Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Gharsana tehsil

2026-05-07T07:56:17Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=January 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Gharsana Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] located in the south of the [[Sri Ganganagar district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is bordered by [[Anupgarh tehsil]] in the north, by [[Chhatargarh Tehsil|Chhatargarh]], [[Rawla Mandi tehsil]], in the southeast. The western border touches [[Fort Abbas Tehsil]] of [[Bahawalnagar]] district of [[Pakistani Punjab]].

As per the 2011 Gharsana census, population is 26,830.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/sri-ganganagar/en/about-sri-ganganagar/population.html | title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार }}</ref>

==Demography==
In the census of 2011 the population of Gharsana was 26,830.

Major villages are:

* [[Gharsana]] (3STR & 24 AS-c)
* [[365 Head]] is a sub-[[tehsil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119115934/http://ganganagar.nic.in/ Gharsana tehsil district website]

{{Sri Ganganagar district}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]

Indian Astronaut Corps

2026-05-06T12:22:43Z

Mlzsgondia: Made some post first draft...

{{Short description|Indian Astronaut Corps}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Astronaut Corps
| native_name =
| image = Indian Astronaut Logo.png
| caption = Emblem of the Gaganyaan Project
| dates = {{start date and age|1982}}
| country = {{IND}}
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = [[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|24px]] [[ISRO]]
| type = Astronaut Corps
| specialization =
| size =
| command_structure = [[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|24px]] [[ISRO]]
| garrison = [[File:HSFC ISRO logo.png|24px]] [[Human Space Flight Centre]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol =
}}The '''Indian Astronaut Corps''' is a group of scientists affiliated to the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and pilot officers selected for participation in the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chetan |date=2026-02-11 |title=Astronaut corps here to stay, civilians will fly to space: Papa & Shux |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/astronaut-corps-here-to-stay-civilians-will-fly-to-space-papa-shux/articleshow/128203202.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
India had historically close relations with the [[Soviet space program|Soviet Space Programme]]. On 20{{Nbsp}}September 1982, following a rigorous selection and training process, the Indian Air Force selected two pilots, [[Rakesh Sharma]] and [[Ravish Malhotra]] for space travel as part of a joint programme between the IAF and the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] space agency.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/|title=The down to earth Rakesh Sharma|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2010|access-date=2014-04-05|first=Pankaja|last=Srinivasan|archive-date=2015-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161536/http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 3 April 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel to space on board [[Soyuz T-11]] as part of the Interkosmos programme, visiting [[Salyut 7]] Space Station for a week.<ref name="hin">{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Pankaja |date=4 April 2010 |title=The down to earth Rakesh Sharma |url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724161536/http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-down-to-earth-rakesh-sharma/article381946.ece/ |archive-date=2015-07-24 |access-date=2014-04-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><gallery>
File:Rakesh Sharma Chest Patch.svg|Patch worn by Rakesh Sharma during Soyuz T-11 flight
File:Soyuz-T-11-Mission-Patch.svg|Soyuz T-11 crew insignia
File:Soyuz T-11 primary and backup crew.jpg|Soyuz T-11 prime and backup crew prior to launch
</gallery>Following a commercial contract, ISRO selected [[P. Radhakrishnan (scientist)|P.Radhakrisnan Nair]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nair |url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/nair.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915081402/http://www.astronautix.com/n/nair.html |archive-date=2016-09-15 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> and Nagapathi C Bhat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhat |url=http://www.astronautix.com/b/bhat.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915033853/http://www.astronautix.com/b/bhat.html |archive-date=2016-09-15 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> for a flight aborad STS-61I on the [[Space Shuttle Challenger]] in September 1986. The two crewmembers underwent training by NASA as payload specialists, but their flight was cancelled due to the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2004/stories/20030228004902200.htm|title=Training for the skies|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref> Indian-born astronaut [[Kalpana Chawla|Kalpana Chawala]] would later fly into Space aboard [[STS-87]] in 1997 after emigration for higher studies and selection to the [[NASA Astronaut Group 15|NASA Astronaut group 15]]. She would perish during her next flight in the Columbia Disaster in 2003.{{sfn|Chien|2006|p=vii}}{{sfn|Jones|2020}}

In 2018, the [[Government of India]] formally announced the launch of the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' programme, which aimed to put a man in space by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=15 August 2018|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> Before the [[Gaganyaan]] programme announcement in August 2018, human spaceflight was not a priority for ISRO, though related technologies have been developed since 2007,<ref name="pl">{{cite web |title=Eleventh Five year Plan (2007–12) proposals for Indian space programme |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061627/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12 |access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> and it performed a [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment]]<ref name="isro">{{cite web |title=Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816084003/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care |archive-date=2022-08-16 |access-date=2022-09-19}}</ref> and a [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]] for the programme.<ref name="outlookindia">{{Cite news |title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103 |access-date=2017-07-21 |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com1">{{cite news |date=5 July 2018 |title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In December 2018, the [[Indian government]] approved a further {{Indian Rupee|link=yes}}100 billion (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-day crewed flight of 2–3 astronauts.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite news |title=Indian Astronaut Will Be In Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827080839/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |archive-date=2025-08-27 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toi-20181229">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=29 December 2018 |title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms |access-date=2018-12-29 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="flyaway1">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-indians-to-be-sent-to-space-for-7-days-by-2022-cabinet-approves-budget-1969358 Indians To Spend 7 Days In Space In Rs. 10,000 Crore Gaganyaan Plan: 10 Points], NDTV, 28 December 2018.</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web |last=Suresh |first=Haripriya |date=15 August 2018 |title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Three [[Spaceflight#Uncrewed|uncrewed flights]], named [[Gaganyaan-1]], [[Gaganyaan-2]] and [[Gaganyaan-3]] are scheduled to launch in the 2020s, followed by a crewed flight on an [[LVM3#Human-rating certification|HLVM3]] rocket.<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1968368}}</ref><ref name="tp-20221204">{{cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=4 December 2022 |title=India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-first-human-spaceflight-gaganyan-in-limbo-astronauts-partially-trained-isro-silent/1245696/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> To date, mission has been postponed several times until all certification requirements are completed.<ref name="toi-20210722">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=22 July 2021 |title=Gaganyaan 1st uncrewed mission unlikely before June 2022; no life support systems testing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/gaganyaan-1st-uncrewed-mission-unlikely-before-june-2022-no-life-support-systems-testing/articleshow/84655380.cms |access-date=2021-07-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="tribune-20210701">{{cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=First human-rated test flight for India's Gaganyaan not likely in 2021 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |archive-date=2021-10-29 |access-date=2021-07-01 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's space journey: Interactive timeline and infographics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/infographics/2025-07-25/indias-space-journey/index.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> However, the plans were delayed partly due to the impact of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=11 June 2020|title=Gaganyaan mission: No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-gaganyaan-unmanned-flight-this-year/articleshow/76315319.cms|access-date=2020-06-13|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As per the revised timelines, the first crewed flight is planned as a part of ''[[Gaganyaan-4]]'', scheduled to launch in 2027.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/india-delays-its-1st-ever-gaganyaan-astronaut-launch-to-2026|title=India delays its 1st-ever Gaganyaan astronaut launch to 2026|work=[[Space.com]]|date=4 November 2024|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2025|title=India's Gaganyaan Mission in final phase, maiden crew launch in early 2027|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/indias-gaganyaan-mission-in-final-phase-maiden-crew-launch-in-early-2027-2720520-2025-05-06|access-date=2025-07-13|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Selection of first batch ==
In the spring of 2009, a full-scale mock-up of the crew capsule was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for astronaut training. 200 [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) pilots were shortlisted for training. The selection process would begin with the candidates completing an ISRO questionnaire, after which they would be subjected to physical and psychological analyses. Only 4 of the 200 applicants were to be selected for the first space mission training, two flying and two reservists.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090504092855/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm Model of space crew module ready], ''The Hindu'', 2 May 2009</ref><ref name="ET2012">{{cite news |date=28 December 2012 |title=IAF developing parameters for India's manned space mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iaf-developing-parameters-for-indias-manned-space-mission/articleshow/17798420.cms |access-date=2012-12-28 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

ISRO signed a memorandum of understanding in 2009 with the IAF's Institute of Aerospace Medicine to conduct preliminary research on the psychological and physiological needs of the crew and the development of training facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Space Review: Prospects for the Indian human spaceflight program |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2481/1 |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=www.thespacereview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2010 |title=ISRO unit to start building space capsule for manned mission |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tztJqS1r9fxpkbKedwz6lN/Isro-unit-to-start-building-space-capsule-for-manned-mission.html |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=Livemint.com}}</ref> The institute played a key role in determining astronaut training, the design of the crew capsule as per the [[anthropometric]] dimensions of the Indian population and a number of control and environmental systems as per psychological and physiological needs.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Anantha Krishnan M |date=2020-05-23 |title=IAM to play pivotal role after Indian astronaut selects return from Russia |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/05/22/gaganyaan-unplugged-isro-indian-astronauts-space-mission.html |access-date=2020-09-01 |publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

In January 2019, ISRO Chairman K. Sivan announced the creation of India's [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC) in [[Bengaluru]] for training astronauts.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times'', 11 January 2019.</ref> The {{INRConvert|1000|c|1}} centre will train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations, operations in a zero-gravity environment, and monitoring of the radiation environment. While the HSFC will initially operate out of ISRO headquarters, a dedicated campus is planned to be built near Bengaluru. The facility will include offices, housing, testing and integration facilities and will also employ a workforce of 1,000 people in the long term.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Anantha Krishnan M |date=2020-04-18 |title=Along with Gaganyaan, tech for Indian space station will emerge: Dr. Sivan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/04/17/gaganyaan-unplugged-isro-manned-space-mission-india-part2-k-sivan.html |access-date=2020-09-01 |publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

ISRO has also proposed a {{INRConvert|2700|c|lk=on}} plan to establish an astronaut training centre at [[Challakere]] in [[Chitradurga]] district. The facility would take at least 2–3 years to be established after the government's approval.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Madhumathi D.S. |date=2020-01-06 |title=Challakere to be ISRO's astronaut training hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/challakere-to-be-isros-astronaut-training-hub/article30489101.ece |access-date=2020-01-06 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> An astronaut training facility will be established on a proposed {{convert|140|acre|km2|adj=on}} site near [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in [[Devanahalli]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2019 |title=Beyond space: ISRO plans to place Indians on the Moon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/beyond-space-isro-plans-to-place-indians-on-the-moon/articleshow/67500457.cms |access-date=2019-01-12 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== International Support ===
The HSFC and [[Glavkosmos]], a subsidiary of Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in selection, support, medical examination, and space training of four Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News. Roscosmos Director General Dmitry Rogozin met with the Indian delegation |url=http://en.roscosmos.ru/20881/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822110303/http://en.roscosmos.ru/20881/ |archive-date=2019-08-22 |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=en.roscosmos.ru |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2019 |title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was approved to be set up in [[Moscow]] for coordinating activities.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 31, 2019 |title=Cabinet approves setting up of ISRO's technical liaison unit in Moscow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-isro-s-technical-liaison-unit-in-moscow-1575834-2019-07-31 |access-date=2022-11-21 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> [[CNES]] is also supplying the flight system and training flight physicians and technical teams for the Indian Human Spaceflight Program. It is also collaborating and sharing its expertise in the domains of space medicine, astronaut health monitoring and life support.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title=ISRO to launch its Venus mission in 2025, France to take part |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |access-date=2020-10-01 |publisher=Livemint |agency=PTI}}</ref>

== Training ==
As of September 2019, level 1 of the astronaut selection process was completed in Bengaluru. The selected test pilots underwent physical exercise tests, lab investigations, radiological tests, clinical tests, and evaluations on various facets of their psychology.<ref name="IAFontwitter">{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Indian Air Force media coordination center |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/IAF_MCC/status/1169879180630036482 |access-date=2019-09-06 |work=IAF MCC}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref name="SeptembertrainingTOI">{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Gaganyaan: Level 1 of astronaut selection done in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-level-1-of-astronaut-selection-done-in-bengaluru/articleshow/71004377.cms |access-date=2019-09-06 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By November 2019 the Indian Air Force had selected 12 potential astronauts who would then go to Russia for further training in two batches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-15 |title=Seven IAF pilots sent to Russia for India's first manned mission to space |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/seven-iaf-pilots-sent-to-russia-for-indias-first-space-manned-mission/articleshow/72067483.cms |access-date=2019-11-18 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

As selection criteria require test pilot experience, any females will not be part of the first Indian crewed spaceflight. The first crewed flight will consist of a crew of three with one backup and this team of four went to Russia for astronaut training.<ref name="AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |access-date=2019-10-30 |publisher=AstrotalkUK}}</ref>
[[File:Crafting India's Space future at the Gaganyaan Astronaut Training Facility.webm|right|thumb|[[Gaganyaan]] crew training video]]
In December 2019, the selection process came to a close,<ref name="THDec2019">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-28 |title=Tests for an unmanned mission by 2020-end, says ISRO chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/unmanned-test-mission-by-end-of-next-year/article30420219.ece |access-date=2019-12-30 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinto |first=Nolan |date=2020-01-01 |title=4 astronauts identified for Gaganyaan mission: ISRO Chief K. Sivan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-4-astronauts-identified-isro-k-sivan-1633024-2020-01-01 |access-date=2020-01-03 |newspaper=IndiaToday}}</ref> and four candidates began their 12-month training at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] on 10 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News. Indian candidates for a human spaceflight start training in Russia |url=http://en.roscosmos.ru/21248/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305082234/http://en.roscosmos.ru/21248/ |archive-date=2020-03-05 |access-date=2020-02-10 |website=en.roscosmos.ru |language=en}}</ref> The astronauts were trained for abnormal landings in various terrains, including forests, rivers, and sea.<ref name="TOIMarch2020">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2020-02-29 |title=Gaganyaan: ISRO designs new vehicle to test crew escape systems |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-isro-designs-new-vehicle-to-test-crew-escape-systems/articleshow/74410901.cms |access-date=2020-03-02 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In February 2020, The Indian astronaut candidates completed their winter survival training.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Gaganyaan: Four IAF pilots complete winter survival training at Russia centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/gaganyaan-four-iaf-pilots-complete-winter-survival-training-at-russia-centre-6311607/ |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт |url=https://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=4893 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=www.gctc.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Новости. Очередные "зимние выживания" космонавтов |url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/28118/ |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=www.roscosmos.ru}}</ref> Following their training in Russia for unexpected and extreme situations, Indian astronauts were to return to India in March 2021 for the rest of their training in an Indian module.<ref name="HTSep20">{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2020-09-18 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Astronauts to undergo ISRO module next year |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200914/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |archive-date=2022-05-30 |access-date=2020-09-21 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], training was put on hold from 28 March, restarting on 12 May 2020.<ref name="PIBFeb21">{{Cite news |last=Department of Space |date=2021-02-10 |title=Training of Astronauts and Progress of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1696779 |access-date=2021-02-11 |newspaper=Press Information Bureau |location=Delhi}}</ref> ISRO Astronauts then trained on an Static Mock-up Simulator of the Gaganyaan crew capsule for upto 18 hours a day.Critical parameters such as crew reachability, onboard audio-visual communication, emergency exit procedures, and responses to off-nominal mission scenarios were evaluated during this stage. ISRO also used VR technology for additional training purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-05-01 |title=Isro reveals Gaganyaan astronaut training details: What’s ready, what’s pending |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/isro-reveals-gaganyaan-astronaut-training-details-whats-ready-whats-pending-2904225-2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On the 91st Indian Air Force Day in 2023, the IAF released a video on [[Twitter]], sharing a glimpse of the astronauts (without revealing their faces) training for the Gaganyaan mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Watch: Indian Air Force shares 'first-look' of India's ISRO Gaganyaan Astronauts |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/watch-indian-air-force-shares-first-look-of-indias-isro-gaganyaan-astronauts-642235 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> While two or three out of the four astronauts will be selected to fly on the first crewed flight, one of the astronauts on the mission previously flew on a mission to the [[ISS]] aboard [[Axiom Mission 4|Axiom-4]] on 25 June 2025, as the second Indian astronaut in space after [[Rakesh Sharma]]. The four have been conducting mission-specific training in India since returning from Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF video gives glimpses of Gaganyaan astronauts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-video-gives-glimpses-of-gaganyaan-astronauts/articleshow/104137769.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-09 |title=India, US to work together to protect space assets, cooperate for sending astronauts to ISS in 2024: Joint statement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-to-work-together-to-protect-space-assets-cooperate-for-sending-astronauts-to-iss-in-2024-joint-statement/articleshow/103521854.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=India, US plan to send Indian astronaut to International Space Station in 2024 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/india-us-plan-to-send-indian-astronaut-to-international-space-station-in-2024-386788-2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

The crew training was briefly halted in 2025 due to academic obligations, [[Axiom Mission 4]], and the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], whereupon the four astronauts were deployed for active service with the IAF. From 2026, twelve months prior to launch, the astronauts will resume their mission-specific training, which will concentrate on advanced simulations, operational preparedness, and survival skills at [[Human Space Flight Centre#Astronaut Training Facility|Astronaut Training Facility]] in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2025-05-13 |title=Gaganyaan Mission training to resume in 2026, a year before launch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/gaganyaan-mission-training-to-resume-in-2026-a-year-before-launch-2724214-2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2025-05-14 |title=Where are the four Gaganyaan Mission astronauts as Operation Sindoor is paused? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-mission-training-on-hold-where-are-the-four-astronauts-2724503-2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mission MITRA ===
From April 2 to April 9, 2026, ISRO and the Institute of Aerospace Medicine launched Mission MITRA (Mapping of Interoperable Traits and Response Assessment) to examine crew dynamics, performance, and behavior in a space simulated environment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Gurpreet |date=2026-04-08 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla shares snapshots from Mission MITRA, reveals how ISRO builds teams under pressure |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/science/shubhanshu-shukla-shares-snapshots-from-mission-mitra-reveals-how-isro-builds-teams-under-pressure-article-13883491.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> At an elevation of almost 4,000 meters, Mission MITRA was conducted in [[Likir]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhinav |date=2026-04-18 |title=Why ISRO’s Mission Mitra is critical for the Gaganyaan mission? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2026/04/18/why-isros-mission-mitra-is-critical-for-the-gaganyaan-mission.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> where [[Shubhanshu Shukla]], [[Prasanth Nair]], [[Ajit Krishnan]], and [[Angad Pratap]] were placed in conditions such as [[Hypoxia (medicine)|hypoxia]], low temperature and isolation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-04 |title=Isro launches Mission MITRA: Gaganyatris to be tested for mental, physical, and crew operability strengths in the wilderness of Ladakh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-mission-mitra-gaganyatris-to-be-tested-in-the-wilderness-of-ladakh-10618549/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-04 |title=ISRO launches mission in Ladakh to test mental, physical strength of astronauts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/isro-launches-mission-in-ladakh-to-test-mental-physical-strengths-of-astronauts/article70822968.ece |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This is to comprehend the functioning of the Gaganyaan crew under pressure. The study focused on the crew's interpersonal skills, cognitive abilities, and physiological responses. The mission will produce knowledge on the effectiveness of decision-making under operational and environmental stress, as well as the interoperability between space crew and ground control teams.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |last2=Singh |first2=Surendra |date=2026-04-05 |title=In cold desert of Leh, Gaganyatris test their stress quotient for space mission; Isro chief praises Artemis Mission II |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/in-cold-desert-of-leh-gaganyatris-test-their-stress-quotient-for-space-mission-isro-chief-praises-artemis-mission-ii/articleshow/130044129.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Researchers will keep an eye on integrated logistics, which evaluates communication protocols between the mission support teams and the field crew in Leh.

The goal of the mission, which was carried out in collaboration with the [[Department of Space]], the [[Human Space Flight Centre]], and defense organizations, is to generate standardized and structured data on team performance and psychological stability. Protoplanet, a Bengaluru-based [[Startup company|start-up]] that supports operational standards, is in charge of facility management and compliance. It is anticipated that the information acquired from the experiment would improve simulation training programs and aid in the development of rules pertaining to crew interaction and survival, as well as the selection of crews for certain missions and the assignment of suitable tasks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-06 |title=ISRO launches Mission MITRA in Ladakh for astronaut study: Inside the 3,500m experiment testing human survival in space-like conditions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isro-launches-mission-mitra-in-ladakh-for-astronaut-study-inside-the-3500m-experiment-testing-human-survival-in-space-like-conditions/articleshow/130042368.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=MISSION MITRA by ISRO Mapping of Interoperable Traits and Response Assessment (MITRA) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_mitra_by_ISRO.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref> The [[ESA CAVES]] served as an inspiration for the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-04-02 |title=Gaganyaan astronauts begin Mission Mitra in Ladakh, set to test human limits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/gaganyaan-astronauts-begin-mission-mitra-in-ladakh-set-to-test-human-limits-2890421-2026-04-02 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Protoplanet created the HOPE (Human Outer Planet Exploration) analog expedition, in which two simulated astronauts resided in cramped, isolated spaces that mirrored the circumstances humans might encounter on extended space trips. Everything was tested, including human behavior under severe situations and life support systems. HOPE will also assist in improving emergency response plans by validating habitat designs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-04-03 |title=This company quietly working with Isro is readying Indian astronauts for space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-gaganyaan-mission-protoplanet-mission-mitra-astronaut-training-2891328-2026-04-03 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== First Candidate announcement ==
[[File:Gaganyaan Crew.jpg|alt=Indian Astronaut Corps (2019 Batch, L-R): Nair, Krishnan, Pratap and Shukla|center|500x500px]]
On 27 February 2024, at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Prime Minister Modi announced the names of the four designated astronauts who will be eligible for future flights as part of the Gaganyaan program, as well as the Indo-US joint mission (Axiom-4) to the ISS. [[Governor of Kerala|Kerala Governor]], [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], [[Chief minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]], [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], Minister of State for External Affairs [[V. Muraleedharan]], ISRO chairman [[S. Somanath]] and other high-ranking ISRO officials were present at the reveal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Names of four astronauts revealed by Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-kerala-pm-modi-likely-announce-names-of-these-pilots-for-gaganyaan-mission-report-101709000231718.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=ISRO flying high! PM Modi announces Gaganyaan astronauts, inaugurates 3 new launch pads and interacts with Vyommitra |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/news/isro-flying-high-pm-modi-announces-gaganyaan-astronauts-inaugurates-3-new-launch-pads-and-interacts-with-vyommitra-108497-27-02-2024 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.businesstoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-02-27 |title=PM Modi announces names of four astronauts for Gaganyaan mission at ISRO {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-in-kerala-pm-modi-four-pilots-astronauts-name-gaganyaan-mission-launch-date-isro-angad-pratap-space-mission-11709017709709.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Fantastic 4: Meet The Gaganyaan Astronauts Named By PM |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-meet-the-4-astronauts-of-indias-crewed-space-mission-gaganyaan-5135754 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The selected astronauts are [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] [[Prasanth Nair]], Group Captain [[Ajit Krishnan]], Group Captain [[Angad Pratap]], and Group Captain [[Shubhanshu Shukla]]. They were given Indian [[astronaut wings]] and the Gaganyaan mission logo and motto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Group Captain Prashanth Nair among four test pilots for Gaganyaan Mission; PM Modi to announce all 4 names today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/group-captain-prashanth-nair-among-four-test-pilots-for-gaganyaan-mission-pm-modi-to-announce-all-4-names-today-419039-2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title=Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Indo-US joint mission astronaut is Shubhanshu Shukla, while Nair was selected as his backup. Both were thus selected to train at [[NASA]] facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Who is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the 'prime astronaut' for Indo-US mission to space? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Through Axiom Mission 4, [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] and [[Prasanth Nair]] obtained practical experience in microgravity adaptation, spaceflight operations, launch protocols, and emergency reaction training. Crucial operational experience was gained during the mission, including ingress and egress procedures, international coordination, medical diagnostics, pre-launch quarantine, and health preparation standards. This will assist ISRO in preparing ground crews and astronauts for the challenges of human spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-25 |title=Eye on Gaganyaan mission: How Shubhanshu Shukla's experiments on ISS will help Isro's manned mission; explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-gaganyaan-mission-how-shubhanshu-shuklas-experiments-on-iss-will-help-isros-manned-mission-explained/articleshow/122061708.cms |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Astronaut Shux briefs ISRO from space, offers key inputs for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jul/08/astronaut-shux-briefs-isro-from-space-offers-key-inputs-for-gaganyaan-mission |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of October 2025, about 90% of the Gaganyaan's development work has been finished. A human-rated launch vehicle, life support systems, crew safety technologies, and human-centric equipment are among the important technological components that are close to completion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-25 |title=ISRO's Gaganyaan reaches 90% completion ahead of historic human spaceflight, chairman V Narayanan confirms progress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isros-gaganyaan-reaches-90-completion-ahead-of-historic-human-spaceflight-chairman-v-narayanan-confirms-progress/articleshow/124784015.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Uniform ==

=== Ground uniform ===
The ground uniforms were developed by staff and students of the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT), [[Bengaluru]]. Under direction of the former NIFT director Susan Thomas, the team—students Lamia Anees, Samarpan Pradhan, and Tuliya D—and professors, Jonalee Bajpai and Mohan Kumar V—designed the ground uniform for the Gaganyaan mission. The team highlighted the importance that the astronaut-designates' pockets fit perfectly and the uniform support their motions. Seventy variants were considered before the final design was chosen. The NIFT team examined various space agency uniforms, such as those from [[SpaceX]] and [[NASA]]. The NIFT team explored asymmetry as a theme, developing a two-coloured, asymmetrical style line. The design was commissioned in 2021 by the NIFT team, and in 2022, they handed the design to ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monalisa |first=Monika |date=2024-03-05 |title=High flying: Indian Gaganyaan Astronauts sport NIFT-designed space suits; blend of style and function unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Mar/05/high-flying-indian-gaganyaan-astronauts-sport-nift-designed-space-suits-blend-of-style-and-function-unveiled |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ullas |first=Sruthy Susan |date=2024-02-29 |title=Gaganauts' ground suit designed by NIFT Bengaluru team has asymmetry as theme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/gaganyaan-astronauts-ground-suit-designed-by-nift-bengaluru-team-with-asymmetry-as-the-theme/articleshow/108089129.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Bio-vest ===
For the Gaganyaan programme, DRDO has created a wearable health monitoring system that includes subsystems such as an avionics interface unit, electronics, and a wearable textile belt. Two sets of [[Electrocardiography|electrocardiogram]] electrode leads, temperature sensors, and [[photoplethysmogram]] sensors are housed in a wearable textile belt. Four Bio-vests for crew training were delivered to ISRO in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

=== Pressure suit ===
In collaboration with [[Space Applications Centre]], Sure Safety, an industrial safety equipment firm based in [[Vadodara]], finished developing [[pressure suit]] for Gaganyaan mission called Astronaut Crew Escape Suit (ACES). The experiments conducted in vacuum chambers to test the material under laboratory settings are almost finished as of 18 January 2019, according to Nishith Dand, managing director of Sure Safety. The indigenously developed suit weighs 20% less while maintaining high standards of safety against fire, water, pressure changes and one hundredth of the cost of its foreign counterpart. In terms of life support, oxygen/air management, and [[CBRN defense|CBRN]] resistance, the ACES will combine the finest features of the Russian [[Sokol space suit|Sokol]] and the American [[Advanced Crew Escape Suit]]. The ACES's communications, pressure management, oxygen and carbon monoxide sensors, and biosensors for sensing body temperatures have all been developed successfully. The suit features air diverters, utility pockets, touch screen-sensitive gloves, a flexible hood zipper, and lightweight shoes. The temperature range in which ACES can function is −40 °C to +80 °C. ACES development project helped Sure Safety became one of the few companies globally with the expertise to create and build these types of suits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shastri |first=Parth |date=2019-01-18 |title=Made in Vadodara space suit to be used in Gaganyaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/made-in-vadodara-space-suit-to-be-used-in-gaganyaan/articleshow/67579315.cms |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In the event of an environmental emergency within the space capsule, ACES will protect the crew. Its goal is to preserve the wearer's life in the event that the spacecraft unintentionally loses pressurization.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Shramana |date=2016-02-11 |title=Sure Safety to exhibit space suit at Make In India Week |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sure-safety-to-exhibit-space-suit-at-make-in-india-week/articleshow/50934618.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Space suit ===
According to [[G. Madhavan Nair]], [[space suit]] development has already begun in a low-key manner prior to the official Cabinet approval of ₹9,023 crore Gaganyaan project on 28 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=Gaganyaan a major turning point in India's space programme: Ex-ISRO chairman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/gaganyaan-a-major-turning-point-in-indias-space-programme-ex-isro-chairman/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During the Bengaluru Space Expo 2018, ISRO unveiled the prototype space suit for the Gaganyaan mission. The orange colour prototype space suit was created at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]'s [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogra |first=Sarthak |date=2018-09-07 |title=ISRO Displays Space Suits, Crew Capsule For 2022 Manned Space Mission at Bengaluru Space Expo |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/isro-displays-space-suits-crew-capsule-for-2022-manned-space-mission-at-bengaluru-space-expo-1870709.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The lab began working on the prototype development from 2016. The prototype space suit weighs less than five kilograms and is constructed of four layers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=India Unveils Its Own Spacesuit Design for 2022 Astronaut Flights |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-09-12/India-Unveils-Its-Own-Spacesuit-Design-for-2022-Astronaut-Flights/411589 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> One oxygen cylinder, sufficient for the astronaut to breathe for sixty minutes, can be accommodated in the suit. For the mission, ISRO has already created two suits and is currently working on the third one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwarakanath |first=Nagarjun |date=2018-09-07 |title=Isro displays space suit, crew model for 2022 mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/isro-unveils-space-suit-crew-model-for-2022-mission-1334124-2018-09-07 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Chairman K. Sivan during an interview with [[India Today]] on 9 November 2018 stated that ISRO is continuing the research on spacesuits in order to enhance them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chengappa |first=Raj |date=2018-11-09 |title=It's not just an ISRO project, it's a national one: K Sivan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20181119-it-s-not-just-an-isro-project-it-s-a-national-one-k-sivan-1384890-2018-11-09 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Glavkosmos has also contracted [[NPP Zvezda]] for manufacturing customized IVA flight-suits for Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2020 |title=Russia to make spacesuits for Indian cosmonauts |url=https://www.glavkosmos.com/en/russia-to-make-spacesuits-for-indian-cosmonauts/ |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Glavkosmos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pramanik |first1=Ayan |last2=Krishnan |first2=Raghu |title=After Gaganyaan, ISRO chairman K Sivan to set sights on space station |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/after-gaganyaan-isro-chairman-k-sivan-to-set-sights-on-space-station/articleshow/73237162.cms |access-date=2021-07-23 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=28 August 2021 |title=Indian pilots to return to Russia soon for customised space suits |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-pilots-to-return-to-russia-soon-for-customised-space-suits/article36158300.ece |access-date=2021-09-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Indian astronauts visited Zvezda on 3 September 2020, to have their [[Anthropometry|anthropometric]] measurements taken in preparation for the creation of spacesuits later on. On 7 September 2020, Zvezda authorities announced that the organization had started manufacturing space suits for the Gaganyaan mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2020-09-07 |title=Gaganyaan space suits' production begins in Russia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-space-suits-production-begins-in-russia/articleshow/77981140.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Hindustan Times reported on 12 January 2024, that in order to double-check crew safety for the first mission, Indian astronauts are expected to don Russian-made spacesuits rather than the domestically manufactured Intra Vehicular Activity (IVA) suits created by Vikram Sarabhai Space Center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-01-12 |title=For Gaganyaan astronauts, Isro may opt for Russian-made spacesuits |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-gaganyaan-astronauts-isro-may-opt-for-russian-made-spacesuits-101705073205022.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Members ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Image
!Missions
!Flight duration
!Selection Year
|-
|[[Rakesh Sharma]]
|[[File:Rakesh Sharma.jpg|center|170x170px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Soyuz T-11|Soyuz-T-11]]
|
| rowspan="2" |1982- Interkosmos
|-
|[[Ravish Malhotra]]
|[[File:Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra edit.jpg|center|180x180px]]
|Backup Crew
|-
|[[P. Radhakrishnan (scientist)|P Radhakrisnan Nair]]
|
| rowspan="2" |''[[Canceled Space Shuttle missions|STS-61-I]]''
| rowspan="2" |Flight cancelled
| rowspan="2" |1984 - NASA payload specialists
|-
|Nagapathi C Bhatt
|
|-
|[[Shubhanshu Shukla]]
|[[File:Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla.jpg|center|141x141px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Axiom Mission 4|Axiom-4]]
|
| rowspan="4" |2024 Gaganyaan Crew
|-
|[[Prasanth Nair|Prasanth B Nair]]
|[[File:Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair.jpg|center|132x132px]]
|Backup Crew
|-
|[[Ajit Krishnan]]
|[[File:Group Captain Ajit Krishnan.jpg|center|134x134px]]
|
|
|-
|[[Angad Pratap]]
|[[File:Group Captain Angad Pratap.jpg|center|127x127px]]
| -
| -
|}

== Crew-oriented equipment development ==

=== Space food ===
The [[Mysore]]-based [[Defence Food Research Laboratory]] (DFRL), a unit of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), developed dried and packaged food for astronauts. The 70 varieties of dehydrated and processed food items underwent strict procedures to eliminate microbacterial and macrobacterial nutrients. Special care has to be taken in the packaging, and the food items should be of limited weight and high nutritional quality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-29 |title=DRDO develops space food for astronauts |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-drdo-develops-space-food-for-astronauts-1430510 |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Waste disposal systems for leftover food, liquid dispensing systems, food rehydrating systems and heaters adaptable to outer space conditions are in development, although the list of food products planned to fly aboard Gaganyaan is yet to be publicised as of August 2020. DFRL is expected to launch its Ready-to-Eat (RTE) space food by March 2021. The initial batch for the crewed spaceflight Gaganyaan-H1 will carry foodstuffs sufficient for 7 days.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Anantha Krishnan M |date=2020-08-27 |title=Gaganyaan Unplugged-5: Tasty space food warming up at DFRL Mysuru for India's manned mission |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/27/gaganyaan-manned-flight-food-warming-dfrl-mysuru.html |access-date=2020-09-01 |publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

=== Space medicine ===
In May 2019, the [[Indian Air Force]] and ISRO signed an [[MoU]] that designated [[Indian Air Force#Training and education|Institute of Aerospace Medicine]] as the primary organization responsible for providing medical support to the Gaganyaan programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> ISRO's [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]], which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on 1 July 2019, for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2019 |title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick and train astronauts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |access-date=2019-08-01 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) has been approved to be set up in [[Moscow]] for coordination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=Cabinet approves setting up of ISRO's technical liaison unit in Moscow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-isro-s-technical-liaison-unit-in-moscow-1575834-2019-07-31 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Technical Liaison Unit at Moscow |url=https://www.examrace.com/Current-Affairs/NEWS-ISRO-Technical-Liaison-Unit-at-Moscow.htm |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Examrace}}</ref>

Later in January 2021, India sent two [[flight surgeon]]s to Russia and France for hands-on experience in space medicine. The flights surgeons are doctors from the Indian Air Force, specializing in aerospace medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 10, 2021 |title=Two Indian flight surgeons to visit Russia for space medicine training |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/two-indian-flight-surgeons-to-visit-russia-for-space-medicine-training-121011000468_1.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> In preparation for the human spaceflight programme, ISRO Chairman S. Somanath encouraged the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS) to come up with solutions for the astronauts' psychological health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-03 |title=NIMHANS should provide solutions for psychological well-being of astronauts in space: ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nimhans-should-provide-solutions-for-psychological-well-being-of-astronauts-in-space-isro-chairman/article68714424.ece |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

ISRO and [[CNES]] announced on April 15, 2021, a space agreement for cooperation in space equipment, consumables, and space medicine. The CNES team at the [[European Astronaut Centre]] in [[Cologne]] and the Centre for the Development of Microgravity Applications and Space Operations, or CADMOS, at the [[Toulouse Space Centre]] will provide training to flight physicians and Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) mission control teams for Gaganyaan. Additionally, CNES will operate as a point of contact between ISRO and [[European Space Agency]] (ESA). CNES will assist in the execution of a scientific experiment plan for validation missions, knowledge sharing regarding food packaging and nutrition programs, and the use of French medical tools, equipment, and consumables by Indian astronauts. The Indian space crew will thus have access to French technology created by CNES that has been tested and is now in use aboard the International Space Station. CNES will also provide radiation- and shock-resistant carry bags to India to protect equipment. The future cooperation include parabolic flights conducted by Novespace for instrument testing and astronaut training, as well as technical assistance for the building of an astronaut training facility in Bangaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2021-04-15 |title=France inks pact with India, to provide space food, med, equipment for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/france-inks-pact-with-india-to-provide-space-food-med-equipment-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/82089273.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

An MoU has also been signed with All India Institute of Medical Sciences on 10 March 2026 for cooperation and joint research in Space Medicine and Research, particularly for long-duration missions to the BAS and potential crewed missions to the moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi signs Framework Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in Space Medicine and Research |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_AIIMS_NewDelhi_signs_Framework_Memorandum.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Future ==

=== Selection of Second group of Astronauts ===
ISRO has acknowledged the need for additional astronauts on future space missions. A broader pool of potential astronauts will be created in collaboration with the IAF's Institute of Aerospace Medicine. Candidates from experimental domains and aeronautical research are of particular interest to ISRO. Angad Pratap, the Gaganyaan group captain, has stated that priority will be given to research work addressing difficulties ISRO faces in technical endeavours. Even if researchers and military aviators comprise the majority of initial crews, subsequent choices will probably be more diverse. The astronauts must become experts in space theory, take part in simulator training, and interact with scientists. Essential training at the Astronaut Training School (ATS) includes aero-medical training and survival training in a variety of settings, including sea, desert, and snow.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-04 |title=Seek science milestones, not personal glory: Gaganyaan astronaut; next batch selection soon: ISRO Chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/seek-science-milestones-not-personal-glory-gaganyaan-astronaut-next-batch-selection-soon-isro-chief/articleshow/113946017.cms |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In April 2026, the Indian committee on astronaut selection and management recommended that the second batch of astronauts include a mix of military and civilian candidates. ISRO announced its willingness to open its astronaut corps to civilians, with the second group to have ten astronauts, six mission pilots drawn from military aviation backgrounds and four civilian specialists from [[science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]] fields. ISRO will also open select applicants from combat helicopter platforms for future Lunar missions. The selection process is to take place after the fourth Gaganyaan flight. They are expected to be trained for a period of four years. Future Gaganyaan missions will also have a larger crew capacity of three, for which a larger astronaut pool is to be developed. A third batch of 12 will be selected at a later date, with a stenght of 40 astronauts for [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS]] missions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-27 |title=Isro to open astronaut cadre to civilians, selection of second batch to begin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/isro-to-open-astronaut-cadre-to-civilians-selection-of-second-batch-to-begin-2902104-2026-04-27 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chetan |date=2026-04-27 |title=Isro will open astronaut cadre to civilians: 4 of 10 in 2nd batch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isro-will-open-astronaut-cadre-to-civilians-4-of-10-in-2nd-batch/articleshow/130539329.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO to Open Space Travel to Civilians; Second Astronaut Batch to Include Non-Military Specialists |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/national-76192/isro-civilians-astronaut-selection-gaganyaan-second-batch-67011 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

=== Humanoid robots ===
[[File:Vyommitra (Space friend), ISRO.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Vyommitra]]
Unlike other nations that have carried out human spaceflight, India will not fly [[Animals in space|animals into space]]. Instead, it will fly humanoid robots for a better understanding of what weightlessness and radiation do to the human body during a long duration in space.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-25 |title=Why is India sending robots into space? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48918280 |access-date=2019-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="HTJan2020">{{Cite news |author=Anonna Dutt |date=2020-01-08 |title=India's first manned mission Gaganyaan may take 1 astronaut |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-manned-mission-gaganyaan-may-take-1-astronaut/story-nh095IVken3trSu0V1wVnK.html |access-date=2020-01-13 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 22 January 2020, ISRO announced ''[[Vyommitra]]'' to accompany the other astronauts in the mission. ISRO aims not to [[Animals in space|fly animals onboard experimental missions]] unlike other nations that have carried out human space flight. Instead, it will fly [[humanoid robot]]s for a better understanding of what weightlessness and radiation do to the human body during long durations in space.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2019 |title=Why is India sending robots into space? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48918280 |access-date=2020-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>''Vyommitra'' is expected to be onboard uncrewed Gaganyaan missions to perform [[Micro-g environment|microgravity]] experiments, monitor module parameters, and support astronauts in crewed missions by simulating functions like a human from the waist up. It can detect and give out warnings if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition. It can autonomously complete tasks and follow new commands.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dwarakanath |first=Nagarjun |date=22 January 2020 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Meet Vyommitra, the talking human robot that Isro will send to space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-vyommitra-talking-humanoid-isro-space-1639077-2020-01-22 |access-date=2020-01-22 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2020 |title=ISRO to send humanoid Vyommitra in unmanned Gaganyaan spacecraft ahead of human spaceflight |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-send-humanoid-vyommitra-in-unmanned-gaganyaan-spacecraft-ahead-of-human-spaceflight/articleshow/73576959.cms |access-date=2021-08-29 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> It is programmed to speak [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] and perform multiple tasks.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=22 January 2020 |title=Gaganyaan mission: First glimpse of 'Vyommitra', the humanoid for Gaganyaan; it's a 'She' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1st-glimpse-of-vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-gaganyaan-its-a-she/articleshow/73513989.cms |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=ISRO's manned mission to Moon will happen, but not right now: K Sivan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-will-look-at-manned-mission-to-moon-someday-but-not-right-now-k-sivan-6229655/ |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title='व्योममित्रा'ची पहिली झलक! भारताकडून 'ती' पहिल्यांदा जाणार अवकाशात |url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-isros-mission-gaganyaan-dmp-82-2066411/ |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=ISRO's prototype humanoid for Gaganyaan mission is Vyom Mitra which will go to space before astronauts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/article/isro-s-prototype-humanoid-for-gaganyaan-mission-is-vyom-mitra-which-will-go-to-space-before-astronauts/543450 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
'''Other Astronaut corps'''

* [[Canadian Astronaut Corps]]
* [[European Astronaut Corps]]
* [[NASA Astronaut Corps]]
* [[JAXA Astronaut Corps]]
* [[Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps]]

'''Indian Space programme'''

* [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|Indian Space Station]]
* [[Gaganyaan|Gaganyaan Crewed Spacecraft]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]

'''Others'''

* [[List of Indian astronauts]]
* [[List of astronauts of Indian origin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Lists of astronauts]]
[[Category:Indian astronauts]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]

Dubbing Janaki

2026-05-06T11:59:00Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dubbing Janaki
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Dasari Janaki
| birth_place = [[Peddapuram]], [[India]]
| height =
| occupation = Actress, [[Voice acting|voice artist]]
| years_active = 1958–present
| homepage =
| known for = ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' ''[[Swati Mutyam]] ''
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramakrishnan|1964|1997|end=died}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Dasari Janaki''', known professionally as '''Dubbing Janaki''', is an Indian actress and [[Voice acting|voice artist]].<ref name="thetelugufilmnagar.com">{{cite web |title=Dubbing Janaki |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/dubbing-janaki/ |website=thetelugufilmnagar.com |publisher=Telugu FilmNagar |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175015/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/dubbing-janaki/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has appeared in several films and television shows in various [[South Indian]] languages.

== Early life ==
Janaki was born in [[Peddapuram]], East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. She started acting in stage shows from the age of 9. She studied up to 7th standard. Though her birthname is Dasari Janaki, she was called Dubbing Janaki by the media to distinguish Janaki from her contemporaries, actress [[Sowcar Janaki]] and singer [[S. Janaki]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ఆరోజు బాగా కన్నీళ్లు వచ్చేశాయి: డబ్బింగ్‌ జానకి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/dubbing-janaki-and-krishnaveni-latest-interview-in-alitho-saradaga/0201/121082812 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |date=23 April 2021}}</ref>

She married Ramakrishnan, a military employee, in 1964 and relocated to Chennai. The couple have two sons and a daughter. Her husband died in 1997. She is currently living with her children family in Chennai.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Career ==
She started appearing in films since 1958. Her first film was ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' produced by AVM. She dubbed for the role of [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] in the Telugu 'ndhi. She played an important character in the film ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) in which she played a maid. After that, she started getting similar roles. She is also remembered for her mother roles in films ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983) and ''[[Swati Kiranam]]''.

==Filmography==
===Telugu===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Varasudochhadu]]''
*''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]''
*''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''
*''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
*''Swara Kalpana''
*''Srivaru''
*''[[Swarnakamalam]]''
*''[[Seetha Payanam]]''
*''[[Swati Mutyam]]''
*''[[Sitadevi]]''
*''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]''
*''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''
*''[[Seetamalakshmi]]''
*''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
*''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]''
*''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru]]''
*''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'' as Gemini Ganeshan's wife
*''[[Ontari Poratam]]''
*''[[Nindu Samsaram]]''
* ''Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham''
*''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''
*''Nalla Pussalu''
*''Mugguru Attala Muddula Alludu''
*''[[Moodu Mullu]]''
*''[[Madana Gopaludu]]''
*''[[Kanyadanam (1998 film)|Kanyadanam]]''
*''[[Kirayi Mogudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirayi Mogudu Cast Info |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/8064}}</ref> (1986) as Bhagyam
*''[[Kalahala Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalahala Kapuram (1982) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref> (1982) as Annapurna
*''Jeevithame Oka Cinema''
*''Jeevana Vedam''
*''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''
*''[[Idhi Kaadu Mugimpu]]''
*''Illalu''
*''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''
*''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]''
*''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''
*''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''
*''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]''
*''[[Dharma Chakram]]''
*''Dorikithe Dongalu'' (1989) as Annapurna
*''[[Chantabbai]]''
*''[[Chilakapachcha Kaapuram]]''
*''Collector Gari''
*''[[Captain Nagarjun]]''
*''[[Coolie No. 1 (Telugu film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
*''Chevilo Puvvu''
*''Bhooporatham''
*''[[Aradhana (1987 film)|Aradhana]]''
*''[[Aashayam]]''
*''[[Agni Putrudu]]''
*''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]''
*''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''
*''[[Abhishekam (film)|Abhishekam]]''
*''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]''
*''[[20va Shatabdam]]''
{{Colend}}

===Tamil===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Pillai Nila]]'' (1985)
*''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' (1988)
*''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (1989)
*''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' (1989)
*''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]'' (1989)
*''[[Manaivi Oru Manickam]]'' (1990)
*''[[Avasara Police 100]]'' (1990)
*''[[Marupadiyum]]'' (1993)
*''[[Gokulam]]'' (1993)
*''[[Enga Muthalali|Enga Mudhalali]]'' (1993)
*''[[Gangai Karai Paattu]]'' (1995)
*''[[Pasumpon]]'' (1995)
*''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' (1995)
*''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' (1996)
*''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' (1997)
*''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' (1998)
*''[[Simmasanam]]'' (1998)
*''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Pottu Amman]]'' (2000)
*''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002)
*''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' (2018)
{{colend}}

===Kannada===
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[Mane Mane Kathe]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' (1982)
*''Adrushtavantha'' (1982)
* ''[[Manege Banda Mahalakshmi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Samarpane]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gedda maga]]'' (1983)
* ''Pooja Phala'' (1984)
* ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984)
* ''Sathi Sakkubayi'' (1985)
* ''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Thayiye Nanna Devaru]]'' (1986)
* ''Prema Kadambhari''(1987)
* ''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]] '' (1987)
* ''[[Mutthaide]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Nammoora Raja]]''(1988)
* ''[[Hosa Kaavya]]'' (1989) as Chandru's mother
* ''[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]''(1990)
* ''[[Shivashankar]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Bevu Bella (1993 film)|Bevu Bella]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]''(1993)
* ''[[Lockup Death]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Gadibidi Aliya]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Bangarada Kalasha]]'' (1995)
{{colend}}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Network
!Language
|-
|1998–1999||''Akshaya''|| rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000||''Pushpanjali''
|-
|''Oka Stree Katha''||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2001||''Take It Easy Vaazhkai''|| rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2003–2007||''Sorgam''
|-
|2003–2004||''Janaki''|| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2004||''Deivam''
|-
|2007–2009||''Vairanenjam''||[[Kalaignar TV]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2007–2012||''[[Athipookal]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2008–2010||''Sendhoorapoove''
|-
|2011–2012||''Chinna Kodalu''||[[Zee Telugu]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2012–2015||''Shikharam''||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2013–2016||[[Sasirekha Parinayam (TV series)|''Sasirekha Parinayam'']]|| [[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|-
|2014–2016||''Chandralekha''||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015–2016||''Atho Athamma Koothuro''||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[Pasamalar (TV series)|''Pasamalar'']]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2018–2019||[[Pournami (TV series)|''Pournami'']]||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
|-
|2018–2019; 2021||[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|''Roja'']]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2019–2021||''Suryakantam''|| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]|| rowspan="7" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2021–2022
|''Muthyamantha Muddu''
|-
|2022–2023
|''Shatamanam Bhavati''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2023
|[[Geethanjali (Telugu TV series)|''Geethanjali'']]
|[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2023–present
|''Gundeninda Gudigantalu''
|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2023–present
|''Jagadhatri''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0417309}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janaki, Dubbing}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Chinna Babu Arigela

2026-05-05T09:33:06Z

Mlzsgondia: made a article

{{short description|Indian film producer}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Chinna Babu Arigela|timestamp=20260505093306|year=2026|month=May|day=5|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chinna Babu Arigela
| image =
| birth_name = Chinna
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|24 November 1974}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Film producer
| website =
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| children =
}}

'''Chinna Babu Arigela''' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-tollywood/article/hotel-boy-who-became-producer|title=The hotel boy who became a producer |newspaper = Deccan Chronicle |access-date= 31 October 2015}}</ref> (born 24 November 1974), known as Chinna, is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] producer who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has also dubbed and produced Tamil remakes in Telugu like [[Ajith Kumar]]'s ''[[Asal (film)|Asal]]'' as Soolam, Vijay Antony's [[Naan]] as Nakili, and Prithviraj's [[Malayalam]] hit movie [[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]] with the same title.

Tripura<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Swathis-Tripura-acquires-overseas-theatricalrights/articleshow/49085445.cms|title= Swathi's Tripura acquires overseas theatrical rights |newspaper = Times of India |accessdate= 24 September 2015}}</ref> is his latest production in Telugu, starring [[Swathi Reddy]], Naveen Chandra and directed by ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' director Raaja Kiran.

==Filmography==
;As producer
*[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]] (2011)
*Soolam (2012)
*[[Nakili]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nakili-movie-review.html|title= Review: Nakili – Decent Thriller|publisher = 123telugu.com |accessdate= 9 February 2013}}</ref>
*[[Tripura]] (2015)
*Gurthunda Seethakalam (2021)
*Full Bottle(2022)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]

Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978 film)

2026-05-05T04:44:33Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding initial post w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
| image = Muqaddar Ka Sikandar poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| producer = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Kader Khan]]|Vijay Kaul|Laxmikant Sharma}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|[[Vinod Khanna]]|[[Raakhee Gulzar]]|[[Rekha]]|[[Ranjeet (Indian actor)|Ranjeet]]|[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]}}
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Prakash Mehra Productions
| released = {{Film date|1978|10|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 182 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}10 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978) Hindi Movie Review, Budget and Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/bollywood-movie/muqaddar-ka-sikandar-1978 | access-date=18 December 2021 |website=Bollywood Product|language=en-US}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}269 million<ref>https://bollywoodproduct.in/list-of-bollywood-films-of-1978/</ref>
}}

'''''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar''''' ({{Translation|Conqueror of Destiny}}) is a 1978 Indian [[crime drama| action crime drama film]] produced and directed by [[Prakash Mehra]], and written by [[Kader Khan]], Vijay Kaul and [[Laxmikant Sharma]].<ref name="HK">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-06 |title=How Kader Khan's dialogues made Devdas look cool in Muqaddar Ka Sikandar |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/how-kader-khans-dialogues-made-devdas-look-cool-in-muqaddar-ka-sikandar/173722/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], in his fifth of nine films with [[Prakash Mehra]], along with [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Raakhee]], [[Rekha]], [[Ranjeet]], and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] in pivotal roles, while [[Nirupa Roy]], and [[Kader Khan]] gave special appearances. The film tells of the story of Sikandar (played by [[Amitabh Bachchan]]), an orphan raised in the slums of [[Bombay]]. The film's plot is loosely inspired by the [[Bengali novels|Bengali novel]] ''[[Devdas]]'' (1917).<ref name="HK" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nirmal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT184 |title=Brave New Bollywood: In Conversation with Contemporary Hindi Filmmakers |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Preeti |date=2015-02-04 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5150-495-5 |pages=184}}</ref> and the [[French language|French]] play [[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]].

''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar'' was the highest-grossing [[Bollywood]] film of 1978,<ref name="boi78" /> and the biggest [[Diwali]] blockbuster of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2018 |title=The Biggest Diwali BLOCKBUSTERS of All Time |publisher=Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4407 |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> It was also the third [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] of the decade, after ''[[Sholay]]'' and ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''. ''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar'' was also an overseas blockbuster in the [[Soviet Union]].

At the [[26th Filmfare Awards]], it was nominated for nine [[Filmfare Awards]], including [[Best Film]], but did not win in any category.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |page=52}}</ref> It was remade into the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'' (1980),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uppalapati Krishnam Raju Filmography |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224905/http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=2011-06-01 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref> and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)|Amara Kaaviyam]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=2016-06-04 |title=Prabhu is ready to play baddie |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Prabhu-is-ready-to-play-baddie/article14386225.ece |access-date=2018-08-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was the last movie where [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Amitabh bachchan]] acted together after giving 6 successful films

==Plot==
The story revolves around a nameless, young orphan boy who finds employment in the house of a wealthy man, Ramnath [[Shriram Lagoo|(Shriram Lagoo]]). Unfortunately, Ramnath harbors an intense dislike for the boy due to a tragic incident involving another orphan who had killed Ramnath's wife. Despite this, Ramnath's young daughter Kaamna empathizes with the boy, and they develop a strong bond of friendship.

Later on, the boy is adopted by a [[Muslim]] woman named Fatima, ([[Nirupa Roy]]), who also works for Ramnath. She renames him Sikandar, meaning "Conqueror," and takes on the responsibility of raising him as her own son. However, things take a turn for the worse when Sikandar is accused of trying to rob Ramnath's house while attempting to deliver a birthday gift to Kaamna. Ramnath promptly banishes Sikandar and his mother from his home.

Unfortunately, tragedy strikes again when Fatima dies, leaving the young Sikandar to look after her daughter, Mehroo. In the midst of his grief and despair, Sikandar seeks guidance from a [[fakir]] named Darvesh Baba, ([[Kader Khan]]). The wise Darvesh Baba advises Sikandar to find happiness in sadness and embrace the challenges of life. By doing so, he will become the conqueror of fate.

The film cuts to grown up Sikandar ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), revealing he has amassed a fortune by turning in smugglers and thieves to the police and receiving the reward payouts. With all his wealth, he has managed to build an impressive house for himself and Mehroo, along with setting up a profitable business. He still has not forgotten Kaamna ([[Raakhee]]). She and her father have fallen on hard times, but they snub all offers from Sikandar to become reacquainted. When Sikandar tries to speak to Kaamna she demands that he never speak to her again. Sikandar is upset by this and becomes a heavy drinker. He also begins to visit Zohra Begum's ([[Rekha]]) brothel on a regular basis. Zohra falls into an unrequited love with Sikander and begins to refuse other clients.

One night in a bar, Sikandar is introduced to Vishal Anand ([[Vinod Khanna]]), a down-on-his-luck lawyer. A friendship is formed when Vishal risks his own life to save Sikandar from a bomb blast. Vishal and his mother move into Sikandar's house. A criminal named Dilawar ([[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]) is in love with Zohra, and learns about her love for Sikandar. Dilawar confronts Sikandar and in the ensuing fight is thrashed by him. He swears to kill Sikandar.

At length Ramnath and Kaamna, who have been struggling financially, discover that Sikandar has been anonymously paying their bills. Ramnath goes to thank him. The two households become friendly, and Vishal begins to work with Ramnath. Encouraged, Sikandar tries to profess his love to Kaamna through a love letter. Because Sikandar himself is illiterate, Vishal transcribes the letter for him, but the plan backfires when Kaamna mistakes the letter as actually being from Vishal. Vishal is unaware that Kaamna is the girl Sikandar loves, and they begin to date. Sikandar, upon learning this, struggles with his emotions but decides he must sacrifice his love for the sake of his friendship with Vishal. He covers up any evidence of his feelings toward Kaamna, and at his urging, Vishal and Kaamna plan to marry.

Meanwhile, the marriage of Mehroo is at risk of being cancelled; her fiancé's family have learned about Sikandar's frequent visits to Zohra, and they object to the union on these grounds. Vishal, knowing Sikandar won't change, visits Zohra and offers to pay her if she agrees to abandon Sikandar. Zohra, upon learning the reason, refuses the money but promises Vishal that she would rather die than let Sikandar visit her again. Later, Sikandar arrives at Zohra's. When she is unable to stop his entry, she kills herself by consuming poison hidden in her diamond ring, and dies in his arms.

Dilawar in the meantime has formed an alliance with Sikandar's arch enemy, J. D. ([[Ranjeet]]), and upon learning of Zohra's death hatches a plan to destroy Sikandar and his family. Kaamna and Mehroo are both preparing for their weddings; J. D. and his henchmen kidnap Mehroo but Vishal follows them and rescues her. Dilawar kidnaps Kaamna, but Sikandar follows him. He rescues Kaamna and sends her home while he fights Dilawar. In the final battle, both Dilawar and Sikandar are mortally wounded and Dilawar is surprised to learn that Sikandar never loved Zohra. A dying Sikandar reaches the wedding of Kaamna and Vishal. Just as the wedding ceremony is completed, Sikandar collapses. His dying words inadvertently reveal his love for Kaamna, and Vishal sings him a reprise from the movie's theme song: "Life is going to betray you someday... Death is your true love as it will take you along..." Sikandar's entire life flashes before him and he dies in Vishal's arms just as the song is completed. The film ends with the wedding having become a funeral.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Sikandar
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Vishal Anand
* [[Raakhee]] as Kaamna
* [[Rekha]] as Zohra Bai
* [[Ranjeet]] as J.D.
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Dilawar
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Fatima
(Cameo Appearance)
* [[Kader Khan]] as Darvesh Baba (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Ramnath
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Goga
* [[Ram Sethi]] as Pyarelal
* Mahu Malini as Mehroo, Fatima's daughter
* Baby Shalu as young Kaamna
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Piano Instructor
* [[Paidi Jairaj]] as Dr. Kapoor
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as Paul
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Police Inspector
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Vishal's Mother
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Bus Conductor
* Mayur Raj Verma as Young Sikandar
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The Soundtrack was composed by the duo of the brothers [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], with the lyrics by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Prakash Mehra]] (Salaam-e-Ishq).
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| Salaam-E-Ishq Meri Jaan Zara Qubool Kar Lo
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Yaman Kalyan]]
|-
| O Saathi Re (Male)
| Kishore Kumar
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| O Saathi Re (Female)
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
| Kishore Kumar
|
|-
| Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (Sad)
| [[Mohammad Rafi]]
|
|-
| Pyar Zindagi Hai, Pyar Bandagi Hai
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| Wafa Jo Na Ki To
| [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|
|-
| Dil To Hai Dil
| Lata Mangeshkar
|[[Bhoopeshwari]]
|-
|}

Vocals were supplied by Kishore Kumar for Amitabh Bachchan, with Mohammed Rafi and Mahendra Kapoor for Vinod Khanna. Rafi's voice was used for the sad version of the title track.

Rafi wanted Kumar to sing the sad version, but agreed to sing it himself upon music directors Kalyanji–Anandji's insistence.

==Box office==
Produced on a budget of {{INR|10 million|link=yes}}, the film grossed {{INR|170 million}} in India. It was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing film]] of the year, as well as the third highest-grossing film of the decade, after ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) and ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973). The film was a blockbuster, according to [[Box Office India]].<ref name="boi78">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |title=Box Office 1978 |access-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213231634/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA== |archive-date=13 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehindu.com/features/friday-review/muqaddar-ka-sikandar-1978/article8591212.ece|title=Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978)|first=SANDEEP|last=YADAV|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> The film was such a huge hit, that people used to stand in queues, waiting endlessly, to buy the film's tickets. Sometimes the crowds slept in front of the cinema halls overnight in their wait for the tickets.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Its Indian gross is equivalent to {{US$|{{#expr:170/8.19 round 2}} million|long=no}} in 1978.{{efn|name=Currency1978|{{INR|8.19}} per US dollar in 1978<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1979&locations=IN&start=1978 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1978 |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>}} Adjusted for inflation, its Indian gross is equivalent to {{INR|5.5 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|5500|IND}} million|long=no}}) in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Biggest Diwali BLOCKBUSTERS of All Time |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4407 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=10 December 2018}}</ref>

It was also an overseas blockbuster in the [[Soviet Union]], where the film grossed 6.3{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet ruble|rubles]] (25.2{{nbsp}}million ticket sales,<ref name="soviet">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=3 August 2008}}</ref> at average 25{{nbsp}}[[Soviet ruble|kopecks]] ticket price),<ref name="moscow7">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 48], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref> which was {{US$|7.96 million|long=no|link=yes}}{{efn|0.791 rubles per US dollar in 1984<ref name="russia">{{cite web|title=Archive|url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|website=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|year=1992}}</ref>}} ({{INR|98.9 million}}){{efn|12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984<ref name="rbi15268">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15268|title=Reserve Bank of India – Publications|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821052651/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15268|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} in 1984. Adjusted for inflation, its overseas gross is equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|7.96|1984}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:(19/1000)*(100/{{To USD|100|IND}}) round 3}} billion}}) in 2017.

Worldwide, the film grossed {{INR|{{#expr:170+98.9 round 0}} million}} ({{US$|{{#expr:260/8.19 round 2}} million|long=no}}).<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2018 |title=On Independence Day, here are the most successful Indian movies of every decade since 1947 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/on-independence-day-here-are-the-most-successful-indian-movies-of-every-decade-since-1947/story-EIf9tdhbWfO38hftOSwQIM.html}}</ref>{{efn|name=Currency1978}} Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|31.75|1978}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:(119.32/1000)*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}}) round 2}} billion}}) in 2017.

In terms of footfalls, the film sold an estimated {{#expr:170/(2.22*0.68+3.26*0.32) round 0}}{{nbsp}}million tickets in India,<ref name="boi78"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Ashok |title=Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870231 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA71}}</ref> and 25.2{{nbsp}}million tickets in the Soviet Union,<ref name="soviet"/> for an estimated total of {{#expr:67+25.2 round 0}}{{nbsp}}million tickets sold worldwide.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
! colspan="9" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|[[26th Filmfare Awards]]
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align center;"
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Recipient(s)
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|- style="border-top:2px solid gray;"
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Prakash Mehra]]
| rowspan="9" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Rekha]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
| [[Ram Sethi]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]] ({{small|For "O Saathi Re Tera Bina"}})
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]] for ({{small|For "O Saathi Re Tera Bina"}})
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| Laxmikant Sharma
|}

==See also==
*''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
*''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]''
*[[Muslim social]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0079590}}

{{Prakash Mehra}}

[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Mehra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

Nyla Usha

2026-04-24T11:35:54Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{hatnote|In this Indian name, the name ''Usha'' is [[matronymic]], and the person should be referred by the [[given name]] ''Nyla''}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nyla Usha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Nyla Usha Gopakumar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram|All Saints College Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actress|radio jockey|model|TV host}}
| years_active = 2004–present
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
}}

'''Nyla Usha Gopakumar''' is an Indian actress, television host, and [[radio jockey]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nyla Usha uses her own costumes ! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nyla-Usha-uses-her-own-costumes-/articleshow/27359804.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219041350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-14/news-and-interviews/45189536_1_second-film-gala-time-kunjananthante-kada |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> After working for nearly a decade as an RJ at [[Hit 96.7]] in [[Dubai]], she made her acting debut in 2013 with ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/dubai-rj-nyla-usha-new-face-of-malayalam-film-industry-2014-02-17-1.538505 |title=Dubai RJ Nyla Usha: New face of Malayalam film industry |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |date=17 February 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nyla was born to Gopakumar and Usha Kumari in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. She did her schooling at the [[Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]] and pursued her college education at [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. In 2004, she moved to [[Dubai]] and joined the radio station [[Hit 96.7]] where she continues to work as a [[radio jockey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hit967.ae/nyla/ |title=Nyla | Hit 96.7Hit 96.7 |publisher=ae |date=6 April 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326112324/http://hit967.ae/nyla/ |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2013–2015: Debut and success ===
In 2013, Nyla Usha debuted in the Malayalam film industry with [[Salim Ahamed]]'s ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]'', opposite [[Mammootty]]. Ahamed had known Nyla since she had interviewed him on several occasions in Dubai and offered her the lead female role.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130220/entertainment-mollywood/article/nyla-rise-mollywood |title=Nyla to rise in Mollywood |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413172016/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130220/entertainment-mollywood/article/nyla-rise-mollywood |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She played Chithira, a woman who is going through an unhappy marriage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vijay George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/switching-roles/article5172355.ece |title=Switching roles |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref>

Later that year she had her second release, ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'', in which she played "a vibrant girl, similar to the real me".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130823/entertainment-mollywood/article/best-both-worlds |title=The best of both worlds |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 August 2013 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413174329/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130823/entertainment-mollywood/article/best-both-worlds |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since she could relate herself to the character, she used her own looks and costumes in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Nyla-Usha-uses-her-own-costumes-/articleshow/27359804.cms |title=Nyla Usha uses her own costumes |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref> Although she had a major role in ''Kunjananthante Kada'' she said that it was her role in ''Punyalan Agarbathis'' that fetched her recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Punyalan-Agarbathis-fetched-me-recognition-Nyla-Usha/articleshow/29095264.cms |title=Punyalan Agarbathis fetched me recognition: Nyla Usha |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 January 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref> She played the female lead in [[Aashiq Abu]]'s 2014 crime film ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' and Deepu Karunakaran's 2015 thriller ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/meet-dubai-malayalee-actress-nyla-usha-1.1290178 |title=Meet Dubai Malayalee actress Nyla Usha |newspaper=Gulf News |date=13 February 2014 |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref>

===2016–present: Experimental roles and success ===

From 2016 to 2017, she hosted the Malayalam version of ''[[Minute to Win It]]'' in [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. She essayed the role of Effymol in ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' in 2018.

In 2019, she had two releases, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]-directed action drama ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'', in which she played a TV channel executive, and [[Joshiy]]-directed action drama ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'', in which she played Mariam, one of the three title characters.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes!! Ref
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]'' || Chithira || Debut film||<ref name="emirates247ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |title=Asiavision Radio Awards 2013 |publisher=emirates247.com |date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060116/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="emirates247ref2">{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |title=Mammotty, Kavya Madhavan bag Asiavision awards |first=VM |last=Sathish |accessdate=28 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060116/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || Anu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nyla-usha-is-the-heroine-in-punyalan-agarbattis-news-malayalam-nhilVWijadb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714083824/http://www.sify.com/movies/nyla-usha-is-the-heroine-in-punyalan-agarbattis-news-malayalam-nhilVWijadb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2013 |title=Nyla Usha is the heroine in 'Punyalan Agarbattis'! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 July 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' || Sana Ibrahim || || {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]'' || Sherin Thomas IPS || ||<ref>{{cite web|author=T |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18422955&programId=1074209438&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=%40%40%40&tabId=3 |title=Movie Reviews |publisher=Manoramaonline.com |date=2015-02-19 |accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]'' || Herself as RJ || rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance||<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanandakumar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-fifty-year-old-phenomenon-explained-malayalee-migration-to-gulf-builds-the-new-kerala/articleshow/49201357.cms|title=A fifty year old phenomenon explained: Malayalee migration to Gulf builds the new Kerala|agency=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 October 2015|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pretham]]'' || Maya ||<ref>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jayasurya-ropes-in-Shruti-Ramachandran-for-Pretham/articleshow/52416843.cms|last1=Somani|first1=Deepa|date=25 May 2016| work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 May 2016|title=Jayasurya ropes in Shruti Ramachandran for Pretham}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Effymol || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Diwanjimoola Grand Prix, I felt joy of doing something new: Nyla Usha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jan/01/with-diwanjimoola-grand-prix-i-felt-joy-of-doing-something-new-nyla-usha-1741314.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express|date=January 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Arundhathi Sajeev || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal's Lucifer trailer to be launched on March 22 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/13/mohanlals-lucifer-trailer-to-be-launched-on-march-22-10525.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Alappattu Mariyam Varghese || || <ref name="manoramaonline">{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |title=Vanitha film awards 2020 |website=Malayala Manorama |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]'' || Priscilla || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyan Ottathilanu Movie Review: Breezy drama with empathetic characters and ample humour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/Jun/24/priyan-ottathilanu-movie-reviewbreezy-drama-with-empathetic-characters-and-ample-humour-32309.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]'' || Nancy Abraham || ||<ref name="Onman 50c">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/19/paapan-suresh-gopi-successful-50-theatre-run.html|title=Suresh Gopi's 'Paappan' enters Rs 50 crore club, continues run in 50 theatres|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]'' || Riny Titus || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunjamminis Hospital trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/21/kunjamminishospital-trailer-is-out-45854.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Manju || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=Nyla Usha on 'King Of Kotha': Can't wait for the world to watch the world of Kotha |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nyla-usha-on-king-of-kotha-cant-wait-for-the-world-to-watch-the-world-of-kotha/articleshow/102990096.cms |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || Maya
| ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-10 |title='Antony': First look of Joju George's film with Joshiy out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/antony-first-look-of-joju-georges-film-with-joshiy-out/article67063578.ece |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' || Arundhathi Sanjeev || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-12 |title=Mohanlal introduces Nyla Usha as Arundathi Sanjeev in L2: Empuraan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-introduces-nyla-usha-as-arundathi-sanjeev-in-l2-empuraan/articleshow/118156143.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-||{{Pending film|He & She}} ||TBA || {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel
|-
|2021||''Colors Food Trial''||Host||[[Colors TV]]
|-
|2020||''Snehathode Veetil Ninnu''||Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Minute To Win It (Indian game show)|Minute To Win It]]'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''Global Greetings'' || Host || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2023–2024||''The Next Top Anchor ''||Judge||[[ManoramaMAX]] [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Work
! Category
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.}}
|-
! style="background:#bfd7ff;" colspan="5"|'''[[Malayalam|Masala Awards]]'''
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Radio|Radio Presenter]]''
| Best Radio Presenter
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/gallery/masala-awards-2012-winners-on-the-stage-36775|title=Masala! Awards 2012 winners on the stage
|date=10 August 2012|author=Lekha Menon}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#bfd7ff;" colspan="5"|'''[[Asiavision Awards]]'''
|-
|2013
| ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''
| Best Debut Actress
| {{Won}}
|<ref name="emirates247ref1" /><ref name="emirates247ref2" />
|-
! style="background:#bfd7ff;" colspan="5"|'''[[Flowers TV|Flowers TV Awards]]'''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Minute to Win It (Indian game show)|Minute to Win It]]''
| Best Anchor
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/03/winners-of-flowers-tv-awards-2017.html|title=Winners of Flower TV Awards 2017: Complete list|author=Vinodarshan|date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#bfd7ff;" colspan="5"|'''[[Malayalam|Ramu Karyat Awards]]'''
|-
|2020
|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]''
| Best Actress
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mammootty-saniya-iyappan-anu-sithara-nyla-usha-unni-mukundan-bibin-george-receives-ramu-kariat-awards-2020/articleshow/73656559.cms|title=മികച്ച നടന്‍ മമ്മൂട്ടി, നടി നൈല ഉഷ; രാമു കാര്യാട്ട് പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍|date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#bfd7ff;" colspan="5"|'''[[Vanitha Film Awards]]'''
|-
|2020
|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]''
| Best Character Actress
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="manoramaonline" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/23/joshys-porinju-mariam-jose-to-release-on-august-15-2007810.html|title=Joshy's 'Porinju Mariam Jose' to release on August 15|work=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nyla Usha}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5912310}}
* [https://archive.today/20130724155823/http://www.boxofficenoon.org/2013/07/nyla-ushas-next-with-jayasurya-punyalan.html Nyla Usha in Box Office Noon]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usha, Nyla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Female models from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:17:02Z

Mlzsgondia: new new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Lok Sabha in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Anantnag–Rajouri {{Small|JK-3}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 2022
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mian Altaf Larvi Jan 2024.jpg
| state =
| union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| assembly_cons = 18: [[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]], [[Anantnag West Assembly constituency|Anantnag West]], [[Budhal Assembly constituency|Budhal]], [[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Devsar]], [[D. H. Pora Assembly constituency|D. H. Pora]], [[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]], [[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]], [[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]], [[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]], [[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]], [[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]], [[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]], [[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]], [[Shangus–Anantnag East Assembly constituency|Shangus–Anantnag East]], [[Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Srigufwara–Bijbehara]], [[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]], [[Thannamandi Assembly constituency|Thannamandi]] and [[Zainapora Assembly constituency|Zainapora]]
| mp = [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}

'''Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/delimitation-panel-signs-final-order-for-redrawing-assembly-seats-in-jammu-and-kashmir-392063|title=J-K delimitation panel award notified; Kashmir to have 47 Assembly seats, Jammu 43|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-delimitation-panel-makes-final-report-public-reserves-two-seats-for-pandits/article65384399.ece|title=Delimitation panel notifies new J&K Assembly constituencies|first1=Damini|last1=Nath|first2=Peerzada|last2=Ashiq|date=May 5, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> is one of the five [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
{| class="wikitable"
! AC No.
! AC Name
! District
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|36
| [[Zainapora Assembly constituency|Zainapora]]
|[[Shopian district|Shopian]]
|[[Showkat Hussain]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|38
|[[D. H. Pora Assembly constituency|D. H. Pora]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
|[[Sakina Itoo]]
|-
|39
|[[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]]
|[[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|40
|[[Devsar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Devsar]]
|[[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|41
|[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]] (ST)
|[[Zafar Ali Khatana]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|43
|[[Anantnag West Assembly constituency|Anantnag West]]
|[[Abdul Majeed Bhat]]
|-
|44
|[[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]]
|[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|45
|[[Srigufwara-Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Srigufwara-
Bijbehra]]
|[[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
|46
|[[Shangus-Anantnag East Assembly constituency|Shangus-Anantnag East]]
|[[Reyaz Ahmad Khan]]
|-
|47
|[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]
|[[Altaf Ahmad Wani]]
|-
|84
|[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
|[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
|-
|85
|[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]] (ST)
|[[Iftkar Ahmed]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|86
|[[Budhal Assembly constituency|Budhal]] (ST)
|[[Javaid Iqbal (politician)|Javaid Iqbal]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|87
|[[Thannamandi Assembly constituency|Thannamandi]] (ST)
|[[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|88
|[[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
|[[Choudhary Mohammad Akram]]
|-
|89
|[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]
|[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|90
|[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]] (ST)
|[[Javed Ahmed Rana]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"| {{center|''Till 2022 :See [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]] and [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]''}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Anantnag-Rajouri<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - ANANTNAG-RAJOURI">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - ANANTNAG-RAJOURI |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U083.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722115510/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U083.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Mian Altaf Larvi]]|votes=5,21,836|percentage=50.85|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Mehbooba Mufti]]|votes=2,40,042|percentage=23.39|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|candidate=Zafar Iqbal Khan Manhas|votes=1,42,195|percentage=13.86|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,223|percentage=0.61|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,81,794|percentage=27.46|change=New}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,26,148|percentage=54.46|change=New}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Anantnag district]]
* [[Rajouri district]]
* [[Kulgam District|Kulgam district]]
* [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]]
* [[Shopian district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|33.73|75.15|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Shopian district]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Poonch District, India|Poonch]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2022]]

Arjun Singh Yadav

2026-04-18T22:17:02Z

Mlzsgondia: new new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Singh Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Deokali, [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1991-1996
| predecessor = [[Yadavendra Dutt Dubey]]
| successor = Raj Keshar Singh
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| spouse = Kamla Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3635.htm
}}
'''Arjun Singh Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People 1992 p. 97">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1992 | issn=0445-6769 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4AwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97 | access-date=29 Mar 2023 | page=97}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1993 p. 263">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJNuBq7bxzcC&pg=PA263 | language= | access-date=29 Mar 2023 | page=263}}</ref><ref name="Sûrya India 1992 p. ">{{cite book | title=Sûrya India | publisher=A. Anand. | issue=v. 16, nos. 2-12 | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3lDAAAAYAAJ | language= | access-date=29 Mar 2023 | page=9}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3635.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Belur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:30Z

Mlzsgondia: new a entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 195
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| map_image = 195-Belur constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Belur Assembly constituency
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:197840}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = H. K. Suresh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = K. S. Lingesha
}}

'''Belur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Hassan district]]. [[H. K. Suresh]] is the current MLA from Belur.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || H. K. Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | B. N. Boranna Gowda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| H. K. Siddaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1960 elections in India#Mysore|1960 By-election]] || rowspan="2" | B. H. Lakshmanaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | S. H. Puttaranganath || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || B. H. Lakshmanaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || D. Mallesha
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || B. H. Lakshmanaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || S. H. Puttaranganath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Rudresh Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || K. S. Lingesha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[H. K. Suresh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref name="2023 Karnataka Election Results - Belur">{{cite news |title=2023 Karnataka Election Results - Belur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401122816/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10117.htm?ac=117 |archive-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Belur Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Belur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/belur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99189144.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401122910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/belur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99189144.cms |archive-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Suresh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,571 |percentage = 38.76% |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivaramu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,835 |percentage = 34.04% |change = {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Lingesha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,893 |percentage = 23.71% |change = {{decrease}}18.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Bahujan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Parvathe Gowda |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 767 |percentage = 0.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,736 |percentage = 4.72% |change = {{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,087 |percentage = 82.94% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,021}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,840 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Lingesha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 64,268 |percentage = 42.20% |change = {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Suresh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,578 |percentage = 29.27% |change = {{increase}}21.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keerthana Rudreshagowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,519 |percentage = 25.95% |change = {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tholachanayka. B. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,170 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,106 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,690 |percentage = 12.93% |change = {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,288 |percentage = 79.92% |change = {{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,279}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,544 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rudresh Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,802 |percentage = 37.24% |change = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Lingesha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 41,273 |percentage = 31.49% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Viswanath |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 22,203 |percentage = 16.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarahally Lakshmana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,281 |percentage = 7.84% |change = {{decrease}}16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Bahujan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,326 |percentage = 4.06% |change = {{decrease}}5.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,499 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channegowda |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bujendra. B. R |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 830 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,529 |percentage = 5.74% |change = {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,992 |percentage = 76.06% |change = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,059}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,846 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rudresh Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,451 |percentage = 39.02% |change = {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivarudrappa. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,630 |percentage = 24.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Appannaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,747 |percentage = 21.63% |change = {{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yogesh. N |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,947 |percentage = 10.04% |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. H. Lakshmana |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,088 |percentage = 4.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Poornesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,170 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,821 |percentage = 14.97% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,070 |percentage = 74.68% |change = {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,033}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 31,438 |percentage = 33.28% |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mallesha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,489 |percentage = 28.04% |change = {{decrease}}8.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,884 |percentage = 27.40% |change = {{decrease}}10.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yogesh. N |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,027 |percentage = 6.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumar Kaliveer |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,487 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna. D. S |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,250 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaiah |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 885 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,949 |percentage = 5.24% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,565 |percentage = 69.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,460}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,540 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,770 |percentage = 37.88% |change = {{increase}}16.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mallesha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,724 |percentage = 36.67% |change = {{increase}}22.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 22,024 |percentage = 25.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,046 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,807 |percentage = 69.52% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,518}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,219 |percentage = 4.65% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,629 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,927 |percentage = 30.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,974 |percentage = 28.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,641 |percentage = 21.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,669 |percentage = 14.40% |change = {{decrease}}32.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Venkata Swamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,820 |percentage = 3.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doreyappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 853 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,953 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,497 |percentage = 67.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,050}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,432 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,588 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,220 |percentage = 46.73% |change = {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Srinivasa Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,764 |percentage = 28.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,104 |percentage = 20.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doreyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,456 |percentage = 18.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,094 |percentage = 69.41% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,230}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,864 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,510 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,382 |percentage = 58.79% |change = {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Naraswmahaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,669 |percentage = 38.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Malleshappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 610 |percentage = 1.07% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 556 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Paramesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 496 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,713 |percentage = 20.63% |change = {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,552 |percentage = 67.75% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,782}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 770 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,949 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mallesha |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,648 |percentage = 50.67% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,806 |percentage = 39.13% |change = {{increase}}34.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gopalaswamy |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,007 |percentage = 5.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 806 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 619 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 427 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Javaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 307 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,842 |percentage = 11.54% |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,924 |percentage = 64.25% |change = {{decrease}}9.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,620}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 2.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,814 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,045 |percentage = 50.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Udayakumar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,286 |percentage = 44.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,647 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{decrease}}54.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,759 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}18.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,321 |percentage = 74.19% |change = {{increase}}21.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,978}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,868 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,283 |percentage = 59.52% |change = {{increase}}26.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,068 |percentage = 36.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channakeshavaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,367 |percentage = 4.45% |change = {{decrease}}59.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,215 |percentage = 23.49% |change = {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,980 |percentage = 52.88% |change = {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,718}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Puttaranganath |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 13,478 |percentage = 63.68% |change = {{increase}}58.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,887 |percentage = 32.54% |change = {{decrease}}28.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalasaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 799 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,591 |percentage = 31.14% |change = {{decrease}}14.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,488 |percentage = 45.51% |change = {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,164}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,410 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}13.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,801 |percentage = 60.69% |change = {{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranga Boyi |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,734 |percentage = 15.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalasaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,415 |percentage = 13.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjaiah Setty |party = Independent politician |votes = 978 |percentage = 5.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Hanumanthiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 868 |percentage = 4.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,067 |percentage = 45.33% |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,880 |percentage = 34.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,796}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,037 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1960 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1960 elections in India#Mysore|1960 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Lakshmanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,521 |percentage = 67.26% |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,554 |percentage = 32.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,967 |percentage = 34.53% |change = {{increase}}34.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,075}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}36.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Boranna Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,144 |percentage = 30.42% |change = {{decrease}}36.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurappa. B. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,755 |percentage = 30.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,618 |percentage = 26.27% |change = {{decrease}}40.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,720 |percentage = 9.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devarajaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,715 |percentage = 3.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 389 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}10.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,952 |percentage = 58.83% |change = {{decrease}}40.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,952}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,605 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,761 |percentage = 35.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Boranna Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,516 |percentage = 31.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Dharmappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 19,754 |percentage = 24.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerabhadraiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 6,691 |percentage = 8.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,007 |percentage = 11.16% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,722 |percentage = 49.84% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,722}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,974 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hassan district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.16|75.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Sunelita Toppo

2026-04-13T03:31:41Z

Mlzsgondia: creating a data nd citations...

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Sunelita Toppo
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|4|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kukuda, [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Orissa]], India
| height =
| weight =
| position = Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Hockey Association of Odisha]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2023–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 47
| nationalgoals2 = 3
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Japan]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Muscat]]|}}
}}
'''Sunelita Toppo''' (born 11 April 2007)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunelita Toppo Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/sunelita-toppo-profile-10598 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian field hockey player who plays as a forward for the [[India women's national field hockey team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-22 |title=Hockey: In Kukuda's Sunelita Toppo and Sonepat's Sakshi Rana, two teenage hopes for India's future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-sunelita-toppo-sakshi-rana-india-future-fih-9850613/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She made her senior debut at the [[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]] against [[China]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-05-02 |title=Change of guard in women's hockey team: Salima replaces Savita as skipper |url=https://theprint.in/sport/change-of-guard-in-womens-hockey-team-salima-replaces-savita-as-skipper/2066327/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sunelita hails from Kukuda village<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sunelita Toppo: Another addition to Sudargarh's rich hockey tradition |url=https://khelnow.com/hockey/2023-04-indian-womens-hockey-team-sunelita-toppo-sundargarh |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Khel Now |language=en}}</ref> in [[Rajgangpur]] Block of [[Sundergarh district]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title=Sunelita a bright spot as India take on formidable Aussies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/sunelita-a-bright-spot-as-india-take-on-formidable-aussies/articleshow/107473406.cms |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>  Her father Suresh Toppo is a farmer and her mother, Nelisunita Toppo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome :: Student Academic Management System (SAMS) |url=https://samsodisha.gov.in/HSS/Report_VerifiedStudentsForGenerateRegdNo.aspx?year=2022&did=30&cid=2745&sid=1 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=samsodisha.gov.in}}</ref> is a housewife.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title="I want to play in the Olympics and win Gold medal for my country," says 16-year-old Sunelita Toppo after getting picked for Hockey India Senior Women National Coaching Camp |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/i-want-to-play-in-the-olympics-and-win-gold-medal-for-my-country-says-16-year-old-sunelita-toppo-after-getting-picked-for-hockey-india-senior-women-national-coaching-camp |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> She says, she is inspired by her aunt [[Anupa Barla]], who also played Junior World Cup for India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Following her aunt's footsteps, Sunelita Toppo hopes to make it big in Indian hockey |url=https://stick2hockey.com/following-her-aunts-footsteps-sunelita-toppo-hopes-to-make-it-big-in-indian-hockey/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> She is a product of the Sports Authority of India Training Centre, Sundergarh, which is considered as a cradle of budding hockey stars in India.<ref name=":1" /> Initially, she started to play hockey at the age of 8, with bamboo sticks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunelita Toppo : వెదురు కర్రలతో హాకీ ఆడా |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/women/inspiring-story-of-young-hockey-player-sunelita-toppo-in-telugu/6204/123220972 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sunelita represented Odisha in the National Games at Gujarat in 2022 and caught the eye of the selectors after an impressive performance. She made her junior India debut in February 2023 during the four-match [[South Africa]] tour<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NjAyMg== |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref> and within a year she got the senior cap. She started as a mid-fielder but soon switched to forward line.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title='Great opportunity to represent India on the big stage,' says India women's junior forward Sunelita Toppo |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/india-junior-womens-team-forward-sunelita-toppo-to-repsent-the-country-44914 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> Later in June 2023, she was part of the Indian junior team that won the Junior Asia Cup in [[Japan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-06-10 |title=Junior India Women Hockey's Talented Forward Sunelita Toppo Named In Asian Games Core Group |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/junior-india-women-hockey-s-talented-forward-sunelita-toppo-named-in-asian-games-core-group-news-293618 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Hockey, Women's Junior Asia Cup: India finish group stage unbeaten to qualify for semis |url=https://scroll.in/field/1050567/hockey-womens-junior-asia-cup-india-finish-group-stage-unbeaten-to-qualify-for-semis |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She was also part of the junior India team that played the 4-nation invitational tournament in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]] in August 2023 and the [[Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|Women's hockey Junior World Cup]] in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]] in December 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-12-10 |title=FIH Hockey Women's Junior World Cup: India finish ninth after penalty shoot-out win over USA |url=https://scroll.in/field/1060351/fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-india-finish-ninth-after-penalty-shoot-out-win-over-usa |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She also played for the senior team that won the gold medal at the Bihar Women's Asian Champions Trophy held in Rajgir in 2024.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toppo, Sunelita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:People from Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

T. Suvarna Raju

2026-04-12T14:30:56Z

Mlzsgondia: creating a entry first draft...

{{Short description|Former CEO of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Chairman]] and [[managing director]] of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member Secretary of Design Development Management Board [[Ministry of Defence (India)]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[National Defence College (India)]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website = {{URL|hal-india.com}}
}}

'''T. Suvarna Raju''' is the former [[chairman]] and [[managing director]] of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] which is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking under the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/456872/suvarna-raju-takes-charge-hal.html | title=Suvarna Raju takes charge as HAL chairman | work=deccanherald.com | date=31 January 2015 | accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/t-suvarna-raju-takes-charge-as-hal-chief/article6842851.ece | title=T. Suvarna Raju takes charge as HAL chief | work=thehindu.com | date=31 January 2015 | accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/suvarna-raju-is-new-chairman-of-hindustan-aeronautics-ltd/articleshow/46077627.cms | title=Suvarna Raju is new chairman of Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd | work=economictimes.indiatimes.com | accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==Biography==
T. Suvarna Raju, took over as Chairman, HAL on 1 February 2015. He joined HAL in 1980 as Management Trainee and has worked in different capacities at HAL, before taking over as Director, Design & Development in 2012. He is also the first Member Secretary of Design Development Management Board established by [[Ministry of Defence (India)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviationspaceindia.com/content/design-development-management-board-ddmb-focuses-research-challenges-defence-sector | title=Design & Development Management Board (DDMB) to focuses on Research Challenges in Defence Sector | work=aviationspaceindia.com | accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==Development programmes==
He was actively involved in the research and development programmes for the [[light combat aircraft]] the [[HAL Tejas]], [[HAL HTT-40]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-hindustan-aeronautics-to-build-helicopter-plant-1424334793 | title=India's Hindustan Aeronautics to Build Helicopter Plant | work=wsj.com | accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/t-suvarna-raju-takes-charge-as-chairman-of-hal-115013100653_1.html | title=T Suvarna Raju takes charge as Chairman of HAL | work=business-standard.com | accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hal-india.com/BasicProfile.aspx?Mkey=176&lKey=&Profilekey=1 Chairman and Managing Director of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, T Suvarna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]

Kizhakke Pogum Rail

2026-04-01T01:26:16Z

Mlzsgondia: Made a data with sources...

{{short description|1978 film by Bharathiraja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kizhakke Pogum Rail.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]a
| screenplay = Bharathirajaa
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = S. A. Rajkannu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|M. R. Radhika]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = T. Thirunavukkarasu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sri Amman Creations
| distributor = Sri Amman Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|08|10}}
| runtime = 124 minutes{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=10}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kizhakke Pogum Rail''''' ({{IPA|ta|kiɻɐk:eː poːɡum ɾɐjil|pron}} {{Translation|Eastbound Train}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]a, starring newcomers [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|M. R. Radhika]]. It was released on 10 August 1978 and ran for over 365 days in theatres. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979) by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], and in [[Hindi]] by Bharathiraja as ''[[Saveray Wali Gaadi]]'' (1985).

== Plot ==
A young woman Panchali gets off a train named 'Kizhakke Pogum Rail' (Eastbound Train) and lands in the village Thamaraikulam, which follows strict rules. There, she is accommodated by her sister Karuthamma and brother-in-law Ramaiah. Panchali informs Karuthamma that their mother died a couple of days ago. Ramaiah starts to have an eye on Panchali.

Paranjothi is an unemployed graduate who lives with his father Maruthu and sister Kanniyamma. Maruthu is a barber and considers Paranjothi a good-for-nothing like all the villagers. After getting married, Kanniyamma leaves her birth home to live with her husband's family.

Panchali and Paranjothi slowly fall in love with each other. One day, the villagers spot Paranjothi running behind Panchali. At the [[gram panchayat]], the panchayat members blame Paranjothi for trying to misbehave with Panchali. Only the retired military man Pattalathaar and the farmer Ponnandi support him, but the panchayat members overlook them and punish him. Maruthu shaves off Paranjothi's hair, and the latter parades on a donkey in the streets of the village, whereas Ramaiah forces Karuthamma to burn Panchali's arm with a piece of wood.

After the humiliation, Maruthu commits suicide in the village's lake. Paranjothi decides to leave the town, and he promises Panchali that he will come back to marry her. He also informs her that he will write a message on the last compartment of the 'Kizhakke Pogum Rail'. In the city, after several interviews, he finally finds a decent job.

Meanwhile, at the village court, Ramaiah complains that Karuthamma is a barren woman, and he expresses his wish to marry Panchali. A few days later, the village is battered by heavy rains. To stop the rain, the villagers contrive the way to stop it, executing an ancient belief: one virgin woman has to walk naked around the village at sunrise. Unexpectedly, Panchali is chosen to be that woman.

The day of the ritual, Paranjothi gladly returns at his village, and he sees Panchali completely naked. He gives her clothing, and they both run away from the angry villagers. Pattalathaar helps the couple by stalling the villagers, but he is killed in the process. The lovers manage to catch the running 'Kizhakke Pogum Rail', evading the villagers.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Paranjothi<ref name="thenewsminute" />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|M. R. Radhika]] as Panchali<ref name="thenewsminute" />
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Karuthamma<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Goundamani]] as Ramaiah{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=10}}
*[[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Maruthu<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Pattalathaar<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Janagaraj]] as Iyer (Panchayat member)<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Ponnandi<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* Usha as Kanniyamma
*[[Bharathiraja]] as the station master (uncredited)<ref name="hindutamil" />
}}

== Production ==

''Kizhakke Pogum Rail'' was the second film directed by [[Bharathiraja]], and the debut film of [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and [[Radikaa Sarathkumar|Radikaa]] (credited as M. R. Radikaa) as actors.<ref name="thenewsminute" /> The male lead role was originally offered to [[Sivachandran]], who declined,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=3 May 2020 |title='' 'கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்' படத்துல நடிக்க பாரதிராஜா என்னைத்தான் கூப்பிட்டார்; நான் முடியாதுன்னு சொல்லிட்டேன்!'' – நடிகர் சிவசந்திரன் பிரத்யேகப் பேட்டி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/552599-sivachandran-1-rewindwithramji.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528150813/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/552599-sivachandran-1-rewindwithramji.html |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> while [[Sridevi]] was originally cast as the lead actress but later opted out.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=September 2007 |title=From Silents to Sivaji! A look into the past – Part II |magazine=Galatta Cinema |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> Radikaa's screen test was done with Sridevi's clothes from ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977) since she did not have any Indian clothes after coming from London.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=12 June 2010 |title=K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231103207/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Radikaa contemplated leaving the film throughout the shoot, but was "offered chocolates" to complete the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2014 |title=Radhikaa was offered chocolates to complete film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Radhikaa-was-offered-chocolates-to-complete-film/articleshow/34883935.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519065548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Radhikaa-was-offered-chocolates-to-complete-film/articleshow/34883935.cms |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It was also the Tamil debut for [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajith Kumar |first=P. K. |date=23 September 2007 |title=Shunned by Malayalam, but saved by Tamil in reel life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Shunned-by-Malayalam-but-saved-by-Tamil-in-reel-life/article14839971.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221083352/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Shunned-by-Malayalam-but-saved-by-Tamil-in-reel-life/article14839971.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and the feature film debut of Usha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=13 October 2020 |title=''பாக்யராஜுக்கு கங்கை அமரன் தான் குரல் கொடுத்தான்; சிம்புவின் அம்மா உஷா மிகச்சிறந்த நடிகை!'' – இயக்குநர் பாரதிராஜாவின் 'புதிய வார்ப்புகள்' நினைவுகள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/590452-bharathiraaja-en-iniya-tamil-makkale.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063553/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/590452-bharathiraaja-en-iniya-tamil-makkale.html |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The producer originally offered [[K. Bhagyaraj]] to direct, but he declined as he wanted to finish at least two more films as an assistant. Bhagyaraj remained as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=M. |date=28 January 2017 |title=Young guns |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412170446/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=29 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> One part of the song "Poovarasampoo" was filmed at a temple off [[East Coast Road]], while the rest of the song was filmed at [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]] revealed the initial story for ''Kizhakke Pogum Rail'' had the character of Panchali character arriving to Chennai to visit Paranjothi, get molested by four young people by which she gets mentally affected and meets with an accident with Paranjothi saving her; however Selvaraj felt something was missing in the script and conveyed this to Bharathiraja for which he stopped the shoot. Selvaraj read a French novel where a queen will be walking naked at night on the streets to abolish tax which he added in the script. After changing the complete screenplay, the shoot was restarted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=ஆர். |author-link=R. Selvaraj (screenwriter) |date=8 July 2017 |title=கடல் தொடாத நதி – 27 – கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில் எப்போ வரும்? |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/132649-cinema-history-of-annakili-rselvaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309141430/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/132649-cinema-history-of-annakili-rselvaraj |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Bharathiraja was discontent with Radhika's then-sounding "baby" voice but after trying twenty dubbing artists, he decided to use her original voice.<ref name="T" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kizhakae Pogum Rayil (1978) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000084.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210171659/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000084.html |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2011 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Kovil Mani Osai" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shuddha Saveri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 August 2012 |title=Joyful Suddha Saveri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085030/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=139}} "Malargale" is set to [[Hamsadhvani]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=1 March 2013 |title=A bright start |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-bright-start/article4465608.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303173615/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-bright-start/article4465608.ece |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=141}} "Poovarasam Poo Poothachu" and "Mancholai Kilithano" are set to [[Suddha Dhanyasi]].{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=154}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 December 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — Soulful Suddhadhanyasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-soulful-suddhadhanyasi/article2701250.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528030004/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-soulful-suddhadhanyasi/article2701250.ece |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Kovil Mani Osai" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Kannadasan]] ||4:43
|-
| "Maancholai Kili Thaano" || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 4:40
|-
| "Poovarasampoo Poothachu" || S. Janaki || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:42
|-
| "Malargalae… Naadhaswarangal" || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki || [[Sirpi Balasubramaniam]] || 4:04
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kizhakke Pogum Rail'' was released on 10 August 1978,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthick |date=13 August 2020 |title='கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்' 42 ஆம் ஆண்டு கொண்டாட்டம்: பாரதிராஜா, ராதிகா நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/77092/---Eastbound-Train----42nd-Anniversary-Celebration--Bharathiraja--Radhika-Flexibility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023020522/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/77092/---Eastbound-Train----42nd-Anniversary-Celebration--Bharathiraja--Radhika-Flexibility |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and distributed by Sri Amman Creations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 1978 |title=கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்! |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_40/4.jp2/full/1000,1347/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512010859/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_40/4.jp2/full/1000,1347/0/default.jpg |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 55 out of 100, appreciating its latter half and the climax for its realism.<ref name="vikatan" /> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of cast, music, direction, dialogues, and visual poetry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=13 August 1978 |title=கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_44/2.jp2/full/1000,1361/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512005744/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_44/2.jp2/full/1000,1361/0/default.jpg |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=2 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film became a major commercial success, completing a 365-day run in theatres,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330010659/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> and Radikaa briefly became known by the sobriquet ''Rayil'' Radikaa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Varma |first1=M. Dinesh |last2=Kolappan |first2=B. |date=2 January 2014 |title=Kollywood's romance with trains unstoppable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kollywoods-romance-with-trains-unstoppable/article5527528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922135455/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kollywoods-romance-with-trains-unstoppable/article5527528.ece |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=22 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Malaysia Vasudevan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for singing in the film.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=11}}

== Remakes ==
''Kizhakke Pogum Rail'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979) by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 December 2007 |title=Back to acting, again! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-acting-again/article2285161.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209092201/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-acting-again/article2285161.ece |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Saveray Wali Gaadi]]'' (1986) by Bharathiraja himself.{{Sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=60}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=10 August 2020 |title=பாரதிராஜா விட்ட 'கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்'; 'பூவரசம்பூ பூத்தாச்சு'க்கு 42 வயது! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569188-kizhakke-pogum-rail-42-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129155455/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/569188-kizhakke-pogum-rail-42-years.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2009 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42709--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407114538/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42709--2 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=14 August 2020 |title=Watch With TNM: Raadika's 'Kizhakke Pogum Rail' takes you on an eventful journey |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-tnm-raadika-s-kizhakke-pogum-rail-takes-you-eventful-journey-130771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124174957/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-tnm-raadika-s-kizhakke-pogum-rail-takes-you-eventful-journey-130771 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Thangjing Temple, Moirang

2026-03-29T21:32:39Z

Mlzsgondia: creating a place w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Meitei temple in Manipur, India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{needs more sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
|name= Thangjing Temple
|image= Thangching Temple (or Thangjing Temple), flanked with holy & sacred flags, where Khuman Khamba & Moirang Thoibi danced, in Ancient Moirang kingdom in Ancient Kangleipak civilization (early Manipur).jpg
|caption= Thangching Temple (or Thangjing Temple), flanked with holy & sacred flags, where [[Khuman Khamba]] & [[Moirang Thoibi]] danced, in [[Ancient Moirang]] kingdom
|location= [[Moirang]]
|country= [[India]]
|state= [[Manipur]]
|religious_affiliation= [[Sanamahism]]
|temple_quantity= 1
|monument_quantity= 3
|district= [[Bishnupur district]]
|deity= [[Thangching]]
|festivals= [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
'''Thangjing Temple''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ}}|}}), also known as '''Ibudhou Thangjing Temple''', is an ancient temple dedicated to [[Thangjing]] {{Meitei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ}}, the ancient [[national deity]] of [[Keke Moirang]] (in modern day [[Moirang]]). It is mostly visited between May and July during the onset of the traditional Meitei classical music and dance religious festival of [[Lai Haraoba]]. It attracts many [[Tourism in Manipur|tourists]] every year, including [[history of Manipur|historians]] and [[Archaeological Survey of India|archaeologists]].

According to tradition, the temple premise is the place where {{langx|mni|label=none|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]}} dance was first performed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trawel.co.in/city/imphal/ebudhou-thangjing-temple-moirang|title=Ebudhou Thangjing Temple, Moirang: Curated Info, Timings, Entry fee}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]]
* [[Sanamahi Temple]]
* [[Sanamahi Kiyong Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Manipur}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ancient archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Ancient culture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Manipur]]
[[Category:Landmarks in India]]
[[Category:Meitei architecture]]
[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Manipur]]
[[Category:Religious places]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
[[Category:Temples in Manipur]]
[[Category:Bishnupur district]]

Christchurch mosque shootings

2026-03-26T21:05:18Z

Mlzsgondia: improved section after review

{{Short description|2019 terrorist attacks in New Zealand}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[BP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]; this page has been protected so many times that indefinite protection seems in order|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Christchurch mosque shootings
| image = Christchurch Mosque, New Zealand.jpg
| caption = The [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] in August 2019
| map = {{switcher
|{{Location map many | New Zealand Christchurch
| float = center
| width = 250
| alt = The mosques are located in Christchurch, New Zealand
| label1 = Al Noor Mosque
| coordinates1 = {{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118}}
| pos1 = left
| label2 = Linwood Islamic Centre
| coordinates2 = {{Coord|-43.5324|172.6726}}
| pos2 = right
}}
|Show map of Christchurch, New Zealand
|{{Location map | New Zealand
| float = center
| width = 250
| label = Christchurch
| coordinates = {{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118}}
}}
|Show map of New Zealand
}}
| location = [[Christchurch]], Canterbury, New Zealand
| target = [[Muslims]]
| coordinates = {{unbulleted list|{{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline}}|([[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]])|{{Coord|-43.5324|172.6726|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline}}|([[Linwood Islamic Centre]])}}
| date = {{start date and age|15 March 2019}}
| time-begin = 1:40
| time-end = 1:59{{nbsp}}p.m.
| timezone = [[NZDT]]; [[UTC+13]]
| type = [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 51{{efn|44 at the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] including one that died on 3 May, and 7 at the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mosque attack sentencing: Gunman's plan of terror outlined in court |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-sentencing-gunman-brenton-tarrant-planned-to-attack-three-mosques/Y5ROAIRQY6TJTU7XI63YHBT7YI/?c_id=1&objectid=12358347 |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115032659/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-sentencing-gunman-brenton-tarrant-planned-to-attack-three-mosques/Y5ROAIRQY6TJTU7XI63YHBT7YI/?c_id=1&objectid=12358347 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| injuries = 89 (40 by gunfire, including 35 at the Al Noor Mosque and 5 at the Linwood Islamic Centre; 49 others by other causes<ref name=OperationDeans/>)
| perp = Brenton Harrison Tarrant
| dfens = *Naeem Rashid
*[[Abdul Aziz Wahabzada |Abdul Aziz Wahabzada]]
| accused =
| weapons = * Windham Weaponry WW-15 [[AR-15–style rifle]]
* [[Ruger AR-556]] AR-15–style rifle
* 12-gauge [[Mossberg 930]] semi-automatic shotgun
* 12-gauge [[Remington Model 870|Ranger 870]] pump-action shotgun
* [[.357 Magnum]] [[A. Uberti, Srl.|Uberti]] lever-action rifle
* .223-caliber [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons|Mossberg]] Predator bolt-action rifle
| motive = * [[Islamophobia]]
* [[White supremacy]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Billy|last=Perrigo|access-date=22 March 2019|title=The New Zealand Attack Exposed How White Supremacy Has Long Flourished Online|url=https://time.com/5554783/white-supremacy-online-christchurch/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321105735/http://time.com/5554783/white-supremacy-online-christchurch/|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Belief in the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]] and [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]]<ref name="Gilsinan"/>
| coroner =
| convicted =
| verdict = [[Pleaded guilty]] to all charges
| convictions = [[Murder]] (51 counts) [[Attempted murder]] (40 counts) [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002|Committing a terrorist act]]{{Infobox event
| title =
| child = yes
| sentence = [[Back-to-back life sentences|52 consecutive life sentences]] without the possibility of [[parole]], plus 480 years<ref name="R v Tarrant" />
}}
}}
On 15 March 2019, two consecutive terrorist [[mass shooting]]s took place in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand. They were committed during [[Friday prayer]], first at the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] in Riccarton, at 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m. and almost immediately afterwards at the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] at 1:52{{nbsp}}p.m. Altogether, 51 people were killed and 89 others were injured, including 40 by gunfire.<ref name=OperationDeans>{{cite web|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/history-and-museum/museum/exhibitions/place-many-brave-deeds/2019-operation-deans-targeted|title=2019 – Operation Deans Targeted Terrorist Attacks, Christchurch, 15 March|publisher=New Zealand Police|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> The perpetrator was an Australian man, Brenton Tarrant, then aged 28.

Tarrant was arrested after his vehicle was rammed by a [[police car]] as he was driving to a third mosque in [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]]. He [[live-streamed]] the first shooting on [[Facebook live|Facebook]], marking the first successfully live-streamed [[far-right]] terror attack, and had published a [[manifesto]] online before the attack. On 26 March 2020, he pleaded guilty<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ensor|first1=Blair|last2=Sherwood|first2=Sam|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120565800/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-pleads-guilty-to-murder-attempted-murder-and-terrorism|title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Accused pleads guilty to murder, attempted murder and terrorism|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|access-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708033232/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120565800/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-pleads-guilty-to-murder-attempted-murder-and-terrorism|archive-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bayer|first=Kurt|date=3 July 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Gunman's sentencing confirmed to start on August 24|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12345091|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703035144/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12345091|url-status=live}}</ref> to 51 murders, 40 attempted murders, and engaging in a terrorist act,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Quinlivan|first1=Mark|last2=McCarron|first2=Heather|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/09/christchurch-shooting-alleged-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-trial-delayed.html|title=Christchurch shooting: Alleged gunman Brenton Tarrant's trial delayed|work=[[Newshub]]|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613064106/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/09/christchurch-shooting-alleged-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-trial-delayed.html|archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="third_appearance" /> and in August was sentenced to [[Life imprisonment in New Zealand|life imprisonment]] without the possibility of [[parole]]{{snd}}the first such sentence in New Zealand.<ref name="R v Tarrant" /><ref name="Stuff last gasp">{{Cite news|last=Lourens|first=Mariné|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque gunman jailed 'until his last gasp'|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122577663/christchurch-mosque-gunman-jailed-until-his-last-gasp|access-date=27 August 2020|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827202459/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122577663/christchurch-mosque-gunman-jailed-until-his-last-gasp|archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Reuters life sentence">{{Cite news|date=27 August 2020|title=New Zealand mosque shooter given life in prison for 'wicked' crimes|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-idUSKBN25M2QF|access-date=27 August 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827200055/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-idUSKBN25M2QF |archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

The attacks were mainly motivated by [[white nationalism]], [[anti-immigrant sentiment]], and [[white supremacist]] beliefs. Tarrant described himself as an [[ecofascist]] and professed belief in the far-right "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory in the context of a "[[white genocide]]".

The attack was linked to an increase in white supremacy and [[alt-right]] extremism globally<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand terrorism threat environment following the Christchurch attack |url=https://fyi.org.nz/request/16251/response/61136/attach/4/2019%2004%2016%20New%20Zealand%20terrorism%20threat%20environment%20following%20the%20Christchurch%20attack.pdf |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=Combined Threat Assessment Group |date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030040929/https://fyi.org.nz/request/16251/response/61136/attach/4/2019%2004%2016%20New%20Zealand%20terrorism%20threat%20environment%20following%20the%20Christchurch%20attack.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooting-live-questions-over-alt-right-hate-monitoring-following-shooting-20190317-p514zk.html|title=Christchurch shooting live: questions over alt-right hate monitoring following shooting|last=Clun|first=Rachel|date=18 March 2019|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318012738/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooting-live-questions-over-alt-right-hate-monitoring-following-shooting-20190317-p514zk.html|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Cameron|last1=Houston|first2=Shane|last2=Wright|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/alt-right-extremists-are-not-being-monitored-effectively-20190317-p514y0.html|title=Alt-right extremists are not being monitored effectively|date=17 March 2019|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318093517/https://www.smh.com.au/national/alt-right-extremists-are-not-being-monitored-effectively-20190317-p514y0.html|archive-date=18 March 2019|access-date=3 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> observed since about 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/christchurch-mass-shooting-extremism.html|title=New Zealand Massacre Highlights Global Reach of White Extremism|date=17 March 2019|website=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317075728/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/christchurch-mass-shooting-extremism.html|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/17/the-observer-view-on-the-christchurch-shootings-weve-been-too-slow-to-see-deadly-far-right-threat|title=The Observer view on the Christchurch shootings: we've been too slow to see the far right threat|author=Observer editorial|date=17 March 2019|website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429195853/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/17/the-observer-view-on-the-christchurch-shootings-weve-been-too-slow-to-see-deadly-far-right-threat|url-status=live}}</ref> Politicians and world leaders condemned it,<ref name="stuffcondems">{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111321325/australian-prime-minister-horrified-by-christchurch-shootings |title=World leaders condemn Christchurch mosque terrorism attack |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421235220/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111321325/australian-prime-minister-horrified-by-christchurch-shootings |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]], [[Jacinda Ardern]], described it as "one of New Zealand's darkest days".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/ |title=PM on mosque shooting: 'One of New Zealand's darkest days' |date=15 March 2019 |work=[[Newstalk ZB]] |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712165101/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The government established a [[royal commission]] into its security agencies in the wake of the shootings, which were the deadliest in modern New Zealand history and the worst ever committed by an Australian national.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html |title=Pakistan to honour Christchurch mosque 'hero' with national award |publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320003244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|quote=It was the deadliest mass shooting in the country's modern history.}}</ref><ref name="Royal Commission Announced" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Graham-McLay|first=Charlotte|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch shooting: mosque gunman sentenced to life without parole|work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|access-date=27 August 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827023002/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|url-status=live}}</ref> The commission submitted its report to the government on 26 November 2020,<ref name=Guardian.Hands>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/26/christchurch-attacks-royal-commission-hands-in-report-on-new-zealand-mosque-shootings|title=Christchurch attacks: royal commission hands in report on New Zealand mosque shootings|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Roy|first=Eleanor Roy|date=25 November 2020|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208010629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/26/christchurch-attacks-royal-commission-hands-in-report-on-new-zealand-mosque-shootings|archive-date=8 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> the details of which were made public on 7 December.<ref name=AP.Eluded>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/intelligence-agencies-shootings-brenton-tarrant-new-zealand-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-d8217fa30fe4eeba45fb001b77857385|title=Report shows how New Zealand mosque shooter eluded detection|work=Associated Press News|last=Perry|first=Nick|date=7 December 2020|access-date=7 December 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208200943/https://apnews.com/article/intelligence-agencies-shootings-brenton-tarrant-new-zealand-new-zealand-mosque-attacks-d8217fa30fe4eeba45fb001b77857385|archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>

The shooting has inspired multiple [[Copycat crime|copycat]] attacks,{{efn|Copycat attacks include: the [[Poway synagogue shooting]], [[2019 El Paso shooting]], [[Bærum mosque shooting]], [[Halle synagogue shooting]], [[2021 London, Ontario truck attack]], [[Eslöv school stabbing]], [[Kristianstad school stabbing]], [[2022 Buffalo shooting]], [[2022 Bratislava shooting]], [[2023 Jacksonville shooting]], [[2024 Eskisehir mosque stabbing]], and the [[Antioch High School shooting]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hummel |first1=Kristina |title=The Christchurch Attacks: Livestream Terror in the Viral Video Age |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/christchurch-attacks-livestream-terror-viral-video-age/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504111058/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/christchurch-attacks-livestream-terror-viral-video-age/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Dr Suraj |title=The Gamification of Violent Extremism: An Empirical Exploration of the Christchurch Attack |url=https://gnet-research.org/2022/06/10/the-gamification-of-violent-extremism-an-empirical-exploration-of-the-christchurch-attack/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=GNET |date=10 June 2022}}</ref>}} especially due to its live-streamed nature. In response to this incident, the [[United Nations]] designated March 15 as the [[International Day to Combat Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=International Day to Combat Islamophobia |newspaper=United Nations |date=15 March 2025 |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/anti-islamophobia-day}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Background ==
=== Locations ===
The gunman first attacked the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]], the first mosque in the [[South Island]], opened in June 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111343035/welcome-brother-a-community-that-stressed-peace-is-undone-by-violence|title='Welcome, brother': A community that stressed peace is undone by violence|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=17 March 2019|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091011/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111343035/welcome-brother-a-community-that-stressed-peace-is-undone-by-violence|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1985 |title=Photos |pages=1 |work=[[The Press]] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/press/1985/06/22/1 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503085418/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/press/1985/06/22/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on [[The Four Avenues|Deans Avenue]] in the suburb of [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] was attacked shortly after the Al Noor Mosque. It opened in early 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/linwood-mosque-reflects-a-growing-muslim-community/news-story/b68147a5269e38810815a499b7ca0928 |title=Linwood mosque reflects a growing Muslim community |last=Akerman |first=Tessa |date=16 March 2019 |work=[[The Australian]] |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106002626/https://insight.adsrvr.org/track/up?adv=vrges6n&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fsubscribe%2Fnews%2F1%2F%3FsourceCode%3DTAWEB_WRE170_a%26dest%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%252Fnews%252Fnation%252Flinwood-mosque-reflects-a-growing-muslim-community%252Fnews-story%252Fb68147a5269e38810815a499b7ca0928%26memtype%3Danonymous%26mode%3Dpremium%26v21%3DGROUPB-Segment-1-NOSCORE%26V21spcbehaviour%3Dappend&upid=rjdl4pv&upv=1.1.0 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on Linwood Avenue in the suburb of [[Linwood, New Zealand|Linwood]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

=== Perpetrator ===
[[File:Brenton Tarrant in Turkiye.png|thumb|The perpetrator, Brenton Tarrant, in a 2016 airport camera photo when he entered [[Turkey]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yeni-zelandada-camiye-saldiran-teroristin-2016da-turkiyeye-geldigi-belirlendi/1419904|title=Yeni Zelanda'da camiye saldıran teröristin 2016'da Türkiye'ye geldiği belirlendi|language=tr|date=16 March 2019|first=Tuğçenur |last=Yılmaz|trans-title=It has been determined that the terrorist who attacked the mosque in New Zealand came to Türkiye in 2016|website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>]]

Brenton Harrison Tarrant (born 27 October 1990),<ref>{{Cite web |title='A loner with a lot of money': A look into mosque gunman's past |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-a-look-into-gunman-brenton-tarrants-past/VNWHH3PPQ72N3JVQ5VHLN2UKFA/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=20 August 2020 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175228/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-a-look-into-gunman-brenton-tarrants-past/VNWHH3PPQ72N3JVQ5VHLN2UKFA/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/brenton-tarrant-how-christchurch-terrorist-spent-final-months-before-attack/ca366435-03c8-4981-b382-051abec79f56|title=How Australian terrorist spent his final months before Christchurch mosque attack|website=9news.com.au|date=8 December 2020|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218122114/https://www.9news.com.au/world/brenton-tarrant-how-christchurch-terrorist-spent-final-months-before-attack/ca366435-03c8-4981-b382-051abec79f56|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[European Australians|white Australian]] man, was 28 years old at the time of the shootings.<ref name=Reuters16Mar>{{cite news|first1=Byron|last1=Kaye|accessdate=26 January 2021|title=In New Zealand, a journey around the world and into darkness|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-profile-idUSKCN1QX0GQ|agency=Reuters|date=16 March 2019|work=Reuters.com|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207032231/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-profile-idUSKCN1QX0GQ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Executive summary|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/executive-summary-2/executive-summary/|access-date=27 August 2021|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918164227/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/executive-summary-2/executive-summary/|url-status=live}}</ref> After his arrest, Tarrant told investigators that he frequented right-wing discussion boards on [[4chan]] and [[8chan]] and also found YouTube to be "a significant source of information and inspiration."<ref name="AP.Eluded" />

Tarrant arrived in New Zealand in August 2017 and lived in [[Andersons Bay]] in [[Dunedin]] until the shootings.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019 |page=24 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AP.Eluded" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/fruit-loop-dunedin-hunters-reveal-how-brenton-tarrant-acted-at-rifle-range/news-story/63b2eef1aac281ddbd9e8526943096e5|title=Christchurch massacre: Brenton Tarrant's life in Dunedin, NZ|newspaper=News.com.au|date=17 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|last1=Dunedin|first1=Candace Sutton in|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401193957/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/fruit-loop-dunedin-hunters-reveal-how-brenton-tarrant-acted-at-rifle-range/news-story/63b2eef1aac281ddbd9e8526943096e5|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a member of a South Otago gun club, where he practised shooting at its range.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reid |first1=Melanie |last2=Jennings |first2=Mark |title=Shooter trained at Otago gun club |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/shooter-trained-at-otago-gun-club |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=Newsroom |date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104212442/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/shooter-trained-at-otago-gun-club |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213738|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Bruce Rifle Club closes in wake of terror|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=17 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|issn=1170-0777|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318194824/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213738|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
Tarrant started planning an attack about two years prior to the shootings, and chose his targets three months in advance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brenton Tarrant: The 'ordinary white man' turned mass murderer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/15/brenton-tarrant-ordinary-white-man-turned-mass-murderer/|access-date=16 March 2019|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315201224/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/15/brenton-tarrant-ordinary-white-man-turned-mass-murderer/|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Some survivors at the Al Noor Mosque believed they had seen Tarrant there on several Fridays before the attack, pretending to pray and asking about the mosque's schedules.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Christchurch shooting: Survivors convinced gunman visited mosque to learn layout|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/04/christchurch-shooting-survivors-convinced-gunman-visited-mosque-to-learn-layout.html|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415113542/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/04/christchurch-shooting-survivors-convinced-gunman-visited-mosque-to-learn-layout.html|archive-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The Royal Commission report found no evidence of this,<ref>{{cite web|title=Questions asked by the community|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/questions-asked-by-the-community/|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805164422/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/questions-asked-by-the-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> and police instead believe that Tarrant had viewed an online tour of Al Noor as part of his planning.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Police rule out that gunman entered mosque prior to attack|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12324343|access-date=15 May 2020|issn=1170-0777|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427171223/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12324343|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 January 2019, Tarrant used a [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] operated from a nearby park to investigate the mosque's grounds.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /> Additionally, he used the Internet to find detailed mosque plans, interior pictures, and prayer schedules to figure out when mosques would be at their busiest levels.<ref name="rnz00">{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12358347|title=Christchurch mosque terror attack sentencing: Gunman Brenton Tarrant planned to attack three mosques|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|last2=Leasl|first2=Anna|date=24 August 2020|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904090033/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12358347|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, he had driven past the Linwood Islamic Centre.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" />

=== Weaponry ===
Police recovered six guns: two [[AR-15 style rifle]]s (one manufactured by Windham Weaponry and the other by [[Sturm, Ruger & Co.|Ruger]]), two [[Gauge (firearms)|12-gauge]] [[shotgun]]s (a semi automatic [[Mossberg 930]] and a pump-action Ranger 870), and two other rifles (a [[.357 Magnum]] [[A. Uberti, Srl.|Uberti]] lever-action rifle, and a .223-calibre [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons|Mossberg]] Predator bolt-action rifle). Tarrant was granted a firearms licence with an "A" endorsement in November 2017,<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019 |pages=49–51 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384959/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-s-focus-on-strengthening-current-gun-laws-after-christchurch-terror-attacks|title=Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's focus on strengthening current gun laws after Christchurch terror attacks|date=18 March 2019|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201557/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384959/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-s-focus-on-strengthening-current-gun-laws-after-christchurch-terror-attacks|url-status=live}}</ref> and purchased weapons between December 2017 and March 2019, along with more than 7,000 rounds of ammunition.<ref name="rnz00" /> He used four 30-round [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]], five 40-round magazines, and one 60-round magazine in the shootings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 6: The individual's online purchases of magazines 2017–2018 |date=17 August 2017 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, he illegally replaced the semi-automatic rifles' small magazines with the higher capacity magazines purchased online, against the conditions of Tarrant's gun licence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214712|access-date=28 April 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Briefing to Police Minister Stuart Nash shows gun law loophole also exploited by Northland siege killer Quinn Paterson|date=20 March 2019|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502010806/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214712|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-new-zealand-bans-semi-automatic-rifles-high-capacity-magazines-after/ |title=Thousands descend on site of New Zealand mosque attacks to observe emotional Muslim prayer |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Nick |last1=Perry |first2=Juliet |last2=Williams |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002254/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-new-zealand-bans-semi-automatic-rifles-high-capacity-magazines-after/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47607215 |title=Christchurch shootings: NZ cabinet backs tighter gun laws |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320223157/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47607215 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The guns and magazines used were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians;<ref name="Coalson" /><ref name="Zivanovic" /><ref name="Aljazeeramaterial">{{cite web |title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html |archive-date=15 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="dailysabah" /> as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|title=New Zealand terror suspect wrote Italian shooter's name on his gun|date=15 March 2019|newspaper=The Local Italy|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318202031/https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/finsbury-park-mosque-worshippers-shocked-by-new-zealand-terror-attack|title=Finsbury Park mosque worshippers shocked by New Zealand terror attack|last=Badshah|first=Nadeem|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=18 June 2022|archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315213443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/finsbury-park-mosque-worshippers-shocked-by-new-zealand-terror-attack|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the markings were white supremacist slogans such as the [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] phrase "[[Remove Kebab]]" and the number "14", a reference to [[Fourteen Words]].<ref name="Coalson" /><ref name="Aljazeeramaterial" /><ref name="dailysabah">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|title=New Zealand mosque shooter names his 'idols' on weapons he used in massacre|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|location=Istanbul|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161334/https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

His [[Body armor|armoured vest]] had at least seven loaded [[.223 Remington|.223]]/[[5.56×45mm NATO|556]] magazines in the front pockets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019 |publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019 |page=46 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He also wore an airsoft helmet, which held the [[Body camera|head-mounted]] [[GoPro]] he used for his live stream.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Other equipment for the purposes of the terrorist attack |date=17 August 2017 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Police also found four [[incendiary device]]s in Tarrant's car; they were defused by the [[New Zealand Defence Force]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019 |page=45 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shooting kills 49, gun laws will change PM says |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315013612/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He said, on the livestream, that he had planned to set the mosque on fire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-get-this-party-started-new-zealand-gunman-narrated-his-chilling-rampage/2019/03/15/fb3db352-4748-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html|title='Let's get this party started': New Zealand shooting suspect narrated his chilling rampage|last=Hendrix|first=Steve|date=16 March 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321030131/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-get-this-party-started-new-zealand-gunman-narrated-his-chilling-rampage/2019/03/15/fb3db352-4748-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Manifesto ===
Tarrant wrote a 74-page [[manifesto]] titled ''The Great Replacement'', a [[Islamophobic trope|reference]] to the "[[The Great Replacement conspiracy theory|Great Replacement]]" and "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]]" conspiracy theories.<ref name="Gilsinan">{{cite news |last1=Gilsinan |first1=Kathy |title=How White-Supremacist Violence Echoes Other Forms of Terrorism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/violence-new-zealand-echoes-past-terrorist-patterns/585043/ |access-date=17 March 2019 |work=The Atlantic |date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317140936/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/violence-new-zealand-echoes-past-terrorist-patterns/585043/ |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Darby |first=Luke |title=How the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory has inspired white supremacist killers |work=The Telegraph |date=5 August 2019 |location=London |id={{ProQuest|}} }}</ref> Minutes before the attacks began, the manifesto was emailed to more than 30 recipients, including the prime minister's office and several media outlets,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-17/jacinda-ardern-christchurch-shooter-manifesto-email/10909874 |title=Jacinda Ardern's office received manifesto from Christchurch shooter minutes before attack |newspaper=ABC News |date=17 March 2019 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317072758/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-17/jacinda-ardern-christchurch-shooter-manifesto-email/10909874 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and links were shared on [[Twitter]] and [[8chan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observer.news/featured/the-manifesto-of-brenton-tarrant-a-right-wing-terrorist-on-a-crusade/|title=The Manifesto of Brenton Tarrant – a right-wing terrorist on a Crusade|last=Wong|first=Charlene|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315144811/https://observer.news/featured/the-manifesto-of-brenton-tarrant-a-right-wing-terrorist-on-a-crusade/|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/terrorism/australian-man-brenton-tarrant-named-as-christchurch-gunman-as-four-taken-into-custody-ng-b881137083z|title=Australian man named as NZ mosque gunman|date=15 March 2019|work=The West Australian|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419225706/https://thewest.com.au/news/terrorism/australian-man-brenton-tarrant-named-as-christchurch-gunman-as-four-taken-into-custody-ng-b881137083z|url-status=live}}</ref> Seven minutes after Tarrant sent the email containing the manifesto to parliament, it was forwarded to the parliament security team, who instantly called the police communication centre at 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m., around the same time the first [[111 (emergency telephone number)|111 calls]] were made from the Al Noor Mosque.<ref name="Operation Deans">{{cite web |title=Operation Deans / Evidential Overview |url=https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/d836SD43-Evidential-Overview-for-Christchurch-Masjid-attacks.pdf |publisher=[[New Zealand Police]] |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727035219/https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/d836SD43-Evidential-Overview-for-Christchurch-Masjid-attacks.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the manifesto, several anti-immigrant sentiments are expressed, including hate speech against migrants, white supremacist rhetoric, and calls for all non-European immigrants in Europe whom he claimed to be "invading his land" to be removed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gelineau |first1=Kristen |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |title=New Zealand mosque shooter is a white nationalist who hates immigrants, documents and video reveal |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-mosque-killer-white-supremacy-20190315-story.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602054023/https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-mosque-killer-white-supremacy-20190315-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The manifesto displays [[neo-Nazi]] symbols though he denies being a Nazi,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-white-genocide-conspiracy-theory-a8824671.html|title=New Zealand attack: How nonsensical white genocide conspiracy theory cited by gunman is spreading poison around the world|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|date=16 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316233021/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-white-genocide-conspiracy-theory-a8824671.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live|website=Independent}}</ref> describing himself instead as an "[[ethno-nationalist]]",<ref name="Zivanovic">{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/|title=New Zealand Mosque Gunman 'Inspired by Balkan Nationalists'|last=Zivanovic|first=Maja|website=Balkaninsight.com|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Balkaninsight|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922142828/https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists//|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/invaders-from-india-enemies-in-east-new-zealand-shooters-racist-post-after-a-qa-session-with-himself-2068333.html|title=Invaders from India, Enemies in East: New Zealand Shooter's Post After a Q&A Session With Himself|website=News18|date=16 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091350/https://www.news18.com/news/world/invaders-from-india-enemies-in-east-new-zealand-shooters-racist-post-after-a-qa-session-with-himself-2068333.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl#h_d311bee77f1e9671f04fc3a16c3b2002|title=Attacker posted 87-page "anti-immigrant, anti-Muslim" manifesto|date=15 March 2019|publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092352/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/h_d311bee77f1e9671f04fc3a16c3b2002|url-status=live}}</ref> and an "[[eco-fascist]]".<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |title=Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: 'ecofascism' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 August 2019 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622181533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-03-15/new-zealand-suspect-says-he-is-racist-eco-fascist-who-is-mostly-introverted/|title=New Zealand suspect Brenton Tarrant 'says he is racist eco-fascist who is mostly introverted'|website=ITV News|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331020130/https://www.itv.com/news/2019-03-15/new-zealand-suspect-says-he-is-racist-eco-fascist-who-is-mostly-introverted/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/03/what-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html|title=What the Christchurch Attacker's Manifesto Tells Us|last=Weissmann|first=Jordan|date=15 March 2019|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522191851/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/03/what-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/blogs/andrew-bolt/mosque-shooting-in-new-zealand-many-dead/news-story/ceac4d0c5f92a32d2c62754c74d4ca30|title=Mosque Shooting in New Zealand. Many Dead|last1=Bolt|first1=Andrew|website=Herald Sun|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053138/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/blogs/andrew-bolt/mosque-shooting-in-new-zealand-many-dead/news-story/ceac4d0c5f92a32d2c62754c74d4ca30|url-status=live}}</ref>

The manifesto was described by some media outlets as "[[shitposting]]"—a form of [[trolling]] designed to derail conversations and provoke strong reactions from people not in the know.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/03/the-shooters-manifesto-was-designed-to-troll/585058/|title=The Shooter's Manifesto Was Designed to Troll|last=Lorenz|first=Taylor|date=18 March 2019|work=The Atlantic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315173610/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/03/the-shooters-manifesto-was-designed-to-troll/585058/|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/a-mass-murder-for-the-age-of-shposting/ | title = A Mass Murder for the Age of Sh**posting | first = Theodore | last = Kupfer | date = 15 March 2019 | access-date = 18 March 2019 | work = [[National Review]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190318080150/https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/a-mass-murder-for-the-age-of-shposting/ | archive-date = 18 March 2019 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/new-zealand-gunman-christchurch.html | title = In Christchurch, Signs Point to a Gunman Steeped in Internet Trolling | first = Daniel | last = Victor | date = 15 March 2019 | access-date = 15 March 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] | archive-date = 15 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190315134725/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/new-zealand-gunman-christchurch.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Readers of the manifesto described it as containing deliberately provocative and absurd statements, such as sarcastically claiming to have been turned into a killer by [[Violence and video games|playing violent video games]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web |last1=Groll |first1=Elias |title=How the Christchurch Shooter Played the World's Media |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/15/how-the-christchurch-shooter-played-the-worlds-media/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728144509/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/15/how-the-christchurch-shooter-played-the-worlds-media/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David |title=Massacre Suspect Traveled the World but Lived on the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705013721/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Lerman |first1=Rachel |title='Fortnite trained me to be a killer': Twisted humor of dark internet culture in focus after another attack |url=https://www.newschannel10.com/2019/03/16/fortnite-trained-me-be-killer-twisted-humor-dark-internet-culture-focus-after-another-attack/ |publisher=KFDA |agency=Associated Press |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224731/https://www.newschannel10.com/2019/03/16/fortnite-trained-me-be-killer-twisted-humor-dark-internet-culture-focus-after-another-attack/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 March 2019, the manifesto was deemed "objectionable" by the [[Chief Censor of New Zealand]], making it unlawful to possess or distribute it in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/385399/christchurch-mosque-shootings-manifesto-deemed-objectionable |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: 'Manifesto' deemed objectionable |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531150858/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/385399/christchurch-mosque-shootings-manifesto-deemed-objectionable |url-status=live }}</ref> Exemptions to the ban were available for journalists, researchers, and academics.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 March 2019|title=Legal experts say censorship on gunman's manifesto went too far|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/385470/legal-experts-say-censorship-on-gunman-s-manifesto-went-too-far|access-date=13 March 2021|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214115712/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/385470/legal-experts-say-censorship-on-gunman-s-manifesto-went-too-far|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2019, ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' reported that printed copies of the manifesto were being sold online outside New Zealand, something New Zealand law could not prevent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Derek |date=21 August 2019 |title=Christchurch mosque shooting accused's manifesto being sold overseas is 'disgusting': Jacinda Ardern |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12260626 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308183159/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shooting-accuseds-manifesto-being-sold-overseas-is-disgusting-jacinda-ardern/AHI4DY3J5YUPQRSAE4QPJAPWDY/?c_id=1&objectid=12260626 |archive-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

== Events ==
{| id="HSV2" class="wikitable" style="float:right; border:#78bf73; margin-left:.75em; width:50%"
|-
!colspan=2 | Timeline of events<ref name="Operation Deans" /> 15 March 2019, times are [[NZDT]] ([[UTC+13]])
|-
! Time !! Event
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Tarrant enters the Al Noor Mosque.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:41{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| First [[111 (emergency telephone number)|111 call]] to Police is received.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:42{{nbsp}}p.m.||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police report over the radio of shots fired at Al Noor Mosque.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:46:00{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Tarrant leaves Al Noor Mosque for Linwood Islamic centre.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:46:58{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police arrive at the intersection of Deans Avenue and Riccarton Road.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:51{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police arrive outside Al Noor Mosque.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:52{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Tarrant arrives at Linwood Islamic centre.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:54:48{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police enter Al Noor Mosque.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:55{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Tarrant leaves Linwood Islamic centre.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:56:25{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police car flagged down by a member of the public reporting shots fired at Linwood Islamic centre.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:57{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| First 111 call to Police from the Linwood Islamic centre.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:57:49{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police pursuit is initiated with Tarrant.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:59{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Pursuit ends with Tarrant being apprehended.
|-
|style="background:#FFFAF4"| 1:59:25{{nbsp}}p.m. ||style="background:#FFFAF4;"| Police arrive at Linwood Islamic centre.
|}
The shootings, which were the deadliest terror attack committed by an Australian, took place at two separate venues.<ref name="Pearlman 16 Dec 2025" >{{cite web | date = 16 Dec 2025 | first = Jonathan | last = Pearlman | newspaper = [[The Straits Times]] | location = Singapore | title = Bondi shooting sparks 'lone wolf' fears, gun law review as Australia reels from worst terror attack | url = https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/bondi-shooting-sparks-gun-law-review-as-australia-reels-from-deadly-attacks |archive-url= |archive-date= | quote = National security expert Greg Barton said the Bondi shooting was "the worst terrorist attack on Australian soil", while noting that more Australians died in the Bali bombing – an attack by Islamists in 2002 that killed 202 people, including 88 Australians. The worst attack by an Australian was a 2019 attack on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, by a gunman who killed 51 people.}}</ref><ref name="WION 15 December">{{cite news | last1 = Janardhanan | first1 = Vinod | title = After Bondi beach shooting, PM Albanese vows tougher gun laws, but Australia has one of the toughest firearms restrictions. What went wrong? | url = https://www.wionews.com/world/after-bondi-beach-shooting-pm-albanese-vows-tougher-gun-laws-but-australia-has-the-toughest-firearms-restrictions-what-went-wrong-1765780626104 | work = [[Wion]] | archive-url = | archive-date = | location = India | date = 15 December 2025 | quote = In fact, the most shocking shooting associated with an Australian happened in neighbouring New Zealand, when [redacted] went on a rampage targeting Christchurch mosques on 15 March 2019. The Australian citizen killed 51 people and injured 40 at two mosques.}}</ref>

=== Al Noor Mosque ===
At 1:32{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant started his live-stream that would last for 17 minutes on [[Facebook Live]], starting with the drive to the Al Noor mosque and ending as he drove away.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref name="nzherald.co.nz">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Gunman livestreamed 17 minutes of shooting terror |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315025827/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076 |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Just before the shooting, he played several songs, including "[[Remove Kebab|Serbia Strong]]", a [[Serb nationalist]] and [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] song; and "[[The British Grenadiers]]", a traditional British military marching song.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koziol|first=Michael|title=Christchurch shooter's manifesto reveals an obsession with white supremacy over Muslims|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooter-s-manifesto-reveals-an-obsession-with-white-supremacy-over-muslims-20190315-p514ko.html|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315103916/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooter-s-manifesto-reveals-an-obsession-with-white-supremacy-over-muslims-20190315-p514ko.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coalson">{{cite web|last=Coalson|first=Robert|title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330083530/https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doyle |first=Gerry |title=New Zealand mosque gunman's plan began and ended online |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-internet/new-zealand-mosque-attackers-plan-began-and-ended-online-idUSKCN1QW1MV |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161613/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-internet/new-zealand-mosque-attackers-plan-began-and-ended-online-idUSKCN1QW1MV |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At 1:39{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant parked his vehicle in the driveway next to the Al Noor Mosque. He then armed himself with the Mossberg 930 and Windham Weaponry AR-15 rifle before walking towards the mosque.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref name="Operation Deans" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" />

At 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m., as Tarrant approached the mosque, a worshipper greeted him with "Hello, brother!". Tarrant fired his shotgun nine times towards the front entrance, killing four worshippers. He then threw the shotgun to the ground and opened fire on people inside with the AR-15–style rifle, killing two other men down a hallway near the entrance and dozens more inside a prayer hall; a [[strobe light]] attached to the same AR-15 rifle disoriented victims.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref name=SentencingRemarks>{{cite web|url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|title=The Queen v. Brenton Harrison Tarrant: Sentencing Remarks of Mander J|publisher=High Court of New Zealand|accessdate=21 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022175740/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/brother-muslim-worshipper-words-gunman-190315152715528.html|title='Hello brother': Muslim worshipper's 'last words' to gunman|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315220022/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/brother-muslim-worshipper-words-gunman-190315152715528.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2019/03/15/hello-brother-first-christchurch-mosque-victim-said-to-shooter/|work=Toronto City News|date=15 March 2019|title='Hello brother', first Christchurch mosque victim said to shooter|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529003247/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2019/03/15/hello-brother-first-christchurch-mosque-victim-said-to-shooter/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/15/with-strobe-lights-guns-bearing-neo-nazi-slogans-new-zealand-gunman-plotted-massacre/|title=With strobe lights and guns bearing neo-Nazi slogans, New Zealand gunman plotted a massacre|last=Horton|first=Alex|date=15 March 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407233827/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/15/with-strobe-lights-guns-bearing-neo-nazi-slogans-new-zealand-gunman-plotted-massacre/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another worshipper, Naeem Rashid, charged at Tarrant and knocked him down, dislodging a magazine from his vest in the process. Tarrant quickly got back up and proceeded to shoot Rashid several times, murdering him.<ref name=SentencingRemarks/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47601516 |title=Christchurch shootings: Stories of heroism emerge from attacks |access-date=17 March 2019 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317192834/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47601516 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |last2=Russell |first2=Ros |title=Pakistan salutes hero of New Zealand mosque shooting |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/newzealand-shootout-pakistan-idINKCN1QZ08B |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319163408/https://in.reuters.com/article/newzealand-shootout-pakistan-idINKCN1QZ08B |archive-date=19 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rashid was posthumously awarded the [[Nishan-e-Shujaat]] and the [[New Zealand Cross (1999)|New Zealand Cross]], the highest awards of bravery in Pakistan and New Zealand, respectively.<ref name="dpmc-honours" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mosque attack hero given bravery award in Pakistan |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/388542/mosque-attack-hero-given-bravery-award-in-pakistan |access-date=16 December 2021 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224724/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/388542/mosque-attack-hero-given-bravery-award-in-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tarrant fired at worshippers in the prayer hall from close range. He then went outside, where he killed a man, discarded his Windham WW-15 and retrieved a [[Ruger AR-556]] AR-15 from his car. He went to the mosque's southern gate and killed two people in the car park sheltering behind vehicles and wounded another. He reentered the mosque and shot already-wounded people, then again went outside, where he killed a woman lying injured from previous gunfire.<ref>{{cite web |title=5.3 Firearms, ammunition and other equipment used in the terrorist attack |date=17 August 2017 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Operation Deans" /><ref name="rnz00" /><ref name=SentencingRemarks/> Thereupon Tarrant drove over the deceased woman, leaving six minutes after he arrived at the mosque.<ref name=SentencingRemarks/><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /> He shot at fleeing worshippers and cars through the [[Windshield|windscreen]] and closed window of his own car as he was driving towards the Linwood Islamic Centre.<ref name="Operation Deans" /><ref name="rnz00" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission">{{cite web|title=The terrorist attack|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/part-1-purpose-and-process/the-terrorist-attack/|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223110253/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/part-1-purpose-and-process/the-terrorist-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At 1:46{{nbsp}}p.m., police arrived near the mosque just as Tarrant was leaving, but his car was hidden by a bus, and at the time, no description of the vehicle had been provided, or that he had left.<ref name="Operation Deans" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/04/christchurch-terror-attack-police-release-official-timeline.html|title=Christchurch terror attack: Police release official timeline|work=[[Newshub]]|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228235047/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/04/christchurch-terror-attack-police-release-official-timeline.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He drove eastwards on [[Bealey Avenue]] at up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}, weaving between lanes against oncoming traffic and driving onto a grass [[median strip]].<ref name="Operation Deans" /> At 1:51{{nbsp}}p.m., just after the livestream had ended due to a connection interruption, he aimed a shotgun at the driver of a vehicle on Avonside Drive and attempted to fire it twice, but it failed to fire on both occasions. The GoPro device attached to Tarrant's helmet continued recording until he was apprehended by police eight minutes later.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /><ref name="Operation Deans" />

=== Linwood Islamic Centre ===
[[File:Linwood Islamic Centre, March 2020. At the time of the shootings there was a buiding at the front of the section and access was along a driveway to the left.jpg|thumb|Linwood Islamic Centre, March 2020. At the time of the shootings, there was a building at the front of the section and access was along an ungated driveway to the left.]]

At 1:52{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant arrived at the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]],<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" />
{{Convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=}} east of the Al Noor Mosque,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|last2=Baker|first2=Mark|date=15 March 2019|title=Mosque shootings kill 49; white racist claims responsibility|work=Star Tribune|url=http://www.startribune.com/witness-many-dead-in-new-zealand-mosque-shooting/507178452/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201556/http://www.startribune.com/witness-many-dead-in-new-zealand-mosque-shooting/507178452/|archive-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> while about 100 people were inside.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /> He parked his vehicle on the mosque's driveway, preventing other cars from entering or leaving.<ref name="rnz00" /> According to a witness, Tarrant was initially unable to find the mosque's main door, instead shooting people outside and through a window, killing four and alerting those inside.<ref name="rnz00" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Macdonald |first=Nikki |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111378767/brenton-tarrant-approached-linwood-mosque-from-wrong-side-giving-those-inside-time-to-hide-survivor-says |title=Alleged shooter approached Linwood mosque from wrong side, giving those inside time to hide, survivor says |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318191317/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111378767/brenton-tarrant-approached-linwood-mosque-from-wrong-side-giving-those-inside-time-to-hide-survivor-says |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A worshipper named [[Abdul Aziz Wahabzadah|Abdul Aziz Wahabzada]] ran outside. As Tarrant was retrieving another gun from his car, Aziz threw a [[payment terminal]] at him. Tarrant fired back at Aziz, who picked up an empty shotgun that Tarrant had dropped. He took cover among nearby cars and attempted to draw Tarrant's attention by shouting, "I'm here!" Regardless, Tarrant entered the mosque, where he shot and killed three people. When Tarrant returned to his car, Aziz confronted him again. Tarrant removed a [[bayonet]] from his vest but then retreated into his car instead of attacking Aziz. Tarrant drove away at 1:55{{nbsp}}p.m., with Aziz throwing the shotgun at his car.<ref name=SentencingRemarks/><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |title=Man who stood up to mosque gunman probably saved lives |url=https://apnews.com/ccf69233a36446c2b6c9e92f3e6cf417 |work=Associated Press News |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317012024/https://www.apnews.com/ccf69233a36446c2b6c9e92f3e6cf417 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Saber |first1=Nasim |last2=Ahmadi |first2=Naser |title=New Zealand terror attacks: The hero of Christchurch talks |url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-zealand-terror-attacks-the-hero-of-christchurch-talks/a-47955945 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084800/https://www.dw.com/en/new-zealand-terror-attacks-the-hero-of-christchurch-talks/a-47955945 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Dodging bullets, a father of 4 confronted the New Zealand shooter and saved lives |url=https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_c8a74bac766cae0300391f535f2f0e91 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320180848/https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_c8a74bac766cae0300391f535f2f0e91 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aziz was awarded the [[New Zealand Cross (1999)|New Zealand Cross]], New Zealand's highest award for bravery.<ref name="dpmc-honours">{{cite web |title=Special Honours List 16 December 2021 – Citations for New Zealand Bravery Awards |url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/br2021-citations/ |website=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet |date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190348/https://dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/br2021-citations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2023, he represented recipients of the Cross at the [[coronation of Charles III and Camilla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronation order of service in full |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65503950 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506001110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65503950 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a long period of being left vacant, the building was demolished in November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Jody |title=Tears and prayers as Linwood mosque gets demolished |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/133318742/tears-and-prayers-as-linwood-mosque-gets-demolished |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=20 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211195231/https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/133318742/tears-and-prayers-as-linwood-mosque-gets-demolished |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch's Linwood Mosque demolished after 2019 attacks |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/11/20/christchurchs-linwood-mosque-demolished-after-2019-attacks/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=1 News |date=20 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211195231/https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/11/20/christchurchs-linwood-mosque-demolished-after-2019-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tarrant's arrest ===
A silver [[Subaru_Outback#Third_generation_(BL/BP;_2003)|2005 Subaru Outback]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/christchurch-terror-attack-the-gunman-s-next-target.html|title=Christchurch terror attack: The gunman's next target|work=[[Newshub]]|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090110/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/christchurch-terror-attack-the-gunman-s-next-target.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> matching the description of Tarrant's vehicle was seen by a police unit, and a pursuit was initiated at 1:57{{nbsp}}p.m. Two police officers rammed his car off the road with their vehicle, and Tarrant was arrested without resistance on Brougham Street in [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]] at 1:59{{nbsp}}p.m., 18 minutes after the first emergency call.<ref name=SentencingRemarks/><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/387248/mosque-attacks-timeline-18-minutes-from-first-call-to-arrest|title=Mosque attacks timeline: 18 minutes from first call to arrest|date=17 April 2019|website=[[RNZ]] |access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215035203/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/387248/mosque-attacks-timeline-18-minutes-from-first-call-to-arrest|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tarrant later admitted that when he was arrested, he was on his way to attack a mosque in [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]], {{Convert|90|km||abbr=on}} southwest of Christchurch.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /> He also told the police that there were "nine more shooters", and that there were "like-minded" people in [[Dunedin]], [[Invercargill]], and Ashburton, but when interviewed later, he confirmed that he had acted alone.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019 |pages=72–73 |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legal proceedings ==
=== Arraignment ===
Tarrant appeared in the Christchurch [[District Court of New Zealand|District Court]] on 16 March, where he was charged with one count of murder.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/15/asia/christchurch-mosque-shooting-intl/index.html |title=Suspect in New Zealand mosque shootings was prepared 'to continue his attack,' PM says |first1=Nicole |last1=Chavez |first2=Helen |last2=Regan |first3=Sandi |last3=Sidhu |first4=Ray |last4=Sanchez |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316235640/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/15/asia/christchurch-mosque-shooting-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The judge ordered the courtroom closed to the public except for accredited media and allowed the accused to be filmed and photographed on the condition that Tarrant's face be pixelated.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= NZ Police v Tarrant |vol= 2019 |reporter= NZDC |opinion= 4784 |date= 16 March 2019 |url= http://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/unsecure/2019-03-17/2019-NZDC-4784.pdf |access-date= 1 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401041538/http://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/unsecure/2019-03-17/2019-NZDC-4784.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> In court, Tarrant smiled at reporters and made an inverted [[OK gesture#White power symbol|OK gesture]] below his waist, said to be a "white power" sign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/christchuch-attacks-brenton-tarrant-1552716245-18d37895-d870-4e94-8dd6-0a56eb7a0a5e.html|title=Mosque attacks suspect gives 'white power' sign in Christchurch court|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316233637/https://www.axios.com/christchuch-attacks-brenton-tarrant-1552716245-18d37895-d870-4e94-8dd6-0a56eb7a0a5e.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The case was transferred to the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]], and Tarrant was [[remanded in custody]] as his lawyer did not seek bail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-terrorist-attack-suspect-grins-court-190316011147796.html|title=New Zealand mosque attack suspect Brenton Tarrant grins in court|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812072340/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-terrorist-attack-suspect-grins-court-190316011147796.html|archive-date=12 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He was subsequently transferred to the country's only maximum-security unit at [[Auckland Prison]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mental health tests for NZ attack suspect |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674 |work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=4 April 2019 |date=4 April 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624074801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> Tarrant lodged a formal complaint regarding his prison conditions, on the grounds that he had no access to newspapers, television, Internet, visitors, or phone calls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2019 |title=Christchurch shooter: Brenton Tarrant complains about jail |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/christchurch-shooter-brenton-tarrant-complains-about-jail/news-story/874fbcef89dacac0f2393ccf2d9634fd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905094656/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/christchurch-shooter-brenton-tarrant-complains-about-jail/news-story/874fbcef89dacac0f2393ccf2d9634fd |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref> Corrections said Tarrant was being held in accordance with the law and Tarrant later dropped the complaint.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-23 |title=Christchurch terrorist drops legal challenge over New Zealand prison conditions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/23/christchurch-terrorist-drops-legal-challenge-over-new-zealand-prison-conditions#:~:text=Christchurch%20terrorist%20drops%20legal%20challenge%20over%20New%20Zealand%20prison%20conditions,-This%20article%20is&text=The%20gunman%20who%20killed%2051,as%20a%20%E2%80%9Cterrorist%20entity%E2%80%9D. |access-date=2025-05-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-31 |title=Alleged mosque gunman lodges complaint – report |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/385983/alleged-mosque-gunman-lodges-complaint-report |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref> On 4 April 2019, police announced they had increased the total number of charges to 89, 50 for murder and 39 for attempted murder, with other charges still under consideration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accused to face 50 murder charges, police confirm |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/386349/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-to-face-50-murder-charges-police-confirm |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=4 April 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042513/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/386349/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-to-face-50-murder-charges-police-confirm|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> At the next hearing on 5 April 2019, Tarrant was ordered by the judge to undergo a psychiatric assessment of his mental fitness to stand trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|title=Mental health tests for NZ attack suspect|date=4 April 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624074801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

On 20 May, a new charge of engaging in a terrorist act was laid against Tarrant under the [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]]. One murder charge and one attempted murder charge were also added, bringing the total to 51 and 40, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112896110/accused-mosque-shooter-facing-new-terrorism-charge|access-date=21 May 2019|title=Accused mosque shooter now facing terrorism charge|date=21 May 2019|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042449/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112896110/accused-mosque-shooter-facing-new-terrorism-charge|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Initial plea and pre-trial detention ===
On 14 June 2019, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. Through his lawyer, he pleaded not guilty to one count of engaging in a terrorist act, 51 counts of murder, and 40 counts of attempted murder. Mental health assessments had indicated no issues regarding his fitness to plead or stand trial. The trial was originally set to begin on 4 May 2020,<ref name="third_appearance">{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/113473357/terror-accused-pleads-not-guilty-to-murder-charges|access-date=13 June 2019|title=Man accused of Christchurch mosque shootings pleads not guilty to 51 murder charges|date=14 June 2019|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724161107/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/113473357/terror-accused-pleads-not-guilty-to-murder-charges|archive-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> but it was later pushed back to 2 June 2020 to avoid coinciding with the Islamic holy month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/115747194/christchurch-mosque-shooter-trial-delayed-for-ramadan|title=Christchurch mosque shooting trial delayed for Ramadan|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|access-date=12 December 2019|date=12 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809231703/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/115747194/christchurch-mosque-shooter-trial-delayed-for-ramadan|archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

During his time in prison, Tarrant was able to send seven letters, one of which was subsequently posted on the Internet message boards [[4chan]] and [[8chan]] by a recipient. [[Minister of Corrections (New Zealand)|Minister of Corrections]] [[Kelvin Davis (politician)|Kelvin Davis]] and the [[Department of Corrections (New Zealand)|Department of Corrections]] were criticised for allowing the distribution of these letters.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Bateman |first1=Sophie |title=Alleged Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant sent seven letters from prison |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-seven-letters-from-prison.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |publisher=[[Newshub]] |date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814230827/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-seven-letters-from-prison.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |title=Alleged Christchurch gunman sends letter from prison cell |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/alleged-christchurch-gunman-sends-letter-from-prison-cell/2019/08/14/1192e7f6-be65-11e9-a8b0-7ed8a0d5dc5d_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814094730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/alleged-christchurch-gunman-sends-letter-from-prison-cell/2019/08/14/1192e7f6-be65-11e9-a8b0-7ed8a0d5dc5d_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=14 August 2019 }}
* {{cite news |title=Officials admit letting accused Christchurch shooter send letter to supporter from prison |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/oceania/new-zealand-officials-admit-letting-accused-christchurch-shooter-send-letter-to-supporter-20190814-p52h6k.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] and [[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]] |date=14 August 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042450/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/oceania/new-zealand-officials-admit-letting-accused-christchurch-shooter-send-letter-to-supporter-20190814-p52h6k.html |archive-date=12 August 2020 }}</ref> Prime Minister Ardern subsequently announced that the Government would explore amending the Corrections Act 2004 to further restrict what mail can be received and sent by prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prison letters: Cabinet pushes ahead with law changes to Corrections Act |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/top/397040/prison-letters-cabinet-pushes-ahead-with-law-changes-to-corrections-act |access-date=20 August 2019 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=19 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042453/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/top/397040/prison-letters-cabinet-pushes-ahead-with-law-changes-to-corrections-act|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sachdeva |first1=Sam |title=Govt mulls law change after prisoner letter fiasco |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/20/762929/govt-mulls-law-change-after-prisoner-letter-fiasco |access-date=20 August 2019 |publisher=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]] |date=20 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728142627/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/20/762929/govt-mulls-law-change-after-prisoner-letter-fiasco|archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Guilty plea and sentencing arrangements ===
On 26 March 2020, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. During the appearance, he pleaded guilty to all 92 charges. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|nationwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]], the general public was barred from the hearing. Reporters and representatives for the Al Noor and Linwood mosques were present in the courtroom.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52044013 |title=Christchurch gunman pleads guilty to 51 murders |date=25 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=25 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52044013|archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> According to media reports, Tarrant's lawyers had informed the courts that their client was considering changing his plea. On 25 March, Tarrant issued his lawyers with formal written instructions confirming that he wanted to change his pleas to guilty. In response, court authorities began making arrangements for the case to be called as soon as possible in the midst of the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |last2=Leask |first2=Anna |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Brenton Tarrant's shock guilty plea to murders |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12319961 |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=26 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820085436/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12319961|archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |title=Shock guilty plea: Brenton Tarrant admits mosque shootings |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrants-shock-guilty-plea-to-murders/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=[[Newstalk ZB]] |date=26 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728144644/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrants-shock-guilty-plea-to-murders/|archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The judge convicted Tarrant on all charges and remanded him in custody to await sentencing.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

On 10 July, the government announced that overseas-based victims of the shootings would receive border exemptions and financial help to fly to New Zealand for the sentencing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Border exceptions for victims based overseas to attend gunman's sentencing |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347157 |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710040509/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347157 |archive-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> On 13 July, it was reported that Tarrant had dismissed his lawyers and would be representing himself during sentencing proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andelane |first1=Lana |title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Brenton Tarrant to represent himself at sentencing |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/07/christchurch-mosque-shooting-brenton-tarrant-to-represent-himself-at-sentencing.html |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010104/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/07/christchurch-mosque-shooting-brenton-tarrant-to-represent-himself-at-sentencing.html|archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Brenton Tarrant sacks lawyers, will represent himself at sentencing |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347500 |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010225/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347500|archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Sentencing ===
[[File:Mosque shooter sentencing 770.jpg|thumb|Armed police outside Christchurch courthouse during Tarrant's sentencing]]
{{Wikisource|The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant: Sentencing remarks}}
{{Main|The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant}}

Sentencing began on 24 August 2020 before Justice Cameron Mander at the Christchurch High Court,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 August 2020|title=Significantly fewer victims to attend Christchurch mosque gunman's sentencing due to Covid restrictions|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300085563/significantly-fewer-victims-to-attend-christchurch-mosque-gunmans-sentencing-due-to-covid-restrictions|access-date=18 August 2020|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822041232/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300085563/significantly-fewer-victims-to-attend-christchurch-mosque-gunmans-sentencing-due-to-covid-restrictions|archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> and it was televised.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|date=18 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque attacks: More details released about gunman's sentencing|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12357634|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818054439/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12357634|archive-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Tarrant did not oppose the sentence proposed and declined to address the court.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|last2=Bayer|first2=Kurt|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque attack sentencing: Brenton Tarrant will never be released from jail|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359688|access-date=27 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827212059/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359688|archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Graham-Mclay|first=Charlotte|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch shooting: mosque gunman sentenced to life without parole|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|access-date=27 August 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828005912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|archive-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> The Crown prosecutors demonstrated to the court how Tarrant had meticulously planned the two shootings and more attacks,<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2020|title=New Zealand court hears how mosque shooter planned deadly attacks|work=[[TRT World]]|url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/new-zealand-court-hears-how-mosque-shooter-planned-deadly-attacks-39145|access-date=26 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826055000/https://www.trtworld.com/asia/new-zealand-court-hears-how-mosque-shooter-planned-deadly-attacks-39145|archive-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 August 2020|title=Christchurch shooting: Gunman Tarrant wanted to kill 'as many as possible'|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53861456|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042435/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53861456|archive-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> while numerous survivors and their relatives gave [[victim impact statement]]s, which were covered by national and international media.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Lourens |first1=Marine |title=Applause as victim tells terrorist: 'You are the loser and we are the winners |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122551343/applause-as-victim-tells-terrorist-you-are-the-loser-and-we-are-the-winners?cid=app-iPhone |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=25 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826054253/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122551343/applause-as-victim-tells-terrorist-you-are-the-loser-and-we-are-the-winners?cid=app-iPhone|archive-date=26 August 2020}}
* {{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shooter sniggers as victim reads out his impact statement |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/christchurch-mosque-shooter-sniggers-victim-reads-his-impact-statement |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=[[1News]] |date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828042737/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/christchurch-mosque-shooter-sniggers-victim-reads-his-impact-statement|archive-date=28 August 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=Anna |last2=Bayer |first2=Kurt |title=Christchurch mosque attack sentencing: Victim's son describes Brenton Tarrant as trash who should be buried in a landfill |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359668 |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826054815/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359668|archive-date=26 August 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Barbara |last2=Ford |first2=Mazoe |title=Christchurch mosque survivors and families stare down gunman Brenton Tarrant in sentencing hearing |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrant-sentencing-day-two/12590116 |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826055316/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrant-sentencing-day-two/12590116 |archive-date=26 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarrant was then sentenced to [[Life imprisonment in New Zealand|life imprisonment]] without the possibility of parole for each of the 51 murders,<ref name="Stuff last gasp" /> and life imprisonment for engaging in a terrorist act and 40 attempted murders.<ref name="R v Tarrant">{{Cite court|litigants=R v Tarrant|court=Christchurch High Court|reporter=NZHC|vol=2020|opinion=2192|date=27 August 2020|url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022175740/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The sentence is New Zealand's first terrorism conviction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque attack: Brenton Tarrant sentenced to life without parole |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=BBC |issue=27 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809002613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Nick |title=Families confront New Zealand mosque shooter at sentencing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/court-told-new-zealand-shooter-planned-to-burn-down-mosques/2020/08/23/22e61f5e-e5b1-11ea-bf44-0d31c85838a5_story.html |access-date=24 August 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/court-told-new-zealand-shooter-planned-to-burn-down-mosques/2020/08/23/22e61f5e-e5b1-11ea-bf44-0d31c85838a5_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the first time that life imprisonment without parole, the maximum sentence available in New Zealand, had been imposed.{{NoteTag|[[Capital punishment in New Zealand]] was abolished for murder in 1961, and for all crimes in 1989. The option to sentence an offender to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole was introduced in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 March 2019|title=The ins and outs of life without parole|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page/the-ins-and-outs-of-life-without-parole|access-date=27 August 2020|work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newswroom]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040045/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page/the-ins-and-outs-of-life-without-parole|archive-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>}} Mander said Tarrant's crimes were "so wicked that even if you are detained until you die, it will not exhaust the requirements of punishment and denunciation."<ref name="R v Tarrant" /><ref name="Reuters life sentence" />

Following the sentencing, [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Winston Peters]] called for Tarrant to serve his sentence in Australia to avoid New Zealand having to pay the costs for his life imprisonment. The cost of housing Tarrant in prison was estimated at {{NZD}}4,930 per day,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maiden|first=Samantha|date=27 August 2020|title=Mosque gunman Brenton Tarrant could serve out sentence in Australia, Scott Morrison reveals|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12360308|access-date=28 August 2020|issn=1170-0777|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828113731/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12360308|url-status=live}}</ref>
compared to an average cost of $338 per sentenced prisoner per day.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 October 2019|title=Annual Report 2018/19|url=https://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/38852/Annual_Report_2018_2019_Web_Version_Final.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|website=corrections.govt.nz|publisher=[[Department of Corrections (New Zealand)]]|page=16|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207172414/https://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/38852/Annual_Report_2018_2019_Web_Version_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Peters's remarks were also motivated by Australia's policy of deporting New Zealand citizens who had committed crimes or breached character requirements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Katharine |title=Winston Peters invokes Christchurch massacre as NZ's deportations row with Australia escalates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/winston-peters-christchurch-australia-massacre-as-new-zealand-deportation-row-escalates |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420112548/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/winston-peters-christchurch-australia-massacre-as-new-zealand-deportation-row-escalates |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] said there was no legal basis for the proposal and that respecting the wishes of his victims and their relatives was paramount. [[Minister of Justice (New Zealand)|Justice Minister]] [[Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)|Andrew Little]] said Parliament would need to pass a law to deport Tarrant to Australia. [[University of Otago]] law professor Andrew Geddis said it was "legally impossible" to deport Tarrant to Australia to serve his sentence. On 28 August, [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[Scott Morrison]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Australian Home Affairs Minister]] [[Peter Dutton]] advised that, while no formal request had been made by the New Zealand Government to repatriate Tarrant to Australia and for him to serve his life sentence in an Australian correctional facility, the Australian Government was open to considering a request.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Massola|first1=James|last2=Galloway|first2=Anthony|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/australia-open-to-taking-mass-killer-back-from-new-zealand-20200828-p55q5r.html|title=Australia open to taking Christchurch gunman from New Zealand|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=28 August 2020|access-date=29 August 2020|agency=Reuters|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829165555/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/australia-open-to-taking-mass-killer-back-from-new-zealand-20200828-p55q5r.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Victims==
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+Deaths by citizenship<ref name="police.govt.nz-2019">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-20|title=Name Release 1 – Christchurch Terror Attack|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-1-%E2%80%93-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320093539/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-1-%E2%80%93-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=2019-03-20|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Name release 2 – Christchurch terror attacks|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-2-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321043600/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-2-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=2019-03-21|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Name release 3: Christchurch terror attacks|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-3-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325073918/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-3-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=2019-03-25|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=Name Release 4 – Christchurch Terror Attack|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-4-%25E2%2580%2593-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325073916/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-4-%25E2%2580%2593-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=2019-03-25|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26 |website=police.govt.nz}}}}</ref>
!Citizenship
!Deaths
|-
|{{Flagu|New Zealand}}
|27{{efn|Including 11 with dual citizenship: 4 Egyptian, 3 Jordanian, 1 Bangladeshi, 1 Fijian, 1 Iraqi and 1 Pakistani.}}
|-
|{{Flagu|Pakistan}}
|8
|-
|{{Flagu|India}}
|5
|-
|{{Flagu|Bangladesh}}
|3
|-
|{{Flagu|Fiji}}
|2
|-
|{{Flagu|Indonesia}}
|1
|-
|{{Flagu|Jordan}}
|1
|-
|{{Flagu|Malaysia}}
|1
|-
|{{Flagu|Mauritius}}
|1
|-
|{{Flagu|Palestine}}
|1
|-
|{{Flagu|Turkey}}
|1<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-02 |title=Christchurch mosque attack death toll rises |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-attack-death-toll-rises-20190503-p51jmr.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126113843/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-attack-death-toll-rises-20190503-p51jmr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom"
!'''Total'''
!'''{{Sum|27|8|5|3|2|1|1|1|1|1|1}}'''
|}
Fifty-one people died from the attacks, either at the scene or shortly afterwards: 44 at the Al Noor Mosque and seven at the Linwood Islamic Centre.<ref name="police.govt.nz-2019" /> The dead comprised 43 men, 4 women, and 4 boys.<ref> https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/04/brokenhearted/ </ref> Their ages ranged from 3 to 77 years old.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/oceania/2019/03/17/list-of-christchurch-mosque-victims-shows-dead-range-from-age-3-77|title=NZ terror attack victims' age range 3–77 | date = 17 March 2019 | website = [[Dhaka Tribune]] | access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021627/https://dhakatribune.com/world/oceania/2019/03/17/list-of-christchurch-mosque-victims-shows-dead-range-from-age-3-77|url-status=live}}</ref> Thirty-five others were injured at the Al Noor Mosque and five at Linwood.<ref name="rnz00" /> Forty-nine others were injured by other causes.<ref name=OperationDeans/>{{Clarify| reason = "other" than what? It looks like it's supposed to be "other than being shot" but something before this has been deleted without proofreading.|date=February 2026}}

== Aftermath ==
=== Governmental response ===
Police advised mosques to close temporarily, and sent officers to secure and patrol various sites in Christchurch.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111323598/armed-police-guard-mosques-around-new-zealand |title=Armed police guard mosques around New Zealand |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416192737/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111323598/armed-police-guard-mosques-around-new-zealand |url-status=live }}</ref> All [[Air New Zealand Link]] services departing from [[Christchurch Airport]] were cancelled as a precaution, due to the absence of security screening at the regional terminal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days |title=New Zealand officially on high terror alert, in wake of Christchurch terror attacks |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=15 March 2019 |first1=Henry |last1=Cooke |first2=Stacey |last2=Kirk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315192118/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111323903/air-new-zealand-offers-flexibility-for-christchurch-flights |title=Air New Zealand cancels flights, offers 'flexibility' |last=Edmunds |first=Susan |date=15 March 2019 |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091740/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111323903/air-new-zealand-offers-flexibility-for-christchurch-flights |url-status=live }}</ref> Security was increased at [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|Parliament]], and public tours of the buildings were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384918/parliament-security-increased-while-security-threat-level-high |title= Parliament security increased while security threat level high |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date= 18 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190319134007/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384918/parliament-security-increased-while-security-threat-level-high |archive-date= 19 March 2019 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all}}</ref> In [[Dunedin]], the Police [[Armed Offenders Squad]] searched a house, later reported to have been rented by Tarrant,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Tim |title=Neighbours say Tarrant kept to himself, liked to travel |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/neighbours-say-tarrant-kept-himself-liked-travel |access-date=8 July 2019 |newspaper=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708030349/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/neighbours-say-tarrant-kept-himself-liked-travel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman Brenton Tarrant was a 'model tenant' in Dunedin |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213826 |access-date=8 July 2019 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623202130/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213826 |url-status=live }}</ref> and cordoned off part of the surrounding street in Andersons Bay because Tarrant had indicated on social media that he had originally planned to target the Al Huda Mosque in that city.<ref name="ODT 15 March 2019">{{cite news |last1=Kidd |first1=Rod |last2=Miller |first2=Tim |title=Part of Dunedin street evacuated after report city was original target |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/part-dunedin-street-evacuated-after-report-city-was-original-target |access-date=15 March 2019 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315104555/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/part-dunedin-street-evacuated-after-report-city-was-original-target |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NZH 15 Mar 2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213148|title=Mosque shootings: AOS on Dunedin street after report city was original target|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|issn=1170-0777|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522053915/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213148|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:NZ PM Jacinda Ardern - Kirk HargreavesCCC.jpg|alt=A photo of a woman from the waist up, hands clasped in front of her, with a sad facial expression. She is wearing a black dress and scarf with gold trim.|thumb|upright|Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] visited members of the Muslim community at the Phillipstown Community Hub in Christchurch the day after the attack.]]

For the first time in New Zealand history, the [[Terrorism in New Zealand#Level of threat|terrorism threat level]] was raised to high.<ref name="Stuff (company)" /> Prime Minister Ardern called the incident an "act of extreme and unprecedented violence" on "one of New Zealand's darkest days".<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-stream-1-news-6pm-2018|title=Live stream: 1 News at 6 pm|date=15 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130193641/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-stream-1-news-6pm-2018|archive-date=30 January 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/|title=PM on mosque shooting: 'One of New Zealand's darkest days'|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=[[Newstalk ZB]]|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712165101/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384803/christchurch-mosque-shootings-this-can-only-be-described-as-a-terrorist-attack-pm-jacinda-ardern|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: 'This can only be described as a terrorist attack' – PM Jacinda Ardern|date=15 March 2019|work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=15 March 2019|ref=RadioNZPMBriefing|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320121931/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384803/christchurch-mosque-shootings-this-can-only-be-described-as-a-terrorist-attack-pm-jacinda-ardern|url-status=live}}</ref> She described it as a "well-planned" terrorist attack<ref>{{cite news|title=Three in custody after 49 killed in Christchurch mosque shootings|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315013612/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> and said she would render the person accused of the attacks "nameless" while urging the public to speak the victims' names instead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/19/new-zealand-shooting-ardern-says-she-will-never-speak-suspects-name|title=Ardern says she will never speak name of Christchurch suspect|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|date=19 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319212633/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/19/new-zealand-shooting-ardern-says-she-will-never-speak-suspects-name|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ardern directed that flags on public buildings be flown at [[Half-mast#New Zealand|half-mast]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1903/S00165/new-zealand-flag-half-masting-directive-friday-15-march-20.htm|title=New Zealand Flag half-masting directive – Friday 15 20 March|access-date=17 March 2019|publisher=Ministry For Culture And Heritage|via=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]]|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317000354/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1903/S00165/new-zealand-flag-half-masting-directive-friday-15-march-20.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2019, the [[NZ Transport Agency]] offered to replace any vehicle number plates with the prefix "GUN" on request for free.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/112378613/nzta-to-replace-gun-number-plates-for-free |title=NZTA to replace GUN number plates for free |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=1 May 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516142637/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/112378613/nzta-to-replace-gun-number-plates-for-free |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-October 2019, Ardern awarded bravery awards to the two police officers who apprehended Tarrant, at the annual Police Association Conference in Wellington. Due to the legal proceedings against Tarrant at the time, the two officers had interim name suppression, but in December 2019, this was lifted.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405189/christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-officers-who-apprehended-alleged-gunman-named|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Police officers who apprehended alleged gunman named|date=10 December 2019|website=[[RNZ]] |access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613122001/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405189/christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-officers-who-apprehended-alleged-gunman-named|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=Anna |title=Hero cops: Christchurch terror arrest officers' bravery recognised at national ceremony |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12276324 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016143614/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12276324 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=Officers who captured Christchurch terrorist attack suspect awarded for their bravery |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/officers-captured-christchurch-terrorist-attack-suspect-awarded-their-bravery |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=[[1News]] |date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016004147/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/officers-captured-christchurch-terrorist-attack-suspect-awarded-their-bravery |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 September 2020, Prime Minister Ardern designated Tarrant as a terrorist entity, thereby freezing his assets and making it a criminal offence for anyone to support him financially.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM designates Christchurch mosque shooter a 'terrorist entity'|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/pm-designates-christchurch-mosque-shooter-as-terrorist-entity/ar-BB18zmEw?ocid=msedgdhp|access-date=1 September 2020|publisher=MSN|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192832/https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/pm-designates-christchurch-mosque-shooter-as-terrorist-entity/ar-BB18zmEw?ocid=msedgdhp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Media response ===
For the three months following the shooting, almost 1,000 reports were published in major news outlets in New Zealand. Less than 10% of news reports published by major media outlets mentioned Tarrant's name. [[Susanna Every-Palmer]], an academic psychiatrist, suggested that the media made a moral choice to deny Tarrant exposure and not sensationalise his views, deviating from how similar events internationally were covered in the media. The court required the media to pixelate Tarrant's face when covering the legal proceedings, thus, within New Zealand, he remained largely faceless and nameless. Instead, media coverage focused largely on the victims and their families.<ref name=EveryPalmerAnalysis>{{cite journal |last1=Every-Palmer |first1=S. |last2=Cunningham |first2=R. |last3=Jenkins |first3=M. |last4=Bell |first4=E. |title=The Christchurch mosque shooting, the media, and subsequent gun control reform in New Zealand: a descriptive analysis |journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law |date=23 June 2020 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=274–285 |doi=10.1080/13218719.2020.1770635 |pmid=34712096 |pmc=8547820 |s2cid=225699765 |issn=1321-8719}}</ref><ref name=JSSAnalysis>{{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Gavin |last2=Muller |first2=Denis |title=The proximity filter: the effect of distance on media coverage of the Christchurch mosque attacks |journal=Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online |date=2 July 2020 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=332–348 |doi=10.1080/1177083X.2019.1705358|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In contrast, the media response in Australia was different, focusing on the extreme violence of the attack, as well as the attacker and his manifesto. For example, ''[[The Australian]]'' published an audio excerpt containing cries for help, and ''[[The Herald Sun]]'' wrote dramatic descriptions of victims being shot and used poetic devices to create more vivid imagery. Coverage of the victims was largely focused on physical horrors such as bloodshed, injuries, and graves being dug.<ref name=JSSAnalysis/>

=== Other responses in New Zealand ===
[[File:Patsy Reddy lays flowers at Hagley Park.jpg|thumb|alt=A woman adds a flower arrangement to a large memorial display set against a fence.|[[Patsy Reddy]] laying flowers at the [[Christchurch Botanic Gardens]] on 19 March]]
Within an hour of the attack, all schools in the city were placed in "[[lockdown]]".<ref name="TVNZ" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/gunshots-heard-near-hagley-park-in-christchurch.html|title=As it happened: 49 killed, 48 injured in Christchurch terror attack|date=16 March 2019|work=[[Newshub]]|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031109/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/gunshots-heard-near-hagley-park-in-christchurch.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ministry report launched after the attacks said schools' handling of the events were varied: some schoolchildren in lockdown still had their mobile phones, and some were able to view the footage of the first attack online, while some schools had children "[[commando]] crawl" to the bathroom under teacher supervision.<ref name="stuff.co.nz">{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111455789/variation-in-schools-lockdowns-during-christchurch-shootings-apparent-as-ministry-launches-review|title=Variation in schools' lockdowns during Christchurch shootings apparent as ministry launches review|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=21 March 2019|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613160657/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111455789/variation-in-schools-lockdowns-during-christchurch-shootings-apparent-as-ministry-launches-review|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/385228/mosque-terror-attacks-christchurch-schools-faced-angry-parents-during-lockdown|title=Mosque terror attacks: Christchurch schools faced angry parents during lockdown|date=21 March 2019|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322205938/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/385228/mosque-terror-attacks-christchurch-schools-faced-angry-parents-during-lockdown|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Student climate strikers at the global [[School strike for the climate]] rally in [[Cathedral Square, Christchurch|Cathedral Square]], near the sites of the attacks, were advised by police either to seek refuge in public buildings or go home.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deadly Christchurch mosque shootings: 49 dead after 'well-planned' attack |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384791/deadly-christchurch-mosque-shootings-49-dead-after-well-planned-attack |access-date=15 March 2019 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064301/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384791/deadly-christchurch-mosque-shootings-49-dead-after-well-planned-attack |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of students protest against climate change |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384744/thousands-of-students-protest-against-climate-change |access-date=15 March 2019 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315025702/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384744/thousands-of-students-protest-against-climate-change |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The citywide lockdown lasted nearly three hours.<ref name="stuff.co.nz"/>

In response to security concerns, the [[University of Otago]] postponed its sesquicentennial street parade which had been scheduled for 16 March.<ref name="ODT 15 March 2019" /><ref name="NZH 15 Mar 2019" />

The third [[test cricket]] match [[Bangladeshi cricket team in New Zealand in 2018–19#3rd Test|between New Zealand and Bangladesh]], scheduled to commence at [[Hagley Oval]] in Hagley Park on 16 March, was likewise cancelled due to security concerns.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111314794/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-christchurch-mosque-shooting |title=Black Caps v Bangladesh test cancelled after gunmen attack Christchurch mosques |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315030556/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111314794/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-christchurch-mosque-shooting |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh team]] were planning to attend Friday prayer at the Al Noor Mosque and were moments from entering the building when the incident began.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/03/14/bangladesh-cricket-team-flees-mosque-shooting/ |title=Bangladesh cricket team flees mosque shooting |website=City News 1130 |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002751/https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/03/14/bangladesh-cricket-team-flees-mosque-shooting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-scare-in-christchurch-new-zealand-test-series/2019-03-15 |title=Cricketers escape NZ mosque shooting |website=Cricket Australia |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005727/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-scare-in-christchurch-new-zealand-test-series/2019-03-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> The players then fled on foot to Hagley Oval.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26269215/bangladesh-tour-new-zealand-called-christchurch-terror-attack |title=Bangladesh tour of New Zealand called off after Christchurch terror attack |date=15 March 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234528/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26269215/bangladesh-tour-new-zealand-called-christchurch-terror-attack |url-status=live }}</ref> Two days later, [[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]] withdrew from their match against [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] in the [[2018–19 Plunket Shield season|Plunket Shield]] cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111337527/canterbury-withdraw-from-final-plunket-shield-match-handing-cd-title |title=Canterbury withdraw from final Plunket Shield match, handing CD title |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324000738/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111337527/canterbury-withdraw-from-final-plunket-shield-match-handing-cd-title |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, the [[Super Rugby]] match between the [[Crusaders (rugby union)|Crusaders]], based in Christchurch, and [[Highlanders (rugby union)|Highlanders]], based in Dunedin, due to be played the next day, was cancelled as "a mark of respect for the events".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/amp/rugby/news/highlanders-vs-crusaders-cancelled-after-christchurch-massacre/upw6fkjybgrq1lq04zkfy2wjf|title=Highlanders-Crusaders cancelled after massacre {{!}} Sporting News|website=www.sportingnews.com|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324002245/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/amp/rugby/news/highlanders-vs-crusaders-cancelled-after-christchurch-massacre/upw6fkjybgrq1lq04zkfy2wjf|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the attacks, there were renewed calls to rename the Crusaders team, since its name derives from the medieval Crusades against Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/rugby/crusaders-name-change-discussions-responsible-action-says-grant-robertson|title=Crusaders' name change discussions 'a responsible action', says Grant Robertson|work=TVNZ|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324161811/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/rugby/crusaders-name-change-discussions-responsible-action-says-grant-robertson|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384927/crusaders-respond-to-criticism-of-name-in-light-of-attacks|title=Crusaders respond to criticism of name in light of attacks|date=17 March 2019|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201557/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384927/crusaders-respond-to-criticism-of-name-in-light-of-attacks|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Christchurch mosque shootings - Basin Reserve Vigil.jpg|thumb|Vigil in [[Wellington]] for the victims of the attack]]
Some pre-arranged music and entertainment events were cancelled in the shooting's wake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/111331506/spill-the-blood-band-slayer-could-play-in-christchurch-near-mosque |title='Spill the Blood' band Slayer pulls out of Christchurch concert |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316013500/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/111331506/spill-the-blood-band-slayer-could-play-in-christchurch-near-mosque |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/111329423/aucklands-polyfest-and-st-patricks-celebrations-cancelled-after-christchurch-mosque-attack |title=Auckland's Polyfest and St Patrick's celebrations cancelled after Christchurch mosque attack |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043124/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/111329423/aucklands-polyfest-and-st-patricks-celebrations-cancelled-after-christchurch-mosque-attack |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mosques around the world became the focus of vigils, messages, and floral tributes.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/a-man-laid-flowers-at-a-new-zealand-mosque-and-people-are-applauding-2019-3 |title=The internet is applauding a man's raw reaction to the New Zealand mass shooting after he laid flowers at a local mosque |last=Olito |first=Frank |website=INSIDER |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090110/https://www.thisisinsider.com/a-man-laid-flowers-at-a-new-zealand-mosque-and-people-are-applauding-2019-3 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/we-love-you-mosques-around-world-showered-with-flowers-after-christchurch-massacre |title='We love you': mosques around world showered with flowers after Christchurch massacre |date=16 March 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318230135/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/we-love-you-mosques-around-world-showered-with-flowers-after-christchurch-massacre |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/111361268/hamilton-mosque-makes-sure-flowers-live-on |title=Hamilton mosque makes sure flowers live on |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091830/https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/111361268/hamilton-mosque-makes-sure-flowers-live-on |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/news/16-03-2019/christchurch-terror-attack-how-to-support-nzs-muslim-communities/|title=Christchurch terror attack: How to support NZ's Muslim communities|date=16 March 2019|website=[[The Spinoff]] |access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319070013/https://thespinoff.co.nz/news/16-03-2019/christchurch-terror-attack-how-to-support-nzs-muslim-communities/|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The mayor of Christchurch, [[Lianne Dalziel]], encouraged people to lay flowers outside the city's Botanic Gardens.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahony |first1=Maree |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Mayor Lianne Dalziel says city turning to practical help |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384833/christchurch-mosque-attacks-mayor-lianne-dalziel-says-city-turning-to-practical-help |website=[[RNZ]] |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=19 March 2019 |date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090446/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384833/christchurch-mosque-attacks-mayor-lianne-dalziel-says-city-turning-to-practical-help |url-status=live }}</ref> As a mark of sympathy and solidarity, school pupils and other groups performed [[haka]] and [[Māori music#Waiata|waiata]] to honour those killed in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214811 |title=Mass haka and waiata performed outside Christchurch mosque to honour shooting victims |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321122022/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214811 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/18/power-haka-new-zealanders-pay-traditional-tribute-mosque-attack-victims/ |title=The power of the haka: New Zealanders pay traditional tribute to mosque attack victims |last1=Hassan |first1=Jennifer |date=18 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=18 March 2019 |last2=Tamkin |first2=Emily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319081640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/18/power-haka-new-zealanders-pay-traditional-tribute-mosque-attack-victims/ |archive-date=19 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Street gangs including the [[Mongrel Mob]], [[Black Power (New Zealand gang)|Black Power]], and the [[King Cobras (gang)|King Cobras]] sent members to mosques around the country to help protect them during prayer time.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111395229/mongrel-mob-gang-members-to-stand-guard-at-local-mosque-in-support-of-muslim-kiwis |title=Mongrel Mob gang members to stand guard at local mosque, in support of Muslim Kiwis |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320225255/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111395229/mongrel-mob-gang-members-to-stand-guard-at-local-mosque-in-support-of-muslim-kiwis |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213564 |title=Black Power perform haka outside Al Noor Mosque cordon in Christchurch |date=17 March 2019 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319205110/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213564 |archive-date=19 March 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fear-mosque-today-marae-tomorrow-partly-behind-gangs-reaching-muslim-community-expert |title=Fear of 'mosque today, marae tomorrow' partly behind gangs reaching out to Muslim community – expert |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132225/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fear-mosque-today-marae-tomorrow-partly-behind-gangs-reaching-muslim-community-expert |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One week after the attacks, an open-air Friday prayer service was held in Hagley Park. Broadcast nationally on radio and television, it was attended by 20,000 people, including Ardern,<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/03/471808/new-zealand-marks-one-week-mosque-attacks |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=22 March 2019 |title=New Zealand marks one week since mosque attacks |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044607/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/03/471808/new-zealand-marks-one-week-mosque-attacks |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-marks-one-week-since-mosque-attack-with-prayers-headscarves |title=New Zealand marks one week since mosque attack with prayers, headscarves |date=22 March 2019 |website=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132357/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-marks-one-week-since-mosque-attack-with-prayers-headscarves |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47662450 |title=NZ falls silent for mosque attack victims |publisher=BBC |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322021759/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47662450 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> who said, "New Zealand mourns with you. We are one." The imam of the Al Noor Mosque thanked New Zealanders for their support and added, "We are broken-hearted but we are not broken."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5556490/new-zealand-muslim-call-to-prayer/|title=New Zealand Observes Muslim Call to Prayer 1 Week After Deadly Mosque Attacks|last=Perry|first=Nick|date=22 March 2019|magazine=Time|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324064442/http://time.com/5556490/new-zealand-muslim-call-to-prayer/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A national remembrance service was held on 29 March, a fortnight after the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch attacks: National remembrance service held |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47742313 |access-date=29 March 2019 |publisher=BBC |date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329011901/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47742313 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Operation Whakahaumanu ====
Shortly after the attack, [[New Zealand Police]] launched Operation Whakahaumanu. The operation was designed to reassure New Zealanders after the attack and to also investigate possible threats who shared a similar ideology to the gunman. Police increased visibility in streets and visited many schools, businesses, and religious places as part of the operation. In Canterbury alone, there were almost 600 people of interest to police, where hundreds of properties were searched. On 14 July 2020, the [[Independent Police Conduct Authority]] deemed three of these searches to be unlawful.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2020|title=Inside police investigation that sparked hundreds of raids after March 15 attack|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/122130895/inside-police-investigation-that-sparked-hundreds-of-raids-after-march-15-attack|access-date=15 July 2020|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715020517/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/122130895/inside-police-investigation-that-sparked-hundreds-of-raids-after-march-15-attack|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fundraisers and philanthropy ===
[[File:Mosque Shooting Vigil in Melbourne 2019.jpg|thumb|Vigil in [[Melbourne]], Australia]]
An online fundraiser on the fundraising website "Givealittle" started to support victims and their families had, {{As of|2020|August|df=NZ|lc=y|url=https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|post=,}} raised over {{NZD|10903966|link=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|title=Victim Support Official Page: Christchurch Shooting Victims' Fund|website=GiveALittle.co.nz|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315225013/https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand Givealittle page raises more than $400k for victims of Christchurch terror attack |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316023918/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack |url-status=live }}</ref> Counting other fundraisers, a combined total of $8.4 million had been raised for the victims and their families ({{as of|2019|3|20|lc=y|post=).}}<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand raises $8.4m for victims of Christchurch mosque shootings |url=https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=20 March 2019 |date=17 March 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314191348/https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister Ardern reiterated that those injured or killed in the shootings and their immediate families are covered by the country's accident-compensation scheme, [[Accident Compensation Corporation|ACC]], which offers compensation for lost income and a $10,000 funeral grant, among other benefits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111342719/muslim-volunteers-arrive-wash-the-bodies-of-christchurch-mosque-shooting-victims |title=Christchurch shooting victims' bodies being returned as volunteers arrive to help with burials |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090256/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111342719/muslim-volunteers-arrive-wash-the-bodies-of-christchurch-mosque-shooting-victims |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm-statement-christchurch-shooting-%E2%80%93-4pm-17-march|title=PM statement on Christchurch shooting – 4 pm 17 March|website=The Beehive|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101701/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm-statement-christchurch-shooting-%E2%80%93-4pm-17-march|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late June, it was reported that the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh had raised more than NZ$967,500 (US$650,000) through its New Zealand Islamophobia Attack Fund for the victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings. This amount included $60,000 raised by [[Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation]]. These funds were to be donated to the Christchurch Foundation, a registered charity which had been receiving money to support victims of the Christchurch shootings. This philanthropy was inspired by local Muslim support for the Pittsburgh Jewish community following the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] in late October 2018.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Tabachnick |first1=Tony |title=Federation sends more than $650,000 to Christchurch, New Zealand |url=https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/federation-sends-more-than-650000-to-christchurch-new-zealand/ |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=[[Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle]] |date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708213314/https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/federation-sends-more-than-650000-to-christchurch-new-zealand/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=Pittsburgh Jewish community to donate almost NZ$1 million to victims of Christchurch terror attacks |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/pittsburgh-jewish-community-donate-almost-nz-1-million-victims-christchurch-terror-attacks |access-date=16 July 2019 |publisher=[[1News]] |date=30 June 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716111334/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/pittsburgh-jewish-community-donate-almost-nz-1-million-victims-christchurch-terror-attacks |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=US Jewish federation donates nearly $1m to victims of Christchurch mosque attacks |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/113888912/a-us-jewish-federation-donates-close-to-1m-to-victims-of-christchurch-mosque-shootings |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716111333/https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/113888912/a-us-jewish-federation-donates-close-to-1m-to-victims-of-christchurch-mosque-shootings |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Related arrests and incidents ==
=== New Zealand ===
Police arrested four people on 15 March in relation to the attacks,<ref name="Stuff (company)">{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days |title=New Zealand officially on high terror alert, in wake of Christchurch terror attacks |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315192118/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="TVNZ">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-gunman-named-four-arrested-christchurch-mosque-attacks-leave-significant-number-fatalities |title=LIVE: Gunman named, four arrested, as Christchurch mosque attacks leave 'significant' number of fatalities |work=TVNZ |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315061147/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-gunman-named-four-arrested-christchurch-mosque-attacks-leave-significant-number-fatalities |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="radionz-384811">{{Cite news |title=Watch: Christchurch mosque shooting – Four in custody |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384811/watch-christchurch-mosque-shooting-four-in-custody |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409111347/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384811/watch-christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-press-conferences |url-status=live }}</ref> including a woman and a man, after finding a firearm in a vehicle in which they were travelling together.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213473|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: One man faces murder charges, what happened to the other three arrested?|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 March 2019|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317201709/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213473|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2021|reason=How exactly was this "in relation to the attacks"?}} The woman was released uncharged, but the man was held in custody and was charged with a firearms offence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/index.html |first1=Ben |last1=Westcott |first2=Jenni |last2=Marsh |first3=Helen |last3=Regan |first4=Meg |last4=Wagner |first5=Brian |last5=Ries |first6= Veronica |last6=Rocha |first7=Aimee |last7=Lewis |first8=Rob |last8=Picheta |first9=Harmeet |last9=Kaur |title=Dozens killed in Christchurch mosque attack|date=15 March 2019|publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031112/https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/index.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, a 30-year-old man said he was arrested when he arrived at [[Papanui High School]] to pick up his 13-year-old brother-in-law. He was in [[camouflage]] clothing, which he said he habitually wore.<ref name="News.com.au-2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/camouflage-wearer-claims-wrongful-arrest-over-christchurch-mosque-shootings/news-story/713f078527783e199f6d0ad5d74ab490|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Wrong man arrested for wearing camo|newspaper=News.com.au|date=16 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401194210/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/camouflage-wearer-claims-wrongful-arrest-over-christchurch-mosque-shootings/news-story/713f078527783e199f6d0ad5d74ab490|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Camouflage wearer claims wrongful arrest |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213264 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316194524/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213264 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He claimed to be seeking compensation for a wrongful arrest, but no formal complaint was filed. The actions were defended by police, who mentioned the threat level after the massacre and that they had to deal with reports possibly related to the attacks.<ref name="News.com.au-2019"/> He was later jailed for an unrelated incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lourens |first=Mariné |date=2020-03-23 |title=Man in court after alleged shooting at Christchurch house |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120491956/man-in-court-after-alleged-shooting-at-christchurch-house?rm=a |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lourens |first=Mariné |date=2021-06-10 |title=Woman 'believed she was going to die' as ex held shotgun to her head |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/125397463/woman-believed-she-was-going-to-die-as-ex-held-shotgun-to-her-head |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Stuff.co.nz}}</ref>

On 4 March 2020, a 19-year-old Christchurch man was arrested for allegedly making a terror threat against the Al Noor Mosque on an encrypted social media platform [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/02/1063902?slug=new-threat-made-against-christchurch-mosque|title=New threat made against Christchurch mosque|date=2 March 2020|website=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103212/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/02/1063902?slug=new-threat-made-against-christchurch-mosque|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Sam |title=Man arrested after Al Noor mosque terror threat raid |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119999612/man-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-terror-threat-raid |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304081230/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119999612/man-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-terror-threat-raid |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=New Zealand police step up patrols after new threat against Christchurch mosque |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-police/new-zealand-police-step-up-patrols-after-new-threat-against-christchurch-mosque-idUSKBN20R0JW |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304081233/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-police/new-zealand-police-step-up-patrols-after-new-threat-against-christchurch-mosque-idUSKBN20R0JW |url-status=live }}</ref> Media reports subsequently identified the man as Sam Brittenden, a member of the white supremacist group [[Action Zealandia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daalder |first1=Marc |title=Action Zealandia member arrested for threat |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/05/1068474/action-zealandia-member-arrested-for-threat |access-date=9 March 2020 |work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]] |date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305145505/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/05/1068474/action-zealandia-member-arrested-for-threat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Sam |last2=Manch |first2=Thomas |title=Father of teen arrested in raid after Al Noor mosque threat 'extremely disappointed' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120027717/teen-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-threat-a-member-of-white-nationalist-group |access-date=9 March 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308054307/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120027717/teen-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-threat-a-member-of-white-nationalist-group |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 March 2021, a 27-year-old man was charged with "threatening to kill" after making an online threat against both the Linwood Islamic Centre and the Al Noor Mosque on [[4chan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Elle |title=New Zealand police charge man over online threat to Christchurch mosques |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/04/new-zealand-police-arrest-two-over-alleged-threat-to-christchurch-mosques |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305125421/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/04/new-zealand-police-arrest-two-over-alleged-threat-to-christchurch-mosques |archive-date=5 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The suspect was granted name suppression and remanded into custody until 19 March.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Sam |last2=Ensor |first2=Blair |last3=Allott |first3=Amber |title=Christchurch mosque attack threat granted name suppression during court appearance |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/124442675/christchurch-mosque-attack-threat-granted-name-suppression-during-court-appearance |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305033049/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/124442675/christchurch-mosque-attack-threat-granted-name-suppression-during-court-appearance |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Outside New Zealand ===
On 18 March 2019, the [[Australian Federal Police]] conducted raids on the homes of Tarrant's sister and mother near [[Coffs Harbour]] and [[Maclean, New South Wales|Maclean]] in New South Wales. Police said the raids were carried out to assist New Zealand Police with their investigations into the shootings, adding that Tarrant's sister and mother were assisting the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rawsthorne|first1=Sally|date=18 March 2019|title=Police raid homes of the gunman's mother and sister|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/police-raid-homes-of-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-mother-and-sister-20190318-p51530.html|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708025839/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/police-raid-homes-of-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-mother-and-sister-20190318-p51530.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKinnell|first1=Jamie|last2=Miller|first2=Barbara|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooting investigation reaches NSW, police raid the gunman's sister's house|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-18/christchurch-terror-attack-investigation-prompts-nsw-raids/10910798|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511003505/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-18/christchurch-terror-attack-investigation-prompts-nsw-raids/10910798|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 March 2019, an Australian man who had posted on social media praising the shootings was indicted on one count of aggravated possession of a firearm without a licence and four counts of using or possessing a prohibited weapon. He was released on bail on the condition that he stay offline.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |title=Australian who posted comments about Christchurch shootings cries in court |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111384322/christchurch-shootings-australian-massacre-commenter-in-court |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402064732/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111384322/christchurch-shootings-australian-massacre-commenter-in-court |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Bermingham |first1=Kathryn |title=Chad Vinzelberg appears in court on firearm charges after allegedly supporting Christchurch terror attack online |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law-order/chad-vinzelberg-appears-in-court-on-firearm-charges-after-allegedly-supporting-christchurch-terror-attack-online/news-story/5b2415ac8f5c3655542f2e8240f73733 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319122210/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law-order/chad-vinzelberg-appears-in-court-on-firearm-charges-after-allegedly-supporting-christchurch-terror-attack-online/news-story/5b2415ac8f5c3655542f2e8240f73733 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=Man in SA court for posting comments in support of mosque shooting |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12214113 |access-date=2 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402011000/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12214113 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Opie |first1=Rebecca |title=Alleged Christchurch massacre supporter has internet ban upheld, calls media 'animals' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-02/alleged-christchurch-supporter-fails-to-overturn-internet-ban/10963092 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081555/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-02/alleged-christchurch-supporter-fails-to-overturn-internet-ban/10963092 |url-status=live }}</ref> The man pleaded guilty in [[Magistrates Court of South Australia|Magistrates Court]] to four counts of possessing a prohibited weapon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dillon |first=Meagan |date=2020-05-26 |title=Man who allegedly supported Christchurch shooting jailed over illegal weapons |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-26/chad-vinzelberg-jailed-for-weapons-possession/12288664 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=ABC News}}</ref>

A 24-year-old man from [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[United Kingdom]], was arrested on 16 March for sending Facebook posts in support of the shootings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-man-arrested-oldham-social-media-post-a8826576.html|title=Oldham man arrested for Facebook post 'supporting' New Zealand mosque attack|last=Drury|first=Colin|work=The Independent|access-date=4 April 2019|date=16 March 2019|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106002615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-man-arrested-oldham-social-media-post-a8826576.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-47597710|title=Christchurch shootings: Arrest over 'malicious' social media post|work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 April 2019|date=16 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143022/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-47597710|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=Was he charged?|date=August 2021}}

On 20 March, an employee of Transguard, a company based in the [[United Arab Emirates]], was fired by his company and deported for making comments supporting the shootings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-emirates/man-sacked-deported-from-uae-for-celebrating-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-idUSKCN1R10J5|title=Man sacked, deported from UAE for 'celebrating' New Zealand mosque shooting|work=Reuters|access-date=4 April 2019|date=20 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141236/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-emirates/man-sacked-deported-from-uae-for-celebrating-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-idUSKCN1R10J5|url-status=live}}</ref>

Thomas Bolin, a 22-year-old living in [[New York (state)|New York]], sent Facebook messages praising the shootings and discussing a desire to carry out a similar act in the [[United States]] with his cousin. Bolin was later convicted of lying to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] for claiming he did not possess any firearms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Liam |title=Christchurch Messages on Facebook Lead to Charge of Lying to F.B.I. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/nyregion/thomas-alonzo-bolin-white-supremacist.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145802/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/nyregion/thomas-alonzo-bolin-white-supremacist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Inspired incidents ===
{{see also|Christchurch mosque shootings#Copycats and calls for retaliation}}
Nine days after the attack, a mosque in [[Escondido, California]], was [[Escondido mosque fire|set on fire]]. Police found [[graffiti]] on the mosque's driveway that referenced the shootings, leading them to investigate the fire as a [[terrorist]] attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Andrew |title=Suspect of Possible Arson Attack at Escondido Mosque Leaves Note Referencing New Zealand Terrorist Attacks |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/islamic-center-escondido-mosque-epd-efd-sdso-reported-arson-unit-507585851.html |access-date=4 May 2019 |agency=NBC San Diego |publisher=nbcsandiego.com |date=24 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330071958/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/islamic-center-escondido-mosque-epd-efd-sdso-reported-arson-unit-507585851.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winkley |first1=Lyndsay |last2=Schroeder |first2=Lauryn |title=Arsonist strikes mosque in Escondido, refers to New Zealand massacre in note |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-mosque-fire-escondido-20190324-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=24 March 2019 |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330202851/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-mosque-fire-escondido-20190324-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Sri Lankan State Defence Minister [[Ruwan Wijewardene]], an early inquiry indicated that the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]] on 21 April were retaliation for the Christchurch attack.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|last=Wade|first=Matt|date=23 April 2019|title=Sri Lankan attacks 'retaliation for Christchurch': minister|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/sri-lankan-attacks-retaliation-for-christchurch-minister-20190423-p51gkp.html|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423115041/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/sri-lankan-attacks-retaliation-for-christchurch-minister-20190423-p51gkp.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Bombings were response to Christchurch shooting – State Minister|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54582/bombings-were-response-to-christchurch-shooting-state-minister|access-date=23 April 2019|website=Adaderana.lk|publisher=DeranaTV|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423103646/http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54582/bombings-were-response-to-christchurch-shooting-state-minister|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|date=23 April 2019|title=State Defense Minister: Bombings were retaliation for Christchurch killings|url=https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/sri-lanka-attacks-churches-hotels-dle-intl/index.html|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508113852/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/sri-lanka-attacks-churches-hotels-dle-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|date=23 April 2019|title=Sri Lanka blasts were in retaliation for New Zealand mosque shootings, official says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/sri-lanka-bombings-latest-updates/2019/04/22/f2afe32a-6531-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423114952/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/sri-lanka-bombings-latest-updates/2019/04/22/f2afe32a-6531-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some analysts believe the attacks were planned before the Christchurch attack,<ref>{{cite news|date=23 April 2019|title=Sri Lanka: Nearly 300 dead, Kiwi security expert says attacks unlikely to be linked to Christchurch|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12224350|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428014022/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12224350|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ISIS fanatics celebrate SL attacks|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/ISIS-fanatics-celebrate-SL-attacks/108-165731|access-date=23 April 2019|website=dailymirror.lk|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501071013/http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/ISIS-fanatics-celebrate-SL-attacks/108-165731|url-status=live}}</ref> and any linkage was questioned by [[Government of New Zealand|New Zealand's government]]—with Prime Minister Ardern saying she was not aware of any intelligence linking the two.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 April 2019|title=New Zealand PM says no intelligence linking Sri Lanka attacks to Christchurch|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-newzealand/new-zealand-pm-says-no-intelligence-linking-sri-lanka-attacks-to-christchurch-idUSKCN1RZ2K4|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424053229/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-newzealand/new-zealand-pm-says-no-intelligence-linking-sri-lanka-attacks-to-christchurch-idUSKCN1RZ2K4|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Poway synagogue shooting|mass shooting]] later took place at a synagogue in [[Poway, California|Poway]], [[California]] on 27 April 2019, killing a person and injuring three others. The neo-Nazi perpetrator of the shooting, John T. Earnest, also claimed responsibility for the fire and praised the Christchurch shootings in a manifesto. He and Tarrant were said to have been [[Radicalization|radicalised]] on 8chan's [[/pol/]] discussion board. He also unsuccessfully attempted to live stream his shooting on Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/|title=Ignore The Poway Synagogue Shooter's Manifesto: Pay Attention To 8chan's /pol/ Board|date=28 April 2019|access-date=9 May 2019|publisher=[[Bellingcat]]|last=Evans|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Evans (journalist)|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428015004/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baele|first1=Stephane J.|last2=Brace|first2=Lewys|last3=Coan|first3=Travis G.|year=2021|title=Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798|journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]]|volume=15|issue=1|pages=65–80|jstor=26984798|issn=2334-3745|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 August 2019, [[Patrick Crusius]] opened fire and killed 23 people and injured 22 others in a [[2019 El Paso shooting|mass shooting at a Walmart]] in [[El Paso, Texas]], targeting [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]]. In a manifesto posted to 8chan's /pol/ board, the suspect expressed support for and inspiration from the Christchurch shootings. Additionally, the alleged shooter described himself as an "eco-fascist".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Evans (journalist) |title=The El Paso Shooting and the Gamification of Terror |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror/ |website=[[Bellingcat]] |date=4 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804053525/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |title='It brings everything back': Christchurch despairs over white supremacist attacks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/it-brings-everything-back-christchurch-despairs-over-white-supremacist-attacks |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914075828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/it-brings-everything-back-christchurch-despairs-over-white-supremacist-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-90-federal-hate-crimes-and-firearms-violations-august-2019-mass|title=Texas Man Pleads Guilty to 90 Federal Hate Crimes and Firearms Violations for August 2019 Mass Shooting at Walmart in El Paso, Texas|date=8 February 2023|website=justice.gov|access-date=20 August 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209232441/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-90-federal-hate-crimes-and-firearms-violations-august-2019-mass|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 August 2019, Philip Manshaus [[2019 Bærum murder and mosque attack|opened fire at a mosque]] in [[Bærum]], Norway, and unsuccessfully attempted to live stream it on Facebook. He referred to Tarrant as a saint online and posted an image depicting Tarrant, Crusius, and Earnest as "heroes".<ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |title=Norway mosque attack suspect 'inspired by Christchurch and El Paso shootings' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217232100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings |url-status=live }}</ref> The attack resulted in one injury. Manshaus was sentenced to 21 years for the attack and for killing his teenage stepsister, who was found dead shortly after the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Norway court jails mosque gunman Manshaus for 21 years |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53006164 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022113034/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53006164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 January 2021, the Singaporean [[Internal Security Department (Singapore)|Internal Security Department]] reported it had arrested a 16-year-old Indian Protestant youth under the [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Internal Security Act]] for [[Singapore mosque attacks plot|plotting to attack]] the Assyafaah and Yusof Ishak Mosques on the anniversary of the shootings. The youth had produced a manifesto that described Tarrant as a "saint" and praised the shootings as the "justifiable killing of Muslims". Unable to obtain firearms and explosives due to Singapore's strict gun control laws, the youth had instead purchased a machete and vest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lim |first1=Min Zhang |title=16-year old Singaporean detained under ISA for planning terror attacks on two mosques |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/16-year-old-detained-under-isa-for-planning-terrorist-attacks-at-two-mosques-in-singapore |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112850/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/16-year-old-detained-under-isa-for-planning-terrorist-attacks-at-two-mosques-in-singapore |archive-date=27 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmud |first1=Aqil Haziq |title=16-year-old Singaporean detained under ISA after planning to attack Muslims at 2 mosques |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/16-year-old-singaporean-detained-isa-planned-attack-2-mosques-14052400 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222628/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/16-year-old-singaporean-detained-isa-planned-attack-2-mosques-14052400 |archive-date=27 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 June 2021, Nathan Veltman [[2021 London, Ontario truck attack|drove a truck into a Pakistani Muslim family]] in Ontario, Canada, killing 4 and injuring another. After his arrest, he cited support for and inspiration from the Christchurch shootings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/world/canada/terrorism-muslim-attack-nathaniel-veltman.html|title=Canada Convicts White Supremacist in Killing of Four Muslims |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=Accused in London attack told police he was white nationalist, had planned 'rampage,' Crown tells jury |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-london-muslim-family-attack-trial/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

On 14 May 2022, white supremacist shooter [[Payton Gendron]] [[2022 Buffalo shooting|killed ten people and injured three others]] at a [[Tops Friendly Markets]] grocery store in [[Buffalo, New York]], targeting [[African Americans]]. Eleven of the 13 victims shot were Black and two others were White. He livestreamed the attack on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] and published a manifesto stating that he was inspired by Tarrant and others including Crusius and Earnest respectively. In response, Acting Chief Censor Rupert Ablett-Hampson placed an interim ban on the circulation of Gendron's manifesto within New Zealand. In addition, the [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]] considered referring Gendron's livestream of the shooting to the [[Office of Film and Literature Classification]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US mass shooting: White supremacist manifesto banned in New Zealand |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/467146/us-mass-shooting-white-supremacist-manifesto-banned-in-new-zealand |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515093831/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/467146/us-mass-shooting-white-supremacist-manifesto-banned-in-new-zealand |archive-date=15 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Finland on 15 March 2024, on the fifth anniversary of the Christchurch mosque shooting, a [[Junior sergeant]] in the Finnish army, Evita Kolmonen, was arrested for allegedly planning a mass shooting that day at a university in [[Vaasa]]. She stated that the world needed "a mass culling" to put an end to "selfish individualism", "human degeneration", global warming and [[conspicuous consumption]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/165a348b-3b5a-4bfb-abc5-c458c1ed4a01|work=[[Iltalehti]]|date=18 March 2024|title=23-vuotias nainen julkaisi hälyttävää materiaalia verkossa – Puolustus: 'Ei aikomusta vahingoittaa'}}</ref> Finnish police described her as ecofascist and stated that she had read books by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Pentti Linkola]] and [[Ted Kaczynski]]. She had additionally praised [[Pekka-Eric Auvinen]] in internet conversations and had visited the school where Auvinen perpetrated the mass shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20090783|work=[[Yleisradio]]|title=KRP: Näin koulusurma-aikeista syytetyn nuoren naisen kotoa löytyneet tekstit avaavat hänen ajatteluaan|date=28 May 2024}}</ref> During the court proceedings, a bomb threat was called against the Court of Appeal of Vaasa hearing her case. Kolmonen was convicted on 15 January 2025 of firearm offense and planning an aggravated crime against life and health and was sentenced to three years and two months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000010962044.html|work=[[Iltasanomat]]|title=Koulusurmaa suunnitellutta Evita Kolmosta uhattiin pommi-iskulla oikeudessa – näin hän reagoi
|date=8 July 2025|first1=Niko|last1=Ranta}}</ref>

On 4 March 2025, [[Western Australia Police Force|Western Australia Police]] arrested a 16-year-old boy in [[Eaton, Western Australia|Eaton]] who allegedly made an online threat against the newly opened Sydney Islamic House mosque. The youth had published a comment under a post on the mosque's [[Instagram]] profile referencing the Christchurch mosque shootings, stating "about to christ church [sic] 2.0 this join[t]". The [[New South Wales Police]]'s Liverpool City Police Area Command also commenced an investigation and confirmed there were no "ongoing threats to the community."<ref>{{cite news |title=Teen arrested over alleged 'Christchurch 2.0' online threat against Sydney mosque |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/police-investigate-online-threats-against-sydney-mosque/a8izy4pi1 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[SBS News]] |date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304220611/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/police-investigate-online-threats-against-sydney-mosque/a8izy4pi1 |archive-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Meta Platforms]] apologised after Instagram initially dismissed the complaint, attributing it to a technical error.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walden |first1=Max |title=Meta apologises after 'Christchurch 2.0' report claimed it didn't breach Instagram rules |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-03-07/calls-for-action-after-christchurch-comment-deemed-not-a-breach/105016434 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=7 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310030844/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-03-07/calls-for-action-after-christchurch-comment-deemed-not-a-breach/105016434 |archive-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> The youth was charged with "creating a false impression about the existence of threats or danger." The teenager had also published posts with references to White supremacy and [[homophobia]]. He appeared in the [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]] Children's Court where he accepted full responsibility and was referred to a diversionary programme for countering violent extremism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Andrew |title=Teenager who threatened Sydney Mosque with 'Christchurch 2.0' faces Bunbury court |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-04-04/teenager-sydney-mosque-threat-court-bunbury/105138298 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418195404/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-04-04/teenager-sydney-mosque-threat-court-bunbury/105138298 |archive-date=18 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

=== World leaders ===
[[Queen Elizabeth II]], New Zealand's head of state, said she was "deeply saddened" by the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Queen, Royals, heads of state speak out |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shootings-queen-royals-heads-of-state-speak-out/OAAIWWNFYNB66ANP24LYM5FDXU/ |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=13 August 2023 |language=en-NZ |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813131731/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shootings-queen-royals-heads-of-state-speak-out/OAAIWWNFYNB66ANP24LYM5FDXU/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other politicians and world leaders also condemned the attacks,<ref name="stuffcondems" /><ref name=WorldLeadersCondemn group=note/> with some attributing them to rising Islamophobia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/03/15/erdogan-condemns-deplorable-terror-attacks-on-new-zealand-mosques-rising-islamophobia|title=Erdoğan condemns 'deplorable' terror attacks on New Zealand mosques, rising Islamophobia|work=[[Daily Sabah]]|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314192252/https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/03/15/turkey-condemns-deplorable-terror-attacks-on-new-zealand-mosques|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/christchurch-shooting-beyond-awful-nicola-sturgeon-and-world-react-to-terror-attack-1-4889883|title=Christchurch shooting: 'Beyond awful', Nicola Sturgeon and world react to terror attack|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Scotsman]]|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315143025/https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/christchurch-shooting-beyond-awful-nicola-sturgeon-and-world-react-to-terror-attack-1-4889883|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The prime minister of Pakistan, [[Imran Khan]], announced that the Pakistani emigrant who charged at Tarrant and died, would be posthumously honoured with a national award for his courage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html|title=Pakistan to honour Christchurch mosque 'hero' with national award|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320003244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

The [[president of Turkey]], [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], showed footage taken by Tarrant to his supporters at campaign rallies for {{As of|2019|March|21|df=NZ|alt=upcoming}} [[2019 Turkish local elections|local elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-recep-tayyip-erdogan-uses-new-zealand-attack-video-at-campaign-rally/a-47959569|title=Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan uses New Zealand attack video at campaign rally|date=18 March 2019|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319164811/https://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-recep-tayyip-erdogan-uses-new-zealand-attack-video-at-campaign-rally/a-47959569|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/90ed31dc81304280b4123227c04d2113|title=Erdogan again airs attack video at rally despite criticism|date=20 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320080742/https://apnews.com/90ed31dc81304280b4123227c04d2113|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live|work=Associated Press News}}</ref> The New Zealand and Australian governments,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-erdogan-idUSKCN1R10B6|title=NZ foreign minister headed to Turkey to 'confront' Erdogan's mosque...|date=20 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320214534/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-erdogan-idUSKCN1R10B6|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> as well as Turkey's main opposition party, criticised his actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/erdogan-airs-attack-video-rally-criticism-61782722|title=Turkey's Erdogan sparks diplomatic row with NZ, Australia|date=21 March 2019|website=ABC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322010340/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/erdogan-airs-attack-video-rally-criticism-61782722|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] condemned the "horrible massacre".<ref name="praise_3/16/2019">{{cite news |title=New Zealand mosque attacks suspect praised Trump in manifesto |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosques-attack-suspect-praised-trump-manifesto-190315100143150.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501193418/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosques-attack-suspect-praised-trump-manifesto-190315100143150.html |url-status=live | quote=[Tarrant] hailed Trump as "a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose".}}</ref> When asked after the attacks if he thought white nationalists were a growing threat around the world, Trump replied, "I don't really. I think it's a small group of people that have very, very serious problems. It's certainly a terrible thing."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-us-assistance-after-horrible-massacre-in-new-zealand/2019/03/15/931833d2-4712-11e9-aaf8-4512a6fe3439_story.html|title=Trump says white nationalism is not a rising threat after New Zealand attacks: 'It's a small group of people'|last1=Itkowitz|first1=Colby|last2=Wagner|first2=John|date=15 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316192417/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-us-assistance-after-horrible-massacre-in-new-zealand/2019/03/15/931833d2-4712-11e9-aaf8-4512a6fe3439_story.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] expressed deep regret over the terrorist attack. He said he hoped the New Zealand government would bring the perpetrator to justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=PM: Gov't will ensure safety of Malaysians in New Zealand |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/469556/pm-govt-will-ensure-safety-malaysians-new-zealand |website=New Straits Times |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006232056/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/469556/pm-govt-will-ensure-safety-malaysians-new-zealand |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Far-right ===
Two New Zealand-based [[Opposition to immigration|anti-immigration]] groups, the [[Action Zealandia#Dominion Movement|Dominion Movement]] and the [[New Zealand National Front]], condemned the attacks, distanced themselves from the perpetrator, and shut their websites down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/384867/christchurch-terror-attack-anti-immigration-websites-taken-down-after-shootings|title=Christchurch terror attack: Anti-immigration websites taken down after shootings|date=16 March 2019|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132131/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/384867/christchurch-terror-attack-anti-immigration-websites-taken-down-after-shootings|url-status=live}}</ref> Some in the broader [[Far-right politics|far-right culture]] celebrated the attacks and "sanctified" Tarrant as a central figure.<ref name="Independent000">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-christchurch-shooter-attack-el-paso-norway-poway-a9076926.html|title=Revered as a saint by online extremists, how the Christchurch shooter inspired copycat terrorists around the world|date=24 August 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824231458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-christchurch-shooter-attack-el-paso-norway-poway-a9076926.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarrant's manifesto was translated and distributed in more than a dozen different languages<ref name="Independent000"/> with a number of supporters on 8chan making photo and video edits of the shooting.<ref name="Purtill">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|title=Fuelled by a toxic, alt-right echo chamber, Christchurch shooter's views were celebrated online|last=Purtill|first=James|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315230857/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-new-zealand-shooting-founder-of-8chan-expresses-regrets-11553130001 |title=After New Zealand Shooting, Founder of 8chan Expresses Regrets |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831043109/https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-new-zealand-shooting-founder-of-8chan-expresses-regrets-11553130001|archive-date=31 August 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some extremists were inspired by Tarrant, committing violent incidents and deadly attacks of their own, such as those in Poway, El Paso, and Bærum.<ref name="Independent000"/> The United Kingdom's domestic intelligence service, [[MI5]], launched an inquiry into Tarrant's possible links to the British far-right.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/mi5-investigates-new-zealand-shooter-qcnl03ck8|title=MI5 investigates New Zealand shooter|last1=Lagan|first1=Bernard|date=16 March 2019|work=The Times|access-date=16 March 2019|last2=Brown|first2=David|url-access=subscription|last3=Karim|first3=Fariha|last4=Simpson|first4=John|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317212356/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mi5-investigates-new-zealand-shooter-qcnl03ck8|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ukrainian [[Sich Battalion]] has urged its members to buy a copy of Tarrant's manifesto, encouraging them to "get inspired" by it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/08/14/the-russians-and-ukrainians-translating-the-christchurch-shooters-manifesto/|title=The Russians and Ukrainians Translating the Christchurch Shooter's Manifesto|work=[[Bellingcat]]|date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Islamic groups ===
[[Ahmed Bhamji]], chair of the largest mosque in New Zealand,<ref name=JTA_Mossad>{{cite news |title=Mossad behind Christchurch attacks, head of New Zealand's biggest mosque claims |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/mossad-behind-christchurch-attacks-head-of-new-zealands-biggest-mosque-claims |access-date=27 May 2019 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |quote="I stand here and I say I have a very very strong suspicion that there's some group behind him and I am not afraid to say I feel Mossad is behind this," he said as a person in the audience shouted "It's the truth. Israel is behind this. That's right!" Bhamji continued: "And not only them. There are some business houses, also, who are around ... you know, Zionist business houses that are behind him." |archive-date=25 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625205702/https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/mossad-behind-christchurch-attacks-head-of-new-zealands-biggest-mosque-claims |url-status=live }}</ref> spoke at a rally on 23 March in front of one thousand people.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |last1=Benjamin |first1=Henry |title=New Zealand Muslim leader dismisses colleague's claims Mossad ordered killings |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-muslim-leader-dismisses-colleagues-claims-mossad-ordered-killings/ |access-date=27 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525013841/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-muslim-leader-dismisses-colleagues-claims-mossad-ordered-killings/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dangerous antisemitic conspiracy mainstreamed in New Zealand |url=https://israelinstitute.nz/2019/03/dangerous-antisemitic-conspiracy-mainstreamed-in-new-zealand/ |website=Israel Institute of New Zealand |access-date=27 May 2019 |date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527060005/https://israelinstitute.nz/2019/03/dangerous-antisemitic-conspiracy-mainstreamed-in-new-zealand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He claimed that [[Mossad]], the Israeli foreign intelligence agency, was behind the attack. The claim has been widely described as an unfounded, antisemitic [[conspiracy theory]]. The chairman of the [[Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand]] said that Bhamji's statement did not represent other New Zealand Muslims, but Bhamji defended his statements.<ref name="JTA_Mossad" /><ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Scott |title=Jews outraged after mosque leader blames Mossad for Christchurch attack |url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/jews-outraged-after-mosque-leader-blames-mossad-for-christchurch-attack/ar-BBVehvs |access-date=27 May 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527060001/https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/jews-outraged-after-mosque-leader-blames-mossad-for-christchurch-attack/ar-BBVehvs |url-status=live }}</ref>

The attack was also condemned by the Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, [[Harun Khan]], describing it as "the most deadly Islamophobic terrorist attack" observed recently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Muslims slam New Zealand deadly attack |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83244542/UK-Muslims-slam-New-Zealand-deadly-attack |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=en.irna.ir |date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101062211/https://en.irna.ir/news/83244542/UK-Muslims-slam-New-Zealand-deadly-attack |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Council on American–Islamic Relations|Council on American-Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) called on Donald Trump, then U.S. president, to condemn the shootings. Speaking to reporters in Washington, D.C. Nihad Award, executive director of CAIR said: "You should condemn this, not only as a hate crime but as a white supremacist terrorist attack."<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Muslim group urges Trump to condemn New Zealand mosque shootings as 'white supremacist terrorist attacks' – National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5061186/u-s-muslim-group-urges-trump-to-condemn-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-as-white-supremacist-terrorist-attacks/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101064542/https://globalnews.ca/news/5061186/u-s-muslim-group-urges-trump-to-condemn-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-as-white-supremacist-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== People and countries mentioned by Tarrant ===
Just before carrying out the attacks, Tarrant asked his audience to subscribe to YouTuber [[PewDiePie]]'s channel in light of his [[PewDiePie vs T-Series|then-ongoing rivalry]] with Indian channel [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chokshi|first1=Niraj|title=PewDiePie Put in Spotlight After New Zealand Shooting|website=The New York Times|date=15 March 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/technology/pewdiepie-new-zealand-shooting.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316000147/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/technology/pewdiepie-new-zealand-shooting.html|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> PewDiePie, real name Felix Kjellberg, has been accused of using far-right content in his videos.<ref>{{cite news|title=49 killed in terrorist attack at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/15/shootings-reported-mosques-christchurch-new-zealand/?noredirect=on|access-date=15 March 2019|quote=Further afield, Felix Kjellberg, a YouTube celebrity from Sweden who goes by "PewDiePie" and flirts openly with Nazi symbolism, distanced himself from the violence after the man who live-streamed his rampage asked viewers to "subscribe to PewDiePie.|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316231838/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/15/shootings-reported-mosques-christchurch-new-zealand/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dickson|first=Ed|date=15 March 2019|title=Why Did the Christchurch Shooter Name-Drop YouTube Phenom PewDiePie?|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/pewdie-pie-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-youtube-808633/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319002210/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/pewdie-pie-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-youtube-808633/|archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Kjellberg tweeted his condolences in reaction, saying he "felt absolutely sickened" to be mentioned by Tarrant.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paton|first1=Callum|date=15 March 2019|title=PewDiePie 'Sickened' by New Zealand Mosque Shooter Telling Worshippers to Follow Him Before Opening Fire|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/pewdiepie-sickened-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-telling-worshippers-follow-him-1364126|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518002242/https://www.newsweek.com/pewdiepie-sickened-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-telling-worshippers-follow-him-1364126|url-status=live}}</ref> Kjellberg later called for the "[[subscribe to PewDiePie]]" movement to be discontinued, citing the attacks; "to have my name associated with something so unspeakably vile has affected me in more ways than I've let show."<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=19 March 2019|title=YouTube creators are trying to move on from 'subscribe to PewDiePie'|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18270905/subscribe-to-pewdiepie-youtube-new-zealand-attack-meme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122602/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18270905/subscribe-to-pewdiepie-youtube-new-zealand-attack-meme|archive-date=20 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

During the attacks, Tarrant played the song "[[Fire (Arthur Brown song)|Fire]]" by [[The Crazy World of Arthur Brown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-new-zealand-ap-top-news-international-news-asia-pacific-597933f5d8454f448db02d1fc077730d|title=Mosque shooter brandished white supremacist iconography|last=Gambrell|first=Jon|work=[[Associated Press News]]|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321222803/https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-new-zealand-ap-top-news-international-news-asia-pacific-597933f5d8454f448db02d1fc077730d|url-status=live}}</ref> In a Facebook post, singer [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]] expressed "horror and sadness" at the use of his song during the attacks, and cancelled a planned instore appearance at [[Waterloo Records]] shortly after the shootings out of respect for the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/arthur-brown-issues-statement-after-fire-was-used-in-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-cancels-todays-austin-show/|title=Arthur Brown issues statement after "Fire" was used in New Zealand mosque shootings, cancels today's Austin show|work=[[Brooklyn Vegan]]|date=17 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321222813/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/arthur-brown-issues-statement-after-fire-was-used-in-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-cancels-todays-austin-show/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[China]], internet users expressed outrage and anger at the shooter praising their country's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|title=The Christchurch shooter's manifesto praised China's values. That's sparking debate in China|last=Su|first=Alice|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=16 March 2019|access-date=18 June 2022|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110233521/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-christchurch-manifesto-china-20190316-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Propaganda and incitement ==

===Livestream===
The first shooting, starting from the drive to the Al Noor Mosque and ending on the way to the Linwood Islamic Centre was live-streamed on [[Facebook Live]] using Tarrant's [[Body camera|head-mounted]] [[GoPro|GoPro camera]].<ref name="Hate the player, not the game" /><ref name="nzherald.co.nz"/> The link to the Facebook livestream was first posted on [[8chan]]'s /pol/ board, alongside links to the manifesto.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coan |first1=Travis G. |last2=Brace |first2=Lewys |last3=Baele |first3=Stephane J. |title=Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |date=February 2021 |pages=65–80 |jstor=26984798 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798 |access-date=11 December 2023 |issn=2334-3745 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Evans (journalist) |date=2019-04-28 |title=Ignore The Poway Synagogue Shooter's Manifesto: Pay Attention To 8chan's /pol/ Board |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428015004/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/ |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=[[Bellingcat]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malevich |first1=Simon |last2=Robertson |first2=Tom |date=2020-02-24 |title=Violence begetting violence: An examination of extremist content on deep Web social networks |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |doi=10.5210/fm.v25i3.10421 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access= free}}</ref>

The post included the following,<ref name="Rethinking Social Media">{{cite journal |last1=Leitch |first1=Shirley |title=The making of a 'made for social media' massacre |journal=Rethinking Social Media and Extremism |year=2022 |pages=13–42 |doi=10.22459/RSME.2022.02 |jstor=j.ctv2tsxmq6.8 |isbn=9781760465247 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/275944 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Well lads, it's time to stop [[shitposting]] and time to make a real life effort post. I will carry out and {{sic}} attack against the invaders, and will even livestream the attack via facebook [sic].}}

Fewer than 200 people watched the 17-minute livestream live, and none of them made a complaint to Facebook or notified the police.<ref name="Rethinking Social Media" /><ref name="Hate the player, not the game">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=Robert |chapter=Hate the player, not the game: Why did the Christchurch shooter's video look like a game? |title=Rethinking Social Media and Extremism |date=2022 |pages=65–86 |publisher=ANU Press|doi=10.22459/RSME.2022.04 |jstor=j.ctv2tsxmq6.10 |isbn=9781760465247 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The livestream's perspective mirrored that of a [[first-person shooter]] video game,<ref name="Hate the player, not the game" /> as well as being the first successfully live-streamed far-right terror attack.<ref name="Copycat Effect" />

====Video distribution====
Copies of the live-streamed video were reposted on many platforms and file-sharing websites, including Facebook,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/24/censor-bans-manifesto-of-christchurch-mosque-shooter|title=Censor bans 'manifesto' of Christchurch mosque shooter |first=Charles |last=Anderson |date=24 March 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[LiveLeak]], and YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Sam |last2=Kenny |first2=Lee |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Man claims responsibility for shootings, records assault on video |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111320003/christchurch-mosque-shootings-man-claims-responsibility-for-attack-records-assault-on-video |work=[[Stuff (company)]]}}</ref> Police, Muslim advocacy groups, and government agencies urged anyone who found the footage to take it down or report it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111322733/facebook-battles-to-stamp-out-horror-footage-of-christchurch-shooting |title=Facebook battles to stamp out horror footage of Christchurch shooting |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315220731/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111322733/facebook-battles-to-stamp-out-horror-footage-of-christchurch-shooting |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The New Zealand [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|Office of Film and Literature Classification]] quickly classified the video as "objectionable", making it a criminal offence in the country to distribute, copy, or exhibit the video, with potential penalties of up to 14 years' imprisonment for an individual, or up to $100,000 in fines for a corporation.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.classificationoffice.govt.nz/news/latest-news/oflc-response-to-christchurch-what-you-can-do/|title=OFLC Response to Christchurch – What You Can Do : Latest news : OFLC|website=www.classificationoffice.govt.nz|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417183254/https://www.classificationoffice.govt.nz/news/latest-news/oflc-response-to-christchurch-what-you-can-do/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news | url = https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/chief-censor-bans-christchurch-shooting-video-distributors-could-face-jail.html | title = Chief Censor bans Christchurch shooting video, distributors could face jail | first = Alice | last = Webb-Libell | date = 19 March 2019 | access-date = 19 March 2019 | work = [[Newshub]] | archive-date = 15 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515083300/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/chief-censor-bans-christchurch-shooting-video-distributors-could-face-jail.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |title= Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/whole.html |work= New Zealand Legislation Online |publisher= Parliamentary Counsel Office |access-date= 20 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190124180453/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/whole.html |archive-date= 24 January 2019 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

Stuart Bender of [[Curtin University]] in Perth noted that the use of live video as an integral part of the attacks "makes [them] a form of 'performance crime' where the act of video recording and/or streaming the violence by the perpetrator is a central component of the violence itself, rather than being incidental."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stevenson|first1=Rebecca|last2=Anthony|first2=John|date=16 March 2019|title='Thousands' of Christchurch shootings videos removed from YouTube, Google says|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111330323/facebook-working-around-the-clock-to-block-christchurch-shootings-video}}</ref>

==== Arrests and prosecutions ====
At least eight people in New Zealand have been arrested for possessing or sharing the video or manifesto; most of their [[name suppression|names have been suppressed]] either to prevent threats against them or in support of [[Freedom of speech|freedom of expression]] online.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112051430/warning-over-threats-in-christchurch-terror-attack-video-prosecutions|title=Warning over threats in Christchurch terror attack video prosecutions|last=Clarkson|first=David|date=15 April 2019|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] }}
* {{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|date=9 July 2019|title=Teen, 16, charged over Christchurch mosque shootings video returned to custody|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12247913|access-date=13 July 2019}}
* {{cite news|date=12 July 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Dunedin man charged with possessing livestream footage|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12248942|access-date=13 July 2019}}
* {{cite news|last1=Galuzska|first1=Jono|date=12 February 2020|title=Homeless man jailed for sharing Christchurch mosque shooting video on Facebook|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119463374/homeless-man-jailed-for-sharing-christchurch-mosque-shooting-video-on-facebook|access-date=4 March 2020}}
* {{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|date=17 June 2021|title=Christchurch terror attack: Australian man charged after 'accidentally' downloading graphic massacre video|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-australian-man-charged-after-accidentally-downloading-graphic-massacre-video/ZFSE6PI6U36QBRQ7JQS4QTHVJI/|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617015453/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-australian-man-charged-after-accidentally-downloading-graphic-massacre-video/ZFSE6PI6U36QBRQ7JQS4QTHVJI/|archive-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> The first was an 18-year-old man who was arrested and charged with inciting racial disharmony under the [[Human Rights Act 1993|Human Rights Act]] on the same day as the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch shootings: Teen charged with sharing live-stream refused bail|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |agency=Australian Associated Press|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213914|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318200026/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213914|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clarkson|first=Dave|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch teen appears in court over alleged re-posting of mosque shootings live stream|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111372996/christchurch-teen-appears-in-court-charged-with-making-objectionable-publication|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318121048/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111372996/christchurch-teen-appears-in-court-charged-with-making-objectionable-publication|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Early news media reports identified him as an accomplice to the shooting,<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Police with the latest information on the mosque shootings|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384896/police-with-the-latest-information-on-the-mosque-shootings|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090232/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384896/police-with-the-latest-information-on-the-mosque-shootings|url-status=live}}</ref> but the police have denied this.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Stanley-Becker|first1=Isaac|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Eli|last3=Horton|first3=Alex|last4=Brice-Saddler|first4=Michael|date=15 March 2019|title=Primary suspect, one alleged accomplice identified in terrorist attack that killed 49 in New Zealand|newspaper=The Washington Post|department=Morning Mix|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/15/shootings-reported-mosques-christchurch-new-zealand/}}</ref>

On 20 March 2019, [[Philip Arps]] was indicted for sharing the video under the [[Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993]], he subsequently pleaded guilty to the charges. In June 2019, he was sentenced to 21 months' imprisonment and was released in January 2020, under the condition of him wearing a GPS electronic monitor.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news|date=18 June 2019|title=Man who shared mosque shooting livestream sentenced to 21 months in prison|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/392292/man-who-shared-mosque-shooting-livestream-sentenced-to-21-months-in-prison|access-date=18 June 2019}}
* {{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|date=18 June 2019|title=Mosque shooting: White supremacist Philip Neville Arps jailed for 21 months for distributing footage|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12241394|access-date=18 June 2019}}
* {{cite news|date=29 January 2020|title=Christchurch white supremacist Philip Arps released|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/408408/christchurch-white-supremacist-philip-arps-released|access-date=4 March 2020}}
* {{cite news|last1=Molyneux|first1=Vita|last2=Sadler|first2=Rachel|last3=Tukia|first3=Annabelle|date=29 January 2020|title=White supremacist Philip Arps released from prison, banned from contact with Muslims|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/01/white-supremacist-philip-arps-released-from-prison-banned-from-contact-with-muslims.html|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103194552/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/01/white-supremacist-philip-arps-released-from-prison-banned-from-contact-with-muslims.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arps had also expressed neo-Nazi views and sent letters advocating violence against New Zealand politicians.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morrah|first1=Michael|date=16 August 2019|title=Second letter from Philip Arps calls for traitors' execution, disdain for Jacinda Ardern and Winston Peters|publisher=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/second-letter-from-philip-arps-calls-for-traitors-execution-disdain-for-jacinda-ardern-winston-peters.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816082858/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/second-letter-from-philip-arps-calls-for-traitors-execution-disdain-for-jacinda-ardern-winston-peters.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2019|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gower|first1=Patrick|date=12 May 2019|title=Christchurch attack: The dark truth about New Zealand's white supremacists|publisher=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/05/christchurch-attack-the-dark-truth-about-new-zealand-s-white-supremacists.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524040423/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/05/christchurch-attack-the-dark-truth-about-new-zealand-s-white-supremacists.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2020|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> On 26 February 2020, another Christchurch man was jailed for nearly two years for doctoring footage of the shootings upon Arps' request, two days after the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 February 2020|title=Jail for man who gave mosque shooting 'Call of Duty' edit|work=[[Newstalk ZB]]|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/christchurch/christchurch-man-jailed-for-doctoring-footage-of-mosque-shootings/|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

Conspiracy theorist [[Richard Sivell]] faced trial for possession of the video on 30 October 2024. His first appearance on this matter was at Taupō District Court in August 2024, when he refused to enter a plea.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bathgate |first1=Benn |title='Man of peace' declines to plead on mosque shooting video charges |url=https://www.waikatotimes.co.nz/nz-news/350384821/man-peace-declines-plead-mosque-shooting-video-charges?_ptid={kpdx}AAAAnFg348PzXgoKMFYxVndrZmxwYRIQbTF0c3pibmZmamN5Y2gxbBoMRVhSNkc4S005VlFXIiUxODBqbjA4MDhzLTAwMDAzNGlrOGZuZGMxcnRqNzI4c2RzZWdrKhRydW5Kc0pFV0c3MTZBUkRPVTEwMlISdi1fAPAFazRmOHduOHVvWg40OS4yMjcuMjIIAPABNmIDZG1jaL-5gbgGcBl4CA |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=[[Waikato Times]] |date=21 August 2024}}</ref> In between these hearings, a separate case saw Sivell convicted of threatening to kill then–Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] in 2021-22.<ref>{{cite news | last=Wall|first=Tony|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/350300416/richard-sivell-run-almost-two-years-appears-court|access-date=3 October 2024|date=5 June 2024|title=Richard Sivell, on the run for almost two years, appears in court|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] }}</ref>

==== Media outlets ====
Several media organisations in Australia and [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid news]] websites in the UK broadcast parts of the video, up to the point Tarrant entered the building, despite pleas from the New Zealand Police not to show it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/australian-media-broadcast-footage-from-christchurch-shootings-despite-police-pleas|title=Australian media broadcast footage from Christchurch shootings despite police pleas |last=Meade|first=Amanda|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=15 March 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315112136/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/australian-media-broadcast-footage-from-christchurch-shootings-despite-police-pleas|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/markdistefano/the-daily-mail-let-readers-download-the-new-zealand-mosque|title=The Daily Mail Let Readers Download The New Zealand Mosque attacker's Manifesto Directly From Its Website|date=15 March 2019|work=BuzzFeed|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> [[Sky Television (New Zealand)|Sky Television New Zealand]] temporarily stopped its syndication of [[Sky News Australia]] after that network showed the footage, and said it was working with Sky News Australia to prevent further displays of the video.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/16/18268213/sky-new-zealand-yanks-sky-australia-after-christchurch-footage-sparks-outrage | title = Sky New Zealand yanks Sky Australia after Christchurch footage sparks outrage | first = Sean | last = Hollister | date = 16 March 2019 | access-date = 16 March 2019 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190317110035/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/16/18268213/sky-new-zealand-yanks-sky-australia-after-christchurch-footage-sparks-outrage | archive-date = 17 March 2019 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all}}</ref> At least three [[Internet service provider]]s in New Zealand blocked access to 8chan and other sites related to the attacks;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Gunman livestreamed 17 minutes of shooting terror|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315025827/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and they temporarily blocked other sites hosting the video such as [[4chan]], LiveLeak, and [[Mega (service)|Mega]] until they comply with requests to take down copies of the video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-zealand-mobile-carriers-block-8chan-4chan-and-liveleak/|title=New Zealand Mobile Carriers Block 8chan, 4chan, and LiveLeak|website=BleepingComputer|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318155523/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-zealand-mobile-carriers-block-8chan-4chan-and-liveleak/|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The administrator of the online message board [[Kiwi Farms]] refused a New Zealand Police request for the data of users who made posts related to Tarrant and the attack.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/website-kiwi-farms-refuses-to-surrender-data-linked-to-accused-christchurch-terrorist-brendan-tarrant/news-story/46d3c925ef84b24dde6194c42b3c2241 | title = Website Kiwi Farms refuses to surrender data linked to accused Christchurch terrorist Brendan Tarrant | first = Marnie | last = O'Neill | date = 19 March 2019 | access-date = 19 March 2019 | work = [[news.com.au]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190318231916/https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/website-kiwi-farms-refuses-to-surrender-data-linked-to-accused-christchurch-terrorist-brendan-tarrant/news-story/46d3c925ef84b24dde6194c42b3c2241 | archive-date = 18 March 2019 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Website Kiwi Farms refuses to surrender data linked to accused |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=18 March 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318195856/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214017 |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Social media companies ====
Various social media sites—including Facebook, YouTube, [[Reddit]], and Twitter—said they were working to remove the video from their platforms, and would also remove content posted in support of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/03/14/new-zealand-mosque-shootings-gunman-livestreamed-attack-facebook/3171238002/|title=Social media scrambles to remove videos of New Zealand Christchurch mosque shooting|last=Lam|first=Kristen|date=15 March 2019|work=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315202330/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/03/14/new-zealand-mosque-shootings-gunman-livestreamed-attack-facebook/3171238002/|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://kotaku.com/valve-removes-over-100-steam-tributes-to-suspected-new-1833328548 | title = Valve Removes Over 100 Steam Tributes To Suspected New Zealand Shooter | first = Cecilia | last = D'Anastasio | date = 15 March 2019 | access-date = 15 March 2019 | work = [[Kotaku]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190315194330/https://kotaku.com/valve-removes-over-100-steam-tributes-to-suspected-new-1833328548 | archive-date = 15 March 2019 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all}}</ref> According to Facebook, no complaints were made about the video until 12 minutes after the live-stream ended;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-47652308 |title=Christchurch shootings: 'Bad actors' helped attack videos spread online |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> the original video from Tarrant himself had been viewed fewer than 200 times before Facebook was notified of its content, and it had been viewed only 4,000 times before it was removed, which happened within minutes of notification. Facebook created a digital [[Hash function|hash fingerprint]] to detect further uploads after the video had been propagated on other sites.<ref name="bbc facebook">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47620519 |title=Facebook: NZ attack video viewed 4,000 times |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319171128/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47620519 |archive-date=19 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The company said it had blocked 1.5 million uploads of the video.<ref name="bbc facebook"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/17/facebook-pulled-over-1-5-million-videos-of-new-zealand-shooting/ | title = Facebook pulled over 1.5 million videos of New Zealand shooting| first =Jon | last = Fingas | date = 17 March 2019 | access-date = 17 March 2019 | work = [[Engadget]]}}</ref> Reddit banned "subreddits" named "[[WatchPeopleDie]]" and "[[R/gore|Gore]]" for glorifying violence.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267645/reddit-watchpeopledie-ban-new-zealand-mosque-massacre-christchurch | title = Reddit bans r/watchpeopledie in the wake of the New Zealand mosque massacres | first = Bijan | last = Stephan | date = 15 March 2019 | access-date = 15 March 2019 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190315200151/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267645/reddit-watchpeopledie-ban-new-zealand-mosque-massacre-christchurch | archive-date = 15 March 2019 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all}}
* {{cite web| url = https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/15/reddit-ban/ | title = Reddit bans gore-, death-focused channels following NZ mosque attack | first= Richard| last =Lawler |date = 15 March 2019 | access-date = 15 March 2019 | work = [[Engadget]]}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/beelden-aanslag-blijven-opduiken-ondanks-inspanningen-facebook-twitter-en-youtube-~bc7c8eede/|newspaper=[[de Volkskrant]]|access-date=14 March 2019|date=15 March 2019|title=Beelden aanslag blijven opduiken, ondanks inspanningen Facebook, Twitter en YouTube|language=nl}}</ref> Microsoft proposed the establishment of industry-wide standards that would flag such content quickly, and a joint project to manage and control the spread of such information via social media.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/25/18280914/microsoft-moderation-new-zealand-shooting-social-media | title = Microsoft calls for 'industrywide' moderation plan after New Zealand shooting | first= Colin | last= Lecher | date = 25 March 2019 | access-date = 25 March 2019 | work = [[The Verge]]}}</ref>

Despite the networks' attempts to self-police, New Zealand officials and other world leaders have asked them to take responsibility for extremist content posted on their services.<ref name="bbc facebook"/> Australia introduced legislation that would fine content providers and potentially imprison their executives if they do not remove violent imagery of these types of attacks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/30/australia-laws-could-imprison-internet-execs/ | title = Australian bill could imprison social network execs over violent content | first= Jon | last= Fingas | date = 30 March 2019 | access-date = 30 March 2019 | work = [[Engadget]]}}</ref> The [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]] filed a lawsuit against Facebook and YouTube, accusing the companies of "broadcasting a message with violent content abetting terrorism, or of a nature likely to seriously violate human dignity and liable to be seen by a minor". Facebook has contested the lawsuit, saying, "Acts of terror and hate speech have no place on Facebook, and our thoughts are with the families of the victims and the entire community affected by this tragedy. We have taken many steps to remove this video from our platform, we are cooperating with the authorities".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47705904|title=Facebook, YouTube sued over shootings video|work=[[BBC News]]|date=26 March 2019|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

On 15 May 2019, Ardern and French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] co-hosted the [[Christchurch Call summit]] in Paris,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/comment-jacinda-ardern-facebook-livestreaming-announcement|title=Comment from Jacinda Ardern on Facebook livestreaming announcement|author=Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern|date=12 May 2019|publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christchurchcall.com/|title=Christchurch Call|author=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)]]}}</ref> which called for major technology companies to step up their efforts to combat violent extremism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nz.ambafrance.org/Christchurch-call-France-and-NZ-take-action-to-eliminate-terrorist-and-violent|title=Christchurch call – France and NZ take action to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Embassy of France in Wellington}}</ref> The initiative had 53 state signatories and signatories representing eight large tech companies.<ref name=EveryPalmerAnalysis/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christchurchcall.com/supporters.html|title=Christchurch Call – Supporters|date=16 May 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)]]|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516025159/https://www.christchurchcall.com/supporters.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Copycats and calls for retaliation ===
{{Further|Letter to Baghdadi|topic=mainstream Islamic views on the Islamic State movement}}
{{see also|Social media use by the Islamic State|Mass media use by the Islamic State|Terrorgram}}

The attack was used by both far-right terrorists and [[Islamic State]] to call for attacks on either side of a war between Islam and the Western world.
The attack featured in [[Islamic State]] propaganda with [[Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir|Abu Hassan al-Muhajir]] calling for attacks on the “nations of the Cross and the apostate” in retaliation for the attack.<ref name="westpoint livestream">{{cite journal |title=The Christchurch Attacks: Livestream Terror in the Viral Video Age |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/christchurch-attacks-livestream-terror-viral-video-age/ |quote=Islamic State spokesman [[Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir|Abu Hassan al-Muhajir]] (kunya) emerged after nearly six months of silence to argue that Christchurch was “enough to wake the sleep” and to incite supporters against the “nations of the Cross and the apostate”. He also likened the attacks to the battle raging in Baghuz, the last village then under Islamic State control in Syria. |date=July 2019 |volume=12 |issue=6 |first=Graham |last=MacKlin |work=[[Combating Terrorism Center]]}}</ref>

In January 2021, Singaporean security services report the arrest of a youth who was planning a copycat attack on the anniversary of the 15 March 2019 attack. He had watched videos of theַ shooting spree, read the Australian terrorist's manifesto, and also watched [[Islamic State]] propaganda. The arrested youth "came to the erroneous conclusion that ISIS represented Islam, and that Islam called on its followers to kill non-believers".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/media-detail/detention-of-singaporean-youth-who-intended-to-attack-muslims-on-the-anniversary-of-christchurch-attacks-in-new-zealand/ |title=Detention of Singaporean Youth Who Intended to Attack Muslims on the Anniversary of Christchurch Attacks in New Zealand |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
=== Gun laws ===
{{Broader|Gun law in New Zealand}}
Gun laws in New Zealand came under scrutiny in the aftermath, specifically the legality of [[military-style semi-automatic]] rifles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Stephen |last2=Gelineau |first2=Kristen |title=New Zealand welcomes gun control after mosque massacre: 'There will be no opposition' |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/mar/17/new-zealand-welcomes-jacinta-ardern-gun-control-af/ |website=The Washington Times |agency=Associated Press |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319121329/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/mar/17/new-zealand-welcomes-jacinta-ardern-gun-control-af/ |archive-date=19 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, it was reported that of the estimated 1.5 million firearms in New Zealand, 15,000 were registered military style semi-automatic weapons as well as at least 50,000 unregistered A-Category semi-automatics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/03/new-zealand-pm-ardern-promises-gun-reform-after-christchurch.html|title=In New Zealand, Only One Mass Shooting Is Necessary for Gun Reform to Begin|last=Stieb|first=Matt|date=17 March 2019|website=Intelligencer|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> As Philip Alpers of GunPolicy.org noted, "New Zealand is almost alone with the United States in not registering 96 percent of its firearms ... one can assume that the ease of obtaining these firearms may have been a factor in his decision to commit the crime in Christchurch."<ref name=NYTGuns>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/new-zealand-gun-laws.html|title=New Zealand's Gun Laws Draw Scrutiny After Mosque Shootings|work=The New York Times|date=15 March 2019|author=Damien Cave, Matt Stevens}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/weapon-exposes-gunlaw-weakness/news-story/04881e3e2d69e885fae7cdcc845a8ff6|title=Weapon exposes gun-law weakness|work=The Australian|first1=Elias|last1=Vsontay|first2=Emily|last2=Ritchie|date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Cabinet considered creating a firearms register.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Devlin|first1=C.|title= Military-style semi-automatic weapons and assault rifles to be banned after mass shooting: PM |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=21 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019 |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111455050/new-gun-laws-announced-by-pm-after-christchurch-mosque-shootings}}
</ref>

On the day of the attack, Ardern announced that gun laws would change.<ref name=NYTGuns/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/new-zealand-prime-minister-gun-control-jacinda-ardern|title=New Zealand PM vows to toughen gun control laws after Christchurch attack|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 March 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317020155/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/new-zealand-prime-minister-gun-control-jacinda-ardern|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 March, Ardern announced a ban on semi-automatic weapons. As an interim measure, the government reclassified some semi-automatic rifles and shotguns, requiring police approval to buy them.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2019|title=PM Jacinda Ardern says New Zealand will ban all military-style semi-automatic weapons and all assault rifles|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/385268/pm-jacinda-ardern-says-new-zealand-will-ban-all-military-style-semi-automatic-weapons-and-all-assault-rifles|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321041538/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/385268/pm-jacinda-ardern-says-new-zealand-will-ban-all-military-style-semi-automatic-weapons-and-all-assault-rifles|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] }}</ref> The [[Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Act 2019]] was introduced in the House of Representatives on 1 April 2019 and passed its final reading on 10 April, and became law shortly afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title= Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Bill |url= https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/bills-and-laws/bills-proposed-laws/document/BILL_86423/arms-prohibited-firearms-magazines-and-parts-amendment |publisher= New Zealand Parliament |access-date= 3 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Gun bill to become law |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/gun-bill-become-law |access-date=10 April 2019 |newspaper=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=10 April 2019}}</ref> All legally obtained semiautomatic and military-grade firearms and their relevant ammunition were able to be handed over to police in a [[Gun buyback program|buy-back scheme]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devlin |first1=Collette |title=Gun buyback framework established as first step towards determining compensation |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111931901/gun-buyback-framework-established-as-first-step-towards-determining-compensation |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |date=10 April 2019}}</ref> The scheme was initiated in July 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/06/gun-buyback-scheme-firearms-collection-events-announced-by-police.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914100754/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/06/gun-buyback-scheme-firearms-collection-events-announced-by-police.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2019|title=Gun buyback scheme: Firearms collection events announced by police|work=[[Newshub]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> and lasted six months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12295533|title=Over 50,000 guns collected as buy-back scheme comes to an end|date=19 December 2019|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=3 March 2020|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> As at 21 December 2019, 33,619 hand-ins had been completed, 56,250 firearms had been collected, 2,717 firearms had been modified, and 194,245 parts had been collected.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amnesty and buy-back statistics|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/firearms-and-safety/firearm-law-changes-prohibited-firearms/amnesty-and-buy-back|access-date=3 March 2020|website=New Zealand Police}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2021}} Police Minister [[Stuart Nash]] hailed the buy-back scheme as a success. In contrast, a spokeswoman for the Council of Licensed Firearms Owners, said the buyback had been a failure, claiming that there were 170,000 prohibited guns in New Zealand, so "50,000 was not a number to boast about".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12295945|title=Gun buyback: Over 56,000 guns collected as police release official figures|date=21 December 2019|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=3 March 2020|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>

=== Royal commission of inquiry ===
On 24 May 2019, the [[Cabinet of New Zealand|cabinet]] announced it would take the form of a [[Royal Commission of Inquiry]], which was stated soon after and chaired by justice [[William Young (judge)|Sir William Young]] of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]].<ref name="Royal Commission Announced">{{cite news |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111532549/royal-commission-of-inquiry-after-the-christchurch-terror-attacks |title=Royal Commission of Inquiry announced following the Christchurch terror attacks |work=[[Stuff (company)]] |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111870063/details-released-around-royal-commission-of-inquiry-into-christchurch-terror-attacks|title=Supreme Court Justice William Young to head Royal Commission of Inquiry into Christchurch terror attacks|work=[[Stuff (company)]]}}</ref> On 26 November 2020, the Royal Commission presented report to the government.<ref name="Guardian.Hands" /> and soon after made public. It made 44 recommendations, including the establishment of a new national intelligence agency specialising in [[counterterrorism]] strategies all of which the government agreed to implement.<ref name="AP.Eluded" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mosque terror inquiry: Failings, apologies but no blame on Govt |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/mosque-terror-inquiry-failings-apologies-no-blame-govt |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208101856/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/mosque-terror-inquiry-failings-apologies-no-blame-govt |archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> The inquiry was criticised by some Islamic community groups, such as the Islamic Women's Council, for not going far enough in its criticisms of government and police organisations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pennington |first1=Phil |title=Intelligence agencies' failures highlighted but no accountability sought |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/432627/intelligence-agencies-failures-highlighted-but-no-accountability-sought |website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=11 December 2020 |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Copycat Effect">{{cite journal |last1=Kupper |first1=Julia |last2=Christensen |first2=Tanya Karoli |last3=Wing |first3=Dakota |last4=Hurt |first4=Marlon |last5=Schumacher |first5=Matthew |last6=Meloy |first6=Reid |title=The Contagion and Copycat Effect in Transnational Far-right Terrorism: An Analysis of Language Evidence |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |year=2022 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=4–26 |jstor=27158149 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27158149 |access-date=13 December 2023 |issn=2334-3745}}</ref> In August 2024, the government confirmed it would implement 36 of the 44 Royal Commission's recommendations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government won't progress remaining 8 recommendations of Christchurch terror attack commission |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/523941/government-won-t-progress-remaining-8-recommendations-of-christchurch-terror-attack-commission |access-date=10 May 2025 |publisher=RNZ |date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

===''He Whenua Taurikura'' Research Centre===
Following the recommendations of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the 2019 terrorist attack, the New Zealand Government set up a research centre, called ''He Whenua Taurikura'', in Wellington to look into violent extremism. From 2022, the centre had been run through a trust and was known as the "Centre of Research Excellence for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ardern |first1=Jacinda |last2=Little |first2=Andrew |title=Centre for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism officially open |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/centre-preventing-and-countering-violent-extremism-officially-open |website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]] |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608185201/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/centre-preventing-and-countering-violent-extremism-officially-open |archive-date=8 June 2022 |date=3 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Funding for the trust was withdrawn in stages in 2024, a step criticised by the trustees and by other interested parties. Prior to the final funding cut announcement in 2024, critics of the centre had disparaged its research, claiming it "lacked researchers experienced enough in the field."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pennington |first1=Phil |title='It's a broken promise': Research centre on white supremacy loses funding |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/531584/it-s-a-broken-promise-research-centre-on-white-supremacy-loses-funding |access-date=8 May 2025 |agency=Radio NZ |date=22 October 2024}}</ref>

===Coroner's inquiry===
[[File:William Young, Patsy Reddy, Jacqui Caine.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] [[Patsy Reddy]] (centre) receiving the report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry from Young and commissioner Jacqui Caine at [[Government House, Wellington]], on 26 November 2020.]]
In October 2023, the [[Coroner's inquiry into the Christchurch mosque shootings]] began.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Sam |title=Chief Coroner opens inquiry into Christchurch terror attack |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/126751430/chief-coroner-opens-inquiry-into-christchurch-terror-attack |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Stuff (website) |date=30 October 2021}}</ref> It was a coronial inquiry into the mosque shootings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=Anna |title=Christchurch terror attack: Chief Coroner to look into emergency responses to March 15 mosque attacks |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-chief-coroner-to-look-into-emergency-response-to-march-15-mosque-attacks/ZQ5XQ6T4QOFIS3UU6N3PR6NPD4/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030015055/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-chief-coroner-to-look-into-emergency-response-to-march-15-mosque-attacks/ZQ5XQ6T4QOFIS3UU6N3PR6NPD4/ |archive-date=30 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
It followed criminal proceedings and the start of a [[Royal Commission of Inquiry]]. The coronial report identified 12 issues to be examined at the hearing.<ref name="Scope of Inquiry">{{cite web |title=Decision of Coroner B Windley as to Scope of Issues For Inquiry |url=https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/Decision-of-Coroner-B-Windley-as-to-Scope-of-Issues-for-Inquiry-28-4-22-signed.pdf |publisher=Coronial Services of New Zealand |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003202631/https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/Decision-of-Coroner-B-Windley-as-to-Scope-of-Issues-for-Inquiry-28-4-22-signed.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2023 |date=28 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> It covered many aspects of the shootings and the response given.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leask |first1=Anna |last2=Harris |first2=Katie |title=Christchurch terror attack: 'Truth-finding' inquest set to begin – why it's going ahead and why it's important |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-truth-finding-inquest-set-to-begin-why-its-going-ahead-and-why-its-important/XAPNDKB655CF5BADFIXQLI4CWQ/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024234207/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-terror-attack-truth-finding-inquest-set-to-begin-why-its-going-ahead-and-why-its-important/XAPNDKB655CF5BADFIXQLI4CWQ/ |archive-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clent|first1=Danielle |title=Christchurch terror attack inquest: Understanding of 15 March transitioning from 'darkness to light' |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/504846/christchurch-terror-attack-inquest-understanding-of-15-march-transitioning-from-darkness-to-light |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090622/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/504846/christchurch-terror-attack-inquest-understanding-of-15-march-transitioning-from-darkness-to-light |archive-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Film and media===

In May 2019, a proposed movie entitled ''Hello Brother'', based on the shootings, was dropped.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2019|title='Hello Brother': Film about Christchurch mosque shootings in works|work=[[Newstalk ZB]]|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/hello-brother-film-about-christchurch-mosque-shootings-in-works/|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615144645/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/entertainment/hello-brother-film-about-christchurch-mosque-shootings-in-works/|archive-date=15 June 2019}}</ref> It had been criticised for failing to consult the local Muslim community.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Molyneux|first1=Vita|date=15 May 2019|title=Egyptian film maker's decision to make a movie about the Christchurch terror attack sparks anger from Muslim community|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/05/egyptian-film-maker-s-decision-to-make-a-movie-about-the-christchurch-terror-attack-sparks-anger-from-muslim-community.html|url-status=dead|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228041030/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/05/egyptian-film-maker-s-decision-to-make-a-movie-about-the-christchurch-terror-attack-sparks-anger-from-muslim-community.html|archive-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> In August 2021, the film was put on hold.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Kurt |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Second controversial movie project, Hello Brother is on hold |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-second-controversial-movie-project-hello-brother-is-on-hold/M7BLOYB2XYVUKYXDUR2YJTR2RA/ |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803203322/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-second-controversial-movie-project-hello-brother-is-on-hold/M7BLOYB2XYVUKYXDUR2YJTR2RA/ |archive-date=3 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Widows of Shuhada'' (widows of martyrs) was the name of a [[Radio New Zealand]] (RNZ) documentary series about the widows of four men who were killed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Wright | first1 = Michael | title = Widows of Shuhada: Those left behind after Christchurch's terror attack share their stories | url = https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/120060762/widows-of-shuhada-those-left-behind-after-christchurchs-terror-attack-share-their-stories | work = www.stuff.co.nz | date = 7 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200308050840/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/120060762/widows-of-shuhada-those-left-behind-after-christchurchs-terror-attack-share-their-stories | archive-date = 2020-03-08}}</ref>

In June 2021, funds for a film called ''They are Us'' began being sought. A spokesperson for the Prime Minister clarified that Ardern and the New Zealand government had no involvement with the film. It was also felt casting an Australian as Ardern was questionable; while this was not an emphasised issue it was seen as emblematic of the foreign, not local, desire to make the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=McKay |first=Ben |date=11 June 2021 |title=Australian Actor Rose Byrne Cast As Jacinda Ardern In New Zealand Terror Movie |url=https://www.zenger.news/2021/06/11/australian-actor-rose-byrne-cast-as-jacinda-ardern-in-new-zealand-terror-movie/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Zenger News |language=en-US}}</ref> Several representatives of the New Zealand Muslim community also questioned the timing and appropriateness of the film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brookes|first1=Emily|date=11 June 2021|title=Muslim community was 'blindsided' by news of upcoming film about Christchurch mosque attacks, members say|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/300330619/muslim-community-was-blindsided-by-news-of-upcoming-film-about-christchurch-mosque-attacks-members-say|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611123325/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/300330619/muslim-community-was-blindsided-by-news-of-upcoming-film-about-christchurch-mosque-attacks-members-say|archive-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> A draft script was then leaked in July 2021 and was criticised by politicians.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 July 2021|title=Christchurch mosque attacks movie: Leaked 'They Are Us' script rewrites NZ history|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-movie-leaked-they-are-us-script-rewrites-nz-history/V522T5KULKIIV3Y27LYJRWXAVI/|url-status=live|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713211848/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-movie-leaked-they-are-us-script-rewrites-nz-history/V522T5KULKIIV3Y27LYJRWXAVI/|archive-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> Later that month the production had been put on hold until the producers had undertaken a full consultation with the country's Muslim community.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McClure|first1=Tess|date=23 July 2021|title=They Are Us: controversial film about Christchurch attacks put on hold|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/jul/23/they-are-us-controversial-film-about-christchurch-attacks-put-on-hold|url-status=live|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724024047/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/jul/23/they-are-us-controversial-film-about-christchurch-attacks-put-on-hold|archive-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>

===Awards===
On 6 July 2022, [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] [[Cindy Kiro]] awarded the [[New Zealand Cross (1999)|New Zealand Cross]] to Linwood Mosque survivor Abdul Aziz and the late Naeem Rashid for confronting Tarrant. In addition, Kiro awarded the [[New Zealand Bravery Decoration]] to Senior Constables Scott Carmody and Jim Manning for apprehending the terrorist; and Liam Beale and Wayne Maley for helping survivors of the Al Noor mosque. In addition, Lance Bradford, Mike Robinson and Mark Miller (the latter posthumously) received the [[New Zealand Bravery Medal]] for helping victims of the mosque shootings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Jean |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Acts of great bravery honoured in ceremony |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/470448/christchurch-mosque-attacks-acts-of-great-bravery-honoured-in-ceremony |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706140409/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/470448/christchurch-mosque-attacks-acts-of-great-bravery-honoured-in-ceremony |archive-date=6 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]
* [[Bayonne mosque shooting]]
* [[Far-right terrorism in Australia]]
* [[Halle synagogue shooting]]
* [[List of massacres in New Zealand]]
* [[List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Notefoot|refs=
{{notetag|name=WorldLeadersCondemn|Australian prime minister [[Scott Morrison]] expressed support for New Zealand and condemned the shootings as a "violent, extremist, right-wing terrorist attack". He confirmed that an Australian had been detained as a suspect in connection with the attack.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web |last1=Morrison |first1=Scott |title=I'm horrified by the reports I'm following of the serious shooting in Christchurch, New Zealand. The situation is still unfolding but our thoughts and prayers are with our Kiwi cousins. |url=https://twitter.com/ScottMorrisonMP/status/1106394126973456384 |via=[[Twitter]] |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315051643/https://twitter.com/ScottMorrisonMP/status/1106394126973456384 |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title='We're not just allies': Scott Morrison says Australia grieves with New Zealand | date=14 March 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK9myZLOwUE | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/SK9myZLOwUE| archive-date=30 October 2021|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=15 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite news |last1=Shield |first1=Bevan |title=Scott Morrison confirms Australian taken into custody after 'vicious, murderous' terrorist attack |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/scott-morrison-confirms-australian-taken-into-custody-after-vicious-murderous-terrorist-attack-20190315-p514mb.html |access-date=15 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=15 March 2019}}</ref> British prime minister [[Theresa May]] described the incident as a "horrifying terrorist attack", and said "my thoughts are with all of those affected by this sickening act of violence".<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=15 March 2019 |title=Christchurch shootings: Outpouring of UK support to Muslim community |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47583215 |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] expressed "deepest condolences" and said "Canada remembers too well the sorrow we felt when a senseless attack on the [[Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City|Centre culturel islamique de Québec]] in Ste-Foy claimed the lives of many innocent people gathered in prayer", referencing the [[Quebec City mosque shooting]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2019/03/15/statement-prime-minister-terrorist-attack-two-mosques-new-zealand| title=Statement by the Prime Minister on terrorist attack on two mosques in New Zealand| publisher=[[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|PMO]]| date=15 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315142857/https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2019/03/15/statement-prime-minister-terrorist-attack-two-mosques-new-zealand| archive-date=15 March 2019| url-status=live| access-date=15 March 2019| df=dmy-all}}</ref> U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] extended his "warmest sympathy and best wishes...to the people of New Zealand," and he and the FBI offered them assistance<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |first1=Ben |last1=Westcott |first2=Jenni |last2=Marsh |first3=Helen |last3=Regan |first4=Meg |last4=Wagner |first5=Brian |last5=Ries |first6= Veronica |last6=Rocha |first7=Aimee |last7=Lewis |first8=Rob |last8=Picheta |first9=Harmeet |last9=Kaur |title=Dozens killed in Christchurch mosque attack|date=15 March 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315031112/https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/index.html |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Christchurch shootings: 49 dead in New Zealand mosque attacks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47578798 |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315074020/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47578798 |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Dozens killed as gunman livestreams New Zealand mosque shootings |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout/dozens-killed-as-gunman-livestreams-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-idUSKCN1QW05Y |work=[[Reuters]] |date=14 March 2019}}
* {{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1106520743855251456|title=My warmest sympathy and best wishes goes out to the people of New Zealand after the horrible massacre in the Mosques. 49 innocent people have so senselessly died, with so many more seriously injured. The U.S. stands by New Zealand for anything we can do. God bless all!|last=Trump|first=Donald J.|date=15 March 2019|website=@realDonaldTrump|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315114118/https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1106520743855251456|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2024}}{{Primary source inline|date=January 2024}} while security at mosques around the United States was increased.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live reaction to NZ mosque attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-47578860 |date=14 March 2019 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Security Increased at American Mosques After New Zealand Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/us/mosque-security.html |agency=NYT |publisher=NYT |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315174528/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/us/mosque-security.html |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] sent Prime Minister Ardern a message of condolence, saying, "This attack on civilians who gathered for prayer is shocking in its violence and cynicism."<ref>{{cite news |title=Condolences to Prime Minister of New Zealand Jacinda Ardern |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60069 |publisher=Kremlin |date=15 March 2019}}</ref> The lighting of the [[Ostankino Tower]] in [[Moscow]], the tallest free-standing structure in [[Europe]], was off for one hour as a sign of mourning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow Ostankino Tower to go dark in honor of New Zealand victims |url=http://tass.com/emergencies/1048918 |agency=TASS|date=15 March 2019}}</ref> King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]] said, "The heinous massacre of the worshipers at mosques in New Zealand is a terrorist act."<ref name="world">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1467106/world|title=World reacts to New Zealand terrorist attacks on mosque|date=15 March 2019|website=Arab News|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315231423/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1467106/world|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He also called on the international community to confront hate speech and terrorism.<ref name="world" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2019/03/15/Saudi-King-Crown-Prince-offer-condolences-to-New-Zealand-Governor-General.html|title=King Salman in tweet calls for combating hate speech, terrorism|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Cardinal [[Pietro Parolin]], the Secretary of State of Vatican City, sent a letter of condolences on behalf of Pope Francis, assuring the Muslim community in New Zealand of the Pope's "heartfelt solidarity in the wake of these attacks" and saying, "His Holiness prays for the healing of the injured, the consolation of those who grieve the loss of their loved ones, and for all affected by this tragedy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romereports.com/en/2019/03/15/the-pope-has-sent-a-message-of-condolences-for-the-attacks-on-two-mosques-in-new-zealand-in-the-city-of-christchurch/|title=Pope Francis sends message of condolences for the attacks on two mosques in New Zealand, in the city of Christchurch|date=15 March 2019|website=Rome Reports|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] of India expressed "deep shock and sadness" over the deaths and expressed India's solidarity with the people of New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi writes to New Zealand PM, condemns Christchurch attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-writes-to-new-zealand-pm-condemns-christchurch-attack-1479001-2019-03-15 |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Condolences were also provided by Azerbaijani,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://president.az/articles/32403| title=Yeni Zelandiyanın Baş naziri Zati-aliləri xanım Casinda Ardernə| trans-title=To Prime Minister of New Zealand, Her Excellency Mrs. Jacinda Ardern| last=Aliyev| first=Ilham| author-link=Ilham Aliyev| language=az| publisher=[[President of Azerbaijan|president.az]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Bangladeshi,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/03/15/pm-condemns-new-zealand-terror-attack| title=PM condemns New Zealand terror attack| newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Bruneian,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press%20Room/news.aspx?ID=738&Source=http%3A%2F%2Fmofat%5Fprod%2Eegc%2Egov%2Ebn%2FLists%2FPress%2520Room%2FAllItems%2Easpx&ContentTypeId=0x01040055E31CAE71A9C144B21BBB007363093500B667C4949BC69D4394F4AC8FA016E767| title=Message of Condolence to the Prime Minister of New Zealand on the attacks of the Linwood Mosque and Masjid Al-Noor in Christchurch| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brunei]]| date=16 March 2019| access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Cambodian,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/site/detail/28123| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402084450/https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/site/detail/28123| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 April 2019| title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on the fatal shooting in New Zealand Mosques on 15 March 2019.| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Cambodia]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Chinese,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1646015.shtml| title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Remarks on the Shootings in the New Zealand City of Christchurch| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], China| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Fijian,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/fiji-stands-with-pacific-family-in-this-difficult-time-bainimarama/| title=Fiji stands with Pacific family in this difficult time: Bainimarama| last=Pratap| first=Ritika| work=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation| publisher=[[Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|FBC]]| date=16 March 2019| access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> Filipino,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/20455-bulletin-on-the-mass-shootings-in-new-zealand| title=Bulletin: On the Mass Shootings in New Zealand| publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Department of Foreign Affairs, Philippines]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019| archive-date=17 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117231939/https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/20455-bulletin-on-the-mass-shootings-in-new-zealand| url-status=dead}}</ref> Hungarian,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hungarymatters.hu/2019/03/17/ader-sends-condolences-over-terrorist-attacks-in-new-zealand/ |title=Áder sends condolences over terrorist attacks in New Zealand |website=Hungary Matters |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Indonesian,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/berita/Pages/Update-Penembakan-di-Christchurch.aspx| title=Perkembangan Informasi terkait Serangan Teror di Christchurch, Selandia Baru| trans-title=Recent Information related to Terror Attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand| language=id| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Indonesia]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}} {{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Japanese,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_002377.html| title=Message of condolences from Foreign Minister Taro Kono following the shooting incident in Christchurch, New Zealand| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> South Korean,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=320441| title=MOFA Spokesperson's Statement on Terrorist Attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, South Korea]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Kosovar,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mfa-ks.net/al/single_lajmi/3644| title=Sulmi terrorist në Zelandën e Re|trans-title=Terrorist Attack in New Zealand| language=sq| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kosovo)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kosovo]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Malaysian,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/press-release-shooting-incident-at-mosques-in-christchurch-new-zealand| title=Shooting Incident at Mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Pakistani,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/index.php| title=Terrorist Attack on Two Mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318034833/http://www.mofa.gov.pk/index.php| archive-date=18 March 2019| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Singaporean,<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2019/03/15032019-Shooting-Incidents-in-Christchurch-New-Zealand| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201557/https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2019/03/15032019-Shooting-Incidents-in-Christchurch-New-Zealand| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 March 2019| title=MFA Spokesperson's Comments on the Shooting Incidents in Christchurch, New Zealand, 15 March 2019| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Taiwanese,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201903150022.aspx| title=President Tsai offers condolences to New Zealand attack victims| publisher=Focus Taiwan| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Thai,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/news3/6886/100908-Messages-of-Condolence-from-the-Prime-Minister-of.html| title=Press Release : Messages of Condolence from the Prime Minister of Thailand and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand on the Shooting Incident in Christchurch on 15 March 2019| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand]]| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317003426/http://www.mfa.go.th/main/en/news3/6886/100908-Messages-of-Condolence-from-the-Prime-Minister-of.html| archive-date=17 March 2019| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Turkish,<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_56_-yeni-zelanda-da-camilere-yonelik-teror-saldirilari-hk.en.mfa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324000738/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_56_-yeni-zelanda-da-camilere-yonelik-teror-saldirilari-hk.en.mfa| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 March 2019| title=No: 56, 15 March 2019, Press Release Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Against Mosques in New Zealand| publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Turkey| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> and Vietnamese<ref>{{cite web| url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/220030/vietnam-strongly-condemns-shooting-attacks-in-new-zealand.html| title=Vietnam strongly condemns shooting attacks in New Zealand [Vietnamese leaders offer sympathy to New Zealand over shooting incidents]| publisher=Vietnam Net| date=15 March 2019| access-date=15 March 2019| archive-date=24 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324002242/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/220030/vietnam-strongly-condemns-shooting-attacks-in-new-zealand.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> leaders.}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Farid|title=Husna's Story: My Wife, the Christchurch Massacre & My Journey to Forgiveness|year=2021|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1988547480}}
* {{cite book|last=Salama|first=Maysoon|title=Aya and the Butterfly|publisher=Lift Education|year=2021}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Connor|first=Tom|title=Our Darkest Day: The terrorist attack on two mosques, Christchurch, New Zealand, March 15, 2019|year=2021|publisher=Kirsten Wilson Publishing |isbn=978-0473589295}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aa25HUJy_-M The last prayer: surviving Christchurch terror attack], a documentary about the mosque shootings by Turkish news channel [[TRT World]]
* Information on [https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/ The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hv-dCHtWN5w&t=1470s Christchurch terror attack: The day NZ changed forever], a documentary about the shootings by New Zealand media company [[Radio New Zealand|RNZ]]

{{Christchurch mosque shootings}}
{{Alt-right footer}}
{{Terrorism in New Zealand}}
{{Mass shootings in New Zealand}}
{{Portal bar|Law|Islam|New Zealand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christchurch mosque shootings}}
[[Category:Christchurch mosque shootings| ]]
[[Category:2010s murders in New Zealand]]
[[Category:2019 crimes in New Zealand]]
[[Category:2019 murders in Oceania]]
[[Category:2019 in Islam]]
[[Category:2019 mass shootings in Oceania]]
[[Category:2010s in Christchurch]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in New Zealand]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in New Zealand]]
[[Category:White nationalist terrorism]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Facebook criticisms and controversies]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Filmed killings]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Livestreamed crimes]]
[[Category:March 2019 crimes in Oceania]]
[[Category:March 2019 in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Mass shootings involving AR-15–style rifles]]
[[Category:Mass shootings involving shotguns]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2019]]
[[Category:Massacres in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Mosque massacres]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]
[[Category:Mosque shootings]]
[[Category:Neo-fascist terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazism in New Zealand]]
[[Category:/pol/ phenomena]]
[[Category:Racism in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in New Zealand in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Oceania in 2019]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2019]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:Ecofascism]]
[[Category:Militant accelerationism]]
[[Category:Nationalist terrorist incidents in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Muslims in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 2010s]]

Khag, Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-26T13:07:40Z

Mlzsgondia: Made new page w/ refs...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khag
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| image_skyline = Khag , Jammu and Kashmir.JPG
| image_caption = Naranag Fishery Khag
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.9642591|74.508242|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| government_type = [[Democracy|Democratic]]
| population_total = 6663
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 193411
| area_code = 01951
| registration_plate = JKO4
| official_name = Khag
| native_name = Khag
| established_title = Tehsil Incorporated
| established_date = 2006
}}

'''Khag''' is a [[tehsil]] in and [[Block (district subdivision)#India|block]] in the [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]] sub-district of the Budgam district in the Indian [[union territory]] of Jammu and Kashmir. It is {{cvt|8.8|km}} away from sub-district headquarter Beerwah and {{cvt|35|km}} away from [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Profile :: District Budgam (Official website)|url = http://budgam.nic.in/pgDistrictProfile.htm|website=budgam.nic.in|access-date = 2015-10-08}}</ref>

Before 2008, Khag was one of the blocks of Beerwah tehsil. After the government of Jammu and Kashmir created new administrative units in 2008, Khag was granted [[tehsil]] status.

== Geography ==
Khag is between 2,438 m (8,000 ft) and 4,267 m (14,000 ft) above sea level. It is located at the base of the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal mountain range]], surrounded by mountains of up to 5,181 m (17,000 ft). The area is covered with dense [[shrubbery]] and has many villages, including Nowrooz Baba, Sugen Yarinar, Shunglipora, Poshker, Khanpora, Lassipora, [[Iskander Pora, Jammu and Kashmir|Iskander Pora]], Drung, [[Malpora]], and [[Nagbal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://budgam.nic.in/pgHolyPlaces.htm|title=Profile :: District Budgam Holy Places|website=budgam.nic.in|access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref>

== Tosa Maidan ==
{{main|Tosa Maidan}}
The [[Tosa Maidan]] pasture is surrounded by dense forests of [[Cedrus deodara|deodars]] and [[Pinus wallichiana|pinus]], about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Khag in the Himalayas. The area is frequently used by local shepherds and the [[Gujjar]] community. Tosa Maida was leased to the [[Indian Army]] in 1964 for 50 years. After the army lease expired in April 2014, it was opened to the public by the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest - Budgam|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>

== Education ==
Schools in the area include both government-run and private schools of varying levels. Khag is one of the educational zones of [[Budgam district]], and has a Zonal Education Officer overseeing its education department.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CEO Budgam - Education Zones|url = http://www.ceobudgam.in/EducationZones.aspx|website = ceobudgam.in|access-date = 2015-10-08}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Budgam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Parliament House, New Delhi

2026-03-22T17:50:50Z

Mlzsgondia: further refined references for accuracy and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Seat of the Parliament of India}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Parliament House
| native_name = ''Saṁsada Bhavana'' 
| native_name_lang = iso-15919
| former_names =
| image = Glimpse of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = The Parliament House with the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]] in the background
| status =
| building_type =
| location =
| address = 118, Rafi Marg
| location_town = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|37|02|N|77|12|36|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date = 1 October 2020
| completion_date = 20 May 2023
| opened_date = {{start date and age| 28 May 2023}}
| cost = 
| client = [[Central Public Works Department]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| landlord =
| current_tenants = [[Parliament of India]]
| height = 39.6 metres
| floor_count = 4
| public_transit = {{ric|Delhi Metro}} [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]]
| floor_area =
| grounds_area = {{cvt|64,500|m2}}
| architect = [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]]
| architecture_firm = HCP Design, Planning and Management
| main_contractor = [[Tata Projects]]
| logo =
| seating_capacity = 1,272 ([[Lok Sabha]] chamber: 888 [[Rajya Sabha]] chamber: 384)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/poi|sansad.in}}
}}
'''Parliament House''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Saṁsada Bhavana'') in [[New Delhi]] is the seat of the [[Parliament of India]]. It houses the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]], which are [[Lower house|lower]] and [[upper house]]s respectively in India's [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament. It is located on Rafi Marg in Central Vista, the central administrative area in New Delhi. It is located to the east of the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], amongst the other administrative buildings of the Indian government.

The Old Parliament House was constructed in 1927. Proposals for a new parliament building to replace the old one emerged in the early 2010s due to the ageing of the old building. In 2019, the proposal to construct a new parliament building was unveiled by the [[Government of India]] as part of the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]]. It was inaugurated on 28 May 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. The new building was first used for official business on 19 September 2023 during a special session of the parliament.

== Background ==
The [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]] is a [[sandstone]] building opened in January 1927 and was designed by the British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/journey-of-the-old-parliament-building-since-its-inauguration-in-1927-123052600274_1.html|title=Journey of the old Parliament building since its inauguration in 1927|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=26 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526004805/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/journey-of-the-old-parliament-building-since-its-inauguration-in-1927-123052600274_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ghosal|first=Jayanta|title=Sansad Bhavan to be revamped; all MPs to get separate offices|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sansad-bhavan-mps-room-parliament-house-building-modi-vision-552852|work=[[India TV]]|access-date=26 October 2020|date=27 September 2019|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029190112/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sansad-bhavan-mps-room-parliament-house-building-modi-vision-552852|url-status=live }}</ref> Proposal for a new parliament building to replace the existing complex emerged in the 2010s due to ageing of the old building and space constraints.<ref>{{cite news|title=We need a new House, but preserve Parliament House: MPs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-need-a-new-house-but-preserve-parliament-house-mps/article3640419.ece|access-date=1 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 July 2012}}</ref> A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building was set up by the then [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] [[Meira Kumar]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|title=Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811003217/http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

== Planning and construction ==
In 2019, the [[Indian government]] launched the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], which aimed at redeveloping the area around the Central Vista, the major administrative area in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/central-vista-revamp-project-of-national-importance-for-new-india-101662622848344.html|title=Central Vista revamp: Project of 'national importance' for New India|first=Risha|last=Chitlangia|date=8 September 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/central-vista-project-rs-20-000-crore-on-central-vista-amid-pandemic-cente-dispels-myths-2457518|title="Rs 20,000 crore on Central Vista amid pandemic?" Cente dispels myths|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 June 2021|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607054837/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/central-vista-project-rs-20-000-crore-on-central-vista-amid-pandemic-cente-dispels-myths-2457518|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ritesh|title=What is 'Central Vista' and why it is being opposed|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-central-vista-and-why-it-is-being-opposed-zee-explains-the-controversial-project-2361620.html|access-date=6 June 2021|work=[[Zee News]]|date=13 May 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606205623/https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-central-vista-and-why-it-is-being-opposed-zee-explains-the-controversial-project-2361620.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The project included a plan to construct a new parliament building at plot number 118 of the Parliament Estate in Rafi Marg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/8-new-buildings-likely-under-centres-redevelopment-of-central-vista/article61649839.ece|title=8 new buildings likely under new Central Vista|date=4 December 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530095118/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/8-new-buildings-likely-under-centres-redevelopment-of-central-vista/article61649839.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-vista-revamp-new-parliament-vice-president-s-house-will-be-first-to-be-completed-101624990877593.html|title=Central Vista revamp: New Parl, Vice Prez house will be first to be completed|date=4 March 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|first=Anish|last=Dutta|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224210044/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-vista-revamp-new-parliament-vice-president-s-house-will-be-first-to-be-completed-101624990877593.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The new building was designed by architect [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]] for the firm HCP Design, Planning and Management.<ref name="Arch">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/new-parliamentary-building-explained-costs-construction-design-more-123091300281_1.html|title=New Parliament building explained: Costs, construction, design & more|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=23 September 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The construction contract was awarded by the [[Central Public Works Department]] to [[Tata Projects]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/main-structure-of-new-parliament-completed-finishing-work-in-progress-tata-projects-ceo/article65821579.ece|title=Main structure of new Parliament completed, finishing work in progress: Tata Projects CEO|date=28 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828155808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/main-structure-of-new-parliament-completed-finishing-work-in-progress-tata-projects-ceo/article65821579.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tata Projects bid the lowest at {{INRconvert|8.62|b|year=2020}}, ahead of [[Larsen and Toubro]], who had bid {{INRconvert|8.65|b|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/tata-projects-wins-bid-to-construct-new-parliament-building-for-rs-862-crore-273097-2020-09-16|title=Tata Projects wins bid to construct new Parliament building for Rs 862 crore|date=16 September 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418032224/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/tata-projects-wins-bid-to-construct-new-parliament-building-for-rs-862-crore-273097-2020-09-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

The groundbreaking ceremony for the project was held in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Groundwork for new Parliament Building Begins, To be completed in 22 Months|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/groundwork-for-new-parliament-building-begins-to-be-completed-in-22-months|work=[[Bloomberg Quint]]|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204253/https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/groundwork-for-new-parliament-building-begins-to-be-completed-in-22-months|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 December 2020, the Central Vista Redevelopment Project was put on hold by a bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] led by [[Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar|A. M. Khanwilkar]] until the resolution of pleas received against the project in the court.<ref name="Found">{{cite news|date=7 December 2020|title=Supreme Court allows foundation-laying ceremony for new Parliament building|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-allows-foundation-laying-ceremony-for-new-parliament-building/article33268303.ece|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207235729/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-allows-foundation-laying-ceremony-for-new-parliament-building/article33268303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the court allowed the foundation laying ceremony to go ahead as planned on 10 December 2020.<ref name="Found"/> The foundation stone was laid by then [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 10 December 2020 in a ceremony that included an interfaith prayer service performed by leaders from various religions.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|last=Mathew|first=Liz|date=6 December 2020|title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone for new Parliament building on December 10|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-new-parliament-building-on-december-10-7093362/|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206014717/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-new-parliament-building-on-december-10-7093362/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 December 2020|title='Historic Day': PM Modi After Laying Foundation of New Parliament|work=[[Bloomberg Quint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/new-parliament-building-central-vista-groundbreaking-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-live-updates|url-status=live|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210035754/https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/new-parliament-building-central-vista-groundbreaking-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-live-updates|archive-date=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Religious leaders perform 'Sarva Dharma Prarthana' at foundation stone laying ceremony of new Parliament building|url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/religious-leaders-perform-sarva-dharma-prarthana-at-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-of-new-parliament-building-352045|first=Raj|last=Kantak|date=10 December 2020|access-date=6 March 2021|work=[[Business World]]}}</ref> The project was cleared in a majority judgment of the Supreme Court in January 2021, with riders for environmental concerns.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2021|title=Supreme Court clears redevelopment plan for Central Vista project|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-clears-redevelopment-plan-for-central-vista-project/story-SZgVS5fOQrSQxTRT7bQmmO.html|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105051656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-clears-redevelopment-plan-for-central-vista-project/story-SZgVS5fOQrSQxTRT7bQmmO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The construction of the building commenced in January 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centra-vista-construction-work-of-new-parliament-building-begins-7147496/|title=Centra Vista: Construction work of new Parliament building begins|date=15 January 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423023619/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centra-vista-construction-work-of-new-parliament-building-begins-7147496/|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction involved sourcing materials from various parts of the country. The red and white [[sandstone]], [[Greensand (geology)|greenstone]], and [[red granite]] were procured from Rajasthan, the [[teak]] wood from Maharashtra, and the [[carpets]] from Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Mint">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/new-parliament-building-first-look-shows-peacock-themed-lok-sabha-ceiling-watch-video-11685102889608.html|title=New Parliament makeover shows peacock-themed Lok Sabha, ceiling|date=28 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Live Mint]]|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225050553/https://www.livemint.com/news/new-parliament-building-first-look-shows-peacock-themed-lok-sabha-ceiling-watch-video-11685102889608.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2022, a statue of the country's [[State Emblem of India|national emblem]] was unveiled on the top of the new building.<ref>{{cite news|title=National emblem: India rejects criticism over 'snarling' lion statue|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62131457|access-date=14 July 2022|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 July 2022|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714032725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62131457|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Holland|first1=Oscar|last2=Mitra|first2=Esha|title=New giant lion statue on Indian parliament building sparks political spat|url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-national-emblem-lions-statue-parliament/index.html|access-date=14 July 2022|work=[[CNN]]|date=13 July 2022|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714030010/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-national-emblem-lions-statue-parliament/index.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The main structure of the building was completed in August 2022.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2022|title=Main structure of new Parliament completed, finishing work in progress: Tata Projects CEO|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/main-structure-of-new-parliament-completed-finishing-work-in-progress-tata-projects-ceo/article65821579.ece|access-date=28 August 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828155808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/main-structure-of-new-parliament-completed-finishing-work-in-progress-tata-projects-ceo/article65821579.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction of the entire project was completed on 20 May 2023.<ref name="Arch"/>

== Design ==
[[File:New Parliament Building, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Side view with the sculpture of the [[Emblem of India|Indian emblem]] mounted on the top]]
The new building is triangular in shape and is situated besides the old building.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anisha|last=Dutta|date=31 January 2020|title=New Parliament complex may seat 1,350 members|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-complex-may-seat-1-350-members/story-KThUBY2psc9rBVjc5BvxvN.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131165703/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-complex-may-seat-1-350-members/story-KThUBY2psc9rBVjc5BvxvN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Arnab|last=Dutta|date=16 January 2020|title=New PM house, PMO & Parliament before 2024; ministries along central vista|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/new-pm-house-pmo-parliament-before-2024-ministries-along-central-vista-120011600060_1.html|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080311/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/new-pm-house-pmo-parliament-before-2024-ministries-along-central-vista-120011600060_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Spread across an area of {{cvt|64500|m2}}, the new building has four floors.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-will-seat-888-lok-sabha-mps/article33059799.ece|title=New Parliament building will be bigger in size and have more amenities|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113004110/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-will-seat-888-lok-sabha-mps/article33059799.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The building has a built up area of {{cvt|20866|m2}} with an open-sky area of {{cvt|2000|m2}}, and split into three sections.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2023|title=Here's how the Parliament building differs from the old one|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-parliament-building-differs-from-the-existing-one-8624763|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525072409/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-parliament-building-differs-from-the-existing-one-8624763/|url-status=live }}</ref> It is designed to be of the same height as the old building and was built to be [[Earthquake-resistant structures|earthquake resistant]].<ref name="Design">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-resistant-paperless-offices-what-will-the-new-parliament-building-be-like/story-xf2ZskfmnUjseF38irPe2I.html|title=Earthquake resistant, paperless offices: What will the new Parliament building be like|date=6 December 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528123238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-resistant-paperless-offices-what-will-the-new-parliament-building-be-like/story-xf2ZskfmnUjseF38irPe2I.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The new Parliament House has three gates named, ''[[Jñāna|Gyan]] Dwar'' (Knowledge gate), ''[[Shakti]] Dwar'' (Power gate), and ''[[Karma]] Dwar'' (Karma gate).<ref name="TN">{{cite web|date=25 May 2023|title=New Parliament building may not be called Parliament House, may get a new name|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/new-parliament-building-may-not-be-called-parliament-house-may-get-a-new-name-article-100487418|access-date=1 June 2023|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527060754/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/new-parliament-building-may-not-be-called-parliament-house-may-get-a-new-name-article-100487418|url-status=live }}</ref> The building has six entrances named after mythological creatures, those being [[Gaja]] (elephant), [[Ashva]] (horse), [[Garuda]] (eagle like bird), [[Makara]] (sea creature), Shardula (composite animal with a lion's body and head of another animal), and Hamsa (swan), whose statues stand guard on both sides of the respective entrances. The [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] is hoisted at the Gaja Dwar, and the Makara Dwar opens up to the old parliament building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-six-entrances-gaja-dwar-ashva-garuda-makar-shardula-hamsa-13138842.html|title=Gaja, Garuda, Ashva… What the six entrances to the new Parliament symbolise|date=18 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804072345/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-six-entrances-gaja-dwar-ashva-garuda-makar-shardula-hamsa-13138842.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A large {{cvt|6.5|m}} high cast sculpture of the [[State Emblem of India|Indian national emblem]], weighing {{cvt|9500|kg}}, is placed on top of the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62131457|title=National emblem: India rejects criticism over 'snarling' lion statue|date=13 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714032725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62131457|url-status=live}}</ref>

The three sections of the building are based on [[National symbols of India|India's national symbols]], those being the [[Banyan|banyan tree]], the [[Indian peafowl|peacock]], and the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]].<ref name="Mint" /> The complex has separate chambers for the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]], the two houses of India's [[bicameral legislature]]. The Lok Sabha chamber is designed on a blue-green theme, and has a seating capacity for 888 [[Member of Parliament (India)|members]]. The Rajya Sabha chamber is designed on a red theme, and has a seating capacity for 384 members.<ref name="Hindu" /><ref name="Art">{{cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Carpets woven by 900 artisans, lotus motif in RS, peacock for LS, Constitutional Hall: Grandeur of new Parliament |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lotus-motif-rajya-sabha-peacock-lok-sabha-900-artisans-up-weaved-carpet-pm-modi-sengol-new-parliament-building-constitution-hall-2385459-2023-05-28 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The Lok Sabha chamber can be expanded to house 1,272 members in case of a joint session of the parliament.<ref name="IE" /> A sculpture of the [[Ashoka Chakra]] is placed above the speaker's seat in both of the chambers.<ref name="Mint" /> [[Sengol|The Sengol]], a [[silver]] and [[gold]] plated 1.5 m (5 ft) long sceptre adorned by the image of a [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], is placed besides the seat of the speaker in the Lok Sabha chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-sengol-whose-installation-in-new-parliament-triggered-row-101719473907765.html|title=What is 'Sengol', whose installation in new Parliament triggered row?|date=27 June 2024|access-date=30 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628012832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-sengol-whose-installation-in-new-parliament-triggered-row-101719473907765.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=B. A. Vasanth|first1=Pon|title=Sengol: Evidence thin on government's claims about the sceptre|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sengol-evidence-thin-on-governments-claims-about-the-sceptre/article66894055.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527175052/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sengol-evidence-thin-on-governments-claims-about-the-sceptre/article66894055.ece|url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
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|image1=New Rajya Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building.jpg
|image2=View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
|footer=[[Rajya Sabha]] (left) and [[Lok Sabha]] chambers
}}

The building also hosts a central Grand Constitution Hall, and a banyan tree in the open sky area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-inauguration-images-features-news-pm-modi-president-droupadi-murmu-sengol-opposition-boycott-101685021903253.html|title=Why is new Parliament building triangular-shaped? All features explained|date=19 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|first=Nisha|last=Anand}}</ref> There are separate offices for the members, as well as a library and a lounge in the complex.<ref name="Arch"/> The crafts gallery (''Shilp Deergha'') was conceptualised with eight themes: ''Parv'' (festival), ''Swabalamban'' (self-reliance), ''Prakriti'' (nature), ''Ullas'' (joy), ''Gyan'' (wisdom), ''Samrasta'' (harmony), ''Astha'' (faith), and ''[[Yatra]]'' (journey). It consists of about 255 crafts sourced from around 400 artisans from across the country.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 2023|title=The assembling of new Parliament building|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-assembling-of-new-parliament-building/article66982409.ece|access-date=18 June 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are statues of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Chanakya]] in the premises of the new building.<ref name="TN"/> A [[foucault pendulum]], created by the [[National Council of Science Museums]], is suspended from the ceiling of the central [[foyer]] and measures {{cvt|22|m}} in height 22 meters and weighs {{cvt|36|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2023|title=What is a Foucault's Pendulum, hanging in the new Parliament building|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/what-is-a-foucaults-pendulum-new-parliament-building-8634952/|access-date=11 June 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611045159/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/what-is-a-foucaults-pendulum-new-parliament-building-8634952/|url-status=live }}</ref>

== Inauguration and controversy ==
[[File:PM lighting the lamp at the inauguration of New Parliament Building, in New Delhi on May 28, 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] (right) lighting a Hindu ceremonious lamp during the inauguration of the Parliament House in the presence of [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha speaker]] [[Om Birla]] (left)]]

On 28 May 2023, Modi officially opened the new parliament building,<ref name="In">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-parliament-building/article66903310.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates new Parliament building|date=28 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-parliament-building/article66903310.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and addressed a gathering of lawmakers.<ref>{{cite press release|date=24 May 2023|title=At the inauguration of the new Parliament House, PM Modi will establish the historical and sacred "Sengol" in the Parliament House.|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1926883|access-date=25 May 2023|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930111348/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1926883|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2023|title=New Parliament building will make every Indian proud, says PM Modi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-will-make-every-indian-proud-says-pm-modi/article66896965.ece|access-date=15 June 2024|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114054518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-will-make-every-indian-proud-says-pm-modi/article66896965.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the ceremony, the Hindu ritual [[Homa (ritual)|homa]] was conducted,<ref name="In"/> followed by a multi-faith prayer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Damini |date=28 May 2023 |title=Inauguration of new Parliament begins with havan, sengol, multi-faith prayer service |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inauguration-of-new-parliament-begins-with-havan-sengol-multi-faith-prayer-service-8632928/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528062613/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inauguration-of-new-parliament-begins-with-havan-sengol-multi-faith-prayer-service-8632928/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-inauguration-live-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-delhi-for-ceremony/article66903230.ece|title=New Parliament building inauguration updates|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|quote=Sarv-dharma prayers are under way at the new Parliament building as the inauguration ceremony is led by PM Modi.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114231726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-inauguration-live-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-delhi-for-ceremony/article66903230.ece|archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/watch-pm-modi-attends-multi-faith-prayer-ceremony-at-new-parliament-building-2385432-2023-05-28|title=PM Modi attends multi-faith prayer ceremony at new Parliament building|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Sengol|The Sengol]] was installed following [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Tamil Hindus|Hindu]] traditions, after being handed over by the [[Matha#Aadheenams|Adheenam]]s ([[Shaivism|Shaivite]] priests) to Modi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Lingamgunta|last=Nirmitha Rao|date=24 May 2023|title='Sengol' (sceptre) to be installed by PM Modi in new Parliament on May 28: All you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-building-what-is-sengol-a-historic-sceptre-to-be-intalled-101684915055857.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524105632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-building-what-is-sengol-a-historic-sceptre-to-be-intalled-101684915055857.html|archive-date=24 May 2023|access-date=25 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2023|title=Historic 'Sengol' installed in new Parliament building by PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/historic-sengol-installed-in-new-parliament-building-by-pm-modi-101685240768840.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 May 2023|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530105327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/historic-sengol-installed-in-new-parliament-building-by-pm-modi-101685240768840.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Poulomi|last=Saha|date=24 May 2023|title=Sacred ritual steeped in Tamil culture: How PM Modi will install Sengol in new Parliament building|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sengol-ceremony-new-parliament-building-sacred-ritual-tamil-culture-pm-modi-2383774-2023-05-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524154522/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sengol-ceremony-new-parliament-building-sacred-ritual-tamil-culture-pm-modi-2383774-2023-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2023|access-date=25 May 2023|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The inauguration ceremony was steeped in Hindu religious symbolism, eliciting criticism that the event was not in line with secularism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=29 May 2023 |title=Modi inaugurates controversial new parliament building in India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/26/style/india-new-parliament-building-inauguration-intl-hnk |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=28 May 2023 |title=India's vast new parliament opened by Narendra Modi amid opposition boycott |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/28/indias-vast-new-parliament-opened-by-narendra-modi-amid-opposition-boycott |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Boycott by opposition parties ===
Most of the opposition parties boycotted the inauguration event.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2023|title=New parliament: PM Modi inaugurates building amid opposition boycott|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65718127|access-date=29 May 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224731/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65718127|url-status=live}}</ref> In a joint statement released by the 19 opposition parties, it was stated that "When the soul of democracy has been sucked out from the Parliament, we find no value in a new building."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jain|first=Rupam|date=24 May 2023|title=Opposition parties to boycott new parliament inauguration by India's Modi|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/opposition-parties-boycott-new-parliament-inauguration-by-indias-modi-2023-05-24/|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> They expressed concern that the [[President of India|president]], the head of state and highest constitutional authority, was sidelined from the event.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2023|title=Modi opponents boycott opening of new Indian Parliament; PM says it breaks with colonial past|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-parliament-modi-new-delhi-oppsotion-boycott-9916f583ee8e16571a243d464e94c28b|access-date=1 June 2023|work=AP News|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602051751/https://apnews.com/article/india-parliament-modi-new-delhi-oppsotion-boycott-9916f583ee8e16571a243d464e94c28b|url-status=live}}</ref> They also accused the government of passing controversial legislation without adequate debate and criticised the "disqualification, suspension, and muting" of opposition lawmakers.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2023|title=New parliament building: India opposition boycott casts shadow on inauguration|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65705154|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601065002/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65705154|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rahul Gandhi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], accused the prime minister of treating the ceremony like a [[coronation]], and emphasised the need for parliamentary proceedings to remain focused on representing the people rather than showcasing personal grandeur.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2023|title=PM treating inauguration of new Parliament building as coronation: Rahul Gandhi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-treating-inauguration-of-new-parliament-building-as-coronation-rahul-gandhi/article66903804.ece|access-date=1 June 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Congress leader [[Digvijaya Singh]] criticised the building’s design, claiming it to be a copy of the design of the [[Casa del Fascio (Mogadishu)|old Somalian parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title='ഇത് പഴയ സൊമാലിയന്‍ പാര്‍ലമെന്റിന്റെ കോപ്പി'; പാര്‍ലമെന്റ് മന്ദിരത്തെ ചൊല്ലി പുതിയ വിവാദം |language=ml |trans-title='This is a copy of the old Somalis', New controversy in the parliament house |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/national/story/new-parliament-building-similar-somalia-parliament-digvijay-singh-jawahar-sirkar-568239-2023-05-31 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=आदित्य |last=पूजन |date=31 May 2023 |title=नये संसद भवन की डिजाइन को लेकर दिग्विजय का बड़ा आरोप |language=hi |trans-title=New Parliament Building: India's new Parliament building is a copy of Somalia's old Parliament, Digvijay alleged by tweeting |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/digvijay-singh-claims-new-parliament-design-copy-of-old-somalia-parliament/articleshow/100640032.cms |website=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref> Despite the boycott and criticism led by the opposition, more than 300 members of parliament attended the inauguration.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2023|title=How many parties attending new Parliament's inauguration, how many absent? What numbers say|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-inauguration-ceremony-attending-parties-non-attending-parties-101685241759418.html|access-date=3 June 2023|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603020239/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-inauguration-ceremony-attending-parties-non-attending-parties-101685241759418.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 May 2023|title=New Parliament inauguration: Who's attending, who's not — here's the full list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-parliament-inauguration-full-list-parties-attending-boycotting-8631919/|access-date=3 June 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Akhand Bharat mural ===
A [[mural]] that depicted the [[Maurya Empire]] under [[Ashoka]], and resembled the [[Hindutva]] [[Irredentism|irredentist concept]] of [[Akhand Bharat]] (Undivided India or Greater India), was unveiled during the inauguration. The mural raised concerns among India's neighbours.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |date=14 June 2023 |title=Why a map in India's new Parliament is making its neighbors nervous |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/13/india/india-akhand-bharat-map-parliament-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080858/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/13/india/india-akhand-bharat-map-parliament-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

On 30 May 2023, Nepal's [[Leader of the Opposition (Nepal)|leader of opposition]] and former [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime minister]] [[K. P. Sharma Oli]] criticised the action stating that "If a country like India that sees itself as an ancient and strong country and as a model of democracy puts Nepali territories in its map and hangs the map in Parliament, it cannot be called fair."<ref>{{cite news|title=Mural in new Parliament with Akhand Bharat overtones upsets Nepal's politicians|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mural-in-new-parliament-with-akhand-bharat-overtones-upsets-nepal-s-politicians-101685510865751.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=31 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Baburam Bhattarai]], chairman of the [[Nepal Socialist Party]], stated that the issue "has the potential of further aggravating the trust deficit already vitiating the bilateral relations between most of the immediate neighbours of India."<ref>{{cite news|title=Row in Nepal over Akhand Bharat mural in India's new Parliament|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/row-in-nepal-over-akhand-bharat-mural-in-indias-new-parliament/article66920940.ece/|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 June 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609010608/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/row-in-nepal-over-akhand-bharat-mural-in-indias-new-parliament/article66920940.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 June 2023, [[Mumtaz Zahra Baloch]], the spokesperson of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistan's ministry of foreign affairs]], said that the map was "a manifestation of an expansionist mindset that seeks to subjugate the ideology and culture not only of India’s neighbours but also its religious minorities."<ref name="AJ">{{cite news|title=Why a map in India's new parliament has riled its neighbours|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/why-a-map-in-indias-new-parliament-has-riled-its-neighbours|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=7 June 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609233515/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/6/7/why-a-map-in-indias-new-parliament-has-riled-its-neighbours|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 June 2023, [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Shahriar Alam]], Bangladesh's minister of state for foreign affairs stated that his government was in the process of seeking clarification from India regarding the map.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh government seeking clarification from MEA on 'Akhand Bharat' map in new Parliament building|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhaka-minister-seeking-clarification-on-akhand-bharat-map/article66938997.ece/|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609233518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhaka-minister-seeking-clarification-on-akhand-bharat-map/article66938997.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Arindam Bagchi]], the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs (India)|spokesperson of India's ministry of external affairs]] later clarified that the mural depicted the ancient Mauryan empire and propagated a "people-oriented governance."<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Mural of 'undivided India' in India's new parliament building sparks diplomatic row |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-parliament-building-akhand-bharat-mural-b2353016.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609233518/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-parliament-building-akhand-bharat-mural-b2353016.html |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh government seeking clarification from MEA on 'Akhand Bharat' map in new Parliament building|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhaka-minister-seeking-clarification-on-akhand-bharat-map/article66938997.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2023|language=en-IN|archive-date=10 June 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610022831/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhaka-minister-seeking-clarification-on-akhand-bharat-map/article66938997.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on the day of inauguration, India's [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|minister of parliamentary affairs]] [[Pralhad Joshi]] tweeted a photo of the mural with a caption in [[Kannada]], which roughly translates to "Resolve is clear – Akhand Bharat".<ref name="AJ"/>

=== First session ===
On 19 September 2023, the first house proceedings at the new building commenced as a part of a special session of the parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament special session to be held from Sept 18-22, all-party meet on Sept 17; here's what you need to know|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/parliament-special-session-to-be-held-from-sept-18-22-all-party-meet-on-sept-17-heres-what-you-need-to-know-398380-2023-09-14|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=14 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How the new Parliament building is readying for special session|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html|access-date=14 September 2023|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=12 September 2023|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114165413/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html|url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Women's Reservations Bill, 2023]] was introduced in the parliament.<ref>{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Sandeep|date=20 September 2023|title=Lok Sabha passes historic women's reservation Bill|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-womens-reservation-bill/article67327458.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120500/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-womens-reservation-bill/article67327458.ece|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Reservation Act of 2023: A Symbolic Gesture or a Significant Stride Towards Empowerment?|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/womens-reservation-act-2023-symbolic-gesture-or-0|website=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=20 March 2024 |access-date=15 April 2025|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615145041/https://www.epw.in/engage/article/womens-reservation-act-2023-symbolic-gesture-or-0|url-status=live }}</ref>

== Parliament breach ==
{{Main|2023 Indian Parliament breach}}
On 13 December 2023, two intruders from the visitor's gallery entered the Lok Sabha chamber and threw [[smoke bombs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Huge Parliament Security Breach: 4 People, 2 Incidents, Smoke In Lok Sabha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/huge-security-breach-in-parliament-man-jumps-into-lok-sabha-from-gallery-4665394|access-date=13 December 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213092659/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/huge-security-breach-in-parliament-man-jumps-into-lok-sabha-from-gallery-4665394|url-status=live}}</ref> The proceedings of both the houses were adjourned initially before resuming after a while, and the speaker the Lok Sabha [[Om Birla]] initiated a probe into the incident.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 December 2023|title=Parliament Winter Session 2023 Live Updates: After security breach in Parliament, Lok Sabha resumes; matter being probed, says Speaker|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parliament-winter-session-2023-live-updates-9065927/|access-date=13 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Members of parliament questioned this major security lapse. Four people were arrested including two people inside the building, for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/security-breach-indian-parliament-man-jumps-into-lawmakerss-area-2023-12-13/|title=Man jumps into Indian parliament, sets off smoke can in major security breach|date=13 December 2023|access-date=13 December 2023|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> As a result of the incident, visitor rules were changed to include mandatory verifications.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-parliament-security-breach-rules-for-visitors-passes-tightened/article67796523.ece|title=After Parliament security breach, rules for visitors' passes tightened|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225155413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-parliament-security-breach-rules-for-visitors-passes-tightened/article67796523.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Legislative buildings in India}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings in India]]
[[Category:Seats of national legislatures]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 2023]]

Assam Ratna

2026-03-22T16:59:51Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Infobox award
| name = Assam Ratna অসম ৰত্ন
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award for contributions in literature, art and culture and social service
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Government of Assam]]
| firstawarded = 2009
| lastawarded = 2015
| reward = ₹300,000
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 3
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Bhupen Hazarika|Dr. Bhupen Hazarika]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = [[Jitendra Nath Goswami|Dr. Jitendranath Goswami]]
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Assam Ratna''', also spelled '''Asom Ratna''' ('''অসম ৰত্ন''') was the highest civilian award in the State of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was being conferred for outstanding contribution in literature, art and culture and social service. The award was offered by the [[Government of Assam]]. It was started in 2009 and [[Bhupen Hazarika|Dr. Bhupen Hazarika]] was first awardee. Famous Indian scientist from Assam [[Jitendra Nath Goswami|Dr. Jitendranath Goswami]] who got Assam Ratna for 2015 is last awardee. The award carries a cash prize of ₹300,000, a plaque and a shawl.

==Recipients==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Seriel No!! Name !! Year !! Field !! Image!!
|-
| 1. || [[Bhupen Hazarika|Dr Bhupen Hazarika]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Asom Ratna|newspaper=Assam Tribune}}</ref> || 2009 || Arts||[[File: Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Assam, India.jpg|75px]]
|-
| 2. || [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami|Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamoni Raisom chosen for Asom Ratna |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2211/at06 |accessdate=12 December 2012 |newspaper=Assam Tribune |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225702/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2211%2Fat06 |archivedate=3 March 2016 }}</ref> ||2010 ||Literature || [[File:Mamoni Raisom Goswami (cropped).JPG |75px]]
|-
| 3. || [[Jitendra Nath Goswami|Dr. Jitendra Nath Goswami]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Jiten Goswami awarded Asom Ratna |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2916/at050 |accessdate=11 May 2016 |newspaper=Assam Tribune |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200315/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2916%2Fat050 |archivedate=11 October 2016 }}</ref> || 2015 ||Science and Technology ||[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. Jitendra Nath Goswami, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 13, 2017 (cropped).jpg|frameless|86x86px]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Assam]]

Jahanabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-03-16T23:50:47Z

Mlzsgondia: Made some page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|other places with similar names|Jahanabad (disambiguation){{!}}Jahanabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jahanabad
| map_image = 238-Jahanabad, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Rajendra Singh Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 78538 (2022)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 238
}}
'''Jahanabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 assembly constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is part of [[Fatehpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
It contains these parts of Fatehpur district-
Amauli, Tappajar, Paprenda, Jahanabad, Khajuha & Kora Jahanabad (NP) of Bindki Tehsil. In 1952, the first Member of Legislative Assembly / MLA / Vidhayak for Jahanabad constituency Guru Prashad Pandey contested election with the support of Swargiya Satyapal Gupta (Lambardar) and all expenses of election were picked up by him.

In 1962-67 during the third legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh Sri Ram Kishore Verma became Independent M.L.A. by defeating Shabbir Hasan from Tappajar Constituency (Jahanabad). district Fatehpur. His election symbol was the SCALES (Taraju).

Father-Sri Nainsukh, Mother-Tulshi Devi, Born in 1923 at village asadhna, P.O. Rar District-Kanpur. Married Shyama Devi in 1941. The wife died, one son Ram Gopal Verma and one daughter Rampyari. Has been general secretary of tehshil congress committee, Ghatampur (kanpur); Sarpanch of Nyaya panchayat and has been associated with educational institutions. Is manager of Adarsh Natak Samaj, Asadhna. Interest in Dramaturgy. People remember him 'JANPRIYA' leader Ram Kishor Verm"a MANTRI"JI.

Data has been collected from Who's who of P. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY BOOK 1962 -67.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! Party
! Runner up
! Party
! Ref.
|-
|1974
|Prem Datt Tiwari
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2|Chhatrapal Verma
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|<ref name="election1974">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Quasim Hasan
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|Jagdish Narain
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|Ram Kishore Verma
|rowspan=2|[[Lokdal]]
|<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|Prakash Naraian
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Naresh Uttam Patel|Naresh Chandra Uttam]]
|<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Naresh Chandra Uttam
|rowspan=3|[[Janata Dal]]
|Prem Datt Tiwari
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref name="election1989">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Chattra Pal Verma
|Shree Dhar Shukla
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref name="election1991">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Madan Gopal Verma
|Naresh Chandra Uttam
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Qasim Hasan
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|Naresh Chandra Uttam
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|<ref name="election1996">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Madan Gopal Verma
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Syed Kasim Hasan
|[[Janata Party]]
|<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Aditya Pandey
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|Madan Gopal Verma
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Madan Gopal Verma
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Sameer Trivedi
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|rowspan=2|Madan Gopal Verma
|rowspan=2|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Patel]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jahanabad<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajendra Singh Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78503}}
|percentage = 41.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Madan Gopal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:60311}}
|percentage = 31.66
|change = +13.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Aditya Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:39205}}
|percentage = 20.58
|change = +2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamla Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3550}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Anoop Sachan
|votes = {{formatnum:2250}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1529}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18192}}
|percentage = 9.55
|change = -16.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:190500}}
|percentage = 61.16
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jahanabad<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|votes = {{formatnum:81438}}
|percentage = 44.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madan Gopal Verma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:33832}}
|percentage = 18.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Narayan Nishad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32010}}
|percentage = 17.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aditya Pandey
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:21812}}
|percentage = 12.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Vivek Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2117}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1262}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47606}}
|percentage = 26.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181500}}
|percentage = 61.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
| AD(S)
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
* http://m.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh-election/constituency-jahanabad-constituency-2012
* http://myneta.info/up2012/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=238
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.10|80.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Maguni Charan Kuanr

2026-03-14T22:03:41Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding first details added tags

{{Short description|Indian puppeteer (1937–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maguni Charan Kuanr
| image = File:Maguni Charan Kuanra.jpg
| caption = Kuanr in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|02|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Keonjhar]], [[Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|06|01|1937|02|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Keonjhar]], [[Odisha]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Puppeteer]]
| known_for = Promoting [[Hand puppet#Rod puppets|rod puppetry]] (''Kandhei Nach'')
| years_active =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2004)
}}

'''Maguni Charan Kuanr''' (12 February 1937 – 1 June 2024) was an Indian [[puppeteer]] known for promoting [[Hand puppet#Rod puppets|rod puppetry]], traditionally known as ''Kandhei Nach'' in the state of [[Odisha]].

In 2023, Kuanr was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian honour by the [[Government of India]] for promoting and propagating the traditional rod-puppet dance form of Odisha.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=23 March 2023|title=Puppeteer Maguni Kuanr Gets Padma Honour|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/Mar/23/puppeteer-maguni-kuanr-gets-padma-honour-2558662.html|newspaper= [[The New Indian Express]] |access-date= 3 May 2025}}</ref> Earlier in 2004, he had been conferred with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/rod-puppeteer-maguni-kuanr-dead/articleshow/110629454.cms |title=Rod Puppeteer Maguni Kuanr Dead |work =[[The Times of India]] |date=2 June 2024 |access-date= 3 May 2025 |author= Singha, Minati}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born on 2 February 1937 in [[Keonjhar]], Odisha, Shri Maguni Charan Kuanr came from a family of traditional puppeteers. He was introduced to the art of ''Kandhei Nach'', which uses rod puppets, by his father, Shri Baishnab Charan Kuanr.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi"/>

== Work ==
Kuanr contributed significantly to recognising ''Kandhei Nach'' beyond Odisha. He established his troupe, the "Utkal Vishwakarma Kalakunja Kandhei Nach", based in Keonjhar. Shri Kuanr participated in camps and workshops organized by the Odisha [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and other institutions to promote his art. His work has been documented by various agencies in India and abroad.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Maguni_Charan_Kuanr.pdf|title = Maguni Charan Kuanr Akademi Award: Puppetry|publisher= [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref>

Like many traditional puppeteers, he created his puppets, designed the costumes, and narrated the plays performed.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi"/> Kuanr's characters and stories ranged from mythology to government schemes to social issues.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |author =Singha, Minati |date=1 June 2024|title=Pioneer of Rod Puppetry Maguni Kuanr Dies at 88 in Odisha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/pioneer-of-rod-puppetry-maguni-kuanr-dies-at-88-in-odisha/articleshow/110610188.cms|newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |access-date= 3 May 2025}}</ref>

== Death ==
Kuanr died in Keonjhar, Odisha, on 1 June 2024, at the age of 87.<ref name="AIR">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/eminent-puppeteer-padma-shri-maguni-kuanr-passes-away/|title=Eminent Puppeteer Padma Shri Maguni Kuanr Passes Away|publisher= [[All India Radio]] |access-date = 3 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Padma Shri]]
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* Kabi Surya Upendra Bhanja Award, the highest award of Odisha [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]<ref name="Times of India"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuanr, Maguni Charan}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian puppeteers]]
[[Category:Organization founders]]
[[Category:People from Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)

2026-03-13T22:21:29Z

Mlzsgondia: quick update

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|none}}
[[File:TN Districts South Arcot.png|thumb|right|200px|Map of South Arcot district]]
'''South Arcot District''' was a district in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]]. It covered the area of the present-day districts of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] and [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The district was divided into eight taluks and covered a total area of {{convert|5217|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}. The administrative headquarters was the town of [[Cuddalore]].

In ancient times, South Arcot was a part of the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] and the [[Pallava]] kingdoms. British presence in the district dates to 1690 when the [[British East India Company]] set up a factory at [[Fort St David]] near Cuddalore. South Arcot was the scene of confrontation between the British and the [[France|French]] and the British and [[Tipu Sultan]]. The British took over the administration in 1781 and established full sovereignty in 1801.

The economy is largely agricultural. South Arcot is noteworthy for lignite mines in Neyveli.

== History ==
South Arcot was the southern portion of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] province (''subah'') of [[Arcot]]. In ancient times, the northern part of South Arcot was under the rule of the Pallavas while the southern part was a portion of the traditional Chola homeland. In the 14th century, South Arcot was conquered by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later, by Vijayanagar kings. In 1646, South Arcot came under the Bijapur sultans who ruled till 1676, when it was conquered by the [[Marathas]]. In 1698, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangazeb]] took [[Gingee]] and established his rule over South Arcot.

The British presence dates back to 1682, when the [[British East India Company]] established a factory at Cuddalore and Kanimedu. When these two failed, the Company set up another factory at Fort St David near Cuddalore. Fort St David served as the temporary capital of Madras Presidency from 1746 onwards when [[Madras]] was taken by the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], till 1752. Cuddalore was taken by the French from 1758 to 1760, when it was retaken by the British. From 1767 to 1790, [[Hyder Ali]] and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] launched repeated attacks on the region.

The ''subah'' of Arcot was ceded to the [[British East India Company]] by the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] in 1801, and subsequently the district was split into [[North Arcot]] and South Arcot. On 30 September 1993, South Arcot District was split into [[Cuddalore District]] and [[Villupuram District]]. Cuddalore was the capital of the erstwhile South Arcot district.

== Administration ==

South Arcot district was sub-divided into four sub-divisions:

* Pennathur sub-division: Tindivanam taluk, Tiruvannamalai (partly: pennathur) taluk and Villupuram taluk.
* Tirukkoyilur sub-division: Kallakurichi taluk and Tirukkoyilur taluk.
* Chidambaram sub-division: Chidambaram and Vriddhachalam taluks
* Cuddalore sub-division: Cuddalore taluk.

== Taluks ==

As of 1901, South Arcot district was sub-divided into eight taluks:

* Chidambaram (Area: {{convert|402|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Chidambaram)
* Cuddalore (Area: {{convert|448|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Cuddalore)
* Kallakurichi (Area: {{convert|873|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Kallakurichi)
* Tindivanam (Area: {{convert|816|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Tindivanam)
* Tirukkoyilur (Area: {{convert|584|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Tirukkoyilur)
* Tiruvannamalai (Area: {{convert|1009|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Tiruvannamalai)
* Villupuram (Area: {{convert|509|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Villupuram)
* Vriddhachalam (Area: {{convert|576|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Vriddhachalam)
* Panruti;Headquarters:Panruti

== Demographics ==

South Arcot had a population of 2,349,894 in 1901 and was the third most populous district in Madras Presidency. 94 percent of the population were [[Hindus]] while 3 percent were Muslims and 3 percent Christian, of whom, 92 percent were [[Roman Catholics]]. Tamil is official language.

== Economy ==

The economy of the district is largely agricultural. Attempts were made in the early part of the 19th century to establish iron mine named [[Porto Novo Iron Works]] at [[Parangipettai|Porto Novo]] but failed due to lack of fuel. The most important industrial units in the district were the East India Distilleries factories at [[Nellikuppam]] and Thiruvennainallur. Chidambaram was an important centre of cotton and silk weaving.

== Sources ==

* {{cite book | title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 5| year=1908| publisher=Clarendon Press| location=London}}

{{Cuddalore district}}

{{Salem District}}
{{Historical districts of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|11|30|N|79|25|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

[[Category:Districts of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:1801 establishments in the British Empire]]

Ahmadnagar Sultanate

2026-03-12T19:12:22Z

Mlzsgondia: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Deccan Indian kingdom (1490–1636)}}
{{distinguish|Nizams of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = {{lang|fa|{{nq|سلسله نظام شاهیان}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Ahmadnagar Sultanate
| year_start = 1490
| year_end = 1636
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| date_start = 28 May
| date_end = October{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=47}}
| event_start =
| event_end =
| image_map = File:Ahmednagar Sultanate.png
| image_map_caption = Map of Ahmadnagar Sultanate extending form [[Khandesh]] to [[Udgir]], [[Golna]] to [[Paranda]] and from [[Konkan]] to territories beyond Elichpur of [[Vidarbha|Berar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=malik+ambar+man+singh&pg=PA73|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|date=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|language=en|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheRelationsOfTheMughalEmpireWithTheAhmadnagarKingdom15261636|title=The Relations Of The Mughal Empire With The Ahmadnagar Kingdom 1526–1636|last=Mohamed Nasr|language=English|page=133}}</ref>
| religion = '''State religion:'''
* [[Sunni Islam]] (until 1538)<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&q=islam+in+the+subcontinent+book |title= Islam in the Subcontinent |page= 55 |isbn= 9004061177 |last1= Schimmel |first1= Annemarie |year= 1980 |publisher= Brill }}</ref>
* [[Shi'a Islam]] (1538 onwards)
* [[Mahdawi movement|Mahdavism]] (1589–1591)
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| capital = [[Junnar]] (1490–1494; 1610) [[Ahmednagar]] (1494–1600) [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (1499–1636, secondary capital) [[Paranda]] (1600–1610) [[Aurangabad]] (1610–1636)
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| common_languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] (language of the ruling class)
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = Sultan
| leader1 = [[Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1490–1510
| leader2 = [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1633–1636
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| stat_area4 =
| population_density3 =
| currency = Falus<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka, ''The coins of the Indian sultanates : covering the area of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh'' (New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001).</ref>
| s2 = Bijapur Sultanate
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
}}

The '''Ahmadnagar Sultanate''' was a medieval [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslim]] kingdom located in the northwestern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], between the sultanates of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], ruled by the '''Nizam Shahi dynasty'''.<ref group=n>{{langx|fa|{{nq|سلسله نظام شاهیان}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ-LPaYPFIQC&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri&pg=PA38 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume= 44 |page=38 |date=1875 |publisher= Bishop's College Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6l5rXRkpkFgC&dq=ahmadnagar+sultanate+indian+muslim&pg=PA246 |title= The Age of Reconnaissance |page= 246 |author= John Horace Parry |date= 1981 |publisher= the University of California Press |isbn= 9780520042353 }}</ref> It was established by [[Ahmad Nizam Shah|Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] in 1490. He was the son of Malik Hasan Bahri and was originally part of the Kulkarnis of [[Pathri]] in [[Marathwada]]. After serving as governor of [[Beed district|Beed]] and other districts, Malik Ahmad declared independence from the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]] and established Ahmadnagar Sultanate.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> Initially the capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed [[Shivneri]]. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital [[Ahmednagar]]. A land fort called [[Ahmednagar Fort|Ahmednagar]] [[Qila]] was the headquarters of the Ahmednagar Sultanate.

After Malik Ahmad's death in 1510, his young son [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] became ruler, converting to [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Isma'ili]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Islam]]. The dynasty played a major role in the Deccan region, including forming an alliance of Muslim sultanates that defeated the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] at the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565, where Sultan [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] personally beheaded [[Rama Raya]], the Vijayanagara regent. Subsequent rulers included [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]], who expanded the kingdom to its largest size and repelled a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion in 1586. Internal strife and assassinations marked later reigns, with regents like [[Chand Bibi]] and [[Malik Ambar]] defending the sultanate from Mughal attacks until Ahmadnagar was eventually conquered. In 1636 [[Aurangzeb]], then Mughal [[Subahdar|viceroy]] of the [[Deccan Subah|Deccan]], annexed the sultanate to the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was notable for its cultural contributions, including the earliest Deccan school of painting and extensive architectural works such as palaces (Farah Bakhsh Bagh, Hasht Bihisht Bagh), forts (Junnar/Shivneri, [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]), mosques, and tombs. The capital city Ahmadnagar was modeled after major [[Persianate society|Persianate]] cities and was considered highly impressive in its time. Malik Ambar is credited with building the [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira Fort]], which played a strategic role in regional defense.

==History==
[[File:Ahmednagar Fort Main Gate.jpg|thumb|190x190px|'''Ahmednagar Fort''']]

===Establishment===
[[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] who was the son of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri]] established the kingdom. His Family were the Kulkarnis of Pathri a town in Marathwada. Either as a result of religious persecution or famine, his ancestors came to Vijayanagar Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranade |first1=Mahadev Govind |title=Rise of the Maratha Power |date=1961 |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1961 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeC1AAAAIAAJ&q=+patri |quote=first Ahmednagar king was the son of a converted Brahman Kulkarni of Patri in Berar, whose family had entered the service of the Vijaynagar kings. The Brahman surname Bhairav became Behri the distinguishing title of these kings, and they so faithfully remembered their origin that they conquered Patri and gave it in inam to the Brahman Kulkarnis after a long struggle with the Berar rulers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shyam |first1=Radhey |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |year=2025|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|orig-year=1966 |isbn=9788120826519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&q=kulkarni |quote=His original name was Timma Bhat, and his father's name was Bhairon, a Kulkarni Brahman of Pathri}}</ref> Ahmed's father was made prime minister on the death of [[Mahmud Gawan]] and was made ''Malik Na'ib'' by [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]]. Soon after, he appointed Ahmed governor of [[Beed]] and other districts in the vicinity of [[Daulatabad Fort|Dowlutabad]]. After the death of his father, Ahmed assumed the titles of Nizam ul-Mulk Bahri from his father, the last signifying a falcon as Hasan had been falconer to the Sultan. Malik Ahmad the [[Bahmani kingdom|Bahmani]] governor of [[Junnar]] defended his province against incursions from the Sultan and his forces,{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=17–18}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1946|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan|oclc=3971780|pages=368–369}}</ref> successfully defeating a much larger army led by Sheikh Muaddi Arab in a night attack, an army of 18,000 led by Azmut-ul-Dabir and an army led by Bahmani general Jahangir Khan.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=31–33}} On 28 May 1490, Ahmad declared independence and established the Nizam Shahi dynasty's rule over a ''de facto'' independent Sultanate.<ref name="sen2"/> Initially his capital was in the town of Junnar with its fort, later renamed [[Shivneri]].{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=65}} In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital [[Ahmadnagar]].<ref name="EI3-Nizam">{{EI3|last=Fischel|first=Roy S.|title= Niẓām Shāhīs |year=2017|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-30117.xml}}</ref> After several attempts, he secured the great fortress of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in 1499.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=41}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=37}}

===Reigns of the successors of Malik Ahmad===
[[File:Battle of Talikota (detail).jpg|thumb|left|[[Rama Raya]]'s beheading in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565]]
After the death of Malik Ahmad in 1510, his son [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], a boy of seven, was installed on the throne. In the initial days of his reign, the control of the kingdom was in the hands of Mukammal Khan, an Ahmadnagar official and his son. Burhan converted to [[Nizari]] [[Isma'ili]] [[Shi'a]] Islam under the tutelage of [[Shah Tahir]], a refugee from Persia and court official who was head of the largest branch of Nizari Shi'ism at that time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |editor-last=Roxburgh |editor-first=David J. |title=Seeing the Past – Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod |publisher=Brill, Leiden |date=2014 |pages=110–127 |chapter=Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and sectarian affiliation in the kingdom of Ahmadnagar |isbn=9789004264021}}</ref> Burhan died in Ahmadnagar in 1553. He left six sons, of whom [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] succeeded him.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=420}}

Beginning in the 1560s, the ''de facto'' ruler of nearby [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Rama Raya]], made a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over [[Kalyan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shobhi|first=Prithvi Datta Chandra|date=2 January 2016|title=Kalyāṇa is Wrecked: The Remaking of a Medieval Capital in Popular Imagination|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327|journal=South Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=90–98|doi=10.1080/02666030.2016.1182327|s2cid=219697794|issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Efn|Kalyana was the capital of the [[Chalukyas]]. Rama Raya sought to control the territory in his bid to gain popular legitimacy by establishing himself as the true heir to Chalukya sovereignty and glory. Other examples included retrofitting of decayed Chalukya complexes and bringing back Chalukya festivals.|name=|group=}} and conducted diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures. In response, four of the five Deccan Muslim sultans—namely [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and [[Ali Adil Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar and [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] to the west, [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] in the center, and [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] of [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]] to the east—united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Rama Raya in late January 1565 at [[Talikoti|Talikota]]. Hussain was a leading figurehead of the [[Deccan sultanates]] during the [[Battle of Talikota|ensuing battle]]. Afterwards, Rama Raya was beheaded by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself.<ref>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (12 April 2012). "Courtly Insults". Courtly Encounters : Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. Harvard University Press. pp. 34–102. {{doi|10.4159/harvard.9780674067363.c2}}. {{ISBN|978-0-674-06736-3}}.</ref>

After the death of Hussain in 1565, his minor son [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]] ascended the throne. During his minority, his mother Khanzada Humayun ruled as a regent for several years. Murtaza Shah annexed [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] in 1574, bringing the sultanate to its territorial zenith.<ref name="EI3-Nizam"/> Murtaza launched an unsuccessful campaign into Bijapur in 1580, following the death of sultan [[Ali Adil Shah I]] earlier that year.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=428}} In 1586, Ahmadnagar faced an invasion by [[Akbar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]; Mughal forces approached the capital, but were dispelled, choosing to withdraw to the recently annexed [[Ellichpur]], whereupon the city was sacked and razed. The Mughals were then fully expelled from Ahmadnagar territory, the invasion ultimately ending in Mughal humiliation.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=131}} Amid falling stability in the Sultanate as a result of mismanaged factional relations, Murtaza was murdered by his son Miran Hussain in 1588, who succeeded him and ascended the throne.<ref name="EI3-Nizam"/> His reign could however last only a little more than ten months as he was imprisoned. Ismail, a cousin of Miran Hussain was raised to the throne, but actual power was in the hands of Jamal Khan, the leader of the [[Habshi]] group in the court. He was the leader of the [[Mahdawi movement]], and aggressively propagated the faith while in power.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=204–210}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=426–429}}

Ismail Nizam Shah's unpopular reign proved short. Jamal Khan was killed in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591 and soon Ismail was also captured and confined by his father Burhan, who ascended the throne as [[Burhan Nizam Shah II]]. He outlawed Mahdawia and reinstated Shi'ism as the state religion. Following Burhan's death, a civil war broke out which was eventually won by his sister, [[Chand Bibi]]. She ascended the throne as regent for the new infant sultan and her grand-nephew, [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]], then repelled an invasion by the [[Mughal Empire]] with reinforcements from the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and [[Golconda Sultanate]]s. After the death of Chand Bibi in July 1600, Ahmadnagar was conquered by the Mughals and the Sultan was imprisoned.<ref name="EI3-Nizam"/>{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=430–435}}

===Malik Ambar and the demise of the sultanate===
[[File:Murtaza Nizam Shah II and Malik Ambar.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] with [[Malik Ambar]]]]
Despite Ahmadnagar city being incorporated into the Mughal Empire, much of the former kingdom still remained in the possession of influential officials of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. [[Malik Ambar]] and other Ahmadnagar officials defied the Mughals and declared [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] as sultan in 1600 at a new capital in [[Paranda]]. Malik Ambar became prime minister and [[Vekil|''vekīl-us-saltanat'']] of Ahmadnagar.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=435–436}} Later, the capital was shifted, first to Junnar and [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]] and then to a new city called Khadki (later [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]).{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=xxiv}}

After the death of Malik Ambar in May 1626, his son [[Fath Khan]] surrendered to the Mughals in the [[siege of Daulatabad (1633)|siege of Daulatabad]] in 1633 and handed over the young Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah, who was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior. But soon, [[Shahaji]], a jagirdar and general of the sultanate at that time, with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] on the throne and he became the regent of the sultanate. In 1636, [[Aurangzeb]], then Mughal viceroy of Deccan, finally defeated Shahaji and partitioned the sultanate between the Mughal Empire and the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]].<ref name="EI3-Nizam"/>{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=444–445}}

===Revenue system of Malik Ambar===
The revenue system introduced by Malik Ambar was based on the revenue system introduced in Northern India and some parts of Gujarat and Khandesh [[Subah (province)|subahs]] by Raja [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]]. Lands were classified as good or bad according to their fertility and he took a number of years to ascertain accurately the average yield of lands. He abolished the revenue farming. At first, revenue was fixed as two-fifths of the actual produce in kind, but later the cultivators were allowed to pay in cash equivalent to approximately one-third of the yield. Although an average rent was fixed for each plot of land, actual collections depended on the conditions of crops and they varied from year to year.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=444}}

== Culture ==
=== Art ===
{{Main|Deccan painting}}

[[File:ExecutionOfLodiAndSupporters-Padshahnama.jpg|thumb|upright|The treacherous [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Khan Jahan Lodi was executed in the year 1630, for covertly allying himself with [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]], against the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=History of India|author=Jayapalan, N.|date=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|isbn=9788171569281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC|page=167|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>]]
Under the reigns of successive rulers of the dynasty, architecture and art flourished in the kingdom. The earliest extant school of [[Deccan painting|painting in the Deccan sultanates]] is from Ahmadnagar.<ref name="michell_274" /> Several palaces, such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh,<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Change and Memory in Farah Bagh, Ahmadnagar" in ''Journal of Deccan Studies'', v. 5 no. 2 (Jul–Dec 2007), pp. 59–77.</ref> the [[Hasht Bihisht Bagh]], Lakkad Mahal were built, as were tombs, mosques and other buildings.<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Architecture of the Nizam Shahs" in Helen Philon (ed.), ''Silent Splendour: Palaces of the Deccan, 14th – 19th centuries'' (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2010).</ref> Many forts of the Deccan, such as the fort of [[Junnar]] (later renamed [[Shivneri]]), [[Paranda]], [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]], [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]], [[Lohagad]], etc. were greatly improved under their reign. Daulatabad, which was their secondary capital, was also heavily fortified and constructed in their reign.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|author1-link=Pushkar Sohoni|title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar|date=2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House; Deccan Heritage Foundation|location=Mumbai; London|isbn=9788184957020}}</ref> Literature was heavily patronised in the kingdom, as seen through manuscripts such as the ''Tarif-i Husain Shah Badshah-i Dakan''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aftabi|editor1-last=Mate|editor1-first=M.S.|editor2-last=Kulkarni|editor2-first=G.T.|title=Tarif-i-Husain Shah, Badshah Dakhan|date=1987|publisher=Bharat Itihas Samshodhan Mandal|location=Pune}}</ref> Sanskrit scholarship was also given a boost under their rule, as demonstrated by the works of Sabaji Pratap<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gode|first1=P.K.|title=Sabaji Prataparaja, a protege of Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, and his works between 1500 and 1560|journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly|date=1944|volume=20|page=96}}</ref> and Bhanudatta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Bhanudatta|editor1-last=Pollock|editor1-first=Sheldon|title='Bouquet of rasa' & 'River of rasa'|date=2009|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780814767559}}</ref> The city of Ahmadnagar, founded by the Nizam Shahs, was described as being comparable to Cairo and Baghdad, within a few years of its construction.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=38}} It was modelled along the great cities of the Persianate world, given the Shi'i leanings of the dynasty.<ref>[[Pushkar Sohoni]]. "Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and Sectarian Affiliation in the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar" in David Roxburgh (ed.), ''Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in honor of Renata Holod'' (Leiden: Brill, 2014).</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan sultanates}}

[[File:Magnificent view of Farah Bagh, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.jpg|A view of the Farah Bagh built by the Nizam Shahs|thumb]]
[[File:Tomb_Of_Salabat_Khan_II_.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Tomb Of Salabat Khan II also called [[Tomb of Salabat Khan II|Chandbiwi's Mahal]] after [[Chand Bibi]].|The Tomb Of Salabat Khan II also called [[Tomb of Salabat Khan II|Chandbiwi's Mahal]] after [[Chand Bibi]].]]
A number of palaces such as the Farah Bakhsh Bagh, Ahmadnagar Fort, [[Hasht Bihisht Bagh]], and Manjarsumbah are in and around Ahmadnagar city. There exist tombs of nobles like Salabat Khan and Changiz Khan, and also of saints like Shah Sharif and Bava Bangali.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}

Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira Fort]] in the Murud Area of present-day [[Maharashtra]] India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sohoni|first=Pushkar|chapter=The Fort of Janjira|title=African Rulers and Generals in India|publisher=University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center|year=2020|location=Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad|pages=167–183}}</ref> After its construction in 1567 AD, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kainthla|first=Anita|date=Aug 2011|title=The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira|journal=India Currents|volume=25|issue=5|pages=56–57|id={{ProQuest|}}}}</ref>

''Farah Bagh'' (also called as ''Faria Bagh'') is situated in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is a palace build by Nizam Shahi rulers in Ahmednagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/how-16th-century-ahmednagar-palace-in-maharashtra-stayed-cool-in-summer/story-qAKzMj36SLpmGDxcIB5lwL.html|title=How 16th-century Ahmednagar palace in Maharashtra stayed cool in summer|date=26 May 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC&dq=Farah+bagh++Ahmednagar&pg=PA11 | title=The New Cambridge History of India: 1. The Portuguese in India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=George Michell | year=1987 | isbn=0521563216 |accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=M.|last2=Kumar|first2=S Vinodh|date=8 May 2019|title=Architechtural features and characterization of 16th century Indian Monument Farah Bagh, Ahmed Nagar, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332935786|journal=International Journal of Architectural Heritage|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1398–1411 |doi=10.1080/15583058.2019.1610524|s2cid=164648431}}</ref>
Farah Bagh was the centrepiece of a huge palacial complex completed in 1583. It were the special possessions of the royal household and Murtaza [[Nizam]] Shah often retired here to play chess with a Delhi singer whom he called Fateh Shah and also built for him a separate mahal called ''Lakad Mahal'' in the garden.

== List of rulers ==
{{Main|List of sultans of Ahmednagar Sultanate}}

The following is the list of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar:<ref name="michell_274">Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. ''Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates'' (''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]'' Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-56321-6}}, p. 274</ref>
# [[Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] (1490–1510)
# [[Burhan Shah I|Burhan Nizam Shah I]] (1510–1553)
# [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] (1553–1565)
# [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]] (1565–1588)
# [[Hussain Nizam Shah II]] (1588–1589)
# [[Ismail Nizam Shah]] (1589–1591)
# [[Burhan Nizam Shah II]] (1591–1595)
# [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]] (1595–1600; under the regency of his great-aunt [[Chand Bibi]])
# [[Ahmad Nizam Shah II]] (1596)
# [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] (1600–1610)
# [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]] (1610–1631)
# [[Hussain Nizam Shah III]] (1631–1633)
# [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]] (1633–1636).

==Genealogy of House of Nizam-Shahi==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Nizam-Shahi}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FFD700|#white; border-width:2px}} Ahmadnagar Sultanate
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Ahmad Nizam Shah|Ahmad I Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1490|1510}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Burhan Nizam Shah I|Burhan I Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1510|1553}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Hussain Nizam Shah I|Husayn I Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1553|1565}}
|A02=Shah-Ali
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah I|Murtada I Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1565|1588}}
|A02='''[[Burhan Nizam Shah II|Burhan II Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1591|1595}}
|A03='''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah II|Murtada II Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1600|1610}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | | | | |
|A01='''Husayn II Nizam-Shah''' {{r.|1588|1589}}
|A02='''Isma'il Nizam-Shah''' {{r.|1589|1591}}
|A03='''Ibrahim Nizam-Shah''' {{r.|1595|1596}}
|A04='''[[Burhan Nizam Shah III|Burhan III Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1610|1631}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |
|A01='''Ahmad Nizam-Shah''' {{r.|1596|1596}}
|A02='''[[Bahadur Nizam Shah|Bahadur Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1596|1600}}
|A03='''Husayn III Nizam-Shah''' {{r.|1631|1633}}
|A04='''[[Murtaza Nizam Shah III|Murtada III Nizam-Shah]]''' {{r.|1633|1636}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ |title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan |first=Roy S. |last=Fischel |date=2020 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9781474436090}}
* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
* {{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|date=1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120826519}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sohoni |first1=Pushkar |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |title-link=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate |date=2018 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=9780755606795}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). [http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071 "Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073435/http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071 |date=31 October 2013 }}. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
* Sohoni, Pushkar (2015), ''Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar'', Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House; London: Deccan Heritage Foundation, {{ISBN|9788184957020}}.
* Chopra, R.M. (2012), ''The Rise, Growth And Decline in Indo-Persian Literature'', Iran Culture House, New Delhi, Chapter on "Persian Literature in Ahmadnagar Sultanate".

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1490]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1636]]
[[Category:Ahmadnagar Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:History of Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Sapthami Gowda

2026-03-07T07:53:55Z

Mlzsgondia: basic updated intro per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sapthami Gowda
| image = Kantara-Success-Meet-21b323d.jpg
| caption = Gowda at Kantara success meet
| native_name_lang = ಸಪ್ತಮಿ ಗೌಡ
[[File:Kantara-Success-Meet-21b323d.jpg|thumb|Kantara-Success-Meet-21b323d.jpg]]
| birth_name = Sapthami Gowda
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|06|08}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| education = [[B.Tech.]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2020–present
| parents = [[S. K. Umesh|S.K. Umesh Gowda]] (father)
| relatives =
}}
'''Sapthami Gowda''' (born 8 June 1996) is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Kannada cinema]]. She made her acting debut with the 2020 film ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]'' directed by [[Duniya Suri]] and is known for her role of Leela in ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'', directed by [[Rishab Shetty]] in 2022. She is a recipient of a [[Filmfare Award South]] and two [[SIIMA]] Awards.

== Early life ==
Sapthami was born in [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Provoke Lifestyle |url=https://provokelifestyle.in/the-sporty-star-sapthami-gowda/ |language=en}}</ref> to [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] [[S. K. Umesh|S. K. Umesh Gowda]] and Shanta Gowda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/photo-gallery/sapthami-gowda-shares-photos-with-father-umesh-sk-doddi-110770 |title=Sapthami Gowda : ತಂದೆಯ ಜೊತೆ ಸಪ್ತಮಿಗೌಡ.. ಎಸ್‌.ಕೆ. ಉಮೇಶ್‌ ಯಾರು ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Zeenews}}</ref> She studied at [[Baldwin Girls' High School]] and at Sri Kumaran Composite Junior College in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provoke Lifestyle |url=https://provokelifestyle.in/the-sporty-star-sapthami-gowda/ |language=en}}</ref> She then completed her graduation in Civil Engineering from the [[Bangalore Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Provoke Lifestyle |url=https://provokelifestyle.in/the-sporty-star-sapthami-gowda/ |language=en}}</ref> She is trained in [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and has won several medals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Kantara girl Sapthami Gowda is a National gold medalist in swimming? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/did-you-know-kantara-girl-sapthami-gowda-is-a-national-gold-medalist-in-swimming/f934123d49405 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

Gowda made her acting debut in the 2020 Kannada movie ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]'' directed by [[Duniya Suri|Duniya suri]] co-starring [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] which opened to mixed reviews from audience. She then was seen playing the role of Leela in the Blockbuster movie [[Kantara (film)|Kantara]] which brought her into the limelight and was praised for essaying the role of village girl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Movie Review: Rishab Shetty offers a brilliant experience that should not be missed in theatres |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/showbuzz/reviews/story/kantara-movie-review-rishab-shetty-achyuth-kumar-sapthami-gowda-2284306-2022-10-12 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=India Today |date=12 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She was next seen in ''[[Yuva (2023 film)|Yuva]]'' directed by [[Santhosh Ananddram]] co-starring debutant Yuva Rajkumar (son of [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Kantara Actress Sapthami Gowda Joins The Cast Of Film Yuva, Has This To Say |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-actress-sapthami-gowda-joins-the-cast-of-film-yuva-has-this-to-say-7251505.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Initial talks are in place that she might be a potential heroine in the upcoming movie 'Kaali' directed by [[S. Krishna]] alongside [[Abhishek Ambareesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapthami Gowda to star alongside Abhishek Ambareesh in Krishna's 'Kaali' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/nov/19/sapthami-gowda-to-star-alongside-abhishek-ambareesh-in-krishnas-kaali-2519734.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 November 2022 }}</ref>

She made her [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut through the 2023 movie ''[[The Vaccine War]]'' directed by [[Vivek Agnihotri]]. The movie opened to mixed reviews and her role had a minimal scope but yet was given the appropriate appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vaccine War Review: Vivek Agnihotri's film is relevant but not without flaws |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-vaccine-war-review-vivek-agnihotri-film-is-relevant-but-not-without-flaws-2441496-2023-09-28 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=India Today |date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Sapthami will be making her debut in Telugu cinema opposite [[Nithiin|Nithin]] in the film ''Thamuudu'' directed by [[Venu Sriram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2023-09-13 |title=Nithiin's "Thammudu" reveals star-studded cast: Sapthami Gowda and Laya in key roles |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/nithiins-thammudu-reveals-star-studded-cast-sapthami-gowda-laya-key-roles-862443 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Other work ==
She has been appointed as the ambassador of the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government's]] "Nanna Maithri" scheme which enables distribution of menstrual cups to adolescent girls across Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J A |first=Naina |title=15,000 menstrual cups to be distributed under Shuchi–'Nanna Maithri' on Sept 11 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/15000-menstrual-cups-to-be-distributed-under-shuchinanna-maithri-on-sept-11-2680312 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She was also appointed as Brand ambassador for the 3rd T-20 World Cup edition of the Blind cricket 2022, organized by the Samarthanam Trust for blind, a non-profit working to empower those with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2022 |first=Y Maheswara |last=Reddy |title=Walk for visually impaired cricketers |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/walk-for-visually-impaired-cricketers/articleshow/95589359.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu360 |date=2023-11-27 |title=Kantara girl in Nithiin's Next |url=https://www.telugu360.com/kantara-girl-in-nithiins-next/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
| Girija
| rowspan="2" | [[Kannada Language| Kannada]]
| Debut film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/mar/07/i-am-preparing-to-give-my-hundred-per-cent-for-yuva-2553777.html|title='I am preparing to give my hundred per cent for Yuva'|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| Leela
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/24/it-was-a-matter-of-pride-to-play-a-forest-guardsapthami-gowda-2501230.html|title='It was a matter of pride to play a forest guard': Sapthami Gowda|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Vaccine War]]''
| Dr. Sreelakshmy Mohandas
| [[Hindi language | Hindi]]
| Hindi Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/jan/13/kantara-famesapthami-gowda-to-debut-in-hindi-with-the-vaccine-war-2537576.html |title='Kantara'-fame Sapthami Gowda to debut in Hindi with 'The Vaccine War' |website=New Indian Express|date=13 January 2023 |language=en |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-15 |title=Vivek Ranjan Agnihotri's 'The Vaccine War' to release in September, teaser out |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vivek-ranjan-agnihotris-the-vaccine-war-to-release-in-september-teaser-out/articleshow/102744448.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815105654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vivek-ranjan-agnihotris-the-vaccine-war-to-release-in-september-teaser-out/articleshow/102744448.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]''
| Siri
| Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kantara' Actress Saptami Gowda Joins Cast Of Upcoming Hombale Film 'Yuva' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-kantara-actress-saptami-gowda-joins-cast-of-upcoming-hombale-film-yuva--news-267852 |website=Outlook India|date=6 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| ''[[Thammudu (2025 film)|Thammudu]]''
| Ratna
| [[Telugu language | Telugu]]
| Telugu Debut
|
|-
|''[[Shodha]]''
|Devika
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|Web series
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-20 |title="Shodha gave me the scope to go intense and truly perform," says, Pawan Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/kannada/shodha-gave-me-the-scope-to-go-intense-and-truly-perform-says-pawan-kumar/articleshow/123404178.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
|''[[The Rise of Ashoka]]''
| Ambika
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-06-16 |title=The Rise of Ashoka wraps filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jun/16/the-rise-of-ashoka-wraps-filming |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
| rowspan="3"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada|Best Female Debut – Kannada]]
| ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-09-21|title=SIIMA Awards 2020: Dhananjay best actor and Love Mocktail best film among Kannada winners|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/siima-2020-awards-list-dhananjay-best-actor-and-love-mocktail-best-movie-rmd-271969.html/amp|website=TV9 Kannada|date=20 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Critics Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67186.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress - Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11354885}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Sapthami}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]

Angane Thudangi

2026-03-07T04:59:53Z

Mlzsgondia: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ala Modalaindi#Malayalam dubbed soundtrack]]

{{R to section}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romance films]]
[[Category:2011 musical films]]

Land, Guns, Caste, Woman

2026-03-04T17:11:59Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding basic entry first draft

{{Short description|Memoir}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Land, Guns, Caste, Woman: The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary
| image = File:Land, Guns, Caste, Woman book cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Gita Ramaswamy]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Activism, caste, gender, Naxalism
| genre = Memoir
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]]
| published = 2022
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 427
| isbn = 978-81-948654-1-4
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Land, Guns, Caste, Woman: The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary''''' is a memoir by Indian activist and publisher [[Gita Ramaswamy]], published in 2022 by [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]].<ref name="Kandasamy2022">{{Cite news |last=Kandasamy |first=Meena |date=17 June 2022 |title=Gita Ramaswamy's Land Guns Caste Woman review: The voice of a revolutionary |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/gita-ramaswamy-land-guns-caste-woman-book-review-meena-kandasamy/article65522968.ece |access-date=29 April 2025 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122080806/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/gita-ramaswamy-land-guns-caste-woman-book-review-meena-kandasamy/article65522968.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It chronicles Ramaswamy's journey from her involvement in the Naxalite movement during India's Emergency (1975–1977) to her grassroots activism with landless Dalits in Ibrahimpatnam, Telangana, in the 1980s.<ref name="Ramachandran2022" /> The memoir, written in a reflective first-person narrative, explores themes of caste, gender, class, and critiques of the Indian Left and judicial system.<ref name="Frontline2022" /> It has been praised for its candid storytelling and historical insights but critiqued for limited exploration of personal relationships.<ref name="Kandasamy2022" />

== Summary ==
''Land, Guns, Caste, Woman'' details Gita Ramaswamy's life as a Tamil Brahmin woman who rejected her orthodox upbringing to pursue activism.<ref name="Ramachandran2022">{{Cite web |last=Loomba |first=Ania |date=26 April 2022 |title=Gita Ramaswamy's 'memoir of a lapsed revolutionary' is a throwback to a remarkable life |url=https://scroll.in/article/1024407/this-memoir-is-a-rich-meditation-on-the-problems-and-possibilities-of-political-and-social-change |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206052255/https://scroll.in/article/1024407/this-memoir-is-a-rich-meditation-on-the-problems-and-possibilities-of-political-and-social-change |url-status=live }}</ref> As a teenager, she resisted her family's attempts to suppress her Naxalist sympathies through shock treatment and sedation.<ref name="Kandasamy2022" /> During India's Emergency (1975–1977), she went underground with her husband, Cyril Reddy, and taught English in a Dalit basti in Ghaziabad.<ref name="Frontline2022">{{Cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title='Land, Guns, Caste, Woman' by Gita Ramaswamy showcases a fearless activist |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/book-review-land-guns-caste-woman-by-gita-ramaswamy-showcases-a-fearless-activist/article65771737.ece |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> Disillusioned by the hierarchical structure of the Marxist–Leninist movement, she distanced herself from it.<ref name="Sengupta2022" /> In the 1980s, Ramaswamy worked with the Ibrahimpatnam Taluk Vyavasaya Karmika Sangam (ITVCS) in Telangana, aiding landless Dalits in reclaiming 14,000 acres of land and securing fair wages and freedom from bonded labour.<ref name="Ramachandran2022" /> She also founded the Hyderabad Book Trust in 1980, which published over 400 affordable Telugu books.<ref name="Frontline2022" /> The memoir reflects on her Savarna privilege, mental health struggles, and critiques of the Indian Left and judiciary.<ref name="Kandasamy2022" />

== Development and release ==
Ramaswamy wrote the memoir to document her experiences and the collective struggles of the ITVCS, collaborating with Sangam colleagues to reconstruct the movement's history.<ref name="Sengupta2022">{{Cite news |last=Sriram |first=M. S|date=26 May 2022 |title=Activism outside a straitjacket |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/activism-outside-a-straitjacket-122052601719_1.html |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> Published by Navayana, a publisher focused on Dalit literature, the book aligns with its mission to amplify marginalized voices.<ref name="Frontline2022" /> The title reflects the themes of land struggles, violence, caste oppression, and gender dynamics.<ref name="Kandasamy2022" /> The hardcover edition, spanning 427 pages, was released in 2022 and endorsed by figures such as [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd]], and former Chief Justice of India [[N. V. Ramana]].<ref name="Ramachandran2022" />

== Critical reception ==
The memoir received praise for its engaging and honest narrative. Meena Kandasamy, writing in ''[[The Hindu]]'', described it as a "fierce critique" of the Indian Left and judiciary, commending its emotional depth and focus on grassroots struggles.<ref name="Kandasamy2022" /> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Ramaswamy as an "engaging raconteur" whose self-reflexivity highlighted her privileges and failings, making it a compelling account of social movements.<ref name="HindustanTimes2022">{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Review: Land, Guns, Caste, Woman; The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary by Gita Ramaswamy |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-land-guns-caste-woman-the-memoir-of-a-lapsed-revolutionary-by-gita-ramaswamy-101663329606731.html |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' noted its relevance for contemporary activists, emphasizing Ramaswamy's critique of revolutionary violence and her use of privilege to challenge exploitation.<ref name="Frontline2022" /> [[Scroll.in]] called it a "rich meditation on the problems and possibilities of political and social change".<ref name="Ramachandran2022" /> ''[[Business Standard]]'' appreciated its honesty but felt the political critique sometimes overshadowed personal introspection.<ref name="Sengupta2022" /> ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' praised its discussion of mental health among activists but suggested deeper exploration was needed.<ref name="Menon2022">{{Cite news |last=Hensman |first=Rohini |date=2022 |title=A Life Dedicated to Land, Labour and Dalit Rights |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/books/gita-ramaswamy-land-guns-caste-woman-memoir-review |access-date=29 April 2025 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627233011/https://m.thewire.in/article/books/gita-ramaswamy-land-guns-caste-woman-memoir-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Google Books|id=aDI2zwEACAAJ|title=Land, Guns, Caste, Woman: The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about activists]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Books about women in India]]

Neethi (1972 film)

2026-03-04T04:53:30Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding some article w/ infobox

{{short description|1972 Tamil film by C. V. Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neethi
| image = Neethi 1972 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| story = Virendra Sinha
| producer = [[K. Balaji]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| cinematography = Masthan
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sujatha Cine Arts
| released = {{film date|1972|12|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neethi''''' ({{translation|Justice}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced by [[K. Balaji]] and directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]]. A remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Dushmun]]'' (1971),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=409 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref> it stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]]. The film revolves around a truck driver who is forced to [[Restorative justice|provide for the family of a man he accidentally killed]]. ''Neethi'' was released on 7 December 1972 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
Raja is a rash truck driver who often drives intoxicated. One night he stops at a prostitute's house for the night, then awakens late in the morning. He drives his truck at breakneck speed in thick fog to make up for lost time, drinking once again. He runs over and kills a farmer, but instead of fleeing in a [[hit and run]] opportunity, Raja stays to face the consequences. He is arrested by police and brought before the court.

Raja acknowledges his guilt to the judge who knows that he should be sent to prison for two years. Instead, the judge is moved by the plight of the farmer's family which includes his widow Seetha, a sister, two young children, a weak father and a blind mother. They believe that imprisonment serves no good for the victim or the perpetrator. The judge decides to try a novel experiment by forcing Raja to live with the farmer's family and look after their financial needs. Horrified, Raja tries in vain to convince the judge to change his ruling. Raja is transported to his new "prison" under police protection, where he must meet the hostile villagers. The farmer's family abhors his presence and call him a murderer. Raja tries to escape from the family the first night, but is apprehended and brought back to the house to serve his time.

Raja comes to terms with the twist of fate that has forced him to become a subsistence farmer and live under the unforgiving eyes of the farmer's family. Over time, he started sincerely working for the family and its interests. He meets Radha [[Jayalalithaa]], a happy-go-lucky girl who operates a small bi-scope machine to entertain the village kids. They take an instant liking to each other, which blossoms into love. He also finds friends among the previously hostile villagers Ponnamma. Raja works hard on the family land while protecting it from the clutches of a local landlord [[R.S.Manohar]] who has ill-intentioned designs on the land and on the farmer's sister.

Surmounting many obstacles, Raja arranged the marriage of the sister with her childhood sweetheart. With the help of a benevolent police force and the judge, Raja thwarted attempts by the landlord to seize the family's land and that of other villagers who have mortgaged their land with him. The farmer's widow, however, can not forgive Raja for having killed her husband.

Things take a dramatic turn for the worse when Raja is framed and arrested for the accidental death of Radha's drunken grandfather. At the same time, the landlord has the lush harvest produced by Raja and other villagers covertly set ablaze and has Radha kidnapped, primarily to punish Raja. The widow who has been working in the landlord's Ice Factory thinking, he is an honourable man, witnessed the misdeeds of the landlord and finally realised his mistake. She rescues Radha, but is instead trapped by the landlord, who tries to rape her. Meanwhile, Raja stages an escape from his holding cell with the help of Radha, and comes to Seetha's rescue in the nick of time. He confronts the landlord and violently assaults him as payback. The Police show up and arrest the landlord for his role in defrauding the villagers and destroying their harvest.

The deceased farmer's family finally accepted Raja as one of their own and arranged his marriage with Radha. Finally, Raja completed his two years imprisonment successfully. Police arrive to escort him back to town. He asks the judge to let him serve a life sentence, and the judge smiles, justifying that his experiment has been successful. In the end, villagers welcome Raja and celebrate him. The children and the dog reunite with Raja. The family members of the deceased farmer and Ponnamma are reunited. Furthermore, Radha and Raja are united.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Raja
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Radha
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Seetha
* [[K. Balaji]] as Inspector Sankar
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Advocate Chakravarthi
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Velu
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Maragatham
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Nagalingam
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Nallakannu
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Eattu Kannaiya
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ponnamma
* [[V. Nagayya]] as High Court Judge
* [[T. K. Balachandran]] as Ragu
* Jaya Kowsalya as Kamala
* Baby Indira as Sumathi
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Maruthappan
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Record Rani
* K. Kannan as Moiner
* [[Usilai Mani]] as Chettiyar
* Rama Rao as Iyer
* I.S.R as Lorry Cleaner
}}

== Production ==
During filming, Manorama was ill with fever one day, but voluntarily took part in filming that day to avoid production delays, despite Ganesan asking to postpone the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K R |first=Manigandan |date=10 November 2015 |title=Very Difficult to Smile When in Pain...But Aachi Did it |pages=2 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/nov/10/very-difficult-to-smile-when-in-pain...but-aachi-did-it-841134.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708122234/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/nov/10/Very-Difficult-to-Smile-When-in-Pain...But-Aachi-Did-it-841134.html |archive-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 1972 |title=Neethi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neethi/-c1t,6yxwJU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008115045/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neethi/-c1t,6yxwJU_ |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Engaladhu Bhoomi"
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]], Kovai Soundararajan, Veeramani, [[J. P. Chandrababu]] & [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-
| "Naalai Mudhal Kudikka"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Mappilaiya Paathukkadi Maina"
| T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Odudhu Paar"
| P. Susheela
|-
| "Kalyanathula Melam"
| P. Susheela
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Neethi'' was released on 7 December 1972,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624160454/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2011 |title=சிவாஜp - பாலாஜp கூட்டணியில் உருவான காவியங்கள் |url=http://archives.thinakaran.lk/Vaaramanjari/2011/12/04/?fn=s11120416&p=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055912/https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/r/collect?v=1&aip=1&t=dc&_r=3&tid=UA-3756696-1&cid=836589090.1623477553&jid=1588638048&_v=5.7.2&z=181734148 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=[[Thinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kumudam]]'' positively reviewed the film, especially for the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1972 |title=நீதி |url=https://ibb.co/GJx1NhV |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kumudam]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830052211/https://ibb.co/GJx1NhV |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' also praised the cast performances and Rajendran's direction, but criticised the film for being a near [[shot-for-shot]] remake of ''Dushmun''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 December 1972 |title=நீதி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/dec/24-12-1972/p27.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726105302/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/dec/24-12-1972/p27.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1427088}}

{{C. V. Rajendran}}

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Love (1991 Indian film)

2026-03-03T23:38:05Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding first stub and citations

{{Short description|1991 Hindi film by Suresh Krissna}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love
| image = Love (1991).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| producer = Shyam Bajaj
| writer = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| starring = [[Salman Khan]] [[Revathi]]
| based_on = ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]'' (Telugu)
| music = [[Anand-Milind]] [[Ilaiyaraaja]] (Uncredited)
| cinematography = S. M. Anwar
| editing = [[M. S. Shinde]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1991|11|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Love''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Suresh Krissna]], starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Revathi]] (in her Hindi debut) in the lead roles. It is the remake of Suresh Krissna's [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-10-25/Dont-love-me-so-much-please/182317|title=Don't love me so much, please…|date=25 October 2015|website=The Hans India|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> It could not repeat the original's success and ended up as an average grosser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-wants-remake-of-his-1991-movie-love-it-was-a-beautiful-film-1526737-2019-05-16|title=Salman Khan wants remake of his 1991 movie Love: It was a beautiful film|date=16 May 2019|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The makers changed the tragic climax from the original film to a happy ending. This movie is also remembered for the romantic song "Saathiya Tune Kya Kiya."

==Plot==
Jailed as a juvenile for killing his abusive father (Sudhir Kumar), who is responsible for his mother's [[suicide]], Prithvi ([[Salman Khan]]) is unable to stand any atrocity. He meets Maggie Pinto ([[Revathi Menon]]) and after a few chance meetings, they fall in love. Maggie takes Prithvi to meet her parents, but they reject him after learning about his criminal past. When Maggie and Prithvi persist, Maggie's mother, Stella Pinto ([[Rita Bhaduri]]), calls the police and has Prithvi jailed. Guruji ([[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]) comes to Prithvi's aid and bails him out. Prithvi and Maggie continue their courtship, but Stella finds out and intervenes, sending goons to attack Prithvi, during which Maggie is injured. How this affects everyone close to her is the crux of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Salman Khan]] as Prithvi Pandith
* [[Revathi]] as Maggie Pinto
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] aa Guruji
* Babloo Mukherjee as Prithvi's Friend
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as John Pinto
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Stella Pinto
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Prithvi's mother
* [[Bhagwandas Mulchand Luthria|Sudhir]] as Prithvi's Father

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer = [[Anand–Milind]]
| prev_title = Lahu Luhan
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = Mohabbat Mohabbatein
| next_year = 1991
}}

The songs are based on the original music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the Telugu movie ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]''. It was released on Venus Records & Tapes, and composed by [[Anand–Milind]] and lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "I Am Sorry"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "My Love, Meri Priyatama"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| "We Are Made For Each Other"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| "Aaja Aaja, Give Me A Kiss"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| "Saathiya, Tune Kya Kiya"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| "Aayi Bahar"
| [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0392360}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Swarg Narak

2026-03-03T23:25:43Z

Mlzsgondia: reworked citations additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swarg Narak
| image = Swarg Narak, 1978 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| producer = [[B.Nagi Reddy]]
| writer = Raj Baldev Raj {{small|(Dialogue)}}
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao
| story = Dasari Narayana Rao
| starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] [[Shabana Azmi]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = P.L. Rai
| editing = K Balu
| studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Swarg Narak''''' ({{translation|''Heaven and Hell''}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=swargam+narakam+times+of+india&pg=RA1-PA1994-IA71|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|first1=Ashish|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first2=Paul|last2=Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943257|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dasari-narayana-rao-the-original-trendsetter/article18664843.ece|title=Dasari: The original trendsetter|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=31 May 2017|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Produced by [[B. Nagi Reddi]] under the Vijaya Productions banner, the film features [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], and [[Shabana Azmi]]. The music was composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]]. The film is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Swargam Narakam]]'' (1975) made by the same director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-swarg-narak-1978/article6485073.ece|title=Blast from the Past: Swarg Narak (1978)|first=Aps|last=Malhotra|date=9 October 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swarg Narak on Bollywood hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/3980/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706183838/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/3980/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2008 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=}}</ref> ''Swarg Narak'' was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-30 |title=Dasari Narayana Rao - the Bollywood side of his multi-faceted career |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dasari-narayana-rao-the-bollywood-side-of-his-multi-faceted-career/articleshow/58915451.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Remake Rights of this film are now owned by Glamour Eyes Films.

==Plot==
This is the story of three couples. The first couple is that of Tripathi ([[Sanjeev Kumar]]), who always takes advantage of others' mistakes and position and earns money and his wife Mary. The second one is that of Geeta ([[Shabana Azmi]]) and Romeo Vinod ([[Vinod Mehra]]), while the jealous and possessive Shobha ([[Moushumi Chatterjee]]) and Vicky Kapoor ([[Jeetendra]]) form the third one.

The first couple is a happily married one. The second couple stays with Vinod's mother ([[Kamini Kaushal]]). Vinod spends a lot of time with Leena ([[Prema Narayan]]) and attending late night parties while Geeta patiently awaits her husband every night. Once Shobha happens to see Vicky with Radha ([[Tanuja]]), she assumes they are having an affair and pesters Vicky about it. When Vicky denies it, she leaves him. On the other hand, Vinod decides to leave the house, but destiny plays its role. He meets with an accident and during his recovery period, Geeta proves how important she is for him. He repents and completely changes into a new soft-spoken and good man. On the other hand, Shobha spoils her own relationship to such a stage that Vicky is compelled to leave his house after Radha's tragic death. At this juncture, Tripathi steps in to mend the couple. Some of the events that follow are hilarious sequences. Whether Tripathi is successful in mending these couples forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Pandit Sohanlal Tripathi
*[[Jeetendra]] as Mohan "Micky" Kapoor
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Vinod
*[[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Shobha Mohan Kapoor
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Geeta Vinod
*[[Tanuja]] as Radha
*[[Shobhini Singh]] as Mary
*[[Madan Puri]] as Lala Lalchand
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Gajanan , Geeta's father
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Jamna ,Shobha's father
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as College Principal Ajit Kalra
*[[Jagdeep]] as Chandu ,Vinod's friend
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Shambhu, Shobha's servant
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Cinema Hall Manager Verma
*[[Birbal (actor)|Birbal]] as Zaveri, Cinema Hall employee
*[[Salim Ghouse|Saleem]] as Student Gaurav
*[[Adil Amaan]] as Gautam
*[[Kamini Kaushal]] as Kaulshalya , Vinod's mother
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Nirmala , Shobha's mother
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Vignesh
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Leena
*[[Farita Boyce]] as Lily
*[[Komilla Wirk]] as Raksha
*[[Baby Sumathi]] as Jia
*[[Baby Gowri]] as Neeta
*[[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]] as [[item number|Cabaret Dancer]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song title !! Singers !! Lyricist !!Time !!Notes
|-
|1
|"Leena O Leena Dil Toone Cheena"
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|Anand Bakshi
|4:55
|
|-
|2
|"Nahin Nahin Koi Tumsa Haseen"
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|Anand Bakshi
|5.50
|
|-
|3
|"I Love you"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|Harindranath Chattopadhyay
|6.20
|
|-
|4
|"Aag Hai Lagi Hui Yahan Wahan"
|[[Mohammad Rafi]]
|Anand Bakshi
|6:00
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0262801|Swarg Narak}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:1970s feminist films]]

Minugu

2026-03-03T21:29:05Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding initial page from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Minugu
| image = Minugu.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Anthony Jayavanth
| writer = Anthony Jayavanth
| based_on =
| producer = G. Gajendra
| starring = [[Pooja Gandhi]] [[Sunil Raoh]] Ajith Hande
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cinematography = S. Sathish Kumar
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda|H. S. Srikanth]]
| studio = Arpitha Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|1|1}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Minugu''''' ({{langx|kn|ಮಿನುಗು}}) is a [[Kannada films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic-drama film directed by the ad-film maker Anthony Jayavanth debuting in feature films. The film stars [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Sunil Raoh]] making a comeback after four years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article89133.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article89133.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|title=MAKING A COMEBACK|publisher=The New Indian Express|date= 31 December 2009}}</ref> and Ajith Hande, a theatre actor making his film debut, in prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Sep/16/pooja-gandhi-made-for-glam-roles-86889.html|title=Pooja Gandhi made for glam roles|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> The film is produced by G. Gajendra who also makes a cameo performance on screen as a producer.

The film released on the very first day of the year 2010 across Karnataka screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pq-vs-minugu-kannada-news-53184|title=PQ vs Minugu|work=Indiaglitz.com|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> However, due to the "weak script" as quoted by the critics, the film failed to win over the box-office.

==Plot==
Aditya and Sanchita study in the same college and become friends. While Aditya develops love towards Sanchita, she remains focused on her dreams of becoming a cinema star. After the studies, she eventually becomes a star and finds an overnight success. Aditya, on the other hand, remains jobless and becomes dependent on his only sister's earnings. His love towards Sanchita grows more after she reaches stardom and all this will be under the observation of her co-star Siddharth who is jealous of her success. He hatches a plot to demean her using Aditya as a pawn. He befriends Aditya and asks him to do activities that irks her and make her hate him and even send him to jail. The rest of the story examines how Sanchita realises Siddharth's tricks and how she reunites with Aditya.

== Cast ==
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Sanchita
* [[Sunil Raoh]] as Aditya
* Ajith Hande as Siddharth
* Akshata Raghunath
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]
* Sangeetha Shetty
* Master Sachin
* G. Gajendra
* [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]]

==Production==
Most of the filming took over at the picturesque locations of [[Sakleshpur]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2009/poojas-minugu-final-stage-020309.html|title=Pooja's Minugu in the final stage|publisher=Entertainment.Oneindia|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> Some parts were shot at Bangalore.

== Soundtrack ==
All the songs are composed and scored by Gopu. The audio launch function was a simple affair with the lead characters attendance at a hotel on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14899411&cid=13319495|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519131844/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14899411&cid=13319495|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|title=Minugu audio released|website=[[Sify]]|date=13 July 2009}}</ref> [[Aditya Music]] acquired the rights of the audio CD which consisted of 5 Songs. The audio was released by the mother of producer Gajendra. Newcomer Shiva Shashi alias Jagadish wrote the lyrics for the songs.

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Minugu" || Gopu || Shiva Shashi
|-
| 2 || "Neene Neene" || Vyas Raj, Apoorva Sridhar, [[Pooja Gandhi]] || Shiva Shashi
|-
| 3 || "Hey Sanchita" || Gopu, Apoorva Sridhar || Shiva Shashi
|-
| 4 || "Olave" || Vyas Raj || Shiva Shashi
|-
| 5 || "Mannisu" || Vyas Raj || Shiva Shashi
|-
| 6 || "Neene Neene" || [[Chetan Sosca]], Apoorva Sridhar || Shiva Shashi
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Pooja Gandhi for her brilliant performance and excellent expressions. Sunil too is impressive. Ajit Hande is okay. Music by Gopu is average. Sathish Kumar's camerawork is marvellous".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/minugu/movie-review/5409527.cms?from=mdr|title=MINUGU MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Sunil Raoh is perfectly cast and doesn’t show the rust of a two-year lay-off. It is Ajit who has a ball, with his eyes and the sneer doing the job for him. Close to climax, the film seems rushed but evens out beautifully towards the end. The chinks are almost negligible" <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/44356/minugu.html|title=Minugu|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "However, director Jayavanth has not succeeded in making this film really praiseworthy. The main drawback of ‘Minugu’ is the weak and incongruous script. Some sequences, especially where a police inspector arrests the hero, have no justification. Pooja Gandhi has acted well but in vain. Sunil Raoh has tried hard to do justice to his role".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/jan/02/film-falls-flat-on-weak-script-118276.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325055612/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/jan/02/film-falls-flat-on-weak-script-118276.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2022|title=Film falls flat on weak script|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 January 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The abduction turns out to be a false story as Sanchita comes back from a visit abroad. Sanchita is angry with Adi for the mess, but the truth turns out to be different. The film is fast paced and with some decent performances, it makes for a good watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/minugu-the-unusual-love-story/articleshow/21956577.cms|title=Minugu: The unusual love story|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 January 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13730570}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minugu}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopu]]

Counterterrorism

2026-03-03T04:09:02Z

Mlzsgondia: quick fixed information after review and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Activity to defend against or prevent terrorist actions}}
{{redirect|Combating Terrorism|the national security directive|PDD-62}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Counterterrorism}}
[[File:PI2G 2F.jpg|thumb|[[GIGN]] operators in 2015. GIGN is the counterterrorist [[Police tactical unit|tactical unit]] of the [[National Gendarmerie]] of France.]]
'''Counterterrorism''', also spelled '''counter-terrorism''' and sometimes referred to as '''anti-terrorism''', encompasses the laws, policies, and operational measures used to prevent, deter, and respond to [[terrorism]]. These efforts involve a range of tactics and strategies employed by governments, [[law-enforcement]] agencies, [[Intelligence agency|intelligence services]] and, in some contexts, private-sector organisations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stigall|first1=Dan E.|last2=Miller|first2=Chris|last3=Donnatucci|first3=Lauren|title=The 2018 National Strategy for Counterterrorism: A Synoptic Overview |journal=American University National Security Law Brief |date=October 7, 2019 |ssrn=3466967 }}</ref>

When acts of terrorism occur within a broader [[insurgency]]—an activity that some [[definitions of terrorism]] include—counterterrorism efforts may incorporate [[counterinsurgency]] measures. In United States [[military doctrine]], such activities are often framed as ''[[foreign internal defense]]'', a term referring to programs that assist partner nations in suppressing insurgency, [[Anarchy|lawlessness]], or [[subversion]], and in reducing conditions that could give rise to threats to [[national security]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense |url=https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/AFDP_3-22/3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf |website=U.S. Air Force Doctrine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Introduction to Foreign Internal Defense|url=https://doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?filename=3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf|journal=Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education|access-date=July 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124234528/https://www.doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?filename=3-22-D01-FID-Introduction.pdf|archive-date=January 24, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/differences-fid-coin-relate-sof/|title=Differences Between Foreign Internal Defense (FID) and Counter Insurgency (COIN)|website=SOFREP |date=August 11, 2017 }}</ref>

== History ==
The first dedicated counterterrorism unit was the [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Irish Branch]] of the [[Metropolitan Police]], established in 1883 to counter the [[Fenian]] bombing campaign. It was later renamed the Special Branch as its remit expanded beyond [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] activity. Police forces across the United Kingdom and in other countries subsequently created similar units.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fqAZzIDlgYC|title=Dictionary of Policing|author=Tim Newburn, Peter Neyroud|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=262|isbn=9781134011551}}</ref>

The [[International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists]], held in 1898, is widely regarded as the first international conference convened to address terrorism, bringing together 54 delegates from 21 countries to coordinate measures against anarchist violence.<ref name="t136">{{cite book | title=The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism | chapter=The first international conference on terrorism: Rome 1898 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2013-12-05 | isbn=978-1-139-52412-4 | doi=10.1017/cbo9781139524124.008 | pages=131–184}}</ref>

The first modern police tactical counterterrorism unit is widely considered to be [[GSG 9]], established within [[West Germany]]'s Federal Border Guard (''{{lang|de|[[Bundesgrenzschutz]]}}''), on 26 September 1972 in response to the [[Munich Olympic massacre]]. The Bundesgrenzschutz was later reorganised as the [[Federal Police (Germany)|Federal Police]] (''{{lang|de|Bundespolizei}}'') in 2005, with GSG 9 continuing as its elite counterterrorism and hostage‑rescue unit.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 1972 |title=Conception for the Establishment and Employment of a Border-Guard for Special Police Action (GSG9) |url=http://www.sapstf.org/pdf/1972%20GSG9%20Formation%20Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sapstf.org/pdf/1972%20GSG9%20Formation%20Document.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

Counterterrorist capabilities expanded during the late twentieth century as governments responded to a perceived rise in terrorist activity. After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Western governments made counterterrorism a central national‑security priority, introducing major institutional reforms, increasing international cooperation, and adopting new operational approaches such as [[red team]]<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Shaffer
| first1 = Ryan
| title = Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11
| date = 2015
| pages =368–375
| volume = 27
| issue = 2
| doi=10.1080/09546553.2015.1006097
| journal=Terrorism and Political Violence
| s2cid = 145270348
}}</ref> analysis and a wider range of preventive measures.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/ | title=Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation | date=2 July 2011 | publisher=The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) | access-date=6 September 2016 | archive-date=October 18, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080400/https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Although terrorist attacks in Western countries tend to receive disproportionately high levels of media coverage,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/which-countries-terrorist-attacks-are-ignored-by-the-u-s-media/|title=Which Countries' Terrorist Attacks Are Ignored By The U.S. Media?|date=2016|website=FiveThirtyEight}}</ref> most terrorist incidents occur in less developed regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/fourth-quarter-2017/impact-terrorism-developing-countries|title=Trade and Terror: The Impact of Terrorism on Developing Countries|date=2017|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> Scholars have noted that government responses to terrorism can sometimes produce unintended consequences, including operational failures or escalation of violence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sexton|first1=Renard|last2=Wellhausen|first2=Rachel L.|last3=Findley|first3=Michael G.|title=How Government Reactions to Violence Worsen Social Welfare: Evidence from Peru|journal=American Journal of Political Science|language=en|issue=2|pages=353–367|doi=10.1111/ajps.12415|issn=1540-5907|year=2019|volume=63|s2cid=159341592}}</ref> The failed rescue attempt during the Munich massacre is a widely cited example, prompting major reforms in crisis‑response capabilities.

== Planning ==
=== Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ===
{{See also|Intelligence cycle management|Intelligence analysis|HUMINT|Counterintelligence}}
[[File:Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Yamam]], one of Israel's counterterrorism units]]

Most counterterrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] gathering. Central techniques include [[Wiretapping|intercepting communications]] and [[Tracking system|location tracking]]. New technology has expanded the range of [[Manhunt (military)|military]] and [[manhunt (law enforcement)|law enforcement]] options for intelligence gathering. Many countries increasingly employ [[facial recognition system]]s in policing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Patrick K. |date=2021 |title=How to Save Face & the Fourth Amendment: Developing an Algorithmic Auditing and Accountability Industry for Facial Recognition Technology in Law Enforcement |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4095525 |s2cid=248582120 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garvie |first=Clare |chapter=Face Recognition and the Right to Stay Anonymous |date=2022-05-26 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108775038.014 |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights |pages=139–152 |access-date=2023-08-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108775038.014 |isbn=9781108775038 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=Why facial recognition use is growing amid the Covid-19 pandemic |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3108742/what-facial-recognition-and-why-more-relevant-ever-during-covid-19 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

Domestic intelligence gathering is sometimes directed to specific [[Ethnicity|ethnic]] or religious groups, which are the sources of political controversy. [[Mass surveillance]] of an entire population raises objections on [[civil liberties]] grounds. [[Domestic terrorism|Domestic terrorists]], especially [[Lone wolf attack|lone wolves]], are often harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal status and ability to stay under the radar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/challenges-effective-counterterrorism-intelligence-2020s|title=The Challenges of Effective Counterterrorism Intelligence in the 2020s|work=Lawfare |date=June 21, 2020 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Bruce |last2=Ware |first2=Jacob }}</ref>

To select the effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation, methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as a political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside the group, a very difficult challenge for [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence]] operations because [[Clandestine cell system|operational terrorist cells]] are often small, with all members known to one another, perhaps even related.<ref name="Feiler2007">{{cite journal
| url = http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS74.pdf
| title = The Globalization of Terror Funding
| author = Feiler, Gil
| date = September 2007
| publisher = Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University
| page = 29
| journal = Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 74
| access-date = November 14, 2007
}}</ref>

[[Counterintelligence]] is a great challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but the nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a [[Clandestine human intelligence|clandestine source]] within the cell. Financial tracking can play a role, as a [[Signals intelligence|communications intercept]]. However, both of these approaches need to be balanced against legitimate expectations of privacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-12/key-issues/surveillance-and-interception.html|title = Counter-Terrorism Module 12 Key Issues: Surveillance & Interception}}</ref>

=== Legal contexts ===
{{Main|Anti-terrorism legislation}}

In response to the growing legislation.

; {{UK}}
* The United Kingdom has had counterterrorism legislation in place for more than thirty years. The Prevention of Violence Act 1938 was brought in response to an [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) campaign of violence under the [[S-Plan]]. This act had been allowed to expire in 1953. It was repealed in 1973 to be replaced by the [[Prevention of Terrorism Acts]], a response to [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland. From 1974 to 1989, the temporary provisions of the act were renewed annually. Their original counterterrorism legislation was used to predict future IRA attacks and respond accordingly based on their predictions. For example, if British Security Forces attacked, they predicted the IRA would target civilian areas as a response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=Paul |last2=Piazza |first2=James A. |last3=Horgan |first3=John |title=Counterterrorism Killings and Provisional IRA Bombings, 1970–1998 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |date=26 May 2016 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=473–496 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2016.1155932|s2cid=147673041 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1477465/ }}</ref>
* In 2000 the Acts were replaced with the more permanent [[Terrorism Act 2000]], which contained many of their powers, and then the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]].
* The [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] was formally introduced into the Parliament on November 19, 2001, two months after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the United States. It received royal assent and went into force on December 13, 2001. On December 16, 2004, the Law Lords ruled that Part 4 was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. However, under the terms of the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], it remained in force. The [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]] was drafted to answer the Law Lords ruling and the [[Terrorism Act 2006]] creates new offenses related to terrorism, and amends existing ones. The act was drafted in the aftermath of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] and, like its predecessors, some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial.

Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared [[Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation]], whose often influential reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full.

;{{US}}
* U.S. legal issues surrounding this issue include rulings on the domestic employment of [[deadly force]] by law enforcement agencies.
* Search and seizure is governed by the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
* The U.S. passed the [[Patriot Act]] after the September 11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation and [[executive orders]] relating to national security.
* The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate counterterrorism and national response to major natural disasters and accidents.
* The [[United States Coast Guard]]'s mission, only military branch with law enforcement jurisdiction to board and seize ''"The direct or indirect supply, sale, or transfer of weapons to terrorist organizations violates U.N. Security Resolution 2216 (as extended and renewed by resolutions 2675 and 2707) and international law."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=USCENTCOM Seizes Iranian Advanced Conventional Weapons Bound for Houthis |url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3645241/uscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2FMEDIA%2FPRESS-RELEASES%2FPress-Release-View%2FArticle%2F3645241%2Fuscentcom-seizes-iranian-advanced-conventional-weapons-bound-for-houthis%2F |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=U.S. Central Command |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The [[Posse Comitatus Act]] limits domestic employment of the [[United States Army]] and the [[United States Air Force]], requiring Presidential approval before deploying the Army or the Air Force. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] policy also applies this limitation to the [[United States Marine Corps]] and the [[United States Navy]], because the Posse Comitatus Act does not cover naval services, even though they are federal military forces. The Department of Defense can be employed domestically on Presidential order, as was done during the [[Los Angeles riots of 1992]], [[Hurricane Katrina]], and the [[Beltway Sniper]] incidents.
* External or international use of lethal force would require a [[Presidential finding]].
* In February 2017, sources claimed that the Trump administration intends to rename and revamp the U.S. government program [[Countering Violent Extremism Task Force|Countering Violent Extremism]] (CVE) to focus solely on Islamist extremism.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-extremists-program-exclusiv-idUSKBN15G5VO Exclusive: Trump to focus counter-extremism program solely on Islam – sources], Reuters 2017-02-02</ref>

;
; {{AUS}}
* Australia has passed several counterterrorism acts. In 2004, a bill comprising three acts [[Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004|Anti-terrorism Act, 2004, (No 2) and (No 3)]] was passed. Then Attorney-General, [[Philip Ruddock]], introduced the ''Anti-terrorism bill, 2004'' on March 31. He described it as "a bill to strengthen Australia's counter-terrorism laws in a number of respects – a task made more urgent following the recent tragic [[2004 Madrid train bombings|terrorist bombings]] in Spain." He said that Australia's counterterrorism laws "require review and, where necessary, updating if we are to have a legal framework capable of safeguarding all Australians from the scourge of terrorism." The [[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005]] supplemented the powers of the earlier acts. The Australian legislation allows police to detain suspects for up to two weeks without charge and to electronically track suspects for up to a year. The [[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005#The "Shoot to Kill" Clause|Australian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2005]] included a "shoot-to-kill" clause. In a country with entrenched [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] traditions, the measures are controversial and have been criticized by [[civil libertarian]]s and [[Islam]]ic groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/TerrorismLaws|title = Proposals to further strengthen Australia s counter-terrorism laws 2005}}</ref>

;
; {{ISR}}
* Israel monitors a list of designated [[terrorist organization]]s and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations and funding or helping them.
* On December 14, 2006, the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] ruled [[Israeli targeted killings|targeted killings]] were a permitted form of self-defense.<ref>[http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223012451/http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.htm |date=February 23, 2013 }} December 14, 2006</ref>
* In 2016 the Israeli [[Knesset]] passed a comprehensive law against terrorism, forbidding any kind of terrorism and support of terrorism, and setting severe punishments for terrorists. The law also regulates legal efforts against terrorism.<ref name="Israel-ani-terror-law">{{cite news|title=Terror bill passes into law|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Terror-bill-passes-into-law-456857|access-date=June 16, 2016|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
[[File:John Walker Lindh Custody.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Walker Lindh]] was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States' [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]].]]

One of the primary difficulties of implementing effective counterterrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens of, and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://icct.nl/publication/accountability-and-transparency-in-the-united-states-counter-terrorism-strategy/ | title=Accountability and Transparency in the United States' Counter-Terrorism Strategy | date=22 January 2015 | publisher=The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) | access-date=6 September 2016 | archive-date=October 18, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080620/https://icct.nl/publication/accountability-and-transparency-in-the-united-states-counter-terrorism-strategy/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> At times, measures designed to tighten security have been seen as [[abuses of power]] or even violations of human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fighting-terrorism-withou_b_9513034|title=Fighting Terrorism Without Violating Human Rights|date=March 21, 2016|website=HuffPost}}</ref>

Examples of these problems can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review or long periods of 'preventive detention';<ref>de Londras, Detention in the War on Terrorism: Can Human Rights Fight Back? (2011)</ref> risk of subjecting to torture during the transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries; and the adoption of security measures that restrain the rights or freedoms of citizens and breach principles of non-discrimination.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004" /> Examples include:

* In November 2003, [[Malaysia]] passed new counterterrorism laws, widely criticized by local human rights groups for being vague and overbroad. Critics claim that the laws put the fundamental rights of free expression, association, and assembly at risk. Malaysia persisted in holding around 100 alleged militants without trial, including five Malaysian students detained for alleged terrorist activity while studying in Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004" />
* In November 2003, a Canadian-Syrian national, Maher Arar, publicly alleged that he had been tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed over to the Syrian authorities by the U.S.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004" />
* In December 2003, Colombia's congress approved legislation that would give the military the power to arrest, tap telephones, and carry out searches without warrants or any previous judicial order.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004" />
* Images of torture and ill-treatment of detainees in U.S. custody in Iraq and other locations have encouraged international scrutiny of U.S. operations in the war on terror.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in prolonged indefinite detention without charge or trial in Guantánamo Bay, despite international and U.S. constitutional standards some groups believe outlaw such practices.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* Hundreds of people suspected of connections with the [[Taliban]] or [[Al-Qaeda]] remain in long-term detention in Pakistan or in U.S.-controlled centers in Afghanistan without trial.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* China has used the "war on terror" to justify its policies in the predominantly Muslim [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] to stifle Uyghur identity.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* In Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Yemen, and other countries, scores of people have been arrested and arbitrarily detained in connection with suspected terrorist acts or links to opposition armed groups.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* Until 2005, eleven men remained in high security detention in the UK under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" />
* United Nations experts condemned the misuse of counterterrorism powers by the Egyptian authorities following the arrest, detention, and designation of human rights activists Ramy Shaath and Zyad El-Elaimy as terrorists. The two activists were arrested in June 2019, and the first-ever renewal of remand detention for Shaath came for the 21st time in 19 months on 24 January 2021. Experts called it alarming, and demanded the urgent implementation of the Working Group's opinion and removal of the two's names from the "terrorism entities' list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26739&LangID=E|title=UN experts call for removal of rights defenders Ramy Shaath and Zyad El-Elaimy from 'terrorism entities' list|access-date=11 February 2021|website=OHCHR}}</ref>

Many argue that such violations of rights could exacerbate rather than counter the terrorist threat.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004" /> Human rights activists argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism.<ref name="Amnesty International 2005" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/ |title=Preventive Counter-Terrorism Measures and Non-Discrimination in the European Union: The Need for Systematic Evaluation |date=2 July 2011 |publisher=The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague (ICCT) |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080400/https://icct.nl/publication/preventive-counter-terrorism-measures-and-non-discrimination-in-the-european-union-the-need-for-systematic-evaluation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This suggests, as proponents of [[human security]] have long argued, that respecting human rights may indeed help us to incur security. [[Amnesty International]] included a section on confronting terrorism in the recommendations in the Madrid Agenda arising from the Madrid Summit on Democracy and Terrorism (Madrid March 8–11, 2005):

{{Blockquote|Democratic principles and values are essential tools in the fight against terrorism. Any successful strategy for dealing with terrorism requires terrorists to be isolated. Consequently, the preference must be to treat terrorism as criminal acts to be handled through existing systems of law enforcement and with full respect for human rights and the rule of law. We recommend: (1) taking effective measures to make impunity impossible either for acts of terrorism or for the abuse of human rights in counter-terrorism measures. (2) the incorporation of human rights laws in all anti-terrorism programs and policies of national governments as well as international bodies."<ref name="Amnesty International 2005">Amnesty International (2005): "Counter-terrorism and criminal law in the EU. [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior61/013/2005/en/ online]</ref>}}

While international efforts to combat terrorism have focused on the need to enhance cooperation between states, proponents of human rights (as well as [[human security]]) have suggested that more effort needs to be given to the effective inclusion of human rights protection as a crucial element in that cooperation. They argue that international human rights obligations do not stop at borders, and a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine its effectiveness in the global effort to cooperate to combat terrorism.<ref name="Human Rights News 2004">Human Rights News (2004): "Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism", in the Briefing to the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights. [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/01/29/global7127.htm online]</ref>

=== Preemptive neutralization ===
Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Another major method of preemptive neutralization is the [[interrogation]] of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase [[suggestibility]], such as [[sleep deprivation]] or drugs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop the treatment, or due to the confusion caused by it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} In 1978 the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in the [[Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978)|Ireland v. United Kingdom]] case that [[five techniques|such methods]] amounted to a practice of [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], and that such practices were in breach of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] Article 3 (art. 3).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==== Non-military ====
[[File:Transparent garbage bins at Central station.jpg|thumb|upright|Transparent [[Waste container|garbage bin]] installed at [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] in [[Sydney]], Australia. The bin's transparency allows police to easily examine its contents, discouraging the placement of bombs or weaponry inside.]]

The [[human security]] paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to address the enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and [[sustainability]] for all people. Such activities empower citizens, providing "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want".{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

This can take many forms, including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by the participation of a diverse group of actors, including governments, [[NGOs]], and citizens.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[Foreign internal defense]] programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counterterrorism.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

A 2017 study found that "governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if the recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Foreign Aid as a Counterterrorism Tool – Burcu Savun, Daniel C. Tirone|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=1607–1635 |language=en |doi=10.1177/0022002717704952 |year=2018 |last1=Savun |first1=Burcu |last2=Tirone |first2=Daniel C. |s2cid=158017999}}</ref>
{{further|Violent extremism#Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization}}

==== Military ====
[[File:3RAR Afghanistan patrol Aug 08.jpg|thumb|[[Australian Army]] soldiers under the [[International Security Assistance Force]] interacting with a civilian in [[Tarinkot]], [[Afghanistan]] in 2008 during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], part of the [[war on terror]]]]
Terrorism has often been used to justify [[military intervention]] in countries where terrorists are said to be based. Similar justifications were used for the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]] and the [[Second Chechen War|second Russian invasion of Chechnya]].

Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, such as during the [[Malayan Emergency]], the [[Mau Mau uprising]], and most of the campaigns against the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] during the [[Irish Civil War]], the [[S-Plan]], the [[Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)|Border Campaign]], and [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland. Although military action can temporarily disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes does not end the threat completely.<ref>{{cite book
| author = Pape, Robert A.
| year = 2005
| title = Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
| publisher = Random House
| pages = 237–250
}}</ref>

Repression by the military in itself usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in the long run (e.g., the French doctrine used in colonial [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] and [[Algeria]]<ref name="Trinquier">{{cite web
|url = http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp
|title = Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency
|first = Roger
|last = Trinquier
|year = 1961
|quote = 1964 English translation by Daniel Lee with an Introduction by Bernard B. Fall
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112132017/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp
|archive-date = January 12, 2008
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>), particularly if it is not accompanied by other measures. However, new methods such as those taken in [[Iraq]] have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual.<ref name="FM3-24">{{cite journal | journal = US Department of the Army | first1 = John A. | last1 = Nagl | first2 = David H.| last2 = Petraeus | first3 = James F. | last3 =Amos |first4 = Sarah | last4 = Sewall
| title = Field Manual 3–24 Counterinsurgency
| quote = While military manuals rarely show individual authors, [[David Petraeus]] is widely described as establishing many of this volume's concepts.
| date = December 2006
| url = https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf
| access-date = February 3, 2008 }}</ref>

== Preparation ==
=== Target hardening ===
Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark, or reducing the damage of attacks. One method is to place [[hostile vehicle mitigation]] to enforce protective standoff distance outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent [[car bomb]]ings. Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to design buildings for rapid evacuation.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Ronchi, E.
| title = Disaster management: Design buildings for rapid evacuation
| year = 2015
| journal = Nature
| volume = 528
| issue = 7582
| pages = 333
| doi=10.1038/528333b
| pmid=26672544
| bibcode = 2015Natur.528..333R
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin are capable of opening. UK [[railway stations]] removed their garbage bins in response to the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] threat, as convenient locations for depositing bombs. Scottish stations removed theirs after the [[7 July 2005 London Bombings]] as a precautionary measure. The [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] purchased bomb-resistant barriers after the September 11 attacks.

[[File:Operation Guardian of the Walls, May 2021. XVIII.jpeg|thumb|Israeli [[Iron Dome]] active protection system, capable of intercepting airborne rockets and artillery shells]]

Due to frequent shelling of Israel's cities, towns, and settlements by [[artillery rocket]]s from the [[Gaza Strip]] (mainly by [[Hamas]], but also by other Palestinian factions) and [[Lebanon]] (mainly by [[Hezbollah]]), Israel has developed several defensive measures against artillery, rockets, and missiles. These include building a [[bomb shelter]] in every building and school, but also deploying [[active protection system]]s such as the [[Arrow (missile family)|Arrow ABM]], [[Iron Dome]] and [[David's Sling]], which intercept the incoming threat in the air. [[Iron Dome]] has successfully intercepted hundreds of [[Qassam rocket]]s and [[BM-21 Grad|Grad rockets]] fired by Palestinians from the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Israel Developed Such A Shockingly Effective Rocket Defense System|author=Robert Johnson|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-israel-developed-the-iron-dome-2012-11?op=1#ixzz2Cme6aQn5|work=Business Insider|date=19 November 2012|access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDF's 'David's Sling' missile system used to shoot down rocket barrage |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-742641 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=May 10, 2023 |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref>

A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists do not need to import chemical weapons if they can cause a major industrial accident such as the [[Bhopal disaster]] or the [[Halifax Explosion]]. Industrial chemicals in manufacturing, shipping, and storage thus require greater protection, and some efforts are in progress.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64224-2005Jan10.html
| title = D.C. Wants Rail Hazmats Banned: S.C. Wreck Renews Fears for Capital
| author = Weiss, Eric M.
| date = January 11, 2005
| page = B01
| newspaper=The Washington Post
}}</ref>

Equipping likely targets with containers of pig lard has been used to discourage attacks by suicide bombers. The technique was apparently used on a limited scale by British authorities in the 1940s. The approach stems from the idea that Muslims perpetrating the attack would not want to be "soiled" by the lard in the moment before dying.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3484277.stm
| title = Suicide bombing 'pig fat threat
| date = February 13, 2004
| access-date=January 2, 2010
| publisher =BBC News}}</ref> The idea has been suggested more recently as a deterrent to suicide bombings in Israel.<ref>{{cite journal
| url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/57793
| title = Swine: Secret Weapon Against Islamic Terror?
| date = December 9, 2007
| journal = ArutzSheva
}}</ref> However, the actual effectiveness of this tactic is likely limited. A sympathetic Islamic scholar could issue a [[fatwa]] proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by the swine products.

=== Command and control ===
For a threatened or completed terrorist attack, an [[Incident Command System]] (ICS) may be invoked to control the various services that may need to be involved in the response. ICS has varied levels of escalation, such as might be required for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g. [[7 July 2005 London bombings|2005 London bombings]] or the [[2004 Madrid train bombings]]), or all the way to a [[National Response Plan]] invocation if national-level resources are needed. For example, a national response might be required for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or significant chemical attack.

=== Damage mitigation ===
[[Fire department]]s, perhaps supplemented by public works agencies, utility providers, and heavy construction contractors, are most apt to deal with the physical consequences of an attack.

=== Local security ===
Again under an incident command model, local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using specialized counterterrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will typically involve civil or military authority beyond the local level.

=== Medical services ===
[[Emergency medical services]] are capable of triaging, treating, and transporting the more severely affected individuals to hospitals, which typically have [[Mass-casualty incident|mass casualty]] and [[triage]] plans in place for terrorist attacks.

From the local to the national level, [[Public health surveillance|public health agencies]] may be designated to deal with identification or mitigation of possible biological attacks, including chemical or radiological contamination.

== Tactical units ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054217-0020,_Bundesgrenzschutz,_GSG_9.jpg|right|thumb|A [[GSG 9]] operator during a 1978 training assault. Established in 1972, GSG 9 became one of the earliest dedicated counterterrorism tactical units]]

=== Counterterrorism agencies ===
{{main|List of counter-terrorism agencies}}

Many countries have dedicated counterterrorist units trained to handle terrorist threats. Besides various [[security agency|security agencies]], there are [[police tactical unit]]s whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue, and responding to ongoing attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counterterrorist teams. Tactics, techniques, and procedures for [[Manhunt (military)|manhunting]] are under constant development.

These units are specially trained in [[military tactics]] and are equipped for [[close-quarters combat]], with emphasis on stealth and performing the mission with minimal casualties. The units include assault teams, [[sniper]]s, [[Bomb disposal|EOD]] experts, dog handlers, and intelligence officers. Most of these measures deal with terrorist attacks that affect an area or threaten to do so, or are lengthy situations such as [[shootout]]s and [[Police standoff|standoffs]] that allow the counterterrorist units to assemble and respond; it is harder to deal with shorter incidents such as assassinations, reprisal attacks, or bombings due to the short warning time and the quick exfiltration of the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stathis N. Kalyvas |year=2004 |title=The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars |url=http://research.yale.edu/stathis/files/Paradox.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Ethics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=97–138 |doi=10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011055800/http://research.yale.edu/stathis/files/Paradox.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2006 |access-date=October 1, 2006 |s2cid=144121872 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The majority of counterterrorism operations at the tactical level are conducted by state, federal, and national law enforcement or [[intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]]. In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. For countries whose military is legally permitted to conduct domestic law enforcement operations, this is not an issue, and such counterterrorism operations are conducted by their military.

== Counterterrorist operations ==
Some counterterrorist actions of the 20th and 21st centuries are listed below. See [[list of hostage crises]] for a more extended list, including hostage-takings that did not end violently.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:95%;"
<caption>Representative counterterrorist operations</caption>
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2|Incident
! Main locale
! Hostage nationality
! Kidnappers /hijackers
! Counterterrorist force
! width=300 | Results
|- valign="top"
| 1972 ||[[Sabena Flight 571]]
|[[Tel Aviv-Lod International Airport]], Israel
| Mixed
| [[Black September (group)|Black September]]
| [[Sayeret Matkal]]
| 2 hijackers killed, 1 passenger died from wounds during raid. 2 passengers and 1 commando injured. 2 kidnappers captured. All other 96 passengers rescued.
|- valign="top"
| 1972 ||[[Munich massacre]]
|[[Munich]], [[West Germany]]
| Israeli
| [[Black September (group)|Black September]]
| [[Bavarian State Police]] / [[Munich Police Department]]
| All eleven hostages were killed during the Munich massacre, along with five of the kidnappers and one West German police officer; three kidnappers were captured but later released after the hijacking of [[Lufthansa Flight 615]], whose perpetrators demanded their freedom. The failure of the rescue attempt by the Bavarian State Police, carried out by ordinary Munich Police Department officers, prompted West Germany to establish the dedicated federal counterterrorism unit [[GSG 9]].
|- valign="top"
| 1975 ||[[1975 AIA building hostage crisis|AIA building hostage crisis]]
| AIA building, [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| Mixed. American and Swedish
| [[Japanese Red Army]]
| [[Pasukan Gerakan Khas#UTK|Special Actions Unit]]
| All hostages released, all kidnappers flown to Libya.
|- valign="top"
| 1976 ||[[Operation Entebbe]]
|[[Entebbe airport]], Uganda
| Israelis and Jews. Non-Jewish hostages were released shortly after capture.
| [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]]
| [[Sayeret Matkal]], Sayeret Tzanhanim, Sayeret Golani
| All 7 hijackers, 45 Ugandan troops, 3 hostages, and 1 Israeli soldier were killed. 100 hostages rescued
|- valign="top"
| 1977 ||[[Lufthansa Flight 181]]
| Initially over the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]
[[Mediterranean Sea|Sea]], south of [[French Riviera|the French coast]];

subsequently [[Mogadishu International Airport]], [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]]
| Mixed
| [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]]
| [[GSG 9]]
| The aircraft's captain was killed earlier in the hijacking; during the raid, three hijackers were killed, one was captured, and 91 hostages were rescued.
|- valign="top"
| 1980 || Casa Circondariale di Trani [[Prison riot]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| [[Trani, Apulia|Trani]], Italy
| Italian
| [[Red Brigades]]
| [[Gruppo di intervento speciale]] (GIS)
| 18 police officers rescued, all terrorists captured.
|- valign="top"
| 1980 ||[[Iranian Embassy siege]]
|London, UK
| Mostly Iranian but some British
| [[Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan|Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan]]
| 22nd [[Special Air Service]] (SAS) Special Projects Team, part of the regiment's Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) Wing
| 5 kidnappers killed, 1 kidnapper captured. 1 hostage killed prior to raid, 1 hostage killed by kidnapper during raid; 24 hostages rescued. 1 SAS operative received minor burns.
|- valign="top"
|1979-1981 ||[[Iran hostage crisis]]
|[[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| Americans
| [[Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line]]
| [[United States Army Special Forces]], [[Delta Force]], [[75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger)]], [[Special Activities Center|CIA Special Activities Division]], [[1st Special Operations Wing]]
| 8 US servicemen killed & 4 injured 1 Iranian civilian (alleged by Iranian Army) killed in [[Operation Eagle Claw]]. Negotiation finished in 1981. 53 hostages released.
|- valign="top"
| 1981 ||[[Garuda Indonesia Flight 206]]
|[[Don Mueang International Airport|Don Mueang Airport]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| Mostly Indonesian, some Europeans/Americans
| [[Komando Jihad]]
| [[Kopassus]] assault group, [[Royal Thai Air Force|RTAF]] securing perimeter
| 5 hijackers killed (2 likely killed extrajudicially after raid),1 Kopassus operative killed, 1 pilot fatally wounded by terrorist, all hostages rescued.
|- valign="top"
| 1982
| [[Operation Winter Harvest]]
| [[Padua]], Italy
| American
| [[Red Brigades]]
| [[Intelligence Support Activity| U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity]] (ISA), [[Delta Force]] and [[Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza]] (NOCS)
| Hostage saved, capture of the entire terrorist cell.
|- valign="top"
| 1983 ||[[1983 Turkish embassy attack in Lisbon|Turkish embassy attack]]
| [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| Turkish
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Army]]
| [[Grupo de Operações Especiais (Portugal)|GOE]]
| 5 hijackers, 1 hostage, and 1 police officer killed, 1 hostage and 1 police officer wounded.
|- valign="top"
| 1985 ||[[Achille Lauro hijacking|''Achille Lauro'' hijacking]]
|[[MS Achille Lauro|MS ''Achille Lauro'']] off the Egyptian coast
| Mixed
|[[Palestine Liberation Organization]]
|[[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]], [[United States Navy SEALs|Navy SEALs]] turned over to [[Italian special forces]] ([[Gruppo di intervento speciale]])
| 1 hostage killed during hijacking, 4 hijackers convicted in Italy
|- valign="top"
| 1986 || [[Pudu Prison siege]]
| Pudu Prison, [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| Two doctors
| Prisoners
| [[Pasukan Gerakan Khas#UTK|Special Actions Unit]]
| 6 kidnappers captured, 2 hostages rescued
|- valign="top"
| 1988 ||[[Mothers Bus]]
| Hijacked between [[Beer Sheva]] and [[Dimona]], Israel
| 11 passengers
| [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]]
|[[YAMAM]]
| 3 hijacker killed, 3 hostages killed, 8 hostages rescued
|- valign="top"
| 1993 ||[[Indian Airlines Flight 427]]
| Hijacked between Delhi and [[Srinagar]], India
| 141 passengers
| Islamic terrorist (Mohammed Yousuf Shah)
|[[National Security Guard]]
| 1 hijacker killed, all hostages rescued.
|-
|1994
|[[Air France Flight 8969]]
|[[Marseille]], France
|Mixed
|[[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]]
|[[GIGN]]
|4 hijackers killed. 3 hostages killed before the raid, 229 hostages rescued
|- valign="top"
| 1996 ||[[Japanese embassy hostage crisis]]
|[[Lima]], Peru
| Japanese and guests (800+)
| [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]]
|[[Peruvian Armed Forces|Peruvian military]] and [[Law enforcement in Peru|police]] mixed forces
| All 14 kidnappers, 1 hostage, and 2 rescuers killed.
|- valign="top"
| 1996 ||[[Mapenduma hostage crisis]]
|[[Jayawijaya Regency|Mapenduma]], Indonesia
|Mixed (19 Indonesians, 4 British, 2 Dutch, & 1 German)
|[[Kelly Kwalik]]'s [[Free Papua Movement]] (OPM) Group
|[[Kopassus]]'s SAT-81 Gultor CT Group, [[Kostrad]]'s Infantry Battalion, Penerbad (Army Aviation) Mixed Forces
| 8 kidnappers killed, 2 kidnappers captured. 2 hostages killed by kidnappers, 24 hostages rescued. 5 soldiers killed in helicopter accident.
|- valign="top"
| 2000 ||[[Sauk Arms Heist|Sauk Siege]]
|[[Perak]], Malaysia
| Malaysian (2 police officers, 1 soldier and 1 civilian)
| [[Al-Ma'unah]]
| [[Grup Gerak Khas]] and 20 [[Pasukan Gerakan Khas]], mixed forces
| 2 hostages, 2 rescuers, and 1 kidnapper killed. Other 28 kidnappers captured.
|- valign="top"
| 2001–2005 || [[Pankisi Gorge crisis]]
| [[Pankisi Gorge]], [[Kakheti]], Georgia
|
| Mixed, [[Al-Qaeda]] and Chechen rebels led by [[Ibn al-Khattab]]
| 2,400 troops, 1,000 police officers
| Terrorism threats in the gorge were repressed.
|- valign="top"
| 2002 ||[[Moscow theater hostage crisis]]
|Moscow, Russia
| Mixed, mostly Russian (900+)
|[[Special Purpose Islamic Regiment]]
|[[Spetsnaz]]
| All 39 kidnappers and 129–204 hostages killed. 600–700 hostages freed.
|- valign="top"
| 2004 ||[[Beslan school siege]]
|[[Beslan]], [[North Ossetia–Alania|North Ossetia-Alania]], Russia
| Russian
|[[Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs|Riyad-us Saliheen]]
| [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|MVD]] (including [[OMON]]), [[Russian Ground Forces|Russian army]] (including [[Spetsnaz]]), Russian police ([[Militsiya]])
| 334 hostages killed and hundreds wounded. 10–21 rescuers killed. 31 kidnappers killed, 1 captured.
|- valign="top"
| 2007 ||[[Siege of Lal Masjid]]
|[[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|
| Students and [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Militia]]
|[[Pakistan Army]] and [[Pakistan Rangers|Rangers]], [[Special Service Group]]
| 91 students/militia members killed, 50 captured. 10 SSG and 1 Ranger killed; 33 SSG, 3 Rangers, 8 soldiers wounded. 204 civilians injured.
|- valign="top"
| 2007 ||Kirkuk Hostage Rescue{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| Kirkuk, Iraq
| Turkman child
| [[Islamic State of Iraq]] and [[Al Qaeda]]
| PUK's Kurdistan Regional Government's Counter Terrorism Group
| 5 kidnappers arrested, 1 hostage rescued{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|- valign="top"
| 2008 ||[[Operation Jaque]]
| Colombia
| Mixed
|[[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]]
|[[Military Forces of Colombia|Columbian military]]
| 15 hostages rescued. 2 kidnappers captured
|- valign="top"
| 2008 ||Operations Dawn
| Gulf of Aden, [[Somalia]]
| Mixed
| Somali pirates and militants
| [[PASKAL]] and mixed international forces
| Negotiation finished. 80 hostages released. RMN, including PASKAL navy commandos with mixed international forces patrolling the Gulf of Aden during this festive period.<ref>''[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/10/5/nation/2194475&sec=nation Crewmen tell of scary ordeal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008053311/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F10%2F5%2Fnation%2F2194475&sec=nation |date=October 8, 2008 }} [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] Sunday October 5, 2008''.</ref><ref>''[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/9/29/focus/2143855&sec=focus No choice but to pay ransom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205181118/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F9%2F29%2Ffocus%2F2143855&sec=focus |date=December 5, 2008 }} [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] Monday September 29, 2008''</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |title=''Ops Fajar mission accomplished'' |date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=November 7, 2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/10/21/nation/2327961&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024092954/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F10%2F21%2Fnation%2F2327961&sec=nation |archive-date=October 24, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| 2008 ||[[2008 Mumbai attacks]]
| Multiple locations in [[Mumbai]] city
| Indian Nationals, Foreign tourists
| [[2008 Mumbai attacks#Attribution|Ajmal Qasab and other Pakistani nationals affiliated to Laskar-e-taiba]]
| [[National Security Guard]], [[MARCOS]], [[Mumbai Police]], [[Rapid Action Force]]
| 141 Indian civilians, 30 foreigners, 15 police officers, and two NSG commandos were killed. 9 attackers killed, 1 attacker captured. 293 individuals injured
|- valign="top"
| 2009 ||[[Maersk Alabama hijacking]]
|Gulf of Aden, Somalia.
| 23 crew
| [[Piracy in Somalia|Somali pirates]]
| [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], [[SEAL Team Six]]
| 3 kidnappers killed and 1 captured. All hostages rescued.
|- valign="top"
|2009 ||[[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|2009 Lahore Attacks]]
|Multiple locations in [[Lahore]] city
|Pakistan
|[[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
|[[Law enforcement in Pakistan|Police Commandos]], [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Army Rangers Battalion]]
|March 3, The Sri Lankan cricket team attack – 6 members of the Sri Lankan cricket team were injured, 6 Pakistani police officers and 2 civilians killed.
March 30, the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore attack – 8 gunmen, 8 police personnel and 2 civilians killed, 95 people injured, 4 gunmen captured.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} 
Plaza Cinema Chowk attack – 16 police officers, an army officer and unknown number of civilians killed. As many as 251 people injured.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
|- valign="top"
|2011 ||[[Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden]]
|Gulf of Aden, [[Somalia]]
|[[Koreans]], Myanmar, Indonesian
|Somali pirates and militants
|[[Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla]] (UDT/SEAL)
|4+ kidnappers killed or missing (Jan 18). 8 kidnappers killed, 5 captured. All hostages rescued.
|- valign="top"
|2012 ||[[Lopota Gorge hostage crisis]]
|[[Lopota]] Gorge, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|[[Georgians]]
|Ethnic Chechen, Russian, and Georgian militants
|Special Operations Center, SOD, KUD, [[Special Forces Brigade (Georgia)|army special forces]]
|2 KUD members and one special forces corpsman killed, 5 police officers wounded. 11 kidnappers killed, 5 wounded, and 1 captured. All hostages rescued.
|- valign="top"
|2013 ||[[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]]
| [[Lahad Datu]], Sabah, Malaysia
| [[Malaysians]]
| [[Sultanate of Sulu|Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo]] ([[Jamalul Kiram III]]'s faction)
| [[Malaysian Armed Forces]], [[Royal Malaysia Police]], [[Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency]] and [[National Special Operations Force (Malaysia)|joint counterterrorist forces]], [[Philippine Armed Forces]]
| 8 police officers (including 2 [[Pasukan Gerakan Khas|PGK commandos]]) and one soldier killed, 12 others wounded. 56 militants killed, 3 wounded, and 149 captured. All hostages rescued. 6 civilians killed and one wounded.
|- valign="top"
| 2017 || [[2017 Isani flat siege]]
| [[Isani district]], [[Tbilisi]], Georgia
| [[Georgians]]
| Chechen militants
| [[State Security Service of Georgia]], police special forces
| 3 militants killed, including [[Akhmed Chatayev]]. 1 special forces officer killed during skirmishes.
|- valign="top"
| 2024 || [[Operation Golden Hand]]
| [[Rafah]], [[Gaza Strip]]
| [[Israel]]i
| [[Hamas]]
| [[Yamam|YAMAM]] and [[Shin Bet]] with support from the [[Israel Defense Forces]]
| 67–100+ Palestinians killed, all hostages rescued.
|}

=== Designing counterterrorist systems ===

{{tone|section|date=June 2021}}
The scope for counterterrorism systems is very large in physical terms and in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorist threats, political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal concerns. Ideal counterterrorist systems use technology to enable persistent [[intelligence]], surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and potential actions. Designing such a system-of-systems comprises a major technological project.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01160.x| title = Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System| year = 2009| last1 = Buurman | first1 = J. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = S. | last3 = Babovic | first3 = V. | journal = Risk Analysis| volume = 29| issue = 3| pages = 366–379 | pmid = 19076327| bibcode = 2009RiskA..29..366B| s2cid = 36370133}}</ref>

A particular design problem for counterterrorist systems is the uncertainty of the future: the threat of terrorism may increase, decrease or remain the same, the type of terrorism and location are difficult to predict, and there are technological uncertainties. A potential solution is to incorporate [[Flexibility (engineering)|engineering flexibility]] into system design, allowing for flexibility when new information arrives. Flexibility can be incorporated in the design of a counter-terrorism system in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available.<ref name=":0" />

=== Law enforcement ===
While some countries with longstanding terrorism problems have law enforcement agencies primarily designed to prevent and respond to terror attacks,<ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</ref> in other nations, counterterrorism is a relatively more recent objective of law enforcement agencies.<ref name="Deflem">Deflem, Mathieu. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.</ref><ref>Deflem, Mathieu and Samantha Hauptman. 2013. "Policing International Terrorism." Pp. 64–72 in Globalisation and the Challenge to Criminology, edited by Francis Pakes. London: Routledge. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2013/01/policinginternationalterrorism.html]</ref>

Though some [[Civil libertarianism|civil libertarians]] and [[criminal justice]] scholars have criticized efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism as futile and expensive<ref name="HelmsCostanzaJohnson">{{Cite journal|last1=Helms|first1=Ronald|last2=Costanza|first2=S E|last3=Johnson|first3=Nicholas|date=2012-02-01|title=Crouching tiger or phantom dragon? Examining the discourse on global cyber-terror|journal=Security Journal|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=57–75|doi=10.1057/sj.2011.6|ssrn=2531828 |s2cid=154538050|issn=1743-4645}}</ref> or as threats to civil liberties,<ref name="HelmsCostanzaJohnson" /> other scholars have analyzed the most important dimensions of the policing of terrorism as an important dimension of counter-terrorism, especially in the post-9/11 era, and have discussed how police view terrorism as a matter of crime control.<ref name="Deflem" /> Such analyses highlight the civilian police role in counterterrorism next to the military model of a war on terror.<ref>Michael Bayer. 2010. The Blue Planet: Informal International Police Networks and National Intelligence. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Defense College. [http://www.ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/The_Blue_Planet.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080149/http://www.ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/The_Blue_Planet.pdf|date=October 18, 2017}}</ref>

==== American law enforcement ====
[[File:FBI Hostage Rescue Team Agents bei einer Übung.jpg|thumb|upright|[[FBI]] [[Hostage Rescue Team]] agents]]
Pursuant to passage of the [[Homeland Security Act of 2002]], federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies began to systemically reorganize.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Costanza | first1 = S.E. | last2 = Kilburn | first2 = John C. Jr. | year = 2005 | title = Symbolic Security, Moral Panic and Public Sentiment: Toward a sociology of Counterterrorism | journal = Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries | volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 106–124 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Deflem | first1 = M | year = 2004 | title = Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism Foundations for a sociology of Counterterrorism | url = https://deflem.blogspot.com/2004/08/social-control-and-policing-of.html | journal = American Sociologist | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 75–92 | doi = 10.1007/bf02692398 | s2cid = 143868466 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Two primary federal agencies, the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) and the [[Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS), house most of the federal agencies that are prepared to combat domestic and international terrorist attacks. These include the [[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]], the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]], the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] and the [[FBI]].

Following suit from federal changes pursuant to 9/11, however, most state and local law enforcement agencies began to include a commitment to "fighting terrorism" in their mission statements.<ref>DeLone, Gregory J. 2007. "Law Enforcement Mission Statements Post September 11." Police Quarterly 10(2)</ref><ref>Mathieu Deflem. 2010. The Policing of Terrorism: Organizational and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge.</ref> Local agencies began to establish more patterned lines of communication with federal agencies. Some scholars have doubted the ability of local police to help in the war on terror and suggest their limited manpower is still best utilized by engaging community and targeting street crimes.<ref name="HelmsCostanzaJohnson"/>

While counter-terror measures (most notably heightened airport security, immigrant [[Racial profiling|profiling]]<ref>Ramirez, D., J. Hoopes, and T.L. Quinlan. 2003 "Defining racial profiling in a post-September 11 world." American Criminal Law Review. 40(3): 1195–1233.</ref> and border patrol) have been adapted during the last decade, to enhance counter-terror in law enforcement, there have been remarkable limitations to assessing the actual utility/effectiveness of law enforcement practices that are ostensibly preventative.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kilburn | first1 = John C. Jr. | last2 = Costanza | first2 = S.E. | last3 = Metchik | first3 = Eric | last4 = Borgeson | first4 = Kevin | year = 2011 | title = Policing Terror Threats and False Positives: Employing a Signal Detection Model to Examine Changes in National and Local Policing Strategy between 2001–2007 | journal = Security Journal | volume = 24 | pages = 19–36 | doi = 10.1057/sj.2009.7 | s2cid = 153825273 }}</ref> Thus, while sweeping changes in counterterrorist rhetoric redefined most American post 9/11 law enforcement agencies in theory, it is hard to assess how well such hyperbole has translated into practice.

In [[intelligence-led policing]] (ILP) efforts, the most quantitatively amenable starting point for measuring the effectiveness of any policing strategy (i.e.: Neighborhood Watch, Gun Abatement, Foot Patrols, etc.) is usually to assess total financial costs against clearance rates or arrest rates. Since terrorism is such a rare event phenomena,<ref>Kilburn, John C. Jr. and Costanza, S.E. 2009 "Immigration and Homeland Security" published in Battleground: Immigration (Ed: Judith Ann Warner); Greenwood Publishing, Ca.</ref> measuring arrests or clearance rates would be a non-generalizable and ineffective way to test enforcement policy effectiveness. Another methodological problem in assessing counterterrorism efforts in law enforcement hinges on finding operational measures for key concepts in the study of [[homeland security]]. Both terrorism and homeland security are relatively new concepts for criminologists, and academicians have yet to agree on the matter of how to properly define these ideas in a way that is accessible.

=== Military ===

{{Further| List of special forces units}}
[[File:DSA 2016 - Breach the hideout.jpg|thumb|[[Malaysian Army]] [[Gerak Khas (Malaysian Army unit)|''Gerak Khas'']] operatives during a [[training exercise]] in 2016]]
Given the nature of operational counterterrorism tasks, national military organizations do not generally have dedicated units whose sole responsibility is the prosecution of these tasks. Instead the counterterrorism function is an element of the role, allowing flexibility in their employment, with operations being undertaken in the domestic or international context.

In some cases the legal framework within which they operate prohibits military units conducting operations in the domestic arena; [[United States Department of Defense]] policy, based on the [[Posse Comitatus Act]], forbids domestic counterterrorism operations by the U.S. military. Units allocated some operational counterterrorism tasks are frequently [[special forces]] or similar assets.

In cases where military organisations do operate in the domestic context, some form of formal handover from the law enforcement community is regularly required, to ensure adherence to the legislative framework and limitations. For instance, during the 1980 [[Iranian Embassy siege]], the [[Metropolitan Police]] formally turned responsibility over to the [[British Army]]'s [[Special Air Service]] when the situation went beyond police capabilities.

== See also ==
* [[Counterinsurgency]]
* [[Counter-IED efforts]]
* [[Counterjihad]]
* [[Deradicalization]]
* [[Explosive detection]]
* [[Extraordinary rendition]]
* [[Fatwa on Terrorism]]
* [[Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism]]
* [[Industrial antiterrorism]]
* [[Infrastructure security]]
* [[International counter-terrorism operations of Russia]]
* [[Terrorism Research Center]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Arreguín-Toft, Ivan. "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy," ''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'', Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549–563.
* Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure," in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Eds., ''Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War'' (London: Frank Cass, 2007).

* Bakker, Edwin, and Tinka Veldhuis. [http://www.icct.nl/news/a-fear-management-approach-to-counter-terrorism ''A Fear Management Approach to Counter-Terrorism'' (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402040414/http://www.icct.nl/news/a-fear-management-approach-to-counter-terrorism |date=April 2, 2015 }}
* Barton, Mary S. ''Counterterrorism between the Wars: An International History, 1919-1937'' (Oxford University Press, 2020) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57070 online book review]
* Berger, J.M. [http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/J.-M.-Berger-Making-CVE-Work-A-Focused-Approach-Based-on-Process-Disruption-.pdf ''Making CVE Work: A Focused Approach Based on Process Disruption''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223729/http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/J.-M.-Berger-Making-CVE-Work-A-Focused-Approach-Based-on-Process-Disruption-.pdf |date=July 28, 2020 }}, (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, May 2016
* Besenyo, Janos. [https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=531307 Low-cost attacks, unnoticeable plots?] Overview on the economical character of current terrorism, Strategic Impact (ROMANIA) (ISSN: 1841–5784) (eISSN: 1824–9904) 62/2017: (Issue No. 1) pp. 83–100.
* Deflem, Mathieu. 2020. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2020/01/responses-to-terror-policing-countering.html "Responses to Terror: Policing and Countering Terrorism in the Modern Age."] In The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding, eds. C.A. Ireland, et al. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
* Deflem, Mathieu, and Stephen Chicoine. 2019. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2019/01/terrorismpolicing.html "Policing Terrorism."] In The Handbook of Social Control, edited by Mathieu Deflem. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
* Deflem, Mathieu and Shannon McDonough. 2015. [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2015/01/fearofcounterterrorism.html "The Fear of Counterterrorism: Surveillance and Civil Liberties Since 9/11."] Society 52(1):70–79.
* Gagliano Giuseppe, ''Agitazione sovversiva, guerra psicologica e terrorismo'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-88-6178-600-4}}, Uniservice Books.
* Ishmael Jones, ''The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture'' (2008, revised 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-59403-382-7}}, Encounter Books.
* James Mitchell, "Identifying Potential Terrorist Targets" a study in the use of convergence. G2 Whitepaper on terrorism, copyright 2006, G2. Counterterrorism Conference, June 2006, Washington D.C.
* [[James F. Pastor]], "Terrorism and Public Safety Policing:Implications for the Obama Presidency" (2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4398-1580-9}}, Taylor & Francis).
* Jessica Dorsey, Christophe Paulussen, [http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Dorsey-Paulussen-Boundaries-of-the-Battlefield-Report-April-2013_docx.pdf ''Boundaries of the Battlefield: A Critical Look at the Legal Paradigms and Rules in Countering Terrorism'' (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022040650/http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Dorsey-Paulussen-Boundaries-of-the-Battlefield-Report-April-2013_docx.pdf |date=October 22, 2020 }}
* Judy Kuriansky (Editor), "Terror in the Holy Land: Inside the Anguish of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (2006, {{ISBN|0-275-99041-9}}, Praeger Publishers).
* Lynn Zusman (Editor), "[http://apps.americanbar.org/abastore/index.cfm?pid=5010069&section=main&fm=Product.AddToCart The Law of Counterterrorism]" (2012, {{ISBN|978-1-61438-037-5}}, American Bar Association).* Marc Sageman, ''Understanding Terror Networks'' (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), {{ISBN|0-8122-3808-7}}.
* [[Newton Lee]], ''Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness (Second Edition)'' (Switzerland: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer International Publishing]], 2015), {{ISBN|978-3-319-17243-9}}.
* Merari, Ariel. "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," ''Terrorism and Political Violence'', Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213–251.

* Sinkkonen, Teemu.''Political Responses to Terrorism'' (Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, 2009), {{ISBN|978-9514478710}}.
* Vandana, Asthana., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100704154956/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-cross-border-terrorism-in-india-counterterrorism-strategies-and-challenges.html Cross-Border Terrorism in India: Counterterrorism Strategies and Challenges]," ''ACDIS Occasional Paper'' (June 2010), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois

== External links ==
{{Commons}}


*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/ct/ U.S. Bureau of Counterterrorism]
*[https://www.counterterrorism.police.uk/ Counter Terrorism Policing]
*[https://www.orderandsafety.org/ "Public order and safety" – International project on combating crime and terrorism]

{{Terrorism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Counterterrorism| ]]
[[Category:Gendarmerie]]
[[Category:Law enforcement]]
[[Category:National security]]
[[Category:Paramilitary]]
[[Category:Private security industry]]
[[Category:Public safety]]
[[Category:Security]]

Apple Penne

2026-03-03T03:27:51Z

Mlzsgondia: minor changes

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by R. K. Kalaimani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apple Penne
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[R. K. Kalaimani]]
| producer = KG Pandian
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan]]
*[[Iswarya Menon|Aishwarya Menon]]
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Prabhakar
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Antony]]
| studio = KGP Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Apple Penne''''' ({{translation|Apple girl}}) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by [[R. K. Kalaimani]]. The film stars [[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan]] and [[Iswarya Menon|Aishwarya Menon]], while [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] plays a pivotal role.

== Cast ==
*[[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan]] as James
*[[Iswarya Menon|Aishwarya Menon]] as Komalavalli
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Hamsavalli
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Constable Arumugam
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*Deva
*Suchitra
*KG Pandian

== Production ==
[[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan]] was roped in to play the lead role in the film for the first time in his career after producer K. G. Pandian noticed him for his roles in his previous films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatsan turns solo hero |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130923/entertainment-kollywood/article/vatsan-turns-solo-hero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015203353/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130923/entertainment-kollywood/article/vatsan-turns-solo-hero |archive-date=2014-10-15 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 September 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Apple Pennae - Sentiments galore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-apple-pennae-sentiments-galore/article5179245.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231212521/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-apple-pennae-sentiments-galore/article5179245.ece |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilayathalapathy's biggest fan now plays solo hero |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jul/03/ilayathalapathy%e2%80%99s-biggest-fan-now-plays-solo-hero-493064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022030143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jul/03/Ilayathalapathy%E2%80%99s-biggest-fan-now-plays-solo-hero-493064.html |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is a woman-centric film and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] was roped in to play a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Penne gets U certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Apple-Penne-gets-U-certificate/articleshow/23339333.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119103310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Apple-Penne-gets-U-certificate/articleshow/23339333.cms |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film features seven songs composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Penne Songs Download |url=https://gaana.com/album/apple-penne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101154213/https://gaana.com/album/apple-penne |archive-date=1 January 2020 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=Gaana}}</ref> [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli Thanu]] released the audio in September 2013.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The soundtrack was released under the label Saregama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Penne by Various artists |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/apple-penne_15199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101154212/https://www.saregama.com/album/apple-penne_15199 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=Saregama}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Amma Unnai" || [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]] || rowspan=2|[[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| 2 || "Aatha Appan" || Shaji
|-
| 3 || "Padu Padu" || [[Padmalatha]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| 4 || "Thoongatha Boologam" || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || rowspan=4|Yugabharathi
|-
| 5 || "Oru Podhum" || Pavan, Gayathri
|-
| 6 || "Velli Sevai" || [[Velmurugan]]
|-
| 7 || "Ennai Thandi" || [[Uma Ramanan]]
|}

== Release ==
The ''Times of India'' gave the film one-and-a-half stars and wrote that "There is a dated feel to almost everything in ''Apple Penne'', right from the plot to the filmmaking".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Penne Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Apple Penne by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/apple-penne/movie-review/25865218.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. K. Kalaimani]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn

2026-03-03T02:39:14Z

Mlzsgondia: content fix

{{short description|2020 Indian Tamil-language short film directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| producer = Gautham Vasudev Menon
| writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon
| starring = {{ubl|[[Silambarasan]]|[[Trisha Krishnan]]}}
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = Gautham Vasudev Menon Silambarasan
| studio = [[Ondraga Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|2020|5|21|df=yes|[[YouTube]]}}
| runtime = 12 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn''''' ({{translation|The number Karthik dialed}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[short film]] written and directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. A sequel to his feature film ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010), it stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Trisha Krishnan]] reprising their roles from that film. The short was released on 21 May 2020 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=22 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn out: Trisha and Simbu bring back Vinnaithandi Varuvaya memories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-out-trisha-and-simbu-bring-back-vinnaithandi-varuvaya-memories-1680287-2020-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-out-trisha-and-simbu-bring-back-vinnaithandi-varuvaya-memories-1680287-2020-05-21 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=Trisha stars in Gautham Menon's short film, 'Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trisha-stars-in-gautham-menons-short-film-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn/article31555659.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520092947/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trisha-stars-in-gautham-menons-short-film-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn/article31555659.ece |archive-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Filmmaker Karthik is at home during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu]] without work as [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|theatres are shut down]], affecting his career as a screenwriter, While experiencing [[writer's block]], he hesitantly calls his ex-girlfriend Jessie, who fled the effects of [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|the pandemic in New York City]] and is under [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] in Kerala. Jessie, who is now married to Roy with two children, answers Karthik's call and tells him about their lives during the lockdown situation. In the conversation, Karthik again confesses his love for Jessie and says he still needs her, despite knowing that she is married with children. But Jessie refuses his proposal as she has moved on with her husband and refers to him as her "third child". Jessie supports Karthik emotionally and says that he is a great artist. After the phone call, Karthik resumes his writing and composes ''Kamal & Kadambari: A Love Story''.

== Cast ==
*[[Silambarasan]] as Karthik Sivakumar
*[[Trisha Krishnan]] as Jessie Thekekuthu

== Production ==
Gautham Vasudev Menon was working on the sequel of ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' which was titled ''Ondraga'', a [[road movie]] which would focus on Karthik and his best friends from college travelling to the United States to attend a wedding ten years after the events of the first film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Gautham Menon and R Madhavan team up for 'Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa' sequel |url=https://scroll.in/reel/869484/gautham-menon-and-r-madhavan-team-up-for-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-sequel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210536/https://scroll.in/reel/869484/gautham-menon-and-r-madhavan-team-up-for-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-sequel |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> With Silambarasan reprising his role from the earlier film, and pulling out prominent names from [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film fraternity]], the film entered production in February 2018.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} However, the project did not materialise due to various reasons.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} In April 2020, Silambarasan and Gautham Menon started shooting for the short film based on the characters from ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvayaa'', eventually titled as ''Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2020 |title=Simbu to join Gautham Menon for VTV 2? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-to-join-gautham-menon-for-vtv-2/articleshow/75773440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518233750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-to-join-gautham-menon-for-vtv-2/articleshow/75773440.cms |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Kathik Dial Seytha Yenn: Simbu shoots for Trisha and Gautham Menon's short film from home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kathik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-shoots-for-trisha-and-gautham-menon-s-short-film-from-home-1677465-2020-05-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029134805/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kathik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-shoots-for-trisha-and-gautham-menon-s-short-film-from-home-1677465-2020-05-13 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was primarily shot using an [[iPhone]] and filmed indoors due to the restrictions in order to curb [[COVID-19]].<ref name="unrequited">{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=22 May 2020 |title='Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn': A letter to unrequited love, and then some |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521051003/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Gautham Menon posts a BTS video from Simbu-Trisha's short |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-posts-a-bts-video-from-simbu-trishas-short/articleshow/75917395.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527060252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-posts-a-bts-video-from-simbu-trishas-short/articleshow/75917395.cms |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=23 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: Gautham Menon shares BTS video of Simbu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-gautham-menon-shares-bts-video-of-simbu-1681099-2020-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204025149/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-gautham-menon-shares-bts-video-of-simbu-1681099-2020-05-23 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] composed background music for the short film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2020 |title=AR Rahman joins Gautham Menon for Karthi Dial Seytha Yenn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ar-rahman-joins-gautham-menon-for-karthi-dial-seytha-yenn/articleshow/75789693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518170707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ar-rahman-joins-gautham-menon-for-karthi-dial-seytha-yenn/articleshow/75789693.cms |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=16 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: AR Rahman to compose for Trisha-Simbu's lockdown short film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-trisha-simbu-s-lockdown-short-film-1678631-2020-05-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-trisha-simbu-s-lockdown-short-film-1678631-2020-05-16 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The teaser of the short was unveiled by actress [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] through social media handles on 7 May 2020.<ref name="lockdown short film">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: Trisha releases teaser of lockdown short film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-trisha-releases-teaser-of-lockdown-short-film-1676462-2020-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518225643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-trisha-releases-teaser-of-lockdown-short-film-1676462-2020-05-10 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The short film was released through the [[YouTube]] channel of [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]] on 21 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title=Gautham Menon's Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-out/articleshow/75861361.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518170708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-out/articleshow/75861361.cms |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The short received mixed reviews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn is Karthik and Jessie's Story And Should Be Seen Like That: Gautham Vasudev Menon |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/tamil-movies-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-karthik-and-jessies-story-and-should-be-seen-like-that-gautham-vasudev-menon-baradwaj-rangan-str-trisha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629223810/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/tamil-movies-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-karthik-and-jessies-story-and-should-be-seen-like-that-gautham-vasudev-menon-baradwaj-rangan-str-trisha/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' said, "The filmmaking is minimalistic with not-so-seamless cuts. Of course, one is expected to cut slack for the film given the immense constraints the team has made this under. But it's a paradox when you realise there would have been no ''Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn'' without the coronavirus or the constraints."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=21 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn short film review: Gautam Menon's 96 in a phone call |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/may/21/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-short-film-review-gautam-menons-96-in-a-phone-call-18533.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521182313/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/may/21/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-short-film-review-gautam-menons-96-in-a-phone-call-18533.html |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "A reflection on the 12-odd minutes spent with the characters that continue to haunt us, even after 10 years."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=7 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seydha Yenn: Gautham Vasudev Menon, STR And Trisha Give Us A Lovely Reunion, With A Pinch Of Pain |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/karthik-dial-seydha-yenn-gautham-vasudev-menon-str-and-trisha-give-us-a-lovely-reunion-with-a-pinch-of-pain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504201454/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/karthik-dial-seydha-yenn-gautham-vasudev-menon-str-and-trisha-give-us-a-lovely-reunion-with-a-pinch-of-pain/ |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "''Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn'' is nothing but Gautham Menon giving himself a much-needed pep-talk in front of the mirror before he begins to write his next big film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Deconstructing Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: Gautham calling Gautham |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610092546/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote the film as "a letter of unrequited love" and called that "even after ten years of the first film, the characters linger in the mind and with a simple storyline being minimal and realistic".<ref name="unrequited" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020 short films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about screenwriters]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Two-handers]]

Dream Girl 2

2026-03-02T04:34:29Z

Mlzsgondia: reworked details to improve readability and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|2023 film by Raaj Shaandilyaa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dream Girl 2
| image = Dream Girl 2 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Raaj Shaandilyaa
* [[Naresh Kathooria]]
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Ekta Kapoor]]
* [[Shobha Kapoor]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ayushman Khurana]]
* [[Ananya Panday]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Annu Kapoor]]
* [[Vijay Raaz]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[C. K. Muraleedharan]]
* Jitan Harmeet Singh
}}
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Meet Bros]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] '''Background Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|08|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dream-girl-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde1ndcy |title=''Dream Girl 2'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|35}} crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2023 |title=The movie was made with a budget of Rs 35 crore under the production of Balaji Motion Pictures |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/entertainment/dream-girl-2-box-office-collection-day-1-movie-has-a-decent-start-123082500969_1.html/ |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|140.56}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Dream Girl 2 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dream-girl-2-2/box-office/ |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dream Girl 2''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]] and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Girl 2 Teaser: Ayushmann Khurrana And Ananya Panday Demand Your Attention |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dream-girl-2-teaser-ayushmann-khurrana-and-ananya-panday-demand-your-attention-3350381 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A [[spiritual sequel]] to the 2019 film ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Dream Girl 2 teaser: Ananya Panday joins cast, Ayushmann Khurrana does a 'Puja' for Bollywood's prosperity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-to-star-in-dream-girl-2-with-ayushmann-khurrana-watch-teaser-101663322011938.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the film stars [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], alongside an [[ensemble cast|ensemble supporting cast]], including [[Ananya Panday]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Asrani]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Manjot Singh]] and [[Seema Pahwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayushmann Khurrana takes inspiration from Kishore Kumar for Dream Girl 2 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ayushmann-khurrana-takes-inspiration-from-kishore-kumar-for-dream-girl-2-2992550/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=16 September 2022 |title='Dream Girl 2' Teaser: Ananya Pandey to Star Opposite Ayushmann Khurrana |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-teaser-ayushmann-khurrana-to-co-star-with-ananya-pandey |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The film is about a man who cross-dresses and disguises as a woman, leading to chaos and confusion.

[[Principal photography]] began in August 2022 and ended in March 2023. It was released theatrically on 25 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dream-girl-2-ayushmann-khurrana-announces-new-release-date-film-to-hit-the-big-screen-on-august-25-2023/ |title=Dream Girl 2: Ayushmann Khurrana announces new release date; film to hit the big screen on August 25, 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics. It was a commercial success, grossing ₹140 crore worldwide, emerging as the eleventh-[[List of Hindi films of 2023|highest grossing Hindi film of 2023.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ayushmann-khurrana-box-office-conspiracy-theories-1235857548/ |title=Ayushmann Khurrana on How 2023 Debunked Box Office Conspiracy Theories, Validation From South India (EXCLUSIVE) |work=Variety|date=29 December 2023 }}</ref> It marked the final film appearance of Asrani before his death on 20 October 2025.

==Plot ==
Karamveer "Karam" Singh is a young middle-class man living in [[Mathura]] and works as a ''[[Jagarana|Jagarata]]'' performer. He has a special talent for perfectly impersonating a female voice. His father, Jagjit Singh, is in huge debt after borrowing multiple loans and is unable to repay them. He is in a relationship with Pari Srivastava, a lawyer from a wealthy family. Pari's father, Jaipal Srivastava, says that he will have Pari marry Karam only if he is able to land a high-paying job and buy a house of his own within six months. In order to earn quick money, Karam disguises himself as a woman going by the alias "Pooja" and becomes a dancer at a bar owned by Sona Bhai. Pari remains unaware of this.

Karam's best friend, Smiley Singh Dhillon is in love with Sakina, the daughter of the hostile Abu Saleem. Abu says that he will have Sakina marry only after his son Shah Rukh Saleem is married. Shah Rukh has been in depression ever since he had a breakup with his lover six months ago. Abu says that he will give a reward of Rs. 10 lakhs to the person who manages to get Shah Rukh out of depression. Smiley requests Karam to pose as "Pooja" and pretend to be a psychiatrist for treating Shah Rukh.

Karam, as "Pooja," manages to cheer Shah Rukh up. Abu is overjoyed and says that he wants "Pooja" to be Shah Rukh's bride and Yusuf Ali Salim Khan, Shah Rukh's wheelchair user grandfather, says that he will pay "Pooja" Rs. 50 lakhs for her marriage to Shah Rukh. Karam, seeing the opportunity to receive the money, decides to proceed with the wedding and abscond later. On the first night after the wedding, Yusuf sees "Pooja" urinating like a man and dies of shock.

Abu says that as per their family tradition, when someone from the family dies, no family member can marry for the next six months, meaning Smiley cannot marry Sakina. Moreover, before dying, Yusuf had written a message on the wall which read - "Daughter-in-law boy". Everyone assumes that he wanted "Pooja" to give birth to a baby boy as a last wish, putting the pressure on "Pooja" to get pregnant, which would practically be impossible.

As "Pooja" cannot go to the bar to dance regularly anymore, Sona Bhai keeps calling her and asking her to come back to work. He also says that he wants to marry her, so that after his divorce, his children do not feel the absence of a mother. Abu's adopted son, Shaukya, is also attracted to "Pooja" and keeps flirting with her and trying to impress her. Meanwhile, Abu misunderstands that Karam is actually "Pooja"'s brother. Abu's sister Jumani who has been married thrice and is actually the wife of Sona Bhai and planning to get divorced is attracted to Karam and comes to Jagjit to propose her marriage to Karam. Jagjit, who is attracted to her, misunderstands that she is talking about her marriage with him. He later realises the truth when he goes on to exchange engagement rings with Jumani, and she clears his confusion.

One night, while trying to get intimate in the bedroom with Shah Rukh, "Pooja"'s wig comes off, revealing Karam's facade. Shah Rukh is shocked and reveals that he is actually [[gay men|gay]] and Abu forcefully had him break up with his boyfriend so that he can marry a girl instead. Shah Rukh keeps Karam's facade a secret from his family. Sometime later, Jumani asks Karam out on a date and proposes to him with a rose. Pari, who happens to be there coincidentally, misunderstands that Karam is cheating on her with Jumani and breaks up with him. Meanwhile Sakina gets pregnant, throws her pregnancy positive test down from the balcony which is seen by the whole family, and everyone assumes that Pooja and Shahrukh are going to have a child.

As "Pooja" cannot get pregnant, Abu takes her to Baby Baba, a spiritual guru who can miraculously get women to become pregnant. He asks "Pooja" and Shah Rukh to take a dip in the holy [[Yamuna]] river. While doing so, "Pooja" escapes, making everyone believe that she has died by drowning, and a memorial service is held for her.

Karam learns that Pari will marry another man and rushes to the wedding ceremony. He performs a dance as "Pooja", making Pari realise the truth. Karam talks about all the hardships he faced because of his love for Pari and his desire to marry her. Everyone else also arrives there, and all the confusion is cleared. Karam confronts Jaipal about his classist mentality, and he realises his mistake. In the end, Karam and Pari get married in a grand ceremony.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as Pooja Shahrukh Saleem, Shahrukh's wife / Karamveer "Karam" Singh, Jagjit's son
* [[Ananya Panday]] as Adv. Pari Srivastava, Karam's love interest<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/ayushmann-khurrana-introduces-ananya-panday-as-pari-in-dream-girl-2-teaser-release-today/5268616.html/amp |title=Ayushmann Khurrana introduces Ananya Panday as Pari in 'Dream Girl 2', teaser release today |date=31 July 2023 |website=newsroompost.com |access-date= }}</ref>
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Mohammed Abu Saleem, Shah Rukh's father
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Mohammed Shahrukh Saleem, Abu's son and Pooja's Husband
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Jagjit Singh, Karam's father
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Saajan Tiwari alias Sona Bhai
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Mohammed Shoukiya, Abu's step-son
* [[Asrani]] as Yusuf Ali Salim Khan, Abu's father
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Jaipal Srivastava, Pari's father
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as Jumani Saleem Tiwari, Abu's sister, Sajan's Wife
* [[Manjot Singh]] as Smiley Singh Dhillon
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Baby Baba
* Anusha Mishra as Sakina Saleem
* Aakarsh Dutt Chaturvedi as Naveen Srivastav Paris's Brother
* Ranjan Raj as Tiger Pandey
* Dolly Singh as Tiger Pandey's sister
* Ritu Singh as Tiger Pandey's mother
* Raj Sharma as Kukki Dhillon
* Rajat Poddar as Doctor
* Javed Haider as [[Inspector]] Gopal Das
* Raj Qushal as Ali
* Raj Bhansali as Quli
* Sapna Sand as Principal}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dream Girl 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Meet Bros]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| released = 25 August 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022
| length = 19:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|-PapE4GwaAU|Dream Girl 2 - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Meet Bros]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], and [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]] while the background score is composed by [[Hitesh Sonik]]. The first single titled "Dil Ka Telephone 2.0" was released on 10 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 August 2023 |title=Dream Girl 2 Song Dil Ka Telephone 2.0: Ayushmann Khurrana-Ananya Panday Drop The Party Anthem Of The Year |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ayushmann-khurrana-ananya-panday-s-dream-girl-2-first-track-dil-ka-telephone-2-0-out-now-4286027 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The second single titled "Naach" was released on 16 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 August 2023 |title=Dream Girl 2 song Naach: Ayushmann Khurrana and Ananya Panday put on their dancing shoes for energetic number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-song-naach-ayushmann-khurrana-and-ananya-panday-put-on-their-dancing-shoes-for-energetic-number-8895557/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 August 2023}}</ref> The third single titled "Jamnapaar" was released on 21 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 August 2023 |title=Dream Girl 2 song Jamnapaar: Ayushmann Khurrana aces smooth moves as Pooja in special dance number |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-song-jamnapaar-ayushmann-khurrana-as-pooja-101692619560634.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Ka Telephone 2.0
| extra1 = Meet Bros, [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music1 = [[Meet Bros]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 5:09
| title2 = Naach
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| music2 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics2 = Shaan Yadav
| length2 = 2:54
| title3 = Jamnapaar
| extra3 = Meet Bros, [[Neha Kakkar]], Maanuni Desai, Samaaira Chandhoke
| music3 = Meet Bros
| lyrics3 = Kumaar, Jonita Gandhi
| length3 = 3:35
| title4 = Mai Marjawangi
| extra4 = Meet Bros, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Danish Sabri
| music4 = Meet Bros
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Piya
| extra5 = Jubin Nautiyal
| music5 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| lyrics5 = Arko
| length5 = 3:19
}}

==Release==
In September 2022, it was announced that the film was scheduled to release in theatres on 29 June 2023, which was later preponed by a week to 23 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's why Ekta Kapoor has changed Dream Girl 2 release date |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/heres-why-ekta-kapoor-has-changed-dream-girl-2-release-date/articleshow/95011704.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Dream Girl 2: Ayushmann Khurrana and Ananya Panday starrer gets a release date; Details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ayushmann-khurrana-and-ananya-panday-starrer-gets-a-release-date-details-inside-1190566 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Later the release date was changed to 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release date of Ayushmann Khurrana's 'Dream Girl 2' changed |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/release-date-of-ayushmann-khurranas-dream-girl-2-changed20221020222048/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> On 24 April 2023, the film got a new release date which is 25 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dream Girl 2 postponed, Ayushmann Khurrana announces new release date as he teases fans: 'Karo thoda aur intezaar' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dream-girl-2-postponed-ayushmann-khurrana-announces-new-release-date-as-he-teases-fans-karo-thoda-aur-intezaar-101682312634129-amp.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Dream Girl 2 Advance Booking: Ayushmann Khurrana's film sells 27 thousand tickets in top national chains |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/dream-girl-2-advance-booking-ayushmann-khurranas-film-sells-27-thousand-tickets-in-top-national-chains-1238010 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film premiered on [[Netflix]] on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=20 October 2023 |title='Dream Girl 2' releases on OTT today: Ayushmann Khurrana and Ananya Panday are thrilled! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dream-girl-2-releases-on-ott-today-ayushmann-khurrana-and-ananya-panday-are-thrilled/articleshow/104581125.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 October 2023 |title=Ayushmann Khurrana and Ananya Panday's 'Dream Girl 2' releases on OTT. Details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ayushamann-khurrana-ananya-panday-dream-girl-2-ott-platform-release-2451515-2023-10-20 |work=India Today|date=20 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|8|4.7|13|consensus=}}<ref name="RT">{{cite web |title=Dream Girl 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dream_girl_2 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawat |first=Sudeep Singh |date=25 August 2023 |title=Dream Girl 2 box office collection day 1: Movie has a decent start |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/dream-girl-2-box-office-collection-day-1-movie-has-a-decent-start-123082500969_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224063013/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/dream-girl-2-box-office-collection-day-1-movie-has-a-decent-start-123082500969_1.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote=The audience gave a mixed reaction to the movie.}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Dream Girl 2'' works due to the plot, extremely funny scenes, commercial treatment, and performances."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Girl 2 Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dream-girl-2-2/critic-review/dream-girl-2-2-movie-review/dream-girl-2-works-due-to-the-plot-funny-scenes-commercial-treatment-and-performances/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 August 2023}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dream Girl 2 Movie Review : This comic caper struggles to recapture the original quirky charm |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dream-girl-2/movie-review/103041872.cms |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
As of 5 October 2023, the film had grossed {{INRConvert|124.88|c}} in India, with a further {{INRConvert|15.68|c}} in overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|140.56|c}}.<ref name="bo"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|22086334|Dream Girl 2}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | dream_girl_2 }}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=dream-girl-2-2}}

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]

2016–17 DSK Shivajians FC season

2026-03-01T22:32:22Z

Mlzsgondia: new a entry

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
| logo =
| season = 2016–17
| manager = [[Dave Rogers (footballer, born 1975)|Dave Rogers]]
| chairman = [[DSK Group]]
| stadium = Balewadi Stadium
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = [[2016–17 I-League|TBD]]
| cup1 =
| cup1 result =
| cup2 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup2 result = 
| cup3 =
| cup3 result =
| cup4 =
| cup4 result =
| league topscorer =
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| pattern_la1 = _blackborder
| pattern_b1= _blackhorizontal_3
| pattern_ra1= _blackborder
| pattern_so1=
| pattern_sh1=
| leftarm1= FF0000
| body1= FF0000
| rightarm1= FF0000
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| title=
| pattern_la2 = _redborder
| pattern_b2 = _red white & blackhorizontal3
| pattern_ra2 = _redborder
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| leftarm3=
| body3=
| rightarm3=
| shorts3=
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| prevseason = [[2015–16 DSK Shivajians F.C. season|2015–16]]
| nextseason = [[2017–18 DSK Shivajians F.C. season|2017–18]]
}}

The 2016–17 season is the 30th season of competitive football played by [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]. The club will play their second season in the [[I-League]] and [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]].

==Background==
===Transfers===
====In====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Signed From
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Shane McFaul]]
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat|KTP]]
| 12 August 2016
| <ref name="Shane">{{cite news|title=DSK Shivajians FC Sign Former Irish Youth International Shane Mcfaul|url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=18|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=DSK Shivajians Football Club|date=12 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|PRK}} [[Kim Song-yong]]
| [[Bengaluru FC]]
| 26 August 2016
| <ref name="Kim">{{cite news|title=DSK Shivajians FC Signs North Korean Kim Song-Yong|url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=16|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=DSK Shivajians Football Club|date=26 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sayak Barai
| [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad">{{cite news|title=Durand Cup 2016: New-Look DSK Shivajians FC Squad Gear Up For Challenge|url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=25|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=DSK Shivajians Football Club|date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221075849/http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=25|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Maan Singh
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sairaut Kima
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Lalnunsiama
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Biaklain Paite
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ameya Ranawade
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Gagandeep Singh
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Vanlalremkima
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Hitova Ayemi
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Lalthathanga Khawlhring
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Lalawmpuia
| Academy
| 27 August 2016
| <ref name="New Look Squad"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Saša Kolunija]]
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Akzhayik|Akzhayik]]
| 23 November 2016
| <ref>{{cite news|title=DSK Shivajians FC Signs Serbian Defender Sasha Kolunija|url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=15|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=DSK Shivajians Football Club|date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 15 December 2016
| <ref name="NEUFC">{{cite news|title=Halicharan Narzary, Nirmal Chettri And Subrata Paul Join DSK Shivajians From Northeast United|url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=68|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=DSK Shivajians Football Club|date=15 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirmal Chettri]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 15 December 2016
| <ref name="NEUFC"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Holicharan Narzary]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 15 December 2016
| <ref name="NEUFC"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Pradhan]]
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| 20 December 2016
| <ref name="Jerry and Sanju">{{cite news|title=DSK Shivajians sign Jerry Lalrinzuala, Sanju Pradhan|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/football/i-league-dsk-shivajians-sign-jerry-lalrinzuala-sanju-pradhan-2295924.html|accessdate=20 December 2016|work=One India|date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
|}

====Loan in====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Team
!scope="col"|Start Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 20 December 2016
| <ref name="Jerry and Sanju"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{2016–17 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 DSK Shivajians F.C. season}}
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC seasons]]

Jhari Gharkhadi State

2026-02-28T16:36:55Z

Mlzsgondia: Made basic article basic info

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Jhari Gharkhadi State
|common_name =Jhari Gharkhadi
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Jhari Gharkhadi in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =21.16
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =507
|footnotes =
}}
'''Jhari Gharkhadi State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 507 and an area of 8.17 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 5 £ (50 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605,
https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Naik <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Chámbhárya Reshma fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605,
https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Mahasha Mohan walad Chanbhar ya (b. 15 May 1878) March 25, 1902-fl. 1927 <ref>The Indian states : corrected up to the 1st January 1927, p. 45 https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03160/page/45/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Benda Chhabadia (b. 1901) 26 July 1929-fl. 1935 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Avan Ganpat (b. 1 April 1933) 26 April 1937-fl. 1940 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Amala State

2026-02-28T15:19:28Z

Mlzsgondia: new stub

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Amala State
|common_name =Amala
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Amala in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =310.2
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =6 235
|footnotes =
}}
'''Amala State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]]<ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 6 235 and an area of 119.77 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n29/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 300 £ (3000 Rupees)<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 604 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Raja<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Raja Ratan Singh Hasusingh (b. January 25, 1842) fl. 1880<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 604 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>-fl. 1915 <ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915, p. 250, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n255/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Gulalsingh Kamansinh (b. 1893) 1912-fl. 1940<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n29/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Master C. V. V.

2026-02-25T13:31:52Z

Mlzsgondia: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian philosopher, yogi, and guru (1868–1922)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| background = #FFC569
| image = Master C V V - Original photo Kumbhakonam.jpg
| caption = Master C.V.V with his disciples in December 1912
| name = Master C.V.V.
| birth_name = Canchupati Venkatarao Venkaswami Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|1868|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[British India]] (now part of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|5|12|1868|8|4}}
| death_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[British India]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Rukmini|1880|1904|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|Venkamma|1906|1922|end=d.}}
}} (until his death)
| founder = Yoga Line ( called by others as Bhrikta Rahita Taraka Raja Yoga)
| philosophy = [[Yoga]] (To improvise common human format)
| website = www.mastercvv.com
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| disciples = 751 members till 31.1.1922
}}

'''Canchupati Venkatarao Venkaswami Rao'''(4 August 1868 – 12 May 1922), referred as '''Master C.V.V.''' in his own handwritten original writings, was an Indian philosopher, [[yogi]], and [[guru]]. Master C.V.V. served as the Chairman of Kumbakonam Municipal Council for some time and later carried out successful{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} spiritual experimentations on changes in human format design. He wrote of such experiments in Tamil and thousands of pages of such hand written notes provide the details of the complexities involved in this process.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
==Biography==
Master C.V.V. was born on 4 August 1868 in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (then part of [[British India]]) into a middle class [[Telugu Brahmins|Telugu Brahmin]] family. His family name was Canchupati.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UGQOAAAAYAAJ&q=Canchupati+Venkatrao+Venkaswami+Rao Prajna Prabhakaram, a Symbol of Transcendence and Immanence: Auto-biography of Sri Veturi Prabhakara Sastri], Vēṭūri Prabhākaraśāstri, Prabhakara Prachuranalu Publishers, 1991</ref> His parents are Sri Kuppuswamy Iyyengar and Smt. Kamamma. During the reign of the Vijayanagar dynasty, their family moved from the regions of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to [[Tamil Nadu]]. His Upanayana took place at the age of five. He was given in adoption to his paternal aunt Srimathi Kanchupati Subbamma, who educated him. His elementary education took place in [[Kumbhakonam]] itself and his higher education in [[Srirangam]].

==Personal life==
Master C.V.V. married Rukmini in 1880 when he was 12 years old and they had three sons and a daughter. His wife Rukmini died in 1904 when she was 36 years old, supposedly due to spiritual processes taking place in Master C.V.V. physical and metaphysical bodies.{{Clarify|reason=What changes? Who claimed this?|date=January 2026}} This was documented by him in the notes volume 'Memory, Memorandum'. At the age of 38 in 1908 he married Venkamma with whom he had another three daughters and a son.

==Philosophy and spiritual ideas==
Master C.V.V. founded a yoga system called the "'''Yoga Line'''" (also called "Bhrikta Rahita Taraka Raja Yoga", among other names) in 1910 with a goal to make changes to human format{{Clarify|reason=What is “human format”?|date=January 2026}} and to cosmic forces that influence the human format in order to give eternal life to humanity.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Yoga - Index | url=https://www.mastercvv.com | access-date=2025-06-29 | website=www.mastercvv.com}}</ref>

Master C.V.V. called his disciples “mediums”. At present Master C.V.V. yoga is found in divergent forms. His followers claim that his original literature is the authentic source of the information on this Yoga Line.

During his lifetime, Master C.V.V. developed several courses that aim to regulate the planets and rectifications. Several “creation forces”, and souls that supposedly attained certain spiritual height can be found in his writings. He wrote of these under the initials MTA.

Master C.V.V. did not release this line for others to practice after he died. Master C.V.V. closed admissions to this line on January 31st, 1922 as found in his diary published by the followers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

However, some people{{Who|date=January 2026}} continue to recite a prayer he created.

=== Master C.V.V. Namaskaram ===
During the prayer, one must hold the following thoughts:

''"Please make the entire Universe and myself happy.''

''The past and present karmic effects be evaporated.''

''Atom is the cause of my birth.''

''Any defects in this atom shall be rectified.''

''I must stand as physically eternal with flesh and''

''blood in this birth only, but not in the next birth.''

''Namaskaram."''

'''Note:''' The mantra ''"Master C.V.V. Namaskaram"'' should not be repeated more than once or twice. It should not be chanted in the manner of other mantras.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. Parvathi Kumar |url= |title=The Aquarian Master |publisher=Dhanishta |year= |isbn= |pages= |access-date=}}</ref>

==Books==
# Master C.V.V's Yoga Basic Information - Telugu & English based on Original writings (https://archive.org/details/master-cvvs-yoga-basic-information)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mastercvv.com]

[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Nilambur Elephant Reserve

2026-02-24T02:30:38Z

Mlzsgondia: added new data

{{short description|Elephant reserve in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nilambur Elephant Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category =
| image = Elephant from forest.jpg
| image_alt = Elephants in the forest in Nilambur
| image_caption = Elephants in the forest in Nilambur
| image_size =
| map = India Kerala
| map_alt = Location within Kerala, India
| map_caption = Location within Kerala, India
| map_width = 150px
| relief =
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Nilambur]], Kerala
| nearest_city = [[Nilambur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|16|N|76|28.5|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 1419
| designation =
| authorized =
| created =
| established = 4 April 2002
| designated =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
| website =
| url =
| child =
| module =
}}

'''Nilambur Elephant Reserve''' is a wildlife reserve in [[Kerala]], India. It has a total area of 1419 (sq. km{{sup|2}})<ref name="area1">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Asish Kumar |title=A Comprehensive Handbook on Biodiversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbmiAYhS6d0C&q=nilambur+elephant+reserve&pg=PA62 |publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), 2008 |page=62 |isbn=9788179931653 |date=2008-01-01 }}</ref><ref name="area2">{{cite book |first=P.D |last=Sharma |title= Ecology and the Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjmhn4g5VHkC&q=nilambur+elephant+reserve&pg=PA325 |location= Meerut |publisher=Rastogi publications, 2005. |page=325 |isbn=9788171339051 |year=2005 }}</ref> and was created in 2002 as part of [[Project Elephant]]. The reserve is one of four in Kerala; the state having an elephant population of 5706 in 2018.<ref name="TheTimes1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-elephants-killed-in-2-years-across-south/articleshow/48460443.cms |title=100 elephants killed in 2 years across south |last1=Viju |first1=B. |last2=Oppilil |first2=P. |work=The Times of India |date=2015-08-13|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/elephants-in-troubled-waters/article31760011.ece|title=Elephants in troubled waters|last=Muringatheri|first=Mini|date=2020-06-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref>

==History==

The Nilambur Elephant Reserve was created by the government of Kerala on 2 April 2002 as part of the 'Project Elephant' scheme.<ref name="Ghosh2">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiannature.org/sites/default/files/2007%20Review_%20PE_%20South_India_2007.pdf |title= Southern India Project Elephant evaluation report|last1=Ghosh |first1=Arin |last2=Baskaran |first2=N. |date=2007-08-27 |website=asiannature.org |publisher=Asian Nature Conservation Foundation |access-date=2017-01-17 }}</ref><ref name="keralagov1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=326&Itemid=280 |title=Protected area network of Kerala |access-date=2017-01-13 }}</ref> It spreads across the districts of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]<ref name="Ghosh2"/> and is part of the South Nilgiri Elephant Range - 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/profiling-of-elephants-in-coimbatore-forest-division-begins/article32689200.ece |title=Profiling of elephants in Coimbatore Forest Division begins |date=2020-09-25 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref> Within the reserve are the [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] and [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]] national parks, as well as Nilambur South and North Forest Divisions inclusive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentvalley.gov.in/AboutThePark/ParkAdministration|title=Park Administration|date=2018|website=Silent Valley National Park|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/pages/view/Introduction-wild |title=Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu Forest Department |access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref><ref name="KFRI1">{{cite web |url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR338.pdf |title=Project Elephant - Management Plan for Elephant Reserves in Kerala |last=Easa |first=P.S |publisher=Kerala Forest Research Institute |access-date=2022-06-02 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722132618/http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR338.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Fauna==
{{See also|Silent Valley National Park#Flora and Fauna|Mukurthi National Park#Fauna}}
As well as [[Asian elephant|elephants]], the South Nilgiri Elephant Range 8 has a diverse fauna including leopards, tigers, leopard cat, [[gaur]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[sloth bear]], wild boar, [[lion-tailed macaque]]; [[sambar deer]] and three other species of deer.<ref name="KFRI1" />

In a 2010 study the elephant population in the Nilambur reserve was observed at being either 205 or 647 depending on the use of the [[Blocking (statistics)|block count]] or [[Line-intersect sampling|dung count]] method respectively.<ref name="keralagov1"/><ref name="TheHindu1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Wild-elephant-population-stable-in-Kerala-census/article13470975.ece |title=Wild elephant population stable in Kerala: census |last=Venugopal |first=P. |work=The Hindu |date=2011-11-03|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> In 2011, the reserve had a total density of 0.1745 elephants per km<ref name="keralagov1"/> and as of 2017 the density is 0.25 elephants per km.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/keralas-elephant-population-goes-up/article19522596.ece |title=Kerala's elephant population goes up |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=19 August 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Elephant population
! scope="col" | <ref name="keralagov1"/>
! scope="col" | 2005
! scope="col" | 2007
! scope="col" | 2010
! scope="col" | 2017
|-
!scope="row"| Block
|281||87||205||---|
|-
!!scope="row"| Line-Transect
||334||663||647||---|
|}


== Connection ==

Nilambur reserve is connected to several other areas. The Nilambur-Appankapu corridor is 0.4 km long and widthwise, it connects Nilambur with the Vazhikadavu ranges of the North forest division. This corridor sees use by elephants moving between Wayanad South and the forests of [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is obstructed by households and a rubber plantation at Appankappu.<ref name="Corridor1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/11/conflicts-among-man-and-elephants-rise-in-kerala-as-latter-lose-habitat-2370115.html |title=Conflicts among man and elephants rise in Kerala as latter lose habitat |date=2021-10-11|publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref>

Between [[Nilambur Kingdom|Nilambur Kovilakom]] and [[New Amarambalam Reserved Forest|New Amarambalam]] is a corridor of 1 km length and 0.4 km width, which reaches into the [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] and [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]] national parks in the Nilgiri biosphere. The corridor is dissected by the Gudalur-Nilambur road, presenting an obstacle for elephants.<ref name="Corridor1" />

On the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu is a 35 km long corridor connecting Nilambur to Bandipur and Mudumalai. Unlike other corridors, its width is 0.1 km. The NH67 road dissects the corridor and numerous agricultural estates and 26 settlements are also situated along it.<ref name="Corridor1" />

The elephant populations in the range of Nilambur, the Silent Valley and Coimbature are connected via the Kallar corridor to populations in the Bhrahmagiri, Nilgiris and Eastern Ghats range.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/50-hectares-in-the-critical-kallar-elephant-corridor-declared-as-private-forest/article34776060.ece|title=50 hectares in the critical Kallar elephant corridor declared as private forest |last=Wilson |first=Thomas|date=2021-11-28 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elephant reserves of India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2002]]
[[Category:Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kozhikode district]]

Armoured Vehicles Nigam

2026-02-20T23:26:52Z

Mlzsgondia: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Indian military vehicle manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
| native_name =
| logo = Armoured Vehicles Nigam.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image_size =
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Enterprise]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2021|10|01|df=yes}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| successors =
| predecessor = [[Ordnance Factory Board]]
| hq_location = [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], [[Avadi]]
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = A N Srivastava, [[IOFS]] (Chairman & Managing Director)
| num_employees =
| net_income = {{INRconvert|541.9|m}}
| revenue =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| divisions = {{Unbulleted_list| [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], Avadi|Engine Factory, Avadi|[[Ordnance Factory Medak]]|[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]]|Machine Tool Prototype Factory, Ambernath}}
| industry = Defence Production
| products = {{hlist|[[Armoured fighting vehicle]]s|[[Main battle tank]]s|[[Military vehicle]]s|Vehicle parts}}
| website = [https://avnl.co.in/ avnl.co.in]
}}

'''Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited''' ('''AVANI''') ({{Translation|Armoured Vehicles Corporation Limited}}) is an Indian [[public sector]] defence company, headquartered in [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]]. It was established in 2021 as part of the restructuring of the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] into seven [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roche|first1=Elizabeth|title=New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html|access-date=16 October 2021|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Seven new defence companies, carved out of OFB, dedicated to the Nation on the occasion of Vijayadashami|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1764148|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=5 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=Modi to launch seven new PSUs this week, Defence Ministry approves Rs 65,000-crore orders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It manufactures [[Armoured fighting vehicle]]s, [[Main battle tank]]s, [[Military vehicle]]s and their engines for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

==Products and facilities==
=== AVANI, Chennai ===
[[File:BLT-ARJUN.jpg|thumb|BLT based on Arjun platform]]
* '''Arjun MK1''': First production variant Arjun tank similar to the Leopard 2A4, entered service with the Indian Army in 2004. It is a 58.5 ton main battle tank equipped with Kanchan composite armour, a 120 mm rifled gun and an indigenous FCS with digital ballistic computer. It has a laser warning receiver based active protection system
* '''Bhim SPH''': A 155 mm self-propelled howitzer variant of the Arjun has been prototyped by fitting the South African Denel T6 turret, which comes with the G5 howitzer to the Arjun chassis. This project has been cancelled as Denel has become embroiled in a corruption scandal in India.
* '''Arjun Catapult System''': A 130 mm Catapult howitzer system based on the Arjun chassis. The trials were concluded successfully, and the Indian Army is expected to place an order for 40 systems.
* '''Bridge Layer Tank (BLT)''' based on the Arjun chassis developed by the CVRDE. It uses the "scissors type" of bridge laying method, which does not raise the bridge high up into the air, reducing its visibility to hostile forces.
* '''Arjun ARRV''': Armoured recovery and repair vehicle based on the Arjun chassis developed by CVRDE and BEML, for supporting Arjun tank regiments in battlefield.
* '''Tank EX''': A hybrid experimental tank prototype, coupling a T-72 chassis with an Arjun turret.
* '''Arjun MK1A''': The MK1A (previously designated as MK2) is a new variant of Arjun tank designed to enhance firepower, mobility and survivability. It has a completely redesigned turret protected with improved Kanchan armour and ERA. The MK1A has 89 major and minor improvements, of these 73 could be easily incorporated into the MK1 variant. Other major improvements include the addition of NERA for protection, integration of the gun-launched SAMHO ATGM, integration of the gunner's main sight with the automatic target tracking system, integration of the commander's panoramic sight (CPS MK-II) with the laser rangefinder and dual magnification day sight, the addition of an uncooled thermal sight interfaced with the FCS for hunter-killer capability, the addition of an uncooled sight system with binocular vision for the driver, a remote controlled weapon station, a track width mine plough, a containerized ammunition bin with individual shutter (CABIS) for crew safety, an advanced land navigation system, a new auxiliary power unit with double power generation capacity, and a redesigned hydropneumatic suspension system with new advanced running gear system (ARGS) to enhance agility. The Arjun MK1A has considerably more indigenous content than previous variant.

=== AVANI, Jabalpur ===
[[File:Dhanush_howitzer_during_Republic_Day_Parade_2017.jpg|thumb|Dhanush howitzer with tractor]]
* '''Aditya, Mine Protected Vehicle''': This vehicle is designed to provide unmatched protection to the soldiers in the battlefield. The superior blast and ballistic protection coupled with high powered mobility makes this vehicle a true combat armoured vehicle for soldiers.
* '''Sharang Gun''': Sharang is the 130mm artillery gun ‘up-gunned’ to 155mm, 45 calibre up-gunning based on the Army’s tender.The gun’s range has now gone from 27km to over 36km with the upgrade.
* '''Super Stallion Trucks''': Developed with collaboration of [[Ashok Leyland]], The 6x6 Truck is rated at 10 tonnes while the 8x8 is rated at 12 tonnes.

=== AVANI, Medak ===
[[File:Nag_missile_test_on_8_July_2019.jpg|thumb|[[Nag (missile)#NAMICA|NAMICA]] armored missile carrier]]
[[File:The_Carrier_Mortar_Tracked_Vehicle_gliding_down_the_Rajpath_during_the_Republic_Day_Parade_-_2006,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2006.jpg|thumb|Carrier Mortar Tracked]]
* '''Armoured Ambulance Tracked Vehicle (AATV)''': Armoured Ambulance is equipped to administer emergency medical care to battle casualties .It has in-built medical facilities.
* '''Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)''': The AERV is designed to conduct topographic and river bed surveys to facilitate the construction of assault bridges across water obstacles.
* '''Carrier Mortar Tracked''': CMT Vehicle is based on BMP-II Chassis. This turretless version has 81mm mortar mounted on the modified troop compartment. The mortar is fired through an opening in the hull roof that has two hinged doors. The stowage capacity is 108 rounds.
* '''Closed Range Naval Gun(CRN-91)''': CRN 91 gun is a flexible and effective weapon intended for use against armored target and air target flying at low altitudes. The range is 2 km for Armour-piercing tracer projectile and 4 km for HE projectiles.
* '''NAMICA''': NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) is a stretched, license-built BMP-2 with additional wheels with [[Nag (missile)|Prospina]] missile system. It is classified as a tank destroyer. It is equipped with various electro-optical systems including a thermal imager (TI) and a laser rangefinder (LRF) for target acquisition.

==See also==
*[[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]]
*[[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]]
*[[Gliders India Limited]]
*[[India Optel Limited]]
*[[Munitions India Limited]]
*[[Troop Comforts Limited]]
*[[Yantra India Limited]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{automotive industry in India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India| state = collapsed}}

[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Military trucks of India]]
[[Category:Ashok Leyland Defence Systems trucks]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2021]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Armoured Vehicles Nigam

2026-02-20T23:26:52Z

Mlzsgondia: Updated entries and formatting

Hawker (trade)

2026-02-19T01:42:44Z

Mlzsgondia: added content as per guidelines

{{Short description|Street vendor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:USA san gennaro vendors NY.jpg|thumb|230px|Street vendors, as hawkers are referred to in the United States, particularly in [[New York City]], sell food at the [[Feast of San Gennaro]] in [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]], in [[Lower Manhattan]].]]
[[File:street.hawker.in.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|Hawkers selling bags and sunglasses on a sidewalk in central [[Rome]], Italy]]
A '''hawker''' is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with [[costermonger]] or [[peddler]]. In most places where the term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods, [[handicrafts]], or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud [[street cries]] or chants, and conduct [[banter]] with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales.

==Definition==

A hawker is a type of street vendor; "a person who travels from place-to-place selling goods."<ref>"[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hawker Hawker]". Collins Dictionary</ref> Synonyms include [[huckster]], [[peddler]], chapman or in Britain, [[costermonger]]. However, hawkers are distinguished from other types of street vendors in that they are mobile. In contrast, peddlers, for example, may take up a temporary pitch in a public place. Similarly, hawkers tend to be associated with the sale of non-perishable items such as brushes and cookware, while costermongers are exclusively associated with the sale of fresh produce. When accompanied by a demonstration or detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to as a [[Product demonstration|demonstrator]] or '''pitchman'''.

[[File:Hawker selling books in bus, Cuttack, Odisha.ogg|thumb|Audio of a hawker selling books on a bus in [[Odisha]], India]]

Social commentator [[Henry Mayhew]] wrote, "Among the more ancient of the trades, then carried on in England, is that of the hawker or pedlar", and he notes, "the hawker dealt, in the old times, more in textile fabrics than in anything else." In several passages of his work, Mayhew categorises hawkers, [[huckster]]s, and peddlers as a single group of itinerant salesman, and claims that he is unable to say what distinction was drawn between a hawker and a huckster. Mayhew estimated the number of licensed pedlars in 1861 as 14,038 in England, 2,561 in Scotland, and 624 in Wales.<ref>Mayhew, Henry, ''London Labour and the London Poor'', volume 1, 1861, p. 364 and p. 377</ref>

==History==

[[File:Fresco from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii depicting scenes from the Forum market.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Fresco from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii depicting scenes of various hawkers and traders at the Forum]]
[[File:Vagrant musicians MAN Napoli Inv9985.jpg|thumb|Musical hawkers from the house of Dioskourides of Samos, Pompeii]]

Hawkers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. Claire Holleran has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide evidence for the presence of hawkers in antiquity, especially ancient Rome.<ref>Claire Holleran, "Representations of food hawkers in Ancient Rome", in: Melissa Calaresu and Danielle van den Heuvel eds, Food Hawkers: Selling in the Streets from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge, 2016, p. 19</ref> Her findings indicate that the Romans had no specific term for hawkers – rather they went by a variety of labels including: ambulator (a person who walks around); circitor (to go around); circulator (a broad term which included itinerant entertainers) and institor (a business manager). She found that hawkers and street vendors were an important part of the distribution system. The vendors mainly sold everyday food at low prices and clustered around temples, theatres, bathhouses and forums where to take advantage of the optimal commercial opportunities. Their [[street cries]] were part of the fabric of street life yet were largely viewed as an unwelcome disturbance. In Roman society, hawkers experienced the same disdain that Romans held for retail generally; hawkers were low in social status, with privileged groups often referring to them in pejorative terms.<ref>Claire Holleran, "Representations of food hawkers in Ancient Rome", in: Melissa Calaresu and Danielle van den Heuvel eds, Food Hawkers: Selling in the Streets from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge, 2016, pp 22–42</ref>

Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during the medieval period are relatively rare.<ref>James Davis, Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 96</ref> Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society.<ref>James Davis, Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 103 and p., 262</ref> However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants.<ref>James Davis, Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 97</ref>

==Global society and informal street vending==

Traditionally deeply rooted in the social and economic fabric of many countries in the Global South, the practice of street vending has, in recent decades, extended its reach to even the most developed nations, taking on various forms. While not strictly confined to the informal economy, since street entrepreneurs can theoretically position themselves along a continuum ranging from entirely formal to entirely illegal, contemporary societies are unmistakably trending towards the informal extreme.
From a comparative analysis of various socio-anthropological studies on street vendors, recurring and interconnected figures emerge, which can be categorized into distinct types: the recognized vendor, whose role is legitimate and/or institutionally accepted; the ephemeral vendor, whose activity is sporadic and often goes unrecognized; the clandestine trader, whose work lacks legitimacy. Furthermore, they can be classified based on their mobility: the stationary vendor, conducting business in a fixed location; the semi-stationary vendor, operating in makeshift structures; and the mobile vendor, conducting business by moving to different locations.
According to M. Meneghetti, informal street vending in global society often represents a complex and highly flexible form of agency that allows for the adaptation and functional development of the social actor practicing it in relation to a given personal or collective situation of distress (real or perceived), whether it be social, legal, cultural, economic, or political.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meneghetti |first1=Matteo |title=Sogni sospesi: vite ambulanti e vulnerabilità nelle strade del mondo. Uno studio etnografico in Colombia. |date=2023 |url=https://www.amazon.it/Sogni-sospesi-ambulanti-vulnerabilit%C3%A0-etnografico-ebook/dp/B0CN7NXBDT}}</ref>

==Regional==

=== Africa ===
[[File:A street vendor in Dar-es-salaam.jpg|thumb|upright|A vendor in [[Dar es Salaam]] selling fruit.]]
In many African [[List of metropolitan areas in Africa|metropolitan areas]], hawkers, commonly referred to as "vendors", are seen everywhere. They sell a wide range of goods such as fish, fruits, vegetables, clothes and books. In suburban areas, they go door to door; in more commercial areas, they usually have stands or lay their goods on the ground. In the afternoon, many of them sell commercial goods in the more crowded parts of the cities, and at night, they sell juices, tea and snacks. The prices are lower than in shops and so attract people on low incomes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-04-15-african-cities-street-hawkers-and-traders|title=Why African cities are full of street vendors and hawkers – and how we can create better jobs|date=2016-04-18|work=MG Africa|access-date=2017-11-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.iese.edu/africa/2014/03/05/lagos-street-vendors/|title=Lagos Street Vendors and Informal Economy in Africa {{!}} Africa from Africa|website=blog.iese.edu|date=5 March 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-14}}</ref>

===Asia===
====India====
[[File:A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|upright|A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water, [[Haridwar]], India. Many street vendors in South Asia are children.]]
[[File:Street vendor's mobile stall in India.jpg|thumb|upright|A fruit seller's customized mobile stall in India]]
According to the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (India)|Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]], there are 10 million street vendors in [[India]], with [[Mumbai]] accounting for 250,000, [[Delhi]] has 200,000, [[Kolkata]], more than 150,000, and Ahmedabad, 100,000. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers, work for an average 10–12 hours a day, and remain impoverished. Though the prevalent [[License Raj|license-permit raj]] in [[Indian bureaucracy]] ended for most retailing in the 1990s, it continues in this trade. Inappropriate license ceiling in most cities, like Mumbai which has a ceiling 14,000 licenses, means more vendors hawk their goods illegally, which also makes them prone to the bribery and extortion culture under local police and municipal authorities, besides harassment, heavy fines and sudden evictions. In Kolkata, the profession was a [[Cognizable offence|cognisable]] and non-bailable offense.<ref name=mint12>{{cite news |title=Street Vendors: Tabled in Parliament's last session, this Bill could bring security to our urban poor|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NN6NKSWlU0wsojynMwFBBJ/Street-Vendors--The-god-of-small-sellers.html |publisher=Mint, Lounge |date=2 Nov 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reclaiming the city for street vendors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Harsh_Mander/reclaiming-the-city-for-street-vendors/article4058121.ece |work=The Hindu|date=3 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="bip.org.bd">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bip.org.bd/SharingFiles/journal_book/20140427160039.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804185638/http://www.bip.org.bd/SharingFiles/journal_book/20140427160039.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Over the years, the street vendors have organized themselves into trade unions and associations, and numerous [[NGO]]'s have started working for them. In fact, The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) based in Delhi, is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).<ref name="mint12" /> Kolkata has two such unions, namely the [[Bengal Hawkers Association]] and the [[Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union]]. In September, 2012, long-awaited [[Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014|Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act]] was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower of Indian Parliament) aimed at providing [[social security]] and [[livelihood]] rights, and regulated the prevalent license system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill in Lok Sabha to protect rights of street vendors|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news/33649866_1_street-vendors-livelihood-rights-coal-block-allocation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226194140/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news/33649866_1_street-vendors-livelihood-rights-coal-block-allocation |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2014 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 Sep 2012 }}</ref><ref name="toisep12">{{cite news |title=Govt introduces street vending bill in Lok Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-introduces-street-vending-bill-in-Lok-Sabha/articleshow/16289632.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104005803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-07/india/33676083_1_livelihood-and-regulation-street-vendors-lok-sabha |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 Sep 2012 }}</ref> The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 2013 and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house) on 19 February 2014.<ref name="hindurs">{{cite news|title=Street Vendors Bill passed in Rajya Sabha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/street-vendors-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha/article5706501.ece|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="etls">{{cite news|title=Parliament nod to bill to protect rights of urban street vendors|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/parliament-nod-to-bill-to-protect-rights-of-urban-street-vendors/articleshow/30725912.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=Economic Times|date=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="pibls">{{cite news|title=Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Bill, 2012 passed by Lok Sabha|url=http://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99161|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> The bill received the assent of the [[President of India]] on 4 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette Notification|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158427.pdf|publisher=Gazette of India|access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> Only three states have implemented the bill as of April 2017. The bill handed governance over public space and vendors over to municipalities. Although, one of the main purposes of the Street Vendors Act was to allow the vendors to have a voice in governance, the bill made conditions more difficult for vendors as they have become more heavily scrutinized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hemlata|first=Sharma|date=2015|title=Laws Pertaining to the Rights of Street Vendors in India: An Analysis|journal=Pranjana|volume=18|issue=2}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====
In the capital city of Dhaka, street vendors such as small tea stalls, and popular food stalls (fuchka, chotpoti) along the public spaces (university campuses, bus terminals, market places) have a significant role to cater to the urban population.<ref name="bip.org.bd"/> Street vendors are a source of food security, especially to the poorer section of the urban population. Street vending is significant portion of Dhaka's informal economy, an employment opportunity for better livelihoods of the urban poor.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==== Indonesia ====
{{Further|Street food of Indonesia}}
Hawkers in Indonesia locally known as ''pedagang kaki lima'' ("five‑foot traders") play a central role in the nation’s [[Street food of Indonesia|street‑food culture]]. These informal vendors operate from mobile carts (''gerobak''), bicycles (''sepeda''), or through traditional shoulder‑carried baskets (''pikulan'' or ''sunggi''), and often set up temporary stalls or small [[warung]] beneath tarps along pedestrian pavements, especially during peak hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 5 feet story of Thomas Stamford Raffles - Sun, December 19, 2010 |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/12/19/the-5-feet-story-thomas-stamford-raffles.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> The term "pedagang kaki lima" originates from the colonial-era architectural regulation known as "[[Five-foot way|five‑foot way]]", a covered sidewalk roughly five feet (1.5 m) wide mandated by British Governor‑General [[Stamford Raffles|Thomas Stamford Raffles]] in Batavia (1811–1816) and due to a [[Malay language|Malay]] linguistic inversion of the English modifier structure (''five‑foot way'') it became misinterpreted as "kaki lima" ("five feet") and eventually came to refer to the street hawkers who occupied these sidewalks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afrilian |first=Diah |title=Istilah 'Pedagang Kaki Lima' Ternyata Berasal dari Belanda, Ini Artinya |url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-7450771/istilah-pedagang-kaki-lima-ternyata-berasal-dari-belanda-ini-artinya |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=detikfood |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanggoro |first=Hendaru Tri |date=2013-03-28 |title=Mula Pedagang Kaki Lima |url=https://www.historia.id/article/mula-pedagang-kaki-lima-d8mzv |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Historia.ID |language=id}}</ref>

Pedagang kaki lima in Indonesia offer a vast array of foods, ranging from hearty dishes to light snacks and beverages. Popular main dishes include [[bakso]], meatball soup served with broth, noodles, scallions, and chili, which are ubiquitous in urban and rural areas alike. Another staple is [[Satay|sate]] (satay), skewered and grilled meats like chicken, goat, or beef, typically served with peanut sauce or sweet soy sauce and commonly accompanied by rice cakes (''[[lontong]]'') or raw shallot and chili. Vendors also specialize in [[Murtabak|martabak]], both sweet (filled with chocolate, cheese, or nuts) and savory (egg, minced meat, spices) and [[Nasi goreng|nasi goreng tek‑tek]], a version of fried rice cooked in a large wok with distinctive "tek‑tek" sizzling sounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HalalTrip |title=Indonesia's Pedagang Kaki Lima & Their Must-Try Dishes |url=https://www.halaltrip.com/other/blog/indonesia-pedagang-kaki-lima/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=HalalTrip |language=en}}</ref> Breakfast and comfort options include [[bubur ayam]] (chicken congee) widely available from morning into evening,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bubur ayam {{!}} Traditional Rice Dish From Java {{!}} TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/bubur-ayam |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> while dessert and refreshment come in the form of sweet, iced beverages such as [[Cendol|es cendol]] (coconut-based drink with green rice flour jelly) and [[es doger]] (shaved ice with coconut, fermented cassava, and milk).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2024-06-11 |title=Street Food Indonesia: Lezatnya Jajanan Kaki Lima yang Menggugah Selera |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/ninda0620/6667a8ee34777c5d273f5272/street-food-indonesia-lezatnya-jajanan-kaki-lima-yang-menggugah-selera |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref>

Pedagang kaki lima are deeply entrenched throughout Indonesia, serving as a vital pillar of the [[informal economy]]. In cities like [[Yogyakarta]], over 1,300 vendors operate across 14 districts, predominantly run by individuals with only a high school education, many of whom are women aged 17 to 65, earning less than IDR 4 million per month and working long hours (6–10 hours daily) from their own modest capital.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Winoto |first=Agus |title=KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK DAN FAKTOR PEMILIHAN LOKASI PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA |date=2017 |publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada |url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/108386}}</ref> National figures suggest Indonesia's informal sector, including hawkers and micro-enterprises, accounts for over 60% of the workforce and comprises around 99% of all businesses, forming a resilient economic backbone, particularly during crises such as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment & Labor Market in Indonesia - Analysis & Statistics {{!}} Indonesia Investments |url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/macroeconomic-indicators/unemployment/item255 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.indonesia-investments.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larasati |first=Ria Agustina |date=2023-02-12 |title=The Large Informal Economy in Indonesia: an institutional weakness? |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/02/12/the-large-informal-economy-in-indonesia-an-institutional-weakness/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the spread of hawkers has prompted urban-management challenges. Sidewalk occupations by vendors have led to narrowed pedestrian paths, illegal parking, and litter issues, causing conflicts with the public and municipal authorities. Local governments have initiated relocation programs and regulations, such as [[Surabaya|Surabaya’s]] 2014 ordinance mandates designated vending zones, while [[Sidoarjo Regency|Sidoarjo]] has attempted temporary relocations in residential areas, but these actions have seen mixed results, with income losses of up to 50% reported among relocated vendors, who often resist moves to less strategic or poorly supported sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Putri |first=Lusia Sari Yudi |last2=Choiriyah |first2=Ilmi Usrotin |date=2021-04-30 |title=Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of the Presence of Street Vendors: Analisis Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Keberadaan Pedagang Kaki Lima |url=https://ijppr.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijppr/article/view/1133 |journal=Indonesian Journal of Public Policy Review |language=en |volume=14 |pages=10.21070/ijppr.v14i0.1133–10.21070/ijppr.v14i0.1133 |doi=10.21070/ijppr.v14i0.1133 |issn=2598-9901|doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Other countries====
[[Balut (egg)|Balut]] is a popular dish sold by hawkers in the [[Philippines]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]]. Another common food sold by hawkers in [[Southeast Asia]] is [[taho]], which is soft tofu served with syrup. In both [[China]] and [[Hong Kong]], hawkers' inventories often include [[fish ball]], [[beef ball]], [[butzaigo]], [[Chestnut|roasted chestnuts]], and [[stinky tofu]]. In [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]], these stands have become so successful that many have chosen to set up shop more permanently in a [[hawker centre]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Across Asia, stalls have been set up with little to no government monitoring. Due to health concerns and other liability problems, the food culture has been seriously challenged in [[Indonesia]], though without marked success.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Winarno |first1=F.G. |author-link1=Florentinus Gregorius Winarno |last2=Allain |first2=A. |title=Street foods in developing countries: lessons from Asia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/u3550t/u3550t08.htm |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> In Hong Kong, the [[lease]] versus [[license]]d hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture.<ref name="Mau">Mau, Stephen D. (2006). ''Hong Kong Legal Principles: Important Topics for Students and Professionals.'' HK University Press. {{ISBN|962-209-778-2}}</ref> The term [[jau gwei]] (literally: ''running from ghosts'') has been used to describe vendors often running away from local police.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Wayanad churam KERALA.jpg|A cart hawker in [[Wayanad]], India
File:Street vendors, durians, Jul 2014.jpg|Street vendors selling [[durians]] out of a car in [[Johor Bahru]], Malaysia
File:Batagor vendor 4.jpg|Cart hawkers selling [[Indonesian cuisine]] in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
File:Kobandravina dessert snack food Antananarivo Madagascar.jpg|Vendors in [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]] selling [[Koba (sweet)|koba]].
</gallery>

===Europe===

==== Victorian London ====
[[File:"Mush-Fakers" and Ginger-Beer Makers (6795271398).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ginger beer]] sold in [[Hampstead]], north London in 1877. Photograph in ''[[Street Life in London]]''.]]
The [[costermonger]]s of [[London]], [[England]] were at their peak in the 19th century. Organised, yet semi-obvious, they were ubiquitous, and their [[street cries]] could be heard everywhere.<ref>Chesney, Kellow 1970. ''The Victorian Underworld''. Penguin p43–56; 97–98.</ref><ref>Mayhew, Henry 1851–1861. ''London Labour and the London Poor''. Researched and written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.</ref> The soft drinks company, [[R. White's Lemonade]], began in 1845 with Robert and Mary White selling their drinks around south London in a [[wheelbarrow]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kotler |first1=Philip |last2=Armstrong |first2=Gary |title=Principles of Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Pearson Education |page=278}}</ref> Muffin men, a type of hawker who would travel door to door selling [[English muffin]]s as a snack bread, also became common in 19th century London.<ref>Davidson, Alan. ''Oxford Companion to Food''. Oxford University Press:Oxford, 1999 (p. 517)</ref>

===Latin America and Caribbean===
[[File:Chilean street vendors.jpg|thumb|left|Chilean ''vendedores ambulantes'' in [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]].]]
Street vendors in [[Latin America]] are known in local [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] variously as ''vendedores ambulantes'' ("mobile vendors") or simply ''ambulantes'', a term also used in Italy. In Argentina they are known as ''manteros''. In Brazil, they are also known as "camelôs". Some ''ambulantes'' set up in a fixed location while others are mobile. Some ambulantes sell their goods [[door-to-door]].<ref name="oax">[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFqv3oUyP9IC&dq=ambulantes&pg=PA152] The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico by Ralph Leon Beals pages 42,</ref> ''Puestos'' are [[market (place)|market]] stalls or stands.

Street vendors face various regulations and fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfRCAQAAIAAJ&q=Vendedores+ambulante&pg=PA328 |title=Diario de sesiones – Uruguay. Asamblea General. Cαmara de Representantes – Google Books |year=1895 |access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

There are sometimes disputes between established merchants and ambulantes. Bribes are also a problem. Many vendors operate illegally.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaXWAQAAQBAJ&dq=ambulantes&pg=PA128 Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America] edited by Carlos A. Aguirre, Robert Buffington</ref> In order to avoid overwhelming tourists or shoppers, ambulantes are known to establish territories and limit their numbers. Thieves stealing their goods can be a problem.<ref name=transform>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C2_TWYAKH9cC&dq=ambulantes&pg=PA273 Economies and the Transformation of Landscape] edited by Lisa Cliggett, Christopher A. Pool</ref>

====Argentina ====
{{Redirect|Mantero|the Argentine municipality|Villa Mantero|other uses of a similar name|Mantero (surname)}}
[[File:Manteros en Florida.jpg|thumb|Two Argentine children working as "manteros" at the [[Florida Street]].]]
The street vendors in Argentina are known as ''manteros'', after the Spanish word for blanket, ''manta''. They sell varied products in an [[informal sector|informal]] way, in most cases placing them over a blanket. They are, in their most part, [[Illegal immigration in Argentina|illegal immigrants]] without documents and victims of [[human trafficking]], subject to [[forced labor]].<ref name="mmc">{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1660748-manteros-mafias-y-delitos|title= Manteros, mafias y delitos|trans-title= Manteros, mafias and crimes|language= es|date= 3 February 2014|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 12 February 2014|archive-date= 3 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221749/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1660748-manteros-mafias-y-delitos|url-status= dead}}</ref> They work at the sidewalks of locations with an important daily traffic, such as the [[Once railway station]], the [[Retiro railway station]], and the [[Florida Street]]. This commerce poses an illegal competition with the regular retail shops.<ref name="mmc"/> The shops at the Avellaneda street estimated that the presence of ''manteros'' would make them lose 200 million pesos in the [[Christmas and holiday season]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1646795-fores-la-policia-metropolitana-desalojo-a-los-manteros-de-avellaneda-con-balas-de-gomas|title= Flores: la policía metropolitana desalojó a los manteros de Avellaneda con balas de goma|trans-title= Flores: the metropolitan police removed the manteros with rubber bullets|language= es|date= 11 December 2013|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 12 February 2014|archive-date= 22 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070416/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1646795-fores-la-policia-metropolitana-desalojo-a-los-manteros-de-avellaneda-con-balas-de-gomas|url-status= dead}}</ref>

According to the [[Confederación Argentina de la Mediana Empresa]] (CAME), as of December 2013 there were 463 manteros working in Once, 16.8% of the total in Buenos Aires. The daily sales of ''manteros'' are worth 300 million pesos in Buenos Aires, and 52 million in Once. A single ''mantero'' may earn between 2,000 and 3,500 in a day.<ref name="mmc"/> The ''manteros'' are helped by retail shops at other locations, which store their products in the night, even if not allowed to work as warehouses.<ref name="mmc"/>

The government of Buenos Aires usually attempts to eradicate the ''manteros'' with [[police raid]]s, removing them from the sidewalks and seizing their products. The police also made 35 successful [[search and seizure]]s at illegal warehouses in January 2014. However, despite this operation, ''manteros'' return days, even hours, after the raids. Still, the government attempts to weaken the organizations that back the ''manteros'' with constant raids.<ref name="mmc"/> The ''manteros'' reacts to the raids with common demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1663603-despues-de-los-cortes-matinales-los-manteros-volvieron-a-protestar-por-la-noche|title= Después de los cortes matinales, los manteros volvieron a protestar por la noche|trans-title= After the blockades in the morning, the manteros renewed their protests in the night|language= es|date= 12 February 2014|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 12 February 2014|archive-date= 22 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070409/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1663603-despues-de-los-cortes-matinales-los-manteros-volvieron-a-protestar-por-la-noche|url-status= dead}}</ref>

====Brazil====
[[File:Banca-de-camelô.jpg|thumb|right|Camelô stand in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil]]

'''Camelô''' is a [[Brazilian Portuguese]] name given to street vendors in major [[Brazil]]ian [[city|cities]].

Law enforcement often enters into conflict – sometimes physical – with camelôs, for selling low-quality products (often imported from [[Asia]]), making improper use of public space (blocking [[sidewalk]]s and [[pedestrian]] traffic), and for not paying the same [[tax]]es that licensed retailers pay. Their presence is considered to be a result of the alarming rise in [[unemployment]], although their lifestyle might be better referred to as "subemployment." Many people who work as camelôs sell their products knowing that they are of low quality, and charge high prices nonetheless. {{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The word is borrowed from the [[French language|French]] ''camelot'', meaning "merchant of low-quality goods", and the term ''marreteiro'' is also sometimes used. The difference between camelôs and so-called "ambulantes" is that camelôs have fixed "storefronts" on a particular sidewalk, whereas "ambulantes" sell their wares throughout an area.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

====Caribbean====
In the English-speaking Caribbean, hawkers are commonly referred to as '''hagglers''' or informal commercial importers.<ref>[http://www.jamaicans.com/speakja/glossary.htm Jamaica Glossary of Terms] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911025113/http://www.jamaicans.com/speakja/glossary.htm |date=11 September 2011 }}</ref> They sell items in small roadside stands, public transit hubs, or other places where consumers would want items such as snacks, cigarettes, phone cards, or other less expensive items. [[wikt:higgler|Higglers]] often break larger items into small individual consumable portions for re-sale and use. Buying these items from more traditional vendors, farmers, or merchants for re-sale via their informal network in communities.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2235264 | jstor=2235264 | title=A Theory of Petty Trading: The Jamaican Higgler | last1=Wong | first1=David C. | journal=The Economic Journal | date=1996 | volume=106 | issue=435 | pages=507–518 | doi=10.2307/2235264 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Cuba====
In [[Cuban music]] and [[Latin American music]], a [[pregón]] (announcement or street-seller's cry) is a type of song based on the hawking by street vendor of their goods ("canto de los vendedores ambulantes").<ref>Giro, Radamés 2007. ''Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba''. La Habana. vol 3, p262.</ref>

====Guatemala====
In [[Antigua Guatemala|Antigua]], women, many from the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] (including [[Kaqchikel people]]) and [[Ladino people|Ladino]] ethnic groups, peddle [[handicraft]]s. Some sell textiles such a [[po't]] (blouses) and [[su't]].<ref name=transform/>

====Mexico====
The presence of [[street vendors in Mexico City]] dates to the pre-Hispanic era and the government has struggled to control it, with the most recent clearing of downtown streets of vendors occurring in 2007. Still, there is a persistent presence of many thousands illegally.<ref name=mas13>{{cite web|url=http://www.maspormas.com/nacion-df/df/toreros-un-mal-del-centro-historico#sthash.7zwesfil.dpuf|title='Toreros', un mal del Centro Histórico|website=Más por Más|first=David|last=Rodríguez|date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150156/http://www.maspormas.com/nacion-df/df/toreros-un-mal-del-centro-historico|archive-date=13 April 2014|lang=es}}</ref> In 2003 it was estimated that there were 199,328 street vendors in Mexico City.<ref name=gomez>{{cite journal|journal=El Cotidiano|url=https://www.academia.edu/937299/Redes_sociales_y_comercio_en_via_publica_en_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico|title=Redes sociales y comercio en vía pública en la Ciudad de México|first=Norma|last=Gómez Méndez|publisher=[[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]|via=academia.edu|lang=es}}</ref>

In [[Oaxaca, Oaxaca|Oaxaca, Mexico]] there are many [[tortilla]] vendors.<ref name=oax/> In Oaxaca the term '''regatones''' (hagglers) is used for those who buy goods to resell for a profit.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

====Peru====
In [[Peru]], [[water cannon]] were used against the ambulantes in [[Arequipa, Peru]]{{when|date=December 2021}}. Many of the ambulantes come from rural areas to sell their goods including [[prickly pear cactus]], [[bordado]]s (embroideries) and [[pollera]]s (embroidered skirts).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0h5sgum_ElYC&dq=ambulantes&pg=PA8 Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru] by Blenda Femenías</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Vendedor ambulante de parrilla.jpg|Vendor of [[Asado|parrilla]] in [[Maracaibo, Venezuela]]
File:Vendedor Ambulante Rio.jpg|"Camelô" in [[Rio, Brazil]]
File:Venta ambulante subsa..jpg|Street vendor with a string and sheet set-up allowing for quick departure.
File:VENDEDORA AMBULANTE.JPG|Street vendor
</gallery>

===North America===
In large cities across [[North America]], particularly in [[New York City]], hawkers are commonly known as '''street vendors''', who sell snack items, such as deep-fried bananas, cotton candy, fried noodles, beverages like bubble tea, and ice cream, along with non-edible items, such as jewelry, clothes, books, and paintings. Hawkers are also found selling various items to fans at a [[sports venue]]; more commonly, this person is simply referred to as a '''stadium vendor'''.<ref>[http://www.joesportsfan.com/?p=147 The Stadium Vendor Hierarchy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118132421/http://www.joesportsfan.com/?p=147 |date=18 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/25302 |title=Nine Famous Baseball Stadium Vendors |publisher=Mentalfloss.com |date=2009-05-06 |access-date=2013-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152701/http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/25302 |archive-date=2012-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the early 20th century, a street corner hawker of hot potatoes and pies could be referred to as an '''all-hot man'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waters |first1=Colin |title=A Dictionary of Old Trades, Titles and Occupations |date=2005 |publisher=Countryside Books |url=https://www.scribd.com/book/350177648/A-Dictionary-of-Old-Trades-Titles-and-Occupations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Attacked An All-Hot Man |agency=The Hartford Courant |date=21 Nov 1913 |ref=p 16}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Arabber]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[Costermonger]]
* [[Disabled veteran street vendors]]
* [[Door-to-door]]
* [[Food truck]]
* [[Hawker centre]] (Asia) a centre where street food is sold
* [[Hawkers in Hong Kong]]
* [[Hawkers in Kolkata]]
*[[Ice cream van]]
* [[Peddler]]
* [[Retail]]
* [[Street food]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&dq=ambulantes&pg=PA171 ''Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development''] edited by Stanley D. Brunn, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, Donald J. Zeigler
*''Vendedores Ambulantes'' (Mobile Workers/ Street Workers) by Martha Rocío Carantón Carantón, Carolina Motta Manrique, Jenny Zoraida Santoyo Angulo, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C., Colombia 2001
* ''Comunicación y Trabajadores Ambulantes'' (Communication and Mobile Workers/Street Workers) Félix Lévano EDAPROSPO, 1989 32 pages
*Talleristas y vendedores ambulantes en Lima (Shoppers and Street Vendors In Lima) by Martha Lazarte Salina, Desco, Minaya Elizabeth Fernandez, Alternative, 2002 136 pages

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|Category:Street vendors|hawkers}}
{{Retail}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Street vendors|*]]
[[Category:Food service occupations]]
[[Category:Sales occupations]]
[[Category:Street culture]]
[[Category:Street cries]]

Spice trade

2026-02-15T23:11:10Z

Mlzsgondia: creating basic data w/ infobox...

{{short description|Historic international commerce}}
[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Silk Road]] (red) and spice [[trade routes]] (blue).]]

The '''spice trade''' involved historical civilizations in [[Asia]], [[Northeast Africa]] and [[Europe]]. Spices, such as [[cinnamon]], [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]], [[cardamom]], [[ginger]], [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[nutmeg]], [[Illicium verum|star anise]], [[clove]], and [[turmeric]], were known and [[Spice use in Antiquity|used in antiquity]] and traded in the [[Eastern World]].<ref name=EB1>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/spice-trade |title=Spice Trade |date=2016 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> These spices found their way into the [[Near East]] before the beginning of the Christian era, with fantastic tales hiding their true sources.<ref name=EB1 />

The maritime aspect of the trade was dominated by the [[Austronesian peoples]] in [[Southeast Asia]], namely the ancient Indonesian sailors who established routes from Southeast Asia to Sri Lanka and India (and later China) by 1500 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|date=July 2006|title=Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|issue=1|pages=23–45|doi=10.4102/td.v2i1.307|doi-access=free}}</ref> These goods were then transported by land toward the Mediterranean and the [[Greco-Roman world]] via the [[incense route]] and the [[Roman trade with India|Roman–India routes]] by [[India]]n and [[Persia]]n traders.<ref name="Fage 1975: 164">Fage 1975: 164</ref> The Austronesian maritime trade lanes later expanded into the Middle East and eastern Africa by the 1st millennium AD, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of [[Madagascar]].

Within specific regions, the [[Kingdom of Axum]] (5th century BC{{snd}}11th century AD) had pioneered the [[Red Sea]] route before the 1st century AD. During the first millennium AD, [[Ethiopian]]s became the maritime trading power of the [[Red Sea]]. By this period, trade routes existed from [[Sri Lanka]] (the Roman [[Taprobane]]) and India, which had acquired maritime technology from early Austronesian contact. By the mid-7th century AD, after the [[Early Muslim conquests|rise of Islam]], Arab traders started plying these maritime routes and dominated the western [[Indian Ocean]] maritime routes.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the [[Levant]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] merchants to [[Europe]] until the rise of the [[Seljuk Turks]] in 1090. Later the [[Ottoman Turks]] held the route again by 1453 respectively. Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime [[trade route]]s led to tremendous growth in commercial activities to Europe. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The trade was changed by the [[Crusades]] and later the European [[Age of Discovery]],<ref name=Donkin/> during which the spice trade, particularly in [[black pepper]], became an influential activity for European traders.<ref name=CornPrologue>Corn & Glasserman 1999: Prologue</ref> From the 11th to the 15th centuries, the Italian [[maritime republics]] of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] monopolized the trade between Europe and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-03|title=Brainy IAS - Online & Offline Classes|url=https://www.brainyias.com/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Brainy IAS|language=en}}</ref> The [[Cape Route]] from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the [[Cape of Good Hope]] was pioneered by the Portuguese explorer navigator [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1498, resulting in new maritime routes for trade.<ref name=Columbia1/>

This trade, which drove world trade from the end of the [[Middle Ages]] well into the [[Renaissance]],<ref name=CornPrologue/> ushered in an age of European domination in the East.<ref name=Columbia1/> Channels such as the [[Bay of Bengal]] served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures<ref name=Donkin/> as nations struggled to gain control of the trade along the many spice routes.<ref name=EB1/> In 1571 the Spanish opened the first trans-Pacific route between its territories of the Philippines and Mexico, served by the [[Manila Galleon]]. This trade route lasted until 1815. The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient routes, ports, and nations that were difficult to dominate. The Dutch were later able to bypass many of these problems by pioneering a direct ocean route from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the [[Sunda Strait]] in [[Indonesia]].

==Origins==
{{Further|Maluku Islands|Indian Ocean trade|Indo-Roman trade relations|Silk Road|Sino-Roman relations}}
[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|The spice trade from India attracted the attention of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], and subsequently the [[Roman Empire]].]]

People in the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Island Southeast Asia]] traded in [[spice]]s, [[obsidian]], [[seashell]]s, [[gemstone]]s and other high-value materials as early as the 10th millennium BC. The first to mention the trade in historical periods are the [[ancient Egypt]]ians. In the 3rd millennium BC, they traded with the [[Land of Punt]], which is believed to have been situated in an area encompassing northern [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]] and the [[Red Sea]] coast of [[Sudan]].<ref>Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p. 258.</ref><ref>Rawlinson 2001: 11-12</ref>

[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|300px|thumb|left|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] proto-historic and [[Maritime Silk Road|historic]] maritime trade network in the [[Indian Ocean]]<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book|first1=Pierre-Yves |last1=Manguin|editor1-first=Gwyn |editor1-last=Campbell|title =Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World |chapter =Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|year =2016|pages=51–76|isbn =978-3-319-33822-4|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref>]]

[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|Roman trade with India according to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', [[1st century]].]]

The spice trade was initially associated with overland routes, but maritime routes proved to be the factor that helped the trade grow.<ref name=EB1/> The first true maritime trade network in the [[Indian Ocean]] was by the [[Austronesian peoples]] of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Manguin2016"/> They established trade routes with [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] from around 1500 BC to 600 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger boat]]s, [[lashed-lug boat]]s, [[sewn boat]]s, and [[sampan]]s) and [[cultigen]]s (like [[coconut]]s, [[sandalwood]], [[banana]]s, and [[sugarcane]]), as well as spices [[endemic]] to the [[Maluku Islands]] ([[clove]]s and [[nutmeg]]). It also connected the material cultures of India and China later on via the Maritime Silk Road. [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia]] in particular were trading in spices (mainly [[cinnamon]] and [[Cinnamomum cassia|cassia]]) with [[East Africa]] using [[catamaran]] and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the [[westerlies]] in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as [[Africa]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], resulting in the [[history of Madagascar|Austronesian colonization of Madagascar]] by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued into historic times, later becoming the [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref name="Olivera">{{cite journal |last1=Olivera |first1=Baldomero |last2=Hall |first2=Zach |last3=Granberg |first3=Bertrand |title=Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network |journal=SciEnggJ |date=31 March 2024 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–85 |doi=10.54645/2024171ZAK-61}}</ref><ref name="Zumbroich2007">{{cite journal |last1=Zumbroich |first1=Thomas J. |date=2007–2008 |title=The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |url-status=live |journal=eJournal of Indian Medicine |volume=1 |pages=87–140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323014003/https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Doran1974">{{cite journal |last1=Doran | first1=Edwin Jr. |title=Outrigger Ages |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1974 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1}}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|author=Mahdi, Waruno|editor =Blench, Roger |editor2=Spriggs, Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =0-415-10054-2}}{{dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-0-89096-107-0}}</ref><ref name="BlenchFruits">{{cite journal |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2004 |volume=24 |issue=The Taipei Papers (Volume 2) |pages=31–50 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496}}</ref><ref name="danielsmenzies1996">{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Needham|first1=Christian|last1=Daniels|first2=Nicholas K.|last2=Menzies|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|pages=177–185|isbn=978-0-521-41999-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzqPvHlFkV4C&pg=PR8}}</ref>

In the first millennium BC, [[Arabs]], [[Phoenicians]], and Indians were also engaged in sea and land trade in luxury goods such as spices, gold, precious stones, leather of exotic animals, ebony and pearls. Maritime trade was in the [[Red Sea]] and the Indian Ocean. The sea route in the Red Sea was from [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] to [[Berenice Troglodytica]] in [[Upper Egypt]], from there inland to the [[Nile]], and then by boat to [[Alexandria]]. [[Luxury goods]] like Indian spices, [[ebony]], [[silk]] and fine [[textiles]] were traded along the overland [[Incense Route]].<ref name=EB1/>

In the second half of the first millennium BC the [[tribes of Arabia|tribes of South and West Arabia]] took control over the land trade of spices from [[South Arabia]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. These established [[Ma'in]], [[Qataban]], [[Hadhramaut]], [[Sheba]], and [[Himyar]]. In the north, the [[Nabateans]] took control of the trade route that crossed the [[Negev]] from [[Petra]] to [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The trade enriched these tribes. [[South Arabia]] was called [[Arabia Felix|Eudaemon Arabia]] (the elated Arabia) by the [[ancient Greeks]] and was on the agenda of [[Alexander the Great]] before he died. Indians and the Arabs controlled the sea trade with India. In the late second century BC, the [[Greeks]] from the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] of [[Egypt]] learned from the Indians how to sail directly from [[Aden]] to the west coast of India using the monsoon winds (as did [[Hippalus]]) and took control of the sea trade via Red Sea ports.<ref name=Shaw1>Shaw 2003: 426</ref>

Spices are discussed in biblical narratives, and there is literary evidence for their use in ancient Greek and Roman society. There is a record from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] texts of Greeks purchasing large sacks of black pepper from India, and many recipes in the 1st-century [[ancient Roman cuisine|Roman cookbook]] ''[[Apicius]]'' make use of the spice. The trade in spices lessened after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], but demand for [[ginger]], black pepper, [[cloves]], [[cinnamon]], and [[nutmeg]] revived the trade in later centuries.<ref>[https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2 The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile] ''Gastronomica'' Spring 2007 Vol. 7 Issue 2</ref>

==Arab trade and medieval Europe==
{{See also|Indo-Mediterranean}}[[File:Italy to India Route.svg|thumb|Trade route in the [[Red Sea]] linking Italy to south-west India]]
[[File:Spicemerchant.png|thumb|Spice merchant in [[Nuremberg]], 1453.]]
Rome played a part in the spice trade during the 5th century, but this role did not last through the Middle Ages.<ref name=EB1/> The rise of Islam brought a significant change to the trade as [[Radhanite]] Jewish and Arab merchants, particularly from [[Egypt]], eventually took over conveying goods via the [[Levant]] to [[Europe]]. At times, Jews enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the spice trade in large parts of Western Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Louis |title=Jewish Merchant Adventurers: A Study of the Radanites |date=1948 |publisher=Edward Goldston |location=London |pages=150–212}}</ref>

The spice trade had brought great riches to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] and inspired famous legends such as that of [[Sinbad the Sailor]]. These early sailors and merchants would often set sail from the port city of [[Basra]] and, after many ports of call, would return to sell their goods, including spices, in [[Baghdad]]. The fame of many spices such as [[nutmeg]] and [[cinnamon]] are attributed to these early spice merchants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/arabian/bl-arabian-3sindbad.htm |title=The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman – The Arabian Nights – The Thousand and One Nights – Sir Richard Burton translator |publisher=Classiclit.about.com |date=2009-11-02 |access-date=2011-09-16}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2012}}

The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and [[Persia]] during the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name=Donkin1>Donkin 2003: 59</ref> Arab traders — mainly descendants of sailors from [[Yemen]] and [[Oman]] — dominated maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the [[Far East]] and linking to the secret "spice islands" ([[Maluku Islands]] and [[Banda Islands]]). The islands of [[Molucca]] also find mention in several records: a Javanese chronicle (1365) mentions the Moluccas and ''Maloko'', and navigational works of the 14th and 15th centuries contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas. Sulaima al-Mahr writes: "East of [[Timor]] [where [[sandalwood]] is found] are the islands of ''Bandam'' and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. The islands of [[cloves]] are called ''Maluku'' ....."<ref name="Donkin6">Donkin 2003: 88</ref>

Moluccan products were shipped to trading emporiums in India, passing through ports like [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]] and through [[Sri Lanka]]. From there they were shipped westward across the ports of Arabia to the Near East, to [[Ormus]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Jeddah]] in the [[Red Sea]] and sometimes to [[East Africa]], where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites.<ref name="Donkin4">Donkin 2003: 92</ref> The [[Abbasids]] used Alexandria, [[Damietta]], [[Aden]] and [[Siraf]] as entry ports to trade with India and China.<ref name="Donkin3">Donkin 2003: 91–92</ref> Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of [[musk]], [[camphor]], [[ambergris]] and [[sandalwood]] to [[Ibn Ziyad]], the [[sultan]] of [[Yemen]].<ref name=Donkin3/>

Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century).<ref name=Donkin4/> Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] mentions the town of [[Puri]] where "merchants depart for distant countries."<ref name=Donkin2>Donkin 2003: 65</ref>

[[File:Istanbul_spice_bazaar_02.jpg|thumb|[[Spice Bazaar]] used for the spice trade during the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Istanbul]]]]

From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. From the 8th until the 15th century, [[maritime republics]] ([[Republic of Venice]], [[Republic of Pisa]], [[Republic of Genoa]], [[Duchy of Amalfi]], [[Duchy of Gaeta]], [[Republic of Ancona]] and [[Republic of Ragusa]]<ref>Armando Lodolini, ''Le repubbliche del mare'', Roma, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967.</ref>) held a monopoly on European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving [[spice]]s, [[incense]], [[herb]]s, [[drug]]s and [[opium]], made these Mediterranean city-states extremely wealthy. Spices were among the most expensive and in-demand products of the Middle Ages, used in [[medicine]] as well as in the kitchen. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Venetian and other navigators of maritime republics then distributed the goods through Europe.

==Age of Discovery: a new route and a New World==
{{main|Age of Discovery}}
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|[[Portuguese India Armadas]] trade routes (blue) since [[Vasco da Gama]] 1498 travel and its rival [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] and [[Spanish treasure fleet]]s (white) established in 1568]]

[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|thumb|Image of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]], India from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'', 1572.]]

The [[Republic of Venice]] had become a formidable power and a key player in the Eastern spice trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?id=40 |title=The spice trade and its importance for European expansion |last1=Pollmer |first1=Priv.Doz. Dr. Udo
|website=Migration and Diffusion |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability.<ref name=EB1/> Until the mid-15th century, trade with the East was achieved through the [[Silk Road]], with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Italian city-states]] of [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]] acting as middlemen.

The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under [[Henry the Navigator]]. Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the [[Indies]], the Portuguese first rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488 on an expedition led by [[Bartolomeu Dias]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04775b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Bartolomeu Dias] Retrieved November 29, 2007</ref> Just nine years later in 1497, on the orders of [[Manuel I of Portugal]], four vessels under the command of navigator [[Vasco da Gama]] continued beyond to the eastern coast of Africa to [[Malindi]] and sailed across the [[Indian Ocean]] to [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]], on the [[Malabar Coast]] in [[Kerala]]<ref name=Columbia1>Gama, Vasco da. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.</ref> in [[South India]] — the capital of the local [[Zamorin]] rulers. The wealth of the [[Indies]] was now open for the Europeans to explore; the [[Portuguese Empire]] was the earliest European seaborne empire to grow from the spice trade.<ref name=Columbia1/>

[[File:Anonymous The Noord-Nieuwland in Table Bay, 1762.jpg|thumb|Dutch ships in [[Table Bay]] docking at the [[Cape Colony]] at the Cape of Good Hope, 1762.]]

In 1511, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Malacca]] for Portugal, then the center of Asian trade. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent several diplomatic and exploratory missions, including to the Moluccas. Learning the secret location of the [[Spice Islands]], mainly the Banda Islands, then the world source of nutmeg, he sent an expedition led by [[António de Abreu]] to Banda, where they were the first Europeans to arrive, in early 1512.<ref>''Nathaniel's Nutmeg: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History'', Milton, Giles (1999), pp. 5–7</ref> Abreu's expedition reached [[Buru]], [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] and [[Seram Island|Seram]] Islands, and then Banda.

[[File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg|thumb|left|350px|Portugal claimed the Indian Ocean as its ''[[mare clausum]]'' during the [[Age of Discovery]].]]

From 1507 to 1515 Albuquerque tried to completely block Arab and other traditional routes that stretched from the shores of Western India to the Mediterranean Sea, through the conquest of strategic bases in the Persian Gulf and at the entry of the Red Sea. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

By the early 16th century the Portuguese had complete control of the African sea route, which extended through a long network of routes that linked three oceans, from the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) in the Pacific Ocean limits, through Malacca, [[Kerala]] and Sri Lanka, to [[Lisbon]] in Portugal. {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The [[Crown of Castile]] had organized the expedition of [[Christopher Columbus]] to compete with Portugal for the spice trade with Asia, but when Columbus landed on the island of [[Hispaniola]] (in what is now [[Haiti]]) instead of in the [[Indies]], the search for a route to Asia was postponed until a few years later. After [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] crossed the [[Isthmus of Panama]] in 1513, the Spanish Crown prepared a [[Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation|westward voyage]] by [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in order to reach Asia from Spain across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. On October 21, 1520, his expedition crossed the [[Strait of Magellan]] in the southern tip of South America, opening the Pacific to European exploration. On March 16, 1521, the ships reached the [[Philippines]] and soon after the Spice Islands, ultimately resulting decades later in the [[Manila Galleons|Manila Galleon]] trade, the first westward spice trade route to Asia. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, navigator [[Juan Sebastian Elcano]] took command of the expedition and drove it across the Indian Ocean and back to Spain, where they arrived in 1522 aboard the last remaining ship, the ''Victoria''. For the next two-and-a-half centuries, Spain controlled a vast trade network that linked three continents: Asia, the Americas and Europe. A global spice route had been created: from [[Manila]] in the Philippines (Asia) to [[Seville]] in Spain (Europe), via [[Acapulco]] in [[Mexico]] (North America). {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Cultural diffusion==
[[File:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|One of the [[Borobudur ship]]s from the 8th century. These were depictions of large Javanese outrigger vessels. One is shown here with the characteristic [[tanja sail]] of Southeast Asian [[Austronesians]].]]

One of the most important technological exchanges of the spice trade network was the early introduction of maritime technologies to India, the Middle East, East Africa, and China by the [[Austronesian peoples]]. These technologies include the plank-sewn hulls, [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger boat]]s, and possibly the [[lateen sail]]. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''paṭavu'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ''paḍava'', and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] ''paḍahu'', all meaning "ship", are all derived from [[Proto-Hesperonesian]] ''*padaw'', "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ''[[perahu]]'', [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]] ''padau'', [[Maranao language|Maranao]] ''padaw'', [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] ''[[paráw]]'', [[Samoan language|Samoan]] ''folau'', [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] ''halau'', and [[Māori language|Māori]] ''wharau''.<ref name="Mahdi1999"/><ref name="Doran1974"/><ref name="Doran1981"/>

Austronesians also introduced many [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|Austronesian]] [[cultigen]]s to southern India, Sri Lanka, and eastern Africa that figured prominently in the spice trade.<ref name="Hoogervorst2013"/> They include [[banana]]s,<ref name="Lockard"/> Pacific domesticated [[coconut]]s,<ref name="Gunn"/><ref name="Crowther2016">{{cite journal |last1=Crowther |first1=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 June 2016 |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113|pmid=27247383 |pmc=4914162 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Dioscorea]]'' yams,<ref name="Barker2017">{{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |last2=Hunt |first2=Chris |last3=Barton |first3=Huw |last4=Gosden |first4=Chris |last5=Jones |first5=Sam |last6=Lloyd-Smith |first6=Lindsay |last7=Farr |first7=Lucy |last8=Nyirí |first8=Borbala |last9=O'Donnell |first9=Shawn |title=The 'cultured rainforests' of Borneo |journal=Quaternary International |date=August 2017 |volume=448 |pages=44–61 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.018|bibcode=2017QuInt.448...44B |url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4693/3/The%20cultured%20rainforests%20of%20Borneo.pdf }}</ref> wetland rice,<ref name="Lockard"/> [[sandalwood]],<ref name="Fox2006House">{{cite book|first1=James J.|last1=Fox|title =Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living|publisher =ANU E Press|year =2006|page=21|isbn =978-1-920942-84-7|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=4JavFdIXo3oC&pg=PA21}}</ref> [[giant taro]],<ref name="Matthews1995">{{cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=Peter J. |title=Aroids and the Austronesians. |journal=Tropics |date=1995 |volume=4 |issue=2/3 |pages=105–126 |doi=10.3759/tropics.4.105 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240821492|doi-access=free |bibcode=1995Tropi...4..105M }}</ref> [[Polynesian arrowroot]],<ref name="Spennemann1994">{{cite journal |last1=Spennemann |first1=Dirk H.R. |title=Traditional Arrowroot Production and Utilization in the Marshall Islands |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology |date=1994 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=211–234}}</ref> [[ginger]],<ref name="Viestad">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvQhVrQ7bzkC|title=Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route|last1=Viestad|first1=Andreas|publisher=[[Chronicle Books]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8118-4965-4|location=San Francisco|pages=89|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[lengkuas]],<ref name="Hoogervorst2013">{{cite book|first1=Tom|last1=Hoogervorst|editor1-first=Satish|editor1-last=Chandra|editor2-first=Himanshu|editor2-last=Prabha Ray|title =The Sea, Identity and History: From the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea|chapter =If Only Plants Could talk...: Reconstructing Pre-Modern Biological Translocations in the Indian Ocean|publisher =Manohar|year =2013|pages=67–92|isbn =978-81-7304-986-6|chapter-url =http://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hoogervorst-2013-If-only-plants-could-talk.pdf}}</ref> [[tailed pepper]],<ref name="Ravindran2017">{{cite book|first1=P.N.|last1=Ravindran|title =The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices|publisher =CABI|year =2017|isbn =978-1-78064-315-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> [[betel]],<ref name="Zumbroich2007"/> [[areca nut]],<ref name="Zumbroich2007"/> and [[sugarcane]].<ref name="Daniels1993">{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=John |last2=Daniels |first2=Christian |title=Sugarcane in Prehistory |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |date=April 1993 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x }}</ref><ref name="Paterson2012">{{cite book|first1=Andrew H. |last1=Paterson|first2=Paul H.|last2=Moore|first3=Tew|last3=Tom L.|editor1-first=Andrew H. |editor1-last=Paterson|title =Genomics of the Saccharinae|chapter =The Gene Pool of ''Saccharum'' Species and Their Improvement|publisher =Springer Science & Business Media|year =2012|pages=43–72|isbn = 978-1-4419-5947-8|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=F282fp_IMI8C&pg=PA54}}</ref>

[[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons, entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economies by estate management, craftsmanship, and promotion of trading activities.<ref name=Donkin67>Donkin 2003: 67</ref> [[Buddhism]], in particular, traveled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art, and literacy.<ref name=Donkin69>Donkin 2003: 69</ref> [[Islam]] spread throughout the East, reaching [[maritime Southeast Asia]] in the 10th century; Muslim merchants played a crucial part in the trade.<ref name=Corn0>Corn & Glasserman 1999</ref> Christian missionaries, such as [[Saint Francis Xavier]], were instrumental in the spread of [[Christianity]] in the East.<ref name="Corn0"/> Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Moluccas.<ref name="Corn0"/> However, the natives of the Spice Islands accommodated to aspects of both religions easily.<ref>Corn & Glasserman 1999: 105</ref>

The Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders, such as the Gujarati [[Vanika|banias]], South Indian [[Chettiar|Chettis]], [[Syriac Christians|Syrian Christians]], Chinese from [[Fujian]] province, and Arabs from [[Aden]], involved in the spice trade.<ref name=Collingham56>Collingham 56: 2006</ref> Epics, languages, and cultural customs were borrowed by Southeast Asia from India, and later China.<ref name=Donkin>Donkin 2003</ref> Knowledge of [[Portuguese language]] became essential for merchants involved in the trade.<ref>Corn & Glasserman 1999: 203</ref> The colonial pepper trade drastically changed the experience of modernity in Europe, and in Kerala and it brought, along with colonialism, early capitalism to India's Malabar Coast, changing cultures of work and caste.<ref>Vinod Kottayil Kalidasan, 'The Routes of Pepper: Colonial Discourses around the Spice Trade in Malabar', Kerala Modernity: Ideasa, Spaces and Practices in Transition, Ed. Shiju Sam Varughese and Satheese Chandra Bose, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2015. For the link: {{cite web |url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=14&isbn=978-81-250-5722-2 |title=Orient Blackswan PVT. LTD. |access-date=2015-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413181940/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=14&isbn=978-81-250-5722-2 |archive-date=2015-04-13 }}</ref>

Indian merchants involved in spice trade took [[Indian cuisine]] to Southeast Asia, notably present day [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], where spice mixtures and [[black pepper]] became popular.<ref name=Collingham245>Collingham 245: 2006</ref> Conversely, Southeast Asian cuisine and crops was also introduced to India and Sri Lanka, where [[rice cake]]s and [[coconut milk]]-based dishes are still dominant.<ref name="Hoogervorst2013"/><ref name="Gunn">{{cite journal |last1=Gunn |first1=Bee F. |last2=Baudouin |first2=Luc |last3=Olsen |first3=Kenneth M. |last4=Ingvarsson |first4=Pär K. |title=Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics |journal=PLOS ONE |date=22 June 2011 |volume=6 |issue=6 |article-number=e21143 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021143|pmid=21731660 |pmc=3120816 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...621143G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lockard">{{cite book |last1=Lockard |first1=Craig A. |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History |date=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-4390-8520-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evHzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|pages=123–125}}</ref><ref name="Viestad"/><ref name="Dalby2002">{{cite book|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

European people intermarried with Indians and [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|popularized valuable culinary skills]], such as [[baking]], in India.<ref name=Collingham61>Collingham 61: 2006</ref> Indian food, adapted to the European palate, became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India.<ref name=Collingham129>Collingham 129: 2006</ref> Opium was a part of the spice trade, and some people involved in the spice trade were driven by opium addiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|title=Opium Throughout History {{!}} The Opium Kings {{!}} FRONTLINE|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref><ref>Burger, M. (2003), The Forgotten Gold? The Importance of the Dutch opium trade in the Seventeenth Century</ref>

==See also==
* [[East Indies]]
* [[Silk Road]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Food}}'''''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Collingham | first = Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham | title = Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = December 2005 | isbn = 978-0-19-517241-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks00coll }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Corn | first1 = Charles | author2 = Debbie Glasserman | title = The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade | publisher = Kodansha America | date = March 1999 | isbn = 978-1-56836-249-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Donkin | first = Robin A. | author-link = Robin Donkin | title = Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans | publisher = Diane Publishing Company | date = August 2003 | isbn = 978-0-87169-248-1}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Fage | first1 = John Donnelly | author-link = John Donnelly Fage |display-authors=etal | title = The Cambridge History of Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-521-21592-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Rawlinson | first = Hugh George | title = Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-206-1549-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Shaw | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Shaw (Egyptologist) | title = The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-19-280458-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw }}
{{refend}}
* {{cite book | last = Kalidasan | first = Vinod Kottayil | year = 2015 | title = "Routes of Pepper: Colonial Discourses around Spice Trade in Malabar" in Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition, Shiju Sam Varughese and Sathese Chandra Bose (Eds) | publisher = Orient Blackswan, New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-250-5722-2 }}

==Further reading==
* Borschberg, Peter (2017), "The Value of Admiral Matelieff's Writings for Studying the History of Southeast Asia, c. 1600–1620". ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' 48(3): 414–435. {{doi|10.1017/S002246341700056X}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |title=The Spice Route: A History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 }}
* Nabhan, Gary Paul: ''Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey.'' [History of Spice Trade] University of California Press, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-520-26720-6}} [Print]; {{ISBN|978-0-520-95695-7}} [eBook]
* Pavo López, Marcos: ''[http://e-perimetron.org/Vol_15_2/Pavo_Lopez.pdf Spices in maps. Fifth centenary of the first circumnavigation of the world]''. [History of the spice trade through old maps] e-Perimetron, vol 15, no.2 (2020)

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1777/the-spice-trade--the-age-of-exploration/ The Spice Trade and the Age of Exploration]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/silk/hd_silk.htm Trade between the Romans and the Empires of Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
{{Clear}}
* [http://www.euleev.de/images/Beitraege/UP_The_spice_trade.pdf The Spice Trade and its importance for European Expansion, Doz. Udo Pollmer]
{{Trade route 2}}
{{herbs & spices}}
{{Austronesian ships}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:History of international trade]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:Medieval economic history]]
[[Category:Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Spain]]
[[Category:Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Somalia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Aksum]]
[[Category:Age of Sail]]
[[Category:Trade by commodity]]
[[Category:Maluku Islands]]

Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium

2026-02-10T05:28:13Z

Mlzsgondia: made new entry

{{short description|Historic football stadium in Kolhapur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium
| image = CHHATRAPATI SHAHU MAHARAJ STADIUM KOLHAPUR.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nickname = Shahu Maidan
| location = Subhash Road, [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates =
| opened = 1960
| owner = Government of Maharashtra
| operator = Kolhapur Sports Association
| surface = [[Grass]]
| dimensions = {{nowrap|{{cvt|106 x 70|m}}}}
| capacity = 18000
| tenants = ''All Kolhapur District Football Clubs Maharashtra (Santosh Trophy Team)''
| record_attendance =
}}

'''Chhatrapati Shahu Football Stadium''' is a historic [[association football|football]] stadium in [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolhapur Sports Association |url=https://www.ksakolhapur.org/contactus.php |website=ksakolhapur.org |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>[https://www.esakal.com/krida/video-thousands-of-football-fans-gather-for-ksa-senior-league-match-in-kolhapur-patakadil-talim-mandal-vs-shivaji-tarun-mandal-psk96]

==Name==
The stadium is named after Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, the Maharaja of the Indian [[princely state]] of Kolhapur Who has built this Stadium.
[[File:Shahu Stadium Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|Shahu Stadium in Kolhapur]]

==Usage==
Santosh Trophy matches of 2022–23 season took place here. The clubs of KSA district leagues use the stadium. The leagues are conducted by the Kolhapur Sports Association.<ref>{{cite web |title=KSA football league kicks off in Kolhapur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/ksa-football-league-kicks-off-in-kolhapur/articleshow/96558854.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Football season kicks off in Kolhapur sans spectators |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/football-season-kicks-off-in-kolhapur-sans-spectators/articleshow/89464799.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=10 February 2022 }}</ref> It also serves as the home stadium for [[FC Kolhapur City]].[https://www.esakal.com/krida/video-thousands-of-football-fans-gather-for-ksa-senior-league-match-in-kolhapur-patakadil-talim-mandal-vs-shivaji-tarun-mandal-psk96]

== See also ==
* [[Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium]]
* [[Khasbag Wrestling Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://int.soccerway.com/venues/india/rajarshi-shahu-football-stadium/ Stadium overview] at Soccerway
* [https://www.ksakolhapur.org/ Stadium overview] – Kolhapur Sports Association

{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}
{{coord|16|41|35|N|74|13|49|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Football venues in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1960]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

N. C. Sippy

2026-02-08T17:58:05Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding new entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Distinguish|text = [[G. P. Sippy]] (1914–2007), Bollywood film producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. C. Sippy
| image = N. C. Sippy.gif
| caption =
| birth_date = 22 August 1926
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|11|25|1926|08|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| children = [[Raj N. Sippy]] Romu N. Sippy Mohini N. Sippy
| occupation = Film producer, director
| awards = [[Filmfare Award]]
| signature =
}}
'''N. C. Sippy''' (22 August 1926 {{endash}} 25 November 2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/n-c-sippy/IEIN010500|title=N. C. Sippy Biography, Filmography & Movie List|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Film-producer-N-C-Sippy-is-dead/articleshow/837296761.cms|title=Film producer N.C. Sippy is dead | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2001 }}</ref> was an Indian film producer and director who originally worked as a [[Production manager (theatre)|production manager]], [[executive producer]] and presenter during his initial career span. He later worked as a producer and [[Bollywood]] film director in several [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films in the [[cinema of India]]. Sippy is known for his prominent films such as ''[[Gol Maal]]'', ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'', ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'', ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'', ''[[Khubsoorat]]'', ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'', ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'', ''[[Padosan]]'' and other Hindi-language movies most of which were directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherji]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Veteran-film-maker-N-C-Sippy-dead/articleshow/1888656401.cms|title=Veteran film maker N C Sippy dead - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2001 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/n-c-sippy.html|title=All you want to know about #NCSippy|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>

==Early life==
N. C. Sippy was born in [[Karachi]], [[British Raj|British India]] and later in 1946, he moved to Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) where an Indian comedian-actor named [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] helped him in his career development. N.C, with the help of Gope, worked as a production manager. His first production film was ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (1958) which was directed by [[Mahesh Kaul]].<ref name="auto2"/>

==Career==
Sippy's first production ''Talaq'' (1958) was the last one as he later decided to work as a producer in films like ''Bin Badal Barsaat'' (1963), ''Aashirwad'' (1968), and more. In 1971, Sippy and [[Hrishikesh Mukherji]] started working together in a film titled ''Anand''. Since then, their work had produced films such as ''Guddi'' (1971), ''Bawarchi'' (1972), ''Chupke Chupke'' (1975), ''Mili'' (1975), ''Gol Maal'' (1979), and ''Khubsoorat'' (1980).<ref name="auto2"/>

In 1998, when his wife died, he lost his voice and started communicating with his family and friends by writing notes. He died on 25 November 2001, in a private hospital in Mumbai.<ref name="auto3"/>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/n-c-sippy-82488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204122447/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/n-c-sippy-82488|url-status=live|archive-date=4 February 2020|title=N.C. Sippy movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
* ''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Alaap]]'' (1977)
* [[Mili (1975 film)|''Mili'']] (1975)
* [[Chupke Chupke (film)|''Chupke Chupke'']] (1975)
* ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Mere Apne]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' (1972)
* [[Anand (1971 film)|''Anand'']] (1971)
* [[Guddi (1971 film)|''Guddi'']] (1971)
* ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Padosan]]'' (1968)
* [[Diwana (1967 film)|''Diwana'']] (1967)
* ''Bin Badal Barsaat'' (1963)
* ''Sawan'' (1959)
* ''Aas'' (1953)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/n-c-sippy/14949|title=N. C. Sippy Complete Movies List from 1980 to 1968|website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/producer/nc-sippy|title=Bollywood Producer Nc Sippy Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/n-c-sippy/box-office/|title=N C Sippy Hit Movies List | N C Sippy Box Office Collection - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[18th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award (1972)]] - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971)
* [[28th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award (1981)]] - Best Film - ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980)
* [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] - ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/N.C.-Sippy/awards|title=N.c. Sippy Awards: List of awards and nominations received by N.c. Sippy | Times of India Entertainment|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/n-c-sippy/awards.html|title=N C Sippy Awards & Nominations List|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com//photos/every-movie-that-won-the-filmfare-best-film-award-from-1953-to-2015_-18050.html|title=Every movie that won the Filmfare Best Film Award from 1953 to 2015|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0802690|N. C. Sippy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sippy, N. C.}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Chitranjan Singh Ranawat

2026-02-02T03:13:04Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Short description|American-Indian orthopedic surgeon}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitranjan Singh Ranawat
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = Sarwania, [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 26/09/2025
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Orthopedic surgeon
| yearsactive = since 1969
| known_for = development of [[Joint Replacement Surgeries|joint replacement surgical]] techniques
| awards = {{ublist|2001 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
| website = {{url|http://www.ranawatorthopaedics.com/doctor/chitranjan-s-ranawat-m-d/|official website}}
}}
'''Chitranjan Singh Ranawat''' was an American orthopedic surgeon of Indian origin.

Ranawat was born in Sarwania, in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and did his early medical education at [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore]]<ref name=rediff>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/12pmus3.htm |title=rediff.com: Reticent Dr Ranawat is a master of his craft |date=September 12, 2000 |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> and his schooling from The Daly College, Indore before moving to the US for advanced training.<ref name="About Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat, MD">{{Cite web |url=https://health.usnews.com/doctors/chitranjan-ranawat-66776 |title=About Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat, MD |date=2018-11-24 |website=US News |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> There, he worked at St. Peters Hospital, Albany and [[Albany Medical Center]] and received certification as an orthopedic surgeon by the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery in 1969.<ref name="Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indobase.com/indians-abroad/c-s-ranawat.html |title=Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat Biography |date=2018-11-24 |website=www.indobase.com |language=en |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> Later, he moved to [[Lenox Hill Hospital]] where he became the chairman and director of the Orthopedic department. He has also served as a professor at the [[Weill Medical College]] of [[Cornell University]] and as a visiting faculty at other universities.<ref name="Ranawat, Chitranjan Singh">{{Cite web |url=https://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-csr2001 |title=Ranawat, Chitranjan Singh |date=2018-11-24 |website=vivo.med.cornell.edu |language=en |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> Ranawat and Albert Burstein of the [[Hospital for Special Surgery]], also in New York City, invented a [[Hip replacement#Implants|hip replacement implant]] marketed by [[Biomet]].<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{cite web |title=Horizon Scan on Hip Replacement Surgery |url=https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coverage/DeterminationProcess/downloads/id44ta.pdf |publisher=AHRQ |date=December 22, 2006}}</ref>

In 1986 he founded the Ranawat Foundation, a philanthropic organization.<ref name="Dr. Chitranjan Ranawat Biography" /> and in 2001 he received the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=2018-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each year at its annual meeting, the Knee Society presents the "Chitranjan S. Ranawat, MD Award" and two other awards for the best research papers that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards |url=http://kneesociety.org/awards/ |publisher=The Knee Society |access-date=25 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301214951/https://www.kneesociety.org/awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Death-26/09/2025

==Writings==
* {{cite book|author1=Chitranjan S. Ranawat|author2=Rock G. Positano|title=Disorders of the Heel, Rearfoot, and Ankle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AahsAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-443-07838-5}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}
* [[Joint replacement]]
* [[Arthroplasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranawat, Chitranjan Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:American orthopedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Albany Medical College faculty]]
[[Category:Cornell University faculty]]
[[Category:American medical academics]]
[[Category:American medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Sutturu

2026-02-01T05:30:34Z

Mlzsgondia: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sutturu
| native_name =
| image_skyline = File:Prime Minister Modi at birthday centenary celebrations of Sri Shivarathri Rajendra Mahaswamiji of Sri Suttur Math, in Mysuru.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Indian Prime Minister at Suttur Matt in 2016
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.16730|N|76.79508|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 571129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0821
| registration_plate =
}}
'''Sutturu''' (Also spelled Suttur/Suthur/Suththur) is a village on the banks of the river [[Kapila]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the [[Nanjangud]] [[taluk]] in the district of [[Mysore]]. It is famous for the '''Suttur Mutt''' which is one of the most prominent spiritual centres of India.

Suttur is a village situated on the banks of the River Kapila in Nanjangud taluk, Mysuru district. It is located at a distance of 28 km south of Mysuru (connected by State Highway via Varuna village) and around 170 km from Bengaluru. The shrine of Adi Jagadguru Sri Shivrathreeshwara Shivayogi Mahaswamiji is the main temple at Suttur. Thousands of devotees visit the shrine throughout the year.

==History==
Community life in India is closely linked with spiritual and religious institutions for the past five thousand years. The sages have been the beacons and guiding forces in upholding the moral values of life and in the progression of society as a whole. The glorious Jagadguru Sri Veerasimhasana Mahasamsthana Math, popularly known as Sri Suttur Math is a reflection of rich tradition and culture.
Jagadguru Sri Veerasimhasana Mahasamsthana Math with a long history of more than one thousand years is a multi-dimensional institution that has contributed immensely to the cause of societal advancement. The welfare activities of the Math transcend the public of all the sections of Indian society. The inscriptional pieces of evidence support the establishment of Suttur Math during the reign of the Chola kingdom. The name Shivarathri is mentioned in many ancient works. The founding of the Math can be traced to a historical event linked with Sri Shivarathreeshwara Shivayogi Mahaswamiji crusading for peace between two warring kingdoms. The hostility between King Rachamalla IV of the Gangas of Talakadu and King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty was about to break up into a large scale war. It was due to the timely intervention of Sri Shivarathreeshwara Mahaswamiji, the hostility ended and the enemies became friends. Then, at the request of King Rajaraja Chola, Mahaswamiji graciously consented to establish a Math on the banks of the River Kapila at Suttur near Mysuru.
Jagadguru Sri Eshaneshwara Wodeyar Mahaswamiji, the second pontiff, was responsible for the further development of the Suttur Math during the times of King Rajendra Chola. The Someshwara temple near the Math at Suttur is said to have been constructed by the Chola kings, in accordance with the wishes of Jagadguru Sri Eshaneshwara Wodeyar Mahaswamiji. An inscription referring to this event was dated October 23, 1032.

==Culture==

=== Sri Suttur Math ===
Jagadguru Sri Veerasimhasana Mahasamsthana Math, popularly known as Sri Suttur Math has a history of 1,000 years. Adijagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Shivayogi Mahaswamiji established Sri Math around the 11th century AD. Suttur Math grew over centuries with the immense contributions of the glorious lineage. It has become a multidimensional organisation that has contributed to all-around societal development. Sri Suttur Math set foot into the field of education with the establishment of Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Mahavidyapeetha (JSS Mahavidyapeetha) by the 23rd pontiff of Sri Suttur Math Jagadguru Sri Shivarathri Rajendra Mahaswamiji. He believed that education is the only key to societal development. JSS began the voyage with the establishment of a High School in Mysuru in 1954. Now, JSS Mahavidyapeetha runs more than 300 educational institutions in Karnataka, parts of India and abroad. The present and the 24th Pontiff Jagadguru Sri Shivarathri Deshikendra Mahaswamiji is the President of JSS Mahavidyapeetha.<ref name="goudar">{{cite web|url=http://travel.goudar.com/2012/06/suttur-mutt-sutturu-karnataka.html|title=mahiti - Travel ..: Suttur Mutt, Sutturu, Karnataka|publisher=travel.goudar.com|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>
Jagadguru Sri Veerasimhasana Mahasamsthana Math can most aptly be described as an active ongoing movement to uphold the cause of social and economic justice, based on spiritual values and ideals. The Math's activities at Suttur have spread far and wide beyond the small region on the banks of the River Kapila in Karnataka to touch the lives of millions going beyond the boundaries of our country, and even to the distant shores of the other countries.
A quick look at the lineage of the Math brings to light the unwavering societal concern of the Pontiffs. If the founding of the Math was incidental to establishing harmony and peace between the two warring factions of the region by its founder, Adijagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Mahaswamiji, the Pontiffs who followed saw purpose in promoting academics, literature, healthcare, infrastructure, etc.
The two guiding principles that Math stands on are "Work is worship" and "Selfless Services". Sri Math continues to serve the people irrespective of religion,caste, creed, gender or colour.
The lineage of Sri Suttur Math
The Suttur Math region grew up over the centuries with the contribution of each one of its illustrious pontiffs. Each pontiff chose his route to further the advancement of society. The high stature that the Sri Suttur Math enjoys today is thus the cumulative result of their initiatives, efforts and actions. 
1. Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Shivayogi Mahaswamiji 
2. Jagadguru Sri Eeshaneshwara Wodeyar Mahaswamiji 
3.Jagadguru Sri Nijalinga Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
4.Jagadguru Sri Siddananja Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
5.Jagadguru Sri Kapininanjunda Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
6. Jagadguru Sri Channaveera Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
7. Jagadguru Sri Siddhamalla Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
8. Jagadguru Sri Parvathendra Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
9.Jagadguru Sri Bhandari Basappa Wodeyar Mahaswamiji 
10.Jagadguru Sri Koogaluru Nanjunda Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
11.Jagadguru Sri Ghanalingadeva Mahaswamiji 
12. Jagadguru Sri Immadi Shivarathreeshwara Mahaswamiji 
13. Jagadguru Sri Channabasava Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
14. Jagadguru Sri Gurunanja Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
15. Jagadguru Sri Guruchannabasa Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
16. Jagadguru Sri Gurupanchakshara Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
17. Jagadguru Sri Chidghana Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
18. Jagadguru Sri Channaveera Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
19.Jagadguru Sri Mahanta Deshikendra Mahaswamiji 
20. Jagadguru Sri Siddhamalla Shivacharya Mahaswamiji 
21. Jagadguru Sri Shivarathri Dehshikendra Mahaswamiji 
22. Jagadguru Sri Mantramaharshi Pattada Sri Shivarathreeshwara Mahaswamiji 
23. Jagadguru Dr Sri Shivarathri Rajendra Mahaswamiji 
24. Jagadguru Sri Shivarathri Deshikendra Mahaswamiji - Present Pontiff

==Education==

Sri Suttur Math has created a revolution in the field of education with the establishment of JSS Mahavidyapeetha. For over 6 decades the institution has been catering to the various educational needs of common people. Jagadguru Sri Shivaratri Rajendra Mahaswamiji was a visionary and he knew that lack of knowledge is one of the main hindrances to the development of society. Under the patronage of JSS Mahavidyapeetha, Rajendra Swamiji started Jnana Dasoha by establishing schools, Anna Dasoha by providing food and accommodation to the needy children and Arogya Dasoha by setting up healthcare centres. Today, the JSS Mahavidyapeetha has more than 300 institutions in India and abroad. JSS has educational institutions at Suttur. The following are the major educational institutions at Suttur.

* J.S.S.Higher Primary School was established in 1991. The school has 2,150 books in the library and 50 computers. There are grades from first to eighth. 50 teachers are working here.<ref name="icbse">{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/jss-hps-sutturu/29260910305|title=Jss Hps, Sutturu School, Sutturu, Mysore - Karnataka|publisher=icbse.com|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>

* Government L.P.School was established in 1997. They run grades first to fifth. There are three classrooms and three teachers. The library has 190 volumes.<ref name="icbse2">{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/g-l-p-s-sutturu/29270124301|title=G L P S Sutturu School, Sutturu, Chamarajanagara - Karnataka|publisher=icbse.com|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>

* JSS School established in 2002 by Shivaratri Deshikendra Mahaswamiji provides free education and residential facilities to children from the economically weak backgrounds.

== Transport ==

=== Road ===
Sutturu is connected to Mysuru with [[List of state highways in Karnataka|Karnataka State Highway]] 84A. Karnataka State Highway 84 connects Sutturu to the Taluk headquarters Nanjangud.

=== Bus ===
Sutturu is connected to all major cities nearby via the state public bus system [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] as well as private bus networks. A typical trip to Mysuru takes about an hour.

=== Rail ===
The closest prominent railway station is at Nanjangud, with a few trains connecting it to Mysuru, Bengaluru and [[Tirupati]]. Mysuru railway station is bigger and has railway connections all over the country.

=== Air ===
The closest airport, [[Mysore Airport]], is about 25 km away, with domestic flights to Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/myq|title=Flightradar24.com - Live flight tracker!|last=Flightradar24|website=Flightradar24|language=en|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> Nearest international airports are at [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]] (170 km) and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] (200 km).

==Post office==
The village has a post office and the [[Postal Index Number|postal code]] is 571129.<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/MYSORE/S/SUTTUR|title=Pin Code: SUTTUR, MYSORE, KARNATAKA, India, Pincode.net.in|publisher=pincode.net.in|accessdate=2016-07-31}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jeemaralli]]
* [[Nagarle]]
*[[Alambur]]
* [[Kahalli]]
*Bilugali

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]

Muthupandal Festival

2026-01-26T22:34:35Z

Mlzsgondia: Adding first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Hindu festival celebrated in Patteeswaram, Tamil Nadu}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Pattisvarammuthupandal1.jpg|thumb|300px|Gnanasambandar]]
'''Muthupandal Festival''', is a festival celebrated in [[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram|Thenupuriswarar Temple]], in [[Patteeswaram]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Three-day Festival==
Every year this festival is celebrated. On the first day the festival starts with offering of milk to [[Sambandar]] followed by the procession on the mount [[Nandi (Hinduism)|rishaba]]. On the second day, after offering of Muthukondai (head dress of pearls), [[Muthukkuda|Muthukkudai]], and other pearl symbols the procession moves on. On the same day on the Gnanasambandar goes on procession on boat. On the final day, the third day, he appears in Muthupandal (ceiling made of pearl) offered by the Lord, and alongwith his adiyars worship the presiding deity of the temple.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/tanjore/2018/jun/14/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D--%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2939400.html பட்டீஸ்வரம் தேனுபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் முத்துப்பந்தல் விழா தொடக்கம், தினமணி, 14 சூன் 2018] </ref>

==Offering of Muthupandal==
During the [[Vaishakha|Vaikasi]] [[Brahmotsava|Brahmotsavam]], the important festival of offering of Muthupandal to Gnanasambandar by Lord [[Shiva]] and welcoming him takes place.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/jun/15/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81-2940275.html பட்டீஸ்வரம் தேனுபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் திருஞானசம்பந்தருக்கு முத்துப்பந்தல் வரவேற்பு, ம், தினமணி, 15 சூன் 2018] </ref> Shiva knews that Gnanasambandar is coming to offer worship alongwith his adiyars. The time was noon. Due to peak of summer oppressive heat waves impact. Gnanasambandar gets tired.<ref>[https://www.divinetraveller.net/2024/02/pateeswaram.html Pateeswaram Thenupuriswarar and Durga Devi]</ref> Realising this, Shiva sends his bhoodaganas(servants) to decorate the streets with beautiful Muthu pandal (ceiling made of Pearl). They prepares the pandal (ceiling) without Sambandar’s knowledge. He is astonished by the reverence of God and enjoys the shade offered. In order that Sambandar has a view of the sanctum sanctorum from outside, Shiva orders Nandi to shift position.<ref>[https://lightuptemples.com/en/patteeswaram-sri-thenupureeswarar-temple-thanjavur/ Light up Temples]</ref> This is the speciality of the shrine. During the festival, Gnanasambandar comes out from the Mutt and goes to [[Kailasanathar Temple, Tirumetrazhigai|Tirumetrazhigai]] on his palanquin. From there he goes to [[Thirusakthimutram|Sakthivanesvara Temple]] and goes to [[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram|Patteeswaram]] and worships the presiding deity.<ref> பட்டீஸ்வரம் தேனுபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் முத்துப்பந்தல் விழா, தினமணி, 16 சூன் 2018 </ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/hundreds-take-part-in-muthupandal-festival/article24177098.ece Hundreds take part in temple festival, The Hindu. 16 June 2018] </ref>

==13 June 2018 Muthupandal festival==
<gallery>
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal2.jpg|Gnanasambandar comes in front of [[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram]] on the palanquin
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal3.jpg|Reaches the temple
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal4.jpg|On the palanquin
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal5.jpg|Going to worship the presiding deity
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal6.jpg|Reaching the shrine
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal7.jpg|Circumambulates in the [[prakaram]]
File: Pattisvarammuthupandal8.jpg|After worshipping Shiva, found in front [[mandapa]] and blesses
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Jaygopal Tarkalankar

2026-01-19T04:52:23Z

Mlzsgondia: Made new details needs work...

{{Short description|Famous bengali writer and Sanskrit scholar (1775–1846)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaygopal Tarkalankar {{small|জয়গোপাল তর্কালঙ্কার}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1775|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ghritapur Village, [[Keshiary]], [[British India]] (now, [[Paschim Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1846|04|13|1775|09|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], British India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[Scholar]]}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Krishvavisayakshlokah (1817)'' ''Shikshasar (1818)'' ''Krishvavisayakshlokah (1817)'' ''Chandi(1819)'' ''Patrer Dhara (1821)'' ''Babgavidhan (1838)'' ''Paraseek Avidhan (1838)''
}}
'''Jaygopal Tarkalankar''' ({{langx|bn|জয়গোপাল তর্কালঙ্কার}}; 7 October 1775 – 13 April 1846) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer and [[Sanskrit]] scholar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhowmik |first1=Dulal |title=Jaygopal Tarkalankar |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Jaygopal_Tarkalankar |publisher=Banglapedia |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> One of his descendants Sri Ankur Bhattacharya lived in [[Nabadwip]], Nandipara in [[Nadia district]].
[[File:Dynasty chart of Jaygopal Tarkalankar.jpg|thumb|Founded and created in 2024]]

==Early life==
Tarkalankar was born in 1775 at Ghritapur village, [[Keshiary]] in [[British India]]. He completed his primary education from his father, ''Pandit'' Kebalram Tarkapanchanan.<ref name="Mohan Lal 2018" />

==Career==
Tarkalankar went to [[Benaras]] and worked with [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]]. He taught Colebrooke Bengali and Sanskrit, and helped him translation projects.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyU4bC4OcvUC&q=Jaygopal+Tarkalankar&pg=PA221|title=Professor A.L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient|last=Sachindra Kumar Maity|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173267|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> He worked under [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] from 1805 to 1823 in [[Serampore|Serampur]] where he composed ''Shikshasar.'' Tarkalankar also worked with [[John Clark Marshman]] and published ''[[Samachar Darpan]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pfiAgAAQBAJ&q=Jaygopal+Tarkalankar&pg=PA99|title=Connecting Histories of Education: Transnational and Cross-Cultural|last=Barnita Bagchi, Eckhardt Fuchs, Kate Rousmaniere|date=March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781782382676|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> Immediately after its establishment of [[Sanskrit college|Sanskrit College]] in 1824 he was appointed as lecturer of Vernacular Literature. In his 22 years teaching career he taught [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Isvar_Chandra_Vidyasagar,_a_story_of_his_life_and_work/Chapter_4|title=Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar, a story of his life and work|last=Chapter 4|first=Subal Chandra Mitra|chapter=Chapter 4 |access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> and Madan Mohan Tarkalankar. His principal aim was to re-develop the [[Bengali language]] by ridding it of its [[Dobhashi|Perso-Arabic influences]]. Tarkalankar revised versions of [[Krittibas Ojha|Krittivas's]] [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] of [[Kashiram Das]] which were published from [[Serampore Mission Press]] in 1834 and 1836 respectively.<ref name="Mohan Lal 2018">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=Jaygopal+Tarkalankar&pg=PA4301|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|last=Mohan Lal|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788126012213|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=Jaygopal+Tarkalankar&pg=PA342|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|last=Kunal Chakrabarti, Shubhra Chakrabarti|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810880245|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Shikshasar''
* ''Krishvavisayakshlokah''
* ''Chandi''
* ''Patrer Dhara''
* ''Babgavidhan''
*''Paraseek Avidhan''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.291641|title=Paraseek Avidhan|last=Tarkalankar, jaygopal.|website=archive.org|access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:সাহিত্য-সাধক-চরিতমালা প্রথম খণ্ড.jpg|thumb|Acknowledgments on the memory of Sri Joygopal Tarkalankar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarkalankar, Jaygopal}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1846 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Bengal]]

[[Category:Language reformers]]
[[Category:Writers from the Bengal Presidency]]

Mulakuzha

2026-01-18T10:31:54Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mulakuzha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|17|50|N|76|39|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = South India
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 28390
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689505
| area_code_type = Landline code
| area_code = 0479
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-30 & [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-4
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chengannur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mavelikkara
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Chengannur
| website = {{URL|http://lsgkerala.in/mulakuzhapanchayat/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mulakuzha''' or '''മുളക്കുഴ''' is a village in [[Alappuzha district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/%28S%28ahk34zqqqbswrx3fmv5imw55%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref> Mulakuzha is located in [[Chengannur]] [[tehsil]], and residents are mostly artisans and farmers.

==Etymology==
The word of mouth knowledge about the [[Folk etymology|etymological]] roots of the name is that at first the name was "Mullakara" which translates in [[Malayalam]] as "Land of Bamboos" which was later altered to Mulakuzha (Mula + kuzha/kula=Bamboo+Area).

==Location and climate==
This village is situated around 6 km from Chengannur taluk, and shares a border with [[Pathanamthitta district]]. A salubrious [[balneology|balneologic]] canal runs through the heart of this village from the [[Pamba River]], venerated as the "Southern Ganges".

{{Geographic Location
|width=auto
|title = '''Destinations from Mulakuzha '''
|Northwest = [[Niranam]]
|North = [[Chengannur]]
|Northeast = [[Aranmula]]
|West = [[Mavelikara]]
|Centre = Mulakuzha
|East = [[Elanthoor]]
|Southwest = [[Kodukulanji]]
|South = [[Pandalam]]
|Southeast = [[Thumpamon]]
}}

Mulakuzha has a [[tropical climate]]. As per [[Köppen climate classification]] it has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). [[Precipitation]] is the lowest in January, with an average of 20 mm. In June due to the [[South-west monsoon]], the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 556 mm (Edavappathy). A brief spell of pre-monsoon "[[mango showers]]" hits the village sometime during March. April is the warmest month of the year and due to environmental changes such as loss of tree cover, summer begins with spikes of warm humid weather.<ref>[https://www.ncsu.edu/project/treesofstrength/benefits.htm "Trees of strength"], North Carolina State University</ref> The temperature in April averages 29.1 °C. In July, the average temperature is 26.5 °C. December is the coolest month of the year. The average temperatures vary during the year by 2.6 °C. The [[Northeast Monsoon|retreating monsoon]] with afternoon precipitation accompanied by thunder and lightning starts from mid-October (Thulavarsham). Monsoon seasons (Karkidakam) between June and August are considered apt for ayurvedic cleansing and rejuvenation therapies. From September to March the climate is pleasant and comfortable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/964755/ |title=Climate: Mulakuzha |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2010-01-17}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The community is provided with a range of basic amenities. The farmer's market is open on Mondays and Thursdays. Some of the major landmarks in this village are the Century Hospital, [[state school]]s VHSS and LPS (1909), Sri Dharma Shasta Temple, Nediyathu Devi Temple, Gandharva Muttam Bhagavati Temple, Parayirukala Devi Temple, Pallippadi Juma Masjid, St. Thomas Marthoma Syrian Church – Kerala headquarters of the [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India|Church of God]] – and St. Mary's Orthodox Church.GVHSS School is one of the prominent schools in the village.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Mulakuzha village had a population of 28,390 with 13,091 males and 15,299 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulakuzha Village Population - Chengannur - Alappuzha, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628271-mulakuzha-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" /> Different religions are represented, with Hindus, Christians, and Muslims among the inhabitants.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ayugreen.com/monsoon-ayurveda-treatments-packages/ Karkidaka Kanji]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA179 Origin of Pentecostal movement in India]
*[[:ml:സെയിന്റ് തോമസ് മാർത്തോമാ പള്ളി, മുളക്കുഴ|St. Thomas Marthoma Church, Mulakuzha]] on [[Malayalam]] Wikipedia

{{Alappuzha district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

{{Alappuzha-geo-stub}}

Mandapeshwar metro station

2026-01-09T04:43:00Z

Mlzsgondia:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mandapeshwar (IC Colony)
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|मंडपेश्वर (आय. सी. कॉलनी)}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image =
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = I C Colony, Borivali, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400068
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2495764|N|72.8457622|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|April|02}}
| accessible =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| code = '''204'''
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|left=Eksar|right=Kandarpada}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Mandapeshwar (IC Colony)''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This metro station is located in IC Colony Road in North Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 2 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[J Kumar Infraprojects]] was awarded the contract to construct the station in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125202/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=dna}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref>

Mandapeshwar was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, along with the first phase of Line 2A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Kandarpada metro station|Kandarpada]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Eksar metro station|Eksar]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Mandapeshwar IC Colony station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Borivali]]

Therīgāthā

2025-12-08T19:04:12Z

Mlzsgondia: creating some details initial version...

{{Short description|Buddhist collection of short poems}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox pali text|type=[[Pali Canon|Canonical text]]|parent=[[Khuddaka Nikāya]]|comment_by=Paramatthadīpanī (Therīgāthā-aṭṭhakathā)|children=|abbrev=Thig; Thī|comment_author=[[Dhammapāla]]|attribution=73 [[thero|therī]]s; [[Bhāṇaka]]|sc=pitaka/sutta/minor/kn/thig}}
{{PaliCanon|sutta}}{{TheravadaBuddhism}}
The '''''Therīgāthā''''', often translated as '''''Verses of the Elder Nuns''''' (Pāli: ''therī'' elder (feminine) + ''gāthā'' verses), is a [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] collection of short poems supposedly spoken or authored by Buddhist [[thero|elder nuns]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grünhagen |first=Céline |date=2011-01-01 |title=The female body in early Buddhist literature |url=https://journal.fi/scripta/article/view/67383 |journal=Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis |volume=23 |pages=100–114 |doi=10.30674/scripta.67383 |issn=2343-4937|doi-access=free }}</ref> The poems belong to a later period in the development of canonical Buddhist literature, composed over centuries, with some dating to the late third century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Therigatha: Poems of the First Buddhist Women|last=Hallisey|first=Charles|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780674427730|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=x}}</ref>

In the [[Pāli Canon]], the ''Therigatha'' is classified as part of the ''[[Khuddaka Nikaya]]'', the collection of short books in the ''[[Sutta Pitaka]]''. It consists of 73 poems organized into 16 chapters. It is the companion text to the ''[[Theragatha]]'', verses attributed to senior monks. It is the earliest known collection of women's literature composed in India.<ref name=Hinuber>{{cite book
| last = von Hinüber
| first = Oskar
| author-link = Oskar von Hinüber
| title = A Handbook of Pali Literature
| publisher = Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
| date = 1997
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 51–54
| language = English
| isbn = 81-215-0778-2
}}</ref>

==Authorship==
The Therigatha verses predominantly represent a late stage of canonical Buddhist literature. These verses generally lack historical context, and even when they are supposedly connected to known figures from the Vinaya and the life of Gotama Buddha—such as Pajāpati, Nandā, or Ambapāli—they appear to be generic compositions that could have been written by anyone and simply attributed to these names.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Copleston |first=Reginald Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMjgirpsi_4C |title=Buddhism, Primitive and Present, in Magadha and in Ceylon |date=1984 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0219-9 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Bernard Faure]], there is no evidence that these verses were actually composed by the women they are attributed to. The text was compiled, edited, and annotated by a monk named Dhammapala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faure |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HidpRwrmx4AC&pg=PA57 |title=The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2561-5 |page=57 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview of the text ==
The poems in ''Therigatha'' were composed orally in the [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi language]] and were passed on orally until about 80 B.C.E., when they were written down in Pali.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/first-buddhist-women-translations-and-commentary-therigatha/ | title=''The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha'' |author=George-Thérèse Dickenson|date=Summer 1992 | magazine=Tricycle}}</ref> It consists of 494 verses; while the summaries attribute these verses to 101 different nuns, only 73 identifiable speakers appear in the text.<ref name=Hinuber/> Like the ''Theragatha'', it is organized into chapters that are loosely based on the number of verses in each poem.<ref name=Norman/>

While each poem in the ''Theragatha'' has an identified speaker, several of the ''Therigatha'' texts are anonymous, or are connected with the story of a nun but not spoken to or by her—in one case, no nun seems to be present, but instead the verse is spoken by a woman trying to talk her husband out of becoming a monk.<ref name="Hinuber" />

More so than the ''Theragatha,'' there seems to have been uncertainty between different recensions about which verses were attributable to which nuns—some verses appear in the ''[[Apadāna]]'' attributed to different speakers.<ref name="Norman">{{cite book
| last = Norman
| first = Kenneth Roy
| author-link = K. R. Norman
| title = Pali Literature
| publisher = Otto Harrassowitz
| date = 1983
| location = Wiesbaden
| pages = 75–77
| language = English
| isbn = 3-447-02285-X}}</ref><ref name="Hinuber" /> Longer poems later in the collection appear in the [[Arya metre]], abandoned relatively early in [[Pali literature]], but include other features indicative of later composition, including explanations of karmic connections more typical of later texts like the ''[[Petavatthu]]'' and ''[[Apadāna]].''<ref name="Norman" />

A section of the [[Paramathadippani]], a commentary attributed to [[Dhammapala]], provides details about the ''Therigatha''.<ref name="Hinuber" />

== Composition and Inspiration ==
The concept of ancient India aesthetics was based on the central premise of “savors”, eight classical emotional states known as ''bhāva'' expressed in artistic texts, each of the emotions with their own associated savors as follows: love with sensitive, humor with comic, grief with compassionate, anger with furious, energy with heroic, fear with apprehensive, disgust with horrific, and astonishment with marvelous. The intention with these savors was not to have the audience to experience them directly, but to “[savor] them as an aesthetic experience at one remove from the emotion.”<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhikkhu |first=Ṭhānissaro |date= |title=Introduction to the Theragāthā & Therīgāthā |url=https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/KN/Thag/introduction.html |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=Dhammatalks.org}}</ref>

Ideally, a text would convey one dominant savor; given that it was long enough, it was expected to provide the audience with supplementary savors as well. All eight of these savors can be found within the Therīgāthā’s writings, in part due to the utilization of similies and “lamps”, “a peculiarity of poetry in Indian languages…that allows a poet to use, say, one adjective to modify two different nouns, or one verb to function in two separate sentences…In English, the closest we have to this is parallelism combined with ellipsis.”<ref name=":2" />

== View of the female body ==
The Therīgāthā as a whole was likely collected over a series of centuries; as part of the oral tradition preserved by the monks, the verses may have some semblance of the attitudes held by the early Buddhist communities, thus they may enlighten an audience to the sometimes contradictory attitudes towards the female body by the early Theravāda tradition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Trainor |first=Kevin |date=1993 |title=In the Eye of the Beholder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1465001 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=LXI| issue = 1 |pages=57–79 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXI.1.57 |jstor=1465001 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Buddhist tradition's paradoxical perspective of women indicates even more complexity within the religion, as well as the organization of society. Despite being viewed as "physically and spiritually weaker, less intelligent, and more sensual than men,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=Karen Christina |date=1986 |title=Lord Death's Snare: Gender-Related Imagery in the Theragāthā and the Therīgāthā |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25002042 |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |publisher=Indiana University Press, FSR, Inc |volume=2| issue = 1 |pages=63–79 |jstor=25002042 }}</ref> monks relied heavily on the generosity of laywomen to provide financial support for the Sangha; alternatively, women have been portrayed in a more positive light—on occasion, nuns have been considered to be more capable and enlightened than most monks. The fact that there are more complimentary allusions to laywomen in the text than nuns is confusing, implying some institutional prejudice against women who renounce their worldly relationships and familial responsibilities, a clash between faith and cultural expectations.

An account from the nun Subhā reveals Buddhist views of not just the female form, but of the physical form in general; while walking along the path to a mango grove, a rogue blocks her path and accosts her, attempting to seduce her with appeals to sensual desire, fear, and physical possessions, evoking emotions renunciation is intended to overcome. Ignoring her refusal, the rogue goes on to compliment her eyes, to which she removes her eye and offers it to the man, promptly causing him to beg her forgiveness. Demonstrating such utter detachment from her body frees Subhā from the unwanted advances of the rogue, as well as exemplifying the ultimate goal of detachment in Enlightenment.<ref name=":3" />

==Significance==
[[File:Mahapajapati.jpg|thumb|Mahapajapati, first Buddhist nun and Buddha's stepmother ordains]]
Despite small size, the ''Therigatha'' is a very significant document in the study of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]] as well as the earliest-known collection of women's literature. The ''Therigatha'' contains passages reaffirming the view that women are the equal of men in terms of spiritual attainment, as well as verses that address issues of particular interest to women in ancient [[South Asia]]n society.

Included in the ''Therigatha'' are the verses of a mother whose child has died (Thig VI.1 and VI.2), a former [[sex work]]er who became a nun (Thig V.2), a wealthy heiress who abandoned her life of pleasure (Thig VI.5) and even verses by the Buddha's own aunt and stepmother, [[Mahapajapati Gotami]] (Thig VI.6).

== Authenticity ==
Although the Therigatha is generally regarded as one of the earliest examples of text depicting women’s spiritual lives, it is believed the text may have been composed almost two centuries after Buddha’s passing. While several of the poems within the Therīgāthā are assigned an author, the matter of who exactly compiled the writings is subject to conjecture.

According to Thānissaro Bhikkhu, "Some scholars have proposed that the Therīgāthā w[as] compiled as part of the movement to provide early Buddhism with dramatic stage pieces as a way of making the teaching attractive to the masses.”<ref name=":2" /> The style of several poems within the text support this theory; the texts read like dramatic dialogues or monologues as opposed to a realistic depiction of the events unfolding in the nuns’ lives.

Thānissaro Bhikkhu goes on to argue that the manner in which poems are introduced—“Cooled am I,” “calmed am I,” or “unbound”<ref name=":2" />—indicate a lack of Enlightenment, a remaining attachment to the self. While many of the poems relay how the authors attained Enlightenment, these processes are sparse in detail considered important in other Buddhist texts. For instance, although these texts indicate abandonment of attachment to the body as necessary to attaining Enlightenment, the lack of detail indicates this to be the mark of total Enlightenment as opposed to merely a stage in the process of awakening.

This lack of detail is understandable in a dramatic piece; oversaturation takes away from the theatricality, whereas compressed tales more effectively relay messages. Taken as a true account, however, leads to an incomplete description of Buddhism’s practice.

==Translations==

* ''Psalms of the Sisters'', tr C. A. F. Rhys Davids, 1909; reprinted in ''Psalms of the Early Buddhists'', [[Pali Text Society]][http://www.palitext.com], Bristol; verse translation
* ''Elders' Verses'', tr [[K. R. Norman]], volume II, 1971, Pali Text Society, Bristol

The two translations have been reprinted in one paperback volume under the title ''Poems of Early Buddhist Nuns'', without Mr Norman's notes, but including extracts from the commentary translated by Mrs Rhys Davids.

*{{cite book|others=translated by Susan Murcott| title=''The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentaries on the Therigatha''| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtIKAAAAYAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Parallax Press|isbn=978-0-938077-42-8}}
*''Songs of the Elder Sisters'', a selection of 14 poems from the Therigatha translated into verse by [[Francis Booth]] (2009), digital edition (Kindle).
*''Therigatha: Poems of the First Buddhist Women'', translated by [[Charles Hallisey]], [[Murty Classical Library of India]], [[Harvard University Press]] (2015), hardcover, 336 pages, {{ISBN|9780674427730}}.
*''Poems of the Elders'', ''An Anthology from the Theragatha and Therigatha'', translated by [[Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu]] (Geoffrey DeGraff) (2015)
*''Therigatha: Canti spirituali delle monache buddhiste con il commento Paramatthadipani di Dhammapala'', traduzione di [[Antonella Serena Comba]], [[Lulu (company)|Lulu]] (2016), 513 pages, {{ISBN|9781326047399}}.
*''Therīgāthā: Book of Verses of Elder Bhikkhunis'', Translated by Bhikkhu Mahinda (Anagarika Mahendra), Bilingual Pali-English Second Edition 2022, Dhamma Publishers, Roslindale, MA; {{ISBN|9780999078143}}.
*''Therigatha: Poemas budistas de mujeres sabias'' translated into Spanish by Jesús Aguado (2018)
*''[https://suttacentral.net/thig Verses of the Senior Nuns]'', translated by [[Bhikkhu Sujato]] and Jessica Walton (2019), SuttaCentral.
*''D. Rossella, Buddhismo al femminile. Therīgāthā. Le Poesie spirituali delle monache. Con una introduzione alla dottrina del Buddha e la storia dell’ordine monastico delle donne'', Milano, Guerini e Associati, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-6250-787-5}} | https://www.guerini.it/index.php/prodotto/buddhismo-al-femminile/

==Online in English==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220731063423/https://api.learnbuddhism.org/downloads/Bhikkhu-Mahinda-Therigatha-Edition-2.pdf Therigatha translation] by Bhikkhu Mahinda
* [https://suttacentral.net/thig Therigatha translation] by [[Bhikkhu Sujato]]
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/thig/index.html Therigatha Verses of the Elder Nuns] Anthology of selected passages by [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]]
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/davids/psalms/psalms.html ''Psalms of the Early Buddhists: I. Psalms of the Sisters''], London: Pali Text Society, 1909. Caroline A. F. Rhys Davids' 1909 translation of the complete Therigatha. "The 73 songs are organized by length; each is prefaced by Dhammapala's commentary of the 400s CE. The appendix gives translations of 10 songs by theri from another source, the Bhikkhuni-samyutta, apparently contemporary with the Therigatha. Note especially the second section of Rhys Davids' introduction, in which she discusses the lives and beliefs of the theri, and from which you can link to songs that deal with specific themes, e.g., freedom, peace."<ref>{{cite web |title=Theri (500s–200s BCE) |url=http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/theri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814071040/http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/theri.html |archive-date=2011-08-14 |website=Other women's voices}}</ref>

== Related works ==
An additional collection of scriptures concerning the role and abilities of women in the early [[Sangha]] is found in the fifth division of the ''[[Samyutta Nikaya]]'', known as the [https://suttacentral.net/sn5 ''Bhikkhunī-Saṃyutta'' "Linked Discourses of the Nuns".]<ref name=":12">Skilling, Peter. Eṣā ''agrā''. ''Images of Nuns in (Mūla-)Sarvāstivādin Literature.'' Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 24, Number 2 2001,</ref>

A number of the nuns whose verses are found in the ''Therigatha'' also have verses in the book of the ''[[Khuddaka Nikaya|Khuddaka Nikāya]]'' known as the ''[[Apadāna]]'', often called the ''Biographical Stories'' in English. The ''Theri Apadāna'' contains verses from 40 Buddhist nuns recounting their past life deeds''.''<ref name=":12" /> Furthermore, there are also two extant [[Avadana|Avadāna]] texts from the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūla-Sarvāstivādin]] tradition: the ''Avadānasataka'' (surviving in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese) and the ''Karmasataka (''only survives in Tibetan'').''<ref name=":12" />

There is also a Pali language commentary on the ''Therigatha'' by the medieval Theravada monk [[Dhammapāla]]. A translation by William Pruitt (1998) has been published by the [[Pali Text Society]] as ''Commentary on the Verses of the Theris: Therigatha-atthakatha : Paramatthadipani VI.''<ref name=":12" />

Furthermore, there is a Theravada commentary on the ''[[Aṅguttara Nikāya]]'' which provides detailed histories of the disciples of the Buddha, including their past lives and their deeds. A section of this text, the ''Etadagga-vagga'' commentary, provides extensive background to 13 outstanding nuns which are also named in the Therigatha''.''<ref name=":12" /> These biographies have been translated by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu.<ref>Ānandajoti Bhikkhu (translator, 2015). ''[https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Foremost-Elder-Nuns/Foremost-Elder-Nuns.pdf The stories about the Foremost Elder Nuns]''</ref>

=== Modern works ===
One modern study of the text is Kathryn R. Blackstone's ''Women in the Footsteps of the Buddha: Struggle for Liberation in the Therigatha'' (1998).

Vijitha Rajapakse has written an analysis of the [[Feminism|feminist]], religious and philosophical themes of the Therigatha in [https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh436_RajaPakse_The-Therigatha--A-Revaluation.pdf ''The Therīgāthā A Revaluation'' (2000)''.'']

Kyung Peggy Kim Meill has also written a study of the social background of the women in the text called ''[https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=mindfulness_theses Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā]'' (2020).

A recent collection of original poems inspired by the Therigatha by the poet Matty Weingast has peen published by [[Shambhala Publications]] as ''The First Free Women: Poems of the Early Buddhist Nuns''. It is described as a "contemporary and radical adaptation" in the book's back cover, and the author admits that they are "not literal translations".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=John |date=2020 |title=Review of 'The First Free Women: Poems of the Early Buddhist Nuns' by Matty Weingast |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/the-first-free-women-poems-of-the-early-buddhist-nuns-by-matty-weingast/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 26, 2021 |website=asianreviewofbooks.com}}</ref>

At least one reviewer has described it as a "translation", even though he expresses qualms about how much of the original is obscured by the adaptation of the poet.<ref name=":02" /> Another reviewer, Liz Wilson, describes the language as "fresh" and "bold". However, Wilson points out that while in some cases "he has produced a poem that follows the language of the original closely, in other cases, the poem is more of a trans-creation than a translation."<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1826866?journalCode=rrel20 | doi=10.1080/0048721X.2020.1826866 | title=The First Free Women: Poems of the Early Buddhist Nuns | date=2021 | last1=Wilson | first1=Liz | journal=Religion | volume=51 | issue=3 | pages=467–469 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Buddhist monks and nuns have also provided more serious critiques of this work. The Buddhist nun Ayya Sudhamma has the described the book as misleading and as bearing only a "superficial connection" to the originals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodhipaksa |first=and Ayya Sudhamma |date=2021 |title=Translations that Annihilate |url=https://fakebuddhaquotes.com/translations-that-annihilate/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=fakebuddhaquotes.com}}</ref> Bhikkhu Akaliko, in an extensive review of the book, concludes that it is "a disrespectful cultural appropriation" which erases the voices of the ancient Buddhist nuns and replaces them with the voice of the author who distorts the Buddhist teachings of the original.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhikkhu |first=Akaliko |date=2021 |title=A Buddhist Literary Scandal; the Curious Case of 'The First Free Women' |url=https://lokanta.github.io/2021/01/21/curious-case/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 26, 2021 |website=lokanta.github.io}}</ref>

Vietnamese American author An Tran characterizes Weingast's translation as possibly self-serving, and a fantasy antithetical to the Buddhist world of the original: "Weingast’s poems bear little to no resemblance to the poems of the Elder Nuns. They often strip away concepts like rebirth, karma, and spiritual attainments, replacing these key Buddhist doctrines with distortions derived from Buddhist modernism, the post-colonial revisionist movement originating in the 19th century, which sought to re-imagine Buddhism in the guise of rationalist philosophy and romantic humanism (a more appealing approach in the West)."<ref>{{cite web |last1=An Tran |title=How a Poetry Collection Masquerading as Buddhist Scripture Nearly Duped the Literary World |url=https://lithub.com/how-a-poetry-collection-masquerading-as-buddhist-scripture-nearly-duped-the-literary-world/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=Literary Hub|date=3 February 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Hallisey|first=Charles|title=Therigatha: Poems of the First Buddhist Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t776oAEACAAJ|year= 2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-42773-0}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
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[[Category:Khuddaka Nikaya]]
[[Category:Buddhist nuns]]
[[Category:Buddhist hagiography]]