEL locomotives]]
[[Category:Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]

Tuensang

2026-03-25T08:42:04Z

ModestoMolino5: minor edit

{{About|the municipality in Nagaland, India|its namesake district|Tuensang district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tuensang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Hornbill Festival 2018.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chang Naga tribe playing Indigenous tug of war
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland
| coordinates = {{coord|26.271559|N|94.831384|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Nagaland|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1371
| population_total = 36,774
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Major languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Chang language|Chang]] [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]] [[Yimkhiungrü language|Yimkhiungrü]] [[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL-03]]
| website = {{URL|nagaland.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tuensang''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|j|uː|ə|n|ˈ|s|æ|ŋ}}) is a town located in the northeastern part of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]] and has a population of 36,774.<ref name="2011census"/> The town was founded in 1947 for the purpose of administrating the erstwhile [[North Eastern Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) that comprised the present day districts of Tuensang, [[Mon district|Mon]], [[Longleng district|Longleng]], [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]], [[Noklak district|Noklak]] and [[Shamator district|Shamator]].

==History==
The Tuensang area was originally made up of all the present six districts of Eastern Nagaland. Even after the British conquest of India, the Tuensang tribal region remained unadministered due to lack of sufficient men and money. However, in 1902, the area was brought under the nominal control of the British. It was called Tribal Area and was administered by the [[Governor General of India]]. In 1948, a separate division called the Tuensang Administrative Circle was created.<ref>{{cite book | title = Encyclopaedia Of North-east India Vol# 5 | author = Ved Prakash | publisher = Atlantic | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-269-0707-6 | page = 1922 }}</ref>

When the [[Constitution of India]] was first released in 1950, Tuensang Division was placed in "Part B" category of tribal districts as per the Sixth Schedule. It became part of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA). Subsequently, in 1957, it was merged with the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] to form a new administrative unit under the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref name="BDatta_reorg">{{cite book | title = Reorganization of North-East India since 1947 | author = B. Datta-Ray, S. P. Agrawal | year = 1996 | publisher = Concept | isbn = 978-81-7022-577-5 | page = 6 }}</ref> After negotiation with the secessionists, this administrative unit was later made a full-fledged state called [[Nagaland]].

==Geography==
Tuensang is located at {{Coord|26.28|N|94.83|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/20/Tuensang.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Tuensang]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1371 metres (4498 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Tuensang had a population of 36,774,<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Tuensang City Population Census 2011 - Nagaland|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801462-tuensang-nagaland.html|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> up 24% from 29,654 in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Tuensang has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 67%. In Tuensang,13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Tuensang is one of the larger towns in Nagaland along with Chümoukedima, Dimapur, Kohima and Mokokchung. The landowners/permanent tribes of the town are mainly the [[Chang Naga|Changs]], [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtams]], [[Yimkhiung]]s and [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]]s. The town serves as a nerve center for the eastern part of Nagaland.

In Tuensang are the headquarters to organisations such as Eastern Nagaland Peoples' Organisation (ENPO), [[Eastern Naga Students' Federation]] (ENSF), Khiamniungan Tribal Council (KTC), Chang Khulei Setshang (CKS), Confederation of Chang Students' Union (CCSU), Chang Baptist Lashong Thangyen (CBLT), Eleutheros Christian Society (ECS), and Eastern Farming Association.

==Education==
===Schools===
* Government Higher Secondary School
* St. John's High School
* Christ King School
* St. Joseph's School
* Thangjem High School
* Chaba School
* St. Xavier School
* St. Anthony School
* Holy Angel School
* Little Flower School
* Akum Imlong School
* Loyem Memorial High School
* Baptist Thangyen School
* Montessori Kids Care School
* Assam Rifles School
* National Institute of Open Schooling
* Holy Cross School Saksi
* Eklavya Model Residential School Saksi
* 3rd Battalion N.A.P School Saksi
* Tulip Residential Academy, 3rd NAP
* Trinity Academy, Tuensang

===Colleges===
* [[Sao Chang College]]
* [[Loyem Memorial College]]
* District Institute of Teachers' Education
* Imlong Theological College Saksi
* Oriental Theological College Yangli
* IGNOU Study Center

==Public utilities==
Tuensang has a functional 100-bed Civil Hospital which has been upgraded to Regional Diagnostic Center (RDC) but is yet to be operationalised. It has an Agriculture Science Center known as KVK, an undertaking of the Government of India, Badminton Stadium, Town Hall and a Public Ground. The "Longpang Project," a program managed by Eleutheros Christian Society (ECS) in collaboration with government and private agencies, near [[Hakchang Village]], has one health center which runs the only rehabilitation center in the district that takes care of AIDS patients and drug addicts.

==Transportation==
The [[National Highway 155 (India)|National Highways 155]] passes through the district, linking [[Mokokchung]] ([[National Highway 61 (India)|NH-61]] junction) and [[Jessami]] ([[Tipaimukh Road|NH-150]] junction) via Tuensang Town, covering a distance of 342 km. Recently the ongoing work on NH-155 came under severe criticisms from the public led by Eastern Naga Students' Federation for alleged poor workmanship, non-adherence to contract norms by the contractors, and lackadaisical attitude of the Nagaland Public Works Department.<ref>http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjYwNjE%3D-Z4PpCQa%2BHSg%3D1. {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjU2MDk%3D-%2B367GH8sVU8%3D. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034443/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjU2MDk=-+367GH8sVU8= |date=30 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/48446.html |title=Current News | Latest News | Breaking News | Nagaland News - MorungExpress.com - Citizens scan NH-155 road |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511040547/http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/48446.html |archive-date=2010-05-11 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tuensang.nic.in/ Official government site]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tuensang district]]

Akele Hum Akele Tum

2026-03-19T13:01:01Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{short description|1995 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akele Hum Akele Tum
| image = Akele Hum Akele Tum 1995 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mansoor Khan]]
| producer = [[Champak Jain]] Ratan Jain
| writer = Mansoor Khan [[Nasir Hussain]] (dialogue)
| based_on = ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''
| starring = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Manisha Koirala]] Adil Rizvi
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]
| editing = Zafar Sultan
| studio = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Movies]]
| distributor = United Seven Combines
| released = {{Film date|1995|12|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}4.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2916|title=Akele Hum Akele Tum – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}12.37 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Akele Hum Akele Tum''''' ({{translation}} ''I'm Alone, You're Alone'') is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama film]] starring [[Aamir Khan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], and Master Adil. It was directed by [[Mansoor Khan]]. The music is by [[Anu Malik]] and the lyrics are by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. The film is loosely based on the 1979 American film ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PA437|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|page=437}}</ref> Both Aamir Khan and Manisha Koirala's performances were acclaimed; the latter also received a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] category at the [[41st Filmfare Awards]]. Upon release, the film faced competition from ''[[Ram Jaane]]'' and although well received by critics, it did not do well at the box office.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tsyCwAAQBAJ&dq=Akele+Hum+Akele+Tum&pg=PT63 | isbn=9789380069227 | title=I'll do It My Way: The Incredible Journey of Aamir Khan | year=2012 | publisher=Om Books International }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1474|title=Rewind - Aamir Khan v Shahrukh Khan Only Box Office Clash|date=6 August 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==

Rohit Kumar ([[Aamir Khan]]) is an aspiring playback singer while Kiran ([[Manisha Koirala]]) is an ambitious classical singer-in-training. They meet, relate to each other's sentiments, fall in love and get married shortly. When Kiran's parents oppose their marriage, they decide to lead a separate life.

After marriage, Kiran's ambitions take a backseat to her household responsibilities and looking after their son. Time fails to abate Kiran's frustration until she decides to leave Rohit and start a new life all over again. Now single, Rohit is forced to look after both his son and his own failing career. After some obvious teething troubles, Rohit succeeds in creating a separate world for himself and his son, Sunil.

Meanwhile, Kiran becomes a huge film star. She tries to reconcile with Rohit but Rohit is a proud man and misinterprets her support as her pity and things become worse. A court case is eventually filed for the custody of Sunil.

Rohit faces a tough time preparing for the case as his financial position is not as sound as Kiran's. He sells his best songs at a very low price so that he can fight the custody battle. During the court battle, Kiran's lawyer Bhujbal ([[Paresh Rawal]]) uses every possible trick to show that Rohit does not deserve the custody of his child. He even uses the information that Rohit had told Kiran only because he felt that she had a right to know about her son's life against him. Rohit instructs his lawyer to fight the case honestly as he does not wish to hurt Kiran and her reputation. In the end, the court rules in favour of the mother and Kiran is given custody of the child. During this time, common friends of Rohit and Kiran try to explain to Kiran that Rohit had changed for the better and that he is now very attached to his son. Kiran also realises that their son would never find happiness only with her. She tells Rohit that she will not take Sunil away and that she wants him to stay at his home to which Rohit replies that this was Kiran's home as well. Kiran seemingly moves to get out of the house but then closes the door and smiles.

Rohit and Kiran hug each other and their son as the movie ends.

==Cast==
* [[Aamir Khan]] as Rohit Kumar
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Kiran Kumar (Rohit's wife)
* [[Adil Rizvi]] as Sunil "Sonu" Kumar (Rohit and Kiran's son)
* [[Deven Verma]] as Kanhaiya
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as Farida
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Mrs. Dayal
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Advocate Bhujbal
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Ram Dayal
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] as Paresh Kapoor
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Amar
* [[Satish Shah]] as Gulbadan Kumar
* [[Harish Patel]] as Kaushik
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Sunita (Kiran's Friend)
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as Moolchand (Grocer)
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Mr. Bhatija (Rohit's Lawyer)
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Jamshed, Hotel Owner
* [[Shashi Kiran]] as Ravinder Kapoor
* [[Suresh Bhagwat]] as Prakash (Tailor)
* [[Razzak Khan]] as Babulal
* [[Hiralal]] as Hira Lal
* [[Viju Khote]] (actor playing role of an NRI)
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as award presenter
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Mehra, Restaurant and Disco bar owner(uncredited)
* [[Ghanshyam]] (actor playing role to insult an NRI)
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as young girl

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Akele Hum Akele Tum
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:12
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Ishtar Music|Venus Records & Tapes]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. "Raja Ko Rani Se", the tune of which was sampled from [[Love Theme from The Godfather]] and "Dil Kehta Hai" were memorable numbers from the film.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011230173145/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 December 2001|title=The stilled voice |author=Amit Baruah, R. Padmanabhan|publisher=[[The Hindu]], [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]|date=6 September 1997}}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], with around 25,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack was the year's ninth highest-selling album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
! Songs !! Singer(s)
|-
|1.
|"Raja Ko Rani Se Pyaar" (Version I)
| Udit Narayan & [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|2.
| "Aisa Zakham Diya Hai"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
|3.
|"Dil Kehta Hai"
| Kumar Sanu & Alka Yagnik
|-
|4.
|"Dil Mera Churaya Kyun"
| [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|5.
|"Akele Hum Akele Tum"
| Udit Narayan & [[Aditya Narayan]]
|-
|6.
|"Raja Ko Rani Se Pyaar" (Version II)
| Kumar Sanu & Alka Yagnik
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
'''[[41st Filmfare Awards]]'''<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Nominated'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Mansoor Khan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Mansoor Khan
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Manisha Koirala]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Tanvi Azmi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Anu Malik]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] for "Raja Ko Rani Se"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Udit Narayan]] for "Raja Ko Rani Se"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Alka Yagnik]] for "Raja Ko Rani Se"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0112313|title=Akele Hum Akele Tum}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films about divorce]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about parenting]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]

Aditya Roy Kapur

2026-03-04T20:05:19Z

ModestoMolino5: refine citations as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditya Roy Kapur
| image = Aditya Roy Kapur at the Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Awards 2023.jpg
| caption = Kapur in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 2009–present
| occupation = Actor
| family = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roy Kapur family|Roy Kapur family]]
| signature =
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
}}
'''Aditya Roy Kapur''' (born 16 November 1985) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. After working as a [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]], he made his acting debut with the musical drama ''[[London Dreams]]'' (2009). Kapur had his first commercial success with the romance ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013). In the same year, the romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' emerged as his highest-grossing release, and won him the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in addition to a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].

Following a career downturn, with critical and commercial failures such as ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]'' (2014), ''[[Fitoor]]'' (2016), ''[[Ok Jaanu]]'' (2017) and ''[[Kalank]]'' (2019), Kapur made a resurgence with the critically and commercially successful films ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' (2020) and ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''. During the same period, he also gained critical success in the streaming projects ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' (2020) and the thriller series ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/aditya-roy-kapoor-keeping-it-natural-2354485-2023-04-02 |title=Aditya Roy Kapoor: Keeping it natural! |author=Suhani Singh |work=India Today |date=2 April 2023| access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Kapur was born in Bombay on 16 November 1985<ref name="DoB">{{cite news|title=Birthday Exclusive: Aditya Roy Kapur|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131116/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-aditya-roy-kapur|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221061556/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131116/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-aditya-roy-kapur|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> to a [[Punjabi Hindu]] father,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html|title=History of India's Jewish beauty queens|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|date=3 August 2013|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707154403/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOI2013" /> Kumud Roy Kapur, and a [[Indian Jew|Jewish]] mother Salome Aaron.<ref name="TOI2013">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shraddha-and-I-are-really-really-close-Aditya-Roy-Kapur/etarticleshow/20259113.cms |title=Shraddha and I are really, really close: Aditya Roy Kapur |date=26 May 2013 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609070836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/news-interviews/39521869_1_kunaal-siddharth-aditya-roy-kapur |archive-date=9 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> His paternal grandfather, Raghupat Roy Kapur, was a film producer in the early 1940s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Siddharth, Kunal, Aditya Roy Kapoor family tree |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/the-siddharth-kunal-aditya-roy-kapoor-family-tree-902208.html |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=News18 |date=10 April 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927012234/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/the-siddharth-kunal-aditya-roy-kapoor-family-tree-902208.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ecotimes">{{Cite news |title=Another GenNext Kapur family finds feet in Bollywood |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/another-gennext-kapur-family-finds-feet-in-bollywood/articleshow/6957918.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 November 2010 |pages=1–2 |access-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629135816/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/another-gennext-kapur-family-finds-feet-in-bollywood/articleshow/6957918.cms |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb name|0707533|G. Rakesh}}</ref> Kapur is the youngest of the three siblings; his eldest brother, [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], was the chief executive officer of [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and is married to actress [[Vidya Balan]]. His second elder brother, [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]], is also an actor.<ref name="tehelka13">{{Cite web |title=Born to Sweet Delight |url=http://tehelka.com/born-to-sweet-delight/ |publisher=Tehelka |date=22 June 2013 |issue=25 |volume=10 |access-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916012044/http://www.tehelka.com/born-to-sweet-delight/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

His maternal grandparents, Sam and Ruby Aaron, were qualified dance teachers who introduced the Samba dance to India.<ref name="ecotimes" /> He did his schooling from G.D. Somani Memorial School in Cuffe Parade, where both his siblings studied and his mother directed school plays.<ref name="ecotimes" />

Kapur enrolled in St. Xavier's in Class XI, but failed. He had to enroll in [[St. Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce|St. Andrew's College]] to avoid losing a year.<ref name="TOI2013" /> Subsequently, he graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="DoB"/> During his school years, he wanted to be a cricketer but he quit cricket coaching after sixth standard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Punjabi|first=Jyoti|date=8 November 2013|title=Aditya Roy Kapur his early days|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-his-early-days-1915546|access-date=23 September 2020|work=DNA India|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108191038/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-his-early-days-1915546|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early work and acting debut (2009–2012) ===

Kapur was initially a [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] on the music channel [[Channel V India]], where his comic timing and "unique style of hosting" was appreciated.<ref name="TOI2013" /> He starred in a show titled ''Pakao'' and also hosted the popular show, ''India's Hottest'' with [[Bruna Abdullah|VJ Bruna Abdullah]] till 2008.

Kapur made his acting debut with a supporting role in the musical drama ''[[London Dreams]]'' (2009) starring [[Salman Khan]], [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Asin Thottumkal]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Salman Khan almost reveals who Aditya Roy Kapur kissed on the sets of 'London Dreams|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/salman-khan-almost-reveals-who-aditya-roy-kapur-kissed-on-the-sets-of-london-dreams|access-date=23 September 2020|work=Free Press Journal|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206141249/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/salman-khan-almost-reveals-who-aditya-roy-kapur-kissed-on-the-sets-of-london-dreams|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as a below-average grosser at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=London Dreams |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=149 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121072101/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=149 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series of supporting roles continued with his two releases in 2010–the [[Akshay Kumar]]-[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]-starrer science-fiction romantic comedy ''[[Action Replayy]]'' and the [[Hrithik Roshan]]-Rai-starrer drama ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''. However, none of these films performed well at the box office but gained Kapur notice among the audience.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Action Replayy' - Hollywood remakes that failed at the Box Office|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/Action-Replayy/photostory/59770617.cms|access-date=23 September 2020|work=The Times of India|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011112529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/Action-Replayy/photostory/59770617.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> For his performance in ''Guzaarish'', ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' stated, "Kapur is natural and vivacious and in-sync with the film’s spirit of celebrating life."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/-work-of-art|title=Guzaarish Movie Review - Work of art|work=Khaleej Times|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032404/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/-work-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough and career fluctuations (2013–present) ===

[[File:Shraddha Kapoor at Live concert of Aashiqui 2 (8).jpg|thumb|left|Kapur with [[Shraddha Kapoor]] promoting their film 'Aashiqui 2' in 2013.]]

Kapur achieved his breakthrough with the musical romance ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) co-starring [[Shraddha Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=7 reasons to celebrate 'Aashiqui 2', completing 7 years|first=Manjusha|last=Radhakrishnan|date=26 April 2020|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/entertainment/7-reasons-to-celebrate-aashiqui-2-completing-7-years-1.1587895407436|access-date=23 September 2020|work=gulfnews.com|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906222930/https://gulfnews.com/photos/entertainment/7-reasons-to-celebrate-aashiqui-2-completing-7-years-1.1587895407436|url-status=live}}</ref> Premiering on 26 April 2013, ''Aashiqui 2'' emerged as a commercial success at the box-office and was one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2013|highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2013]], earning {{INRConvert|1.45|b}} worldwide within the first four weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aashiqui 2 joins Rs. 100 crore club |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aashiqui-2-joins-Rs-100-crore-club/Article1-1067712.aspx |author=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530052357/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Aashiqui-2-joins-Rs-100-crore-club/Article1-1067712.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] praised his performance, writing that "...Aditya Roy Kapur's depiction of the intense character is outstanding... [which] clearly demonstrates his potency as an artist of caliber and competence."<ref>{{cite news |title=Aashiqui 2: Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/549878 |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427032150/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/549878 |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic [[Anupama Chopra]] noted that Kapur "gives Rahul's angst a certain charm... He is earnest and broken."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Aashiqui 2 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Aashiqui-2/Article1-1050953.aspx |author=Chopra, Anupama |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530141750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Aashiqui-2/Article1-1050953.aspx |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref>

The same year, Kapur played Avinash Arora in the romantic comedy ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', which not only became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest grossing Indian films]] but also the highest grossing film of his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aditya Roy Kapur and Kalki join cast of Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1421422/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-and-Kalki-join-cast-of-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614165204/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1421422/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-and-Kalki-join-cast-of-Yeh-Jawani-Hai-Deewani |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani/box-office/ |title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Box Office Collection Worldwide |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826164911/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Praising him, [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' stated, "Aditya Roy Kapur is entirely likeable as the goofy Avi."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-review-if-you-are-seeking-lighthearted-mush-youre-looking-in-the-right-place/395372-47.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616004805/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-review-if-you-are-seeking-lighthearted-mush-youre-looking-in-the-right-place/395372-47.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani |author=Rajeev Masand |work=CNN-IBN |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> While Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' opined, "Aditya seems to be picking up where he left off in ''Aashiqui 2'' and it works for him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-3311.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616004805/https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-3311.amp |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Movie Review: Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani |author=Rachit Gupta |work=Filmfare |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, he played Tariq Haider in the romantic comedy ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]'' alongside [[Parineeti Chopra]]. The film released to average reviews by critics, and was financially unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seshagiri |first1=Sangeetha |title=Box Office Collection: Parineeti's 'Daawat-E-Ishq' Fares Better than Sonam's 'Khoobsurat' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-parineetis-daawat-e-ishq-fares-better-sonams-khoobsurat-609603 |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=www.ibtimes.co.in |date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409165617/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-parineetis-daawat-e-ishq-fares-better-sonams-khoobsurat-609603 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aditya and Parineeti Begin Shooting for Daawat-e-Ishq|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Aditya-and-Parineeti-Begin-Shooting-for-Daawat-e-Ishq/2013/12/07/article1933365.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209201108/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Aditya-and-Parineeti-Begin-Shooting-for-Daawat-e-Ishq/2013/12/07/article1933365.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2013|access-date=25 January 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Sarita A. Tanwar of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' stated, "Aditya play his part well and manages to hold his own but the film belongs to the leading lady."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-parineeti-chopra-shines-but-daawat-e-ishq-drags-on-without-clarity-2019912 |title=Film review: Parineeti Chopra shines but 'Daawat-e-Ishq' drags on without clarity |last=Tanwar, Sarita A |date=19 September 2014 |work=DNA India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927145847/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-parineeti-chopra-shines-but-daawat-e-ishq-drags-on-without-clarity-2019912 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> In 2016, Kapur starred as Noor Nizami in the romantic drama film ''[[Fitoor]]'' alongside [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] based on [[Charles Dickens]]' 1861 novel ''[[Great Expectations]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 2013|title=Aditya Roy Kapur, Katrina Kaif to pair up for 'Fitoor'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-to-pair-up-for-fitoor-1907698|access-date=23 September 2020|work=DNA India|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408145448/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-to-pair-up-for-fitoor-1907698|url-status=live}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found Tabu and Aditya as "undoubtedly the best bets" in ''Fitoor''.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Sweta Kaushal |title=Fitoor Movie Review: It offers beautiful frames and great disappointments |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/fitoor-review-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-in-a-beautiful-but-shallow-affair/story-Zbva6RmU2JkAcKm8F7gyGI_amp.html |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823150856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/fitoor-review-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-in-a-beautiful-but-shallow-affair/story-Zbva6RmU2JkAcKm8F7gyGI_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapur also made cameo appearances in films ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' and ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome To New York]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/25/shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-dear-zindagi-gauri-shinde-reviews-film-critics-verdict-box-office-reactions |title='Dear Zindagi' Critics' Verdict: A Must-Watch for Alia & SRK |date=25 November 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075202/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/25/shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-dear-zindagi-gauri-shinde-reviews-film-critics-verdict-box-office-reactions |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Kapur starred as Aditya Gunjal in the romantic drama film ''[[Ok Jaanu]]'' alongside [[Shraddha Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-cosy-up-in-ok-jaanu-first-look/ |title=Shraddha Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur cosy up in 'OK Jaanu' first look |access-date=13 March 2016 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808233529/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-cosy-up-in-ok-jaanu-first-look/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which received mixed reviews from critics, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "Aditya Roy Kapur plays his part well, though he struggles with the emotional scenes. His portrayal of an urban career oriented boy is very believable."<ref name="BH review">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ok-jaanu/critic-review/ok-jaanu-movie-review/|title = Ok Jaanu Critic Review - Ok Jaanu Movie Review | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=13 January 2017 |accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> In 2019, he starred as Dev Chaudhry in the romantic drama film ''[[Kalank]]'' alongside [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]]. The film received mixed reviews upon release, and was unsuccessful at the box office.<ref name="IT_Jun2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/karan-johar-on-kalank-s-box-office-failure-didn-t-have-any-breakdown-1541275-2019-06-03|title=Karan Johar on Kalank's box office failure: Didn't have any breakdown |date=3 June 2019 |work=India Today|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kalank-get-ready-for-an-epic-drama-starring-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-madhuri-dixit-sanjay-dutt-and-more-1721519.html|title=Kalank: Madhuri-Sanjay To Reunite on Screen Along With Alia, Varun, Sonakshi and Aditya|work=CNN-News18|date=18 April 2018|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418070422/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kalank-get-ready-for-an-epic-drama-starring-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-madhuri-dixit-sanjay-dutt-and-more-1721519.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[WION]]'' wrote, "Aditya, is pitch perfect as the righteous, lonesome Dev who is stuck between his two wives."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shomini Sen|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/kalank-review-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawans-tragic-love-saga-is-visually-stunning-but-not-too-convincing-211125/amp|title='Kalank' Movie Review: Alia Bhatt-Varun Dhawan's tragic love story is visually stunning but fails to connect|work=WION|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708150249/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/kalank-review-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawans-tragic-love-saga-is-visually-stunning-but-not-too-convincing-211125/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Aditya roy kapur with his malang costar disha patni.jpg|thumb|Kapur with [[Disha Patani]] promoting their film Malang]]

Kapur had three releases in 2020. He first starred as Adavit Thakur in the romantic action thriller ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' alongside [[Disha Patani]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aditya Roy Kapur and Disha Patani to star in Mohit Suri's next? - Fresh on-screen pairs to look forward to|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/fresh-on-screen-pairs-to-look-forward-to/aditya-roy-kapur-and-disha-patani-to-star-in-mohit-suris-next/photostory/67619144.cms|access-date=23 September 2020|work=The Times of India|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424230244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/fresh-on-screen-pairs-to-look-forward-to/aditya-roy-kapur-and-disha-patani-to-star-in-mohit-suris-next/photostory/67619144.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapur's performance got positive reviews from critics. Harshada Rege of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Aditya impresses in the role of a guy whose life goes through a major upheaval. He shows restraint and finesses in his performance. The actor's physical transformation adds weight to all the kicks and punches he pulls in the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malang Movie Review: 'Malang' is good blend of glam, games and thrills! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/malang/movie-review/73966538.cms |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/malang/movie-review/73966538.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' called his performance as "very convincing as a fearless man with a vengeance who can take on dozens of goons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/malang/critic-review/malang-movie-review/ |title=Malang Movie Critic Review |date=6 February 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523172203/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/malang/critic-review/malang-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He then starred as Vishal Agnihotri in the road film ''[[Sadak 2]]'' alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Alia Bhatt]], which released on the streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The film was universally panned by critics, with criticism for its performance, script, dialogues and use of clichés.<ref name="roundup">{{cite news |title=Alia Bhatt and Mahesh Bhatt's Sadak 2 Becomes Lowest-rated Film of All Time on IMDb With 1.1 Score |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/alia-bhatt-and-mahesh-bhatts-sadak-2-becomes-lowest-rated-film-of-all-time-on-imdb-with-1-1-score-2829963.html |work=News18 |date=29 August 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829223150/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/alia-bhatt-and-mahesh-bhatts-sadak-2-becomes-lowest-rated-film-of-all-time-on-imdb-with-1-1-score-2829963.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "The storytelling, performances dialogue, cinematography, songs, background music – all seem to belong to the 90's".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.reviews/bollywood-review/sadak-2-review-disney-plus-hotstar-alia-bhatt-mahesh-bhatt-sanjay-dutt-anupama-chopra/ |title=Sadak 2 Starring Alia Bhatt And Sanjay Dutt Is Flat-Out Bonkers |date=29 August 2020 |website=Film Companion |access-date=10 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He starred in the black comedy crime film ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' as Aakash Chauhan alongside [[Sanya Malhotra]] which released on [[Netflix]] as his last film of the year.<ref name="release date">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ludo-trailer-abhishek-aditya-roy-kapur-rajkummar-pankaj-tripathi-others-lives-go-beyond-one-s-understanding-2850860|title=Abhishek, Aditya Roy Kapur, Rajkummar, Pankaj Tripathi & others lives go beyond one's understanding|date=19 October 2020|website=DNA India|language=en-US|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021102146/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ludo-trailer-abhishek-aditya-roy-kapur-rajkummar-pankaj-tripathi-others-lives-go-beyond-one-s-understanding-2850860|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2020|title=Anurag Basu's Ludo for Netflix|url= https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81107576|access-date=10 November 2020|website=Netflix|language=en}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' noted, "Kapur is easily the best of the lot, assured, funny, relaxed, lending Ludo the breeziness it badly needs."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tanul Thakur|url=https://thewire.in/film/ludo-netflix-anurag-basu-review|title=More Forced Than Felt, 'Ludo' Misses the Film for the Vignettes|website=The Wire|accessdate=12 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113070535/https://thewire.in/film/ludo-netflix-anurag-basu-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kapur and [[Sanjana Sanghi]] starred in the action thriller film ''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''.<ref name="Om">{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aditya-roy-kapur-sanjana-sanghi-begin-filming-om--the-battle-within/1986701|title=Aditya Roy Kapur, Sanjana Sanghi begin filming ''Om - The Battle Within''|work=Outlook India|date=3 December 2020|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='OM: The Battle Within': Aditya Roy Kapur flaunts his ripped body in the first look poster|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/om-the-battle-within-aditya-roy-kapur-flaunts-his-ripped-body-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/79560505.cms|access-date=4 December 2020|website=The Times of India|date=4 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204055619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/om-the-battle-within-aditya-roy-kapur-flaunts-his-ripped-body-in-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/79560505.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It released theatrically in 2022 with received negative response from critics towards the storyline eventually became [[Box office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rashtra Kavach Om Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rashtra-kavach-om/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=July 2022|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704095121/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rashtra-kavach-om/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjana-sanghi-and-aditya-roy-kapur-to-star-in-om-the-battle-within-1743183-2020-11-23|title=Sanjana Sanghi and Aditya Roy Kapur to star in Om The Battle Within|date=23 November 2020|access-date=16 March 2021|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204082717/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjana-sanghi-and-aditya-roy-kapur-to-star-in-om-the-battle-within-1743183-2020-11-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Aditya Roy Kapur's glistening biceps, though impressive, may not be strong enough to hold the weight of this strictly average actioner".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rashtra Kavach Om Movie Review: Aditya Roy Kapur comes in like a wrecking ball. In slo-mo. The End|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-comes-in-like-a-wrecking-ball-in-slo-mo-the-end-1968770-2022-07-01|website=[[India Today]]|date=July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701040743/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/rashtra-kavach-om-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-comes-in-like-a-wrecking-ball-in-slo-mo-the-end-1968770-2022-07-01|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Kapur starred in ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]'', a remake of the British television series of the [[The Night Manager (British TV series)|same name]], playing the part originally played by [[Tom Hiddleston]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Aditya Roy Kapur on Stepping Into Tom Hiddleston's Shoes in Disney+ Hotstar Indian Adaptation of 'The Night Manager' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/the-night-manager-disney-hotstar-india-aditya-roy-kapoor-tom-hiddleston-1235519067/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211074227/https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/the-night-manager-disney-hotstar-india-aditya-roy-kapoor-tom-hiddleston-1235519067/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' opined, "Kapur's performance isn't a patch on Hiddleston's. But the adaptation allows him to be himself. That works to his advantage."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=The Night Manager Review: Anil Kapoor Steals The Show Without Breaking A Sweat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-night-manager-review-anil-kapoor-steals-the-show-without-breaking-a-sweat-2-5-stars-3789980 |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217044911/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-night-manager-review-anil-kapoor-steals-the-show-without-breaking-a-sweat-2-5-stars-3789980 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2023 he starred in ''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]'' alongside [[Mrunal Thakur]], which was the Hindi remake of the 2019 Tamil film ''[[Thadam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date= |title=Aditya Roy Kapur, Mrunal Thakur's crime thriller titled 'Gumraah' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakurs-crime-thriller-titled-gumraah/article65403687.ece |access-date= |issn= |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054928/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakurs-crime-thriller-titled-gumraah/article65403687.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Aditya Roy Kapur is earnest in playing both the characters and tries to make you feel how they are starkly different from each other with his performance."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Zinia |last=Bandyopadhyay |title=Gumraah Movie Review: Aditya Roy Kapur tries to compensate with his hotness in this copy-paste remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/gumraah-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakur-thadam-hindi-remake-vardan-ketkar-2356824-2023-04-07 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=7 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425103207/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/gumraah-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakur-thadam-hindi-remake-vardan-ketkar-2356824-2023-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film underperformed commercially, becoming a box-office disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Aditya Roy Kapur's Gumraah Flops Miserably at Box Office; Ajay Devgn-starrer Bholaa Has Decent Run |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aditya-roy-kapur-gumraah-flops-miserably-at-box-office-ajay-devgn-starrer-bholaa-has-decent-run-7516393.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411044942/https://www.news18.com/movies/aditya-roy-kapur-gumraah-flops-miserably-at-box-office-ajay-devgn-starrer-bholaa-has-decent-run-7516393.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapur played the lead in [[Anurag Basu]]'s film ''[[Metro... In Dino]]'' in 2025 alongside [[Sara Ali Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro…In Dino: Anurag Basu's spin-off anthology starring Sara Ali Khan will release on THIS date |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/metroin-dino-anurag-basus-spin-off-anthology-starring-will-release-on-this-date-56653.html |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020939/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/metroin-dino-anurag-basus-spin-off-anthology-starring-will-release-on-this-date-56653.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
[[File:Aditya Roy Kapur in 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|Kapur in 2021]]

In addition to acting, Kapur is a football enthusiast and supports charities and organisations.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/ranbir-kapoor-abhishek-bachchan-at-all-stars-football-charity-match/ranbir-kapoor-abhishek-bachchan-at-all-stars-football-charity-match-15/ |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Abhishek Bachchan, Aditya Roy Kapur at All Stars Football charity match |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709103508/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/ranbir-kapoor-abhishek-bachchan-at-all-stars-football-charity-match/ranbir-kapoor-abhishek-bachchan-at-all-stars-football-charity-match-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has often participated in football matches for charity. Kapur has also been involved with the "Pillars Of Humanity" initiative by the Ankibai Ghamandiram Gowani Trust,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/actors-show-support-and-walk-for-pillars-of-humanity-organized-by-nidarshana-gowani/articleshow/94472261.cms |title=Actors show support and walk for Pillars of Humanity organized by Nidarshana Gowani; see pics |work=Times of India |date=27 September 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014032936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/actors-show-support-and-walk-for-pillars-of-humanity-organized-by-nidarshana-gowani/articleshow/94472261.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and has also contributed to the environment, with planting 150 trees with [[Pragya Kapoor]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-roy-kapur-joins-pragya-kapoor-for-a-good-cause-read-details/articleshow/74409706.cms?frmapp=yes |title=Aditya Roy Kapur joins Pragya Kapoor for a good cause; read details here |work=Times of India |date=29 February 2020 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Kapur performed in various cities in the [[United States]] for the "Dream Team" tour in August 2016, alongside [[Karan Johar]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Dream Team 2016: Katrina, Alia, Parineeti, Sidharth, Varun, Aditya Roy Kapur and Badshah US tour in August |url=http://www.indianewsbulletin.com/bollywood-dream-team-us-tour-august-2016-to-feature-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-parineeti-chopra-varun-dhawan |work=India Bulletin |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926235434/http://www.indianewsbulletin.com/bollywood-dream-team-us-tour-august-2016-to-feature-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-parineeti-chopra-varun-dhawan |archive-date=26 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood's 'Dream Team' touchdown in Houston, all set to party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywoods-dream-team-touchdown-in-houston-all-set-to-party/articleshow/53665365.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=28 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815170226/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywoods-Dream-Team-touchdown-in-Houston-all-set-to-party/articleshow/53665365.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapur is frequently featured in the [[Times of India|''Times'' 50 Most Desirable Men]] list. He was ranked 28th in 2018, 11th in 2019 and 3rd in 2020<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|title=Meet India's 50 Most Desirable Dudes|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 May 2019|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824154131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/meet-indias-most-desirable-dudes20200824105936/?amp=1|title=Exclusive - Meet India's Most Desirable Dudes of 2019|website=ANI|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput - Philosopher, dreamer, charmer|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605002021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapur is a celebrity endorser for brands and products, including [[Nautica]], [[Diesel (company)|Diesel]], [[Oppo]] and [[Slice (drink)|Slice]] among others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapoor-new-slice-ad-video-21200.html|title=Not Fitoor, Katrina Kaif-Aditya Roy Kapoor to be seen in Slice ad first!|newspaper=India TV News|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172726/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapoor-new-slice-ad-video-21200.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/aditya-roy-kapur-flaunts-nauticas-new-collection/99782645|title=Aditya Roy Kapur flaunts Nautica's new collection as its brand ambassador|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/aditya-roy-kapur-is-diesels-first-celebrity-ambassador-for-watches-in-india/72286238|title=Aditya Roy Kapur is Diesel's first celebrity ambassador for watches in India|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708171958/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/marketing/aditya-roy-kapur-is-diesels-first-celebrity-ambassador-for-watches-in-india/72286238|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Kapur launched his own fashion label named Single, in partnership with Universal Sportsbiz.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/aditya-roy-kapur-launches-fashion-label-with-uspl/articleshow/68620168.cms|title=Aditya Roy Kapur launches his fashion label Single, with USPL|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> Kapur was included in ''[[Femina (India)|Femina India]]'''s list of "Beautiful Indians 2022". He won the Standout Performer Of The Year - Male, at the ceremony for winning hearts on-screen and making the world a better place off-screen.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/mamaearth-beautiful-indians-2022/awardees#celeb_for_good_w |title=Femina India and Mamaearth's Beautiful Indians 2022 Awards Winners List |work=Femina India |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923145727/https://www.femina.in/mamaearth-beautiful-indians-2022/awardees#celeb_for_good_w |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.femina.in/trending/achievers/fmbi-s2-aditya-roy-kapur-wins-the-standout-performer-of-the-year-266242.amp |title=FMBI S2: Aditya Roy Kapur wins the Standout Performer of the Year (Male) |work=Femina India |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621210646/https://m.femina.in/trending/achievers/fmbi-s2-aditya-roy-kapur-wins-the-standout-performer-of-the-year-266242.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]'' placed Kapur in their list of "Best Dressed Indians" of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/look-good/content/we-picked-the-best-dressed-people-in-india-right-now/amp |author=Saumyaa Vohra, Selman Fazil |title=We picked the best dressed people in India right now |work=GQ India |date=November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref
|-
| 2009
! scope="row"| ''[[London Dreams]]''
| Wasim Afroz Khan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12833/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008105847/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12833/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2008 |title=London Dreams |work=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Action Replayy]]''
| Bunty Saigal Chopra
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/aishwarya-rai-starrer-action-replay-may-get-delayed/lite/|title=Aishwarya and Akshay starrer 'Action Replay' may get delayed|website=Indian Express|date=9 December 2009|access-date=9 December 2009|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029181427/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/aishwarya-rai-starrer-action-replay-may-get-delayed/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
| Omar Siddiqui
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapoor-upbeat-about-guzaarish/story-K2EzBNmVvKsY6eG7GRrmEL_amp.html|title=Aditya Roy Kapoor upbeat about Guzaarish!|website=Hindustantimes|date=17 November 2010|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029181430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapoor-upbeat-about-guzaarish/story-K2EzBNmVvKsY6eG7GRrmEL_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| Rahul Jaykar
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aashiqui-2-turns-seven-5-lesser-known-facts-of-the-shraddha-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer/story-Ud6KieGbII5Kkwh2RPAOgI_amp.html|title=Aashiqui 2 turns seven: 5 lesser known facts of the Shraddha Kapoor-Aditya Roy Kapur starrer|website=Hindustantimes|date=26 April 2020 |access-date= 26 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Avinash "Avi" Arora
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-clocks-9-years-checkout-some-famous-dialogues-of-blockbuster-film/articleshow/91939701.cms|title='Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani' clocks 9 years, checkout some famous dialogues of blockbuster film|website=Timesofindia|date=June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601102556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-clocks-9-years-checkout-some-famous-dialogues-of-blockbuster-film/articleshow/91939701.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row"| ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]''
| Tariq "Taru" Haidar
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/parineeti-and-aditya-roy-kapurs-dawat-e-ishq-is-about-dowry-habib-faisal-1716907.html/amp|title=Parineeti Chopra and Aditya Roy Kapur's Daawat-e-Ishq is about dowry: Habib Faisal|website=Firstpost|date=18 September 2014|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124064631/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/parineeti-and-aditya-roy-kapurs-dawat-e-ishq-is-about-dowry-habib-faisal-1716907.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Fitoor]]''
| Noor Nizami
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aditya-roy-kapur-explains-how-he-prepared-for-his-fitoor-role-1262303|title=Aditya Roy Kapur explains how he prepared for his Fitoor role|website=NdTV India|access-date= 5 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''
| Daljeet Sharma
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/alia-romances-aditya-roy-ali-zafar-kunal-and-angad-in-dear-zindagi-song/story-9v17V55LEekGsNLuQNBQNI_amp.html|title=Alia romances Aditya Roy Kapur, Ali Zafar, Kunal Kapoor and Angad Bedi in Dear Zindagi song|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 July 2016|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815162321/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/alia-romances-aditya-roy-ali-zafar-kunal-and-angad-in-dear-zindagi-song/story-9v17V55LEekGsNLuQNBQNI_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Ok Jaanu]]''
| Aditya "Adi" Gunjal
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shraddha-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-celebrate-ok-jaanu-wrap-with-a-bash-1633033|title=Shraddha Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur Celebrate OK Jaanu Wrap With A Bash|website=Ndtv|access-date= 9 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome To New York]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Movie Review: Welcome to New York |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-welcome-to-new-york-26749.html |access-date=11 August 2023 |magazine=Filmfare |date=12 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811195621/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-welcome-to-new-york-26749.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Kalank]]''
| Dev Chaudhary
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kalank-wrap-up--alia-bhatt-posts-smiling-photo-with-aditya-roy-kapur-20279175|title=Kalank wrap up: Alia Bhatt posts smiling photo with Aditya Roy Kapur|website=Mid-day|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029181430/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kalank-wrap-up--alia-bhatt-posts-smiling-photo-with-aditya-roy-kapur-20279175|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
| Advait Thakur
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-roy-kapur-and-disha-patani-starrer-romantic-thriller-malang-wraps-up/articleshow/71475281.cms|title=Aditya Roy Kapur and Disha Patani starrer romantic thriller 'Malang' wraps up|website=Times of India|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007105901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-roy-kapur-and-disha-patani-starrer-romantic-thriller-malang-wraps-up/articleshow/71475281.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sadak 2]]''
| Vishal Agnihotri / Munna Chavan
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sadak-2-first-look-of-alia-bhatt-sanjay-dutt-aditya-roy-kapur-from-upcoming-thriller-released-8690881.html/amp|title=Sadak 2: First look of Alia Bhatt, Sanjay Dutt, Aditya Roy Kapur from upcoming thriller released|website=Firstpost|date=10 August 2020|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029181425/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sadak-2-first-look-of-alia-bhatt-sanjay-dutt-aditya-roy-kapur-from-upcoming-thriller-released-8690881.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
| Aakash Chauhan
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-aditya-roy-kapur-on-the-praise-he-is-getting-for-ludo-its-heartwarming/articleshow/79300835.cms|title=Exclusive - Aditya Roy Kapur on the praise he is getting for 'Ludo': It's heartwarming|website=Times of India|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119093925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-aditya-roy-kapur-on-the-praise-he-is-getting-for-ludo-its-heartwarming/articleshow/79300835.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''
| Om Singh Rathore / Rishi Singh Rathore
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sanjana-sanghi-drops-bts-picture-aditya-roy-kapur-she-wraps-first-schedule-om-battle-within-588599%3famp|title=Sanjana Sanghi drops BTS picture with Aditya Roy Kapur as she wraps up first schedule of Om: The Battle Within|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715203051/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sanjana-sanghi-drops-bts-picture-aditya-roy-kapur-she-wraps-first-schedule-om-battle-within-588599?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
| Arjun Sehgal / Sooraj Rana / Ronnie
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aditya-roy-kapur-begins-shoot-bhushan-kumar-murad-khetanis-thadam-remake-dussehra/|title=Aditya Roy Kapur begins shoot of Bhushan Kumar and Murad Khetani's Thadam remake on Dussehra|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015113110/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aditya-roy-kapur-begins-shoot-bhushan-kumar-murad-khetanis-thadam-remake-dussehra/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row"|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
| Parth Nakul Sahadev
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Aditya Roy Kapur kicks off Anurag Basu's Metro In Dino with an emotional sequence|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-kicks-off-anurag-basus-metro-dino-emotional-sequence/|date=15 June 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 June 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616023837/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-kicks-off-anurag-basus-metro-dino-emotional-sequence/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anurag Basu's 'Metro... In Dino' with Sara Ali Khan and Aditya Roy Kapur gets a Good Friday release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-basu-and-bhushan-kumars-metro-in-dino-starring-sara-ali-khan-and-aditya-roy-kapur-gets-a-good-friday-release/article67033871.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2023 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708153348/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-basu-and-bhushan-kumars-metro-in-dino-starring-sara-ali-khan-and-aditya-roy-kapur-gets-a-good-friday-release/article67033871.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Side Hero]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Bodyguard"
|
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
| Shantanu "Shaan" Sengupta / Joaquim Sequeira / Abhimanyu Mathur
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-begins-sri-lanka-schedule-night-manager-remake/|title=Aditya Roy Kapur begins the Sri Lanka schedule of The Night Manager remake|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 February 2022|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217075657/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-begins-sri-lanka-schedule-night-manager-remake/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{pending series|[[Rakt Brahmand: The Bloody Kingdom]] }}
| Rahul / Prince Vithal {{cn|date=February 2026}}

| Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Roy Kapur begin Raj & DK's action-fantasy series Rakt Brahmand shoot in Mumbai |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-samantha-ruth-prabhu-begin-raj-dks-action-fantasy-series-rakt-bramhand-shoot-mumbai-report/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920070813/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-samantha-ruth-prabhu-begin-raj-dks-action-fantasy-series-rakt-bramhand-shoot-mumbai-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Action Replayy]]'' & ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Stardust Awards Winners 2011|work=Stardust|date=9 February 2011|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|access-date=13 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170913/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|archivedate=12 February 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/article1-650620.aspx|title=Hrithik, SRK Top Zee Cine Awards|date=15 January 2011|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121234018/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Hrithik-SRK-top-Zee-Cine-Awards/Article1-650620.aspx|archive-date=21 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013
|rowspan="2"|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Romantic Role
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards – Bollywood Hungama |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=12 December 2013 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102306/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Most Romantic Jodi (With [[Shraddha Kapoor]])
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards: List of winners|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/|access-date=17 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131204514/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/|archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Jodi No. 1 (With [[Shraddha Kapoor]])
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|Jodi of the Year (With [[Shraddha Kapoor]])
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":AK" />
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[59th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parande |first=Shweta |date=21 January 2014 |title=Filmfare Awards 2014 nominations: Will Shahrukh Khan lose Best Actor to Dhanush? |language=en |work=India.com |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/filmfare-awards-2014-nominations-will-shahrukh-khan-lose-best-actor-to-dhanush-6942/ |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093715/http://www.india.com/showbiz/filmfare-awards-2014-nominations-will-shahrukh-khan-lose-best-actor-to-dhanush-6942/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":AK">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-16 |title=9th Renault Star Guild Awards releases list of nominees |date=16 January 2014 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181652/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[15th IIFA Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhowmik|first=Arijita|title=IIFA Awards 2014: Deepika Padukone, Farhan Akhtar, 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' Take Away Major Honours [Full Winner's List]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/549676/20140427/iifa-awards-2014-winners-deepika-farhan-bhaag.htm|access-date=27 April 2014|work=International Business Times|date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427184722/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/549676/20140427/iifa-awards-2014-winners-deepika-farhan-bhaag.htm|archive-date=27 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Winner's List |date=24 February 2014 |work=Zee News |access-date=2 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302061408/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actor in a Comedy or Romance]]
| ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 December 2014|access-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210064653/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612|archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Actor People's Choice – Male
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actor in Drama Series
| ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |magazine=Filmfare |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000751/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|name=Aditya Roy Kapoor}}
* {{Facebook|adityaroykapur}}
* {{DNA India|aditya-roy-kapur}}
* {{BH person|aditya-roy-kapur}}

{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Aditya Roy}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
8

Pesum Deivam

2026-03-04T05:11:39Z

ModestoMolino5: Made a post.

{{short description|1967 film by K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pesum Deivam
| image = Pesum Deivam.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| producer = R. Balasubramaniam
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Ravi Productions
| distributor = Santhi Pictures{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=276}}
| released = {{Film date|1967|04|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=276}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pesum Deivam''''' ({{translation|Talking Deity}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] and produced by R. Balasubramaniam. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] and [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]. It was released on 14 April 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=111-120 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp12.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212108/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp12.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] in 1996 as ''[[Jeevanadhi]]''.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Lakshmi, after marrying Chandru, yearns for a child. Barren for a long time, they make special arrangements with their maid to adopt her unborn child. But their happiness is short-lived when the newborn baby dies. Their sadness is overtaken soon, when Lakshmi becomes pregnant. The child is born and is healthy. Does Lakshmi's wants end there? No, the child has a special problem.... and the wants continue.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Chandru
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Lakshmi
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Sathyan’s wife
*[[Nagesh]] as Murali
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Thiruvenkadam
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Collector Sundaram
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Business man from Burma to adopt child
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Doctor
*[[Karikol Raju]]
*[[Samikannu]] as Lakshmi's grandfather
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]]
*K. Kannan as Lakshmi's uncle
*[[A. K. Veerasamy|Veerasamy]]
*[[G. Sakunthala]] as Velammal
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Ammani
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Suganthi
*[[Baby Rani]] as Babu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pesum Deivam |url=https://gaana.com/album/pesum-deivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707064110/http://gaana.com/album/pesum-deivam |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "Nooraandu Kaalam Vaazhga" became popular, and is frequently performed at various events in Tamil Nadu, such as birthday parties and marriages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T |date=29 March 2016 |title=A Veteran Hums Tunes of Poverty. Any Sympathetic Ears? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/mar/29/a-veteran-hums-tunes-of-poverty.-any-sympathetic-ears-917439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727053642/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/mar/29/A-Veteran-Hums-Tunes-of-Poverty.-Any-Sympathetic-Ears-917439.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The song "Azhagu Deivam" is set to [[Kanada (family of ragas)|Kanada]] raga.{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=126}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Azhagu Deivam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 04:53
|-
| "Idhaya Oonjal" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, [[P. Leela]] || 06:43
|-
| "Naan Anuppuvadhu" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:25
|-
| "Nooraandu Kaalam Vaazhga" || Sarala, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:04
|-
| "Pathu Maadham" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:21
|-
| "Pillai Selvame" || [[S. Janaki]] || 05:16
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' positively reviewed the film for Ganesan and Padmini's performances, and the music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 April 1967 |title=பேசும் தெய்வம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/apr/30-04-1967/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725085210/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/apr/30-04-1967/p17.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=27 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=Pesum+Deivam |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=Tantivy Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-498-01565-3 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-last2=Elley |editor-first2=Derek}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0216077}}
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 drama films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thank You Subba Rao

2026-03-03T18:14:24Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding First Biography And Citations

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thank You Subba Rao
| image = Thank You Subba Rao.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| story = [[Boopathy Pandian]]
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] (dialogues)
| based_on =
| producer = Jeetu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Srihari]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = A. A. Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|10|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Thank You Subba Rao''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]. The film stars [[Srihari]] as the titular character, [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], in her Telugu debut. It was theatrically released on 12 October 2001,<ref name="B"/> and it was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/scoop/chiru-bgopal.html|title=Hero No.1 - Director No.4|work=[[idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-12-08|archive-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208084450/https://www.idlebrain.com/research/scoop/chiru-bgopal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is inspired by ''[[Stakeout (1987 film)|Stakeout]]'' (1987) and its Malayalam remake ''[[Vandanam]]'' (1989).

==Cast==
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news147.html|title=EVV says 'Thank you Subba Rao'|date=19 July 2001|work=[[idlebrain.com]]|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208083958/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news147.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srihari]] as Subba Rao
*[[Prakash Raj]] as G. K.
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Dr. Susheela
*Dog as Shakeela
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as Pawan
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Priest
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]]
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Subba Rao's mother
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Peon
*[[Chalapati Rao]] as Nayana Guru
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]]
}}

== Production ==
The film marks the debut of mass hero [[Srihari]] as a comedy hero and was completed in mid-2001.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news163.html|title=Srihari seeks image change|date=7 October 2001|work=[[idlebrain.com]]|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208084205/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news163.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A dog plays a major role.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news155.html|title=Srihari 'Thank you Subba Rao' completed|work=[[idlebrain.com]]|date=27 August 2001|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208083459/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news155.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film notably has no songs,<ref name="A"/> and the score was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref name="B"/>

==Reception==
Gudipoodi Srihari from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Prakash Raj and Abhirami dominate the show with Srihari playing the second fiddle to them. Some sequences at the end, featuring Srihari and LB Sriram are entertaining. Music score by Vandemataram is average".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-thankyou.html |title=Movie review - Thank you Subba Rao - by Gudipoodi Srihari |date=7 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221104208/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-thankyou.html |archive-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[idlebrain.com]]'' said, "The first half of the film has no story and is full of comedy. The second half has a little bit of story and sentiment along with comedy. The comedy of the second half is very well received (mainly due to the presence of sentiment)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-thankyou.html |title=Movie review - Thank You Subba Rao |date=7 December 2023|work= [[idlebrain.com]] |language=en|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704115327/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-thankyou.html |archive-date=4 July 2020}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Prakash Raj proves he has a comic angle, while new girl Abhirami has made a decent debut in Telugu films. Thank god the film does not have any songs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=7918733&ctid=5&cid=2430 |title=Review : Thank You Subba Rao |date=7 December 2023|work=[[Sify]] |language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107204753/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=7918733&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-date=7 January 2005}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "With the difference in the story line EVV imprinted his mark of comedy which gives a familiar feeling. He even repeated scenes from his earlier films. Out and out it's an average film with EVV mark comedy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/thankusubbarao.html|title=Thank U Subbarao|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=12 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210065826/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/thankusubbarao.html|archive-date=10 February 2002|last=CV}}</ref> 

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1575693}}
{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]

The Judgement (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:12:01Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding Some Page First Draft - done

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Judgement
| image = The Judgement (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gururaj Kulkarni
| writer = Gururaj Kulkarni ({{small|Story, screenplay}}) M. S. Ramesh ({{small|Dialogues}})
| producer = Sharad B Nadagoud
 Vishwanath Gupta Ramu Raichur Rajshekar Patil Pratima Biradar
| starring = [[V Ravichandran]] [[Diganth Manchale]] [[Meghana Gaonkar]] [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Kemparaju B. S.
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| studio = G9 Communication Media and Entertainment
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|24|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Judgement''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[legal thriller]] film written and directed by Gururaj Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Judgement' features a protagonist who seeks justice within the legal framework: Gururaj Kulkarni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/May/13/the-judgement-features-a-protagonist-who-seeks-justice-within-the-legal-framework-gururaj-kulkarni |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and produced by G9 Communication Media and Entertainment. The film features [[V Ravichandran]] in the lead advocate role besides [[Diganth Manchale]], [[Meghana Gaonkar]], [[Dhanya Ramkumar]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] and [[Ravishankar Gowda]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Judgement Is Final Judgement For Us: Crazy Star Ravichandran |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/people-s-judgement-is-final-judgement-for-us-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-article-110254067 |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |date=19 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film's score and soundtrack are composed by [[Anoop Seelin]], while the cinematography is by PKH Das, with editing by Kemparaju B. S.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

The film released on 24 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravichandran-starrer-the-judgment-released-on-may-24 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/ravichandran-starrer-the-judgment-released-on-may-24-kas24051706066 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=ETV Bharath |date=17 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Judgement' wraps up shooting, aiming for May release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/27/the-judgement-wraps-up-shooting-aiming-for-may-release-2 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |date=27 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise==
The film features a protagonist who seeks justice within the legal framework. Even when faced with challenges, he remains committed to finding solutions within the system, rather than resorting to vigilante actions.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[V Ravichandran]] as Advocate Govind Prasad
* [[Diganth Manchale]] as Anil Kumar
* [[Meghana Gaonkar]]
* [[Dhanya Ramkumar]]
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
* [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
* [[Prakash Belawadi]]
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* Sujay Shastry
* Krishna Hebbale
* Rajendra Karanth
* Balaji Manohar
* Rekha Kudligi
* Navila Jo
* Seetha Kote
* Roopa Rayappa as Roopa
* Master Surya}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30958633}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Judgement}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]

Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali

2026-03-03T12:12:00Z

ModestoMolino5: Done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali
| image = IbbaniTabbidaIleyali.jpg
| caption =
| director = Chandrajith Belliappa
| writer = Chandrajith Belliappa
| based_on =
| producer = G. S. Gupta [[Rakshit Shetty]] Shashi Kumar P (Executive Producer) Rajesh S Konanur (Line Producer)
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Vihan Gowda
* [[Ankita Amar]]
* Mayuri Nataraja
* [[Girija Shettar]]
* Shankar Murthy S.R
* Salmin Sheriff
}}
| cinematography = Srivathsan Selvarajan
| editing = Rakshith Kaup
| music = Gagan Baderia
| studio = [[Paramvah Studios]]
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{film date|2024|9|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali''''' ({{lit|On the dew embraced earth}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by Chandrajith Belliappa. Produced by [[Rakshit Shetty]] under [[Paramvah Studios]], it stars Vihan Gowda, [[Ankita Amar]], Mayuri Nataraja and [[Girija Shettar]], Shankar Murthy S.R, Salmin Sheriff, Rakshit Kaup, Davana Dhanraj, Aditya B Pujar, Anirudh Bhat, Damini Dhanraj .The cinematography of the film is handled by Srivathsan Selvarajan, editing by Rakshith Kaup and music by Gagan Baderia. The film's title is based on a song from ''Rashmi'' (1994).

The film is based on a blog post written by Director Chandrajith Belliappa from over a decade ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Chandrajith Belliappa: 'Vihan was not the first choice for Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali; I wanted…' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-chandrajith-belliappa-vihan-was-not-the-first-choice-for-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-i-wanted/5fa0b16a44264 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909165023/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-chandrajith-belliappa-vihan-was-not-the-first-choice-for-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-i-wanted/5fa0b16a44264 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 5 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title='Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali': Romantic drama from Rakshit Shetty's banner gets release date | website=The Hindu | date=23 August 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-romantic-drama-from-rakshit-shettys-banner-gets-release-date/article68558874.ece | access-date=7 September 2024 | archive-date=7 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131408/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-romantic-drama-from-rakshit-shettys-banner-gets-release-date/article68558874.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and audience.

== Cast ==
* Vihan Gowda as Siddharth Ashok aka Sid
* [[Ankita Amar]] as Anahita Madhumita Banarjee
* Mayuri Nataraja as Radha
* [[Girija Shettar]] as Madhumita
* Shankar Murthy S. R. as Farhan
* Salman Sheriff as Ashok Nachchappa
* Kiran Raj K as doctor (cameo)
* Vickypedia as waiter (cameo)
* Nagarjuna Sharma as cricketer (cameo)
* Chandrajit Belliappa as cricketer (cameo)

== Production ==
The film was announced in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vihan and Ankita Amar's film is Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali | website=OTTPlay | date=20 August 2022 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vihan-and-ankita-amars-film-is-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali/d376e76529248 | access-date=7 September 2024 | archive-date=8 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108055005/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vihan-and-ankita-amars-film-is-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali/d376e76529248 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=Vihan, Ankita Amar's love drama titled Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali | website=Cinema Express | date=22 August 2022 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Aug/22/vihan-ankita-amars-love-drama-titled-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-33953.html | access-date=7 September 2024 | archive-date=7 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131428/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Aug/22/vihan-ankita-amars-love-drama-titled-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-33953.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Filming was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in November 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kodur | first=Swaroop | title=Rakshit Shetty's next two productions, Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali and Bachelor Party, call it a wrap | website=OTTPlay | date=8 November 2023 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rakshit-shettys-next-two-productions-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-and-bachelor-party-call-it-a-wrap/1336c29ea7158}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Gagan Baderiya
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=32|s=58}}
| label = Paramvah Music
| misc =
}}
Gagan Baderia has composed the music and background score for the film. The film has following tracks:<ref>{{cite web | title=Kannada film Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali song launched after 10 years of making on World Music Day | website=Telegraph India | date=22 June 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kannada-film-ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-song-launched-after-10-years-of-making-on-world-music-day/cid/2028850}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{Duration|m=32|s=58}}
| title1 = Oh Anahita
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length1 = 5:32
| lyrics1 = Chandrajith Belliappa
| title2 = Radhe
| extra2 = Srilakshmi Belmannu
| length2 = 4:45
| lyrics2 = Chandrajith Belliappa
| title3 = Taare Nihaare
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length3 = 4:59
| lyrics3 = Nagarjun Sharma
| title4 = Helu Gelathi
| extra4 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| length4 = 3:56
| lyrics4 = Nagarjun Sharma
| title5 = Sadaa Neene
| extra5 = Arun Kamath
| length5 = 3:46
| lyrics5 = Nagarjun Sharma
| title6 = Helu Gelathi - Lo-Fi Version
| extra6 = Charan Raj, Specro X Sketch
| length6 = 3:12
| title7 = Oh Anahita - Lo-Fi Version
| extra7 = Kapil Kapilan, Specro X Sketch
| length7 = 3:59
| title8 = Soul of Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali
| extra8 = Gagan Baderiya
| length8 = 2:49
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 5 September 2024 with premiers held the day before in select cities of Karnataka.

== Reception ==
The movie generally received positive reviews with praise towards direction, cinematography, music and the acting of the leads.

Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it {{Fraction|3|1|2}} out of five stars and wrote "A feel good romance made of polaroid pictures, poetry, wine, beautiful visuals and music — all in the backdrop of the Goan monsoon and Bengaluru’s aesthetics."<ref>{{cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A |date=5 September 2024 |title='Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali' movie review: Heartwarming love story from Rakshit Shetty's stable |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-heartwarming-love-story-from-rakshit-shettys-stable-3178428 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131735/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-heartwarming-love-story-from-rakshit-shettys-stable-3178428 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also noticed that it took inspiration from [[O. Henry]]’s ''[[The Last Leaf]]'' and [[Erich Segal]]’s ''[[Love Story (novel)|Love Story]]''.<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-cinema-2024-fresh-ideas-and-two-big-hits-3334381</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and described "Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali is for die-hard romantics and those with a soft spot for love stories with praise towards direction, cinematography, music and the acting of the leads.<ref>{{cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=4 September 2024 |title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali movie review: Chandrajith Belliappa enchants audiences |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-chandrajith-belliappa-enchants-audience-with-a-love-story-told-with-a-lot-of-heart/4857a61429554 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131923/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-chandrajith-belliappa-enchants-audience-with-a-love-story-told-with-a-lot-of-heart/4857a61429554 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM from [[Times Now]] reviewed and wrote "''Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali'' is a refined tale of love and magic that, like fine wine, is best savoured slowly. This is a film to be enjoyed sip by sip, not rushed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali Movie Review: If You Believe In The Magic Of Love, Then Do Not Miss This Fine Wine Of A Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-if-you-believe-in-the-magic-of-love-then-do-not-miss-this-fine-wine-of-a-film-review-113059471 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

In his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Vivek M. V. wrote "''Ibbani Tabidda Ileyali'', based on a story written by Chandrajith on his blog long ago, feels like reading a book with a constant presence of voice-overs and characters narrating their feelings through poems."<ref>{{cite web |last=M.V. |first=Vivek |date=6 September 2024 |title='Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali' movie review: Chandrajith Belliappa makes a promising debut with a fairytale-like romantic drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-chandrajith-belliappa-makes-a-promising-debut-with-a-fairytale-like-romantic-drama/article68612688.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131837/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-chandrajith-belliappa-makes-a-promising-debut-with-a-fairytale-like-romantic-drama/article68612688.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of The South First rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars and "A heartwarming tale of love, care, and self-discovery that is a treat to the senses." and added the movie to be a tribute to [[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]] by [[Mani Ratnam]], where [[Girija Shettar]] starred as the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=2024-09-05 |title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali review: A heartwarming tale of love, care, and self-discovery that is a treat to the senses |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The South First |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909165022/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-kannada-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' in her review wrote "The tale has been explored in various forms across cinema, and the narrative around medical complications might seem familiar, but what sets the film apart is the way it reverberates with the quiet pain of unspoken emotions."<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharadhaa | first=A | title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali Movie Review: Echoes of love and loss | website=Cinema Express | date=4 September 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Sep/04/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-echoes-of-love-and-loss | access-date=7 September 2024 | archive-date=7 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907131608/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Sep/04/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali-movie-review-echoes-of-love-and-loss | url-status=live }}</ref> Sridevi S from [[The Times of India]] rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "While the story in itself is nothing new, it is the treatment to screenplay and story-telling that makes ''Ibbani'' an interesting watch. It is a slow-burner love story enriched by strong performances and genuine moments of emotional resonance".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali Movie Review : Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali review: A fine wine best savoured slowly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali/movie-review/113095796.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909172852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ibbani-tabbida-ileyali/movie-review/113095796.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Film critic CinephileIndia in his YouTube review mentioned that this movie is something that needs to be enjoyed like a morning cup of filter coffee, one sip at a time, while lauding the simple story, human-like relatable characters, and astounding cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali Movie Review in Telugu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTpmM1vfORM}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
At the 13th South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA), the movie received nominations <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} Vote For SIIMA 2025 |url=https://siima.in/vote |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=siima.in}}</ref>under seven categories including Best Music Director (Gagan Baderia), Best Lyric Writer (Chandrajith Belliappa), Best Playback Singer - Female (Srilakshmi Belmannu), Best Singer - Male (Kapil Kapilan), Best Debutant Actor - Female (Ankita Amar), Best Debutant Director (Chandrajith Belliappa), Best Cinematographer (Srivathsan Selvarajan).

Ankita Amar won<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/siima-2025-final-winners-list-allu-arjun-wins-top-award-for-pushpa-2-amitabh-bachchan-and-kamal-haasan-honored-for-kalki-2898-ad/ar-AA1LZZvI |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> the award for Best Debutant Actor - Female and Srivathsan Selvarajan won<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/siima-2025-final-winners-list-allu-arjun-wins-top-award-for-pushpa-2-amitabh-bachchan-and-kamal-haasan-honored-for-kalki-2898-ad/ar-AA1LZZvI |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> the award for the Best Cinematographer.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26738153}}

{{Paramvah Studios}}
{{Portal bar|India|Films}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Good Night (2008 film)

2026-03-03T03:56:30Z

ModestoMolino5: Added initial stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Good Night
| image =
| director = [[Geetika Narang]]
| producer = Geetika Narang [[Yasir Abbasi]]
| writer = Geetika Narang
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Vinod Nagpal]]
* [[Shivam Pradhan]]
* [[Manish Narang]]
* [[Abhijeet Banerjee]]
}}
| music = [[Ashhar Farooqui]]
| cinematography = [[Yasir Abbasi]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|4|27}}
}}
'''''Good Night''''' is a short film directed by Indian director Geetika Narang. The film is about Madan Mohan Khullar, played by Vinod Nagpal, and his [[quest]] for a song – the lyrics of which he can remember only partially.

The story of the film spans a single night in the life of Khullar who is fond of staying awake during nights. He is a music aficionado, and is constantly at loggerheads with his young domestic help Ratan (played by Shivam Pradhan).

== Awards ==
* '''Best Short Film Award''' – ''MIAAC Film Festival, USA'' (2009)<ref>[http://www.iaac.us/miaac2009/press_realease.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619082306/http://www.iaac.us/miaac2009/press_realease.htm |date=19 June 2012 }} Press Release, [[Indo-American Arts Council]]</ref>
* '''Best Short Film Award''' – ''India International Women Film Festival'' (2008)
* '''Silver Lamp Tree Award''' – ''International Film Festival of India'' (2008)<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45179] Press Release, [[Press Information Bureau]]</ref>
* '''Best Cinematography Award''' – ''Fulmarxx Shorts Fest, India'' (2008)
* '''Certificate of Merit for Best Short Film''' – ''IDPA Awards, India'' (2009)

== Reviews ==
* [http://www.franksreelreviews.com/reviews/2008/goodnight.htm Reel Reviews]
* [http://www.doctorflix.com/movie/good-night/10008260 Doctor Flix] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002123/http://www.doctorflix.com/movie/good-night/10008260 |date=25 January 2009 }}
* [http://filmsdefrance.com/FDF_Good_Night_2008_rev.html#FDF_Critique Films De France]
* [http://www.dailyinfo.co.uk/reviews/feature/3690/Good_Night/ Daily Info]
* [http://independentfilmreviews.wordpress.com/category/reviews/ Independent Film Reviews]
* [http://www.moviesonline.ca/movie_review_detail.php?id=12711 Movies Online]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1353170|Good Night}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2008 short films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Dindigul district

2026-03-02T14:22:45Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Dindigul}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dindigul district
| native_name = திண்டுக்கல் மாவட்டம்
| other_name =
| nickname = Holland of Tamil Nadu
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Palani Hill Temple1.JPG
|photo1b = Dindigul Fort (10530429903).jpg
|photo2a = Poombarai.JPG
|photo2b = Sirumalai Hill.jpg
|photo3a = Kodaikaanal Mountain.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Dhandayuthapani Temple]] in [[Palani]], [[Dindigul Fort]], Hills near [[Sirumalai]], hills at [[Kodaikanal]], [[Poombarai]] village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|21|14.4|N|77|59|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pandya Nadu]] [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type4 = Municipal City Corporation
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dindigul Municipal Corporation|Dindigul City Municipal Corporation]]
| subdivision_type5 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Kodaikanal]] [[Oddanchatram]] [[Palani|Pazhani]]
| subdivision_type6 = Town Panchayats
| subdivision_name6 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka|Taluks]]
| parts = [[Athoor taluk|Athoor]], Dindigul East, Dindigul West, Gujiliamparai, [[Kodaikanal taluk|Kodaikanal]], [[Natham taluk|Natham]], [[Nilakkottai taluk|Nilakkottai]], [[Oddanchatram taluk|Oddanchatram]], [[Palani taluk|Palani]], [[Vedasandur taluk|Vedasandur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dindigul]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = S.Saravanan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/collectors|Dindigul District Collector]</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Dr.A.Pradeep, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>[http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/wicket/page?7|Dindigul Superintendent of Police]</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 6266.64
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,159,775
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 624xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0451
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = TN-57,94<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf www.tn.gov.in]</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest City
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dindigul]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Central location:
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{coord|10|21|N|77|59|E}}
| website = {{URL|https://dindigul.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Dindigul District
}}
'''Dindigul district''' is one of the 38 districts in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Dindigul District is the largest district in Tamil Nadu by area. The district was carved out of [[Madurai district|Madurai District]] in 1985. It has an area of 6266.64 km2 and comprises 3 revenue divisions, 10 taluks, and 14 panchayat unions. The district is located in Southwest of Tamil Nadu. The district is bound by [[Madurai district|Madurai]] district in the south,[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] district in the northwest, [[Karur district|Karur]] district in the north, [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] district in the northeast, [[Theni district|Theni]] district in the Southwest and [[Idukki district]] of [[Kerala]] to the west. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,159,775 with a sex-ratio of 998 females for every 1,000 males.

==Economy==
[[File:Dindigul2.JPG|250px|thumb|View of the city centre from Dindigul fort]]
According to Indian Census of 2001, Dindigul City's urban workforce participation rate is 35.24 percent. Dindigul, being the headquarters of the district, has registered growth in the secondary and tertiary sectors, with a corresponding decrease in the primary Sector. Major employment in the city is provided by industrial estates, hand loom, trading and commerce activities. Approximately 90 percent of the workforce is employed in the tertiary sector. The district at large has only two industrial estates, with one of them located in the city.
[[Oddanchatram]] is one of the important towns in Dindigul district. Oddanchatram Vegetable Market (also known as [https://oddanchatramvegetablemarket.net/ Gandhi market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812103743/https://oddanchatramvegetablemarket.net/ |date=12 August 2019 }}) is the largest vegetable market in Tamil Nadu. As of 2001, there were approximately 60 tanneries, 165 lock manufacturing units and large number of cotton spinning mills.<ref name="urbaninfra7-9">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 7-9</ref>

[[Lock (security device)|Locks]] and [[steel]] safes are manufactured in Dindigul and operated as a co-operative sector. Locks manufactured in Dindigul are sold in national and international markets and it is well known all over India for the quality of locks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thiagarajan |first1=Kamala |title=The Devilishly Difficult Locks of Dindigul |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/locks-dindigul-india |website=Atlas Obscura |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> Dindigul locks received [[geographical indication]] on 30 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maharashtranews.com/en/2019/featured/6895/GI-tag-Kandangi-Sari-Dindigul-locks-tamilnadu-handwoven-sarees-lock-city-geographical-indication.htm|title=Kandangi saree and Dindigul lock get GI tag|last=S|first=Meghna|date=30 August 2019|website=Maharashtra News|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830110236/https://maharashtranews.com/en/2019/featured/6895/GI-tag-Kandangi-Sari-Dindigul-locks-tamilnadu-handwoven-sarees-lock-city-geographical-indication.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> A decline in lock industry is observed in modern times and other industries like leather, handloom, and aggro opportunities have gained significance. Silk, muslin and blanket manufacturing is common in Dindigul and after [[Coimbatore]], the city has the second largest textile spindling capacity in the State. [[Chinnalapatti silk]], a brand of silk saree is produced out of Chinnalapatti located {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city.<ref name=heady/> The climate condition of the region is conducive for horticulture and agriculture. The district at large produce non-food crops like coffee, flowers, tobacco, and eucalyptus. Dindigul is the center for wholesale trading of fruits like orange, pineapple, sapota and guava, and vegetables like onion.<ref name="urbaninfra7-9"/>

Dindigul was an important center of trade in tobacco and manufacture of cigars during the [[British rule|British times]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dindigul |volume=8 |page=275}}</ref> A favorite cigar of Winston Churchill called Churut, the 'Light of Asia', was produced in Dindigul. The tobacco industry is one of the main sources of employment for the inhabitants of Dindigul. The central government has a research center for tobacco in Vedasandur. This is one of the two centers in India, the other one is Rajamundri. In modern times, it has the largest trading center in the state for chewing tobacco and scented betel nuts. Well-known brands of scented chewing tobacco like Angu Vilas, Roja Supari etc. operate out of the city and sent to various places in the state and outside. Dindigul is also one of the leading leather producers and suppliers in the state.<ref name=heady/> In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Dindigul one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funds from [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF). The district is struck between the south west and north chaos as it lies in the South West Region of Tamil Nadu. Its relative closeness to the Cities of [[Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai]] makes this district as a Transport nexus of this region.<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Geography and Climate ==

===Geography===

The different food, culture and
settlement is attributed to geographical contrast between [[Pandya Nadu]] and [[Kongu Nadu]].

The Eastern, Southern and South Western parts of the district which includes [[Dindigul|Dindigul City]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Athoor]], [[Natham]] and [[Nilakkottai]] are more oriented to [[Pandya Nadu]] both Culturally and Economically. These Places of the district is relatively plain and has black, loamy and Red soil. These Places are open to the Madurai Plateau which contributes to Pandya Population.

The Western and Northern parts of the district which includes [[Palani]], [[Oddanchatram]] and [[Vedasandur]] lies in the Kongu plateau which is made up of red soil (except in some places) and Semi-arid.These places are open to the Coimbatore plateau which contributes to their Kongu population. These Regions are more oriented to [[Kongu Nadu]] both Culturally and Economically.

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Dindigul
|12.6|26.1|25
|16.1|30.3|26
|20.5|35.4|37
|24|38|74
|25.3|37.8|125
|25.8|35.2|145
|25.5|32.2|140
|25.4|32|154
|24.8|32.3|187
|22.2|31.5|259
|17.4|29|214
|12.7|26.4|94
|float=left
}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=7,14,098|13=1911|14=7,80,440|15=1921|16=8,13,581|17=1931|18=8,59,809|19=1941|20=9,74,794|21=1951|22=10,83,964|23=1961|24=11,78,363|25=1971|26=13,98,023|27=1981|28=15,64,448|29=1991|30=17,60,601|31=2001|32=19,23,014|33=2011|34=21,59,775|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dindigul district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|7.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|4.86}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dindigul district had a population of 2,159,775 with a sex-ratio of 998 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 37.41% of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Dindigul |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1120/download/3494/DH_2011_3311_PART_A_DCHB_DINDIGUL.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> A total of 216,576 were under the age of six, constituting 111,955 males and 104,621 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 20.95% and 0.37% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.61%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="districtcensus"/> The district had a total of 560,773 households. There were a total of 1,105,155 workers, comprising 155,332 cultivators, 388,725 main agricultural labourers, 25,253 in house hold industries, 393,707 other workers, 142,138 marginal workers, 10,073 marginal cultivators, 79,234 marginal agricultural labourers, 5,576 marginal workers in household industries and 47,255 other marginal workers.<ref name="districtcensus"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dindigul district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 91.52 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 5.45 |color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 1.69 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.34 |color4 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.52% of the population spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 5.45% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.69% [[Kannada]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Dindigul district}}
|} Dindigul district has been internally divided by culture and politics with the west like oddanchatram and Palani which have different kongu culture. And the east have different culture .

==Places of interest==
*[[Asankodai]], small village
*[[Athoor]] Dam
*[[Berijam Lake]]
*[[Dindigul Fort|Dindigul RockFort]]
*[[Kalthurai]]
*[[Kodaikanal]]
*[[Mandavadi]]
*[[Mannavanur]]
*[[Narikkalpatti]], agriculture, weaving
*[[Odaipatty]]
*[[Palani|Palani - Murugan Temple]]
*[[Pandrimalai]]
*[[Parumarathupatti]]
*[[Sirumalai]]
*[[Thirumalaigoundenvalasu]]
*[[Veerachinnampatty]]
*[[Velampatty]]<ref>{{cite web |title=VELAMPATTI PIN CODE |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/dindigul/velampatti-pincode-624617.html |website=ABP NEWS GROUP |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Vembarpatti]]
*[[Viruveedu]]

==See also==
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://dindigul.nic.in/ Dindigul District]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Dindigul-District-A-Profile/article15984964.ece Dindigul district – A profile – The Hindu, Monday, 15 Feb 2010]
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre =
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest = Dindigul district
| West =
| Northwest =
}}
{{Dindigul district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dindigul district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]

Khwaabon Ka Jhamela

2026-03-02T04:57:42Z

ModestoMolino5: New.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Khwaabon Ka Jhamela.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Danish Aslam]]
| writer = {{ubl|Danish Aslam|Arpita Chatterjee|[[Harman Baweja]]|Vicky Bahri}}
| producer = [[Jyoti Deshpande]] Pammi Baweja Harman Baweja Vicky Bahri
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Prateik Babbar]]
* [[Sayani Gupta]]
* [[Kubbra Sait]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = Abhishek Seth
| music = Siddharth Basrur Surya Ragunaathan Chandan Raina Subhi Khanna Ed Geater
| studio = [[Jio Studios]] [[Baweja Studios]]
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|08}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Khwaabon Ka Jhamela''''' ({{translation|The Trouble Of Dreams}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed and written by [[Danish Aslam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=EXCLUSIVE: Danish Aslam talks about Khwaabon Ka Jhamela and how it breaks taboos: "It's impossible to tell your parents that you broke up because the guy is bad in bed"; opens up on shooting sex scenes: "Our makers are like 'Kapde utaro, yeh karo, wahaan mud jaao'" : Bollywood News | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-danish-aslam-talks-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-breaks-taboos-impossible-tell-parents-broke-guy-bad-bed-opens/ | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=5 November 2024 }}</ref> Produced under the banner of [[Jio Studios]] and [[Baweja Studios]], the film stars [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Sayani Gupta]] and [[Kubbra Sait]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Khanam | first=Arshi | title=Here's why you should watch Prateik Babbar's quirky rom-com Khwaabon Ka Jhamela | website=OTTPlay | date=3 November 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-why-you-should-watch-prateik-babbars-quirky-rom-com-khwaabon-ka-jhamela/883fa58ba6929}}</ref> It was released on [[JioCinema]] on 8 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Prateik Babbar, Sayani Gupta's OTT Rom-Com Film Khwaabon Ka Jhamela To Release On THIS Day | website=Times Now | date=24 October 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/prateik-babbar-sayani-gupta-ott-rom-com-film-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-to-release-on-this-day-article-114552667}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prateik Babbar]] as Zubin Readymoney
* [[Sayani Gupta]] as Ruby
* [[Kubbra Sait]] as Shehnaaz
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Zubin’s mother
* [[Kaizaad Kotwal]] as Zubin’s father
* [[Danish Husain]] as Ruby’s father
* Freddie Love as Quinn, Ruby’s friend

== Plot ==
Zubin Readymoney, a young Parsi man, is rejected by his fiancée Shehnaz due to his lack of spontaneity and bedroom skills. Frustrated, he embarks on a solo trip to London that was originally planned for both of them. There, he meets Ruby, a film intimacy coordinator who gives him an unexpected crash course in spontaneity and seduction. In return, Zubin helps Ruby organize her chaotic finances. Together, they embark on a journey of self-discovery, blending fondness with mutual self-improvement

== Development ==
The film was produced by [[Harman Baweja]] and Vicky Bahri. [[Danish Aslam]], who previously directed ''Break Ke Baad'' (2010), came on board after being offered the initial story, which was an Indian adaptation of the 2012 Canadian film ''[[My Awkward Sexual Adventure]]'', directed by [[Sean Garrity (director)|Sean Garrity]]. Danish made significant changes to the script, including removing some characters and altering the ending.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-11-05 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Danish Aslam talks about Khwaabon Ka Jhamela and how it breaks taboos: "It's impossible to tell your parents that you broke up because the guy is bad in bed"; opens up on shooting sex scenes: "Our makers are like 'Kapde utaro, yeh karo, wahaan mud jaao'" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-danish-aslam-talks-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-breaks-taboos-impossible-tell-parents-broke-guy-bad-bed-opens/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was announced by [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]] with [[Prateik Babbar]] and [[Sayani Gupta]] cast in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Harman Baweja's Khwaabon Ka Jhamela to star Sayani and Prateik |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/prateik-babbar-sayani-gupta-rom-com-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-harman-baweja-23417017 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Title Song Shoot Prateik Babbar Sayani Gupta Southampton Pride 2022.jpg|thumb|left|Prateik Babbar & Sayani Gupta during the shoot of the title song, which was shot during the Southampton Pride march in Southampton, UK in June 2022]]

The film was shot largely in the UK, in various locations ranging from London to Eastbourne. The title song was shot at Southampton Pride, with the actors joining the pride march. This was shot using multiple iPhones of various crew members (apart from the film camera) for maximum coverage since retakes were not going to be possible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aslam |first=Danish |date=November 2, 2024 |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DB35gKVh6X0/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

There was also one schedule in Mumbai, which included a set of Ruby's London apartment.

Kubbra Sait almost had to be recast due to an arm injury just before shooting began. Her scenes were filmed with her arm in limited positions to accommodate the injury. Throughout the movie, her left arm remains mostly static due to this injury.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-11-05 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Danish Aslam talks about Khwaabon Ka Jhamela and how it breaks taboos: "It's impossible to tell your parents that you broke up because the guy is bad in bed"; opens up on shooting sex scenes: "Our makers are like 'Kapde utaro, yeh karo, wahaan mud jaao'" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-danish-aslam-talks-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-breaks-taboos-impossible-tell-parents-broke-guy-bad-bed-opens/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |language=en}}</ref>

The final title "Khwaabon Ka Jhamela" was inspired by a line from one of the film's songs, written by lyricists Chandan Raina and Surya Raghunaathan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-11-05 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Danish Aslam talks about Khwaabon Ka Jhamela and how it breaks taboos: "It's impossible to tell your parents that you broke up because the guy is bad in bed"; opens up on shooting sex scenes: "Our makers are like 'Kapde utaro, yeh karo, wahaan mud jaao'" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-danish-aslam-talks-khwaabon-ka-jhamela-breaks-taboos-impossible-tell-parents-broke-guy-bad-bed-opens/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |language=en}}</ref>

The filming was wrapped in July 2022. The trailer of the film was released on 30 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title='Khwaabon ka Jhamela' trailer: Prateik Babbar, Sayani Gupta star in quirky new rom-com | website=The Statesman | date=30 October 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-trailer-prateik-babbar-sayani-gupta-star-in-quirky-new-rom-com-1503359168.html}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khwaabon Ka Jhamela
| year =
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| released = 4 November 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single by Various Artists on Apple Music | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1777039608 | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=4 November 2024 }}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 07:03
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Jio Studios]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 07:03
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Title Track
| extra1 = [[Siddharth Basrur]], Surya Ragunaathan
| lyrics1 = Surya Ragunaathan, Chandan Raina
| music1 = Siddharth Basrur, Surya Ragunaathan, Chandan Raina
| length1 = 04:28
| title2 = Jee Le Tu
| extra2 = Shahzan Mujeeb
| lyrics2 = Subhi Khanna
| music2 = Subhi Khanna, Ed Geater
| length2 = 02:35
}}

== Reception ==
Khwaabon Ka Jhamela received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visual appeal, performances and its refreshing take on modern relationships.

The Times of India awarded the film 3 out of 5 stars, describing it as a "feel-good slice-of-life" movie that "forces you to think within, find happiness in your own self, and embrace your singlehood<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Review : Prateik and Sayani shine in this feel-good flick on self-discovery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khwaabon-ka-jhamela/ottmoviereview/115082038.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>". The Free Press Journal highlighted the film's visual appeal and called it "lighthearted, visually stunning, and filled with likable performances".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Review: Prateik And Sayani Shine In A Visually Stunning Rom-Com |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-review-prateik-and-sayani-shine-in-a-visually-stunning-rom-com |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Times Now praised the movie's "remarkable cinematography, bright canvas, relatable jokes and lovely performances," calling it a "perfect weekend watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Movie Review: Sayani-Prateik's Unexpected Journey Of Self-Discovery Leaves A Smile |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-movie-review-sayani-prateiks-unexpected-journey-of-self-discovery-leaves-a-smile-review-115141536 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21159080}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/khwaabon-ka-jhamela/4052524 ''Khwaabon Ka Jhamela''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Hafeez Jalandhari

2026-02-26T05:38:04Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Short description|Pakistani poet (1900–1982)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Hafeez Jalandhari {{nobold|{{nq|حفیظ جالندھری}}}}
| honorific_prefix = Abul Asar
| honorific_suffix = [[Pride of Performance|PP]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI]]
| image = Hafeez Jullundhri.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym = ''Abu Al-Asar''
| birth_name = Muhammad Abdul Hafeez
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|12|21|1900|1|14}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| occupation = Poet
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = Early education in Jalandhar but due to family issues he could not complete his education.
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Ghazal]]|[[Nazm]] and [[Writer]]}}
| subject =
| movement =
| notable_works = ''[[National Anthem of Pakistan]]'' ''Shahnama-e-Islam'' ''[[Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir|Anthem of Azad Kashmir]]''
| spouse = Zeenat Begum Anela Khurshid Begum
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Shams-ud-Din (father)
| awards = [[Pride of Performance]] Award in 1958 [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] (Crescent of Excellence) Award
}}

'''Abul Asar Hafeez Jalandhari''' [[Pride of Performance|PP]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI]] ({{langx|ur|{{nq|ابو الاثر حفیظ جالندھری}}}}; 14 January 1900 – 21 December 1982) was a Pakistani poet who wrote the lyrics for the [[Qaumi Taranah|National Anthem of Pakistan]]<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="poemhunter">{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/hafeez-jalandhari/biography/|title= Profile of Hafeez Jalandhari|website=PoemHunter.com website|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120142522/https://www.poemhunter.com/hafeez-jalandhari/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir|Anthem of Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hafeez Jalandhari|first=The writer of National Anthem|date=22 December 2017|title=He also wrote National Anthem of Azad Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/173393-author-of-national-anthem-hafeez-jalandhari-remembered|website=Geo TV News website}}</ref>

He wrote in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages and is widely celebrated throughout [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Pakpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2001/abul_asar_hafeez_jalandhri.html|url-status=dead|title=Hafeez Jalandhri - profile and commemorative postage stamp in 2001|website=Pakistan Post Office website|archive-date=14 May 2001|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010514125216/http://www.pakpost.gov.pk/philately/stamps2001/abul_asar_hafeez_jalandhri.html}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hafeez Jalandhari was born in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] on 14 January 1900 into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] family.<ref name=Pakpost/> His father, Shams-ud-Din, was a [[Hafiz (Qur'an)|Hafiz]]-e-[[Qur'an]]. Jalandhari initially studied in a mosque school and later joined a conventional local school in Jalandhar. He only received formal education until the seventh grade. The reason being that he hated mathematics and only liked learning the Urdu language. He was an eager reader and worked very hard to teach himself.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1377399|date=19 December 2017|author=Rauf Parekh|title=Hafeez Jalandhari: he came, he saw, he conquered (profile of Hafeez Jalandhari on Dawn newspaper|access-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903121339/https://www.dawn.com/news/1377399|archive-date=3 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> He had a natural liking for poetry and became a disciple of Maulana Ghulam Qadir Bilgrami, a Persian language poet. Hafeez promoted the cause of creation of Pakistan and became an active member of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name="Dawn" />

After the independence of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Jalandhari migrated to [[Lahore]] in the new state of Pakistan.<ref name=DailyTimes>[https://dailytimes.com.pk/181252/118th-birthday-hafeez-jalandhari-observed/ 118th birthday of Hafeez Jalandhari observed (Profile of Hafeez Jalandhri) on Daily Times newspaper] Published 15 January 2018, Retrieved 24 May 2024</ref>

==Literary career==
From 1922 to 1929, Jalandhari remained the editor of a few monthly magazines, namely: ''Nonehal'', ''Hazar Dastaan'', ''Teehzeeb-e-Niswan'', and ''Makhzin''.<ref name=Pakpost/> His first collection of poems Nagma-e-Zar was published in 1935. After [[World War II]], he worked as the director of the Song Publicity Department. During this same time he wrote several songs.

Jalandhari participated in the [[Pakistan Movement]] and used his writings to inspire people for the cause of Pakistan. In early 1948, he joined the forces for the freedom of [[Kashmir]] and got wounded.<ref name=Pakpost/> Jalandhari wrote the Kashmiri Anthem, "[[Watan Hamara Azad Kashmir]]". He wrote many patriotic songs during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name=poemhunter/>

Jalandhari served as 'Director General of morals' in [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], and then in a very prominent position as an adviser to the President, [[Field Marshal]] [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Mohammad Ayub Khan]] and also a Director of 'Writers Guild of Pakistan'.<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name=poemhunter/>

Jalandhari's work of poetry, ''Shahnama-e-Islam'' (4 volumes),<ref name=Pakpost/> gave him fame which, in the manner of [[Firdowsi]]'s [[Shahnameh]], is a record of the history of Islam in verse.

In 1946, Jalandhari visited the [[Sylhet region]] of [[Bengal]] where he watched a [[mushaira]] performance by the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895-1948): Trusted Lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah|page=125|author=Atful Hye Shibly|year=2011}}</ref>

On 23 February 1949, the [[Government of Pakistan]] formed a committee to prepare Pakistan's national anthem. Out of the 723 people who competed to write the national anthem, Hafeez Jalandhari's lyrics were selected as the national anthem of Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/> Then this national anthem of Pakistan was composed by [[Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla]] also known as Ahmed G. Chagla. Hafeez Jalandhari was unique in [[Urdu poetry]] for the enchanting melody of his voice and lilting rhythms of his songs and lyrics. His poetry generally dealt with romantic, religious, patriotic and natural themes. His language was a fine blend of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] diction, reflecting the composite culture of [[South Asia]].<ref name=poemhunter/> One of his most famous poem 'Abhi Toh Mein Jawan Hoon' was sung by [[Malika Pukhraj]] in the 1950s with music by the Pakistani music director [[Master Inayat Hussain]] which is still popular among the public in 2018.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXlSUXBTDUs Malika Pukhraj sings Hafeez Jalandhri's poem on YouTube] Retrieved 24 May 2024</ref> Though considered a devout Muslim, he also wrote ''Krishn Kanhaiya'', a poem in praise of the Hindu god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/in-pre-partition-india-muslims-too-celebrated-janmashtami-a-look-back-at-reverence-for-krishna-in-works-of-urdu-poets-3926603.html|title=In pre-Partition India, Muslims too celebrated Janmashtami: A look back at reverence for Krishna in works of Urdu poets - Firstpost|website=Firstpost.com website|date=14 August 2017 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mandalaparthy|first=Nikhil|date=2017-08-30|title=When the man who wrote Pakistan's national anthem saw the divine in Hindu god Krishna|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1354704|access-date=2024-05-24|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|language=en}}</ref>

==Marriage==
Jalandhari married his cousin, Zeenat Begum, in 1917, at the age of 17. They had seven children, all girls. In 1939, he took a young English woman of Lithuanian descent, Anela, as his second wife. They had a daughter; the marriage ended in divorce. His first wife, Zeenat Begum, died in 1954. In 1955, Jalandhari married Khurshid Begum, with whom he had a daughter.<ref name=poemhunter/>

==Short stories==
* ''Haft Palkar''<ref name=Pakpost/>

==Books==
* Naghma Zar (1925)<ref name=Dawn/>
* Shahnama-i-Islam (1928 - 1947) in four volumes<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name=Dawn/>
* Soz-o-Saaz (1932)
* Talkhaba-i-Shireen (1947)
* Chiragh-i-Sehar (1974)<ref name=Dawn/>
* Hafeez kay Geet
* Hafeez ki Nazmein
* Chayty Nama (1982)<ref name=Pakpost/>
* Baqalam-e-Khud (his unfinished autobiography)<ref name=Dawn/>

==Death==
Jalandhari died in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], on 21 December 1982 at the age of 82.<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=DailyTimes/> Buried in [[Model Town, Lahore]], his remains were later shifted to a tomb built by the [[Government of Pakistan]] near the [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] in [[Lahore]], the site of the [[Pakistan Resolution]].<ref name=Dawn1>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/922286 |date=3 May 2018|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|title=National anthems founder remembered|access-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143841/https://www.dawn.com/news/1405355|archive-date=4 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
*For his literary and patriotic services to Pakistan, Jalandhari was awarded the [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] Award by the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref name=Pakpost/><ref name=DailyTimes/>
* [[Pride of Performance]] Award in 1958 by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1405355 |author=Aftab Shahban Mirani|title=National anthem's composer (Pride of Performance award for Hafeez Jalandhari)|newspaper= Dawn newspaper|date= 3 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=DailyTimes/><ref name=Pakpost/>

==Commemorative postage stamp==
In 2001, [[Pakistan Post|Pakistan Post Office]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor in its 'Poets of Pakistan' series.<ref name=Pakpost/><ref>[http://pakistanpaedia.com/2001/stamp_4.html Hafeez Jalandhari commemorative postage stamp issued in 2001 by the Pakistan Post Office] Retrieved 23 May 2024</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan national anthem|Qaumi Tarana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalandhari, Abu Al-Asar Hafeez}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:National anthem writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Poets from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Poosaram Godara

2026-02-16T19:13:21Z

ModestoMolino5: Made a entry.

{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| name = Poosaram Godara
| constituency = [[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]
| birth_date =
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Abhinesh Maharshi]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| image =
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| birth_place =
}}

'''Poosaram Godara''' is an Indian politician who represents the [[Ratangarh Assembly constituency]] in the 16th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poosaram Godara(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RATANGARH(CHURU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=360 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ratangarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Poosaram Godara with 109383 defeats BJP's Abhinesh Maharshi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ratangarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470631-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-candidates-constituency-wise-list-18473411.htm |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express

2026-02-12T01:57:42Z

ModestoMolino5: Stub

{{Short description|Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ADD8E6
| name = Howrah Junction – New Jalpaiguri Junction ''Shatabdi Express''
| image = HWH-NJP Shatabdi Express.jpg
| caption = HWH–NJP ''Shatabdi Express'' at [[Pakur railway station|Pakur]]
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|North East Frontier Railway]]
| start = '''[[Howrah railway station|Howrah (Kolkata)]] (HWH)'''
| first = {{start date and age|2012|07|11}}
| stops = 6
| end = '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]] (NJP)'''
| distance = {{convert|561|km|0|abbr=on}} (chargeable distance may be different but it is same when it is being written)
| journeytime = 8 hrs 22.5 mins (average of both directions)
| frequency = 6 days a week {{efn|Except Sundays}}
| class = Executive Chair Car, AC Chair Car and Vistadome.
| catering = Yes
| seating = Available
| baggage = Overhead racks
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12041/12042
| line_used = *[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]
| speed = {{convert|67|km/h|0|abbr=on}} 130 kmph maximum permissible between Howrah and Khana
| map = [[File:Darjeeling Mail (Sealdah - New Jalpaiguri) route map.png|300px|(Sealdah–New Jalpaiguri) route map]] {{New Jalpaiguri-Howrah Shatabdi Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] class train of Indian Railways connecting [[Kolkata]] and [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]'s two most important cities via [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]] & [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] . It is the second fastest train after [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]] in the [[Howrah]] – [[New Jalpaiguri]] section covering a distance of 561 km (chargeable distance may be different but it is same when it is being written) in a span of about 8 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Special-train-between-New-Jalpaiguri-Kolkata/articleshow/7121931.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103121032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/kolkata/28214087_1_special-train-winter-rush-2355hrs|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Special train between New Jalpaiguri & Kolkata|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref>[[File:HWH_NJP_Shatabdi.jpg|thumb|260px|Interior of AC Executive Chair Car]]
[[File:Interior of AC chair car of HWH - NJP Shatabdi express.jpg|thumb|Interior of AC chair car of HWH - NJP Shatabdi express]]

== Overview ==
West Bengal chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and the then railway minister [[Mukul Roy]] flagged it off from [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] on 12 July 2012, though this train was passed in [[Railway Budget]] 2012–13 by the then Railway Minister [[Dinesh Trivedi]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120711/jsp/siliguri/story_15714341.jsp#.UYKEn6LEJ1I | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130706014811/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120711/jsp/siliguri/story_15714341.jsp%23.UYKEn6LEJ1I | url-status =dead | archive-date =6 July 2013 |title = First Shatabdi| work = The Telegraph India |accessdate = 11 July 2011}}</ref> The train carried nine AC Chair Cars and one AC Executive Chair Car. The train belongs to the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to North East Frontier Railway / Indian Railways Portal|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1233&did=1521111865442402439987B9D428F9E4A7CA71A083E67.web107|access-date=2021-06-20|website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Before the electrification of Jalpaiguri-Howrah stretch, this Shatabdi Express was the fastest Diesel Locomotive hauled train of Indian Railways having its diesel link of class [[WDP-4]], [[WDP-4B]] or [[WDP-4D]] provided by [[Siliguri Junction]] (SGUJ) DLS. On 10 January 2020 the traction of the train was changed to electric and the regular link was changed to class [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] of [[Howrah Junction]] (HWH) ELS.

This is a very popular train on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|Howrah - New Jalpaiguri]] route. It links the capital city of [[West Bengal]], [[Kolkata]] with the largest city in [[North Bengal]], [[Siliguri]] traversing through various other important places in the state.

==Amenities==
This train has [[LHB coach]], providing reclining seats, on-board meals are available and are included in the ticket fare. On 10 March 2018, it was upgraded to the Swarna Standards of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Akash|title=Project Swarna: Jalpaiguri-Howrah Shatabdi becomes second train to get 'Gold' makeover, dozens to follow|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/project-swarna-jalpaiguri-howrah-shatabdi-becomes-second-train-to-get-gold-makeover-dozens-to-follow/articleshow/63244202.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6124&did=167283343765834B5E8709090624A3E1AACB30ED73AF7 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!Loco
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C9
!rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |C10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |E2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#B200FA;" |EV1
|EOG
|}

==Speed==
Its all coaches are of air conditioned [[LHB coach]] type which is capable of reaching 160 kmph but it does not touch. Sometimes people become confused because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as present speed.

The maximum permissible speed of the train and route is 130 kmph between Howrah and Khana which is about 108 km part via Dankuni of Howrah - New Delhi route [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf] and speed is less in the rest part and the speed in rest part is same as maximum speed of the route which is 110 kmph over KAN-BDAG (Khana - Beldanga) [https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,729,2041], presently unknown but 100 kmph in 2011 between Beldanga (after Gumani - GMAN) and Malda Town (MLDT)[https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/ticker/1313495014762Puja_Spl_11.pdf] 45 km long part, 110 kmph between Malda Town and New Jalpaiguri which is a part of Guwahati – Malda Town route having 110 kmph sectional speed
[https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=891&did=1443503450014B9741E65A3B3B0661D823CDB969054E2.web91] which will be increased to 130 kmph between Malda Town and New Jalpaiguri by March 2023 [https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/vande-bharat-train-awaits-new-jalpaiguri-junction-railway/cid/1902233]

== Route & halts ==

The stations and the stoppage time and platform no. are as follows-

'''Check Train Timings Before Boarding'''

* '' ''Arrival Starts '''{{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (Starts)''''' ''Departure 02:25 PM'' ''0 Km Platform 11
* '' ''Arrival 03:17 PM '''{{stnlnk|Bardhaman Junction}} (2 minutes)''''' ''Departure 03:19 PM'' ''93 Km Platform 1
* '' ''Arrival 04:06 PM '''{{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}} (2 minutes)''''' ''Departure 04:08 PM'' ''145 Km Platform 1
* Arrival 05:01 PM '''[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]] (2 minutes)''''' ''Departure 05:03 PM'' ''205 Km Platform 2
* '' ''Arrival 06:28 PM '''{{stnlnk|New Farakka}} (1 minute)''''' ''Departure 06:29 PM'' ''294 Km Platform 3
* '' ''Arrival 07:15 PM '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}} (5 minutes)''''' ''Departure 07:20 PM'' ''329 Km Platform 5
* '''{{stnlnk|Barsoi Junction}} (1 minute)''''' ''419 Km Platform 2
* '''{{stnlnk|Kishanganj}} (2 minutes)''''' ''477 Km Platform 1
* '''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} (Ends)''''' ''564 Km Platform 1
== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 12041/12042 New Jalpaipuri Jn - Howrah Jn Shatabdi Express is given below:- {{notelist}}
{| class="wikitable" width="45%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |''NJP - HWH - NJP Shatabdi Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |12042 (Except Sunday)
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12041 (Except Sunday)
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| -NIL-
|05:30
|[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]]
|22:50
| -NIL-
|-
|06:28
|06:30
|[[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj Junction]]
|21:15
|21:17
|-
|07:15
|07:16
|[[Barsoi Junction railway station|Barsoi Junction]]
|20:30
|20:31
|-
|08:35
|08:40
|[[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]
|19:15
|19:20
|-
|09:12
|09:13
|[[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Junction]]
|18:28
|18:29
|-
|10:27
|10:29
|[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]]
|17:01
|17:03
|-
|11:02
|11:04
|[[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Shantiniketan]]
|16:06
|16:08
|-
|12:05
|12:07
|[[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman Junction]]
|15:17
|15:19
|-
|13:45
| -NIL-
|[[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]]
| -NIL-
|14:25
|}

== See also ==
* [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Shatabdi Express}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Trains with Vistadome coaches in India]]

Third Okram Ibobi Singh ministry

2026-02-09T07:55:10Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding Basic Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|Third cabinet headed by Okram Ibobi Singh (2012{{ndash}}2017)}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = ministry
| cabinet_number = 21st
| jurisdiction = [[Manipur]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Okram Ibobi Singh (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Okram Ibobi Singh, Chief Minister
| date_formed = {{start date|df=y|2012|03|14}}
| date_dissolved = {{end date|df=y|2017|03|15}}
| government_head = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Gurbachan Jagat]] {{small|(until 2013)}} [[Ashwani Kumar (police officer)|Ashwani Kumar]] {{small|(2013)}} [[Vinod Kumar Duggal]] {{small|(2013{{ndash}}2014)}} [[Krishan Kant Paul]] {{small|(2014{{ndash}}2015)}} [[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Syed Ahmed]] {{small|(2015)}} [[V. Shanmuganathan]] {{small|(2015{{ndash}}2016)}} [[Najma Heptulla]] {{small|(from 2016)}}
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Nagaland|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = Majority
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| last_election = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = Second Ibobi Singh ministry
| successor = [[First Biren Singh ministry]]
}}
The '''Third Ibobi Singh ministry''' was the 21st council of ministers of the Indian state of [[Manipur]] headed by chief minister [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] which was formed on 14 March 2012 following the [[Indian National Congress]]' third consecutive victory in the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/okram-ibobi-singh-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-manipur/|title=Okram Ibobi Singh sworn in as chief minister of Manipur|date=14 March 2012|website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== History ==

The ruling [[Indian National Congress]] returned to power for the third consecutive term in the state following its decisive victory in the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012 Legislative Assembly election]] under the leadership of chief minister [[Okram Ibobi Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2012/manipur/story/manipur-assembly-elections-2012-results-congress-95204-2012-03-05|title=Congress scores hat trick in Manipur|date=7 March 2012|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The party won 42 out of the 60 seats of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], distantly followed by its nearest rival, the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] which won 7 seats, and several other parties winning the remaining of the seats.

On 12 March 2012, chief minister Okram Ibobi Singh tendered his resignation to Governor [[Gurbachan Jagat]] and accept the governor's invitation to form the government for the third time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/manipur-assembly-dissolved/articleshow/12237035.cms|title=Manipur assembly dissolved|date=12 March 2012|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cabinet ==
[[Okram Ibobi Singh]] was sworn-in as the chief minister for the third term on 14 March 2012 by Governor [[Gurbachan Jagat]]. The ministry was expanded on 17 March 2012 following the induction of three ministers, namely deputy chief minister [[Gaikhangam Gangmei]], Thoudam Debendra Singh, and [[Phungzathang Tonsing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..170312.mar12|title=Big 3 : Gaikhangam, Debendra, Tonsing make cut for elite 12 in first expansion; CM for phase by phase expansion of Ministry|date=16 March 2012|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The ministry was further expanded to its fullest capacity on 28 April 2012 with the induction of eight cabinet ministers namely Irengbam Hemochandra Singh, [[Govindas Konthoujam]], Moirangthem Okendro Singh, [[Ngamthang Haokip]], [[Francis Ngajokpa]], Khumujam Ratankumar Singh, Akoijam Mirabai Devi, and Md. Abdul Nasir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/media/gazzete/EOG_25_28-04-2012.pdf|title=Allocation of portfolios among the members of the Council of Ministers|date=28 April 2012|website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref>

The ministry was further expanded and reshuffled on 12 April 2016 following the induction of three ministers, namely Kshetrimayum Biren Singh, T. Manga Vaiphei, and [[D Korungthang]]. During this reshuffle, three sitting cabinet ministers, namely Thoudam Debendra Singh, [[Phungzathang Tonsing]], and [[Francis Ngajokpa]] tendered their resignations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/Apr/12/portfolios-allocated-to-newly-inducted-ministers-in-manipur-923558.html|title=Portfolios Allocated to Newly Inducted Ministers in Manipur|date=13 April 2016|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = '''[[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief Minister]]''' and also incharge of: Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department of Finance Department of Power Department of Municipal Administration, Housing and Urban Development Department of Minor Irrigation Department of Tourism All other departments not assigned to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 March 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = '''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' Minister of Home Affairs Minister of Horticulture and Soil Conservation Minister of Tribal Affairs and Hills
| minister1 = [[Gaikhangam Gangmei]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 March 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Science and Technology
| minister1 = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 13 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = T. Manga Vaiphei
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue Minister of Law and Legislative Affairs Minister of Forest and Environment
| minister1 = Thoudam Debendra Singh
| minister1_termstart = 17 March 2012
| minister1_termend = 12 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Irengbam Hemochandra Singh
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare Minister of General Administration Minister of Command Area Development Authority
| minister1 = [[Phungzathang Tonsing]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 March 2012
| minister1_termend = 12 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[D Korungthang]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering Minister of Labour and Employment
| minister1 = Irengbam Hemochandra Singh
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 13 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = T. Manga Vaiphei
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Commerce and Industry Minister of Sericulture Minister of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry
| minister1 = [[Govindas Konthoujam]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education
| minister1 = Moirangthem Okendro Singh
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 13 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Khumujam Ratankumar Singh
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
| minister1 = Moirangthem Okendro Singh
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 13 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Kshetrimayum Biren Singh
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation and Flood Control Minister of Printing and Stationery
| minister1 = [[Ngamthang Haokip]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Minister of Economics and Statistics
| minister1 = [[Francis Ngajokpa]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 12 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Moirangthem Okendro Singh
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = Khumujam Ratankumar Singh
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Works
| minister1 = Khumujam Ratankumar Singh
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 13 April 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Kshetrimayum Biren Singh
| minister2_termstart = 13 April 2016
| minister2_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare Minister of Cooperation
| minister1 = Akoijam Mirabai Devi
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Fisheries
| minister1 = Md. Abdul Nasir
| minister1_termstart = 28 April 2012
| minister1_termend = 15 March 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okram Ibobi Singh ministry}}
[[Category:Manipur ministries|Ibobi Singh 3]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Manipur|Ibobi Singh 3]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2012|Ibobi III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2017|Ibobi III]]

K. Atchi Reddy

2026-02-07T23:09:53Z

ModestoMolino5: Data.

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Atchi Reddy
| image =
| image_caption = K. Atchi Reddy with his childhood friend, director [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Aravalli, [[West Godavari district]], Andhra Pradesh, India<ref name="Cinegoer">{{cite web|title=Telugu film Producer K. Achi Reddy|url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/%e0%b0%a8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%ae%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%a4-%e0%b0%95%e0%b1%86-%e0%b0%85%e0%b0%9a%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%86%e0%b0%a1%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%a1%e0%b0%bf-%e0%b0%ae/|website=Cinegoer|publisher=Cinegoer|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref>
| father = Satyanarayana Reddy<ref name="Sakshi Funday article">{{cite book|last1=D. V. R|first1=Bhaskar|title=Funday Book article ''Aa Rojullo''|publisher=Sakshi|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
| mother = Venkataratnam<ref name="Sakshi Funday article"/>
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Film producer
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''K Atchi Reddy''' is an Indian film producer in the Telugu film industry.<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web|title=Telugu Producer K Achi Reddy|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/producer/k-achi-reddy|website=nettv4u|accessdate=7 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="IndustryHit.Com">{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday to K Atchi Reddy|url=http://industryhit.com/t/2016/01/happy-birthday-to-k-atchi-reddy/|website=IndustryHit.Com|accessdate=7 November 2017|date=14 January 2016}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}

=== As a producer ===
* Surya The Great (1990)
* Dharyaptu (1990)
* [[Kobbari Bondam]] (1991)
* [[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]] (1993)
* [[Mayalodu]] (1993)
* [[Yamaleela]] (1994)
* [[Ghatotkachudu]] (1995)
* [[Vinodam]] (1996)
* [[Gunshot (film)|Gun Shot]] (1996)
* [[Ugadi (1997 film)|Ugadi]] (1997)
* [[Deergha Sumangali Bhava]] (1998)
* [[Abhishekam (film)|Abhishekam]] (1998)
* [[Athade Oka Sainyam|Athdey Oka Sainyam]] (2004)
* [[Prema Kavali]] (2011)
* [[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Pula Rangadu]] (2012)
* [[Autonagar Surya]] (2014)

=== As a presenter ===
* [[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]] (2006)
* [[Samanyudu]] (2006)
* [[Bahumati]] (2007)
* [[Police Story 2 (2007 film)|Police Story 2 (Telugu)]] (2007)
* [[Victory (2008 film)|Victory]] (2008)
* [[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]] (2009)
* [[Don Seenu]] (2010)
* [[Damarukam]] (2012)

==Awards==
*He won [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Nandi Award for Best Home - Viewing Feature Film]] - [[Mayalodu]] (1993) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, K. Atchi}}
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tarapith

2026-02-06T07:20:06Z

ModestoMolino5: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tarapith
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Temple town
| image_skyline = Maa Tara Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Spire of Tarapith temple
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.11|N|87.80|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 731233
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rampurhat]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''Tarapith''' is a town and [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]] located in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. The town is particularly known for the [[Tarapith Temple]] and its adjoining Hindu [[crematory]] ground.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kali Puja: Devotees visit Tarapith in WB to offer prayers |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kali-puja-devotees-visit-tarapith-in-wb-to-offer-prayers20221024155637/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=24 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Tantra|tantric]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] is dedicated to the goddess [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Debalina |title=নতুন বছরে সমৃদ্ধির প্রার্থণায় ভক্তরা, তারাপীঠে মায়ের সামনে প্রবল ভিড় |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/huge-devotees-gathered-in-tarapith-temple-on-the-last-day-of-the-year-for-blessings-in-new-year-2024-dd-l18-1436419.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=31 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Last Destination: Manikarnika And Tarapith |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/the-last-destination-manikarnika-and-tarapith-article-107358366 |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=2 February 2024}}</ref> Every day, thousands of pilgrims visit the renowned [[Tarapith Temple]]. Devotees arrive not only from various parts of [[West Bengal]], but also from neighboring states and different regions across [[India]], to seek blessings at this sacred shrine.

Tarapith is also famous for Tantric saint [[Bamakhepa]], who worshipped in the temple and resided in the [[cremation ground]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ব্যানার্জী |first1=প্রীতম |title=Bamakhepa Tarapith : তারা মা-কে নিবেদনের আগেই ভোগ খেয়ে ফেলেছিলেন বামাক্ষ্যাপা, তারপর? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/bamakhepa-and-tarapith-temple-unknown-story-kali-puja-2022-prb-460725-2022-10-19 |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=19 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> His [[ashram]] is also located in bank of Dwaraka river and close to the Tara temple.<ref name= Harding>{{Cite book|last= Harding|first= Elizabeth U.|title= Kali: the black goddess of Dakshineswar|pages=275–279|access-date=2010-06-26| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woiJbQTsBQC&q=The+tantric+Tarapith&pg=PA274|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1998|isbn=81-208-1450-9}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tarapith is a village of Sahapur Gram Panchayat, located on the banks of the [[Dwarka River]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=24.106239&lon=87.804779&zoom=15&q1=Tarapith%252C%2520Birbhum%252C%2520West%2520Bengal|title = Yahoo maps location of Tarapith|publisher = Yahoo maps|access-date = 2008-12-07}}</ref> Situated in the Tarapith Police Station circle, it is surrounded by the green paddy fields on the flood plains. It looks like a typical Bengali village with thatched roof huts and fish tanks.<ref name="Dalrymple, p. 210-211">Dalrymple, pp. 210-211</ref> The town is located 6 km from Rampurhat Sub-Division in the Birbhum district. "[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]]" and "Tarapith Road" are the nearest Railway stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=তারাপীঠ কেন 'মহাপীঠ' জানেন? |url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/pilgrimage/know-about-tarapeeth-the-mysterious-pilgrimage-of-bengal/68646045.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=30 March 2019 |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last= Dalrymple|first=William|title=Nine Lives|pages=203–233|access-date=2010-06-19|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yA1YPgAACAAJ&q=Nine+Lives+William+Dalrymple|publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|year= 2009|isbn= 978-1-4088-0153-6}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nETj-4OaYEC|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Tantric visions of the divine feminine: the ten mahāvidyās|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/topDestination/details1?template_id=1&id=63d8d4236327ed072c056a2c Tarapith] ''[[WBTDCL]]''

{{Commons Category}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Birbhum District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Birbhum district]]

Sadya

2026-01-24T08:10:09Z

ModestoMolino5: expanded content

{{italictitle}}
{{Short description|Traditional meal of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Sadya
| image = Sadhya DSW.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Kerala]]
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other = [[Kamayan]]
}}
[[File:Sadya 2019.jpg|thumb|Traditional Kerala sadya]]

'''''Sadya''''' or '''oonu''' ({{langx|ml|സദ്യ}}), also spelt '''''sadhya''''', is a meal of [[Kerala]] origin and of importance to all Malayalis, consisting of a variety of traditional vegetarian dishes usually served on a [[banana]] leaf as lunch.<ref>Kerala's Slow Food; The Indian banana leaf banquet that tastes like home by Shahnaz Habib AFAR March/ April 2014 page 49</ref> Sadya is typically served as a traditional feast for [[Onam]] and [[Vishu]],<ref name="Iyer 2018">{{cite web | last=Iyer | first=Meenakshi | title=Onam 2018, here's why Sadya is the most balanced meal, full of nutritional value – more lifestyle | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=25 August 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/onam-2018-here-s-why-sadya-is-the-most-balanced-meal-full-of-nutritional-value/story-2gwLfWrIj9L3VSnBVFxUfK.html | access-date=20 September 2018 | archive-date=20 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/onam-2018-here-s-why-sadya-is-the-most-balanced-meal-full-of-nutritional-value/story-2gwLfWrIj9L3VSnBVFxUfK.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> along with other special occasions such as birthdays, weddings and temple festivals.

==Etymology==
The Malayalam word ''sadya'' ({{wikt-lang|ml|സദ്യ}}) derives from [[Sanskrit]] ''ságdhi-'' ({{wikt-lang|sa|सग्धि}}), referring to a communal feast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-09 |title=How Onasadya traditions differ across Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/Onam-on-a-leaf/article14630774.ece |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==Overview==
[[File:Valla Sadya.JPG|thumb|left|Valla sadya]]
A typical sadya can have about 24–28 dishes served as a single course.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Onam 2020: 26 dishes in the Onam Sadhya feast, what they’re called |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/happy-onam-2020-26-dishes-in-the-onam-sadhya-feast-what-they-re-called/story-Ox35zUre2YkHzMjzOcSHTN.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>In some cases, where it is much larger, it can include over 64 items, such as the sadya for Aranmula Vallamkali ([[Valla Sadhya|Valla-sadya]]).<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> During a traditional sadya meal, people are seated [[cross-legged]] on mats.<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017">{{cite book | last1=Vasu | first1=S.S.L. | last2=Kumar | first2=R. | title=Morning Glory Blossoms | publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5437-4244-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=21}}</ref> Food is eaten with the right hand, without cutlery.<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017"/> The fingers are cupped to form a [[Ladle (spoon)|ladle]].<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017"/>

The main dish is plain boiled [[rice]], served along with other curries/''koottaan'' ({{wikt-lang|ml|കൂട്ടാന്‍}}) which include [[parippu]], [[sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|pulisseri}} and others like {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[kaalan]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[avial]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[thoran]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[olan (dish)|olan]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[pachadi]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[kichadi]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[koottukari]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|erissery}}, [[mango pickle]], [[injipuli]], [[mezhukkupuratti]], {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[lime pickle|naranga achaar (lime pickle)]]}}, as well as [[papadam]], [[plantain chips]], {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|sharkara upperi}}, [[banana]], plain [[curd]] and [[buttermilk]].<ref name="NDTV Food 2017">{{cite web | title=Happy Vishu 2017: Vishu Sadhya, Kerala's Grand New Year Feast | publisher=[[NDTV]] Food | date=13 April 2017 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-vishu-2017-vishu-sadhya-keralas-grand-new-year-feast-1680747 | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Rai">{{cite book | last=Rai | first=J. | title=Curry Cookbook – Keralan Cuisine – Jay Rai's Indian Kitchen: करी व्यंजनों | publisher=Springwood media | isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT4 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brien | first=C.O. | title=The Penguin Food Guide to India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT422 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt422}}</ref><ref name="Punit 2015">{{cite web |last=Punit |first=27 lip-smacking, vegetarian dishes to try during Kerala’s grandest feast |date=28 August 2015 |title=Quartz India |url=https://qz.com/india/489554/27-lip-smacking-vegetarian-dishes-to-try-during-keralas-grandest-feast/ |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Quartz India}}</ref> The buttermilk is typically served near the end of the meal.<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> The traditional dessert called [[payasam]] served at the end of the meal is of many kinds<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> and usually three or more are served. Some of the varieties are Paalada pradhaman, [[Ada pradhaman]], Parippu pradhaman, Chakka pradhaman, Gothampu payasam, Paal payasam, etc. The multiple curries are all made with different vegetables and have their own flavor. The variety of curries is to symbolize prosperity and well-being.

[[File:Onam Sadya (15164960372).jpg|thumb|A sadya served for [[Onam]]]]
The dishes are served in different spots on the banana leaf.<ref name="Kannampilly 2003"/> For example, the pickles are served on the top left corner and the banana in the bottom left corner, which helps the waiters to easily identify and decide on offering additional servings. The most common ingredients in all the dishes are coconut as it is abundant in Kerala. Coconut milk is used in some dishes, and coconut oil is used for frying.

There are regional variations in the sadya menu, influenced by local customs and ingredient availability. Although the custom is to use traditional and seasonal vegetables indigenous to Kerala or the Southwest Coast of India, it has become common practice to include vegetables such as carrots, pineapples, and beans in the dishes. Traditionally, dishes in a sadya do not contain onion or garlic. The meal may be followed by chewing of ''vettila murukkaan'', [[betel leaf]]<ref name="India.com 2017">{{cite web | title=Onam Sadya Items That Make the Traditional Recipe of Kerala Festival a Hit | website=India.com | date=3 September 2017 | url=http://www.india.com/festivals-events/onam-sadhya-items-that-make-the-traditional-recipe-of-kerala-festival-a-hit-2445898/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> with lime and arecanut. This helps with the digestion of the meal and cleanses the palate.<ref name="India.com 2017"/>
== Variations ==
*[[Trivandrum Sadhya]]
*[[Valla Sadhya]]
==Preparations==
[[File:Kichadi Sadhya.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pachadi]] is sometimes used in sadya.]]
The sadya is usually served for lunch,<ref>{{cite book | last=Basu | first=M. | title=Masala: Indian Cooking for Modern Living | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4088-8687-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDNWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT268 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt268}}</ref> although a lighter version is served for dinner as well. Preparations begin the night before, and the dishes are prepared before ten o'clock in the morning on the day of the celebration. Nowadays, sadya is often served on tables, as people no longer find it convenient to sit on the floor. Sourcing of items/ingredients for a sadya is an elaborate and careful process to ensure quality. The lighting of the fire to prepare the sadya is done after a prayer to Agni, and the first serving is offered on a banana leaf in front of a lighted [[nilavilakku]] as an offering to [[Ganesha|Ganapati]].

In a sadya, the meals are served on a [[banana leaf]].<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> The leaf is folded and closed once the meal is finished.<ref name="The Hans India 2016">{{cite web | title=The festive feast | website=The Hans India | date=11 September 2016 | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-09-11/The-festive-feast/253227 | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> In some instances, closing the leaf toward you communicates satisfaction with the meal, while folding it away from oneself signifies that the meal can be improved.<ref name="The Hans India 2016"/> However, the direction the leaf is folded in can have different meanings in various parts of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Pooja | title=God's Own Platter | website=The Indian Express | date=14 September 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/gods-kerala-onam-meal-food-feast-own-platter-3029921/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

The Central Travancore-style sadya is known to be the most disciplined and tradition-bound.<ref name="Hindu2016b">{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/onam-on-a-leaf/article9092190.ece |title=Onam on a leaf |work=The Hindu |date=2010-08-10 |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> There is usually an order followed in serving the dishes, starting from the chips and pickles first.<ref name="Kannampilly 2003" /><ref name="Punit 2015" /> However, different styles and approaches to making and serving the dishes are adopted in various parts of Kerala depending on local preferences. [[Valla Sadhya|Aranmula Valla-sadya]] is the most celebrated sadya with over 64 items served traditionally.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=Sing out loud for a 64-dish sadya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sing-out-loud-for-a-64-dish-sadya/articleshow/48620396.cms |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Typical ingredients==
The items include:<ref name="Hindu2016b"/><ref name="Indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-special-heres-what-a-traditional-onam-sadhya-consists-of-3028642/ |title=Onam special: Here's what a traditional Onam sadhya consists of |website=The Indian Express|date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>

[[File:Sadhya Items.jpg|thumb|250px|Sadya items. Clockwise from top: [[paayasam]] (in mug), [[bittergourd]] [[thoran]], [[aviyal]], [[kaalan]], [[lime pickle]], [[Sambar (dish)|saambaar]], [[buttermilk]], boiled rice in centre]]
* Rice: It is the main item in a sadya. It is usually Kerala red rice (semi-polished parboiled brown<ref name="Hindu2016b"/><ref name=ctsadhya>{{cite web|author1=Ramya Menon|title=God's Own Feast-ival!|url=http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904212725/http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-04|website=Cucumbertown}}</ref>) which is used for the sadya, but [[Matta rice|Kerala matta]] rice is sometimes used.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Nimisha | title=Flavours of India: Here's a look at a plethora of dishes that make festivals fun | website=The Economic Times | date=19 July 2018 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/flavours-of-india-heres-a-look-at-a-plethora-of-dishes-that-make-festivals-fun/articleshow/65039593.cms | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Parippu]]: A thick curry [[lentil]] dish.
* [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]: A thick gravy made of [[lentils]], [[tamarind]], vegetables like [[Moringa oleifera|drumsticks]], [[tomato]], yam etc., and flavoured with [[asafoetida]].
* [[Rasam (dish)|Rasam]]: A watery dish made of tamarind,<ref name="Firstpost 2017"/> tomatoes, and spices like [[black pepper]], [[asafoetida]], [[coriander]], [[chili pepper]], etc. It is very spicy in taste and aids in digestion. However, in some regions Rasam is not counted as part of a sadya.
* [[Avial]]: A dense mixture of various vegetables and coconut, it is seasoned with [[Curry Tree|curry leaves]] and coconut oil.<ref name="Punit 2015"/>
* [[Kaalan]]: Made of [[curd]], coconut, and any one vegetable like "nendran" plantain or a tuber-like [[yam (vegetable)|yam]]. It is very thick and more sour, and typically can last for a longer period owing to the lower water content.<ref name="Indianexpress"/>
* [[Olan (dish)|Olan]]: A light dish, prepared of [[white gourd]] or black peas, coconut milk, and [[ginger]] seasoned with [[coconut]] oil.<ref name="Punit 2015"/><ref name="Hindu2016b"/>
* [[Koottukari]]: Vegetables like banana or yam cooked with [[chickpea]]s, coconut and black pepper.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-09|title=Onam Sadya: Know Everything About It|url=https://www.caringlyyours.com/everything-about-onam-sadya/|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Caringly Yours|language=en-US|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624123722/https://www.caringlyyours.com/everything-about-onam-sadya/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Erissery: A thick curry made from pumpkin, [[black-eyed pea]]s and coconut.<ref>{{cite web | title=When kanji used to be the special item on wedding menu | website=OnManorama | date=29 August 2018 | url=https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2018/08/29/when-kanji-used-to-be-the-special-item-wedding-menu.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kannan | first=A. | title=From the South Delectable Home Cooking | publisher=DC Books | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-921926-2-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne6vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=1}}</ref>
* [[Pachadi]]: Sour curry made of curd and usually [[cucumber]] or sliced ash gourd cooked in coconut ground with mustard seeds and seasoned with sautéed mustard seeds and curry leaves.<ref name="Indianexpress"/><ref name="Tastycircle">{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pachadi/ |title=Pachadi|date=6 July 2012 |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>
* Sweet [[Pachadi#In Kerala and Tamil Nadu|Pachadi]]: A sweet form of Pachadi, made with pineapple, pumpkin or grapes in curd.<ref name="Punit 2015"/> The gravy masala comprises coconut ground with cumin seeds and green chillies.<ref name="Indianexpress"/><ref name="Tastycircle"/>
* Pulisseri: A sour, yellow-coloured thin curry made with slightly soured [[yogurt]] and cucumber.<ref name="Kannampilly 2003">{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA9 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=9}}</ref> A sweet variant called Mampazha-pulissheri replaces cucumber with a combination of ripe mangoes and [[jaggery]].
* [[Injipuli]]: A sweet pickle made of ginger, tamarind, green chilies, and jaggery, also called Puli-inji.<ref>{{cite web | title=Onam 2018: All the delicacies that make up the very vast Onam sadhya feast | website=The Indian Express | date=24 August 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-2018-dishes-onam-sadhya-5322737/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Thoran]]: A dish of [[sautéed]] vegetables such as [[pea]]s, [[green bean]]s, raw [[jackfruit]], carrots, or [[cabbage]] (usually) with grated coconut.
* [[Mezhukkupuratti]]: A style of preparation for a vegetarian dish where the vegetable is stir-fried with spices. Chopped onions or shallots may also be used.
* [[Achaar]]: Spicy [[pickling|pickles]] of raw [[mango]] ([[Mango pickle]]),<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> [[lemon]],<ref name="Firstpost 2017">{{cite web | title=Watch: Essential parts of an Onam Sadhya | website=Firstpost | date=4 September 2017 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-breaking-down-the-onam-sadhya-4007925.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> [[lime (fruit)|lime]], ([[Lime pickle|Narangakari]]) etc.
* [[Pappadam]]: Made with lentil flour, it is paired with rice and can be eaten as an appetizer.
* [[Banana chip#India|Sharkara upperi]]: [[Banana chip]]s with jaggery. <ref name="Punit 2015"/>
* [[Banana chip#India|Kaaya Varuthathu]]: Banana chips. <ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/>
* [[Banana]]: A ripe banana is often served with the sadya to be eaten with the dessert, Payasam.
* [[Chammanthi podi]]: coconut powder served as a dry condiment or chutney.
* [[Buttermilk|Sambharam]], also referred to as moru: A drink made from salted buttermilk with green chilli, ginger, and curry leaves, it is drunk to improve digestion and is typically served near the end of the meal.<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/><ref name="Firstpost 2017"/>
*[[Kadumanga]]: Sliced mango pickle. Usually served as the third condiment of the sadya.
These side dishes are followed by desserts like Pradhaman and Payasams.<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/>

==Pradhaman==
''Pradhaman'' is a sweet dish in the form of a thick liquid; similar to [[payasam]], but with more variety in terms of ingredients and more elaborately made. It is made with white [[sugar]] or jaggery to which coconut milk is added. The main difference between a pradhaman and a payasam is that the former uses coconut milk, while the liquid versions of payasam use cow's milk.
* [[Ada pradhaman#Palada pradhaman|Palada pradhaman]] is made of flakes of cooked rice, milk, and sugar.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA232 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=232}}</ref>
* Pazha pradhaman is made of cooked "nendra" plantain or banana in jaggery and coconut milk.<ref>{{cite web | last=James | first=Merin | title=It's sadhya time, let's feast! | website=The Asian Age | date=31 August 2017 | url=http://www.asianage.com/life/food/310817/its-sadhya-time-lets-feast.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Varghese | first=T. | title=Stark World Kerala | publisher=Stark World Pub. | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-902505-1-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=107}}</ref>
* Gothambu pradhaman is made of broken [[wheat]].<ref name="Rai"/>
* Parippu pradhaman is made of [[Mung bean|green gram]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Abram | first=D. | title=The Rough Guide to Kerala | publisher=Rough Guides | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4053-8806-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqjHz7n3Un0C&pg=PT86 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt86}}</ref>
* [[Chakka prathaman]] is made of jackfruit.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chakka Maholsavam to feature jackfruit delicacies | website=The Hindu | date=10 May 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/chakka-maholsavam-to-feature-jackfruit-delicacies/article23829437.ece | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ada pradhaman]] is made of rice-ada (Rice flakes).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/kerala-celebrates-onam-with-payasam-fetes/article36014401.ece | title=Payasam fetes usher in the sweet notes of Onam in Kerala | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 August 2021 | last1=Nagarajan | first1=Saraswathy }}</ref>
* Kadala pradhaman is made from black gram.<ref>{{cite book | author=India Ministry of Tourism | title=Explore India: The Official Newsletter of the Ministry of Tourism | publisher=Durga Das Publications Pvt. Limited | issue=v. 3 | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk0sAQAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[Cuisine of Kerala]]
* [[Kamayan]] (a similar meal from the Philippines)
* [[Onam#Onam Sadya|Onam sadya]]
*[[Trivandrum Sadhya]]
*[[Trivandrum Boli]]
* [[South Indian cuisine]]
* [[Thali]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Sadya}}

[[Category:Hors d'oeuvres]]
[[Category:Eating_parties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Lunch]]
[[Category:Meals]]
[[Category:Serving and dining]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cuisine]]
[[Category:Onam]]

Jallikattu

2026-01-16T16:38:50Z

ModestoMolino5: cleanup

{{Short description|Traditional bullfighting sport in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Manju virattu|the 1994 film|Manju Virattu (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Jallikattu
| image = Jallikattu.game madurai.jpg
| alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| caption =Jallikattu being played in [[Madurai]] in 2021
| nickname = {{lang|ta-Latn|Sallikkattu}}; {{lang|ta-Latn|ēru taḻuvuṭal}}; {{lang|ta-Latn|manju virattu}}
| union = Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Federation Local organising committees
| first = 600 –100 BCE<ref name="jallikattu_ebook" />
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| contact = Yes
| team = No teams, single competitors
| mgender = No
| type = Traditional sport
| venue = Open ground
| olympic = No
| paralympic = No
}}
'''Jallikattu''' (or '''Sallikkattu'''), also known as '''Eru Taḻuvuṭal''' and '''Manju-virattu''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref> is a traditional event in which a zebu bull (''[[Bos indicus]]''), such as the Pulikulam<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&q=jallikattu+pulikulam&pg=PA275
|title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack |author1=Valerie Porter |author2=Lawrence Alderson |author3=Stephen J.G. Hall |author4=D. Phillip Sponenberg |date=9 March 2016 |publisher=CAB International |page=275|isbn=9781845934668 }}</ref> or [[Kangayam cattle|Kangayam]] breeds,<ref name="Ramesh">{{cite journal|author1=Ramesh, C. |author2=Mariayyah, P. |author3=Senthilkumar, A. |author4=Rajendran, K.|year=2014|journal=Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies |volume=1|issue=7|pages=89–94|title=A Study of Sports and Recreational Activities of Pura Village People and their Attitude Towards these Activities}}</ref> is released into a crowd of people, and many people attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. They hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, they must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns or cross a finish line.<ref name="TheWire overviewa">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/19157/banning-jallikattu-will-decimate-indias-indigenous-cattle-breeds/|title=Banning Jallikattu Will Decimate India's Indigenous Cattle Breeds – The Wire|first=Himakiran|last=Anugula|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="TheWire overviewb">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms|title=What is Jallikattu? - This 2,000-year-old sport is making news in India. Here's why – The Economic Times|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

Jallikattu is typically practised in some regions of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], specifically in southern Tamil Nadu, as a part of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] celebrations on [[Mattu Pongal]] day, which occurs annually in January.

Because of incidents of injury and death associated with the sport, both to the participants and to the animals forced into it, [[animal rights]] organizations have called for a ban on the sport, resulting in the [[Supreme Court of India]] banning it several times over the past years. However, with protests from the people against the ban, a new ordinance was enacted in 2017 to continue the sport.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Safi|first=Michael|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/tamil-nadu-passes-order-lift-jallikattu-bull-taming-ban-india-protests|title=Tamil Nadu passes order to lift bull-taming ban after angry protests|date=2017-01-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Ancient [[Tamil Sangams]] described the practice as {{lang|ta-Latn|ēru taḻuvuṭal}} ({{Langx|ta|ஏறு தழுவுதல்}}), literally 'bull embracing'.<ref name="Buzzing with bull talk" /> The modern term {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} ({{Lang|ta|ஜல்லிக்கட்டு}}) or {{lang|ta-Latn|sallikattu}} ({{Lang|ta|சல்லிக்கட்டு}}) is derived from {{lang|ta-Latn|salli}} ('coins') and {{lang|ta-Latn|kattu}} ('package'), which refers to a prize of coins that is tied to the bull's horns and that participants attempt to retrieve.<ref name="Hindustan Times etymology">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politics-of-pongal-outrage-over-jallikattu-but-not-over-drought/story-7KOJUrvB0J3SwOnHXnPbjL.html|title=Politics of Pongal: Outrage over Jallikattu but not over drought in Tamil Nadu|date=14 January 2017}}</ref> {{lang|ta-Latn|Manju virattu}} ({{Script|Taml|மஞ்சு விரட்டு}}) literally means 'bull chasing'.

== History ==
[[File:A Bull baiting inscription 1.JPG|thumb|An inscription on {{lang|ta-Latn|eru thazhuvutal}} at government museum in Tamil Nadu]]
{{lang|ta-Latn|Jallikattu}} is known to have been practiced during the [[Sangam period|Tamil classical period]] (400–100 BCE).<ref name="jallikattu_ebook">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&q=jallikattu+history&pg=PA159|title=A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns|author=François Gautier|year=2001|publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124107959}}</ref> It was a cultural ritual among the ''[[konar (caste)|Ayar]]'' tribal people<ref>{{Cite web |title= 'ஜல்லிக்கட்டு' ஆன 'சல்லிக்கட்டு'... தொன்மையும்‌ வரலாறும்‌ - ஒரு பார்வை|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/90987/History-of-Jallikattu |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.puthiyathalaimurai.com |date=14 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= ஈராயிரம் ஆண்டுகளைக் கடந்து தமிழர் வாழ்வில் அங்கமாக திகழும் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு - வரலாறு என்ன?|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/jallikkattu-2022-jallikkattu-in-the-tamils-life-history-skd-665141.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.tamil.news18.com |date=13 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> who lived in the ‘[[Sangam landscape|Mullai]]’ geographical region of the ancient Tamil Nadu.<ref name="jallikattu_nytimes">{{cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html|title=Fearless Boys with Bulls in Avaniapuram|quote=''The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years...''|access-date =9 July 2008|newspaper=The New York Times| first=Daniel| last=Grushkin| date=22 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Buzzing with bull talk">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/buzzing-with-bull-talk/article5553456.ece?homepage=true|title= Buzzing with bull talk|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="death">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/who-said-bullfight-is-cruel-go-to-hell-its-our-tradition-180408.html|title=Who said bullfighting is cruel?|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Later, it became a platform for display of bravery, and prize money was introduced for participation encouragement. A seal from the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] depicting the practice is preserved in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=T. Subramaniam|title=Bull-baiting of yore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Bull-baiting-of-yore/article15143051.ece|access-date=12 January 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Jallikattu seal - Mohenjo-Daro.jpg|thumb|Indus Valley seal depicting Eru Thazhuvuthal]]

A cave painting in white [[Kaolinite|kaolin]] discovered near [[Madurai]] depicting a lone man trying to control a bull is estimated to be about 1,500 years old.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece|title=Bull chasing, an ancient Tamil tradition|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114121512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bull-chasing-an-ancient-tamil-tradition/article1179359.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An ancient tin coin discovered by a numismatist could be a fresh evidence of Jallikattu. R. Krishnamurthy, president of the South Indian Numismatic Society, estimated that the coin belongs to third or fourth century BCE. Since the coin was made of tin, which was then available only in South-East Asian countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Aug/06/ancient-tin-coin-suggests-existence-of-jallikattu-in-the-sangam-era-795381.html | title=Ancient Tin coin Suggests Existence of Jallikattu in the Sangam Era | date=6 August 2015 }}</ref>

Jallikkattus are very common between [[Thanjavur]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the north and [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Ramanathapuram]] in the south, a region centered around the city of [[Madurai]] and populated for the most part by the [[Mukkulathor]] castes, who are the main participants in this ritual sport.<ref>{{cite book|title= South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415939195/page/304/mode/1up|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415939195/page/304/mode/1up 304]|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |last1=Claus |first1=Peter J. |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret Ann |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Chapter 1 Animal sacrifice, politics and the law in Tamil Nadu, South India|date=2024 |url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-63835/page/24/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu District Gazetteers: Ramanathapuram|date=1972 |publisher=Madras, Director of Stationery and Printing |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08709/page/185/mode/1up}}</ref> Other landowning intermediate caste groups also enthusiastically participate, many of them bull owners and bull tamers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Caste splits Tamils over bullfighting|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38919920}}</ref>

In the [[Pudukkottai]] State, the Jallikattu was considered as a quasi religious function to be conducted to propitiate the village deities, and was usually held on any day after the Thai Pongal when harvesting was over and before the commencement of the Tamil New Year.<ref>{{cite book|title= South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3276/page/n293/mode/1up|year=1983|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3276/page/n293/mode/1up 257]|publisher=Madras, Government of Tamil Nadu }}</ref>

== ''Jallikattu'' venues ==
{{Animal rights sidebar}}
[[File:Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|ta-Latn|Jallikattu}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2019]]

Well-known ''jallikattu'' venues include the following:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Venue
!District
|-
|[[Alanganallur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular places to visit in Tamilnadu for Jallikattu? – Tamilnadu Tourism|date=20 January 2021|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/popular-places-to-visit-in-tamilnadu-for-jallikattu/|access-date=2022-01-10|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110154544/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/popular-places-to-visit-in-tamilnadu-for-jallikattu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Madurai]]
|-
|[[Avaniapuram|Avaniyapuram]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|-
|[[Palamedu]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|-
|[[Thammampatti]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|-
|[[Vanniyan Viduthy]]
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|-
|Thiruvapur
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|-
|Vendanpatti
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|-
|Siravayal
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]
|-
|Kandupatti
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]
|-
|Araliparai (unique hillock view)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-25 |title=Tamil Nadu: Several injured in Jallikattu event in Sivaganga |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-several-injured-in-jallikattu-event-in-sivaganga/articleshow/107979684.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-01-18 |title=This time that year: Jallikattu bulls charging down memory lane |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/0ther/2020/Jan/18/this-time-that-year-jallikattu-bulls-charging-down-memory-lane-102718.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]
|-
|Pallavarayanpatty
|[[Theni district|Theni]]
|-
|Neikarapatti
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigal]]
|-
|Malayadipatty
|[[Trichy district|Trichy]]
|-
|Sooriyur
|[[Trichy district|Trichy]]
|-
|Allithurai
|[[Trichy district|Trichy]]
|-
|Madhakottai
|[[Thanjavur]]
|-
|Thirukkanurpatti
|[[Thanjavur]]
|-
|Alagumalai
|[[Tiruppur district|Tirupur]]
|-
|[[Vellalore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|-
|Pagalathampalayam
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|-
|Rachandar Thirumalai
|[[Karur district|Karur]]
|-
|Thogaimalai
|[[Karur district|Karur]]
|}
Out of these the [[Alanganallur]] ''Jallikattu'' is considered to be the most famous venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jallikattu - Famous Jallikattu locations |url=https://www.tamilselvi.com/Jallikattu.html#:~:text=The%20one%20held%20in%20Alanganallur,run%20in%20an%20open%20space. |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.tamilselvi.com}}</ref>

== Variants and rules ==

Some variants include:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm |title=An ancient tradition sport |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626112519/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011553700400.htm |archive-date=26 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{lang|ta-Latn|Vadi manjuviraṭṭu}}: This is the most common category of {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}. The bull is released from a closed space ({{lang|ta-Latn|vadi vasal}}) and the contestants attempt to wrap their arms or hands around the hump of the bull and hold on to it to win the award. Only one person is allowed to attempt at a time. This variant is most common in the districts of Madurai, Theni, Thanjavur, and Salem.
*{{lang|ta-Latn|Vēli viraṭṭu}}: In this variant the approach is slightly different as the bull is directly released into open ground. The rules are the same as that of ''vadi majuviraṭṭu.'' This is a popular variant in the districts of Sivagangai and Madurai.
*{{lang|ta-Latn|Vaṭam manjuviraṭṭu}}: In this variant, the bull is tied with a {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} rope ({{lang|ta-Latn|vatam}} means 'circle' in Tamil). There are no other physical restrictions for the bull and hence it can move freely anywhere. The maximum time period given is 30 minutes. A team of seven to nine members can attempt to untie the gift token that is tied on the bull's horn.

Bulls enter the competition area through a gate called the {{lang|ta-Latn|vadi vasal}}. Typically, participants must only hold onto the bull's hump. In some variations, they are disqualified if they hold onto the bull's neck, horns or tail. There may be several goals to the game depending on the region. In some versions, contestants must either hold the bull's hump for 30 seconds or for {{Convert|15|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/rules-of-jallikattu-ban-supreme-court-pongal-without-bull-taming-tamil-nadu-jallikattu|title='Bulls cannot be hurt' is the golden rule of Jallikattu, but who follows it?|website=asianetnews.tv|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> If the contestant is thrown by the bull or falls, they lose. Some variations only allow for one contestant. If two people grab the hump, then neither person wins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/videos/jallikattu:-what-are-the-rules-of-the-game/393|title=Jallikattu: What are the rules of the game|access-date=20 January 2017|publisher=Outlook}}</ref>

== Breeding ==
''[[Zebu|Bos indicus]]'' bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event. Bulls that are able to participate successfully in the {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} event are used as studs for breeding. These bulls also fetch higher prices in the markets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36798500|title=Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban 'threatens native breeds'|last=Natarajan|first=Swaminathan|date=19 July 2016|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

== Training and preparation ==
[[File:ஏறுதழுவும் விழா.JPG|thumb|200px|A bull being prepared for {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}]]

=== Training ===
[[Kabaddi]] was played as a warm up sport before the players enter the arena for Jallikattu.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Preparation ===
With the introduction of the Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/7702/TheTamilNaduRegulationofJallikattuAct2009.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409074210/http://www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/7702/TheTamilNaduRegulationofJallikattuAct2009.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 April 2015|title=Laws of India: The Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009|website=www.lawsofindia.org|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> by the Tamil Nadu legislature, the following activities were done in preparation of the event:
# A written permission is obtained from the respective collector, thirty days prior to conduct of event along with notification of the event location.
# The arena and the way through which the bulls pass through is double-barricaded, in order to avoid injuries to the spectators and by-standers who may be permitted to remain within the barricades.
# The necessary gallery areas are built up along the double barricades.
# The necessary permissions are obtained from the collector for the participants and the bulls fifteen days prior.
# Final preparation before the event include a complete testing by the authorities of the Animal Husbandry Department, to ensure that performance enhancement drugs, liquor or other irritants are not used on the bulls.

==Animal rights concerns==
Between 2008 and 2014, 43 humans and 4 bulls were killed in the {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} events. In 2017, there were 23 deaths in addition to about 2,500 human injuries and several instances of injury to the bulls.<ref>{{cite news | title = 23 died in jallikattu in last one year | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 8 February 2018 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/23-died-in-jallikattu-in-last-one-year/article22683470.ece | access-date = 11 February 2018}}</ref> Year 2020 saw 5 deaths from participation in the event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/page1/5-die-still-jallikattu-all-the-rage-in-tn.html|title=5 die still Jallikattu all the rage in TN|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

[[Animal rights]] and [[Animal welfare|welfare]] concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during competitor's attempts to subdue the bull. Practices before the bull is released include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the [[vertebra]]e, and biting of the bull's tail. There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or [[chilli pepper]]s being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.<ref name="Ray">{{cite news|title=Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport|author=Ray, A.|newspaper=Economic Times|date=19 Jan 2017|access-date=23 January 2017|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-cheat-sheet-10-things-you-should-know-about-the-bull-taming-sport/articleshow/56664079.cms}}</ref>

During attempts to subdue the bull, they are stabbed by various implements such as knives or sticks, punched, jumped on and dragged to the ground. In variants in which the bull is not enclosed, they may run into traffic or other dangerous places, sometimes resulting in broken bones or death.<ref name="Natarajan">{{cite news|title=Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban 'threatens native breeds'|author=Natarajan, S.|work=BBC News|date=19 July 2016|access-date=20 January 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36798500}}</ref><ref name="Mogul">{{cite web|title=Jallikattu debate: Animal rights experts expose 'cruelty' of Indian bullfighting tradition|author=Mogul, P.|date=12 January 2016 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jallikattu-debate-animal-rights-experts-expose-cruelty-indian-bullfighting-tradition-1537536 |access-date=3 February 2017|website=International Business Times}}</ref> Protestors claim that {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} is promoted as bull taming, however, others suggest it exploits the bull's natural nervousness as prey animals by deliberately placing them in a terrifying situation in which they are forced to run away from the competitors which they perceive as predators and the practice effectively involves catching a terrified animal.<ref name="Vikram Venkateswaran">{{cite news| url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/01/11/jallikattu-is-not-barbaric-banning-it-destroys-local-breeds-a-cattle-market-reveals-all-meat-market-cows-bulls | work=The Quint| title= Jallikattu Ban: 'Send Them to the Butchers' is now the only option|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> Along with human injuries and fatalities, bulls themselves sometimes sustain injuries or die, which people may interpret as a bad omen for the village.

In his 2012 book ''[[Animal Rights Without Liberation]]'', which analyses the use of animals in cultural practices and concerns about alleged hypocrisy, political theorist [[Alasdair Cochrane]] argues that culture cannot outweigh animal rights{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=184–186}} or outweigh animal interests in not being killed,{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=188–190}} even if this entails the destruction of cultures "defined entirely by the grave harm [they cause] to animals"{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=190–192}} and cites {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} as an example to argue that culture or human interests cannot outweigh animal interests in not suffering.{{sfn|Cochrane|2012|pp=186–188}} An investigation by the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] concluded that "{{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} is inherently cruel to animals".<ref name="Maulekhi">{{cite news|title=Jallikattu: Bull taming is cruelty at its best, TN parties using it for political gains|author=Maulekhi, G.|date=13 January 2017|access-date=25 January 2017|publisher=FirstPost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-bull-taming-is-cruelty-at-its-best-tn-parties-using-it-for-political-gains-2564184.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rajagopol, Krishnadas |date=22 September 2016 |title=SC to hear Animal Welfare Board's petition challenging jallikattu order |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-to-hear-Animal-Welfare-Board%E2%80%99s-petition-challenging-jallikattu-order/article13994379.ece }}</ref>

Animal welfare organisations such as the [[Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations]] (FIAPO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/|title=Save the bulls, support the ban|publisher=FIAPO|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117203915/http://www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA India]] have protested against the practice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/PETA-Jallikattu-stay-%E2%80%98partial-victory%E2%80%99-for-bulls/article13995899.ece|title=PETA: Jallikattu stay 'partial victory' for bulls|last=PTI|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name="protest">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-peta-bulls-idUSSP19914020080118 | work=Reuters| title= PETA founder held in India over bullfight protest|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The Indian Minister of Women and Child Development [[Maneka Gandhi]] denied the claim by {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} aficionados that the sport is only to demonstrate the "Tamil love for the bull", citing that the [[Tirukkural]] does not sanction [[cruelty to animals]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Gandhi | first = Maneka | title = Justifying jallikattu by citing Thirukkural is self-defeating: The Tamil text didn't condone animal cruelty | newspaper = Firstpost | location = New Delhi | date = 7 March 2017 | url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/justify-jallikattu-by-citing-thirukkural-is-self-defeating-the-tamil-text-didnt-condone-animal-cruelty-3319034.html | access-date = 11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Knowing the truth of Thirukkural | newspaper = Business Economics | location = Kolkata | date = 16 March 2017 | url = https://businesseconomics.in/knowing-truth-thirukkural | access-date = 11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Ban, protests and authorization==
{{See also|2017 pro-Jallikattu protests}}
{{World bullfighting bans}}
[[File:Protesters at Marina.jpg|thumb|Anti-ban protesters at Marina beach, January 2017]]
The [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] filed a case in the [[Supreme Court of India]] for an outright ban on {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} because of the [[cruelty to animals]] and the threat to public safety involved.

On 27 November 2010, the Supreme Court permitted the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to allow {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} for five months in a year and directed the [[District Collector]]s to make sure that the animals that participate in {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} are registered to the Animal Welfare Board and in return the Board would send its representative to monitor the event.<ref name="Sify" /> The Government of Tamil Nadu ordered that {{INRConvert|2|L}} be deposited by the organizers in case of an accident or injury during the event and enacted a rule to allow a team of veterinarians be present at the venue for certifying the bulls for participation in the event and to provide treatment for bulls that get injured.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128100152/http://www.sify.com/news/1-killed-30-injured-in-jallikattu-news-national-lbqxadbecdbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2016|title=1 killed in Jalikattu|website=[[Sify]]|date=16 January 2011}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] issued a notification in 2011 that banned the use of bulls as performing animals, thereby banning the event,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Animal-Welfare-Board-of-India-v.-A-Nagraja-Jallikattu.pdf|title = Animal Welfare Board of India vs. Nagaraja|date = 7 May 2014|access-date = 12 January 2016|archive-date = 14 August 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160814035927/http://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Animal-Welfare-Board-of-India-v.-A-Nagraja-Jallikattu.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="PETA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/sc-bans-jallikattu-bull-races-fights/|title=SC bans Jalikattu|date=7 May 2014 |publisher=PETA|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> but the practice continued to be held under Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27 of 2009.<ref name="JallikattuRegulationAct">{{Cite web|url = http://www.tniuscbe.org/download/gg/gg190.pdf|title = Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act|date = 21 July 2009|publisher = The Wire}}</ref> On 7 May 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] struck down the State law and banned {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} altogether.<ref name="PETA" /><ref name="ban">{{cite news|author=J.Venkatesan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/supreme-court-bans-jallikattu-in-tamil-nadu/article5986025.ece|title=Supreme Court bans Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2014}}</ref> The Supreme Court noted that any flouting of the ban should result in penalties for cruelty to animals under The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-bans-Jallikattu-bull-fights-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/34778562.cms|title=SC bans Jallikattu bull fights in-Tamil-Nadu |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref> The court also asked the [[Government of India]] to amend the law on preventing cruelty to animals to bring bulls within its ambit. The Supreme Court also ruled that cruelty is inherent in these events, as bulls are not anatomically suited for such activities and making them participate is subjecting them to unnecessary pain and suffering, so such events were outlawed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-is-an-abuse-not-a-sport-sc-to-hear-pleas-against-centre-notification-lifting-ban-on-jallikattu-2579990.html|title='Jallikattu is an abuse, not a sport': SC to hear pleas against Centre notification lifting ban on Jallikattu|publisher=First Post|date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=6507&Jallikattu:/Red/Rag/For/the/Law|title=Jallikattu: Red Rag For the Law|publisher=The Citizen|date=14 January 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 8 January 2016, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] permitted the continuation of the tradition under certain conditions, effectively ending the ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/centre-lifts-ban-on-jallikattu-tn-politicians-welcome-move/|title=Centre lifts ban|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2016/01/httponelawstreet-comwp-contentuploads201601moef-allows-use-of-bulls-in-jallikattu-in-tamilnadu-pdf/|title = Ministry of Environment and Forest allows use of bulls in Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu|date = 7 January 2016|work = One Law Street|access-date = 12 January 2016|archive-date = 12 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104830/http://onelawstreet.com/2016/01/httponelawstreet-comwp-contentuploads201601moef-allows-use-of-bulls-in-jallikattu-in-tamilnadu-pdf/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-allows-tn-to-conduct-jallikattu/article8081472.ece|title=Centre allows Jalikattu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> However, on 14 January 2016, the Supreme Court of India issued a stay on this order, upholding the ban, after a petition filed by the Animal Welfare Board of India and [[PETA]] India, leading to protests all over Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-refuses-to-vacate-stay-on-jallikattu-order/article8102180.ece|title=Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on Jallikattu order|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> The Supreme Court refused to review its decision on 26 July 2016.<ref name="TOI June 2016">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-to-allow-bull-taming-sport-jallikattu-before-pongal/articleshow/56494779.cms|title=Supreme Court turns down plea to allow bull-taming sport Jallikattu before Pongal|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

On 16 January 2016, the World Youth Organization (WYO) protested at [[Chennai]] against the stay on the order overturning ban on conducting {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The WYO also demanded a ban on [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title= PETA Should be Banned in India : World Youth Organization – Thanthi TV |url= http://www.yarloosai.com/watch/9dsVZ5KSYe8/UU-JFyL0zDFOsPMpuWu39rPA/peta-should-be-banned-in-india-world-youth-organization-thanthi-tv.html |publisher= yarloosai.com |date= 16 January 2016 |access-date= 6 June 2016 |archive-date= 20 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111544/http://www.yarloosai.com/watch/9dsVZ5KSYe8/UU-JFyL0zDFOsPMpuWu39rPA/peta-should-be-banned-in-india-world-youth-organization-thanthi-tv.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= World Youth Organization demands ban on PETA in India |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tit-tat-tn-youth-organization-demands-ban-peta-india-37788 |publisher= The News Minute |date= 16 January 2016 |access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

On 8 January 2017, several hundreds of protesters conducted a rally at the [[Marina Beach|Marina]] in Chennai opposing the ban on {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-supporters-organise-rally-in-chennai-for-seeking-permission-to-hold-bull-taming-sport-3194152.html|title=Jallikattu: Supporters organise rally in Chennai for seeking permission to hold bull-taming sport|date=8 January 2017|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> The participants walked from the lighthouse to the labour statue bearing posters saying "save {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Thousands-hit-the-streets-for-jallikattu/article17012110.ece|title=Thousands hit the streets for jallikattu|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hindu|first1=The|title=Protest on Marina brings traffic to a standstill|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Protest-on-Marina-brings-traffic-to-a-standstill/article17052122.ece|access-date=19 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> A few churches openly conducted prayer mass and rally against the Supreme Court ruling.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hindu|first1=The|title=Protests, rallies for jallikattu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Protests-rallies-for-jallikattu/article17029320.ece|access-date=19 January 2017|work=Staff Reporter|publisher=The Hindu|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Following the protests at Chennai, many students started rallies in various towns of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":2" />

After hearing the petitions which were led by the Animal Welfare Board of India challenging central government's notification,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-to-hear-awbis-petition-challenging-jallikattu-order/article8092045.ece|title=SC to hear AWBI's petition challenging jallikattu order|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2016}}</ref> the Supreme Court of India on 12 January ordered a stay, issued notices to the central government and the Tamil Nadu government<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2016/01/supreme-court-stays-bull-taming-game-jallikattu-jayalalitha-asks-pm-for-an-ordinance/|title = Supreme Court stays bull taming game Jallikattu; Jaya asks PM for an ordinance [Read Order]|date = 12 January 2016|work = One Law Street|access-date = 12 January 2016|archive-date = 5 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215150/http://onelawstreet.com/2016/01/supreme-court-stays-bull-taming-game-jallikattu-jayalalitha-asks-pm-for-an-ordinance/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-jallikattu-in-tamil-nadu-this-year/article8097633.ece?homepage=true |title=No Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu this year|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jallikattu-on-hold-sc-stays-govt-notification-to-allow-bull-taming/story-9PZbbVrnmohJf9tC5oaUxK.html|title=Jallikattu on hold: SC stays govt notification to allow bull taming|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=12 January 2016}}</ref> and later refused to lift the stay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-refuses-to-vacate-stay-on-jallikattu-order/article8102180.ece|title=Supreme Court refuses to vacate stay on jallikattu order|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> Numerous {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} events were held across Tamil Nadu in protest of the ban,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thousands Protest Across Tamil Nadu In Support Of Jallikattu|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/thousands-protest-across-tamil-nadu-in-support-of-jallikattu-1650142|access-date=2020-11-21|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and hundreds of participants were detained by police in response.<ref name="Financial Express Ban">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-ban-over-500-detained-for-protesting-sc-ban-in-tamil-nadus-alanganallur/510869/|title=Jallikattu ban: Over 500 detained for protesting SC ban in Tamil Nadu's Alanganallur|date=17 January 2017|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times Ban 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-ban-200-held-in-madurai-as-protests-continue-across-tamil-nadu/story-JxJwDLx5y4XVrxFGcRQZ5L.html|title=Jallikattu ban: 200 held in Madurai as protests continue across Tamil Nadu|date=17 January 2017|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> The Supreme Court has agreed to delay its verdict on {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} for a week following the centre's request that doing so would avoid unrest.

Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} events.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mariappan, Julie |date=21 January 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124034249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bipartisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-Nadu-government-to-issue-ordinance-on-Jallikattu/article17066685.ece|title=Tamil Nadu to take ordinance route for conducting Jallikattu|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sivakumar, B. |date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124035945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> The first legal {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} under this exemption took place on 1 February in [[Alanganallur]], [[Madurai district]].<ref name ="FP-legal">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition |newspaper=FirstPost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-legalised-in-tamil-nadu-state-assembly-passes-bill-without-any-opposition-2-3217098.html |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>

The legal situation surrounding {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} is as yet not clearly resolved. Some, such as ex [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] cabinet minister [[Salman Khurshid]], have stated that the matter will only be truly resolved if the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] is amended as [[local ordinances]] and state laws cannot trump [[Law of India|Indian federal law]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-row-matter-could-still-go-to-supreme-court-and-we-could-get-adverse-decision-says-salman-khurshid/516973/|title=Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman Khurshid|date=2017-01-21|newspaper=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', many other Indian legal experts agreed with Khurshid's view, as federal laws such as the PCA are always more powerful than state laws, and in that respect the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned in 2009.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jallikattu-protesters-demand-permanent-solution/article9496334.ece|title=Jallikattu protesters demand permanent solution|date=2017-01-22|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> For its part, PETA India has said that it will "study" the new ordinance, and has not ruled out a challenge to the new law on the same grounds as it challenged the 2009 law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cruelty-to-animals-is-anti-india-says-peta-india-ceo-amid-jallikattu-protests/story-kJgbed7mmFiMPoq9vB8oSO.html|title=Jallikattu reflects poorly on India: PETA India CEO after 'bullying'|date=2017-01-23|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> On Jan 25, the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI) started the legal process towards another ban by formally challenging the new law before the Supreme Court,<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125075800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017|title=Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body|date=2017-01-25|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> but they withdrew the petition on Jan 26.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|title=AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=News Today|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|archive-date=26 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the AWBI's acting chairperson, AWBI does not plan to re-file the petition, but he claimed no knowledge of what other organizations, such as PETA, may do.<ref name=":13" />

=== Timeline of the legal battle against the performance ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2020}}
* 29 March 2006: While hearing a petition filed by K. Muniasamy Thevar seeking permission to conduct a bullock cart race, the Madras High Court's Madurai Bench bans the sport of {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}.
* 10 January 2007: {{lang|ta-Latn|Jallikattu}} organisers file an appeal and the Single Bench Order is stayed by a Division Bench, paving the way to conduct the event again.
* 9 March 2007: The Division Bench sets aside Single Bench Order and gives suggestions to the State to introduce a regulatory mechanism.
* 27 July 2007: The Madras High Court's order is stayed by the Supreme Court after hearing an appeal by AWBI.
* 11 January 2008: The Supreme Court vacates stay, refusing to allow the sport.
* 15 January 2008: The Supreme Court allows a revision petition of the State, thereby permitting the event.
* 21 July 2009: The ruling DMK government passes the Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009.
* 8 April 2011: The Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009 is challenged by PETA before the Supreme Court.
* 11 July 2011: Ministry of Environment and Forests issues notification banning the use of bulls as performing animals.
* 7 May 2014: The Supreme Court bans {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} and strikes down the State law on the basis of a plea by the AWBI and PETA.
* 7 January 2016: Ministry of Environment and Forests modifies its earlier notification to permit the sport.
* 12 January 2016: The Supreme Court stays the centre's notification after hearing pleas by the AWBI and PETA.
* 16 November 2016: The State government's review petition seeking permission to conduct the event in 2017 is dismissed by the Supreme Court.
* 12 January 2017: The Supreme Court refuses to give a hurried judgement on a government notification to accommodate the sport in 2017.
* 21 January 2017: The Centre clears the ordinance proposed by the AIADMK government to bring a State amendment to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The State had earlier urged the centre to consider the plea following massive protests.
* 23 January 2017: The State passes the Jallikattu Bill bringing into effect the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 2017, thereby allowing the conduct of {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}.
* 24 January 2017: The AWBI and PETA challenges the Tamil Nadu Amendment Act, 2017.
* 31 January 2017: The Supreme Court refuses to stay the Tamil Nadu Amendment Act, 2017.
* 6 November 2017: The Supreme Court seeks the State government's response to the plea filed by PETA questioning the Amendment Act.
* 2 February 2018: The Supreme Court refers all petitions filed against the sport to a Constitution Bench.<ref>{{cite news
| last = B. Tilak Chandar
| first = S. Annamalai
| title = Scarred yet untamed
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 20 January 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/scarred-yet-untamed/article26039527.ece
| access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>
* 18 May 2023: A five judge Constitution Bench dismissed petitions challenging constitutionality of Jallikattu and upheld the validity Tamil Nadu laws protecting the sport,

==Jallikattu Premier League==
The '''Jallikattu Premier League''' is a professional league in Tamil Nadu for {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}}. The league was announced on 24 February 2018, to be organized in [[Chennai]] by the Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Peravai and the Chennai Jallikattu Amaippu.<ref name=getready>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jallikattu-premier-league-chennai-tamil-nadu-1107922-2017-12-15|title=Get ready. Jallikattu Premier League in Chennai from January 7|date=15 December 2017|website=India Today|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/jallikattu-premier-league-to-start-in-chennai-from-january-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216181608/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/jallikattu-premier-league-to-start-in-chennai-from-january-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2017|title=Jallikattu Premier League To Start In Chennai From January 7|date=15 December 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{lang|ta-Latn|Jallikattu}} is often shown in [[Tamil cinema]] where the hero tames the bull to prove his gallantry.<ref name="movie">{{Cite news|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajini-kamal-and-ranas-connection-with-jallikattu.html|title=Rajni, Kamal did it|publisher=Behindwoods|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Some of the popular films are:

* ''[[Thaikkupin Tharam]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Vilaiyattu Pillai|Vilaiyaattu Pillai]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2017 |title=Catching a sport by its horns |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Catching-a-sport-by-its-horns/article17069540.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> (1970)
* ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''<ref name="movie" /> (1980)
* ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Cheran Pandian]]''(1991)
* ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Virumaandi]]''<ref name="movie" /> (2004)
* ''[[Mirugam]]'' - The movie was released after cutting the {{lang|ta-Latn|jallikattu}} scene due to objections by the Censor Board (2007)<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirugam movie |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-07-03/16-12-07-mirugam.html |access-date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five films that showed Jallikattu extensively |url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/five-films-that-showed-jallikattu-extensively |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235006/http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/five-films-that-showed-jallikattu-extensively |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Aravaan]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2017 |title=5 best jallikattu scenes from Tamil films, from Murattu Kaalai to Virumaandi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/murattu-kaalai-to-virumaandi-best-jallikattu-scenes-tamil-films-955880-2017-01-19}}</ref> (2012)
* ''[[Ilami]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/taming-bull-jallikattu-occupies-prominent-place-tamil-cinema-55460
|title=Taming of the bull: Jallikattu occupies a prominent place in Tamil cinema|date=9 January 2017 }}</ref> (2016)
* ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' (2024)

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests]]
* [[Kabaddi]]
* [[Bull-leaping]]
* [[Savika]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Alasdair |author1-mask=2 |year=2012 |title=Animal Rights Without Liberation |location=New York, NY |publisher=Columbia University Press}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coZvTRHt2m4 Video from 2013 Animal Welfare Board investigation into animal cruelty at Jallikattu events]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-81MzYid5c Video of a Jallikattu event]
*[http://www.jallikattupremierleague.in/ Jallikattu Premier League]
*[https://youthdestination.in/continuation-of-jallikattu/ Continuation of the sport of Jallikattu]
{{Clear}}

{{Bullfighting}}
{{Animal rights}}
{{Abuse}}

[[Category:Bullfighting]]
[[Category:Cruelty to animals]]
[[Category:Sport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil sports and games]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Madurai]]
[[Category:Animal welfare]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Jallikattu]]

Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar

2026-01-15T19:56:49Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{short description|Civilian award given by the Government of India}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar
| image = Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puruskar, 2020.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = President Ram Nath Kovind Conferring The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar, 2020.
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Achievements in the fields of "innovation, scholastic achievements, social service, arts & culture, bravery, and sports" (Bal Shakti Puraskar), and in the fields of "child development, child protection, and child welfare" (Bal Kalyan Puraskar)<ref name="nca-wcd" />
| firstawarded = 1996
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward = A medal, a cash prize, and a certificate
| website = {{URL|nca-wcd.nic.in}}
| previous =
| higher =
| lower =
| presenter = [[Government of India]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| venue = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
| type = Civilian award
| total_awarded = 11 to 30 per year
}}

The '''Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar''' ({{lit|Prime Minister's National Award for Children}}), is [[India|India’s]] highest civilian honour for children, awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-24 |title=PM Modi to interact with Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar awardees tomorrow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-interact-with-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-awardees-tomorrow-101611493554719.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pib 1">{{Cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1561007|title=President of India confers "Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar" today in Delhi|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

The award has two categories: ''Bal Shakti Puraskar'', awarded to Indian citizens under the age of 18 for outstanding achievement in innovation, scholastic achievements, social service, arts and culture, bravery, or sports, and ''Bal Kalyan Puraskar'', to individuals or organisations that have made outstanding contributions in child development, child protection, or child welfare.<ref name="nca-wcd">{{Cite web|url=http://nca-wcd.nic.in/|title=Ministry of Women and Child Development|website=nca-wcd.nic.in|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>

The [[National Award for Child Welfare|Bal Kalyan Puraskar]], previously the National Child Welfare Awards, was instituted by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] in 1979, and the Bal Shakti Puraskar, previously the [[National Child Award]], was instituted by the [[NGO]] Indian Council for Child Welfare in 1996. In 2018, the two awards were renamed and combined into the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar, which is administered by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.

It is conferred by the [[President of India]] in the week preceding [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], 26 January,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-1437013-2019-01-23|title=President Kovind awards 26 children for innovation, bravery|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=January 23, 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> in the Durbar Hall of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]]. Previously, the awards were conferred on [[Children's Day (India)|Children's Day]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} The [[Prime Minister of India]] also meets with the awardees at his residence, [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] and the awardees take part in the Republic Day parade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-interacts-with-winners-of-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-2019/|title=PM interacts with winners of Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2019|website=www.pmindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> In 2021 and 2022, owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the award ceremony was shifted online, and besides the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] meeting the awardees in a video conference, it was the first ever instance of [[blockchain certificates]] (built in association with [[IIT Kanpur|IIT-Kanpur]]) being presented to awardees for both the years.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=32 Children Awarded Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar- 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1691900|access-date=2021-02-25|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Bal Puraskar winners to be awarded with digital certificates on January 24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bal-puraskar-winners-to-be-awarded-with-digital-certificates-on-january-24-101642791338602.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, a total of 11 awardees were conferred the award by the [[President of India]] at the [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=President Murmu confers Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2023 to 11 children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/droupadi-murmu-indian-president-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-2023-8398637/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The 2025 award was conferred by the [[President of India]] on the occasion of the [[Veer Bal Divas]] in 2024 to a total of seventeen awardees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-26 |title=President presents award to 17 children for exceptional achievements in various fields |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-presents-award-to-17-children-for-exceptional-achievements-in-various-fields/article69029495.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Award ==
The award includes a medal, a cash prize, a citation{{clarify|date=May 2021}} and a certificate. Children who win the Bal Shakti Puraskar also receive book vouchers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/guidelines_0.pdf|title=Revised Guidelines for Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|last= |first= |date=|website=Ministry of Women and Child Development|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> and participate in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/children-conferred-national-awards-all-smiles-at-r-day-parade/articleshow/67700659.cms|title=Children conferred national awards all smiles at R-Day parade|date=Jan 26, 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/110218/a-heart-for-research.html|title=A heart for research|first=nayare|last=ali|date=11 February 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Besides, eligible children are also presented with a specified reservation of central pool seats for [[medical education]], allocated annually by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Pool MBBS and BDS Seats Allocation |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Allocation%20to%20Education%20%26%20WCD_0.pdf |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India}}</ref>

==Eligibility and nominations ==
=== Bal Kalyan Puraskar===
Bal Kalyan Puraskar has two categories, for individuals and for institutions. Three awards are given in each category.

In the individual category, Indian citizens who are 18 years old or above on 31 August in the year they are nominated, and who are not employed by an institution, are eligible to be nominated. Institutions working within "any field of child welfare" can be nominated for the institutions category. In the case of both individuals and institutions, the nominee must have been active for a number of years in the field they are nominated within.<ref name=":0" />

===Bal Shakti Puraskar===
Children who are Indian citizens and who are between the ages of 5 and 18 on 31 August in the year they are nominated are eligible for the Bal Shakti Puraskar. Any Indian citizen may nominate a child for the award. The deadline for nominations is 31 August each year, for the awards that are given in January of the following year.<ref name=":0" />

==Selection committee ==
The awardees are selected by a committee including representatives of the Ministry of Women and Child Development and a number of other departments, as well as subject experts in the relevant fields.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable recipients ==

===National Child Award / Bal Shakti Puraskar ===
*[[Palak Muchhal]] (2000)
*[[S. J. Jananiy]] (2001)
*
*[[Kishan Shrikanth|Kishan SS]] (2009)
*[[Aravindh Chithambaram]] (2015)
*[[R Vaishali]] (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |date=2015-11-14 |title=30 kids receive national awards for exceptional achievement |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/30-kids-receive-national-awards-for-exceptional-achievement-115111401210_1.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Vantika Agrawal]] (2016)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=National Child Awards for Exceptional Achievement, 2016 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2016/nov/p2016111402.pdf}}</ref>
*[[Nihal Sarin]] (2016)<ref name=":1" />
*[[Akash Manoj]] (2017)
*[[Zaira Wasim]] (2017)
*[[Dev Joshi]] (2019)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=President of India confers "Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar" today in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1561007}}</ref>
*[[Esow Alben]] (2019)<ref name=":2" />
*[[Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha]] (2019)<ref name=":2" />
*[[Shivangi Pathak]] (2019)<ref name=":2" />
*[[R Praggnanandhaa]] (2019)<ref name=":2" />
*[[Esha Singh]] (2020)
*[[Prithu Gupta]]
*[[Jyoti Kumari]] (2021)
*[[Souhardya De]] (2021)
*[[Prasiddhi Singh]] (2021)
*[[Kaamya Karthikeyan]] (2021)
*[[Sambhab Mishra]] (2023)
*[[Linthoi Chanambam]] (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2024-01-19 |title=President Murmu To Honour Winners Of Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-2024-announced-pm-modi-president-murmu-list-of-winners-1657898 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Anish Sarkar]] (2025)
*[[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (2025)
*[[Dhinidhi Desinghu]] (2025)
*[[Jyoshna Sabar]] (2025)
=== Bal Kalyan Puraskar ===

* [[Anand Kumar]] (2017)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
18.https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/rishi-shiv-prasanna-won-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-in-innovation-category-2023-01-25-842189

[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1979]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1996]]

Tankapani Dasa

2026-01-10T15:34:30Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding The Post W/ Infobox

'''Tankapani Dasa''', also referred to as '''Kayastha Tankadasa''' was a scion of the ancient [[Bengali Kayastha|Barendra Kayastha]] Das family, which later became famous as the Munshi family since his descendant [[Munshi Balaram Das]] was appointed as the court Munshi by [[Raja Sitaram Ray]] during 17th century.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=220}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra|date=2001 |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Raja Sitaram Ray|last=Jadunath Bhattacharya|date=1910 |publisher=Nagendranath Seal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.317009/page/n83/mode/2up|page=69}}</ref> He was the son of Mankhadasa, the earliest documented patriarch of the Das family, and the father of the 9th century Bengali poet [[Chakrapani Dasa]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=220}}</ref> According to [[Nagendranath Basu]], his name is mentioned in [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|''Tibetan Buddhist text'']] along with his son Chakrapani.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=220}}</ref> Kashidasa has detailed his life in ''Varendrakaranabarnana''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=220}}</ref> He moved from [[Rarha]] to [[Pataliputra]], one of the capitals of the [[Pala Empire]], due to Brahmin intrigue. Tankadasa was appointed as the chief [[scribe]] in the royal court of the second [[Pala Emperor]] [[Dharmapala of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=222}}</ref>
{{History of Bengal}}
==Family tree==
*Mankhadasa
**Tankapani Dasa
***[[Chakrapani Dasa]]
****Dhiradasa
****Suradasa (settled in [[Barendra]])
*****Sridhara
******Bhudhara
******Gadadhara
*******Rajyadhara (Cooch Behar)
********Arya Sridhara ([[Samanta|Samantapradhana]] at [[Kamrupa]])
*********Dharadhara (also known as Lakshmikara Thakur)
**********Sulapani (also known as Bangsadhara Thakur)
***********Pinakapani
************Tankapani
*************Ratnapani
**************Narasimha Das (also known as Narahari Das, Naradev Das, and Naradasa Thakur, contemporary of [[Sena dynasty|Sena Emperor]] [[Ballal Sena]])
***************Mahasamanta Vatudasa
****************Mahamandalik [[Shridharadasa]]
***************Patudas (childless)
***************Bhuvanadi
***************Sridharadas (revered in [[Barendra]] society)
***************Hayagriva
***********Chakrapani (also known as Bangsadhara Thakur)
************Devadhara (also known as Sridhara Thakur, [[Mantri]] of [[Nanyadeva]], founder of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty of Mithila]])<ref>{{Cite book|title='বঙ্গের জাতীয় ইতিহাস' (কায়স্থ কাণ্ড) (Banger Jatiya Itihasa, Kayastha Kanda)|last=[[Nagendranath Basu]]|date=1937 |publisher=[[Uttarpara Public Library]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353523|page=244}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=7}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:8th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Pala Empire]]

Pottassery-I

2025-12-25T14:03:50Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Other uses|Pottassery (disambiguation){{!}}Pottassery}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pottassery
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = [[thumb]]
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|59|42|N|76|30|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20873
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673602
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL—Kerala|KL]]-57
| website = www.pottassery.com
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pottassery-I''' is a village in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], India. It forms a part of the [[Kanjirampuzha (gram panchayat)|Kanjirappuzha]] for administrative purposes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224715&rlbtype=V |access-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200109/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224715&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Pottassery-I had a population of 20,873 with 10,052 males and 10,821 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pottassery- I Village Population - Mannarkad - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627617-pottassery-i-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

{{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}

Ambalappara

2025-12-20T05:46:26Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambalappara
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]
| image_skyline = File:Ambalapara.jpg
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.82993|76.41060|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:25
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''679512'''
}}
'''Ambalapara''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Ambalapara-I]] and [[Ambalapara-II]] and forms a part of the [[Ottapalam]] [[taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of the National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224730&rlbtype=V |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231750/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224730&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2013-12-30 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Ambalappara has a population of 38,276 people. According to bureaucratic niceties, Ambalapara-I has 13,387 people and Ambalapara-II has 24,889 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambalapara - I Village Population - Ottappalam - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627593-ambalapara--i-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambalapara - II Village Population - Ottappalam - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627592-ambalapara--ii-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Post office==
Ambalappara has a post office, and the pin-code is 679512.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/PALAKKAD/A/AMBALAPARA|title=Pin Code: AMBALAPARA, PALAKKAD, KERALA, India, Pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Sultan Shahin

2025-12-15T21:10:18Z

ModestoMolino5: Adding First Article V1

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sultan Shahin
| image = Sultan-s.webp
| birth_place = Aurangabad, Bihar, India
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| occupation = Journalist, author
| notable_works = Founder of [[New Age Islam]]
}}

'''Sultan Shahin''' is an Indian journalist, editor, and the founder of the online publication ''[[New Age Islam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Together we can |url=https://www.lifepositive.com/together-we-can/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.lifepositive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAHIN |first=SULTAN |date=2016-06-04 |title=Indian ulema wary of taking on ISIS |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/5104-indian-ulema-wary-taking-isis |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalapat |first=M. D. |date=2015-11-21 |title=Sultan Shahin, not Owaisi, represents India's Muslims |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/1945-sultan-shahin-not-owaisi-represents-india-s-muslims-3 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He is known for his critical analysis of contemporary issues related to Islam,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part 1: Spiritual symbiosis |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Hinduism/is1.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.islamawareness.net}}</ref> particularly in the context of [[extremism]], [[terrorism]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam and Hinduism: Spiritual Symbiosis - Part 1 {{!}} Sultan Shahin, Founder-Editor, New Age Islam |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-pluralism/sultan-shahin-editor-new-age-islam/islam-and-hinduism--spiritual-symbiosis---part-1/d/98486 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.newageislam.com |language=en}}</ref> and the reform of Islamic thought.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-13 |title="If not the UN Charter, Muslim countries should at least follow the Quran", Sultan Shahin tells UNHRC at Geneva |url=https://sabrangindia.in/if-not-un-charter-muslim-countries-should-least-follow-quran-sultan-shahin-tells-unhrc/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Reforming Islam: A moderate Muslim's appeal – Sultan Shahin |url=https://bharatabharati.in/2016/03/30/reforming-islam-a-moderate-muslims-appeal-sultan-shahin/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=BHARATA BHARATI |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shahin was born in 1949 in a village in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]], Bihar, India. His father was a [[maulvi]] and an Urdu teacher.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chitkara |first=M. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yw7WGSSHSIC&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA138 |title=Religion 21st Century |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-310-0 |language=en}}</ref> Shahin's early education was at home and later at a local Hindi-medium school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SULTAN SHAHIN, Author at The Sunday Guardian Live |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/user/sultan-shahin |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Sultan Shahin, Author at News Intervention |url=https://www.newsintervention.com/author/sultanshahin/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=News Intervention |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite financial constraints,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ettmüller |first=Eliane Ursula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krT8DwAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA243 |title=The Construct of Egypt's National-Self in James Sanua's Early Satire and Caricature |date=2020-08-10 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-220890-8 |language=en}}</ref> he pursued higher education, earning a bachelor's degree from [[Patna University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adjusting To Modernity: Sultan Shahin Tells An American Audience What Can Be Done To Reverse The Trend Of Muslims Accepting Radical Ideologies {{!}} Sultan Shahin, Founding Editor, New Age Islam |url=https://www.newageislam.com/multimedia/modernity-sultan-shahin-american-audience-radical-ideologies/d/126142 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.newageislam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0e6DQAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PT90 |title=Essays on Iran and Israel: An Indian Perspective: An Indian Perspective |date=2014-03-15 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85714-43-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shahin's journalistic career began with the English-language organ of the Jamaat-e-Islami, ''Radiance Weekly'', in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ariel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ1ADwAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PT291 |title=Eurasia in Balance: The US and the Regional Power Shift |date=2017-11-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-15874-9 |language=en}}</ref> However, he soon left due to ideological differences. Over the years, he worked with various newspapers and news agencies, both in India and abroad, including a stint in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chande |first=M. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEhXiAnWXA4C&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA86 |title=Betrayal of Indian Democracy |date=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-792-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Sultan Shahin has worked with various media organizations, both in India and internationally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=M. Amarjeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ms6gDwAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PT280 |title=Northeast India and India's Act East Policy: Identifying the Priorities |date=2019-07-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-12418-7 |language=en}}</ref> His journalism often focuses on the challenges faced by Muslims in the modern world,<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISLAM AND HINDUISM Part 4: Similarity of the two divine messages |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/EL25Aa02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202080751/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/EL25Aa02.html |archive-date=2004-02-02 }}</ref> particularly the rise of radicalism and the need for a progressive interpretation of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bammi |first=Y. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf2pCQAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA106 |title=India Bangladesh Relations: The Way Ahead |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-20-3 |language=en}}</ref> He has been an outspoken critic of extremist ideologies and has called for a reformative approach within the Muslim community to counteract the narratives of violence and intolerance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Alvin H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4uFDwAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PT264 |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization |date=2019-01-09 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03874-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dr Tripti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YZCEAAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA296 |title=India-ASEAN Relations |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, Sultan Shahin founded ''New Age Islam,''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dehRAQAAMAAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=RA41-PA3 |title=Socialist India |date=1975 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref> a web magazine dedicated to promoting moderate and progressive views within Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khanduri |first=Ritu Gairola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf-GBAAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA292 |title=Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World |date=2014-10-02 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04332-9 |language=en}}</ref> The platform provides a space for intellectual discourse on a wide range of topics,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sinderpal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4nHBQAAQBAJ&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PT201 |title=India in South Asia: Domestic Identity Politics and Foreign Policy from Nehru to the BJP |date=2013-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-90788-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandler |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkY2-U7JW3wC&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA104 |title=Shadow World: Resurgent Russia, the Global New Left, and Radical Islam |date=2008-08-26 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59698-580-3 |language=en}}</ref> including the reinterpretation of Islamic scriptures, the role of [[women in Islam]], and the relationship between Islam and modernity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Debidatta Aurobinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFc6HRtveZQC&dq=sultan+shahin&pg=PA159 |title=Kashmir Across Loc |last2=Shekhawat |first2=Seema |date=2007-11-30 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0968-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ideology and influences ==
Shahin’s ideology, as reflected in his writings on NewAgeIslam.com, center on a passionate call for reform within Islamic thought and practice. As the founder and editor of the platform, Shahin positions himself as a progressive Muslim voice advocating for a reimagined Islam that aligns with modern values of peace, pluralism, gender justice, and tolerance, while fiercely opposing extremist ideologies like [[jihadism]], Salafism, and [[Wahhabism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAHIN |first=SULTAN |date=2013-11-14 |title=Wahhabi Impact: Influence of Wahhabi Islam on the Indian Muslim community is growing |url=https://www.newageislam.com/radical-islamism-jihad/sultan-shahin-founding-editor-new-age-islam/wahhabi-impact-influence-wahhabi-islam-indian-muslim-community-growing/d/24413 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=New Age Islam |language=en-US}}</ref>

Shahin’s work is rooted in the belief that Islam, at its core, is a spiritual path to salvation rather than a political or totalitarian ideology. He critiques the historical evolution of Islamic theology and jurisprudence, particularly from the 8th and 9th centuries, which he argues has been distorted into a framework of supremacism, xenophobia, and violence—fueling contemporary radicalism. His speeches and writings, such as "Defeating Islamism and Jihadism: Evolve a New Theology of Peace, Pluralism and Gender Justice"<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAHIN |first=SULTAN |date=2023-07-20 |title=Defeating Islamism and Jihadism: Evolve a New Theology of Peace, Pluralism and Gender Justice |url=https://southasiajournal.net/defeating-islamism-and-jihadism-evolve-a-new-theology-of-peace-pluralism-and-gender-justice-sultan-shahin-asks-muslim-states-at-unhrc-in-geneva/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=South Asia Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> and "If Islam Means Peace, Why Is Much of Its Theology Soaked In Hatred, Humiliation, Offensive War?",<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAHIN |first=SULTAN |date=2016-10-10 |title=If Islam Means Peace, Why Is Much Of Its Theology Soaked In Hatred, Humiliation, Offensive War? |url=https://www.newageislam.com/ijtihad-rethinking-islam/sultan-shahin-new-age-islam/if-islam-means-peace-its-theology-soaked-hatred-humiliation-offensive-war/d/108826 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=New Age Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> emphasize the urgent need for Muslims to rethink these theological foundations. He urges the development of a counter-narrative that reflects Islam’s original ideals of coexistence and harmony, as he perceives them, to combat the allure of jihadist ideologies among youth.

A key aspect of Shahin’s work is his critique of what he terms "Petrodollar Islam" — the spread of rigid, exclusivist interpretations funded by oil-rich states, which he sees as a betrayal of Islam’s pluralistic heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Wajihuddin |first= Mohammad |date=2010-08-11 |title=I Fight Petrodollar Islam: Sultan Shahin |url=https://www.newageislam.com/the-war-islam/mohammad-wajihuddin-talks-sultan-shahin/i-fight-petrodollar-islam-sultan-shahin/d/3275 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=New Age Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> He positions himself as a defender of a tolerant, inclusive Islam, drawing from his personal experiences with extremism to underline the stakes. His advocacy extends to practical reforms, such as in "Reform Muslim Personal Law, Use Debate on Triple Talaq as an Opportunity,"<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHAHIN |first=SULTAN |date=2016-05-15 |title=Reform Muslim Personal Law, Use Debate on Triple Talaq as an opportunity to Breach the Stagnation in Muslim Religious Thought |url=https://www.newageislam.com/debating-islam/sultan-shahin-editor-new-age-islam/reform-muslim-personal-law-use-debate-triple-talaq-opportunity-breach-stagnation-muslim-religious-thought/d/107305 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=New Age Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> where he calls for modernizing Muslim personal laws in India, particularly on issues like triple talaq, to address gender inequality and stagnation in religious thought.

Shahin’s approach is both intellectual and activist. He engages with Islamic texts, history, and contemporary issues, often addressing the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) to amplify his message globally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-26 |title=Addressing the UNHRC at Geneva Sultan Shahin Questions Contemporary Applicability of Contextual Verses of Quran Meant For 7th Century Wars and the Divinity of Hadith and Sharia |url=https://www.newageislam.com/ijtihad-rethinking-islam/sultan-shahin-founding-editor-new-age-islam/addressing-unhrc-geneva-sultan-shahin-questions-contemporary-applicability-contextual-verses-quran-meant-7th-century-wars-divinity-hadith-sharia/d/108674 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=New Age Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> His writings reflect a deep frustration with the Muslim community’s failure to confront radicalism proactively and a conviction that progressive reinterpretation (via principles like [[Ijtihad]]) is essential for Islam to remain relevant in the 21st century. While he acknowledges the diversity of Muslim societies, he consistently challenges the ulema and traditional scholars to shed outdated doctrines and embrace a theology that prioritizes human rights and mutual respect across faiths.

In essence, Shahin’s work reveals an ideology that is reformist, pluralistic, and anti-extremist, driven by a vision of Islam as a dynamic, evolving faith capable of fostering peace and justice in a modern, interconnected world.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.newageislam.com/interview/sultan-shahin-editor-new-age-islam-yoginder-s/sultan-shahin-muslims-islam-boy-said-kill-them-all-those-muslims-ahl-e-hadees/d/2924 Sultan Shahin on Muslims and Islam: The Boy Said: "Kill Them, All Those Muslims Who Are Not Ahl-e-Hadees"]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahin, Sultan}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:Indian bloggers]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ayodhya Assembly constituency

2025-12-11T00:56:36Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{short description|Legislative assembly in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ayodhya
| map_image = 275-Ayodhya.svg
| mla = [[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
| constituency_no = 275
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,82,056
| loksabha_cons = [[Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency|Ayodhya]]
}}

'''Ayodhya''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Ayodhya]] in the [[Ayodhya district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 275 amongst 403 constituencies.

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] member [[Ved Prakash Gupta]] is the incumbent [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], who won in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Tej Narayan Pandey by a margin of 19,990 votes.<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ayodhya.html|title=Assembly result 2022|website=Elections.in|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Ayodhya.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Kishore
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Vishwanath Kapoor
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Bed Prakash Agarwal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jai Shanker Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Nirmal Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Surendra Pratap Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Jai Shanker Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Lallu Singh]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Tej Narayan Pandey]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ayodhya<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:113414}}
|percentage = 49.04
|change = {{decrease}}0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Tej Narayan Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93424}}
|percentage = 40.4
|change = {{increase}}14.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:17706}}
|percentage = 7.66
|change = {{decrease}}10.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1240}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19990}}
|percentage = 8.64
|change = {{decrease}}14.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231258}}
|percentage = 60.53
|change = {{decrease}}1.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ayodhya]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107014}}
|percentage = 49.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Tej Narayan Pandey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56574}}
|percentage = 26.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mo Bazmi Siddeke
|votes = {{formatnum:39554}}
|percentage = 18.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Banshi Lal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:5661}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1544}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50440}}
|percentage = 23.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:217488}}
|percentage = 61.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.79|82.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Rajinder Kumar (chemical engineer)

2025-11-07T17:44:25Z

ModestoMolino5: Created Initial Bio Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian chemical engineer and professor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajinder Kumar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|9|9}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = 7 February 2022
| death_place = Bengaluru
| nationality =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Hydrodynamics]] | Multiphase phenomena }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Panjab University]] | [[Delhi Technological University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| E. Weingaertner | R. L. Datta }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Modelling of multiphase phenomena
| awards = {{ublist|1976 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1985 [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers|IIChE]] Herdilia Award | 1986 [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Award]] | 1988 [[M. S. University of Baroda|MSUoB]] K. G. Naik Gold Medal | 1989 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal | 1991 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] | 1991 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Alumnus Award | 1991 [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] Award | 1997 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal | 2003 [[Padma Bhushan]] | 2008 [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers|IIChE]] Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Rajinder Kumar''' (born 1934) is an Indian chemical engineer and a former professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="The Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=The Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He is known for his studies on multiphase phenomena<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=162 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N85-0910 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227162032/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N85-0910 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kumar,_Prof._Rajinder |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1976.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} He received the third highest Indian civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He is also a recipient of [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]<ref name="OPB Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html |title=OPB Award |date=2016 |publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304133636/http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]].<ref name="Vasvik Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html |title=Vasvik Award |date=2016 |publisher=Vasvik |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102124207/http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:StuC PU.jpg|thumb|235px|Punjab University, Chandigarh]]
Rajinder Kumar, born on 9 September 1934 in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], graduated in science (BSc hons) from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]] in 1954 and did his master's degree at [[Delhi Technological University]] (then known as Delhi Polytechnic) to receive his degree of MSc Tech from Punjab University in 1955.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://chemeng.iisc.ac.in/chemeweb/faculty_kumar.htm |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1958 as a junior research assistant and simultaneously did his doctoral studies under the guidance of E. Weingaertner and R. L. Datta but submitted his thesis at Punjab University to secure a PhD in 1965.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He served IISc in various capacities,<ref name="Former Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://chemeng.iisc.ac.in/chemeweb/inmemory.htm |title=Former Faculty |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> as a lecturer (1963–67), assistant professor (1967–70), professor (from 1970) and at the time of his superannuation in 1995, he was holding the position of Divisional Chairman and Dean. He was also a member of the Internal Review Committee of the IISc in 2014.<ref name="Internal Review Committee">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/externalpeers/internalreview/5 |title=Internal Review Committee |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Post-retirement, he serves as an honorary professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]].<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Legacy ==
Focusing his studies mainly on multiphase phenomena, Kumar is known to have done extensive researches on [[hydrodynamics]] and mass transfer in multiphase systems.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He developed a two-stage model of bubble formation from single submerged nozzles which clarified the discrepancies in experimental data and is in use with industrially–relevant distributors.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He developed a set of performance prediction protocols to be employed in foam bed contactors and batch sonochemical reactors. He also contributed to the development of a large scale [[fluidized bed reactor]] by which [[copper sulphate]] is manufactured directly from [[chalcopyrite]]s.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners" /> His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 63 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Kumar=3ARajinder=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He sat in the Society and the Governing Body of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and has been associated with government departments and agencies such as the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[National Digital Research Centre]] and National Innovation Foundation as a member of their various committees.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He was a member of the Indian National Science Academy Council in 1990 and held the vice-president's chair during 1991–92.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Kumar the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1976<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] awarded him the Herdilia Award in 1985.<ref name="Awards:">{{Cite web |url=http://chemeng.iisc.ac.in/chemeweb/images/pdf/ChemEbrochure.pdf |title=Awards |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Engineering brochure - IISc}}</ref> A year later, he received the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]]<ref name="Vasvik Award" /> followed by the K. G. Naik Gold Medal of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in 1988.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> The Indian National Science Academy selected him for the Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal in 1989;<ref name="The Syed Husain Zaheer Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |title=The Syed Husain Zaheer Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |url-status=dead }}</ref> INSA would honor him again in 1997 with Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal<ref name="The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs |title=The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year 1991 brought him three awards, [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]],<ref name="OPB Award" /> FICCI Award<ref name="Awards:" /> and Alumnus Award for excellence in research of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="IISc Alumnus Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-awards/alumni-award-for-excellence-in-research-in-scienceengineering/ |title=IISc Alumnus Award |date=2016 |publisher=IISc Alumni Association}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|He shared the IISC Alumnus Award in its inaugural year with [[Padmanabhan Balaram]]}} The Government of India included him in the 2003 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honors]] list for the third highest civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> In 2008, the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers awarded him the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="IIChE Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiche.org.in/lifetimeawards.php |title=IIChE Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers}}</ref>

Kumar held the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Visiting Fellowship of INSA in 1995.<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary visiting Fellowship Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/international2.php |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary visiting Fellowship Awardees |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1979<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1985.<ref name="The Year Book 2016" /> He is also an elected fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="INAE fellows" /> The list of award orations delivered by him include Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm |title=Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413015954/http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Basu, Suddhasatwa |author2=Kumar, R. |author3=Gandhi, K. S. |title=Detachment of a coalesced-phase blod from a circular obstacle in a Hele-Shaw cell |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |publication-date=1997 |volume=52 |issue=16 |pages=2849–2855 |doi=10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00092-4|bibcode=1997ChEnS..52.2849B }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rajan, R. |author2=Kumar, R. |author3=Gandhi, K. S. |title=Modelling of sonochemical oxidation of the water-KI-CCl4 system |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |publication-date=1998 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=255–271 |doi=10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00211-X}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Niyogi, Debdarsan |author2=Kumar, R. |author3=Gandhi, K. S. |title=Water blown free rise polyurethane foams |journal=Polymer Engineering & Science |publication-date=1999 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=199–209 |doi=10.1002/pen.11408}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Bandyopadhyaya, Rajdip |author2=Kumar, R. |author3=Gandhi, K. S. |title=Simulation of precipitation reactions in reverse micelles |journal=Langmuir |publication-date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=18 |pages=7139–7149 |doi=10.1021/la000101a}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Bhattacharjee, Samita |author2=Kumar, R. |author3=Gandhi, K. S. |title=Modelling of protein mixture separation in a batch foam column |journal=Chemical Engineering Science |publication-date=2001 |volume=56 |issue=19 |pages=5499–5510 |doi=10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00156-7|bibcode=2001ChEnS..56.5499B }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sonochemistry]]
* [[Hele-Shaw flow]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajinder}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Dombi Heruka

2025-11-06T13:38:56Z

ModestoMolino5: Added first info initial version

{{Short description|Mahasiddha in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Dombi Heruka.jpg|thumb|18th century image of Dombi Heruka]]
'''Dombi Heruka''' (8th-9th century CE, [[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|Ḍombi Heruka}}, {{bo|t=ཌོམ་བི་ཧེ་རུ་ཀ|w=Dom bi he ru ka}}), also known as '''Dombipa''' (Sanskrit: {{IAST|Ḍombipa}}, {{bo|t=ཌོམྦི་པ།|w=Dom bhi pa}}) and by his epithet '''Tiger-Rider''',{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=53|pp=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dombipa Heruka: The "Tiger Rider" - Abhayadatta Sri |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/dombipa-heruka-the-tiger-rider-abhayadatta-sri/zAH5JZCJRGNVkg |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> is one of the eighty-four [[mahasiddha]]s ('great adept') venerated in [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]. In paintings and sculptures, he is depicted seated on a tiger, with a snake in his hand, sometimes in union with his consort.

Dombi Heruka is described as king of [[Magadha]] or [[Tripura]]; or at least a [[Brahmin]] son of a local chieftain. His legends and name emphasize his relationship with an [[Dalit|outcaste]] spiritual consort, which was taboo. He is associated with Tantric rituals related to the deity [[Hevajra]]. A few works including ''[[Sahaja#Sahaja-siddhi|Shri-sahaja-siddhi]]'' are attributed to Dombi Heruka.

Various [[lama]] lineages like the [[Gelug|Gelugpa]] [[Longdol]] Lama, [[Trungpa tülkus|Trungpa tulkus]] and [[Tai Situpa]] lamas claim to be incarnations of Dombi Heruka.

== Names and dating ==
Dombi Heruka is an amalgamation of two terms - ''dombi'' and ''heruka''. ''[[Doma (caste)|Dombi]]'' refers to an [[Dalit|"untouchable"]] nomadic artist [[Varna (Hinduism)|caste]], to which the mahasiddha's spiritual consort belonged. ''Heruka'' refers to the deity [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra#Deity, myth and mandala|Samvara]] or the mahasiddha's chosen deity [[Hevajra]]. It also refers to [[siddha]]s, who embody the god's attributes. His legend says that Dombi Heruka becomes Hevajra, which may also explain his name.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

His other name, Dombipa, means "he who relates with the lower caste"<ref name=":0" /> or "Lord of the Dombi".{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

Dombi Heruka possibly was born in the late eighth century CE and lived through the early ninth century.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

== Legends ==
According to the legend in [[Abhayadatta Sri]]'s 12th century work on the mahasiddhas, Dombi Heruka was a king of [[Magadha]]. He was a student of another mahasiddha [[Virūpa|Virupa]]. Virupa taught him the [[Tibetan tantric practice|mediational methods]] to realize the deity Hevajra. He was a benevolent ruler. He hung a bell in the city, which could be rung by the subjects in need. The well-governed kingdom prospered.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=53}}

Once, a group of wandering minstrels (Dombis){{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=57|pp=}} visited to entertain the king. The enlightened king observed amongst them a virgin twelve-year old girl, whom he found suitable as a spiritual consort. Though she was an [[Dalit|outcaste]], the king practised [[Karmamudrā|tantric rites with her]] in secrecy for twelve years. When her low-caste status was revealed to the subjects, the king was forced to abdicate due to the scandal, handing over the kingdom to his son. Dombi Heruka retired to the forest with his mystical consort. In a hermitage, he practised tantric rites with his consort for twelve years.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=|pp=54-5}}

The kingdom fell into decline. A delegation went to the forest to request the king to return. There they observed the consort miraculously walking on lotus leaves to the middle of the lake and fetching elixir deep from the lake. The representatives were bewildered and announced the incident to the subjects. Another group visited back and invited the king back to rule, to which he acceded.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=54|pp=}}

[[File:Dombi Heruka Tibet.jpg|thumb|19th century painting of Dombi Heruka returning to the capital with his consort, as citizens bow to him.]]
The king returned riding a pregnant tigress, in copulation with his consort and with a snake in his hand as the whip. Since he had lived with an outcaste woman, he declared that he become impure and requested the people to burn him and his consort on a pyre from which he would be reborn. After the sandalwood pyre burnt for a week, the mahasiddha and his consort appeared from the embers as a divine couple in union, like the deity Hevajra. The people bowed to the mahasiddha, calling him Dombipa, "the Lord of the Dombi". He told his subjects to emulate him or he would leave them. While the people refused, the mahasiddha denounced political power in a sermon and flew to the Dakini's Paradise.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=|pp=54-6}}

The account by Taranatha (1575–1634) mirrors Abhayadatta Sri's account, with some variation. Dombi is described as king of [[Tripura]] here. Instead of his fire ritual, Dombi wandered with his consort. In [[Rarh region|Radha]], he flew on his tiger, with snakes leading the king and his subjects to convert to Buddhism. In [[Karnataka]], he taught almost 500 yogic disciples, who earned ''[[siddhi]]''. In another place in [[South India]], he persuaded people to shun animal sacrifice.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=|pp=58-9}}

As per Trungpa legend, Dombi Heruka was a [[Brahmin]] born to a local chieftain, living in India. He studied the [[mahamudra]] philosophy of Buddhism. He took an outcaste girl as his tantric consort, to the displeasure of his parents. Dombi Heruka became an "accomplished siddha", spending his time having coitus with the consort and drinking seven gallons of ''[[chhaang]]'' alcohol on his house's rooftop. When his parents decided to end Dombi Heruka's lifestyle by arresting him, the mahasiddha flew into the air with consort, kicking the alcohol jar. An endless alcohol stream flowed from the jar, flooding the entire village. While the villagers were about to perish by drowning, the terrified parents pleaded to Dombi Heruka to forgive them. The mahasiddha sang a Tibetan song starting with "He who knows the nature of the mind, does not know the nature of confusion" and converted his parents and the village to Buddhism. Then, he left his palace with his consort, riding a tiger. In the jungle, people are said to see him riding a tiger in an inebriated state.<ref name=":0" />

== Teachers and disciples ==
While most sources agree that Virupa is his guru, some suggest that [[Luipada|Luipa]] may have also taught him.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

Taranatha states that Dombi Heruka had ten disciples, chief among them Alalavajra, Garbaripa, Jayashri, and Rahulavajra. G(h)arbaripa (identified with the mahasiddha [[Dharmapa]]) and [[Kanhapa|Krishnacharya]] (sometimes described his guru) are also described his disciples.{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

== Works ==
Though Dombi Heruka wrote few works, they are considered important. The ''[[Sahaja#Sahaja-siddhi|Shri-sahaja-siddhi]]'' is a condensed version of the ''[[Hevajra Tantra]].'' He also wrote the Kurukulla-kalpa and ''Ekavira-sadhana.''{{Sfn|Dowman|1985|p=59|pp=}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Dombi Heruka and Marpa Chokyi Lodro.jpg|thumb|Dombi Heruka (left) and Marpa Chokyi Lodro are both considered pre-incarnations of the Longol lamas.]]
The [[lama]] lineage of [[Trungpa tülkus|Trungpa tulkus]] are believed to be reincarnations of Dombi Heruka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Trungpa |first=Chogyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yD7aTmse_XAC&q=dombipa&pg=PA106 |title=The Mishap Lineage: Transforming Confusion into Wisdom |date=14 July 2009 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-0-8348-2124-8 |pages=36–38, 122 |language=en}}</ref> As per Trungpa legend, Dombi Heruka once threw his skull cap in the air from India and decreed that he would reincarnate when the cup fell. It fell at [[Surmang]] in Tibet, where the Surmang monastery – the seat of the Trungpa tulkas –- was founded.<ref name=":0" />

Another lama lineage claiming Dombi Heruka are the [[Gelug|Gelugpa]] [[Longdol]] Lamas, most prominent of them is [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa Chokyi Lodro]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[Tai Situpa]] lamas from the [[Karma Kagyu|Karma Kagyu school]] are also incarnations of Dombi Heruka, besides of the deity [[Maitreya]].<ref name=":1" />

== Iconography ==
Dombi Heruka is depicted in art as single works or series works, pertaining to the eighty-four mahasiddhas or the lama lineages he is associated with.<ref name=":1" />

Dombi Heruka is easily identifiable among the eighty-four mahasiddhas due to his unique iconography. He is depicted riding a tiger.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept: Dombi Heruka Confusions |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6403 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref> The mahasiddhas are depicted iconographically in three types: a layman, a monk and a siddha (''heruka''). Dombi Heruka's iconography mirrors that of a ''heruka,'' who are depicted wearing bone ornaments and in unique "contrived and contorted postures".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition: Mahasiddha (Three Types of Appearance) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6400 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref>

In paintings, Dombi Heruka is depicted riding a tiger, embracing his consort. Both of them may be depicted naked. Sometimes, Dombi Heruka may wear a loincloth. Both of them wear a crown adorned with skulls, bone or gold ornaments and jewelled earrings. In his raised right hand, he holds poisonous snake as a whip. The hood of the snake is visible. His left arm may hold the consort; he may hold a [[Kapala|skull cup]] filled with [[Amrita|elixir]]. Alternately, his hand may a fierce ''[[mudra]]'' (gesture)''.'' The consort holds a filled skull cup in her left hand. A corpse may be depicted on her thigh. The couple astride the tiger may be depicted in the forest or leaving the forest and triumphantly entering the capital. In the latter scene, Dombi Heruka's subjects may be seen bowing before him and making offering of food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Donald S. Lopez |title=Seeing the Sacred in Samsara: An Illustrated Guide to the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas |date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1-61180-404-1 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept (siddha) - Dombi Heruka (Himalayan Art) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/items/228 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref> In sculpture and paintings, the mahasiddha may be depicted alone on the tiger, without a consort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept (siddha) - Dombi Heruka (Himalayan Art) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/items/7569 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept (siddha) - Dombi Heruka (Himalayan Art) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/items/59830 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept (siddha) - Dombi Heruka (Himalayan Art) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/items/3314786 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Adept (siddha) - Dombi Heruka (Himalayan Art) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/items/69817 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Dowman |first = Keith|title=Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-Four Buddhist Siddhas |date=1985|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-88706-158-3 |language=en}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.termatree.com/blogs/termatree/the-eighty-four-mahasiddhas-masters-of-the-tantric-path?srsltid=AfmBOoq9lYJqzuwrrLFA3HN4d0b1zlS3M8HwDOz3ceFrPfH4DGe-VjdY The Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas: Masters of the Tantric Path]

[[Category:Mahasiddhas]]
[[Category:Poets of Charyapada]]

SCSMT Kolhapur–Pune Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-14T14:32:14Z

ModestoMolino5:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{For|its sharing train and India's 62nd semi-high speed train|SSS Hubballi–Pune Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = SCSMT Kolhapur – Pune Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = SSS Hubballi - Pune - SCSMT Kolhapur Mini Vande Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini Vande Bharat Express heading towards [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] railway station
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date|2024|09|16|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|19 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways (SWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|SCSMT Kolhapur]] '''(KOP)'''
| stops = 05
| end = {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} '''(PUNE)'''
| distance = {{convert|326|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 05 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Three days a week {{efn|Mondays, Thursdays & Saturdays}}
| trainnumber = 20673 / 20674
| line_used = *[[Kolhapur–Miraj line]]
*[[Pune–Miraj–Londa line|Londa–Miraj–Pune line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|62|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[South Western Railway zone|SSS Hubballi Jn (UBL)]]
| map = {{SSS Hubballi-Pune-SCSMT Kolhapur VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| sharing = [[SSS Hubballi–Pune Vande Bharat Express|20669/20670 SSS Hubballi ⇔ Pune Vande Bharat Express]]
}}
The 20673/20674 '''SCSMT Kolhapur - Pune ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 63rd [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the bank city of [[Kolhapur]] with the [[Deccan Plateau]] city of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=⚡लवकरच सुरु होणार Pune-Hubli आणि Kolhapur-Pune मार्गावर आठ डब्यांच्या वंदे भारत गाड्या; जाणून घ्या वेळा, थांबे आणि इतर तपशील |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/quickly/maharashtra/vande-bharat-trains-eight-coach-vande-bharat-trains-to-start-soon-on-pune-hubli-and-kolhapur-pune-routes-know-timings-stops-and-other-details-574704.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=पुढारी |date=2024-09-13 |title=कोल्हापूर-पुणे स्वतंत्र 'वंदे भारत' धावणार |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/kolhapur/vande-bharat-will-run-on-kolhapur-pune-route |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on September 16, 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM flags off Kolhapur-Pune Vande Bharat Express |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/pm-modi-launches-kolhapur-pune-vande-bharat-express-a-new-era-in-rail-connectivity/articleshow/113403074.cms |access-date=2024-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi Launches Vande Bharat Trains On 6 New Routes - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/pm-modi-inaugurated-6-new-vande-bharat-trains/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|SCSMT Kolhapur]], [[Miraj Junction railway station|Miraj Jn]], [[Sangli railway station|Sangli]], [[Kirloskarvadi railway station|Kirloskarvadi]], [[Karad railway station|Karad]], [[Satara railway station|Satara]] and [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Jn]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolhapur-Pune Vande Bharat Train: Ticket Prices, Schedule & Stops - Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/kolhapur-pune-vande-bharat-train-ticket-prices-schedule-stops-everything-you-need-to-know |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Kolhapur-Pune Vande Bharat Express Ticket To Cost Rs 560, PM Modi to Virtually Flag Off Today - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/kolhapur-pune-vande-bharat-express-ticket-to-cost-rs-560-pm-modi-to-virtually-flag-off-today/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en}}</ref> It currently operates with train numbers 20673/20674 on 3 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniket |title=20673/SCSMT Kolhapur - Pune Vande Bharat Express - Kolhapur SCSM Terminus to Pune SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/scsmt-kolhapur-pune-vande-bharat-express-20673/235487/77/76 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the same fifty-ninth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and forty-second [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 20673/20674 SCSMT Kolhapur - Pune Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''3 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{cvt|326|km}} in a travel time of 05 hrs 15 mins with average speed of {{cvt|62|km/h}}. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]]
* [[Pune Junction railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SCSMT Kolhapur-Pune Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]

Rail Wheel Plant, Bela

2025-10-07T02:57:19Z

ModestoMolino5: cleaned up details per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Railway wheels manufacturing unit in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rail Wheel Plant, Bela
| native_name = रेल पहिया कारखाना, बेला
| logo =
| type = [[Factory|Production unit]]
| image = Rail wheel plant bela dariyapur.jpg
| foundation = {{Start date|2004}}
| location = Bela, [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Bihar]]
| key_people = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] (Minister for Railways) Atulya Sinha (Chief Administrative Officer)<ref name="CAO">{{cite web |url=https://rwp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,570 |title=CAO's Desk |date=5 April 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
| locations = 
| area_served = India
| industry = Rail
| products = Wheels for Indian Railways
| services =
| revenue = {{INRConvert|15|b}} (2011–12)<ref name="Budget">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget12-13/Railway%20Revenue%20Receipts%20%26%20Expenditure%202012-13.pdf |title=Railways Fiscal Budget 2012 |access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://rwp.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name = Indian Railways
|logo_filename =
|logo_size =200px
|system_map =
|map_caption =
|map_size =
|marks = IR
|image =
|image_size =
|image_caption =
|locale = India
|start_year = {{Start date|2014}}
|end_year = Present
|predecessor_line =
|successor_line =
|gauge =
|old_gauge =
|electrification =
|length =
|hq_city = [[East Central Railway Zone|East Central Railway Zonal Headquarters]], [[Hajipur]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Rail Wheel Plant, Bela''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: '''रेल पहिया कारखाना, बेला''') is an independent production unit of [[Indian Railways]] situated in the Bela gram panchayat of [[Dariapur community development block|Dariapur Block]], [[Parsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parsa]] in [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bela-factory-to-make-wheels-for-passenger-trains/articleshow/51689327.cms |title=Bela factory to make wheels for passenger trains |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 April 2016}}</ref> It was inaugurated in 2008 by former Railway Minister [[Laloo Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad Yadav]], and was built at a cost of {{INRConvert|1450|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Record-production-at-Bela-wheel-factory/articleshow/51261344.cms |title=official inauguration not yet March 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The station is spread over an area of {{convert|165|acre|km2}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141212/jsp/bihar/story_3269.jsp#.V4qDRdJ97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625104334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141212/jsp/bihar/story_3269.jsp#.V4qDRdJ97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2015 |title=Rudy inauguration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/rail-wheel-plant-waiting-for-its-vvip-inauguration/story-OefjlahoLVajmZvRuGGUHJ.html |title=VVIP Inauguration Bela 2015 |date=23 February 2015}}</ref> and employs approximately 956 persons appointed by the Indian Railways, along with 300 contractual staff members.

== Construction ==

The Rail Wheel Plant's construction, which started in July 2008, was a step to revive industrialization in [[North Bihar]]. Indian Railways made history by awarding this project as an Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) contract to Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T). It was the first time in the history of Indian Railways that a highly sophisticated factory was set up without any foreign collaboration. It was possible because of the in-house capability of railway engineers and expertise of L&T. The construction division of L&T (ECC) was involved in civil & electrical works, whereas the Railway Business Unit (an initiative of L&T in rolling stock projects) set up methods and procedures along with interfacing of equipment. Working in close coordination with contractors and sub-contractors, Indian Railways achieved completion of the project within the stipulated time-frame of 40 months (24 months of the original time schedule and additional extensions).

It was a challenge for Indian Railways to start civil works in a difficult site which is surrounded by rivers on all sides. To add to complications, the elevation of the plant was lower than the river bed. Because the soil was loose, stone columns were constructed to increase the load-bearing capacity of the soil. Additionally, Bihar is a remote area so L&T deployed 24-hour security because there was the constant fear of unlawful activities by locals and Maoist insurgents.

One siding Railway line from the plant site to [[Nayagaon railway station]] is under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rwp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,300|title=Rail Wheel Plant/Bela on Map-The Plant is located at Bela, Distt. Saran. State highway( Sitalpur – Parsa) is passing west site of Plant, NH-19 ( Hajipur- Chhapra) is available at 4Km from Plant site, Sitalpur Railway station}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The plant dispatched its first consignment of about 250 broad gauge passenger coach wheels in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Execution-of-rail-projects-Sarans-biggest-gain-in-16/articleshow/56244188.cms|title=Execution of rail projects Saran's biggest gain in '16 | Patna News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> Nearly 3000 workers were employed during peak construction period including 300 highly skilled engineers of various specialties.

== Safety ==

The Rail Wheel Plant project was completed with a safety record of 1 million safe man hours. This admirable safety record was achieved through a daily morning pep-talk and vigilant site supervision by trained and qualified safety stewards.

== Villages affected ==
The villages of [[Dariapur community development block|Dariyapur Block]] specially Lalu Tola, Mushahari, Durbela, Babu Tola, and Kochwara were affected by the acquisition of land from farmers of these villages.

[[Indian Railways]] compensated farmers for the acquired lands and promised them jobs in the plant.

== Electricity ==
The State Government in collaboration with [[Power Grid Corporation of India]] founded the Sitalpur Power Grid in the year 2000 to provide electricity to the plant and neighboring villages in a radius of 25 km.

== Education ==
The Rail Wheel Plant founded some institutions for its employee and members of neighboring villages, especially Bela Gram Panchayat and Dariyapur:
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bela (affiliated from CBSE Delhi)
* Yamunachari High School, Dariyapur (State Government School affiliated from BSEB Patna)
* Government High School, Dariyapur (State Government School affiliated from BSEB Patna)

==See also==

* [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
* [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Asansol]]
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
* [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]]
* [[Rail Wheel Factory]], [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Titagarh Wagons]], [[Titagarh]]
* [[List of locomotive builders|List of locomotive builders by countries]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rwp.indianrailways.gov.in/ Rail wheel plant bela site]
* [http://www.workshopprojects.org/tender-files/tender_doc_9_16.pdf Tender notice of Rail wheel Factory Bela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062329/http://www.workshopprojects.org/tender-files/tender_doc_9_16.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.workshopprojects.org/ Indian Railways, Workshop Projects, Patna]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-30/patna/27906940_1_wheel-factory-railway-minister-lalu-prasad Lalu kicks off work at Chhapra wheel factory - Times Of India]
* [http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ecr/notice/1330597456938_tender%20notice.pdf INDIAN RAILWAYS WORKSHOP PROJECTS Office of the Chief ...]!, Indian Railways

{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Coach and wagon manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Saran district]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants in Bihar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 2008]]

Karnataka Premier League

2025-09-25T20:23:14Z

ModestoMolino5: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian cricket league}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Karnataka Premier League
| image =
| size =
| caption =
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| administrator = [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| first = 2009/10
| last = 2019
| next =
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] & [[playoffs]]
| participants = [[#Teams|7]]
| champions = Bijapur Bulls (2nd titles)
| most successful = Bijapur Bulls (2 titles)
| qualification =
| website = [http://www.kpl.cricket/home.html www.kpl.cricket]
}}

'''Karnataka Premier League''' was an Indian [[Twenty20 cricket]] league established by the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA) in August 2009 and modelled after the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). KPL created history during 2017 by reaching 1.5 crore people with the help of a Digital Marketing Company named Popupster.<ref>{{Citation |title=Popupster |language=en-IN |work=Popupster |url=https://popupster.in/ }}</ref>

It was replaced by [[Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20]] in 2022 due to betting and match fixing scandals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudarshan |first=N. |date=2022-07-16 |title=Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20 launched |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/maharaja-trophy-ksca-t20-launched/article65647768.ece |access-date=2023-08-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Teams ==
As of 2023 the tournament uses a franchise model with teams allocated after a bidding process.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!Captain
!Owner(s)
|-
| Bangalore Brigadiers
| [[Deepak Chougule]]
| [[Brigade Enterprises]]
|-
| Provident Bangalore
| [[Balachandra Akhil]]
| Melmont Constructions
|-
| Mangalore United
| [[Bharat Chipli]]
| Fiza Developers
|-
| [[Belagavi Panthers]]
| [[Jagadeesh Arunkumar]]
| Gaames Merchandise Pvt Ltd
|-
| [[Shamanur Davangere Diamonds]]
| [[Sunil Joshi]]
| [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
|-
| Bijapur Bulls
| SP Shinde
| Vivid kreations
|-
| [[Mysuru Warriors]]
| [[Manish Pandey]]
| [[NR Group]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysuruwarriors.com/Owners.aspx|title=Owners :: Mysuru Warriors|website=mysuruwarriors.com|access-date=2016-09-21|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005140419/http://www.mysuruwarriors.com/Owners.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Namma Shivamogga]]
| [[Stuart Binny]]
| R Kumar (Cosmic IT Groups)
|-
| Rockstars
| [[Sudeep]]
| [[Karbonn Mobiles]]
|-
| [[Bellary Tuskers]]
| C. Raghu
| Arvind Reddy
|-
| Hubli Tigers
|
| Sushil Jindal & Abhishek Jindal
|-
| Bengaluru Blasters
|
|Kalyani Motors
|}
{{Location map+|Karnataka|places={{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.9716 |long=77.5946 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Bangalore Brigadiers]]}}</div>|position=top}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.9716 |long=77.5946 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Provident Bangalore]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.9141 |long=74.8560 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Mangalore United]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=15.8531 |long=74.5074 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Belagavi Panthers]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=14.4644 |long=75.9215 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Shamanur Davangere Diamonds]]}}</div>|position=top}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=16.8302 |long=75.7100 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Bijapur Bulls]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.2958 |long=76.6394 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Mysuru Warriors]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=13.9316 |long=75.5701 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Namma Shivamogga]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.9716 |long=77.5946 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|Rockstars}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=15.1394 |long=76.9214 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Bellary Tuskers]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=15.3593 |long=75.1240 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Hubli Tigers]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Karnataka |lat=12.9716 |long=77.5946 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:8px;">{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru Blasters]]}}</div>|position=left}}|caption=Location of KPL teams}}

==Tournament seasons and results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season !! Teams !! Final's venue !! Winner !! Margin !! Runner-up
|-align=center
| 2009 || 8 || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] || '''Provident Bangalore''' ''125/5 (19.2 overs)'' || '''''5 wickets''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/424098/Bangalore-Provident-(Rural)-vs-Belagavi-Panthers-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League-Cup Scorecard] || Belagavi Panthers ''122/7 (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2010 || 8 || M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru || '''Mangalore United''' ''112/9 (20 overs)'' || '''''44 runs''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/476857/Bangalore-Provident-(Rural)-vs-Mangalore-United-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League-Cup Scorecard] || Provident Bangalore ''68 all out (16.1 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2011
| colspan=5 rowspan="3"|''Not played''
|-align=center
| 2012
|-align=center
| 2013
|-align=center
| 2014 || 7 || [[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubballi]] || '''Mysore Warriors''' ''174/4 (19.5 overs)''|| '''''6 wickets''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/777451/Belagavi-Panthers-vs-Mysore-Warriors-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League Scorecard] || Belagavi Panthers ''170/7 (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2015 || 8 || [[Gangothri Glades Cricket Ground]], [[Mysuru]] || '''Bijapur Bulls''' ''115/3 (17.1 overs)'' || '''''7 wickets''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/917005/Bijapur-Bulls-vs-Hubli-Tigers-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League Scorecard] || Hubli Tigers ''114/9 (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2016 || 8 || D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium, Hubballi || '''Bellary Tuskers''' ''189/5 (20 overs)'' || '''''35 runs''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/1055863/Bellary-Tuskers-vs-Hubli-Tigers-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League Scorecard] || Hubli Tigers ''154/9 (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2017 || 7 || D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium, Hubballi || '''Belagavi Panthers''' ''145/4 (17.3 overs)'' || '''''6 wickets''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/1118138/Belagavi-Panthers-vs-Bijapur-Bulls-Final-Karnataka-Premier-League Scorecard] || Bijapur Bulls ''141/7 (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2018 || 7 || [[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysuru]] || '''Bijapur Bulls''' ''106/3 (13.5 overs)''||'''''7 wickets''''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8678/scorecard/1154521/bengaluru-blasters-vs-bijapur-bulls-final-karnataka-premier-league-2018 Scorecard] || Bengaluru Blasters ''101 all out (20 overs)''
|-align=center
| 2019 || 7 || [[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], || '''Hubli Tigers''' ''152/6 (20.0)''||'''''8 runs''''' [https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/23132/blary-vs-ht-final-karnataka-premier-league-2019 Scorecard]|| Bellary Tuskers ''144 all out (20 overs)''
|}

== Teams' performances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!|Season (No. of teams)
!2009 (8)
!2010 (8)
!2014 (7)
!2015 (8)
!2016 (8)
!2017 (7)
!2018 (7)
!2019 (7)
|-
| align=left|Bangalore Brigadiers
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|8th
| colspan="7" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| align=left|Belagavi Panthers
! style="background: silver" | RU
|5th
! style="background: silver" | RU
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
! style="background: gold" | C
|5th
| style="background: #cfc" |PO
|-
| align=left|Bellary Tuskers
| colspan="2" style="background: #ececec" | –
|6th
|5th
! style="background: gold" | C
|6th
|6th
! style="background: silver" | RU
|-
| align=left|Bengaluru Blasters
| colspan="5" style="background: #ececec" | –
|7th
! style="background: silver" | RU
|7th
|-
| align=left|Bijapur Bulls
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|7th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
! style="background: gold" | C
|5th
! style="background: silver" | RU
! style="background: gold" | C
|6th
|-
| align=left|Hubli Tigers
| colspan="2" style="background: #ececec" | –
|5th
! style="background: silver" | RU
! style="background: silver" | RU
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
! style="background: gold" | C
|-
| align=left|Malnad Gladiators/Namma Shivamogga/Shivamogga Lions
|8th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
| colspan="1" style="background: #ececec" | –
|6th
|6th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|7th
| style="background: #cfc" |PO
|-
| align=left|Mangalore United
|6th
! style="background: gold" | C
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|7th
| colspan="3" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| align=left|Mysore Maharaajas/Mysuru Warriors
|5th
|6th
! style="background: gold" | C
|7th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|5th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
|5th
|-
| align=left|Provident Bangalore
! style="background: gold" | C
! style="background: silver" | RU
| colspan="7" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| align=left|Rockstars
| colspan="2" style="background: #ececec" | –
|7th
|8th
|7th
| colspan="3" style="background: #ececec" | –
|-
| align=left|Shamanur Davangere Diamonds
|7th
| style="background: #cfc" |SF
| colspan="7" style="background: #ececec" | –
|}

==Statistics==
===Highest team score===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Score
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!245/6
|Hubli Tigers
|Rockstars
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|10 September 2014
|-
!241/7
|Mysuru Warriors
|Bellary Tuskers
| rowspan="2" |[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
| rowspan="2" |26 August 2019
|-
!240/2
|Bellary Tuskers
|Mysuru Warriors
|-
!228/5
|Bengaluru Blasters
|Belagavi Panthers
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|15 August 2018
|-
!219/4
|Mysuru Warriors
|Rockstars
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|18 September 2016
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-highest-innings-totals/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Lowest team score===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Score
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!52
|Mysuru Warriors
|Namma Shivamogga
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|19 September 2017
|-
!61
|Malnad Gladiators
|Mysuru Maharajaas
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|16 September 2009
|-
!68
|Provident Bangalore
|Mangalore United
|29 September 2010
|-
!78
|Rockstars
|Bellary Tuskers
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|10 September 2015
|-
!81
|Bangalore Brigadiers
|Mangalore United
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|25 September 2010
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-lowest-innings-totals/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Most career runs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
!1430
|[[Bharat Chipli]]
|55
|2009-19
|-
!1419
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|41
|2009-17
|-
!1341
|[[Mohammed Taha]]
|45
|2014-19
|-
!1252
|[[Raju Bhatkal]]
|53
|2009-19
|-
!1222
|[[Vinay Kumar]]
|53
|2009-19
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Highest individual score===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!134*
|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
|Bellary Tuskers
|Shivamogga Lions
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|23 August 2019
|-
!125
|[[Aniruddha Joshi]]
|Mysuru Warriors
|Bellary Tuskers
|[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|26 August 2019
|-
!119*
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
| rowspan="3" |Belagavi Panthers
| rowspan="2" |Mangalore United
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|29 September 2015
|-
!112*
|[[Manish Pandey]]
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|14 September 2009
|-
!108*
|[[Stalin Hoover]]
|Shivamogga Lions
|[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|25 August 2019
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-innings/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Most career sixes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sixes
!Player
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
!65
|[[Mohammed Taha]]
|45
|2014-19
|-
!64
|[[Bharat Chipli]]
|55
| rowspan="2" |2009-19
|-
!58
|[[Aniruddha Joshi]]
|49
|-
!55
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|41
|2009-17
|-
!49
|Mohanram Nidesh
|53
|2009-19
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-sixes-career/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Most runs in a season===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
!414
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|Belagavi Panthers
| rowspan="2" |2016
|-
!358
|[[Mohammed Taha]]
| rowspan="2" |Hubli Tigers
|-
!347
|[[KL Rahul]]
|2014
|-
!338
|[[Sadiq Kirmani]]
|Namma Shivamogga
|2015
|-
!326
|[[J. Arunkumar]]
|Belagavi Panthers
|2009
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-series/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Most career wickets===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Innings
!Seasons
|-
!73
|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
|47
|2009-19
|-
!62
|[[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]
|39
| rowspan="2" |2014-19
|-
!57
|[[Jagadeesha Suchith]]
|41
|-
!56
|[[Vinay Kumar]]
|51
| rowspan="2" |2009-19
|-
!45
|[[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]]
|48
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Best bowling figures===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Figures
!Player
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!8/15
|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
|Bellary Tuskers
|Shivamogga Lions
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|23 August 2019
|-
!6/11
|[[Nikin Jose]]
|Mysuru Warriors
|Rockstars
| rowspan="2" |[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|17 September 2015
|-
!5/17
|Dilp Sagar
|Bangalore Brigadiers
|Mysuru Maharajaas
|18 September 2009
|-
! rowspan="2" |5/20
|[[Jagadeesha Suchith]]
|Mysuru Warriors
|Bellary Tuskers
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|7 September 2015
|-
|[[Abhishek Bhat]]
|Bengaluru Blasters
|Hubli Tigers
|[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|6 September 2017
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-figures-innings/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Most wickets in a season===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Team
!Season
|-
!21
|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
|Bellary Tuskers
|2019
|-
!17
|[[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]
|Belagavi Panthers
|2009
|-
! rowspan="4" |16
|[[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|K. C. Cariappa]]
|Bijapur Bulls
|2015
|-
|[[Jagadeesha Suchith]]
|Mysuru Warriors
|2014
|-
|[[Udit Patel]]
|Mangalore United
| rowspan="2" |2010
|-
|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
|Malnad Gladiators
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-series/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

===Highest partnership===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Wicket
!colspan="2"|Batters
!Team
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
!169
| rowspan="3" |1st wicket
|Anurag Bhajpai
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|Belagavi Panthers
| rowspan="2" |Mangalore United
|[[D.R. Bendre Cricket Stadium]], [[Hubli]]
|29 September 2016
|-
!168
|Thilak Naidu
|Manjunath
|Provident Bangalore
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|9 September 2009
|-
!162
|[[Rohit Sabharwal]]
|[[Karun Nair]]
|Mangalore United
|Bijapur Bulls
|[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|31 August 2014
|-
!160
|2nd wicket
|Shyam Ponnappa
|[[Manish Pandey]]
|Belagavi Panthers
|Mangalore United
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|14 September 2009
|-
!152
|1st wicket
|Abhishek Reddy
|[[Mayank Agarwal]]
|Hubli Tigers
|Namma Shivamogga
|[[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
|8 September 2017
|}
''Source- [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/karnataka-premier-league-203 ESPNcricinfo]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kpl.cricket/home.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218025729/http://www.kpl.cricket/home.html |date=18 December 2016 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMOQJ420PIc&t Popupster KPL Success]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Sport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2009]]
[[Category:Sport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cricket in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]

List of vice chancellors of the University of Kashmir

2025-09-14T17:21:55Z

ModestoMolino5: new a details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
List of [[vice chancellor]]s of the [[University of Kashmir]].
{{dynamic list|date=May 2021}}

The vice chancellors are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banday|first=Asim|title=University of Kashmir|url=https://kashmiruniversity.net/formerVCs.aspx|access-date=2021-05-16|website=kashmiruniversity.net}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S no.
!Name
!Term
!Ref.
|-
|1.
|Qazi Masood Hassan
|(1948-1949)
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=Kashmir University – a flashback|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/kashmir-university-a-flashback/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|Justice [[J. N. Wazir]]
|(1949-1957)
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|3.
|[[Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee|A.A.A Fyzee]]
|(1957-1960)
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|4.
|Sardar K.M Panikar
|(1961-1963)
|
|-
|5.
|Prof. T.M Advani
|(1963-1967)
|
|-
|6.
|Dr. J.N Bhan
|(1967-1969)
|
|-
|7.
|Kh. Noor-ud-Din
|(1969-1973)
|
|-
|8.
|R.H Chisti
|(1973-1974)
|
|-
|9.
|Prof Rais Ahmed
|(1978-1981)
|
|-
|10.
|Prof. [[Wahiduddin Malik]]
|(1981-1984)
|
|-
|11.
|Prof. [[Shah Manzoor Alam]]
|(1984-1987)
|
|-
|12.
|Prof. [[Mushir-ul-Haq]]
|(1987-1990)
|
|-
|13.
|Prof. [[Hamidi Kashmiri|H.U Hamidi]]
|(1990-1993)
|
|-
|14.
|Prof. M.Y Qadri
|(1994-2001)
|
|-
|15.
|Prof. [[J. A. K. Tareen]]
|(2001-2004)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=Achievers to be feted during UoM alumni meet|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/achievers-to-be-feted-during-uom-alumni-meet-925922.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|16.
|Prof. [[Abdul Wahid Qureshi]]
|(2004-2008)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=KU honours its outgoing V-C|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/ku-honours-its-outgoing-v-c/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|17.
|Prof. [[Riyaz Punjabi]]
|(2008-2011)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-08|title=Former Kashmir University VC Prof Riyaz Punjabi passes away|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/latest-news/former-kashmir-university-vc-prof-riyaz-punjabi-passes-away/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|18.
|[[Talat Ahmad]]
|(2011-2014)
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Editorial Staff |date=2011-05-25 |title=Dr. Talat named new VC of Kashmir University |url=https://kashmirpulse.com/jk/kashmir/dr-talat-named-new-vc-of-kashmir-university/5132.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|19.
|[[Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi]]
|(2014-2018)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi appointed as Vice Chancellor of Kashmir University {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/5063/khurshid-iqbal-andrabi-appointed-as-vice-chancellor-of-kashmir-university.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=18 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|20.
| [[Talat Ahmad]]
|(2018-2022)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-08|title=Prof Talat Ahmad takes over as Vice Chancellor, Kashmir University|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/prof-talat-ahmad-takes-over-as-vice-chancellor-kashmir-university/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|21.
|[[Nilofer Khan]] (''First women Vice-Chancellor)''
|(2022-2027)
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Nilofar Khan appointed as first woman V-C of Kashmir University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/prof-nilofar-khan-appointed-as-first-woman-v-c-of-kashmir-university-101653000900021.html |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{University of Kashmir}}

[[Category:Lists of academic chancellors and vice chancellors|Kashmir]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir|*]]
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India|Kashmir]]

Rambhala

2025-08-08T00:45:01Z

ModestoMolino5: Made details

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = Rambhala
|birth_name = Ram Bala
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2004-present
|
}}

'''Rambhala''' is an Indian film director, who has directed Tamil films. He rose to fame through his work on the comedy television show ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'', and has gone on to make feature films including ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' (2016) and ''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]'' (2022).

==Career==
In the early 1980s, Rambhala initially worked as an assistant to directors [[Rama Narayanan]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj]], before taking on the job of a script consultant, where he supervised Tamil content for [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]].<ref name="LS">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2020-04-08 |title=The rise and fall of 'Lollu Sabha': Director Rambala on the untold story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-story-behind-lollu-sabha/article31289313.ece |access-date=2022-12-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2002, he pitched the idea of ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' to the group's programming head Pradeep Milroy Peter, who approved for the show to be made. The concept was initially supposed to be a two-minute skit as a part of another show called ''Breakfast Show'' that Rambhala was working on, but the channel's head, Vijay Iyer, asked for 30-minute episodes to be made instead. The success of ''Lollu Sabha'' paved the way for a new era of comedy shows across Tamil channels. Several cast members who worked on the production including [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva]], [[Swaminathan]], [[Lollu Sabha Manohar|Manohar]] and [[Yogi Babu]] all subsequently moved to work in the film industry.<ref name="LS"/>

Despite his significant experience, Rambhala did not become a film director until the mid-2010s. In 2015, he began work on a proposed project starring [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Nandita Swetha]], but the film did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollywood |first=Only |date=2015-02-05 |title=Lollu Sabha Rambala to direct Mirchi Shiva |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/lollu-sabha-rambala-direct-mirchi-shiva/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> Rambhala's first feature film was eventually ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' (2016), a horror comedy featuring Santhanam in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-05 |title=Fame has not changed Santhanam: Rambala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/fame-has-not-changed-santhanam-rambala-2894961/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In late 2016, he worked on the pre-production of a proposed project featuring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Vadivelu]] in the lead roles. However, the film was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Rambhala opens up about Vadivelu playing the villain role |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rambhala-opens-up-about-vadivelu-playing-the-villain-role.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> He later announced a comedy drama titled ''Daavu'' featuring [[Chandran]] and [[Reba Monica John]], but production was stopped after a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daavu : Heroine finalized for the Kayal Chandran starrer |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/18575/daavu--heroine-finalized-for-the-kayal-chandran-starrer |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> He subsequently worked on ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' (2019), a sequel to his first film, with the same technical team and Santhanam. He revealed that he was keen to explore some ideas written for the original that he was unable to feature owing to time constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamizh Padam was stolen from Lollu Sabha: Rambhala, director of Dhillukku Dhuddu 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/feb/06/tamizh-padam-was-stolen-from-lollu-sabha-rambhala-director-of-dhillukku-dhuddu-2-9989.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rambhala is currently working on ''Vandhan Suttan Repeatu'', which stars Chandran, Reba Monica John and [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]] in the lead roles.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} He has also announced plans on making ''Dhilluku Dhuddu 3'' with Santhanam in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=Santhanam to team up with Rambala for Dhilluku Dhuddu 3 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-to-team-up-with-rambala-for-dhilluku-dhuddu-3.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]'' ||
|-
|}

;Television
*''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' (2003-2008; 156 episodes)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rambhala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Milky Mist Dairy

2025-07-21T06:32:27Z

ModestoMolino5: new a details.

{{Short description|Indian dairy company}}
{{COI|date=March 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Milky Mist Dairy Food Limited
| logo = MMD Logo 2023.png
| logo_alt = Milky Mist Logo 2023
| logo_caption = Logo used from 2023
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| industry = [[Dairy]]
| foundation = 2008
| founder = T. Sathish Kumar
| location = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1023949D:IN|title=Milky Mist Dairy Food Ltd - Company Profile and News|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|T. Sathish Kumar (CMD)|K Rathnam (CEO)}}
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1940|c}} (2024)
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| subsid = {{hlist|Smart Chef |Briyas |Asal Foods |Capella}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.milkymist.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2024|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=18 July 2024 |title=Milky Mist gears up for Rs 2,000 cr IPO at a valuation of Rs 20,000 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/ipo/milky-mist-gears-up-for-rs-2-000-cr-ipo-at-a-valuation-of-rs-20-000-cr-124071800998_1.html}}</ref>
}}
'''Milky Mist Dairy Food Limited''' (MMD) is an Indian manufacturer of dairy products, based in [[Perundurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Formed in 1997 by T. Sathish Kumar, Milky Mist is engaged in milk procurement, processing, and manufacturing of other dairy products.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Mandeep |date=2024-03-12 |title=Milky Mist: A beacon of excellence in India's dairy landscape |url=https://www.foodtechbiz.com/business-updates/milky-mist-a-beacon-of-excellence-in-indias-dairy-landscape |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=FoodTechBiz.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=The Dairy Disruptors |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/the-dairy-disruptors/107666 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayyar |first=Ranjani |title=From inheritance of loss to milky way of success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-inheritance-of-loss-to-milky-way-of-success/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Milky Mist's products include frozen food, dairy, desserts, food enhancers and yogurts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Products |url=https://www.milkymist.com/products |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Milky Mist |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Milky Mist was founded in 1985 initially as a milk trading company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=K Ashokan |first=Abhyjith |date=17 July 2024 |title=Milky Mist looks at ₹20,000 crore IPO to take on Amul and expand to North India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/milky-mist-looks-at-rs-20-000-crore-ipo-to-take-on-amul-and-expand-to-north-india-101721190752696.html}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1994, Milky Mist began producing paneer and subsequently other dairy items including curd, butter, cheese, yogurt and ice cream.<ref name=":2" />

Milky Mist's initial plant was set up in a 2 acres of land in [[Chithode]], Erode district. In 2019–20, Milky Mist shifted its manufacturing facility from the old plant to a new plant spread over {{cvt|55|acre}} with a processing capacity of {{convert|1000000|L|spell=in}} per day (MLPD). It manufactures dairy products like curd, yogurt, mozzarella cheese, and paneer.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkymist.com/about-us|title=About us|website=Milky Mist}}</ref>

In 2022, the company launched its [[Direct-to-consumer|D2C]] [[e-commerce]] website and mobile app.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The company has been setting up India's largest single-location cheese making unit in [[Perundurai]] in the [[Erode district]], about 430 km west of Chennai, with an investment of ₹450 crore.<ref name=":1">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-inheritance-of-loss-to-milky-way-of-success/articleshow/62842119.cms | title=From inheritance of loss to milky way of success | date=9 February 2018 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Ranjani | last=Ayyar | access-date=11 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/milky-mist-ropes-in-pe-cos-for-expansion/articleshow/59709936.cms|title=Milky Mist ropes in PE cos for expansion|first=Bharani|last=Vaitheesvaran|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=22 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchanda |first=Harsh Upadhyay & Kunal |date=2022-06-27 |title=Milky Mist posts Rs 928 Cr revenue in FY21 with 4 fold jump in profit |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/06/milky-mist-posts-rs-928-cr-revenue-in-fy21-with-4-fold-jump-in-profit/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Products==
MMD's products include [[Curd]] (Indian Yoghurt), Fresh Paneer, Mozzarella Cheese, Cheddar Cheese, Processed Cheese, Gouda cheese, Fresh and UHT Cream, UHT Milk, Butter, Ghee, Khova, Yoghurts, traditional milk-based products like Shrikhand, Payasam (Kheer), Mishti Doi, Spray dried products such as Dairy Whitener, Skimmed Milk Powder, and Whey Powder. Also, they have launched new products such as Probiotic Curd, Frozen Pizza, UHT Lassi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkymist.com/products|title=Products|website=Milky Mist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-13 |title=Milky Mist's winning formula to transform consumer behaviour |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/milky-mists-winning-formula-to-transform-consumer-behaviour/articleshow/85291604.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Operations==
MMD operates the largest fully-automated mozzarella plant in the country which comprises a robotic line production facility for paneer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkymist.com/sustainability|title=Sustainability|website=Milky Mist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Aayush |date=2023-10-26 |title=Milky Mist acquires SIG's filling technology |url=https://packagingsouthasia.com/supply-chain-function/filling-sealing/milky-mist-sig/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-13 |title=Milky Mist Dairy Food explores future processing with new GEA FLOWVENT valves |url=https://www.foodtechbiz.com/processing/milky-mist-dairy-food-explores-future-processingwith-new-gea-flowvent-valves |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=FoodTechBiz.com |language=en}}</ref>

MMD procures 8 [[lakh]] litres per day of milk directly from 70,000+ farmers spread over 20 districts of Tamil Nadu and 1 district in Karnataka.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkymist.com/media|title=Media|website=Milky Mist}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Erode]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Erode]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1992]]

Vanitha

2025-07-06T06:12:41Z

ModestoMolino5: small changes

{{short description|Indian magazine}}
{{about|the magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox magazine
| logo = Vanitha logo.png
| logo_size =
| image_file = Vanitha April 01, 2016 (cover - Sai Pallavi).jpg
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor = Prema Mammen Mathew
| editor_title = Chief Editor
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = Women's magazine
| frequency = Fortnightly
| circulation = 687,915 (as of December 2013)<ref name=ABC2013/>
| website = [https://www.vanitha.in/home.html www.vanitha.in]
| founder =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1975}}
| firstdate =
| company = [[Malayala Manorama]] Company Limited
| country = [[India]]
| based = [[Kottayam]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| issn =
| oclc = 416870983
|title=}}
'''''Vanitha''''' ({{Translation|Woman}}) is an Indian [[magazine]] published fortnightly by the ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' group. It is the largest magazine in India by circulation according to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]], with an average of 687,915 copies sold (as of December 2013).<ref name=ABC2013>{{cite web|work=Audit Bureau of Circulations|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Details%20of%20Most%20Circulated%20Report%20Pg%202%2014%2007%202014.pdf|title=Details of most circulated publications for the audit period July - December 2013|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> It remained the largest by circulation in 2017 as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.printweek.in/news/irs-2017-vanitha-continues-lead-regional-language-magazines-27929 |title = Vanitha continues to lead regional language magazines}}</ref>

==History and profile==
''Vanitha'' was launched in 1975<ref name="dna">{{cite news|author=Amrita Madhukalya|title=Of recipes and G-spots: On India's 'magazine era'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-of-recipes-and-g-spots-on-india-s-magazine-era-2105879|access-date=25 September 2016|work=dna|date=19 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="fareast">{{cite book|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA491|access-date=28 October 2016|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=491}}</ref> as a monthly magazine and became a fortnightly in 1987. The magazine was founded by [[Annamma Mathew]], wife of [[K.M. Mathew]], and is known for her contributions to social service, cookery, journalism, and literature. ''Vanitha'' is published in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<ref name=dna/> and introduced a [[Hindi]] edition in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|work=Manorama online|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/common/footer/footerHtmls.jsp?contentHtml=About%20Us&BV_ID=@@@|title=About Us|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Although its name translates to "woman" in [[Sanskrit]], it includes news and views and other articles on a variety of topics, and is not strictly a women's magazine.

''Vanitha'' is owned and published by MM Publications Ltd. in [[Kottayam]].<ref name=fareast/> MM Publications Ltd. is part of the Malayala Manorama Group.<ref name=afaq/> In addition to being released twice a month, ''Vanitha'' also includes special double issues for [[Onam]], [[Easter]], [[New Year's Day]] and [[Christmas]].

Between July and December 2000 ''Vanitha'' was the best-selling magazine in India with a circulation of 3,82,027 copies.<ref name=afaq>{{cite news|title=Chitralekha Group to launch its first women's magazine|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/3078_Chitralekha-Group-to-launch-its-first-womens-magazine|access-date=30 July 2015|work=Afaqs|date=13 August 2001}}</ref> In 2012, the Malayalam edition of the magazine had a readership of over of 2.27 million, making it the highest read magazine in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Media Research Users|url=http://mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202012%20Q3%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf|title=IRS 2012 Q3 Topline Findings|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malayala Manorama]]
* [[Vanitha Miss Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:1975 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Women's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1975]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:Malayala Manorama group]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]
[[Category:Women in Kerala]]

Holy Cross Convent High School, Thane

2025-06-19T18:09:16Z

ModestoMolino5: added info

{{Short description|School for girls in Maharashtra, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Holy Cross Convent High School & Junior college''' is an all-girls school located in K'Villa, [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1964 and celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2014.

[[File:Emblem2.JPG|thumb|Holy Cross Convent High School Emblem]]

==History==
In 1839, Mother Claudine Echernier founded the Congregation of the Sisters of the Cross of Chavanod <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://education.vsnl.com/calcuttaprovinceofthesistersofthecrossofchavaond/ |title=Calcutta Province Of The Congregation Of The Sisters Of The Cross Of Chavanod |access-date=28 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028095508/http://education.vsnl.com/calcuttaprovinceofthesistersofthecrossofchavaond/ |archive-date=28 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[France]] with the help of Friar Peter Marie Mermier (who founded the Congregation of the Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales, known worldwide for its Salesian Convent Schools).<ref>[http://www.fransalians.com/founder.htm :: Bloom where you are planted : Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales]</ref> The Sisters of the Cross spread to India in 1886 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.coopdonbosco.be/sales/page8.html |title=Hébergement de site, serveur dédié, serveur privé virtuel |access-date=28 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213759/http://www.coopdonbosco.be/sales/page8.html |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> propagating their charitable educational goals for women in [[Amravati]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|19.204225|72.978997|type:landmark|display=title}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103231432/http://holycrosspune.in/Sisters-of-the-Cross-of-Chavanod/ Sisters of the Cross of Chavanod - The Congregation that manages the school]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103231434/http://holycrosspune.in/Sisters-of-the-Cross-of-Chavanod/Regional-Centres/Mumbai/Thane-Holy-Cross-Convent-Sisters-of-Chavanod.html Photos of School]

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]
[[Category:Education in Thane]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Maharashtra]]

List of moths of India

2025-05-20T12:54:34Z

ModestoMolino5: new new page.

{{Short description|none}}
The following is a list of the '''[[moth]]s of [[India]]'''. It is estimated that approximately 10,000 species of moths exist in India.

==Family lists for Indian moths==

* [[List of moths of India (Alucitidae)|Alucitidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Bombycidae)|Bombycidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Brachodidae)|Brachodidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Brahmaeidae)|Brahmaeidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Choreutidae)|Choreutidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Cosmopterigidae)|Cosmopterigidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Cossidae)|Cossidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Crambidae)|Crambidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Depressariidae)|Depressariidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Drepanidae)|Drepanidae]]
* Elachistidae
*''[[Urodeta jurateae]]'' Sruoga & Rociene, 2018
*''[[Urodeta pectena]]'' Sruoga & Rociene, 2018
* [[List of moths of India (Erebidae)|Erebidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Eupterotidae)|Eupterotidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Gelechiidae)|Gelechiidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Geometridae)|Geometridae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Glyphipterigidae)|Glyphipterigidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Gracillariidae)|Gracillariidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Hepialidae)|Hepialidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Immidae)|Immidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Lasiocampidae)|Lasiocampidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Lecithoceridae)|Lecithoceridae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Limacodidae)|Limacodidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Lymantriidae)|Lymantriidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Noctuidae)|Noctuidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Nolidae)|Nolidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Notodontidae)|Notodontidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Oecophoridae)|Oecophoridae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Pantheidae)|Pantheidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Peleopodidae)|Peleopodidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Phaudidae)|Phaudidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Psychidae)|Psychidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Pterophoridae)|Pterophoridae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Pyralidae)|Pyralidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Saturniidae)|Saturniidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Sesiidae)|Sesiidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Sphingidae)|Sphingidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Thyrididae)|Thyrididae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Tineidae)|Tineidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Tortricidae)|Tortricidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Uraniidae)|Uraniidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Xyloryctidae)|Xyloryctidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Yponomeutidae)|Yponomeutidae]]
* [[List of moths of India (Zygaenidae)|Zygaenidae]]

==See also==

* [[Lepidoptera]]
* [[Fauna of India]]
* [[Flora of India]]

==References==
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359181015_New_species_of_Urodeta_Stainton_1869_Lepidoptera_Elachistidae_Elachistinae_from_Ghana_and_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_with_identification_keys_to_the_Afrotropical_species_of_the_genus New species of Urodeta Stainton, 1869 (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae, Elachistinae) from Ghana and Democratic Republic of the Congo, with identification keys to the Afrotropical species of the genus]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |accessdate=2016-10-15 }}
* [[George Francis Hampson|Hampson, G.F.]] & al (1892-1937) ''Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma - Moths''. Vols. 1-5 cxix + 2813 p - 1295 figs - 1 table - 15 pl (12 in col.)
* Kendrick, R.C., 2002 [2003]. ''Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Hong Kong''. PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong. xvi + 660 pp. [http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30278831]
* Savela, Markku. Website on Lepidoptera and some other life forms - page on [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/index.html order Lepidoptera] (Accessed 8 July 2007).

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Moths of India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180613075326/http://www.srilankaninsects.net/ Insects of Sri Lanka]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ |title=Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420182128/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html#R Indian Wildlife Act and scheduled species lists]
** [http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1s1.html Schedule 1]
** [http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1s2.html Schedule 2]

{{Butterflies and moths of India}}
{{Asia in topic|List of moths of}}

[[Category:Lists of moths of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of moths by country|India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|Moths]]

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Missile Complex

2025-02-03T12:35:18Z

ModestoMolino5: Added new stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex'''<ref>{{cite news|date=2017-01-17|title=Parrikar wants private players to tap DRDO's knowledge|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Parrikar-wants-private-players-to-tap-DRDO%E2%80%99s-knowledge/article17047437.ece|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref> is a military [[Missile defense|missile]] research center in [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]].
[[File:Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex 02.jpg|thumb|Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex main gate]]

== Laboratories ==
The complex has following three laboratories:<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-15|title=Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-apj-abdul-kalam/articleshow/49387894.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-kalam-495459-2015-10-15 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]] (ASL): Conducts research and development on motors, jet vanes and structures for launch vehicles and missiles, primarily known for contributions to [[Agni (missile)|Agni Missiles]].
* [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL): famous for its contributions to [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP).
* [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI): A missile Avionics Laboratory founded by Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].

== History ==
[[Manohar Parrikar]], the then [[Defence Minister of India]], on 15 October 2015 renamed DRDO Missile Complex at [[Hyderabad]] into Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex, after [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the former [[President of India]] also regarded as the ''Missile Man of India''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Missile Complex in Hyderabad Renamed After Former President Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-former-president-abdul-kalam-1232702|access-date=2017-07-30|website=Ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/City-Missile-Complex-bags-numerous-DRDO-awards/article15222290.ece |title=City Missile Complex bags numerous DRDO awards - ANDHRA PRADESH |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Guided missiles of India]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction|Indian weapons of mass destruction]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Aeronautics organizations]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Gandhi Nagar, Bengaluru

2024-12-02T15:52:02Z

ModestoMolino5: Added first stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandhi Nagar
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Locality
| image_skyline =
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| coordinates = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru Urban]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bengaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| extinct_title =
| extinct_date =
| founder =
| named_for = 
| seat_type = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| seat = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
| seat1_type = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituency
| seat1 = Gandhi Nagar
| government_type = 
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name = [[P. C. Mohan]]
| leader_title1 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]
| leader_title2 = Councillor
| leader_name2 = T. Gopala Krishna<ref name="Citizen Matters"/>
| total_type = 
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 1.93
| area_land_km2 = 1.93
| area_water_km2 = 0
| area_water_percent = 0
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title = Park area
| area_blank1_km2 = 0.14
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
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| elevation_max_footnotes =
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| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 31,208
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]]
| population_rank =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est = 35,310<ref name="vigeyegpms"/>
| pop_est_as_of = 2014
| population_density_km2 = 16,334
| population_density_rank =
| population_blank1_title = Males
| population_blank1 = 19,566<ref name="vigeyegpms"/>
| population_blank2_title = Females
| population_blank2 = 15,744<ref name="vigeyegpms"/>
| population_note =
| population_demonym = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 560 009
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 080
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| website = 
}}

'''Gandhi Nagar''' is a locality situated in [[Bengaluru]]. It is a bustling neighbourhood of Central Bengaluru.<ref name="Citizen Matters">{{cite web|title=All you need to know about Ward 94 - Gandhi Nagar|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/info-bbmp-ward-94-gandhi-nagar-bangalore|website=Citizen Matters|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

==Administration==
Gandhi Nagar is a part of ward number 94 of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP). The Gandhi Nagar ward falls under the Gandhinagar assembly constituency and the [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]] parliamentary constituency. The ward has a total area of 1.93 km2.<ref name="vigeyegpms">{{cite web|title=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika|url=http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wardinfo&wardid=161|website=www.vigeyegpms.in|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ward Information">{{cite web|title=Ward Information|url=http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-2015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7|website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Per the 2011 Census, the ward had a population of 31,208, with 6,599 households. The population of the ward declined by 11.60% from 2001 to 2011.<ref name="Ward Information"/>

The following localities are a part of the Gandhi Nagar ward: [[Seshadripuram]], Ramakrishna Layout, Nehru Nagar, VV Giri Colony, Bangalore City, [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], R.K. Puram, Gandhinagar, Srirampuram, Okalipuram, Ramachandrapuram, Upparpet, Chikpete.<ref name="vigeyegpms"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]

Dehuli, Mainpuri

2024-08-10T15:11:48Z

ModestoMolino5: Added basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{for|the village in Firozabad district (which used to also be part of Mainpuri district)|Dehuli, Firozabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dehuli
| other_name = Dihuli
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02698|N|78.80424|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.781
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3517
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dehuli''' ({{IAST|Dehulī}}), also spelled '''Dihuli''' ({{IAST|Dihulī}}), is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its first mention in historical sources is around the year 1420, during a rebellion against the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. As of 2011, Dehuli has a population of 3,517, in 584 households.

== Geography ==
Dehuli is located on the [[Sirsaganj]]-[[Karhal]] road, roughly equidistant from both of them.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910">{{cite book |editor1-last=Neave|editor1-first=E. R. |title=Mainpuri: A Gazetteer, Being Volume X of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1929 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181613 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|211}}

== History ==
Dehuli appears in the annals of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] around the year 1420, when Taj ul-Mulk, a general under the sultan [[Khizr Khan]], led a punitive campaign against a rebellion in the area. The sources mention how Taj ul-Mulk's forces sacked Dehuli, which they describe as "the strongest place in the possession of the infidels". E. R. Neaves interpreted this as a reference to the [[Bais Rajput]]s, who in later times were ''[[zamindar]]''s of Dehuli; he wrote that they were probably local rulers of Dehuli in the 1400s as well.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|151}}

As of 1910, Dehuli was described as having a village school, three temples in the village, and two temples outside the village proper. A market was held twice weekly, on Tuesdays and Saturdays. The population as of 1901 was 362. Due to its small size, the village had become relatively unimportant, but it had previously been the seat of a ''tappa''. This ''tappa'' was joined with [[Jakhan, Etawah|Jakhan]] in [[Etawah district]] to form the [[pargana]] of "Dehli-Jahkan", or Bibamau, which was later distributed between the parganas of Barnahal in Mainpuri and Bibamau in Etawah. As of 1910 Dehuli was under Barnahal.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|211}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Dehuli had a population of 3,517, in 584 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|131}} This population was 53.4% male (1,879) and 46.6% female (1,638). The 0-6 age group numbered 638 (338 male and 300 female), or 18.1% of the total population.<ref name="Census 2011 B"/>{{rp|106}} 634 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 18.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|107}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dehuli (as "Dihuli") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 1,267 people (668 male and 599 female), in 243 households and 186 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 659 acres. Unlike in 1910 or 2011, no market was listed as meeting here.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=159, liv-lv |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] noted that Dehuli hosted both a regular market and a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|136}} There were no banks or [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|135}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Dehuli had one primary school. It did not have any type of healthcare facility. Drinking water was variously sourced from tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office and a public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|131-6}}

== Transport ==
Dehuli lies on the Sirsaganj-Karhal road<ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|211}} and is served by both bus and taxi but not rail. Streets are mainly made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|134-5}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]