Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Administrative detention

2026-05-31T18:17:53Z

Mittie94U89577: created the pg added tags...

{{short description|Arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial}}
{{for|administrative detention of food items under USDA| Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act}}
'''Administrative detention''' is [[arrest]] and detention of individuals by the [[State (polity)|state]] without [[trial]]. A number of jurisdictions claim that it is done for [[National security|security]] reasons. Many countries<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/administrativedetentionrev5.pdf|title=ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION OF MIGRANTS, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809005212/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/administrativedetentionrev5.pdf|archive-date=2007-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref> claim to use administrative detention as a means to combat [[terrorism]] or [[rebellion]], to control [[illegal immigration]], or to otherwise protect the ruling regime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/israelopt_starved_of_justice_060612-final.pdf|title=Starved of Justice: Palestinians detained without trial by Israel.|last=Amnesty International|date=2012|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128092528/https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/israelopt_starved_of_justice_060612-final.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a number of jurisdictions, unlike [[Crime|criminal]] [[incarceration]] (imprisonment) imposed upon [[conviction]] following a trial, administrative detention is a forward-looking mechanism. While criminal proceedings have a retrospective focus – they seek to determine whether a defendant committed an offense in the past – the reasoning behind administrative detention often is based upon contentions that the suspect is likely to pose a threat in the future. It is meant to be preventive in nature rather than punitive (see [[preventive detention]]). The practice has been criticized by [[human rights]] organizations as a breach of [[civil and political rights]].

In other jurisdictions it is retrospective, i.e., it is a form of punishment for a certain category of offenses.

==Counter-terrorism==
Administrative detentions are defined in the law of many of the world's states. In democratic countries using administrative detention as a [[counter-terrorism]] measure, the rationale given by its proponents is that legal existing systems are ill-suited to handle the specific challenges presented by terrorism. Proponents of administrative detention maintain that criminal law's reliance on defendant rights and strict rules of evidence cannot be used effectively to remove the threat of dangerous terrorists. Some of the reasons often used to support this claim are that the information used to identify terrorists and their plots may include extremely sensitive intelligence sources and methods, the disclosure of which during trial would undermine future counter-terrorism operations. It is also claimed that the conditions under which some suspected terrorists are captured, especially in combat zones, make it impossible to prove criminal cases using normal evidentiary rules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0724_detention_waxman/0724_detention_waxman.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616123121/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0724_detention_waxman/0724_detention_waxman.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Administrative Detention: The Integration of Strategy and Legal Process, Matthew C. Waxman, p. 9|archivedate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> Proponents also maintain that criminal prosecution is designed primarily to punish past behavior, thus it is deliberately skewed in favor of defendant, in order to assure that few, if any, innocents are punished. Counter-terrorism, on the other hand, aims to prevent future action, and thus requires a system that is weighed more heavily toward reducing the possibility of future harm, by ensuring that no guilty party will go free.

The [[Laws of War]] are also seen by the proponents as inadequate. These laws allow the capture of enemy fighters, and also allow holding them for the duration of hostilities without [[trial]]. However, these laws grew out of the need to regulate combat between professional armies accountable to a sovereign state, who were engaged in combat of possibly lengthy, but finite duration. Attempting to apply these laws to terrorists who are intermingled with a civilian population and accountable to no-one opens the possibility of [[indefinite detention without trial]], combined with a substantial likelihood of error.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0724_detention_waxman/0724_detention_waxman.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616123121/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0724_detention_waxman/0724_detention_waxman.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Administrative Detention: The Integration of Strategy and Legal Process, Matthew C. Waxman, p. 10|archivedate=June 16, 2010}}</ref>

Opponents of administrative detention challenge the above assumptions. While acknowledging the need to protect the sources and methods used to obtain sensitive intelligence, they maintain that existing laws, such as the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] (FISA) and the [[Classified Information Procedures Act]] (CIPA), successfully balance the need to protect sensitive information, including the sources and means of intelligence gathering, with defendants' [[Right to a fair trial|fair trial rights]]. They point to the historical record of prosecutors who were able to obtain convictions against terrorists on the basis of existing laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/usls/2008/alert/115|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617221231/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/usls/2008/alert/115|url-status=dead|title=Post 9-11 Terrorism Cases Show Federal Courts Bring Terrorists to Justice Without Administrative Detention, Military Commissions|archivedate=June 17, 2008}}</ref> Opponents maintain that in essence, administrative detention is a form of [[collective punishment]]. Since it does not require proof of individual guilt, it attributes to all members of a group the actions of a few.

==Immigration control==
{{Main|Immigration detention}}
Many countries utilize administrative detention to hold illegal immigrants – those arriving at a country's borders without proper authorization – as an interim step to either [[deportation]] or the obtainment of proper legal status. Immigration detention is controversial because it presents a clash between traditional notions of individual liberty and the territorial [[sovereignty]] of states. Comparative studies on administrative detention practices of different countries found that those experiencing large-scale influxes of illegal migrants by sea (such as the United States and Australia) typically have the most draconian systems. Proponents of administrative detention for illegal immigrants claim that detention is required since these immigrants have not committed any crime for which they could be prosecuted under existing laws, and that allowing them to await their potential deportation while not in custody runs a risk of their absconding. Opponents maintain that alternatives to detention exist, and that such alternatives are preferable because they do not violate personal liberty, as well as being less of a financial burden to the state. Among the alternatives suggested are supervised release to a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO), the release into the custody of a private citizen who will guarantee the immigrant's participation in immigration hearings, and "open detention" centers with mandatory reporting requirements.<ref name="ecre">[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3c0273224.html Research Paper on Alternatives to Detention], European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), London, September 1997</ref>

==Protection of the ruling regime==
Administrative detention is used by the ruling regime to suppress dissent and sanction opponents of the government. In [[Asia]] in particular, administrative detention was first introduced by the British and French colonial authorities prior to and during [[World War II]]. Created as a mechanism to control political dissent, it has ironically survived and made its way into the law books of the now-independent former colonies, who legitimized its use against their own political opponents in their constitutions.<ref name="omar">{{Cite journal|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/JCULRev/2003/9.html|title=Rights, Emergencies and Judicial Review|first=Alex|last=Amankwah|date=March 3, 2003|journal=James Cook University Law Review|via=AustLII and NZLII}}</ref> In many cases, they were and are codified as "emergency measures" or "internal security" acts. [[Bangladesh]], India, [[Internal Security Act (Malaysia)|Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Pakistan]], [[Internal Security Act (Singapore)|Singapore]] and [[Sri Lanka]] are notable examples of such former colonies who hold political prisoners under administrative detention which has its legal roots in British [[Colonialism|colonial]] practices.<ref name="omar"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7616147.stm|title=Malaysia resignation amid arrests|date=September 15, 2008|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Vietnam]] is an example where administrative detention was widely used by the French colonial authorities in the 1930s, to arrest those suspected of [[Communist]] activities. Post-independence, the now-ruling Communist authorities have employed very similar means to detain those suspected of "counter-revolutionary" offenses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/vietnm/Vietn97d-03.htm|title=VIETNAM|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>
Some of these political prisoners, such as [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] in Myanmar, have become known worldwide due to the detention, and their cause is championed by human rights organizations.

==Instances==

===Armenia===
[[Armenia]] has been criticized by [[Human Rights Watch]] for not fully reforming the legal framework it inherited from the former [[Soviet Union]], and failing to bring its administrative detention system into accord with prevailing international norms. During the 2003 Presidential elections, Armenian police arbitrarily applied the Code of Administrative Offenses, under which administrative detention is authorized, to lock up dozens of opposition activists and supporters for periods of up to fifteen days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/armenia/armenia052303bck0.htm|title=The Use of Administrative Detention in the 2003 Armenian Presidential Election (Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, May 23, 2003)|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{main|Mandatory detention in Australia}}
Like many other countries experiencing large scale illegal immigration, such as Canada and the United States, Australia has a system of mandatory administrative detention for illegal immigrants, or asylum seekers who arrive at its shores without proper visas.<ref>The Administrative Detention of Non-Nationals Pursuant to Immigration Control: International and Constitutional Law Perspectives, Daniel Wilsher, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 897–934, 2004</ref> The legal basis for this system is found in Australia's [[Migration Act 1958]] (Cth), which authorized the indefinite detention of an unlawful non-citizen who can not be deported immediately.<ref>Migration and Refugee Law in Australia, Mirko Bagaric, Kim Boyd, John Vrachnas, Penny Dimopoulos, Sue Tongue, p. 471, Cambridge University Press, 2007</ref> Human Rights Watch criticized this Australian policy, claiming it seriously contravenes Australia's obligations to non-citizens, refugees and asylum seekers under international human rights and refugee law. Additionally, opposition to the system on humanitarian grounds came from a range of religious, community and political groups including the [[National Council of Churches in Australia]], Amnesty International, the [[Australian Greens]] and Rural Australians for Refugees.

===Brazil===
Administrative detentions in [[Brazil]] are admitted only for members of the military. Any member of the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]] may be imprisoned if found to be repeatedly in violation of the Military Disciplinary Regulations (''Regulamento Disciplinar'') by his or her superiors. Each military branch has issued a list of "transgressions" in their Disciplinary Regulations. The harshest punishment of this kind, in the Brazilian Army, is a 30-day imprisonment penalty.

Notwithstanding, members of the Brazilian Armed Forces under administrative detention may be granted a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' by the justice system to deliver them from imprisonment. They retain their full rights as citizens.

===China===
The use of administrative detention in China has been commonplace since before 1949. At that time, it was used primarily against minor offenders as well as against [[opium]] addicts, [[prostitute]]s, vagrants and those considered to be insane. Since the 1978 legal reforms in China, the public security departments (gong'an jiguan), primarily the police, hold administrative detention powers which are used alongside the state's criminal justice system. Administrative detention is used against subjects that are viewed by the ruling regime as "socially undesirable", in order to maintain public order, social stability and political stability of the ruling regime.<ref>Legal Reform and Administrative Detention Powers in China, pp. 3–8, Sarah Biddulph, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society, Cambridge University Press, 2007</ref> There is a well-established history of [[Penal labour|forced labour]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention]] of minority groups, including: [[Persecution of Falun Gong|Falun Gong members]], [[Human rights in Tibet|Tibetans]], [[Xinjiang conflict|Muslim minorities]], [[List of Chinese dissidents|political prisoners]] and other groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2016/02/04/chinas-oppression-of-tibetans-has-dramatically-increased|title=China's oppression of Tibetans has dramatically increased|date=February 4, 2016|website=New Internationalist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/china|title=English|chapter=China: Events of 2018 |date=December 28, 2018|via=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> In the case of the [[Falun Gong]] in particular, there have been claims of extraordinary abuses of human rights in [[List of concentration and internment camps#People's Republic of China|concentration camps]], including [[Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China|organ harvesting]] and systematic torture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Falun Gong Organ Harvesting |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=17 June 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/17/china-is-harvesting-organs-from-detainees-uk-tribunal-concludes|last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen }}</ref> This target group includes prostitutes and their clients, drug addicts, political dissenters and petty criminals, who perform legal misdemeanors that are not serious enough for criminal prosecution. [[Custody and repatriation]] ({{lang-zh|c=收容遣送|p=shōuróng qiǎnsòng}}) was also used until 2003 for people, especially peasants, who did not have required papers.

There are three main forms of these administrative detentions: "detention for education" ("Shourong jiaoyu"), coercive [[drug rehabilitation]] ("Qiangzhi jiedu"), and "[[reeducation through labor]]" ("Laodong jiaoyang"). In addition, administrative detention is used for several internal security reasons, such as detention under the Security Administrative Punishments Law ("Xingzheng juliu"); Administrative detention for questioning of suspects ("Luizhi panwen"); and detention of juvenile offenders in work-study schools ("Gongdu Xuexiao").

In recent years, government policy has been marked by [[Mass surveillance in China|mass surveillance]] and the [[Indefinite detention|incarceration without trial]] of over one million Uyghurs and other Muslim minority ethnic groups in [[Xinjiang re-education camps|"re-education camps"]], supposedly for '[[Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism|anti-terrorist]]' purposes.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html |title = 'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |date=2019-11-16 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2019-11-16 |last2=Buckley|first2=Chris |language=en-US |issn = 0362-4331 }}</ref><ref name=HRWReport>{{cite web |title = 'Eradicating Ideological Viruses': China's Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang's Muslims |url = https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/09/09/eradicating-ideological-viruses/chinas-campaign-repression-against-xinjiangs |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=3 January 2019 |date=9 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103063807/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/09/09/eradicating-ideological-viruses/chinas-campaign-repression-against-xinjiangs |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous reports have stated that many of these minorities have been used in prison labour in a seeming return to the "re-education through labour" program, supposedly abolished in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forced Labour Report Economist |newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2020/03/05/what-happens-when-chinas-uighurs-are-released-from-re-education-camps}}</ref> As of May 2020, the last terrorist attack was in 2014, before the concentration camps were established.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/05/31/china-has-turned-xinjiang-into-a-police-state-like-no-other |title = China has turned Xinjiang into a police state like no other |date=2018-05-31|newspaper=The Economist |access-date=2019-12-01|issn=0013-0613 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Forced Labour New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/16/world/asia/xinjiang-china-forced-labor-camps-uighurs.html|last1=Buckley |first1=Chris |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51697800|title=China Uighurs 'moved into factory forced labour' for foreign brands|work=BBC News |date=March 1, 2020}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2020}}

Under the [[s:Law of the People's Republic of China on Penalties for Administration of Public Security|Security Administrative Punishments Law]], the administrative detention in China for misdemeanors for up to twenty days. Teenager of sixteen years old or less and women who are pregnant or feeding an infant less than one years old are exempt. Teenager aged sixteen to eighteen are exempt from their first misdemeanor. Administrative detention shall be signed and approved by the administrative responsible person (ie, director) of the public security agency at the county level and above, and shall be executed in the administrative detention facility under the public security agency. Those who are dissatisfied with the detention may initiate administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation. According to the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Chinese national security agency]] and [[People's Armed Police]] has also been granted the power to enforce administrative detention penalties.<ref name='AdminPenaltyLaw'>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/peoples-republic-of-china-administrative-punishment-law-english-and|title=Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China {{!}} Congressional-Executive Commission on China|website=www.cecc.gov|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531223427/https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/peoples-republic-of-china-administrative-punishment-law-english-and|archive-date=2019-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

The use of administrative detention in China has been criticized by {{Weasel inline|text=international human rights organizations, as well as by domestic groups|date=October 2023}}. These criticisms maintain that the police often abuse their power, that the execution of these powers is at the complete discretion of the police, and that there are no legal constraints placed on their execution.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Egypt===
Egypt's Emergency Law No. 162 of 1958 authorizes the government to suspend basic civil liberties by declaring a state of emergency. Such a state of emergency has been in force almost continuously since 1967. Acting under this law, Egyptian authorities have administratively detained individuals who were suspected of membership in banned organizations such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]],<ref>[http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15966 21-year-old blogger detained despite release order]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as individuals engaged in peaceful demonstrations expressing opposition to the war in Iraq or support for the Palestinian uprising. [[Human Rights Watch]] has criticized this practice as the use of emergency legislation for 'repression of public dissent'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/press/2003/02/egypt021403.htm|title=Egypt: Growing Numbers of Arrests (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, February 14, 2003)|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] charges that relatives of political prisoners in Egypt have been administratively detained solely because of their family relationship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/035/2002/en/|title=Egypt: Torture or ill-treatment/Incommunicado detention, Al-Sayid Muhammad Hassan 'Abd al-Ghani|website=Amnesty International}}</ref> The Egyptian government refuses to disclose how many administrative detainees are held, but human rights groups estimate that 16,000–20,000 are held in detention without charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eipr.org/en/press/05/opinion+5%7b1%7d.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122020525/http://www.eipr.org/en/press/05/opinion%205%7B1%7D.htm|url-status=dead|title=Press Releases & News | Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights|archivedate=November 22, 2008|website=www.eipr.org}}</ref>

===India===
India's [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act of 1980]] empowers the [[Indian Government|Central Government]] and State Governments to detain a person to prevent him/her from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of India, the relations of India with foreign countries, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community it is necessary so to do. The act also gives power to the governments to detain a foreigner in a view to regulate his presence or expel from the country. The act was passed in 1980 during the [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi Government]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dour farm leader of 76 named as India's fifth PM |newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=27 July 1979 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nRQyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dqQFAAAAIBAJ&dq=charan%20singh%20becomes%20prime%20minister&pg=3913%2C3452059}}</ref> The maximum period of detention is 12 months. The order can also be made by the [[District Magistrate]] or a [[Commissioner of Police]] under their respective jurisdictions, but the detention should be reported to the State Government along with the grounds on which the order has been made.<ref name=National_Security_Act_1980>{{cite web|title=NSA, 1980|url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/National_Security_Act1980.pdf|publisher=Home Ministry, Govt of India|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203042922/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/National_Security_Act1980.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2013 }}</ref> The National Security Act along with other laws allowing preventive detention have come under wide criticism for their alleged misuse. The act's constitutional validity even during peacetime has been described by some sections as an [[anachronism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Preventive detention an anachronism|url = http://www.thehindu.com/op/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700101500.htm|archive-url = https://archive.today/20150308120948/http://www.thehindu.com/op/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700101500.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2015-03-08|website = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2004-09-07|access-date = 2015-10-10}}</ref>

===Ireland===
Ireland utilizes administrative detention to control illegal immigration. Beginning in 1996, a legal framework was put in place to authorize the use of administrative detention for this purpose. This legal framework includes the Refugee Act, 1996, the Immigration Acts, 1999, 2003 and 2004, and the Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act 2000. According to official Irish government statistics, in 2003–2004, a total of 2,798 people were administratively detained for immigration-related reasons, two thirds of whom were held in prison for periods of longer than 51 days. The vast majority (more than 90%) of detainees are held in one of two [[Dublin]] prisons, [[Cloverhill Prison]] (male detainees) and the [[Dóchas Centre]] at Mountjoy Prison (female detainees). The rest are held in prisons as well as border control (Garda Síochána) stations.

The [[Council of Europe]] and human rights organizations have criticized the overcrowded conditions in which the detainees are held, as well as the fact that detainees are held together with convicted criminals. In addition, Human Rights Consultants have reported that Irish law does not protect the rights of detainees, by not informing them of their right to challenge the legality of their detention, nor recognizing their rights to have access to a lawyer and to have access to medical care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.detention-in-europe.org/images/stories/detention%20ireland.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116191803/http://www.detention-in-europe.org/images/stories/detention%20ireland.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Immigration-related detention in Ireland|archivedate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>

===Israel===
{{See also|Palestinian prisoners in Israel#Administrative detention}}
The legal basis for Israel's use of administrative detention is the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] 1945 [[Defence (Emergency) Regulations]], which were amended in 1979 to form the Israeli Law on Authority in States of Emergency. Administrative detention is for six-month terms, although they can be extended barring appeal.<ref>B'Tselem, 1 January 2011, [http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention/criticism_on_the_administrative_detention_order ''Criticism of administrative detention under the Administrative Detention Order'']</ref> Administrative detention is also used in cases where the available evidence consists of information obtained by the security services (particularly the [[Shin Bet]]), and where a trial would reveal sensitive security information, such as the identities of informers or infiltrators.

Although it is commonly applied to alleged Palestinian political activists, it has also been applied to a few Jewish Israeli citizens, including Jewish right-wing public-figures and activists (notably in the aftermath of the [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]]) and in more recent years sometimes to [[Israeli settlement|settlers]] for short periods.<ref>B'Tselem, 22 July 2012 [http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention Administrative Detention]</ref>

Within Israel, the Minister of Defense has the authority to issue administrative detention orders for up to 6 months in cases where there is a reasonable chance that the person harms the security of the state. The same officeholder has the authority to renew such orders. Likewise, the Chief of the General Staff can issue such orders, but valid for only 48 hours. Law enforcement authorities have to show cause within 48 hours (in a hearing behind closed doors). Administrative detention orders can be appealed to the district court and, if denied there, to the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]. The District Court can annul such orders if it finds the administrative detention occurred for reasons other than security (mainly for common crimes or the exercise of freedom of expression). Overall supervisory authority on the application of the relevant law rests with the Minister of Justice.

Persons held in administrative detention must be brought before a military judge within eight days – either of the original detention order or of its extension. The judge may uphold the order, reject it, or shorten the period of detention stipulated in it. Both the detainee and the military commander may appeal this decision to the Military Court of Appeals, and thereafter, to the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court of Justice]].<ref>B’Tselem, 22 July 2012 [http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention Administrative Detention] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824234521/http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention}}</ref>

Within the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], any Israeli district army commander can issue an administrative detention order, and the order can be appealed at the Israeli district military court, or, if denied there, at the Supreme Court. Here too, an administrative detention order is valid for at most six months, but can be renewed by the appropriate authority. Israel refers its use of administrative detention in the occupied territories to Article 78 of the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] 1949, which states that "If the Occupying Power considers it necessary, for imperative reasons of security, to take safety measures concerning protected persons, it may, at the most, subject them to assigned residence or to internment."<ref>{{cite book | title=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights vol. 23| publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | pages=49–50 | volume=23}}</ref>

In the early days of the occupation, administrative detention was used in the Gaza Strip to detain youths who were unemployed and not engaged in study, even if there was no suspicion against them.<ref name=AderetSinai>Ofer Aderet, [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-07-29/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/israel-secretly-detained-innocent-palestinians-in-desert-camps-in-1971/0000017f-e534-df5f-a17f-fffe499e0000 Innocent Palestinians in Remote Desert in Sinai,'] [[Haaretz]] 29 July 2021</ref> In 1971, they were sent to a remote internment camp in the Sinai Desert and told they could be released if they found work in the West Bank.<ref name=AderetSinai/>

[[File:Administrative detainees israel en.svg|thumb|Number of detainees in Israel under administrative detention]]
According to Addameer, Israel held 285 Palestinians in administrative detention in June 2012.<ref>Addameer, [http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=496 ''Addameer Monthly Detention Report – 1 July 2012''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019163115/http://www.addameer.org/etemplate.php?id=496 |date=19 October 2012 }}.</ref> Eighteen of them were members of parliament, out of 4,706 prisoners. According to [[B'Tselem]], as of April 2012, about 308 Palestinians were being held under administrative detention by the [[Israel Prisons Service]] (IPS), and statistics on those held by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] were unavailable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention/statistics |title=Statistics on administrative detention |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606145620/http://www.btselem.org/administrative_detention/statistics |archive-date=June 6, 2012 }}</ref> According to IPS figures for December 2012, 178 Palestinians were being held in administrative detention (without charge or trial).<ref name=bbc20130221>{{cite news|title=Many injured in West Bank protests over hunger strikes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21532020|newspaper=BBC|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> As of December 2013, B'Tselem reported that 140 Palestinians were being held under administrative detention by the IPS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Administrative_Detention/Statistics.asp |title=Statistics on administrative detention |publisher=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref>

In August 2015, the Israeli Government approved the usage of administrative detention against Jewish settler suspects to curb the increasing number of [[price tag policy|"price tag"]] attacks.<ref>Mairav Zonszein, the Guardian. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/02/israel-to-detain-west-bank-arson-attackers-without-trial Israel to detain Jewish terror suspects without trial. 2 August 2015]</ref>

As of August 2022, more than 700 persons were held in administrative detention, all of them Palestinian including 7 Israeli citizens.<ref name=Haaretz2022>{{cite news | author = Hagar Shezaf | newspaper=Haaretz | title= Number of Prisoners Held Without Trial in Israeli Jails Hits Highest Peak Since 2008 | date = August 22, 2022 | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-08-22/ty-article/.premium/number-of-prisoners-held-without-trial-in-israeli-jails-hits-highest-peak-since-2008/00000182-c053-d60d-a9b6-cfd7a79a0000}}</ref>

On 2 May 2023, [[Khader Adnan]] died following an 87-day hunger strike while in administrative detention for the 12th time.<ref name="guardian-death">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-02 |title=Palestinian Khader Adnan dies in Israel jail after 87-day hunger strike |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/02/palestinian-khader-adnan-dies-in-israel-jail-after-87-day-hunger-strike |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

As of the beginning of February 2024, there were 3,484 Palestinians under administrative detention according to The Times of Israel, citing an article of Haaretz.<ref>{{Cite news |author=TOI Staff |date=28 February 2024 |title=Gallant extends administrative detention of settler activist by three months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallant-extends-administrative-detention-of-settler-activist-by-three-months/amp/ }}</ref>

===Japan===
In Japan, [[immigration detention]] is a form of administration detention under the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, Act No. 319 of 1951 (ICRRA). Minors and asylum seekers can also be subject to administrative detention.<ref>[https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/asia-pacific/japan Japan Immigration Detention], accessed Feb 14th, 2018</ref>

Another type of administrative detention in Japan (see [[:ja:勾留]]) is under {{ill|Code of Criminal Procedure of Japan|ja|刑事訴訟法|lt=Code of Criminal Procedure}}, individuals suspected of a crime may be held for up to 23 days without being formally charged. The duration of detention, within this limit, is determined by the public prosecutor and must be approved by local courts.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nexpert-law.com/keiji/term-of-stay-in-detention-centre/#:~:text=逮捕から勾留が決定,ことになるでしょう%E3%80%82|title= 留置場にいる期間は最長20日以上？留置場の生活や留置場に入る理由|date=Aug 30, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/323AC0000000131/20240215_505AC0000000066|title=刑事訴訟法|lang=ja|access-date=Mar 17, 2025}}</ref>

===Jordan===
The Crime Prevention Law (No. 7 of 1954)<ref name=fh>{{cite book|title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance|year=2005|publisher=Freedom House|isbn=978-0742549920|author=Sameena Nazir|author2=Leigh Tompper|page=109}}</ref> in [[Jordan]] authorizes administrative detention.<ref name=hrw-j>{{cite book|title=Guests of the Governor - Administrative Detention Undermines the Rule of Law in Jordan|year=2009|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/jordan0509web.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-477-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527232656/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/jordan0509web.pdf|archive-date=2009-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Authority resides with Jordan's provincial governors and the administrators of provincial subdivisions.<ref name=hrw-j/> The law allows the detention of anyone "about to commit a crime or to assist in its commission", people who "'habitually' steal, shelter thieves, or fence stolen goods" or anyone deemed to present "a danger to the people" if they are not detained.<ref name=hrw-j/> According to Jordan's [[National Centre for Human Rights (Jordan)|National Centre for Human Rights]], administrative detention was used in 11,870 cases in 2008,<ref name=hrw-j/> 16,050 in 2009,<ref name=ussd-2009>{{cite web|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Jordan|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136071.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> 12,345 in 2010,<ref name=ussd-2010>{{cite web|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Jordan|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154464.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|date=8 April 2011}}</ref> and 11,345 in 2011.<ref name=ussd-2011>{{cite web|title=2011 Human Rights Report: Jordan|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/nea/186431.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|date=24 May 2012}}</ref> The law does not provide for independent or court review of the administrative detention decisions although detainees can petition the High Court of Justice.<ref name=hrw-j/> Women who were at risk of violence, [[honor killing]], by family members were administratively detained even though the Crime Prevention Law does not provide a legal basis for that. The use of the law in this way has been criticized by the United Nations and Human Rights Watch.<ref name=hrw-j/> In 2007, the government opened the Wifaq Center for women at risk of violence, and in 2008, women who had been in protective custody were transferred from prison to the center, although the practice of sending women to prison for "protective custody" using the Crime Prevention Law has not completely ceased.<ref name=hrw-j/> In 2018 the government completely abolished the practice by establishing Dar Amneh and transferring endangered women to the center without restricting their freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2018/0914/In-Jordan-house-of-safety-offers-hope-and-freedom-to-at-risk-women|title=In Jordan, 'house of safety' offers hope and freedom to at-risk women|work=CS monitor|access-date= 20 October 2019|date=14 September 2018}}</ref>

===Myanmar===
In an overview that describes [[Myanmar]] as "one of the most repressive countries in Asia", Human Rights Watch quotes a [[International Committee of the Red Cross|Red Cross]] report that states that in 2002, there were approximately 3,500 detainees in Myanmar, of which 1,300 are political prisoners, including parliament members. Burmese authorities often extend the detention of prisoners who have already served their prison sentences, by placing them under administrative detention. This practice is used even with elderly and infirm prisoners. One of the most notable cases of this practice was the detention of [[Aung San Suu Kyi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/burma9826.htm|title=Human Rights Overview – Burma|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-date=2010-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804065106/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/burma9826.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
[[Administrative detention (Russia)|Administrative detention in Russia]] is incarceration for grave administrative offenses according to [[Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses]].

=== Switzerland ===
{{Main|Administrative detention in Switzerland}}
Administrative detention was practiced in [[Switzerland]] from the mid-19th century until 1981, involving the deprivation of liberty in institutions ordered by cantonal administrative authorities for typically indefinite periods. The practice was based on cantonal administrative law and, from 1912, federal guardianship law, requiring neither criminal offense nor judicial procedure. Personal liberty was restricted based on individuals' lifestyles and perceived threats to public order.<ref name="HDS_Switzerland">{{cite web |author=Urs Germann |title=Internement administratif |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/060532/2024-04-10/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |publisher=[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]] |language=fr}}</ref>

The system emerged as a response to mass poverty and overwhelmed assistance systems, initially targeting those stigmatized as "lazy" or "debauched." Administrative detention developed first in [[German-speaking Switzerland]], with the [[Romandy|Romansh cantons]] and [[Ticino]] following later with greater emphasis on alcoholism prevention. By [[World War II]], all cantons except [[Geneva]] had implemented some form of administrative detention. The coexistence of cantonal and federal provisions created a complex patchwork of often vague legal frameworks that enabled arbitrary application and violations of fundamental rights.<ref name="HDS_Switzerland" />

An estimated 60,000 people were subjected to administrative detention in 20th-century Switzerland, with measures peaking between 1930 and 1945. The practice disproportionately affected marginalized populations including the poor, unemployed, single mothers, [[Yenish people]], and individuals in conflict with authorities. About 80% of detainees were men, primarily accused of laziness or excessive drinking, while women were mainly detained for perceived sexual transgressions. Rather than promoting integration, the system reinforced social exclusion through stigmatization, interrupted employment, and poor institutional conditions including forced labor and frequent abuse.<ref name="HDS_Switzerland" />

International pressure from the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[International Labour Organization]], which classified the measures as prohibited forced labor, led to fundamental reform. In 1981, administrative detention was abolished and replaced with "deprivation of liberty for assistance purposes" under revised civil law with improved legal protections. A comprehensive rehabilitation process began in 2014 when Parliament adopted legislation recognizing the injustice suffered, establishing an Independent Expert Commission for historical analysis, and providing financial compensation to survivors.<ref name="HDS_Switzerland" />

===Syria===
Legislative Decree No. 51 of 22 December 1962 introduced the State of Emergency Law, which came into force on 8 March 1963, that allowed the security forces to hold suspects in preventive detention without judicial oversight for indefinite periods.<ref name = "UNHCR Sep11">{{citation |title= Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic |url= http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf |publisher= UN Human Rights Council |date= 15 September 2011 |access-date= 30 June 2012 |page= 6 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110821232311/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf |archive-date= 21 August 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
The United Kingdom has maintained many forms of administrative detention over the years. The most recent forms were a series of Acts intended to introduce a form of administrative detention to Northern Ireland under the auspices of the [[Prevention of Terrorism Acts|Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974]]. This Act allowed the security forces to apprehend and detain persons suspected of terrorist activities without trial for an unlimited period. The introduction of the Act led directly to the creation of internment camps (particularly [[Long Kesh]] (the Maze) and the prison ship [[HMS Maidstone (1937)|HMS ''Maidstone'']] where suspects were detained, some for protracted periods.
The Act of 1974 was amended a number of times during the late 20th and early 21st century, the most recent incarnation being the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005]] which introduced the concept of the [[control order]], itself a more politically palatable means of limiting the freedom of a suspect without the need to provide a court of law with ''prima facie'' evidence of any wrongdoing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}

===United States===

{{further|Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States}}

The United States currently uses indefinite detention without trial—known under various names as internment, [[civil commitment]], preventive detention or administrative detention—to hold people who fall within a few narrow categories, including the mentally ill ([[involuntary commitment]]) and "[[Sexual predator|sexually violent predators]]",<ref name="mariner">{{Cite web|url=https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/|title=FindLaw Legal Blogs|website=FindLaw}}</ref> though the right of [[habeas corpus]] still applies, and some determinations regarding mental illness and sexual dangerousness are made by juries.

During [[World War II]], the United States detained over 100,000 [[Japanese American]]s in [[Japanese American internment|internment camps]]; smaller numbers of [[German American internment|German Americans]] and [[Italian American internment|Italian Americans]] were interned. The constitutionality of Japanese internment was controversially upheld by the Supreme Court's 1944 decision in ''[[Korematsu v. United States]]'', which has since been overturned.

The United States also utilizes administrative detention as a counter-terrorism measure, and as a means to control illegal immigration. There are approximately 100,000 persons in removal proceedings at any one time,<ref name="ecre" /> and about 31,000 held in detention during these proceedings.<ref>[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/immigration_detention_us/incustody_deaths/index.html New York Times Topics:In-Custody Deaths], accessed October 28, 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914160753/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/immigration_detention_us/incustody_deaths/index.html |date=September 14, 2008 }}</ref>

Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the [[Patriot Act]] was passed. The Act expanded the authority of law enforcement agencies to use administrative detention for the stated purpose of fighting [[terrorism]] in the United States and abroad. Under the Act, any person ([[United States nationality law|citizen]] or alien) suspected of terrorist connections may be administratively detained for up to seven days without the benefit of a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' proceeding. The [[Attorney General of the United States]], at his discretion, may extend this seven-day period to six months, and this extension itself may be renewed indefinitely – legally creating the possibility of lifetime imprisonment without ever facing charges.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lsbM0USTAa8C&pg=PA578 Administrative Law in the Political System, Kenneth F. Warren], Westview Press, 2004, p. 578.</ref> One of the criticisms of the Patriot Act is that the Attorney General's decision is not subject to any judicial review, unlike the situation in other democratic countries which have similar administrative detention laws.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lsbM0USTAa8C&pg=PA578 Administrative Law in the Political System, Kenneth F. Warren], Westview Press, 2004, p. 579.</ref>

As part of the [[war on terror]], and particularly during and after the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]], U.S. forces captured hundreds of alleged terrorists, who were subsequently detained without trial at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. The United States initially refused to grant these detainees [[prisoner of war]] status, holding that they were [[Unlawful combatant|illegal]] [[enemy combatant]]s because they did not meet the requirements set down by the [[Third Geneva Convention]]. Of the 775 detainees incarcerated at Guantanamo, 420 have been released without charge, and only one has been tried and convicted. U.S. authorities claim that they intend to put 60 to 80 more on trial.{{when|date=January 2020}}

==Criticism by human rights groups==
Administrative detention practices have come under severe criticism, with critics claiming that it breaches human rights.
[[Amnesty International]] believes that administrative detention breaches Article 9 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR) which "makes clear that no-one should be subjected to arbitrary detention and that deprivation of liberty must be based on grounds and procedures established by law". The ICCPR does allow a government, under narrow circumstances, such as a public emergency threatening the life of a nation, to temporarily derogate from its obligation not to engage in arbitrary detention.<ref name="mariner"/>

Amnesty International is also concerned that [[Prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]] are being "held solely for the non-violent exercise of their right to freedom of expression and association".<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = [[Amnesty International]]
|url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/003/1997/en/
|title = Administrative detention: Despair, uncertainty and lack of due process
|date = 30 April 1997
|access-date = 2018-10-02
}}</ref>

The [[United Nations]] has created the [[Working Group on Arbitrary Detention]] on the issue. One of the issues the group has focused on is the determination whether a detention is arbitrary or not – which is not as clear-cut in the case of administrative detention as it is in the case of criminal arrest. The group has proposed certain guidelines to aid in such determination. For example, it has suggested that any deprivations of liberty that violate the [[freedom of association]] must be deemed arbitrary. Based on these guidelines, the group has condemned countries who have used long-term administrative detention when the detainees were held for the mere fact of belonging to an "illegal organization".<ref name="mariner"/>

==See also==
* [[Arbitrary arrest and detention]]
* [[Civil commitment]]
* [[Civil confinement]]
* [[Forced disappearance]]
* [[Indefinite imprisonment]]
* [[Pre-crime]]
* [[Preemptive arrest]]
* [[Preventive detention]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Incarceration}}
{{Social class}}

[[Category:Illegal immigration]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]

List of presidential references

2026-05-02T08:40:41Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Short description|none}}
'''Presidential reference''' is a question of law or fact of public importance referred to the [[Supreme Court of India]] by the [[President of India]] under the powers conferred by the [[Article 143 of the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-143-power-of-president-to-consult-supreme-court/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since 1950, there have been sixteen presidential references made under Article 143(1) of the constitution of which two were returned unanswered by the Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=R |first=Rangarajan |date=19 May 2025 |title=What is a Presidential reference? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-a-presidential-reference-explained/article69591439.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=15 times the President referred questions to the Supreme Court |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/15-times-the-president-referred-questions-to-the-supreme-court/ |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Presidential references ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!'''Year'''
!Case name (In re:)
!Key question(s)
!Citation{{Efn|Uses neutral citation, where available}}
|-
!1
|1951
|''Delhi Laws Act, 1912''
|On the power to delegate legislative power to other organs of the state machinery.
|1951 INSC 36<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: The Delhi Laws Act, 1912, The ... vs Unknown on 23 May, 1951 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/306099/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250722155505/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/306099/ |archive-date=2025-07-22 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
|-
!2
|1958
|''[[Kerala Education Bill, 1957]]''
|Constitutional validity of a Bill in relation to Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution.
|1958 INSC 64; 1959 SCR 995<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: The Kerala Education Bill, 1957. ... vs Unknown on 22 May, 1958 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/161666/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250731081225/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/161666/ |archive-date=2025-07-31 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
|-
!3
|1960
|''Berubari Union (I)''
|Whether an Act under Article 3 by Parliament was sufficient to implement a bilateral agreement between India and Pakistan concerning cession of some parts of territory.
|1960 INSC 49; (1960) 3 SCR 250<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: The Berubari Union And Exchange Of ... vs Unknown on 14 March, 1960 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1120103/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
|-
!4
|1963
|''Sea Customs Act, S. 20(2)''
|Validity of a draft Bill concerning imposition and authorisation of taxes by the Central Government, and whether it was exempted under Article 289.
|1963 INSC 147; (1964) 3 SCR 787<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: The Bill To Amend S. 20 Of The ... vs Unknown on 10 May, 1963 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/676449 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
|-
!5
|1964
|''Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures''
|Questions relating to the validity of initiation of contempt by the State Legislature against High Court judges.
|1964 INSC 203; (1965) 1 SCR 413<ref>{{Cite web |title=In The Matter Of: Under Article 143 Of The ... vs Unknown on 30 September, 1964 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1481910/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
|-
!6
|1974
|''Presidential Poll''
|Interpretation of Articles 56, 62, 70, and 71 with regards to the election of the President.
|10 1974 INSC 123; (1974) 2 SCC 33
|-
!7
|1978
|''Special Courts Bill, 1978''
|Consideration of a Bill for constitution of special courts to entertain cases relating to offences committed by individuals holding high political officers, during Emergency.
|1978 INSC 249; (1979) 1 SCC 380
|-
!8
|1991
|''Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal''
|Wwhether one party could override implementation of an interim order passed by the Water Dispute Tribunal, by way of an ordinance
|1991 INSC 304; 1993 Supp (1) SCC 96(2)
|-
!9
|1993
|''Special Reference No. 1 of 1993 (Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid matter)''
|On the factual issue of whether there existed a Hindu temple or Babri Masjid on the disputed land{{Efn|Reference was returned unanswered|name=unansw}}
|1994 INSC 479; (1993) 1 SCC 642
|-
!10
|1998
|''Special Reference No. 1 of 1998''
|Issue of appointment o fjudges, and the binding effect of the recommendation of the Chief Justice
|1998 INSC 402; (1998) 7 SCC 739
|-
!11
|2001
|''Jammu and Kashmir Grant of Permit for Resettlement in (or Permanent Return to) the State Bill, 1980''
|Relating to return and permanent resettlement of people who left Jammu and Kashmir between 1947-1954{{Efn|Reference was returned unanswered|name=unansw}}
|2001 SCC OnLine SC 1493
|-
!12
|2001
|''Special Reference No. 1 of 2001''
|Validity of a State law regulating use and distribution of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, when the subject matter fell within the Union List.
|2004 INSC 209; (2004) 4 SCC 489
|-
!13
|2002
|''Special Reference No. 1 of 2002'' ''(Gujarat Assembly Election matter)''
|Obligation of the Election Commission to conduct elections, when the state assembly is dissolved in haste and the interplay of Articles 174 and 324, if any
|18 2002 INSC 445; (2002) 8 SCC 237
|-
!14
|2004
|''Punjab Termination of Agreement Act, 2004''
|Constitutional validity of the Punjab Termination of Agreement Act which sought to overcome the judicially directed implementation of sharing of natural resources between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, in light of their water dispute
|2016 INSC 1018; (2017) 1 SCC 121
|-
!15
|2012
|''Special Reference No. 1 of 2012 (Natural Resources Allocation)''
|In relation to the judgment in the 2G spectrum case
|2012 INSC 428; (2012) 10 SCC 1
|-
!16
|2025
|''Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India''
|On the Court's authority to impose deadlines for the Governor and President under Articles 200 and 201 of the Constitution
|[[In re: Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India|2025 INSC 1333]]
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{SCI-PD-cases}}

[[Category:Presidential references in India]]

Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi

2026-05-01T04:17:02Z

Mittie94U89577: Put Up A Data!

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi
| image = [[File:Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi.jpg|250px|Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 13 June 1952<ref>{{cite news|first=Damien |last=Lepcha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bhupen-award-for-ne-writer/cid/1433891 |title=Bhupen award for NE writer |date=16 June 2017 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[West Kameng]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Short Story, Novel, Folk tales, History
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = The Bhasha Bharati Award [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi''' (born 13 June 1952) is an Arunachali writer. He was formerly a deputy commissioner. His first literary creation is a poem named 'Junbai'.<ref>''Meet The Author'', New Delhi:Sahitya Akademi, 29 Aug 2016.Print</ref>

He is the recipient of India's prestigious award [[Padma Shri]] 2020 for his work in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi, born on June 13, 1952, in Jigaon, West Kameng district, [[North-East Frontier Agency]]. Thongchi completed his undergraduate studies at [[Cotton University |Cotton College]] and went on to complete his master's degree at [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Damien |last=Lepcha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bhupen-award-for-ne-writer/cid/1433891 |title=Bhupen award for NE writer |date=16 June 2017 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Padmashri- Govt of India, 2020
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 2005 for Assamese novel ''Mauna Outh Mukhar Hriday'' (Silent lips, Murmuring Heart)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Akademi awards (1955-2015) |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ASSAMESE |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=3 September 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ASSAMESE |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Kalaguru Bishnu Rabha Literary Award-Assam Sahitya Sabha-2001
* Sukapha Award- Govt of Assam 2021
* Assam Valley Literary Award- Williamson Megor Educational trust. Kolkata 2017
* Bhasha Bharati Award from the central Institute of Indian languages (CIIL) Mysore. 2005
* Acharjya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Sanman, Hindi Parishad, Prayagraj 2019
* Bodosa Award- All Moran Students Union, 2019
* Special Achievement Award (Literature)- Buddhist Cultural Preservation Society, Bomdila. 2013
* Sadin-Pratidin Gosthi Special Achievement Award (Literature and Journalism). 2017
* DrBhupen Hazarika Sanhati Bota 2016 by Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Trust, Kolkata-Guwahati
* Rangbang Terang Samanyay Award-2018- Sinthar Prakashan, Bololiaghat, Karbi Anglong. Assam
* Dr.Maidul Islam Bora literary Award, 2014 Dr. M.I Bora Trust, Seebsagar, Assam
* Lakhiminath Bezbaruah Literary Award 2018 Assam
* Phulchand Khandelwal Sanghati Bata award, 2001<ref name="auto"/>
* Basudev Jalan Award from Assam Sahitya Sabha<ref name="auto"/>
* Bhupen Hazarika National Award 2017 from Sarhad (a Pune based NGO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/yeshe-dorjee-thongchi-to-be-conferred-bhupen-hazarika-national-award/|title=Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi to be Conferred Bhupen Hazarika National Award » Northeast Today|date=2017-06-16|work=Northeast Today|access-date=2017-06-16|language=en-US}}</ref>
* D.Litt (Honoris Causa)-Dibrugarh University Assam

==Works==
===Novels===
* ''Mauna Outh Mukhar Hriday'' (Silent lips, Murmuring Heart), 2005
* ''Sonam'', 1982
* ''Lingjhik''
* ''Bih Kanyar deshat''
* ''Saw kata Manuh''
* ''Mishing''
* ''Moi Akou janam lom''

===Collections of Short Stories===
* ''Papor pukhuri'' (A Sinful of Pond)
* ''Bah Fular Gundh''
* ''Anya Ekhan pratiyugita''
* Dhar aru Ananya Galpa

===Folktales===
* ''Kameng Simantar Sadhu''

===History of Community===
* ''Sherdukpen Janajatir Itibritya''

Travelougue-
* Dhuniya Manuhar Dhuniya Deshat ( Travel to South Korea)

Translations-
1. Into Assamese-
*Sainikar Senapati (Translation of Gen. J.J.Singh's autobiography 'The Soldier's General')
* Prabahat Mukta Jiwan (Translation of His Holiness Dalai Lama's autobiography Freedom in Exile with his foreword)
* Bodhucharyavatara ( Translation of Acharya Shantideva's Sanskrit Buddhist classic of sixth century in poetic form)
2. Into English-
*Heart to Heart (Translation of Lummer Dai's Assamese novel Mon aru Mon)

Autobiography-
*Hanhi aru Sakulor Saisav (First part of autobiography)

== Books ==
Yeshe Dorje Thongchi Books in Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeshe Dorjee Thongshi in www.amazon.in|url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Yeshe-Dorjee-Thongchi/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AYeshe+Dorjee+Thongchi|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204110253/https://www.amazon.in/Books-Yeshe-Dorjee-Thongchi/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AYeshe+Dorjee+Thongchi|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorjee Thongchi, Yeshe}}
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian people of Tibetan descent]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from West Kameng district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale

2026-05-01T03:20:08Z

Mittie94U89577: Started first data added tags

{{Short description|British soldier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Field Marshal]] [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess of Tweeddale
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KT|GCB}}
| image = Francis Grant (1803-1878) - George Hay (1787–1876), 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, Agriculturist - PG 1571 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg
| caption = The 8th Marquess of Tweeddale
| birth_date = 1 February 1787
| death_date = 10 October 1876 (aged 89)
| burial_place = [[Gifford, East Lothian|Yester]], [[Scotland]]
| birth_place = [[Bonnington, Edinburgh|Bonnington]], [[Scotland]]
| death_place = [[Gifford, East Lothian|Yester]], [[Scotland]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years = 1804–1848
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Madras Army]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[Napoleonic Wars]]
**[[Peninsular War]]
***[[Battle of Bussaco]]{{WIA}}
***[[Battle of Vitoria]]{{WIA}}
*[[War of 1812]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards =
| relations =
| other_work =
}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, KT, GCB.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, KT, GCB]]
[[File:Yester House.jpg|thumb|200px|Yester House]]
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KT|GCB}} (1 February 1787 – 10 October 1876), Hereditary Chamberlain of Dunfermline,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Debrett
| first = John
| date = 1847
| title = Debrett's Genealogical Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m19HAQAAMAAJ
| publisher = William Pickering
| page = 754
}}</ref> was a [[British people|British]] soldier and administrator. He served as a staff officer in the [[Peninsular War]] under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] and was with Wellesley at the [[Second Battle of Porto]] when they crossed the [[Douro]] river and routed [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]]'s French troops in [[Porto]]. Hay also saw action at the [[Battle of Bussaco]] and at the [[Battle of Vitoria]]. He later served in the [[War of 1812]] and commanded the [[100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment)|100th Regiment of Foot]] at the [[Battle of Chippawa]] when he was taken [[prisoner of war]]. He went on to become [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency|governor of Madras]] and, at the same time, [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Madras Army]], in which role he restored the discipline of the army, which had been allowed to fall into a relaxed state.

==Life and military career==
Born at [[Yester House]] the eldest son of [[George Hay, 7th Marquess of Tweeddale]] and Lady Hannah Charlotte Maitland (a daughter of [[James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale]]), Hay was educated at the [[Royal High School, Edinburgh|Royal High School]] in [[Edinburgh]] and [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd Light Infantry]] in June 1804.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12721?docPos=6|title=George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale|date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12721 |accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref> After succeeding to his father's title as Marquess of Tweeddale in August 1804, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 12 October 1804 and, having received his first training under [[John Moore (British Army officer)|Sir John Moore]] at [[Shorncliffe Army Camp|Shorncliffe]],<ref name=electric>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/families/hays_tweeddale.htm|title=The Hays of Tweeddale|publisher=Electric Scotland|accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref> he served as an [[aide-de-camp]] in [[Sicily]] in 1806.<ref name=heath173>Heathcote, p. 173</ref> He transferred to the [[Grenadier Guards]] with the rank of lieutenant in the regiment and [[captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the Army on 12 May 1807.<ref name=heath173/>
[[File:George Hay, Vanity Fair, 1876-01-08.jpg|thumb|left|Caricature of George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale driving a coach]]
Hay served as a staff officer in the [[Peninsular War]] under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]].<ref name=heath173/> Hay was with Wellesley at the [[Second Battle of Porto]] in May 1809 when they crossed the [[Douro]] river in a daylight ''[[coup de main]]'' and routed [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]]'s French troops in [[Porto]].<ref name=electric/> He was deputy assistant quartermaster general and was wounded at the [[Battle of Bussaco]] in September 1810 and, having been promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in the [[41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot|41st Regiment of Foot]], he was assistant quartermaster general at the [[Battle of Vitoria]] in June 1813.<ref name="thepeerage.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10321.htm|title=George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale|publisher= The Peerage|accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref> He was immediately promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name=heath173/>

Hay also served in the [[War of 1812]] between Britain and America, and commanded the [[100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment)|100th Regiment of Foot]] at the [[Battle of Chippawa]] in July 1814.<ref name=heath173/> As the redcoats of the [[Royal Scots|1/1st (Royal Scots) Foot]] and 100th Regiments moved forward, their own artillery had to stop firing in order to avoid hitting them. Meanwhile, the American gunners switched from firing roundshot to firing [[canister shot|canister]], with lethal consequences for the British infantry. Once the opposing lines had closed to less than 100 yards apart, [[Winfield Scott|General Winfield Scott]] of the [[United States Army]] advanced his wings, forming his brigade into a "U" shape which allowed his flanking units to catch the British advancing troops in a heavy crossfire.<ref>Elting, p. 186</ref> Hay made an attempt to fight to the death but was taken [[prisoner of war]] by the Americans.<ref name=heath173/> He was appointed [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in 1815.<ref name=odnb/> After the War he returned to Scotland and improved his family estate at [[Gifford, East Lothian|Yester]].<ref name=heath173/> From 1818 to 1820 he served as [[List of Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Scotland|Pro-Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17430|page=2224|date=12 December 1818}}</ref> He was elected a [[List of Scottish representative peers|representative peer for Scotland]] in July 1818, appointed [[Order of the Thistle|Knight of the Thistle]] in 1820 and became [[Lord Lieutenant of East Lothian]] in February 1823.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17898|page=292|date=22 February 1823}}</ref> He was also promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 27 May 1825<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18141|page=927|date=28 May 1825}}</ref> and to [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|major-general]] on 10 May 1837.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19456|page=64|date=10 January 1837}}</ref> Meanwhile, on his estate, he developed an improved method of making tiles for draining which was [[patent]]ed in October 1839.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19783|page=2018|date=29 October 1839}}</ref>

In 1842 Hay returned to public service when he was appointed [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency|governor of Madras]] and also, by special arrangement of the Duke of Wellington, [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Madras Army]].<ref name=odnb/> In that role he restored the discipline of the army, which had been allowed to fall into a relaxed state.<ref name=electric/> Promoted to [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]] on 9 November 1846,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20660|supp=y|page=3987|date=10 November 1846}}</ref> he retired from active service and returned to his estate in Scotland again in 1848.<ref name=heath173/> He was promoted to full [[General (United Kingdom)|general]] on 20 June 1854<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21564|page=1932|date=22 June 1854}}</ref> and invited to join a [[Royal Commission]] established in July 1858 to inquire into the organization of the army then serving under the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22162|page=3285|date=16 July 1858}}</ref> He was advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 9 November 1862<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22679|page=5343|date=10 November 1862}}</ref> and to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 13 March 1867<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23230|page=1724|date=15 March 1867}}</ref> before being further promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 29 May 1875.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24213|page=2851|date=29 May 1875}}</ref>

Hay also served as colonel of the [[30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot|30th Regiment of Foot]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20571|page=529|date=13 February 1846}}</ref> then of the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22610|page=1536|date=21 March 1862}}</ref> and finally of the [[2nd Regiment of Life Guards]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22776|page=4742|date=2 October 1863}}</ref> A strong man, he once drove the [[mail coach]] from [[London]] to [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]] without a halt or a rest.<ref name=electric/> He died, following injuries sustained during a fire at his home,<ref name=electric/> at [[Yester House]] on 10 October 1876 and was buried in the family burial vault at the Church of St. Cuthbert at Yester in Scotland.<ref name=odnb/>
[[File:Chippewa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Battle of Chippawa, at which Hay was taken prisoner of war, during the War of 1812]]

==Family==

In 1816 he married Lady Susan Montagu, a daughter of the [[William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester|5th Duke of Manchester]]: they had six sons and eight daughters:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://warmemscot.s4.bizhat.com/warmemscot-ptopic2117.html|title=George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale|publisher=Scottish War Memorials Project|accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref>
*[[Susan Broun-Ramsay, Marchioness of Dalhousie|Lady Susan Georgiana Hay]] (13 March 1817 – 6 May 1853), married the [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|1st Marquess of Dalhousie]] and had issue
*Lady Hannah Charlotte Hay (12 Apr 1818 – 10 November 1887), married [[Simon Watson Taylor (landowner)|Simon Watson Taylor]] and had issue
*Lady Louisa Jane (29 Jul 1819 – 9 September 1882), married Robert Ramsay and had issue
*[[Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington|Lady Elizabeth]] (27 September 1820 – 13 August 1904), married the [[Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington|2nd Duke of Wellington]]
*[[George Hay, Earl of Gifford|George, Earl of Gifford]] (22 April 1822 – 22 December 1862)
*Lady Millicent (1823–1826), died young
*[[Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale|Lord Arthur, later Earl of Gifford and later 9th Marquess of Tweeddale]] (9 November 1824 – 29 December 1878)
*[[William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale|Lord William Montagu, later 10th Marquess of Tweeddale]] (27 January 1826 – 25 November 1911)
*[[Lord John Hay (Royal Navy admiral of the fleet)|Lord John]] (23 August 1827 – 4 May 1916)
*Lady Jane (1830 – 13 December 1920), married [[Richard Taylor (British Army officer)|Sir Richard Taylor]] and had issue
*Lady Julia (1831–1915)
*Lord Charles Edward (1833–1912)
*Lord Frederick (1835–1912)
*[[Emily, Lady Peel|Lady Emily]] (1836 – 4 April 1924), married [[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet]] and had issue

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Elting|first=John R|title=Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the war of 1812|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-306-80653-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti}}
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher= Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}

{{Commons category|George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|mason}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Scotland|Pro-Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland]] | before=[[Sir John Majoribanks, 1st Baronet|Sir John Marjoribanks, Bt]] | after=[[Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton|The Duke of Hamilton]] (as Grand Master) | years=1818–1820}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Madras]]
| before=[[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone|The Lord Elphinstone]] | after=[[Henry Pottinger]] | years=1842–1848}}
|-
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samuel Ford Whittingham|Sir Samuel Whittingham]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Madras Army|C-in-C, Madras Army]] (while serving as Governor)|years=1842–1848}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Berkeley (British Army officer)|Sir George Berkeley]]}}
|-
{{succession box | title=Colonel of the [[30th Regiment of Foot]] | before=[[Thomas Bradford|Sir Thomas Bradford]] | after=[[Thomas Wright (lieutenant-general)|Thomas Wright]] | years=1846–1862}}
|-
{{succession box | title=Colonel of the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]] | before=[[James Dawes Douglas|Sir James Douglas]] | after=[[Duncan Cameron (general)|Sir Duncan Cameron]] | years=1862–1863}}
|-
{{succession box | title=Colonel of the [[2nd Life Guards]] | before=[[Henry Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp|The Earl Beauchamp]] | after=[[Frederick Upton, 3rd Viscount Templtetown|The Viscount Templetown]] | years=1863–1876}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | before=[[Charles Hamilton, 8th Earl of Haddington|The 8th Earl of Haddington]] | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of East Lothian]] | years=1823–1876 | after=[[George Baillie-Hamilton-Arden, 11th Earl of Haddington|The 11th Earl of Haddington]]}}
{{s-reg|sct}}
{{succession box | before=[[George Hay, 7th Marquess of Tweeddale|George Hay]] | title=[[Marquess of Tweeddale]] | after=[[Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale|Arthur Hay]] | years=1804–1876}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tweeddale, George Hay, 8th Marquess Of}}
[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from East Lothian]]
[[Category:Military personnel from East Lothian]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Scottish soldiers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Peninsular War]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Tweeddale|8]]
[[Category:War of 1812 prisoners of war held by the United States]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Madras]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Edinburgh]]

K. Prathibha Bharathi

2026-04-27T01:08:48Z

Mittie94U89577: adding data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kavali Prathibha Bharathi
| image = Kavali Prathibha Bharathi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 February 1956
| birth_place = [[Kavali, Srikakulam|Kavali]], [[Srikakulam district]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1 June 2015
| term_end = 29 March 2017
| predecessor = Paladugu Venkata Rao
| constituency = Elected by MLAs
| office1 = 15th [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 11 November 1999 - 30 May 2004
| governor1 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[Gopala Ramanujam]] [[C. Rangarajan]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
| successor1 = [[K R Suresh Reddy]]
| office2 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Higher Education]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term2 = 1 September 1995 - 11 October 1999
| governor2 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu]]
| successor2 = [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| office3 = [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Social Welfare, Women Welfare & Family welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term3 = 3 December 1994 - 1 September 1995
| governor3 = [[Krishan Kant]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[K. Pushpaleela]]
| term4 = 10 January 1983 - 12 December 1989
| governor4 = [[K. C. Abraham]] [[Thakur Ramlal]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term5 = 1983 - 2004
| predecessor5 = Kothapalli Narasayya
| successor5 = Kondru Murali Mohan
| constituency5 = [[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse =
| children = 1 ([[Kavali Greeshma]])<ref name="Andhra Pradesh MLC polls: TDP declares three candidates — Beeda Ravi Chandra, B.T. Naidu and Kavali Greeshma — for MLC elections under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh MLC polls: TDP declares three candidates — Beeda Ravi Chandra, B.T. Naidu and Kavali Greeshma — for MLC elections under MLA quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-declares-three-candidates-for-mlc-elections-under-mla-quota-in-andhra-pradesh/article69310371.ece |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=9 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319134556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-declares-three-candidates-for-mlc-elections-under-mla-quota-in-andhra-pradesh/article69310371.ece |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Kavali Prathibha Bharathi''' (born 6 February 1956) is a politician from the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=Express>{{cite news |title= Pratibha Bharati is Andhra Pradesh Assembly's first woman to officially be a Speaker of AP |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991112/ipo12001.html |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 12 November 1999 |access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref> She is a former speaker of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite news |title= TDP activists stage protest |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article971267.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 23 December 2010 |access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref> (1999<ref name=Express/>–2004<ref>{{cite news |title= A popular backlash |author= S. Nagesh Kumar W. Chandrakanth |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2111/stories/20040604009012700.htm |newspaper= Frontline |date= 22 May – 4 June 2004 |access-date= 25 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090701065553/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2111/stories/20040604009012700.htm |archive-date= 1 July 2009 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>). She was the first woman speaker in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=Express/> She was Minister of Social Welfare, Health Welfare and Family Welfare 1983, 1985 and 1994 and served as the Minister of Higher Education between 1995 & 1999.<ref name=Express/> She won successively 5 times (1983 - 2004) from [[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]] by representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title= AP Assembly urges Centre to amend Statute |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991112/ipo12003.html |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 12 November 1999 |access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref>

Pratibha Bharati was born into a politically active [[Dalit]] family in [[Kavali, Srikakulam|Kavali]] in the [[Srikakulam district]].<ref name=Express/> Her father ([[K. Punnaiah]]) and grandfather (K. Narayana) had previously served as Members of the Legislative Assembly.<ref name=Express/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{First N. T. Rama Rao ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharati, K. Prati}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Guruvayur Devaswom Board

2026-04-26T02:14:01Z

Mittie94U89577: adding new stub

{{Short description|Temple governance body in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
| caption =
| formation = {{start date and age|1956}}
| type = Trust
| purpose = Management of 12 temples
| headquarters = [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur district]]
| location = Guruvayur
| region_served = [[Kerala]]
| leader_title = Commissioner
| leader_name = Sri M.G. Rajamanickam IAS
| leader_title2 = Chairman
| leader_name2 = Sri A V Gopinath
| leader_title3 = Administrator
| leader_name3 = Sri O B Arun kumar

| leader_title4 = CF&AO
| leader_name4 = Sri Sajith K P
| website = {{URL|https://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/Home}}
}}

'''Guruvayur Devaswom ''' is a [[Statute|Statutory]] and Independent body created for the [[Governance|governing]] and [[management]] of 12 [[temple]]s in [[Kerala]] assigned to it. With the passing of Madras Regulation Act in the year 1817, temples were brought under the control of [[East India Company]], a corporate organisation. The concept of temple included its premises and wealth. However, from 1925, temples were brought under government control with the passing of State Religious and Charitable Endowments Act. Under this Act, the state governments exercised power for the formation of Temple Development Boards for major temples with the members from local city.

== History and Objective ==

Guruvayur Devaswom manages around 12 temples including [[Guruvayur Temple]], Guruvayur, in Kerala.<ref name="gu2">{{cite news |title=Kerala HC directs Pinarayi Vijayan govt to return Rs 10 crore donation from Guruvayur temple board |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/kerala-hc-rs-10-crore-cm-relief-fund-guruvayur-temple-board-kerala-government/ |access-date=28 June 2022 |publisher=India Legal |date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Till Pre-British era temple management was with local members of town. Temple was a place of many cultural activities and social development place wish rest houses, cow dwelling places, and community halls.<ref name="td2">{{cite news |title=Indian govt won't be any different from British if Hindus can't manage their own temples |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indian-govt-wont-be-any-different-from-british-if-hindus-cant-manage-their-own-temples/218210/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Temple Development Boards for many temples in India are created for the maintenance and governing of the affairs of temple.<ref name="td1">{{cite news |title=Why India's temples must be freed from government control |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/why-indias-temples-must-be-freed-from-government-control-9460381.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=25 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Post Independence, temples were brought under the administration of State Governments with the Guruvayoor Devasom Act, 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOLDER NAME : The Guruvayoor Devasom Act,1978 |url=https://lawmdls.keltron.in/advancesearchtoall_view.php?id=46 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=Official Website of Law Department, Government of Kerala}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Guruvayur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOLDER NAME : The Guruvayoor Devasom Act,1978 |url=https://lawmdls.keltron.in/advancesearchtoall_view.php?id=46 |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=Official Website of Law Department, Govt of Kerala}}</ref> Devaswom Managing committee includes chairman, Members and Administrator appointed by State Government.<ref name="gu1">{{cite news |title=Guruvayur: Krishnachandran Namboothiri new head priest; Dr VK Vijayan new chairman of Devaswom |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/guruvayur-krishnachandran-namboothiri-new-head-priest-dr-vk-vijayan-new-chairman-of-devaswom-1.7351712 |access-date=28 June 2022 |publisher=English.Mathrubhumi |date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td4">{{cite news |title='Letting non-Hindus run Hindu temples a mockery of secularism' |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/letting-non-hindus-run-hindu-temples-mockery-secularism |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="td2" /><ref name="td6">{{cite news |title=Telangana may not invite PM to Yadadri temple function |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-may-not-invite-pm-to-yadadri-temple-function-101645382703980.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Guruvayur Devaswom is headed by its Chairman Dr VK Vijayan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=V K Vijayan gets second term as Guruvayur Devaswom chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/v-k-vijayan-re-elected-as-guruvayur-devaswom-chairman-in-thrissur/articleshow/108555556.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Roles and Responsibilities ==

Guruvayur Devaswom is formed for following roles and responsibilities:<ref name="gu4">{{cite news |title=No entry to Nalambalam in Guruvayur temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-entry-to-nalambalam-in-guruvayur-temple/article33259302.ece |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=5 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="gu3">{{cite news |title=Guruvayur temple to reopen today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/guruvayur-temple-to-reopen-today/article34933340.ece |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=23 June 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="td3">{{cite news |title=Tirupathi temple board to build temple, spiritual centre in J&K, gets land lease for 40 years |url=https://theprint.in/india/tirupathi-temple-board-to-build-temple-spiritual-centre-in-jk-gets-land-lease-for-40-years/632685/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="td1" /><ref name="td5">{{cite news |title=Firhad Hakim is chairman of Tarakeshwar Development Board, not Mandir Trust |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/kolkata-248405 |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=millenniumpost.in |date=21 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td7">{{cite news |last1=Mungara |first1=Sunil |title=Hyderabad: Yadadri temple getting ready for inaugural {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/yadadri-getting-ready-for-inaugural/articleshow/88131790.cms |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="td8">{{cite news |title=Jammu: Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board initiates development of 'Shankaracharya temple' in Katra {{!}} Jammu News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/jammu-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shrine-board-initiates-development-of-shankaracharya-temple-in-katra/articleshow/90460656.cms |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

* Ensuring performance of rituals.
* Ensuring accounting of collections.
* Development and maintenance of temples in other towns.
* Ensuring security of the temple property.
* Ensuring welfare of pilgrims.
* Look after welfare of staff.
* Hygiene preparation of Prasad.
* Road Maintenance and drinking water supply in premises.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://guruvayurdevaswom.in Official website]

[[Category:Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]

Nawan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:07Z

Mittie94U89577: created new data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawan
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-115-Nawan.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 115
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:269093}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
}}
'''Nawan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises part of [[Nawan tehsil]], in [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is [[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Mahendra Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Vijay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Mahendra Chaudhary]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nawan<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:106159}}
|percentage = 52.53
|change = +12.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahendra Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:82211}}
|percentage = 40.68
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravi Meghwal Lunwa
|votes = {{formatnum:3738}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Govind Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3041}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1364}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23948}}
|percentage = 11.85
|change = +10.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202101}}
|percentage = 75.1
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Nawan<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72168}}
|percentage = 41.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:69912}}
|percentage = 39.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shimbhudayal
|votes = {{formatnum:12218}}
|percentage = 6.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanaram
|votes = {{formatnum:6717}}
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Govind Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:5424}}
|percentage = 3.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pramod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3029}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2077}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2256}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175780}}
|percentage = 73.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|28.47|75.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Third Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry

2026-04-15T09:22:52Z

Mittie94U89577: Put Up Details

{{Short description|Government of Odisha, India (1995–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 23rd
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]
| flag_border = true
| flag = File:Seal of Odisha.svg
| incumbent = 1995 {{ndash}} 1999
| image = File:Janaki Ballav Patnaik.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| date_formed = 15 March 1995
| date_dissolved = 17 February 1999
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| deputy_government_head_title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| deputy_government_head = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Basant Kumar Biswal|Basanta Kumar Biswal]]
* [[Hemananda Biswal]]
}}
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]
| state_head = {{indented plainlist|
* [[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]
* [[Gopala Ramanujam]]
* [[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]] (Additional Charge)
* [[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)
}}
| members_number = 27
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|81|147|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|per=1}}
| opposition_party = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Janata Dal]]
* [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}
| opposition_leader = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Janata Dal|JD]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Das]], [[Janata Dal|JD]]
* [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
* [[Prafulla Samal]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
* Satchidananda Dalal, [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
}}
| election = [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
| legislature_term = {{ayd|15 March 1995|17 February 1999}}
| successor = [[Giridhar Gamang ministry]]
| cabinet_name = Third Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry
| predecessor = [[Second Biju Patnaik ministry]]
| incoming_formation = [[11th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| outgoing_formation = [[10th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
}}
'''Janaki Ballabh Patnaik''' was elected as the chief minister of [[Odisha]] following [[Indian National Congress]] party's victory in [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Orissa 1995 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1995/orissa/121/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1995/orissa/121/6 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28-33 |via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
Chief Minister [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] along with 2 [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|deputy chief ministers]] and 2 Cabinet Ministers were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]] at the [[Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]] on 15 March 1995. On 20 March 1995, 8 Cabinet Ministers, 4 Ministers of State (Independent Charges) and 5 Ministers of State were included in the Council of Ministers and on 14 January 1996, 2 Cabinet Ministers and 5 Ministers of State were included in the Council of Ministers.

On 18 August 1997, 1 Ministers of State (Independent Charges) was elevated to Cabinet Minister and on 24 August 1998, Entire Council of Ministers was reshuffled with addition of 1 Minister of State. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-14 |title=Brief History of Odisha Legislative Assembly |url=https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx |website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref>

Shri Patnaik resigned on 13 February 1999 owning moral responsibility for the series of attacks on the minorities in the state & furore over [[Anjana Mishra rape case]]. He continued as [[Caretaker government|Care taker CM]] till 17 February 1999.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1999-02-13 |title=Patnaik quits, race for CM hots up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/patnaik-quits-race-for-cm-hots-up/?ref=archive_pg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914183852/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/patnaik-quits-race-for-cm-hots-up/?ref=archive_pg |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/357-397.pdf Source]
!Portfolio
!Portrait
!Name {{small|Constituency|List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha|'''Chief Minister''']]
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ General Administration]
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Energy]
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Steel & Mines]
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development]
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Janaki Ballav Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]}}
| rowspan="2" |15 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Sports and Youth Affairs]
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce]
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
|9 May 1998
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension Administration]
|9 May 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
|-
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']]
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Water Resources]
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Basant Kumar Biswal.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Basant Kumar Biswal|Basanta Kumar Biswal]] {{small|MLA from [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]}}
| rowspan="2" |15 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']]
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension Administration]
|[[File:Hemananda Biswal.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Hemananda Biswal]] {{small|MLA from [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera]]}}
|15 March 1995
|9 May 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Transport]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kahnu Charan Lenka (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kahnu Charan Lenka]] {{small|MLA from [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]}}
| rowspan="2" |15 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/ Revenue]
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[File:Jagannath Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|Jagannath Patnaik {{small|MLA from [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Textiles & Handlooms]
* [https://crafts.odisha.gov.in/ Handicraft & Cottage Industries]
| [[File:Niranjan Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Niranjan Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Ramchandrapur Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment]
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
|[[File:Prasanna Kumar Dash.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prasanna Kumara Dash {{small|MLA from [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://law.odisha.gov.in/ Law]
| [[File:Raghunath Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Raghunath Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
*[https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest]
*[https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ School & Mass Education]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ulaka Rama Chandra.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]] {{small|MLA from [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://dhe.odisha.gov.in/ Higher Education]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]] {{small|MLA from [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]}}
| rowspan="2" |20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Culture]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Bhupinder Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]] {{small|MLA from [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Habibulla Khan.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |Habibulla Khan {{small|MLA from [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
| [[File:Harihar Swain.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Harihar Swain]] {{small|MLA from [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest]
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]
| [[File:Kishore Chandra Patel.jpg|100x100px]]
|Kishore Chandra Patel {{small|MLA from [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
| [[File:Durga Shankar Pattanayak.jpg|100x100px]]
|Durga Shankar Pattanayak {{small|MLA from [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
*[https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development]
| [[File:Sk. Matlub Ali.jpg|100x100px]]
|Sk. Matlub Ali {{small|MLA from [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State with Independent Charges'''
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Urban Development]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Amarnath Pradhan.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amarnath Pradhan]] {{small|MLA from [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Jagannath Rout.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagannath Rout]] {{small|MLA from [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Urban Development]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Netrananda Mallick.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |Netrananda Mallick {{small|MLA from [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Culture]
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Resources Development]
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Debata.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prakash Chandra Debata {{small|MLA from [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Sports and Youth Affairs]
| [[File:Gajadhar Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]] {{small|MLA from [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
| [[File:Suresh Kumar Routray.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Routray]] {{small|MLA from [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce]
| [[File:Nagarjun Pradhan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Nagarjuna Pradhan]] {{small|MLA from [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare]
| [[File:Mohan Nag.jpg|100x100px]]
|Mohan Nag {{small|MLA from [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State'''
|-
|
*[https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
| [[File:Nabin Chandra Narayan Das.jpg|100x100px]]
|Nabin Chandra Narayan Das {{small|MLA from [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development]
| [[File:Bijayalaxmi Sahoo.jpg|100x100px]]
|Bijayalaxmi Sahoo {{small|MLA from [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
| [[File:Rabindra Kumar Sethy.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]] {{small|MLA from [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]}}
|20 March 1995
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]
| [[File:Gajadhar Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]] {{small|MLA from [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Sports and Youth Affairs]
| [[File:Suresh Kumar Routray.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Routray]] {{small|MLA from [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]}}
|20 March 1995
|24 August 1998
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Steel & Mines]
| [[File:Haladhar Karjee.jpg|100x100px]]
|Haladhar Karjee {{small|MLA from [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
| [[File:Ramakanta Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ramakanta Mishra {{small|MLA from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]}}
|24 August 1998
|17 February 1999
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief ministers of Odisha}}

[[Category:1995 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1995|Janaki III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1999|Janaki III]]
[[Category:Odisha ministries|Janaki III]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]

2013 Hockey India League

2026-04-07T16:41:47Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey league season
|name = Hero Hockey India League 2013
|image = Hockey India League 2013.jpg
|pixels = 195
|caption =
|fromdate = 14 January
|todate = 10 February
|administrator = [[Hockey India]]
|tformat = [[Round-robin tournament|Triple Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knock-out]]
|host = {{IND}}
|venues = [[#Venues|5]]
|teams = [[Hockey India League#Franchises|5]]
|champion = [[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|count = 1
|second = [[Delhi Waveriders]]
|third = [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|matches = 34
|goals = 147
|potourn = [[Sardar Singh]] ([[Delhi Waveriders|DWR]])
|topscorer = [[Sandeep Singh]] ([[Mumbai Magicians|MM]]) (11)
|attendance =
|prevseason =
|nextseason = [[2014 Hockey India League|2014]]
}}

'''2013 Hockey India League''', known as '''Hero Hockey India League''' and abbreviated as '''HIL 2013''' was the first season of the field hockey tournament [[Hockey India League]]. Tournament was scheduled to start from 5 January to 3 February but was postponed to 14 January to 10 February.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Hockey/Hockey-India-League-auction-postponed/Article1-964725.aspx |title=Hockey India League auction postponed |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 November 2012 |accessdate=14 December 2012 |location=[[New Delhi]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130025326/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Hockey/Hockey-India-League-auction-postponed/Article1-964725.aspx |archivedate=30 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Rules==
Five teams took part in the tournament and each team played three matches against each team, one at their home venue and one at the venue of the opposition team. The third match was played against the other four teams two at home and two away.<ref name=regulations>{{cite news|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL-Regulations-2013-06Jan13.pdf|title=Regulations of the Hero Hockey India League|publisher=[[Hockey India]]|accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref>

The points in the league phase of the tournament were awarded as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Points
|-
!Results
!Points
|-
|Win
|5 points
|-
|Draw
|2 points
|-
|Loss with goal difference of 2 or less goals
|1 points
|-
|Loss with goal difference of 3 or more goals
|0 points
|}

If at the end of the League two or more teams had the same number of points for any place, these teams would be ranked according to the following order:<ref name=regulations/>
#respective number of matches won;
#respective goal difference (goals for less goals against). A positive goal difference always takes precedence over a negative one;
#respective number of goals scored;
#the cumulative results of the two matches played between those two teams taking firstly the points won in the two matches, secondly the goal difference, and thirdly the number of goals scored

{{Location map+ |India3|width=375|float=right
|caption=Locations of 2012 Hockey India League teams
|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat=18.97500|long=72.82583|label='''[[Mumbai]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=28.3636|long=77.1348|label='''[[Delhi]]'''|position=right}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=30.78|long=76.69|label='''[[Jalandhar]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=23.35|long=85.33|label='''[[Ranchi]]'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=26.847|long=80.947|label='''[[Lucknow]]'''|position=right}}
}}

==Venues==
Five venues have been selected for Hockey India League which will serve as home grounds for each franchise:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Team
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|20,000
|-
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8,250
|-
|[[Punjab Warriors]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|[[Surjit Hockey Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8,000
|-
|[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5,000
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center;"|10,000
|}

The semi-final, third and fourth place playoff and the final of 2013 HIL were played on 9 and 10 February at [[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]] in [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/Hero-HIL-Schedule-2013.pdf|title=Fixture List 2013|publisher=[[Hockey India]]|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>

==Players==
{{Main|2013 Hockey India League players' auction}}
{{Main|List of 2013 Hockey India League team rosters}}
The players' auction for first season of HIL took place on 16 December in [[New Delhi]]. A total of 246 players were available for the auction out of which 120 players were bought by the franchises which included 50 foreign and 70 local players.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-abc-of-hockey-india-league-players-auction/310540-5-136.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218084704/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-abc-of-hockey-india-league-players-auction/310540-5-136.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2012|title=The ABC of Hockey India League players' auction|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=15 December 2012|accessdate=15 December 2012|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==League progression==
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none"
|-
| style="background:white; border:none" |
| rowspan="7" style="width:5px; border:none; background:white;"|
! colspan="12" | League Phase
| rowspan="7" style="width:5px; border:none; background:white;"|
! colspan="3" | Playoffs
|-
! style="width:210px; vertical-align:center;"| Team
! width=25 | 1 !! width=25 | 2 !! width=25 | 3 !! width=25 | 4 !! width=25 | 5 !! width=25 | 6 !! width=25 | 7 !! width=25 | 8 !! width=25 | 9 !! width=25 | 10 !! width=25 | 11 !! width=25 | 12 !! width=25 | SF !! width=25 | 3/4 !! width=25 | F
|-
! style="width:105px; text-align:left;" | [[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match1|5]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match3|10]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match6|12]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match9|17]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match11|22]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match15|27]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match18|32]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match20|34]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match22|39]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match25|44]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match27|49]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match29|49]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#Semi-final2|W]]
|style="background:#a9a9a9;"|
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#final|L]]
|-
! style="width:105px; text-align:left;" | [[Mumbai Magicians]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match3|1]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match5|2]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match8|3]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match9|4]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match13|5]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match15|6]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match17|7]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match19|12]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match21|13]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match23|14]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match28|15]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match30|16]]
|style="background:#a9a9a9; border-right:none"|
|style="background:#a9a9a9; border-left:none; border-right:none"|
|style="background:#a9a9a9; border-left:none"|
|-
! style="width:105px; text-align:left;" | [[Punjab Warriors]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match1|1]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match2|2]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match4|3]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match8|8]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match10|10]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match13|15]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match16|20]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match19|20]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match21|25]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match24|27]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match26|28]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match27|29]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#Semi-final2|L]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#3rdplace|L]]
|style="background:#a9a9a9;"|
|-
! style="width:105px; text-align:left;" | [[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match2|5]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match5|10]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match7|11]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match11|12]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match12|17]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match14|22]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match17|27]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match20|29]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match22|29]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match24|31]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match26|36]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match30|41]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#Semi-final1|W]]
|style="background:#a9a9a9;"|
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#final|W]]
|-
! style="width:105px; text-align:left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match4|5]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match6|7]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match7|12]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| [[#match10|14]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match12|15]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match14|16]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match16|17]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match19|17]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match23|22]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#match25|22]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match28|27]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#match29|32]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | [[#Semi-final1|L]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"| [[#3rdplace|W]]
|style="background:#a9a9a9;"|
|- style="background:white;"
| style="border:none" |
| style="border:none" |
| colspan="12" style="border:none" |
| style="border:none" |
| colspan="3" style="border:none" |
|- style="font-size:75%"
| colspan="9" style="background:white; border:none; vertical-align:center" |
:'''Note''': The total points at the end of each group match are listed.
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c3fdb8;"|Win
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"|Loss
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"|Draw
|- style="font-size:75%"
| colspan="9" style="background:white; border:none; vertical-align:top" |
:'''Note''': Click on the points (group matches) or W/L (Playoffs) to see the summary for the match.
| colspan="9" style="background:#a9a9a9; text-align:center; vertical-align:center" | Team was eliminated in group stage.
|}

==Schedule==
:''All matches' timings according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +05:30)''

===League Phase===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none"
|-
!width=175|Team
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pld|Matches Played}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=40|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|align=left|'''[[Delhi Wave Riders]]'''
|12||9||2||1||37||24||+13||'''49'''
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|align=left|'''[[Ranchi Rhinos]]'''
|12||7||2||3||26||22||+4||'''41'''
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|align=left|'''[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]'''
|12||5||2||5||19||22||–3||'''32'''
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|align=left|'''[[Punjab Warriors]]'''
|12||4||2||6||25||27||–2||'''29'''
|-style="border-top:2px solid black; background:#fbb"
|align=left|'''[[Mumbai Magicians]]'''
|12||1||0||11||20||32||–12||'''16'''
|-
|colspan="9" style="background:#ffffff; border:none"|
|-
|colspan="6" style="background:#ffffff; border:none"|
|colspan="3" style="background:#c3fdb8"|Qualified for Semi-finals
|-
|colspan="6" style="background:#ffffff; border:none"|
|colspan="3" style="background:#fbb"|Eliminated
|}

{{Anchor|match1}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=14 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=2–1
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Oskar Deecke|Deecke]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Gurwinder Singh Chandi|Chandi]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HIL-2013-M-1-DEW-v-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Roger Padrós|Padrós]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match2}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=16 January 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=1–2
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1=[[Kieran Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|FG|63}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/Match-02-JPW-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|PC|43}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Gurinder Sangha (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match3}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=16 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=2–1
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1=[[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} [[Lloyd Norris-Jones|Norris-Jones]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M03-DEW-Vs-MUM-1.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match4}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=17 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=1–2
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Jamie Dwyer|Dwyer]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/Match-Report-M04-JPW-V-UPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Jeroen Hertzberger|Hertzberger]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} {{fhgoal|OG|59}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match5}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=18 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=3–1
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1=[[Vikas Chaudhary|Chaudhary]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Austin Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013MatchReport-M05-RAN-V-MUM.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Chinglensana Singh|Chinglensana]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Suresh Thakur Kumar (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match6}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=19 January 2013
|time=11:30
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=1–1
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|24}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M06-UPW-V-DEW-1.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|6}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Harsha Vardhan (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match7}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=20 January 2013
|time=15:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=2–0
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1=[[Jeroen Hertzberger|Hertzberger]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}} [[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M07-UPW-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Pankaj Tyagi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match8}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=20 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=2–4
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Satbir Singh (field hockey)|Satbir]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HIL2013MatchReport4x2-m08.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Dharamvir Singh|Dharamvir]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|70}} [[Jamie Dwyer|Dwyer]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}} [[Ranjit Singh (field hockey)|Ranjit]] {{fhgoal|FG|65}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Anil Kumar (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match9}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=21 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=4–6
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|8|PC|51}} [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}} [[Jason Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HIL2013MatchReport4x2-m09.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Oskar Deecke|Deecke]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Lloyd Norris-Jones|Norris-Jones]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Danish Mujtaba|Mujtaba]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}} [[Andrés Mir|Mir]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}} [[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Gurinder Sangha (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match10}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=22 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=2–2
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Shivendra Singh|Shivendra]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}} [[Malak Singh|Malak]] {{fhgoal|FG|28}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M10-JPW-V-UPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PC|35+}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Suresh Thakur Kumar (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match11}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=23 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=4–5
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|PS|46|PC|64}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013MNO11-RAN-V-DEW-11.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|47|PC|57}} [[Gurwinder Singh Chandi|Chandi]] {{fhgoal|FG|51}} [[Tim Jenniskens|Jenniskens]] {{fhgoal|PC|65}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match12}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=24 January 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=3–1
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Moritz Fürste|Fürste]] {{fhgoal|FG|27}} [[Nick Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}} [[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|PS|69}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013MNO12RAN-V-UPW-REVISED.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Luke Doerner|Doerner]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match13}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=24 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=4–3
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1={{fhgoal|OG|30}} [[Malak Singh|Malak]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}} [[S. V. Sunil|Sunil]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Russell Ford|Ford]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M13-JPW-V-MUM.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|14}} [[Glenn Turner (field hockey)|Turner]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}} {{fhgoal|OG|64}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Harsha Vardhan (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match14}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 January 2013
|time=15:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=1–3
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1=[[Jeroen Hertzberger|Hertzberger]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M14-UPW-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|58|FG|67}} [[Tarandeep Singh|Tarandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Anil Kumar (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match15}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 January 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=4–3
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1=[[Imran Khan (field hockey)|Khan]] {{fhgoal|FG|6}} [[Lloyd Norris-Jones|Norris-Jones]] {{fhgoal|FG|12|FG|22}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|51}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M15-DEW-V-MUM.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|28|PC|56|PC|66}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Pankaj Tyagi (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match16}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=27 January 2013
|time=15:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=3–4
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[David Alegre|Alegre]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|65}} [[Jeroen Hertzberger|Hertzberger]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M16-UPW-V-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[S. V. Sunil|Sunil]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|4}} [[Jamie Dwyer|Dwyer]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Chris Ciriello|Ciriello]] {{fhgoal|PC|15}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match17}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=28 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=2–1
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1=[[Ashley Jackson (field hockey)|Jackson]] {{fhgoal|PC|28}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M-17-RAN-V-MUM-1.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|2}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Gurinder Sangha (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match18}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=29 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=3–0
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Andy Hayward (field hockey)|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}} [[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIl2013-M18-DEW-V-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match19}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=30 January 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=4–0
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Jonny Jasrotia|Jasrotia]] {{fhgoal|PC|11}} [[Jason Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|52|PC|66}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL-2013-M19-MUM-VS-UPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match20}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=30 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=2–2
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1={{fhgoal|OG|20}} [[Yuvraj Walmiki|Walmiki]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HHIL2013-M20-DEW-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Floris Evers|Evers]] {{fhgoal|FG|61}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match21}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=31 January 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=1–3
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Liam de Young|De Young]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/01/HIL2013-M21-MUM-VS-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Dharamvir Singh|Dharamvir]] {{fhgoal|FG|8}} [[Robert Hammond (field hockey)|Hammond]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Malak Singh|Malak]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match22}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=1 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=2–5
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[Nick Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|68}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M-NO22-RAN-V-DEW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Gurwinder Singh Chandi|Chandi]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|19}} [[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}} [[Gurbaj Singh|Gurbaj]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Harsha Vardhan (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match23}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 February 2013
|time=15:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=2–0
|team2=[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|goals1=[[Pardeep Mor|Mor]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Siddharth Shanker|Shanker]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M23-UPW-V-MUM-1.pdf Report]
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Gurinder Sangha (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match24}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]] (home team)
|score=1–1
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013MNO24RAN-V-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Malak Singh|Malak]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Ripudaman Sharma (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match25}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=3 February 2013
|time=15:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] (home team)
|score=0–3
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M25-UPW-V-DEW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Andrés Mir|Mir]] {{fhgoal|PC|10}} [[Oskar Deecke|Deecke]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} [[Gurwinder Singh Chandi|Chandi]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Suresh Thakur Kumar (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match26}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=4 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=2–3
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1=[[Kieran Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}} [[Chris Ciriello|Ciriello]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M26-JPW-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Justin Reid-Ross|Reid-Ross]] {{fhgoal|PC|52|PC|69}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|62}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Harsha Vardhan (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match27}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 February 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Punjab Warriors]] (home team)
|score=2–3
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[Dharamvir Singh|Dharamvir]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} [[Chris Ciriello|Ciriello]] {{fhgoal|PC|70}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M27-JPW-V-DEW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|7}} [[Oskar Deecke|Deecke]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Lloyd Norris-Jones|Norris-Jones]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}}
|stadium=[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Gurinder Sangha (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match28}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=0–1
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL-2013-M28-MUM-VS-UPW1.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Luke Doerner|Doerner]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Michael Eilmer (AUT)}}
----
{{Anchor|match29}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=7 February 2013
|time=18:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]] (home team)
|score=1–4
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Andy Hayward (field hockey)|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|64}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M29-DEW-V-UPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Jeroen Hertzberger|Hertzberger]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} [[S. K. Uthappa|Uthappa]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} [[Somanna Pudiyokkada|Pudiyokkada]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}} [[Gunasekar Malayalan|Malayalan]] {{fhgoal|FG|64}}
|stadium=[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|match30}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=7 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Mumbai Magicians]] (home team)
|score=0–1
|team2=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|goals1=
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M30-MUM-V-RAN.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Nick Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|61}}
|stadium=[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|umpires=Murray Grime (AUS) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}

===Play-offs===
{{Round4-with third


|9 February–[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]|'''[[Ranchi Rhinos]]'''|'''4'''|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]|2
|9 February–[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]|'''[[Delhi Wave Riders]]'''|'''3'''|[[Punjab Warriors]]|1

|10 February–[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]|'''[[Ranchi Rhinos]]'''|'''2'''|[[Delhi Wave Riders]]|1

|10 February–[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]|'''[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]'''|'''4'''|[[Punjab Warriors]]|3
}}

====Semifinals====
{{Anchor|Semi-final1}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=9 February 2013
|time=16:30
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|score=4–2
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|goals1=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|5|FG|66}} [[Nick Wilson (field hockey)|Wilson]] {{fhgoal|FG|32|FG|64}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M31-RAN-V-UPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Nithin Thimmaiah|Thimmaiah]] {{fhgoal|FG|16|FG|54}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Marcello Servetto (ESP) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}
----
{{Anchor|Semi-final2}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=9 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|score=3–1
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[Andrés Mir|Mir]] {{fhgoal|PC|14}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder Pal]] {{fhgoal|PC|32}} [[Lloyd Norris-Jones|Norris-Jones]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M32-DEW-V-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Jamie Dwyer|Dwyer]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}

====Third and fourth place====
{{Anchor|3rdplace}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=10 February 2013
|time=17:00
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|score=4–3
|aet=yes
|team2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|goals1=[[V. R. Raghunath|Raghunath]] {{fhgoal|PC|42|PC|62|PC|64|PC|85}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M33-UPW-V-JPW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Mark Knowles (field hockey)|Knowles]] {{fhgoal|PC|4}} [[S. V. Sunil|Sunil]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Ranjit Singh (field hockey)|Ranjit]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Michael Eilmer (AUT) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}

====Final====
{{Anchor|final}}{{fieldhockeybox
|date=10 February 2013
|time=20:00
|team1=[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|score=2–1
|team2=[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|goals1=[[Austin Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|63}}
|report=[http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/HHIL2013-M34-RAN-V-DEW.pdf Report]
|goals2=[[Simon Child|Child]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}}
|stadium=[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|umpires=Gary Simmonds (RSA) Marcello Servetto (ESP)}}

==Awards==
{| class=wikitable style="width:100%; text-align:center; border:none"
|-
!Player of the Tournament
!rowspan="3" width="5" style="border:none; background:white"|
!Upcoming player of the tournament
!rowspan="3" width="5" style="border:none; background:white"|
!Most goals in league phase
!rowspan="3" width="5" style="border:none; background:white"|
!Fair play
!rowspan="3" width="5" style="border:none; background:white"|
|-
|'''[[Sardar Singh]]''' ([[Delhi Waveriders]])
|'''[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]''' ([[Ranchi Rhinos]])
|'''[[Delhi Waveriders]]''' (37 in 12 matches)
|'''[[Ranchi Rhinos]]'''
|}

==Statistics==

===Leading goalscorers===
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Matches
!Goals
|- style="background:gold;"
|1
|[[Sandeep Singh]]
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|11
|-
|2
|[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
|[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|style="text-align:center"|13
|style="text-align:center"|10
|-
|3
|[[V. R. Raghunath]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|style="text-align:center"|14
|style="text-align:center"|9
|-
|4
|[[Rupinder Pal Singh]]
|[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|style="text-align:center"|14
|style="text-align:center"|7
|-
|5
|[[Lloyd Norris-Jones]]
|[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|style="text-align:center"|14
|style="text-align:center"|6
|}

===Hat-tricks===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; border:none"
!Player
!For
!Against
! align=center| Result
! align=center| Report
! align=center| Venue
|-
|[[Sandeep Singh]]
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Delhi Wave Riders]]
|align="center"|'''3–4'''
|align="center"|[[#match15|Match 15]]
|'''[[New Delhi]]'''–[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
|-
|[[V. R. Raghunath|V.R. Raghunath]]4
|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|[[Punjab Warriors]]
|align="center"|'''4–3'''
|align="center"|[[#3rdplace|3rd place]]
|'''[[Ranchi]]'''– [[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]]
|}

===Scoring===
*First goal of the season: '''[[Oskar Deecke]]''' for Delhi Waveriders against Punjab Warriors ''([[#match1|14 January 2013]])''
*Last goal of the season: '''[[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]''' for Ranchi Rhinos against Delhi Waveriders ''([[#final|10 February 2013]])''
*Largest winning margin: '''4 goals'''
**Mumbai Magicians 4–0 Uttar Pradesh Wizards ''([[#match19|30 January 2013]])''
*Highest scoring game: '''10 goals'''
**Mumbai Magicians 4–6 Delhi Waveriders ''([[#match9|21 January 2013]])''
*Most goals scored in a match by a single team: '''6 goals'''
**Mumbai Magicians 4–6 Delhi Waveriders ''([[#match9|21 January 2013]])''
*Most goals scored in a match by a losing team: '''4 goals'''
**Mumbai Magicians 4–6 Delhi Waveriders ''([[#match9|21 January 2013]])''
**Ranchi Rhinos 4–5 Delhi Waveriders ''([[#match11|23 January 2013]])''

===Clean sheets===

====Player====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Clean sheets
|-
|1
|align="left"|[[George Bazeley]]
|align="left"|[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
|3
|-
|rowspan="4"|2
|align="left"|[[Francisco Juancosa Cortés]]
|align="left"|[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Nicolas Jacobi]]
|align="left"|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Pirmin Blaak]]
|align="left"|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
|1
|-
|align="left"|[[P. R. Shreejesh]]
|align="left"|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|1
|}

====Team====
*Most clean sheets: '''3'''
**[[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
*Fewest clean sheets: '''0'''
**[[Punjab Warriors]]

===Discipline===

====Player====
*Most green cards: 4
**[[Yuvraj Walmiki]] (Delhi Waveriders)
*Most yellow cards: 2
**Manpreet Singh (Ranchi Rhinos)
**[[Pradhan Somanna]] (Uttar Pradesh Wizards)
**[[Robert Hammond (field hockey)|Robert Hammond]] (Punjab Warriors)
**[[Sardara Singh]] (Delhi Waveriders)
**[[Wouter Jolie]] (Uttar Pradesh Wizards)
*Most red cards: 1
**[[Ranjit Singh (field hockey)|Ranjit Singh]] (Punjab Warriors)

====Team====
*Most green cards: 15
**[[Delhi Waveriders]]
*Most yellow cards: 7
**[[Mumbai Magicians]]
**[[Punjab Warriors]]
*Most red cards: 1
**[[Punjab Warriors]]
Source: [http://league.hockeyindia.org/images/stories/2013/02/penalty-cards8.pdf Hockey India League]

==See also==
*[[List of Hockey India League players]]
*[[World Series Hockey]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hockeyindia.org/ Official website]

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:2013 Hockey India League| ]]
[[Category:Hockey India League seasons]]
[[Category:2013 in field hockey|India]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian sport|Hockey]]

4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)

2026-03-29T17:15:23Z

Mittie94U89577: Created page...

{{short description|Expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama}}

The '''4th Portuguese India Armada''' was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] fleet that sailed from [[Lisbon]] in February, 1502. Assembled on the order of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and placed under the command of [[Vasco da Gama]], it was the fourth of some thirteen [[Portuguese India Armadas]], was Gama's second trip to India, and was designed as a punitive expedition targeting [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] to avenge the numerous defeats of the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada]] two years earlier.

Along the way, in East Africa, the 4th Armada established a Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)#Portuguese feitorias (c. 1445)|factory]] in present-day [[Mozambique]], made contact and opened trade with the gold [[entrepot]] of [[Sofala]] and extorted tribute from [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]. Once in India, the armada set about attacking Calicut shipping and disrupting trade along much of the [[Malabar Coast]]. But the ruling [[Zamorin]] of Calicut refused to accede to Portuguese demands, arguing that the violent exactions of the armada exceeded any claims they might have for compensation. The 4th Armada left without bringing the Zamorin to terms and leaving matters unresolved. Before departing, the armada established a crown factory in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and left behind a small patrol under [[Vicente Sodré]], the first permanent Portuguese fleet in the [[Indian Ocean]].

== Background ==
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
The [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second India Armada]], commanded by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], had arrived in Portugal in the summer of 1501 in a terrible shape. Ship and human losses were tremendous, its mission objectives failed. They had failed to establish a factory in [[Sofala]], the outlet of the [[Monomatapa]] gold trade in [[East Africa]], and, more worrisomely, opened hostilities with the city-state of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode), the principal commercial entrepôt of the [[Kerala]] [[spice trade]] and dominant city-state on the [[Malabar coast]] of [[India]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Omodeo |first=Pietro |url=https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-403-5/978-88-6969-403-5_LLW7rHK.pdf |title=Amerigo Vespucci: The Historical Context of His Explorations and Scientific Contribution |publisher=Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-88-6969-403-5 |editor-last=Omodeo |editor-first=Pietro Daniel |edition=1st |location=Florence, IT |pages=119-126 |language=English}}</ref>

By the time this news was received, the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd India Armada]] under [[João da Nova]] had already departed, a commercial expedition unequipped to deal with the hostile turn of events in the Indian Ocean.

As a result, King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] ordered a new fleet to be assembled, the 4th India Armada, armed to the teeth, with the explicit objective of bringing Calicut to heel.<ref>Chroniclers are generally unanimous about the avenging nature of the expedition, e.g. Castanheda, p. 130</ref>

==Appointment of Gama==
[[File:Lisboa-Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga-Retrato dito de Vasco da Gama-20140917.jpg|thumb| [[Vasco da Gama]]]]
The command of the 4th Armada was offered to [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]. But various factions in the Portuguese court and the [[Casa da India]], opposed Cabral's appointment, on the grounds that it was Cabral's 'incompetence' that had created this unhappy situation to begin with. However, Cabral had his own political supporters <ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 177) notes that Cabral was a knight of Manuel's [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]], while Vasco da Gama was a knight of the [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Santiago]]. It is tempting to cast the Gama-Cabral quarrel to be one between the rival orders, i.e. that Cabral was the 'candidate' of Order of Christ, Gama of Santiago. That may have a kernel of truth as far as explaining Cabral's appointment to the 2nd Armada. But for the 4th Armada, the principal opposition to Cabral's new appointment actually came from Gama's uncle, [[Vicente Sodré]], a leading figure of the Order of Christ, ''alcaide'' of their spiritual home, the citadel of [[Tomar]].</ref> that could not be ignored. The king tried to compromise by offering Cabral the position of captain-major (''capitão-mor''), but letting it be clearly understood that his command of the fleet would not be absolute, that at least one squadron would be placed under the separate command of [[Vicente Sodré]] (an uncle of [[Vasco da Gama]], and leading opponent of Cabral). Finding this condition an unacceptable affront, Cabral withdrew his name in a huff.<ref name="Subrahmanyam (1997: p.191)." >Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 191).</ref> Manuel I immediately appointed Vasco da Gama himself as captain-major.

The intrigues behind the appointment have been variously told. By some accounts, the initial offer to Cabral was a ''pro forma'' gesture to palliate his faction rather than an earnest offer.<ref name="Subrahmanyam (1997: p.191)." /> In other words, the king never had any intention of letting Cabral lead the expedition, that the onerous conditions were introduced knowing Cabral would find them unacceptable.<ref>Barros (p. 22): "como elle era homem de muitos primores ácerca de pontos de honra" [trans: 'because he was a man very particular about points of honor'].</ref> That these conditions were only revealed at the last minute, just before the fleet's departure, lends credence to the theory, i.e. the monarch did not want to give Cabral time to reconsider or allow opposition to mount against Gama's rapid appointment.

Chronicler [[Gaspar Correia]] tells a slightly different story – he does not mention Sodré's command, but rather relates how King Manuel I summoned Vasco da Gama a mere three days before the scheduled departure date and expressed his "disappointment and mistrust" of Cabral's "dubious fortune" at sea.,<ref>"El Rey tinha desgosto e disconfianca da duvidosa fortuna de Pedralvarez Cabral" (Correia, p. 267) Interjecting, the queen 'helpfully' pointed out that such ill-fortune did not seem to afflict Vasco da Gama.</ref> but that he had made a promise to Cabral and could not break it. On this hint, Gama produced a royal letter (issued by Manuel back in 1500, and reiterated in October 1501), promising Gama a determining role in any future India expedition, and demanded command of the expedition for himself.<ref>According to Correia (pp. 267–268), Gama felt the destruction of the Calicut factory was ultimately his fault, because, on his first expedition in 1497–1499, he had allowed the Zamorin's offenses to go unpunished, which only encouraged him to do even greater injury to Cabral. Thus, the punishment of the Zamorin should be his (Gama's) responsibility.</ref> The king was caught between two commitments – honoring the letter to Gama, or his appointment to Cabral. Hearing of the king's quandary, Cabral voluntarily withdrew his name to graciously allow Manuel I to honor his letter.<ref>Correia (p. 268); Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 191)</ref>

The 16th-century chroniclers seem to agree that King Manuel I wanted to deprive Cabral of command, and that the Sodré appointment and/or the Gama letter was just a ploy by the king to wiggle out of appointing Cabral.<ref>Correia is clear that Manuel I hoped Gama would invoke the letter, "ElRey dissimulou o muyto prazer do seu coracao" (Correia, p. 267). Castanheda (p. 130) states only that Cabral was deprived of command "por algũs justos respeitos" ('for some just reasons').</ref> But some later authors have interpreted the accounts differently, that King Manuel I was wholly behind Cabral, but was forced to yield to the unsavory machinations of the Gama-Sodré family.<ref>e.g. Sanches de Baena (1897: pp. 46ff)</ref>

Just before his departure, in a solemn ceremony at the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] on January 30, 1502, King Manuel I bestowed upon Vasco da Gama the newly created title of ''Almirante dos mares de Arabia, Persia, India e de todo o Oriente'' ("Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orient") - an overwrought title reminiscent of the ornate [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]] title borne by [[Christopher Columbus]]. (Evidently, Manuel must have reckoned that if Castile had an 'Admiral of the Seas' running around, then surely Portugal should have one too.)<ref>Barros, p. 24</ref>

On a side note, this was the first India armada for which the ''vintena de Belém'' was introduced - that is, the 5% tax on profits of private trading by captains and officers of [[Portuguese India Armadas]], earmarked for the construction and maintenance of the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] in the [[Belém]] district of [[Lisbon]].<ref>Correia, p. 270</ref> The ''vintena'' would continue until 1522.

==The Fleet==
The 4th Armada was composed of 20 ships and between 800 and 1800 men.<ref>Barros (p. 268) says 1800 soldiers; Gaspar Correia (p. 269) says 800 men-at-arms.</ref> The Armada was originally envisaged as two squadrons – 15 ships under the admiral to head to [[India]], 5 under the vice-admiral designated to patrol the mouth of the [[Red Sea]]. As it turns out, not all ships were ready by the launch date, so the armada was re-arranged into three squadrons, the first two squadrons (10 under admiral [[Vasco da Gama]], 5 under his uncle, vice-admiral [[Vicente Sodré]]) to head out at once, and the five remaining ships to go out a little while later as a third squadron under Gama's cousin, [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]], with instructions to catch up to the main fleet along the way. (Whatever the mechanics behind the appointment, the 4th Armada certainly turned out to be a Gama family affair!)

The exact composition of the three squadrons differs in the various accounts. The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts.

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''First Squadron (Vasco da Gama)'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Second Squadron (Vicente Sodré)'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Third Squadron (Estêvão da Gama)'''
|-
|- valign = top
| 10 ships (4 large "[[Nau (ship)|''nau'']]s + 4 navetas (nta) + 2 caravels (cv)) || 5 ships (2 ''nau''s + 3 cvs) || 5 ships (2 naus + 3 cvs)
|- valign = top
| 1. ''São Jerónimo'' ([[Vasco da Gama]]) || 11. ''Leitoa Nova''/''[[Esmeralda (carrack)|Esmeralda]]'' ([[Vicente Sodré]] or Fernão d'Atouguia?) || 16. ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'' ([[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estevão da Gama]])
|- valign = top
| 2. ''Lionarda'' (D. Luís Coutinho) || 12. ''São Paulo'' (Álvaro de Ataíde or [[Pêro de Ataíde]] 'Inferno') || 17. ''Julia'' (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos)
|-valign = top
| 3. ''São Miguel/Gabriel'' (Gil Matoso) || 13. ''Santa Marta'' (João/|Fernão Rodrigues 'Bardaças', cv)|| 18. (Thomaz de Carmona/Cremona, cv) – Italian
|- valign = top
| 4. ''Batecabello'' (Gil Fernandes de Sousa) || 14. ''Estrella'' (António Fernandes Roxo, cv)|| 19. ''Ship of Bartolomeo Marchionni'' (Lopo Dias, cv)
|- valign = top
| 5. ''São Rafael'' (Diogo Fernandes Correia, nta) || 15. ''Garrida'' (Pêro Rafael or Brás Sodré, cv) || 20. ''Ship of Rui Mendes de Brito'' (Giovanni Buonagrazia (João da Bonagracia, cv) – Italian
|- valign = top
| 6. ''Santa Elena'' (Pedro Afonso de Aguiar, nta)
|- valign = top
| 7. ''Bretoa'' (Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos', nta)
|- valign = top
| 8. ''Vera Cruz'' (Rui de Castanheda/da Cunha, nta)
|- valign = top
| 9. ''Fradeza'' (João Lopes Perestrello, cv)
|- valign = top
| 10. ''Salta na Palha'' (António do Campo or Antão Vaz, cv)
|}

This list of captains is principally based on [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas'',<ref>Barros, Dec. I, Bk VI, c. 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 pp. 21ff.] Barros's list is as above. For the second squad, he assigns ships to Vicente Sodré and Braz Sodré (making no mention of d'Atougoia or Pêro Rafael). He names d'Ataíde as 'Álvaro' rather than 'Pêro'. Barros avers that Antonio Fernandes might have only been given a ship only in Mozambique. Barros doesn't list ship names, but later in the narrative (e.g. p. 38) refers to some of them, e.g. confirms ''São Jeronimo'' for Gama, ''Lionarda'' for Coutinho, ''Juiloa'' for Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos and identifies Gil Matoso's ship as the ''São Gabriel'' (p. 38, rather than ''Miguel'') and Pedro Afonso de Aguiar's ship in India (the ''Leitoa'' according to Correia) as ''São Pantaleão'' (p. 42)</ref> [[Damião de Gois]]'s ''Chronica'',<ref>Gois, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 p. 88] Gois's captains list is as above, with the following modifications: in the first squad, Gil Fernandes is referred to as 'Luis Fernandes'; Diogo Fernandes Correa is omitted, replaced by a certain 'Luis Pires'. In the second squad, he adds Pêro Rafael and drops Antonio Fernandes.</ref> [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]]'s ''História'',<ref>Castanheda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Fern%20o%20Lopes%20de%20Castanheda%22&pg=PA130 p. 130] Castanheda's captains list is as above, with the following variations: in the first squad he says tens ships but lists eleven captains, adding Pêro de Ataíde to the first squad. This opens up a slot to include Pêro Rafael in the second squadron. Castanheda adds a sixth name to the second squadron – a certain "Diogo Pires" (a man of that name is mentioned later commanding a caravel during the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]]). Castanheda fits the six captains into five ships by noting that António Fernandes was given a ship only after arrival in India. He does not name the captains of the third squad.</ref> the ''Relação das Náos'',<ref>''Relação'' (p. 13). The main ''Relação'' list makes note of Coutinho's nickname ('Ramiro') and Gil Fernandes's surname ('de Sousa'). It refers to Álvaro d'Ataide (not Pêro) and to Thomaz de 'Cremona' (rather than Carmona). It makes no mention of Pêro Rafael. Also gives ship composition, noting there were five caravels (Bardaças, A. Fernandes, Cremona, Dias and Bonagracia), the remainder naus. A side gloss reproduces the list originally given by Barros (see above).</ref> [[Diogo do Couto|Couto]]'s list,<ref>Couto, "De todas as armadas, &c.", in Barros & Couto, ''Decadas da Asia'', Dec. X, Pt.1, Bk.1, c. 16, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112289&pg=PA118 pp. 118–119]. Couto's list is as in Barros, with a couple of apparent transcription errors – d'Ataíde is mistakenly given as Álvaro ''Sodré'', and Lopo Mendes is given as Lopo ''Martins'' de Vasconcellos. The Italian Bonagracia referred to as 'Buena Gracia'.</ref> [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Faria e Sousa]]'s ''Asia''<ref>Faria e Sousa, 1666, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA52-IA2 p. 52]. Faria e Sousa follows Barros's list exactly.</ref> and Quintella's ''Annaes da Marinha''.<ref>Quintella, 1839: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA267 pp. 267–268]</ref> The list of ship names is from [[Gaspar Correia]]'s ''Lendas da Índia''.<ref>Correia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA266 pp. 266ff.]. Also as translated in Stanley, 1869 p. 281.</ref> and should be suspected as unreliable.<ref>Drawing from Lisbon archival documents originally published by Brito Rebello (1898), Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 192) gives different names to some of the ships. He notes that the four ships designated to remain in India on patrol were the ''São Paulo'' (caravel of Pêro de Ataíde?), ''Santa Marta'' (caravel of Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças?) and two new names, the ''São Pedro'' and ''Esmeralda'', with the note that the latter was Vicente Sodré's patrol ship (Correia (p. 291) seems to insinuate that the ''Leitoa'' and ''Esmeralda'' are one and the same ship). There are an additional seven ships named in the archives, with the only clear assignments being that Francisco da Cunha was the captain of the ''Leitoa'' (rather than ''Bretoa''), Rui de Castanheda is assigned to the ''São Pantaleão de Batecabello'' (rather than ''Vera Cruz'') and Pedro Afonso de Aguiar is assigned the ''São Pantaleão do Porto'' (rather than ''Santa Elena''). Subrahmanyam confirms ''São Jerónimo'' as Vasco da Gama's ship and the ''Lionarda'' as Luis Coutinho's ship. As we do not have access to Brito Rebelo's article or documents, we will maintain the original assignment of ship names as given in Gaspar Correia, although it is almost certainly incorrect. On a side note, eyewitness accounts of [[Thomé_Lopes]] and [[Matteo_da_Bergamo]] introduce more ship names not on the list – the ''Esmeralda'' (which Lopes, p. 189, identifies as one of the three largest in the fleet, p. 189), the ''São Gabriel'' (possibly Gil Matoso's?) and the ''Santo António'' of 'Ruy de Figueiredo' (Castanheda? Or a ship's owner's name?). Doubtlessly Correia's list uses some nicknames, rather than official names, of several of the ships.</ref> As usual, Correia's list of captains differs significantly from the others. In Correia, neither of the Sodré brothers command their own ships – indeed Correia asserts Vicente Sodré was carried as a passenger aboard Vasco da Gama's flagship, with the result that the lead ship of the second squadron was captained by a certain Fernão d'Atouguia (of the [[Count of Atouguia|Ataíde family]]?) and the fifth ship by Pêro Rafael (a name that appears on several other lists).<ref>Among other variations given in Gaspar Correia's (p. 266) list, in the first squadron are Francisco ''Marecos'' (prob. nickname of Francisco da Cunha), Rui da ''Cunha'' (= Rui de Castanheda) and Antão Vaz (= António do Campo). Variations of the second square are, as mentioned, Fernam d'Atouguia (instead of Vicente Sodré) and Pêro Rafael (instead of Brás Sodré). But it is the composition of the third squad (p. 288) that Correia really parts ways: only Estevão da Gama is named properly; the other four are given as Vasco Fernandes Tinoco, João Fernandes de Mello, [[Rui_Lourenço_Ravasco]] and [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira|Diogo Fernandes 'Peteira']]. But the latter two (Ravasco & 'Peteira') were members of the third squadron led by [[António_de_Saldanha]] that was sent out with [[Afonso_de_Albuquerque]]'s [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]] the next year (1503)! (adding to the confusion, Correia ''also'' suggests that Saldanha was aboard this one as a passenger.) Evidently, Correia mixes up the third squadrons of two different armadas (it would be simply impossible for Saldanha, Ravasco and Peteira to return to Portugal on time to depart again on the next armada).</ref> The anonymous lists of the ''Memorias das Armadas''<ref>The ''Memorias das Armadas da India'' tends to follow the conventional list, but assign ship names differently, e.g. ''Esmeralda'' (for V. Sodre), ''S. Gabriel'' (for Gil Matoso), ''S. Pantaleão'' (for Aguiar), ''Batecabello'' (for R. de Castanheda), ''Leitoa Nova'' (for F. da Cunha), ''Frol de la Mar'' (for E. da Gama) and ''Julia'' (for Vasconcelos). Note that means the ''Leitoa'' and ''Batecabello'' switch captains. It also depicts João Serrão, although noting he was only given the ship in Mozambique.</ref> and ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu''<ref>The list in the anonymous ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'' (1563) is a veritable mess. It gives nineteen ships, of which only nine captain names match the conventional list. Of the remaining ten, some replicate or echo Correia, e.g. Antão Vaz (instead of Campo), Francisco Marecos (in ''addition'' to F. da Cunha), Vasco Tinoco, "Diogo" Fernandes de Melo, Pêro de Mendonça, João Serrão, Fernão d'Atouguia, Diniz Rodrigues, and two ships with no name at all.</ref> give their own variations. Doubtless, the captain lists are complicated by the fact that there were some rearrangements of the fleet in Africa and India, and captains were shuffled around – at some point, both Vicente and Brás Sodré was definitely given command of a ship of his own. The chronicles report that the fleet also carried pre-fabricated lumber and fittings with instructions to assemble a new caravel upon arrival in East Africa.

{|align="right" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style="margin:1px; border:1px solid;" | style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''The 4th India Armada (1502)''' From ''Memorias das Armadas''
|-
|[[File:Gama squadron of 1502 Armada (Livro das Armadas).jpg|200px]]||[[File:Sodre squadron of 1502 Armada (Livro das Armadas).jpg|200px]]
|- valign = top
| First squadron (Vasco da Gama) || Second Squadron (Vicente Sodré) and Third Squadron (Estêvão da Gama)
|}

The most famous ship in the 4th Armada was arguably the one commanded by [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estevão da Gama]], the ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'' (sometimes spelled as ''Frol de la Mar''), a 400 tonne [[carrack]] (''nau''), the largest ship of that kind yet built.<ref>The ''Frol de la Mar'' is identified in the ''Memorias'' list and the eyewitness accounts of [[Thomé_Lopes]] (p. 169) and [[Matteo_da_Bergamo]] (p. 111).</ref> The exact sizes of the other large carracks – the flagship ''São Jerónimo'', ''Lionarda'' and the ''Leitoa''/''Esmeralda'' are unknown, but also presumed to be quite sizeable (that is, 250t or greater).<ref>e.g. Lopes (p. 189) explicitly names four ships – the flagship, the ''Flor'', the ''Lionarda'' and the ''Esmeralda'' as much larger than all the others. The ''Esmeralda'' is not on Correia's original list. But later in the narrative, Correia (p. 291) insinuates that the ''Esmeralda'' and ''Leitoa Nova'' are one and the same ship, although confusingly assigns it to Aguiar who was earlier identified with the ''Santa Elena''! (the ''Memorias'' list has them separate, assigning ''Esmeralda'' to V. Sodré and ''Leitoa'' to Francisco da Cunha and ''.S. Pantaleão'' to Aguiar; insinuating that ''Bretoa'' might be merely Correia's mis-transcription of ''Leitoa'').</ref> These large ships were designated to return with spice cargo back to Lisbon. The smaller naus(''navetas'', 80–120t) and [[caravels]] (40–80t), went out as armed fighting ships, to remain as naval patrol vessels in India if necessary.

The Gama clan dominated the fleet – [[Vasco da Gama]], his cousin [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] and his uncles [[Vicente Sodré]] and Brás Sodré took the leadership positions. We have assumed [[Pêro de Ataíde]], to be the same person nicknamed 'o Inferno' ('Hell'), a notable veteran captain of Cabral's [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second Armada]]. But in some accounts, his name is given as 'Álvaro de Ataíde' a native of the Algarve,<ref>e.g. Barros (p. 21)</ref> thus possibly Vasco da Gama's new brother-in-law (Gama had recently married Catarina de Ataíde in 1500 or 1501; she had a brother by that name).<ref>Aubin (1995: p. 16) notes that there were ''two'' unnconnected 16th-century Portuguese noble families which happened to have the same name – the Ataídes of [[Count of Atouguia|Atouguia]] and the Ataídes of [[Alvor Parish|Alvor]] ([[Algarve]]). [[Pêro_de_Ataíde]] 'O Inferno' is from the first. [[Catarina_de_Ataíde]] (Vasco da Gama's wife) is from the latter. This has not prevented some chroniclers from assuming that Pêro de Ataíde was a relative of Gama's (e.g. Correia, p. 301). One possible resolution is that the ''São Paulo'' nau was indeed taken by Gama's brother-in-law Álvaro de Ataíde to India and back and that Pêro de Ataíde went as a passenger, and was only given a ship in India, when the coastal patrol was formed.</ref> Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos was a soon-to-be brother-in-law (betrothed to Teresa da Gama, Vasco's sister).

Among the remaining captains, the most significant was probably ''Dom'' Luís Coutinho, son of the [[Count of Marialva]], a high nobleman of considerable rank in the Portuguese court. Diogo Fernandes Correia (archaically, Corrêa) was pre-designated by the [[Casa da India]] as the factor for [[Cochin]] (replacing the factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa that Cabral had left there).

There was significant private participation in the fleet. Two ships went out under Italian captains – Tomásio da Cremona ('Thomas de Carmona') and Giovanni Buonagrazia ('João da Bonagracia') of [[Florence]].<ref>Lopes (Ital.: p. 147, Port: p. 174)</ref> Both were likely privately outfitted by Italian consortiums (although Buonagrazia's ship is identified as formally belonging to Ruy Mendes de Brito, a gentleman of the royal chamber, he might be a mere figurehead of an underlying foreign investment group)<ref>Lopes (Port: p. 173). It was not uncommon for foreign financiers to draft a well-connected high noble to place his name at the head of their financial consortium.</ref> Lopo Dias is identified by Barros as an employee of D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]], who had privately outfitted ships in earlier armadas in conjunction with the [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium, so there is reason to presume Dias's ship was outfitted the same way.<ref>Indeed, Matteo da Bergamo (p. 111) seems to refer to Lopo Dias's ship as the "nave de Bartolomeo", almost surely a reference to Marchionni.</ref> The ''Leitoa Nova'' is said to have been privately outfitted by the powerful nobleman [[Tristão da Cunha]] in conjunction with the mysterious Lisbon merchant-woman Catarina Dias de Aguiar <ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997: p. 237</ref> Eyewitness accounts suggest three more ships were also privately outfitted.<ref>The eyewitness accounts introduce a few personal names not seen on the chroniclers's list. It is highly probable that most of these names refer not to captains, but rather to the owners of their respective ships, e.g. when Matteo da Bergamo refers to the "nave de Ruy Mendes", he doubtlessly means the ship ''owned'' by Ruy Mendes de Brito and captained by Buonagrazia. Similarly we can deduce the "nave de Bartolomeo" as being the ship captained by Lopo Dias, owned by Braganza-Marchionni. More uncertain are three other ships: the "ship of João da Fonseca" (likely the ''Santa Elena'', that foundered on the Sofala banks), the "ship of Ruy de Figueiredo" (identified as the ''Santo António'' by Bergamo, but not on Correia's list) and the ship of "Fernando Lourenço" (= ?). The eyewitness accounts certainly seem to suggest a higher degree of private participation in this fleet than the chroniclers reveal.</ref>

[[File:Gama armada of 1502 (Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu).jpg|thumb|400px|4th Armada of 1502 (from ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'')]]
Aboard the ships, as passengers, were [[Gaspar da Gama]] (the Goese Jew brought by Gama's first journey, who had also served as translator in the Cabral armada), an ambassador from the [[Kolathiri]] Raja of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and one of two noble Cochinese hostages taken inadvertently by Cabral's [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second India Armada]] back to Lisbon (the other Cochinese hostage elected to stay in Lisbon, dispatching a letter to Trimumpara Raja, [[Kingdom of Cochin|prince of Cochin]] relating the useful role he might serve Cochin by remaining behind in the Portuguese court.)

There were two Italian passengers on the armada – both military engineers, and probably secret [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] agents – that would play a sinister role in India. They were known by their Portuguese names as João Maria (Gianmaria) and Pêro António (Pierantonio).<ref>The Italian adventurer [[Ludovico de Varthema]], who would depart overland for India in late 1502, would come into contact with these two Italian engineers in Calicut in 1505. In his ''Itinerario'', Varthema gives their names and characterizes them as '[[Milan]]ese' (Varthema, 1510: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA260 p. 260]). This identification is followed up in some chronicles (e.g. Osório, p. 223). However, [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Faria e Sousa]] (1666: [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA58-IA1 p. 57]) identifies them as "Christians of [[Slavonia]]" who "made this trip for the [[Republic of Venice]]".</ref>

The 4th Armada is unusually blessed with multiple eyewitness accounts to supplement the standard chronicles: (1) an account by an anonymous Flemish sailor aboard the ''Leitoa Nova'' in the second squadron, (2) an account by anonymous Portuguese sailor; (3) a brief account by an anonymous German sailor; (4) a detailed account by [[Thomé Lopes]], clerk of the ship of Giovanni Buonagrazia in the third squadron; (5) two letters dispatched from Mozambique in April 1503 by an Italian agent Matteo da Bergamo, who, by deduction, was travelling on T. Carmona's ship (6) letters dispatched from Lisbon by Italian agents Francesco Corbinelli and Giovanni Francesco Affaitati drawn from interviews with the newly returning crews in August 1503.<ref>The eyewitness accounts introduce a few personal names not seen on the chroniclers's list. It is highly probable that most of these names refer not to captains, but rather to the owners of their respective ships, e.g. when Bergamo refers to the "nave de Ruy Mendes", he doubtlessly means the ship ''owned'' by Ruy Mendes de Brito and captained by Buonagrazia. Similarly we can deduce the "nave de Bartolomeo" as being the ship captained by Lopo Dias, owned by Braganza-Marchionni. More uncertain are the "ship of João da Fonseca" (possibly the ''Santa Elena'' or ''Bretoa'', the one that foundered on the Sofala banks), the "ship of Ruy de Figueiredo" (identified as the ''Santo António'' by Bergamo, but not on Correia's list) and the ship of "Fernando Lourenço" (= ?). The eyewitness accounts certainly seem to suggest a higher degree of private participation in this fleet than the chroniclers reveal.</ref>

==The mission==
{{See also|2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)}}
The principal mission of the 4th Armada was to settle scores with the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]; The armada was to avenge the Zamorin's mistreatment of Cabral and the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)#Calicut Massacre|massacre of the Portuguese in the Calicut factory]]. As they did not have enough manpower to conquer Calicut outright, the armada planned to use their first squadron to set up a [[Blockade|naval blockade]] in Calicut harbor, while the second squadron under [[Vicente Sodré]] would patrol the [[Gulf of Aden]] and cut off all further Arab shipping in the [[Red Sea]]. This would severely disrupt Calicut's trade and therefore its economic lifeline – a [[show of force]] to intimidate the Zamorin into compliance. The Armada would then demand that the Zamorin replace the damaged factory of the 2nd Armada, that he expel all Arabs from the Calicut region as punishment for their involvement in the aforementioned massacre, and that he sign a trade treaty regarding the supply of spice to Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasco Da Gama's 4th Armada to India – interesting facts |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2018/01/vasco-da-gamas-4th-armada-to-india.html |access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref>

Additionally, 4th Armada was instructed to open trade with the [[East Africa]]n city-state of [[Sofala]]. Sofala had been secretly visited by the explorer [[Pêro da Covilhã]] during his overland expedition back in 1487, and he identified it as the end-point of the [[Monomatapa]] gold trade. The Portuguese crown had been eager to tap that gold source, but all prior armadas had failed to find it until [[Sancho de Tovar]], commanding a ship of the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]], had finally located Sofala the previous year, but he only saw it from afar and did not go ashore. It seems that every ship in this armada was issued explicit royal instructions to try to trade for gold in Sofala.<ref>Matteo Bergamo (p. 111).</ref>

==Outward Journey==
February 10, 1502, Two squadrons of the 4th Armada – 10 ships under admiral [[Vasco da Gama]] and 5 ships under vice-admiral [[Vicente Sodré]]– set out from Lisbon.

Late February, 1502 – Fleet anchors in Senegal (either at ''Porto de Ale'' ([[Saly|Sali Portudal]]) or ''Bezeguiche'' (Bay of [[Dakar]])) to take water. It is reported in one chronicle that Fernan d'Atouguia, captain of the ''Leitoa Nova'' falls ill and dies here.<ref name="Correia, p.271">Correia, p. 271</ref> Gama transfers the experienced captain Pedro Afonso de Aguiar from the small nau ''Santa Elena'' to the large nau ''Leitoa Nova'', and elevates one of his own companions, Pêro de Mendonça, to captain Aguiar's old ship.

Early March, 1502 – The 4th Armada sails southwest from Africa and may make a brief watering stop at [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho|Cape St. Augustine]] (Brazil), before heading across the south Atlantic towards the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name="Correia, p.271" />

April 1, 1502, The third squadron of the 4th Armada – five ships under [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] – finally sets out from Lisbon. Charting its own course, the third squadron will only catch up with the main body of the 4th Armada in India.

April–May, 1502 Violent storms at the Cape separates the fifteen ships of Vasco da Gama's fleet. Each captain is forced to figure out his own passage around the Cape, and make his own way towards the pre-arranged rendez-vous point on the other side.

May, 1502 After making watering stops in [[Madeira]] and [[Cape Verde]], Estevão da Gama's third squadron reportedly spots an island in the south Atlantic. Uncertain which one – could be a [[Cape Verde]] island or the [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago|Penedo de São Pedro]] (islets off the Brazilian coast) or even as far as the islands of [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]] (further south), but does not stop to investigate.<ref>In his on-board diary, [[Thomé_Lopes]] (Port: p. 160) reports seeing an unknown island on May 18th, and gives its position – albeit in relation to other islands which are also not clear (e.g. 'Island of the Red Parrots' = Brazil?). Sailing on a different ship in the same squadron, [[Matteo_da_Bergamo]] (p. 99) also reports seeing an unknown island on May 18th on the outgoing journey.</ref> (By coincidence, that very same month, the returning [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Armada]] of [[João da Nova]] discovers the island of [[Saint Helena]]; despite the timing, the returning fleet will not encounter any of the ships of the outward armada. But they will pick up letters Nova left behind in [[Malindi]], probably describing his outgoing journey and the latest news from India)

June 7, 1502 – The third squadron of Estevão da Gama is caught in a terrible storm around the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] and splits into two groups – Estevão da Gama (''Flor'') and the ships of Lopo Dias and Thomaz de Carmona (with Bergamo on board) hold together as a trio, while Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos (''Julia'') and the ship of Buonagrazia (with Lopes on board) form a separate pair.<ref>[[Matteo_da_Bergamo]] (p. 111) reports that the 'Galiana' (evidently Bergamo's nickname for Vasconcellos's ''Julioa'') and the 'nave de Ruy Mendes' (de Brito, i.e. Buonagrazia's ship, carrying T. Lopes) was separated from the 'fior de la mar' (E. da Gama), the 'nave de Bartolomeo' (Marchionni, i.e. Lopo Dias) and 'noi' ('us', by elimination, Thomaz de Carmona evidently). Lopes (Port. p. 160) confirms being left alone with the ''Julia''.</ref>

===Contact with Sofala, Factory in Mozambique===
[[Image:Map of Gama route, 1502.gif|right|thumb|300px|Approximate route of the 4th India Armada (1502) along the African coast, purple = route of main fleet (Vasco da Gama); green = side-trip of Pedro Afonso de Aguiar, blue = deviation of Antão Vaz do Campo]]

c. June 10, 1502 – Chronicles differ on what exactly happens after the first squadrons double the Cape. Following the account of [[Gaspar Correia]] (p. 272), Vasco da Gama was among the first ships to arrive in [[Mozambique Island]], the pre-arranged meeting point. Gama is immediately recognized by the local sheikh (with whom Gama had a tussle on his [[1st Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1497)|first journey]] back in 1498).<ref>Correia (p. 272). However, Barros (p. 29) and Gois (p. 89) says Gama met a different sheikh of Mozambique, not the sheikh 'Zacoeja' from the first voyage.</ref> The Mozambique ruler immediately offers his pardon for that affair and puts supplies at the disposal of the tempest-tossed Portuguese. Vasco da Gama remains in Mozambique for a while, waiting for the rest of the battered fleet to trickle in, one by one.

The only known loss is the small nau ''Santa Elena'', captained by the novice Pêro de Mendonça, which captured by bad currents around [[Cape Correntes]], ends up running aground near the banks of [[Sofala]].<ref>Correia (p. 272). Castanheda (p. 131) suggests it was Antonio Fernandes Roxo (''Bretoa''?) that ran aground near the Sofala banks. Both Matteo da Bergamo and the anonymous Portuguese eyewitness says it was the ship of 'João da Fonseca' (not on usual captain lists, probably the ship's owner's name).</ref> However the crew is safely rescued by the passing ships of Francisco da Cunha Mareco (''Bretoa'') and Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças (''Santa Marta'').<ref>Slightly different names are given in Correia (p. 272)</ref> With surfeit of crew from the capsized ''Santa Elena'', Gama orders the construction of a whole new caravel from scratch on Mozambique Island.<ref>Correia (p. 272), Barros (p. 28) and Gois (p. 88) reports the ships were already carrying timber from Portugal for that purpose.</ref>

Although not mentioned in all sources, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in Correia), is said to have been badly battered at [[Cape Correntes]], and drifted backwards into [[Delagoa Bay]] (Maputo). Campo will not rejoin the 4th Armada on time for the Indian Ocean crossing, and thus remain stuck in Africa until next year. See below.<ref>Theal (1896: 95–96); also Barros (p. 33), Osório (p. 194)</ref>

According to Correia, while repairing on Mozambique Island, Vasco da Gama dispatches Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (captain of the ''Leitoa'') and two caravels south to the city of [[Sofala]], the entrepot of the [[Monomatapa]] gold trade.<ref>Correia, p. 272</ref> Sofala had been missed by all prior armadas, but not this time. Following up on the scout report of [[Sancho de Tovar]] from the previous year (see [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]]), Aguiar leads the first Portuguese ships into Sofala harbor. Aguiar goes ashore, initiates some trade in the local markets while seeking out the local ruler, the sultan or shiekh Isuf of Sofala (''Yçuf'' in [[João de Barros|Barros]]; ''Çufe'' in [[Damião de Goes|Goes]]). An audience is arranged and Aguiar draws up a commercial and alliance treaty between Portugal and Sofala. Matters settled and gifts exchanged, Aguiar takes aboard a Sofalese ambassador to meet Vasco da Gama back in Mozambique.

In other accounts, (principally [[Jerónimo Osório|Osório]] (p. 192), mildly corroborated by other chroniclers and the anonymous Portuguese eyewitness and Matteo da Bergamo) it is Vasco da Gama himself, and not Aguiar, who goes to Sofala. According to this alternative account, Gama did not go to Mozambique immediately after the Cape crossing; rather, most of the fleet met at some unnamed bay just a few leagues north of Sofala (possibly the 'Rio dos Boms Sinaes'); Gama ordered Vicente Sodré with the main fleet ahead to Mozambique Island, while he remained behind <ref>Barros (p. 28) and Gois (p. 89) identify Sodré. Castanheda (pp. 130–131) says it was Pedro Afonso de Aguiar that led the fleet to Mozambique while Gama took four naus to Sofala.</ref> The construction of the new caravel was thus overseen by Sodré, not Gama. After accounting for all the ships and sending them on to Mozambique, Vasco da Gama himself sailed south with four ships to Sofala, conducted some trade and opened the first contact with the Sofalese ruler.<ref>Matteo da Bergamo (p. 111), who wasn't there, reports that he was later told that Vasco da Gama, and three additional ships the ''Sao Gabriel'' (of Gil Matoso?), the ''Santo António'' of 'Ruy e Figaretto' ('Ruy de Figueiredo') and the ship of "Giovan d'Anfonsechebran" ('João da Fonseca') had gone to Sofala and traded goods for 2500 meticals. The Flemish sailor (pp. 60–61) reports they alighted at Sofala ('Scafal') first and sailed to Mozambique ('Miskebije') later, although makes no mention of whom went where. He only reports the Sofalese "refused to trade" and lived in great fear of 'paepians' (Bantus?). He doesn't report entering the city (indeed, implied the city was hidden). Barros (p. 28) mentions only that Gama went to Sofala with four ships and did a little trading, but doesn't report any treaty. Castanheda (p. 130) reports Gama did "establish friendship" with the ruler.</ref> That would mean Gama was the last to arrive in Mozambique. In this alternative account, the lost ship of Mendonça (or Fernandes) was one of the four that went with Gama to Sofala, and capsized while exiting the Sofala banks.

Late June, 1502 – Vasco da Gama makes arrangements to leave Mozambique. A Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)#Portuguese feitorias (c. 1445)|factory]] is established on [[Mozambique Island]], with Gonçalo Baixo as the [[Factor (agent)|factor]], with some ten assistants, to capitalize on the results of the Sofala trade mission.<ref>Correia (p. 275). Castanheda (p. 131)</ref> The new caravel finished, Gama christens it ''Pomposa'' and places it, together with some 30 crew, under the command of [[João Serrão]] (of future [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] fame), with instructions to take any goods from the Sofalese trade.<ref>Correia (p. 275) Barros (p. 29), Gois (p. 89).</ref> According to Correia, Gama was unwilling to wait around for the results of Aguiar's mission to Sofala, and set sail out of Mozambique before Aguiar's returned from Sofala. As a result, Aguiar was forced to leave the Sofalese ambassador in Mozambique (letting him find his own way back home) and set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch Gama there.<ref>Correia, p. 275</ref>

===Extortion of Kilwa===
[[File:East Africa, c.1500.jpg|thumb|280px| East Africa, c. 1500. The [[Kilwa Sultanate]] held formal sway from Malindi in the north, to Cape Correntes in the south.]]
Gama had gone first to [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quiloa''). The dominant city-state on the [[East Africa]]n coast, [[Kilwa Sultanate]] was the formal overlord of Mozambique and Sofala. If the fledgling Portuguese trade presence in those East African towns was to remain unmolested, then the Portuguese must secure Kilwa's consent. Cabral and the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada]] had tried, and failed, to secure a treaty with Kilwa back in 1500. Gama decided to try again – and was determined not to take no for answer.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} But, mindful of the lesson at Calicut, Gama also wanted to add a touch of intimidation, to show off his heavily armed fleet and impress upon the Sultan of Kilwa the consequences of interfering or turning back on any agreement.

On July 12, 1502, Gama's large, menacing armada arrived at the island-city of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]. Gama sent for the [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa ruler]], Emir Ibrahim, inviting him aboard the ''São Jeronimo'', to negotiate a treaty of peace and trade.<ref>The actual [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa sultan]] al-Fudail had been recently (c. 1499) deposed and murdered by his chief minister, Emir Ibrahim (known as ''Mir Habrahemo'' in [[João de Barros|Barros]], ''Abraemo'' in [[Damião de Góis|Góis]]), who had gone on to rule without a sultan. To maintain constitutional propriety, Emir Ibrahim claimed to rule in the name of a mysterious descendant of some earlier sultan, who (quite conveniently) nobody had seen or heard of for over a decade. It is known that Isuf of Sofala, a loyalist of the late sultan al-Fudail, refused to recognize Emir Ibrahim's usurpation, which may help explain why he agreed so readily to Aguiar's proposal to enter into an alliance with the Portuguese.</ref>

Sensing a trap, Emir Ibrahim first asks for a safe-conduct (which da Gama promptly gives him), but fearing treachery, the emir changes his mind, and refuses to go aboard. However, after much discussion, one of his advisors, a certain wealthy nobleman Muhammad ibn Rukn ad Din (called Muhammad Arcone or Ancone or Enconij by the chroniclers <ref>It is 'Masamede Arcone' in Correia (p. 278), 'Mahomet Ancon' in Osório (p. 194), 'Mahamade Enconij' in Barros (p. 32), 'Masamede Enconij' in Góis (p. 89), 'Masamede Alconez' in Castanheda (p. 131)</ref>) finally persuades the emir to take up the Portuguese offer. Emir Ibrahim is ferried to the flagship and climbs aboard. After minimal opening cordialities, and ostentatious proclamations of friendship, Gama lays down his price: a treaty with Portugal has to be paid for with a hefty cash tribute to the King of Portugal. The emir is dismayed. Declaring tribute to be a dishonor, he refuses. Gama threatens to level the city and lay it to fire and waste. Emir Ibrahim, effectively captive on board, reluctantly agrees, and signs a treaty making Kilwa tributary to Portugal. Leaving the Kilwan nobleman and advisor Muhammad Arcone aboard as a hostage, the emir returns to shore to make the arrangements.

mid-July, 1502 – After a few days of lingering in Kilwa harbor and no sign of the emir's promised tribute, Gama dispatches a messenger to see what the delay is. Emir Ibrahim sends a message back declining to dispatch the tribute, and telling the Portuguese captain-major that he can do whatever he will with the hostage Muhammad Arcone, given that his poor counsel had proven him unworthy. The angry Gama throws Arcone into a long-boat, without water or shade, to die of heat and exposure. Nonetheless, Muhammad Arcone is a wealthy man in his own right, and servants from his household offer Gama a substantial ransom to release him. Knowing the hostage is otherwise worthless to him, Gama consents.

[[File:Imagem169 Gil Vicente, Custódia de Belém.jpg|140px|thumb|The Custódia de Belém, forged from Kilwa tribute]]
July 20, 1502 – His vengeance on Muhammad Arcone's bad counsel satisfied, the Emir Ibrahim of Kilwa finally decides to send some tribute – some 1500 gold ''meticals''<ref>Barros (p. 115) asserts 500 meticals, but this is likely an error. The anonymous Fleming and Matteo da Bergamo both report a tribute of 1500 meticals, and this is corroborated in a later letter from King Manuel to Vasco da Gama. Gois (p. 89) and Castanheda (p. 131) report 2,000 meticals. Peragallo (1902: p. 99) provides different estimates of its worth: a ''metical'' is worth 1 Venetian ducat (estimate of Cadamosto), 1.33 ducats (estimate of Thome Lopes, p. 164), 2.75 ducats (Corbinelli), 9 sous & 4 deniers of Flemish money (estimate of anonymous Fleming, p. P55/61); 420 Portuguese reales (Barros estimate, p. 115), 500 reals (estimate of Correia p. 274).</ref> – to satisfy the Portuguese captain-major. Vasco da Gama, anxious not to miss the [[monsoon]] winds to India, takes what he can get.<ref>The Portuguese account of events up to here seems to correspond quite well with a contemporary Kilwan account. See Strong (1895)</ref>

[The extorted gold coins of Kilwa were used by the goldsmith [[Gil Vicente]] in 1506 to make the famous gold [[pyx]] or [[monstrance]] known as the ''Custódia de Belém'', for the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] in [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]]. It is considered by many to be one of the most magnificent treasure pieces of the Portuguese crown.]

[Correia (p. 282) reports a little knot before departing: several dozen Kilwan women 'picked up' (read: abducted) and taken aboard the ships by bored Portuguese sailors for fun and amusement refuse to return ashore. Although Emir Ibrahim promises that they will be unharmed, he cannot guarantee that those who allowed themselves to be baptized Christian by enthusiastic chaplains on the ships will be taken back by their families. Much to the delight of the crew, Gama reluctantly allows these to come with them.]

c. July 15, 1502, In the meantime, part of the third squadron, the trio that held with Estêvão da Gama (Gama, Dias, Carmona) arrive at [[Mozambique Island]], half-famished and heavily damaged. At that same time, the remaining pair (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) alight at the [[Sofala]] banks. The two squads do not reconnect with each other. Estêvão da Gama's trio, following the itinerary left in Mozambique by his cousin, heads off to Kilwa <ref>According to Bergamo (p. 111), the squadron had royal instructions to go trade in Sofala. But Estêvão da Gama set that aside, evidently feeling it more important to connect with the main fleet – perhaps hoping that Vasconcellos-Buonagrazia might be there.</ref> Alone idling before Sofala, Vasconcellos and Buonagrazia proceed north to the mouth of the ''Rio de Bons Sinaes'' ([[Zambezi River]]), where they put in for repairs and recuperation.

On July 23, 1502, part of the third squad (Estêvão da Gama, Lopo Dias and Thomas de Carmona) arrived in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], just in time to reconnect the main armada of Vasco da Gama, preparing to depart from Kilwa harbor.<ref>Bergamo (p. 111). Also asserted by Gois (p. 89). However Correia (p. 287) and Barros (p. 32) say Estêvão da Gama's squad only met with the main fleet in the Indian Ocean crossing, after Malindi. Evidently they might be confusing Estêvão's trio (who met in Kilwa) with the Vasconcelos-Buonagrazia pair (who met in India).</ref> At that moment (July 22 actually), the remaining two ships of the third squad (Vasconcellos, Buonagrazia) finally arrive in Mozambique Island. Taking note of the notes and itinerary left behind, they set sail for Malindi, hoping to catch the main fleet there.

Late July, 1502 – Vasco da Gama arrives in [[Malindi]], just in time to be met by Pedro Afonso de Aguiar (from Sofala), who reports to him the results of the Sofala treaty.<ref>Correia, p. 284</ref> Gama's fleet does not actually dock in Malindi – they intended to, but miss it, landing a few leagues ahead, unable to turn back because of the weather (although they manage to get some supplies and exchange messages with Malindi emissaries that row out to them).<ref>Barros (v. 2, p. 32), Gois (p. 89). Correia (p. 284) suggests the sultan rowed out to their anchorage to meet them. Eyewitness Matteo da Bergamo (p. 112) estimates they anchored some 5 leagues beyond Malindi. This is confirmed by Lopes (pp. 167–168). The anonymous Fleming says they missed Malindi and ended up at 'Cape of St. Mary' ('cape sinte maria'), between the lands of Arabia and Prester John, which the editor chose to identify as Ras Mory on [[Socotra]] island. This is highly unlikely; Socotra had yet to be discovered, it was still quite a way from Malindi, and could not have been reached in time for an Indian Ocean crossing. It seems evident, from the awelike wonder of his account, that this is the Flemish sailor's first journey to India, that these locations are not familiar at all to him, and he is probably filling in the blanks imaginatively.</ref>

On July 29, 1502, Vasco da Gama's fleet departed its anchorage near Malindi for its [[Indian Ocean]] crossing. He was missing three ships: ''Campo'', ''Vasconcelos'' and ''Buonagrazia''.

August 2, 1502 – The remaining two ships of the third squadron (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos and Giovanni Buonagrazia) arrive in Malindi, just a few days after Gama's departure. They are well received by the Sultan of Malindi.<ref>Lopes (port: p. 166)</ref> They pick up a few letters left with [[degredado]] Luiz da Moura in Malindi by the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|returning fleet]] of [[João da Nova]] a few months earlier, reporting the latest Indian news.<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: 201) says Nova actually left these letters in Kilwa, where Gama picked them up. This is weakly corroborated in Lopes (Port: p. 168), who suggests that Nova's letters were left in Kilwa, picked up by Gama, then sent by messenger to Malindi with Gama's instructions, and that Lopes picked up both together. Correia (p. 284) suggests the sultan of Malindi himself delivered the Nova news to Gama, when he sailed out to meet them at their anchorage. Barros (p. 29) suggests Gama picked up Nova's letter much earlier, from the hand of the Sheikh of Mozambique.</ref> They do not stay long, but immediately set sail after Gama's fleet.

===Campo in Delagoa Bay===
[[Image:Baia map port.JPG|right|thumb|200px| Delagoa Bay, now [[Maputo Bay]]]]

The last missing ship – António do Campo's caravel from the first squadron – will not make it across to India this year. As already alluded to earlier, the caravel of António do Campo ('Antão Vaz' in [[Gaspar Correia|Correia]]) is said to have been caught up and battered by bad winds at [[Cape Correntes]] and forced to drift with the current of the [[Mozambique Channel]] aimlessly southwest. Campo's caravel is said to have alighted at Delagoa Bay (now [[Maputo Bay]]). The hitherto unknown capacious bay is watered by three rivers: the [[Maputo River|Maputo]] river to the south, the Espirito Santo 'river' to the west (actually an estuary formed by the [[Umbeluzi]], [[Matola River|Matola]] and [[Tembe River|Tembe]] rivers) and the Maniça (now [[Komati River|Incomati]]) river to the north. Being told by the local inhabitants that the Espírito Santo 'river' was sourced from a great lake deep in the interior, Campo names it ''Rio da Lagoa'' (River of the Lagoon), from which we get the name by which Maputo Bay was long known: 'Delagoa Bay'.<ref>Theal (1896: pp. 95–96)</ref>

Having been forced to linger at Delagoa for repairs, António do Campo hurries north to try to make junction with the rest of the 4th Armada at [[Malindi]], but arrives too late (mid-September). The fleet having already left for India, and the monsoon winds preventing Campo's own crossing to India. António do Campo will remain behind on the East African coast until next April.<ref>Barros (p. 33), Theal (1896: p. 96)</ref>

==Gama in India==

mid-August, 1502 – After its Indian Ocean crossing, the 4th Armada alights near the opulent port of [[Dabhol|Dabul]] (north of [[Goa]]).<ref>Correia (p. 288) is the only one of the principal chroniclers who mentions arriving in Dabul. This is corroborated by the eyewitness Matteo da Bergamo (p. 113), who cites alighting at "Bul" or "abul" on August 11 (a very quick crossing, if the date is to be believed) and remained in the environs for five days. The Flemish sailor (p. 62) says they arrived on Aug 21 at the large trading city of ''Camabem'' (evidently confusing Dabul with [[Cambay]]), and colorfully goes on to claim it lay in the Biblical lands of '[[Chaldea]]' and '[[Babylon]]', not far from [[Mecca]] "where is buried Mahomet the devil of the pagans" (p. 62).</ref> These are the territorial waters of the powerful Muslim sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah|Adil Shah]] (''Hidalcão'') of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]. Expecting trouble, the fighting ships hoist up their [[lateen]] sails and load up their cannon. But no one comes out to challenge them, so they begin coasting south along the Indian coast towards [[Kerala]].<ref>Correia, p. 288. Although not there, Lopes (p. 171) reports from hearsay some of Gama's adventures around Dabul.</ref>

===Actions at Onor and Batecala===

c. August 20, 1502<ref>Bergamo (p. 113) says they arrived at Anjediva on Aug. 18</ref> Gama's fleet reaches [[Anjediva]] island. The next day, the ships of Giovanni Buonagrazia (carrying [[Thomé Lopes]]) and Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos (''Juiloa'') finally catch up with the rest of the armada.<ref>See Lopes (Port: p. 171). Also insinuated by Barros (pp. 32–33). Earlier (p. 170), Lopes mentioned Buonagrazia parted company from Vasconcellos at Malindi. This is corroborated in Bergamo (p. 114), who asserts that only Buonagrazia met them in Anjediva, while the 'San Giuliano' (i.e. Vasconcellos's ''Julioa'') was only met later, waiting for them near Mount d'Eli.</ref> Save for the ship of Campo (still stuck in Africa) and Serrão (on patrol around the Mozambique factory), all the Portuguese fleet (18 ships out of the 20 that left Lisbon) are together and accounted for.<ref>
The Flemish sailor (p. 62) reports 300 sick and injured at Anjediva. Bergamo (p. 101) estimates deaths on the entire fleet at this stage was 60–70 sailors and ship-boys, which he considers lucky.</ref>

Around [[Anjediva]] island, the armada spots three boats belonging to [[Timoja]], the Hindu [[privateer]] who operates out of [[Honnavar]] (''Onor''), on the frontline between the warring states of Muslim [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]].<ref name="Correia, p.289" >Correia, p. 289</ref> They give chase unto the mouth of the [[Sharavathi River]], at which point the pirate boats slip into harbor of Onor. Assured by [[Gaspar da Gama]] (Goese Jew and translator) that Onor is a corsair's nest, Vasco da Gama orders an attack on the city. Portuguese landing crews attack the harbor, plundering and setting fire to the ships and docks.<ref>The attack on Onor and Batecala are not reported by any chronicler, except [[Gaspar Correia]] (pp. 289–291). Eyewitnesses Thomé Lopes and Matteo Bergamo are curiously silent, although it is possible that they did not participate or had been sent on ahead. The Flemish sailor, however, relates (p. 62) that they reached "Oan" (Onor?), seized 400 ships and killed their crews (attack on Onor harbor?), then went on to defeat a king who is said to own 8,000 horses and 700 war elephants (a reference to the [[Vijaynagara]] emperor [[Narasimha Raya II]], suzerain of Onor and Batecala?). Colorful confusion aside, the Fleming seems to corroborate Correia's account of some action here.</ref>

The day after the raid on Onor, the 4th Armada arrives at the mouth of the river that leads up to the city of [[Bhatkal]] (''Batecala''), south of Onor. Perceiving what he considers hostile gestures from shore, the captain-major dispatches his cousin, [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] upriver to the town to investigate.<ref name="Correia, p.289" /> Surveying the Batecala docks, Estêvão spies several Arab merchant ships and prepares for hostilities. But his attention is soon drawn to a small group of men in ornate robes, rushing down to the docks, frantically calling to him. It is an embassy from the raja of Batecala, requesting an immediate audience with the Portuguese captain-major.

Estêvão brings the embassy to his cousin. Evidently hearing of the fate of Onor, the embassy offers to submit to the Portuguese. Vasco da Gama agrees to leave Batecala in peace in return for a yearly tribute of 1,000 bags of plain rice and 500 bags of quality rice (probably [[Basmati]]). Batecala is also to agree to the exclusion of the Arab merchants from the city, that no [[black pepper|pepper]] trade is to be carried at this port, and that no ship be allowed to travel between Batecala and Calicut. The treaty is set down in writing and signed.<ref>Correia, pp. 290–291</ref>

[Batecala is described by Correia as just a modest rice, iron and sugar port south of Onor; it was actually the principal port and sea outlet of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and its primary line was the [[horse trading|horse trade]], specifically, importing large numbers of splendid Persian and [[Arabian horse]]s for the armies of Vijayanagara princes.<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 100)</ref>]

===Massacre of the pilgrim ship===

Late August/Early September 1502 – Business in Batecala done, Vasco da Gama sets sail towards Cannanore. They anchor in around [[Ezhimala Hill|Mount d'Eli]], the common touch-point for ships on the Jedda-Calicut route, evidently intending to catch some prizes before proceeding.

September 29, 1502 – After prowling around Mt. d'Eli for nearly a month with little success (they captured only one minor ship<ref>Bergamo (p.101). This was probably the zambuco reported by Lopes (p. 173)</ref>), captain Gil Matoso (on the ''São Gabriel''), spots a large merchant ship carrying Muslim pilgrims returning from [[Mecca]] (or going to it, chronicles contradict). The ship, the ''Miri'', is identified as belonging to a certain al-Fanqi, one of wealthier men of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and said by some to be the [[Sharif of Mecca|Mecca]]n [[Factor (agent)|factor]] in Calicut.<ref>Lopes (p. 175) and Barros (p. 34) suggest this. Correia (p. 292) just calls him a rich man of Calicut, later on (p. 300) identifying him as the brother of Calicut noble 'Coja Casem'.</ref> Matoso chases the pilgrim ship down,<ref>Lopes (pp. 174–175), Barros (p. 35)</ref> which surrenders rather quickly, probably imagining that its master had enough money to ransom it off. But Vasco da Gama shrugs off all the offers. As the Portuguese crew plunder the ship and transfer its cargo, it quickly becomes evident that Gama intends to burn the ship with all its passengers – men, women and children – on board. When Gama proves deaf to their pleas for mercy, the passengers frantically attack the Portuguese men-at-arms with their bare hands, to no avail.

October 3, 1502 – a day, eyewitness [[Thomé Lopes]] states, "I will never forget for the rest of my days".<ref>"che in tutti i di di mia vita mi ricordero" (Lopes, Ital: p. 147) "de que me lembrarei toda a minha vida" (Lopes, Port: p. 177)</ref> The pilgrim ship thoroughly plundered, on Gama's orders, the passengers are locked in the hold and the ship burnt and sunk by artillery. It takes several days to finally go down completely. Portuguese soldiers row around the waters on longboats mercilessly spearing survivors.<ref>Correia (pp. 293–294); Lopes (pp. 177ff)</ref>

The sinking of the ''Miri'' is an act that will instantly cement Gama's cruel and fearsome reputation, and generate a great deal of hatred for the Portuguese in India. Gama defended his act as "vengeance" for the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Calicut massacre]] of 1500, arguing that the ship's owner, as a prominent person in Calicut, was 'doubtlessly' responsible for the sinister counsel to the [[Zamorin]] that led up to it.<ref>Correia, p. 292</ref>

Of the eyewitnesses, all mention it, but only [[Thomé Lopes]] openly condemns the act, claiming Gama acted "with great cruelty and without any mercy whatsoever".<ref>"com muita crueldade, e sem comiserção alguma" (Lopes, Port: p. 179)</ref> The chroniclers do not shy away from describing the event and their unease is evident. Although [[João de Barros|Barros]] and [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]] reiterate Gama's justification of the act as revenge for Cabral, they do not seem to embrace it themselves.<ref>Barros (pp. 34, 43) Castanheda, p. 132</ref> Indeed, Barros, [[Damião de Góis|Góis]] and [[Jerónimo Osório|Osório]] claim the ship belonged to the [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri|Sultan of Egypt]], who was in no way responsible for the events in Calicut, thus subtly suggesting Gama may have made a mistake.<ref>Barros (p. 34), Góis (p. 89), Osório (p. 195). By contrast, Correia (p. 300) asserts it was really Calicut-owned. Modern historian Bouchon (1975: 62) suggests it might actually have been [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarati]].</ref> [[Gaspar Correia]] is a little more open in his disapproval. He notes that several of the Portuguese captains were appalled by Gama's decision and tried to persuade him against it (if only because they would forego a hefty ransom).<ref>Correia, p. 293</ref> Correia gives a heart-rending account of the desperate and valiant resistance of the doomed passengers.<ref>Correia (p. 249) famously ends his account with the story of how one of the pilgrim survivors, swimming in the water, grabbed a loose spear, threw it and killed one of the Portuguese soldiers on the longboats. "And for this seeming to be a great thing, I wrote it here." ["E por isto paracer grande cousa o escrevy"]</ref> Poet [[Luís de Camões]] passes over the incident in silence, evidently feeling it detrimental to the heroic portrait of Vasco da Gama.<ref>By contrast, the 19th-century history by Cardinal Francisco de São Luiz Saraiva (1849: 211) whitewashes the incident, almost making it seem like an accident, or the result of the 'wickedness of the Moors'. He states that it was the killing of a Portuguese ship-boy in the course of plundering the ship that "scandalized" Gama and prompted a fight, in which the ship was sunk, the Portuguese managing to save only 20 of 300 people aboard.</ref>

Estimates of those killed on the ''Miri'' hover around 300.<ref>Barros (p. 36) estimates 270 'fighting men', many women and 50 children were aboard. Gois (p. 89) says 'more than 300', Castanheda (p. 131) says 300 men, plus many women and children; Correia (p. 293) puts the death toll at a very high 700. Among the eyewitnesses, the anonymous Flemish sailor (p. 62) says 380 men, plus many women and children, while the anonymous Portuguese sailor and Matteo da Bergamo (p. 114) put it at 200 men, while Lopes (p. 175) says 240 men without counting women and children.</ref> Portuguese chroniclers are eager to report that 20 children were spared this fate, and brought back by the 4th Armada to Lisbon, where they will be baptized and raised as [[friar]]s at the [[Jerónimos Monastery|Nossa Senhora de Belém]].<ref>Gois (p. 89), Castanheda (p. 132). Barros (p. 38), although only a two pages earlier, Barros also takes care to point out that there were 50 children aboard and later on Barros (p. 43) diminishes even the merciful aspect of this, by claiming that Gama took the 20 children as an "act of vengeance", because some Arabs had earlier abducted a Portuguese Christian boy, and taken him to Mecca to be raised a Muslim.</ref> Among the eyewitnesses [[Thomé Lopes]] and the anonymous Flemish sailor make no mention of this small mercy, although Matteo de Bergamo does point it out.<ref>Bergamo (pp. 101, 114). Later on in his account, Thome Lopes does insinuate the presence of children from the Mecca nau. ("algums mancebos que vinhão na náu de Meca", p. 196)</ref>

===Factory in Cannanore===
[[Image:Gama armada in India, 1502.gif|thumb|right|330px|[[Malabar Coast]] of India, c. 1500, showing the path of Vasco da Gama's 4th India Armada in 1502]]
October 18, 1502 – Vasco da Gama's armada finally reaches [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur), and delivers the Cannanore ambassador that had gone to Lisbon with Cabral's [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada]].<ref>Gois (p. 90)</ref> The [[Kolathiri]] Raja of Cannanore invites Gama to come ashore for an elaborate reception, but Gama replies that he swore a personal oath not to set his foot on Indian soil again until his vengeance on [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] was sated. As a result, the rajah orders a wooden scaffold to be built over the seashore, where they can meet in person without violating the vow.<ref>Correia (p. 294). Gois (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 132) and Barros (p. 39) mention the scaffold but not the oath. Eyewitness Lopes (p. 181) says it was not a personal oath, but part of the royal instructions given to Gama by King Manuel I.</ref>

Gama presents the raja with royal letters and munificent gifts (a jeweled sword, a brocaded armchair) and discussions immediately begin. A commercial treaty is negotiated, establishing a Portuguese crown [[Factory (trading post)#Portuguese feitorias (c. 1445)|factory]] in Cannanore, and arranging a fixed-price schedule, which the Raja personally guarantees, for the sale of spices to the Portuguese.

The negotiation for the commercial treaty did not go smoothly, particularly the fixed price clause. The Kolathiri Raja protested that he had no power over market prices nor the right to dictate how private merchants disposed of their property.<ref>Barros, p. 44</ref> Gama had to resort to feints, threats and then sailed out of Cannanore in anger.<ref>Barros, p. 46</ref> Barros credits the role of Paio Rodrigues, the Portuguese factor (private, not crown, an employee of the private employee of D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]] and the [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium), that had been left behind in Cannanore by [[João da Nova]]'s [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Armada]] at the beginning of the year. After Gama stormed off and ordered sail out of the city, Paio Rodrigues mediated between the Kolathiri Raja and the Captain-Major and finalized the treaty <ref>Barros (p. 48). However, prior to this, Lopes (p. 183) suggests that Gama was very suspicious of Paio Rodrigues, and even believed that Paio was feeding arguments to the Kolathiri Raja and encouraging his resistance to Gama's proposals. Bergamo (p. 102) also reports trouble negotiating prices in Cannanore.</ref>

Correia points out this is the treaty where the Portuguese ''[[cartaz]]'' system was first introduced.<ref>Correia, pp. 297–298</ref> Henceforth, every merchant ship along the Malabar coast had to present a certificate signed by a Portuguese factor (in Cannanore, Cochin, etc.), or else be subject to attack and seizure by a Portuguese patrol. This licensing system would be subsequently adopted later on other Portuguese-controlled coasts (e.g. East Africa, Malacca, Brazil), with differing degrees of success.<ref>Diffie and Winius (1977: p. 321)</ref> It will be largely maintained until the 18th century.

===Bombardment of Calicut===

October 25, 1502 – Fleet departs Cannanore. Chroniclers differ a little on the subsequent sequence of events. While still in Cannanore, Gama had sent Pedro Afonso de Aguiar to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in advance, with the warning that he had come to settle scores for the mistreatment of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Cabral]] and to get compensation for the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|overrunning of the Calicut factory in 1500]]. In response, the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut sent back a string of messengers to Cannanore (and along the way to Calicut), each delivering promises that the Zamorin was willing to settle matters with Gama, and compensate the Portuguese for the loss of their factory goods.<ref>Bergamo (p. 102); Barros, pp. 47–48</ref> On the other hand, Gama also receives a message from Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, the Portuguese crown factor in [[Cochin]], warning him that it was all a tactical ruse, that the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] had also dispatched a circular letter to all the lords of the [[Malabar Coast]] instructing them to close their ports and markets to the Portuguese.<ref>Thomé Lopes (pp. 184–186). According to Lopes, Barbosa claims the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin showed him the letter and his own reply, refusing the Zamorin's request.</ref>

October 29, 1502 – Gama's large armada finally arrives before the harbor of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode). The Zamorin dispatches an emissary, a [[Brahmin]] (dressed as a Christian friar) on a boat to Gama.<ref>Correia (p. 300), Góis (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 133), Osório (p. 196) say he was dressed in a [[Franciscan]] habit taken from one of the Portuguese friars killed in the Calicut massacre of 1500. If so, then this was rather undiplomatic of the Zamorin, and probably didn't help Gama's mood. However, neither Barros nor the eyewitnesses (Lopes, Bergamo) mention his attire. Curiously, Correia (p. 300) also notes the Brahmin carried a "[[white flag]] tied to a stick as a sign of peace", a rare indication that this apparent European military convention was not unfamiliar in India.</ref> The Brahmin reports that the Zamorin had arrested twelve of those responsible for the 1500 riot, and offers a peace and friendship treaty and the opening of a discussion of the restoration of the trade goods seized from the Portuguese factory, albeit noting that the Zamorin has also suffered property damages from Portuguese actions and that he intends to deduct it from the final account.<ref>Barros (p. 49).</ref> Gama is angered, feeling that the Zamorin has changed his tone from his earlier messages, and demands the property taken from the factory be restored in full and brought to his ship, and that all Muslim merchants must be expelled from the Calicut, before any discussion about a treaty begins.<ref name="Barros p. 49">Barros (p. 49)</ref>

While awaiting the Zamorin's reply, Gama seizes a nearby idling zambuq and some fishing boats that had unwisely ventured into Calicut harbor, taking some fifty fisherman captive.<ref>Góis (p. 90), Castanheda (p. 133). However, Bergamo (p. 116) doesn't report fisherman, but says 38 prisoners were taken captive from a zambuq. Lopes (p. 187) says only four fishermen and an empty zambuq were taken; the bulk of the prisoners were from a zambuq captured earlier in Pandarane ('Pantalyini Kollam', now part of [[Koyilandy]]). Barros (p. 46) reports only seizures of handfuls of Malabari prisoners from small boats here and there, that had come to the Portuguese ships to trade or deliver messages along the way. Correia (p. 301) reports no prisoners taken at this point, but only later, from a [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] rice convoy unlucky enough to show up in Calicut harbor after the bombardment.</ref> This action evidently angers the Zamorin, who sends a stern reply to Gama, noting that Gama had already taken severalfold times more property from Calicut ships, and slaughtered ten times more of his citizens (on the ''Miri'', etc.) than the Portuguese lost in the 1500 riot. Despite being the net sufferer and the clamor of his citizens for revenge, the Zamorin is prepared to forgive and forget and start anew.<ref name="Barros p. 49"/> The Zamorin also replies that Calicut is a free port and he has no intention of expelling 'the Moors'.<ref>Lopes (p. 188) estimates Calicut had 4,000 to 5,000 wealthy Muslim merchant households.</ref> Moreover, the Zamorin orders Gama to release his 'hostages', that he will not subject himself to negotiation conditions and that if Gama is unhappy with his offer, then he should leave Calicut harbor at once, for the Zamorin has not given him permission to anchor there, or at any other port in India.<ref>Lopes (p.188)</ref>

October 31, 1502 – Infuriated by the reply, Gama sends out a strongly worded [[ultimatum]], declaring that the Zamorin's permission means nothing to him, that he has until noon the next day to deliver the Portuguese factory goods to his ship.<ref>Lopes (p. 189); Bergamo (p. 116)</ref> Gama uses this overnight interlude to send his boats out to sound the harbor of Calicut to find optimal firing positions. That same night, Calicut forces set about frantically digging entrenchments, erecting a protective timber palisade and laying cannon along the harbor shore.<ref>Barros, p. 51</ref>

November 1, 1502 – At noon, having received no reply, Gama orders that his Malabari prisoners be [[Hanging|strung up]] by their necks from the shipmasts, allocating a few to each ship.<ref>Bergamo (p. 117); Lopes (p. 189); Barros (p. 52).</ref> Calicut crowds approach the beach to watch the grisly spectacle. Then the armada advances into the harbor and opens fire. The bombardment is principally aimed at clearing the beach and trenches.<ref>Lopes (p. 190), Barros (p. 51)</ref> The Malabari shore cannons are too few, their range and power too weak, to provide an effective reply.<ref>Lopes (p. 191) estimates [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] only deployed some 10 cannon; Bergamo (p. 117) reports only 5 or 6, "le quale non erano molto grosse, ma tiraveno tanto bene como le nostre" ["which were not very big, but they were as well-aimed as ours."] (p. 117).</ref> The bombardment continues until nightfall. That night, the corpses of the hung Malabaris are taken from masts, their feet and hands severed off and sent by a small boat to the beach, with an insulting message to the Zamorin, including a demand that the Zamorin reimburse the Portuguese for the powder and shot expended on destroying his city.<ref>Lopes (p. 190). The severing of the hands-and-feet is confirmed by Bergamo (p. 117) and the anonymous Flemish sailor (p. 63).</ref>

November 2, 1502 – The city bombardment resumes the next morning. The mostly poor dwellings on the shore having been razed the previous day, the Portuguese cannons now have a clear view of central city and the statelier homes of the richer citizens of Calicut and bring their larger ordnance to bear.<ref>Lopes. (p. 191)</ref> The city is relentlessly bombarded all morning – some 400 large rounds and an indeterminate number from the smaller caliber guns <ref>Lopes (p. 191); Bergamo (p. 117) estimates 300 large rounds and an infinite number of smaller ones.</ref> At noon, when the Portuguese pause for lunch, a small group of Malabari vessels tries to attack the idling squad, but are quickly seen off.<ref>Lopes (pp. 191–192)</ref>

November 3, 1502 – Barros reports that the two-day bombardment had sufficiently crippled the city that several of the captains urge Gama to authorize a landing of troops to [[Looting|sack]] Calicut. But Gama, still hopeful the Zamorin might come to terms, turns down their request, believing a sack would only escalate matters to the point of no return.<ref>Barros, p. 53</ref> So, the next morning, vengeance satisfied, Gama sets sail out of Calicut harbor.

[In his somewhat different account,<ref>Correia, pp. 300–302</ref> Gaspar Correia does not report the hanging of the prisoners; instead, ''after'' the bombardment, while still anchored before the harbor of the smoldering city, the 4th Armada captures a [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] merchant convoy of 2 large ships and 27 small boats unlucky enough to turn up at Calicut at that very moment. Seizing the convoy, Gama orders the cargoes transferred, the crews tied, their teeth beaten out, their noses and hands cut off and the ships set alight. The Brahmin emissary (still being held by the Portuguese) is sent back to shore with a bag full of severed hands and a note for the Zamorin telling him to "make a curry out of them".<ref>Correia (p. 302). The other chronicles don't report the capture of the rice convoy. However, Bergamo (p. 117) and the Flemish sailor (p. 63) do report capturing a large ship after the bombardment and quartering its crew.</ref>]

The violent treatment meted out by Vasco da Gama sends shockwaves throughout the [[Malabar coast]]. Merchant ships in Indian ports hurriedly leave the area or go into concealment. All shipping along the coast essentially freezes.

===The Coastal Patrol===

Before leaving Calicut, Gama assembles a squadron of five or six fighting ships under [[Vicente Sodré]] and his brother Brás Sodré, with some 200 soldiers (mainly crossbowmen), to maintain the blockade on Calicut harbor, and patrol the coast preying on Calicut shipping. The exact composition of the patrol squadron differs in the sources, and it seems there is some reshuffling of captains in the process. The following is only one possible list, compiled from different sources, and should not be taken as authoritative:

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Ship'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| 1. [[Vicente Sodré]] || ''São Rafael'' ||naveta previously commanded by factor Diogo Fernandes Correia
|- valign = top
| 2. Brás Sodré || ''Vera Cruz'' || naveta previously commanded by Rui da Castanheda
|- valign = top
| 3. [[Pêro de Ataíde]] || ''Bretoa''? || naveta previously commanded by Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos'?
|- valign = top
| 4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças || ''Santa Marta'' || [[caravel]]
|- valign = top
| 5. Pêro Rafael || ''Garrida'' || caravel
|- valign = top
| 6. Diogo Pires || ''Fradeza'' || caravel previously commanded by João Lopes Perestrello
|}

The patrol squadron captains are taken from the lists in [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]],<ref>Castanheda (p. 134) reports a squadron of six ships and their captain names as given above.
Later, Castanheda (p. 140) reports second list, which repeats aforesaid names, but notes that Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças was in place of "D. Antonio Fernandes q se perdeo" (p. 140). The loss of Fernandes's ship on the Indian coast is hinted in other chronicles.</ref> [[Damião de Góis|Góis]]<ref>Góis (p. 90) states six ships, and later (p. 92) lists the captain names as given in the list.</ref> and [[Jerónimo Osório|Osório]]<ref>Osório (pp. 195–196, again p. 207) says Sodré was left with six ships. The captains names are given later (pp. 226–227) and are identical to the list above</ref> Other sources are not so explicit.<ref>Chronicler [[João_de_Barros]] doesn't give a list of captain names nor is clear on the number of ships. [[Matteo_da_Bergamo]] (p. 117) reports Gama leaving six patrol ships, three at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], and another three to Cannanore. [[Thomé_Lopes]] (p.n192) reports six naus and a caravel were left with Vicente Sodré. The anonymous Flemish sailor doesn't report a patrol squadron. Subrahmanyam (1997: p. 224) says that they left five ships – three naus and two caravels.</ref> The ship names are tentatively deduced from [[Gaspar Correia]], who, as usual, deviates in naming the captains.<ref>Correia actually provides ''three'' separate lists of the patrol captains. His first list (p. 301) 1. Vicente Sodré, 2. Brás Sodré, 3. Pêro de Ataíde on navetas and 4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, 5. António Fernandes Roxo and 6. Antão Vaz (=?) on caravels. During the battle of Calicut, Correia (p. 329) states Sodré led a squadron of eight ships (2 navetas and five caravels), but doesn't give names. Correia's second list (p. 337) keeps the navetas as stated, but names as caravel captains 4. ''Ruy de Medanha'' (=?) 5. António Fernandes Roxo and 6. ''João Lopes Perestrello'' and possibly 7. ''Gomes Ferreira'', a factor. Correia's third list (p. 349) gives the navetas as stated, but the caravels as 4. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, 5. ''Pêro Rafael'' and 6. João Lopes Perestrelo. As far as ship names, Correia had provided an original list of ships at departure (p. 266), where he identifies four navetas and five caravels. One naveta is known to have been lost at Sofala. Correia (p. 301) explicitly states that V. Sodré took Diogo Fernandes Correia's naveta and B. Sodré took over that of 'Ruy da Cunha' (= Ruy de Castanheda). Correia states that Ataíde took over the naveta of "João Fernandes de Mello", a name that doesn't appear on any list, thus leaving us to suppose he means the last remaining naveta, that of Francisco da Cunha 'Marecos' (Ataíde passing his own large nau, the ''São Paulo'', to somebody else). Of the five caravels, we know Campo's was still stuck in Africa, and that Fernandes, Bardaças, Rafael and Perestrello brought their own caravels to India. Supposing Fernandes to have been lost in India (as hinted elsewhere), and as Bardaças and Rafael are listed as squadron captains in other lists, that leaves us to suppose that Diogo Pires must have taken over Perestrello's caravel at some point. But this is all conjectural</ref>

===Cochin===

November 3, 1502, His blockade of Calicut in place, Vasco da Gama arrives in [[Cochin]] (''Cohim'', Kochi) with the bulk of the armada. He is received by Trimumpara ruler of Cochin, not without a touch of anxiety. But cordialities soon set that to rest. The [[Nair]] hostage taken accidentally by the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada]] the previous year is delivered, along with the letter of the other Nair who stayed back in Lisbon.

Gama concludes negotiates a new commercial treaty with the ruler of Cochin, this time with a fixed-price schedule, like at Cannanore. Diogo Fernandes Correia, the new designated factor for Cochin, relieves Cabral's factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa (now slated to be transferred to Cannanore). They promptly set about their business of buying spices and loading ships in Cochin for the return journey.

While conducting business at Cochin, Vasco da Gama receives a letter from the queen-regent of [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', [[Kollam]]), on behalf of her young son, the raja Govardhana Martanda. The queen invites the Portuguese fleet to load up with spices at [[Kollam|Quilon]]. Gama declines politely, noting that he cannot do anything without the permission of his Cochinese hosts. As a result, the queen-regent dispatches a messenger to the prince of Cochin. Trimumpara Raja prevaricates at first, fearing that competition from [[Kollam|Quilon]]'s more amply supplied markets will hurt his own. But Cochin's slender supply is worrying the Portuguese factors. At length, an agreement is reached between all parties: Gama is to dispatch only two ships to load up with spices at [[Kollam|Quilon]], and promises not to set up a permanent factory in that city. The two ships, carrying temporary factor [[João de Sá]] Pereira, the first Portuguese to enter [[Kollam|Quilon]], will load up quickly, and return to Cochin within ten days.<ref>This expedition to [[Kollam|Quilon]] is reported only in Correia (p. ?). The other chroniclers do not mention it.</ref>

November 19, 1502 – While at Cochin, Gama receives a message from [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Syrian Christian]] community of nearby [[Cranganore]] offering to place themselves under the protection of the [[King of Portugal]].<ref>Barros (p. 62). Lopes (p. 196) says the Christian community were from [[Mangalore]].</ref> Gama accepts their gift of a red silver-tipped [[sceptre]], a symbolic command staff, but notes that he personally cannot do much, as he will be leaving soon. But he promises that the community can call on the Portuguese naval patrol of Vicente Sodré at any time, should they need anything.

=== Ambush in Calicut harbor ===

January 3, 1503 – A wealthy [[Brahmin]], accompanied by his son and nephew, shows up Cochin and requests permission from Vasco da Gama to take passage on the 4th Armada to Portugal. At first the Brahmin claims he seeks to learn more about Christian [[religion in Europe]], but eventually reveals he is in fact a plenipotentiary ambassador of the Zamorin, and that he hopes to speak directly with King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] in Lisbon, and negotiate a permanent peace treaty between Portugal and Calicut, as (in the Zamorin's estimation) the Portuguese armada captains, coming and going every year, do not seem empowered to negotiate durable treaties.<ref>Barros (p. 67).</ref> Gama assures him he is fully empowered by the king, at which point the Brahmin then offers to mediate a peace treaty between Gama and the Zamorin. Gama agrees, and the Brahmin returns to Calicut, coming back to Cochin shortly after accompanied by a [[Nair]] of the Zamorin's household, with a concrete offer to compensate the Portuguese for the goods lost in the Calicut factory.<ref>Barros (p. 68) says the Nair offered 20,000 ''pardaos'' (1 pardao = 370 [[Portuguese real|reais]]); Lopes says the compensation was to be half in cash, half in spices.</ref> It seems a fair offer, so Gama decides to personally finalize the arrangement.

January 5, 1503 – Vasco da Gama takes his cousin's ship, the ''[[Frol de la Mar]]'', plus one caravel, to carry the Brahmin and the Nair back to Calicut, to finalize the peace treaty with the Zamorin. Gama leaves the rest of the 4th Armada in Cochin under D. Luis Coutinho. (Rumors of the imminent peace with Calicut angers the merchants of Cochin, who feel they will be short-changed by any agreement with Calicut; Coutinho has a difficult time securing the continued purchasing and loading of spices).

Gama is taking only a light escort, but he imagines Vicente Sodré is in the vicinity and will provide additional security. However, as it happens, Vicente Sodré had left Calicut a few days earlier. He had been maintaining a continuous blockade on Calicut harbor, and engaging in repeated cat-and-mouse chases with small Calicut fishing ships that dared venture out. At one point, Sodré gave a couple of fishing boats chase into a side-channel, and sailed into a trap – forty armed Calicut paraus quickly surrounded him. A lucky cannon shot on the lead ship broke up the ambush, allowing Sodré to extricate himself from there quickly. He sailed out and raced back to Cannanore to pick up the rest of his patrol.

Gama arrives in Calicut harbor during this absence, unaware of any of this. Seeing no sign of Sodré, Gama orders the escort caravel to go towards Cannanore to find him. He anchors his own ship, the large ''Flor de la Mar'', inside the harbor and lowers a skiff to take the Brahmin to shore, to meet the Zamorin and arrange for the delivery of the compensation payment, retaining the Brahmin's two relatives and the Nair on board as hostages. Three days are spent waiting, the Brahmin shuttling back and forth between the ship and the shore repeatedly to report and consult on the progress of the negotiations.

All seemed to be going well, but in the early morning hours of the fourth day, however, a hundred armed zambuks and paraus swarm into the harbor from the nearby channels and quickly surround the ''Flor de la Mar''.<ref>Barros (p. 71). Lopes (pp. 202–203) says 70 or 80, that the Portuguese initially thought were just local fishermen and ignored them; the alarm was rung only when they noticed the paraus were to each other in pairs, as customarily necessary for mounting naval guns.</ref> The ''Flor'''s high sides do not allow the Portuguese to respond with artillery – the ship's cannons are mounted too high and the paraus are too close for an angle of shot, so the crew turns desperately to crossbows, musket fire and heaving rocks to keep them at bay. Days before the encounter, Gama had captured a large parau, which was now tied to the stern of the ''Flor''. In the heat of the fighting, Malabari sappers row up to the tied parau, fill it with tinder, set it afire, and direct the flaming ship towards the ''Flor''. Gama immediately orders the cables cut and the flames of the drifting parau only just miss them. Throughout all this, some of the Portuguese sailors are desperately trying to cut the cables on the anchor – a process that took time, as Gama had ordered it down with an iron chain. But eventually the anchor is cut, and the ''Flor'' begins to sail away. As distance is gained from the zambuks and paraus, the ship's cannons can now come into play and fire on the pursuers. The ''Flor'' reaches the mouth of the harbor just as Vicente Sodré arrives back from Cannanore with three caravels. Seeing the ambush is foiled, the Calicut boats turn around and slip back into the side-channels of the harbor.

It is a narrow escape. Before leaving Calicut, Gama orders the three hostages – the son & nephew of the Brahmin and the Nair – strung up by their necks on the main mast, in full view of the city of Calicut.<ref>Lopes, p. 204</ref> He dispatches their corpses on a raft to the shore, pinned with a note swearing revenge on the Zamorin.

===Naval Battle of Calicut===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2013}}
{{Main|Battle of Calicut (1502)}}

After the ambush, Gama, escorted by Sodré's patrol returns to Cochin. Although the Portuguese were aware that the Zamorin had ordered his Malabari vassals to assemble an armada in Calicut, Gama seems to have been confident that the coastal patrol was keeping a lid on it, perhaps not quite realizing that smaller ships throughout the region could make their way to Calicut unmolested via the [[Kerala backwaters]].

Late January, 1503 – The Trimumpara Raja of Cochin adds some more disturbing intelligence: the Zamorin has hired the services of a Red Sea Arab privateer 'Cojambar' (Khoja Ambar), and several large ships have slipped past the Portuguese blockade and were now in Calicut, joining the fighting fleet under the command of Calicut admiral 'Coja Casem' (Khoja Kassein). The assembled Calicut fleet is estimated at 20 large ships, 40 gun-mounted ''[[sambuk]]s'' (large [[dhow]]s) and an innumerable number of smaller oar-powered paraus, carrying several thousand armed men. Although a large Calicut fleet had failed against the much smaller [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd Armada]] of [[João da Nova]] the previous year, the Zamorin might have calculated that the addition of the large ships and more experienced captains might tip the balance – particularly against the heavily loaded and less-maneuverable large naus of the 4th Armada.

The Trimumpara Raja of Cochin urges Gama to avoid the fleet and just set sail for Portugal at once. But Vasco da Gama refuses to revise his plans. He needs to return to Cannanore to deposit the factor Barbosa there and pick up a cargo of ginger he had ordered. And he was itching for revenge for the ambush.

Early February, 1503, After a final audience with Raja Trimumpara, taking aboard his ambassador to the Lisbon court, leaving Diogo Fernandes Correia as factor in Cochin, and taking Cabral's old factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, to serve as factor in Cannanore, Gama's fleet (around ten fully laden ships) finally leaves Cochin. They are soon joined by Sodré's caravel squadron, and set sail warily towards Cannanore, guns ready for the Calicut ambush.

Gama and Sodré spot the Calicut fleet of Coja Casem and Arab privateer Cojambar, near the coast, out of Calicut harbor. In one of the first recorded instances of a naval [[line of battle]], Gama's spice naus and escort caravels sail in a line end-to-end, concentrating all their immense firepower as they pass against the twenty large Arab ships of Cojambar, before they can get organized, sinking a number of them and doing immense damage to the remainder. Although the Arab squadron is out of commission too soon, Coja Casem nonetheless proceeds forward with his fleet of Malabari sambuks, hoping to use their speed to outmaneuver the guns of the heavy-laden naus and reach for the grapple. But Gama sends the escort caravels under Vicente Sodré to intercept them in their tracks, while the cargo naus hurry on toward Cannanore. Although the caravels are outnumbered, it is not much of a battle. The fight is essentially over when Pero Rafael and Gil Matoso quickly board and capture Coja Casem's flagship (oddly, found with a lot of women and children on board). The Calicut fleet breaks up and rushes back to port. The pursuing caravels capture a number of sambuks, which they proceed to tow and set on fire before [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The long-prepared ambush has been foiled. Danger dispelled, the caravels proceed to Cannanore to make junction with the main fleet.

The Battle of Calicut, like the previous year's naval [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|battle of Cannanore]], once again demonstrated the critical importance of the technical superiority of Portuguese ships and naval artillery. But it also demonstrated to the Portuguese that the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] was not as easy to intimidate as they had expected. Despite the terror actions, the bombardment and the naval blockade, the Zamorin steadfastly refused to capitulate to Vasco da Gama's terms. On the contrary, the hiring of an Arab privateer fleet demonstrated a certain resourcefulness and willingness to continue fighting and take the fight to the Portuguese.

The hiring of Cojambar was also a foreboding. The Zamorin clearly understood he had to appeal to foreigners to help close the technical gap between Indian and Portuguese forces. Surely it would only be a matter of time before the Zamorin got his hands on Arab, Turkish and Venetian technology, and more substantial support from these great powers than just a Red Sea pirate or two?

If the battle of Calicut impressed something on Vasco da Gama, it was precisely that the Portuguese in India were living on borrowed time, that it was going to take more resources than he had to bring the Zamorin to heel and secure continued Portuguese access to the spice markets. And that was the message he would bring back to Lisbon.

In the meantime, his priority was to do everything he could to maintain the Portuguese toe in India - that is, to protect the Portuguese factories and Indian allies of Cochin and Cannanore, from the Zamorin's inevitable revenge the moment the 4th Armada left.

===Return to Cannanore===
Arriving in Cannanore, Gama leaves Cabral's old factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa, and two assistants, Bastião Álvares and Diogo Nunes. With the permission of the Kolithiri Raja of Cannanore, Gama erects a small palisade around the factory. Some 200 armed men (others report merely 20) are to remain with the factory.

More troubling, however, is the India patrol squadron. Back in Lisbon, [[Vicente Sodré]] had been given a commission (''regimento'') by king [[Manuel I of Portugal]] instructing him to lead a patrol of five or six caravels in the [[Gulf of Aden]], and prey on the rich Arab prizes going in and out of the [[Red Sea]]. But [[Vasco da Gama]], realizing the vulnerability of Cochin and Cannanore, invokes rank as captain-major of the armada and orders Sodré to set that mission aside, and maintain his patrol on the Indian coast, to defend the Portuguese factories and their Indian allies against any reaction by the Zamorin.

==Return voyage==
Late February, 1503 Vasco da Gama sets sail with his ten (or twelve) laden ships back to Lisbon.
[Note: some chronicles put Gama's departure from Cannanore on December 28, 1502, meaning all the events described earlier must be compacted within that shorter time period.]

The return journey is quick and relatively smooth, with only one stop in [[Mozambique Island]]. It is caught in a slight storm around the Cape, where [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]]'s ''Flor da la Mar'' parts company from the rest. Estêvão da Gama, making his way back to Lisbon by himself, is said to have stumbled upon the South Atlantic islands of [[Saint Helena]] (already discovered the previous year by [[João da Nova]]'s [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Armada]]).

Vasco da Gama's main fleet arrives in Lisbon in September, 1503. Gama delivers his report, noting his failure to bring the Zamorin of Calicut to terms, and urging the immediate outfitting of a strong fleet to establish strong permanent Portuguese garrisons to protect the allied cities of [[Cochin]] and [[Kannur|Cannanore]].

Gama arrives too late to affect the outfitting of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]], which had already departed in April, 1503 under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. But his recommendation will guide the formation of the next one, the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]], set to sail in the Spring of 1504 under the command of [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]].

==Aftermath ==

=== Fate of the Sodré patrol ===

March, 1503 – As soon as Vasco da Gama's 4th Armada leaves India, as predicted, Raja Trimumpara of Cochin receives intelligence that the Zamorin of Calicut is at this very moment preparing a landward invasion of Cochin. Portuguese factor Diogo Fernandes Correia urges [[Vicente Sodré]] to keep the caravel patrol squadron close to Cochin. But Vicente Sodré, eager for the easy plunder of the Arab Red Sea shipping, dismisses the rumors, Correia reminds him of Gama's orders, to no avail – Sodré pulls out his old royal ''regimento'' and orders the coastal patrol to follow him out to the Red Sea.<ref>The 1503 letter of Diogo Fernandes Correia (p. 211), the Portuguese factor of Cochin notes how Vasco da Gama promised the King of Cochin "that he would leave him Vicente Sodré to guard this port and coast; after his departure, the coast was abandoned by our armed ships, and the King of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] came here and did what you already know." ["que lhe leixaria aqui vicente Sodré para elle guardar este porto e costa; depois de sua yda, qua costa ficou despejada de nossas naos darmada, elRei de calecut veyo aqui e fez o que ja sabeis"]</ref> It is said that at least two of the captains of the coastal patrol refuse Sodré's orders, and willingly surrender the command of their ships rather than disobey Gama's original orders.

The composition of the patrol that set out to the Red Sea varies in different accounts. One arrangement<ref>Proposed in (Castanheda, p. 134; Gois, p. 98; Osório, pp. 226–227</ref> is that it was six ships: 1. [[Vicente Sodré]], 2. Brás Sodré, 3. [[Pêro de Ataíde]], 4. Pêro Rafael, 5. Diogo Pires, 6. Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças.

Vicente Sodré first sets out north to [[Gujarat]], where it captures a great merchant ship off [[Chaul]].<ref>Gois, p. 98</ref> The patrol then sails west into the [[Gulf of Aden]], at the mouth of the [[Red Sea]], to catch more prizes.<ref>Barros (p. 88) claims that the Sodré patrol watered on [[Socotra]], an island in the [[Gulf of Aden]], hitherto unknown and uncharted by the Portuguese. That is possible, although it seems to have escaped notice otherwise. It is customary to credit the captain [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] for finding Socotra a year later, in the winter of 1503–04, and communicating its location to the Portuguese crown.</ref> About five Arab merchant ships are seized by the patrol there but, according to the account written later by [[Pêro de Ataíde]],<ref>"Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, ''Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam''. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2, pp. 262–268</ref> the Sodré brothers set about claiming a disproportionate share of the plunder for themselves, including embezzling the [[royal fifth]]. In Ataíde's account, Brás Sodré appears as the villain of the story.<ref>According to Pêro de Ataíde's 1504 letter to King Manuel I (pp. 262–263), Brás Sodré took items from plunder despite "being told there and then by your clerk that such items had not yet been recorded in the your lordship's book" and, in his takings, "nobody dared grab his hand because his brother consented to everything he did". ["e dito loguo ally polo seu escrivam e mestre que taaes couzas naom eram asemtadas em livro de vosa senhoria afora outras muitas que elle tomava quando queria porque ninguem naom ousava de lhe ir a mão porque lhe seu irmao dava consentymento a tudo fazer"]</ref> Already unhappy at the decision to abandon their comrades in India, the patrol captains quarreled with the Sodré brothers and nearly mutinied.

In late April, the patrol anchored in at [[Kuria Muria]] islands (off the coast of Oman). The local inhabitants warned them that a seasonal tempest was forming and that they had better move their ships to a safer shelter on the southern side of the island. Four patrol captains moved their ships accordingly, but [[Vicente Sodré]] and Brás Sodré refused (the ongoing quarrel over the spoils may have been a factor in this decision.) As the locals predicted, the tempest came, destroyed and sunk the ships of [[Vicente Sodré]] and Brás Sodré. Vicente went down with his ship, Brás survived to make it ashore, although he would die soon after in mysterious circumstances <ref>Ataíde (p.263) says that upon reaching the beach, Brás Sodré laid the blame on his Muslim pilots and executed them on the spot. Ataíde evades saying exactly what happened to Brás Sodré after that, only that "many things transpired" ("se pasaram muitas couzas").</ref> The wreck site of the ships was discovered in May 1998 by [[Blue Water Recoveries]] Ltd (BWR) and archaeologically excavated in a series of subsequent expeditions in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 jointly conducted and managed by David L. Mearns of BWR and Oman's Ministry of Heritage and Culture. The findings and conclusions of the project were made public by the MHC in a press conference in Muscat on 15 March 2016, on the same date that a project specific website<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esmeralda-shipwreck.com|title=Vasco da Gama shipwreck Esmeralda near Oman from Vasco da Gama fleet|website=esmeralda-shipwreck.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> was launched and an interim report by Mearns, Parham and Frohlich was published in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mearns|first1=David|title=A Portuguese East Indiaman from the 1502–1503 Fleet of Vasco da Gama off Al Hallaniyah Island, Oman: an interim report|journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology|date=14 March 2016|volume=46|issue=2|pages=331–350|doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12175|url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/23370/13/Mearns_et_al-2016-International_Journal_of_Nautical_Archaeology-1.pdf|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016IJNAr..45..331M }}</ref>

In the aftermath, the four remaining ships of the coastal patrol, who elected of [[Pêro de Ataíde]] as their new commander, set back for India. However, contrary winds make it a difficult journey, and they inch back only painfully and slowly. The battered patrol hobbles into [[Anjediva Island|Angediva]] island sometime in the summer of 1503, where they are forced to stop to repair their crippled ships. Four days after arriving in Angediva, a fifth ship, the caravel of António do Campo (who having missed the previous year's monsoon, was forced to stay in East Africa throughout all this) arrives in Anjediva and joins the patrol.<ref>Goia, p. 99</ref> They are still repairing at Angediva when the ships of Francisco de Albuquerque and [[Nicolau Coelho]], the vanguard of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]], arrives in India in August, 1503.

=== First Siege of Cochin ===
{{See also|Battle of Cochin (1504)}}
April 1503 – Not long after the Sodré patrol departed for the Red Sea, the Zamorin of Calicut arrived with his 50,000-strong army at ''Repelim'' ([[Edapalli]]), on the boundaries of the Cochinese state. He demanded that the Raja Trimumpara of Cochin hand his Portuguese guests over to him. But Trimumpara refused and his son Narayan repels two Calicut assaults. By bribery and deceit, the Zamorin manages to detach a lot of Cochin's army, overwhelms the defenses and kills prince Narayan at a battle near the Edapalli ford. The Trimumpara Raja and his Portuguese guests (factor Diogo Fernandes Correia and his assistants), accompanied by a small loyal [[Nair]] guard, abandon Cochin city and flee across the harbor to [[Vypin]], a barrier island of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon. Vypin's natural defenses and the deteriorating weather prevent the Zamorin from launching assault boats and seizing the island. Frustrated, the Zamorin burns down the city of Cochin. The siege will drag on for several months, until Francisco de Albuquerque, leading the remnant of the Sodré patrol, hurrying down from Angediva, arrived in Cochin in August–September, and forced the Calicut forces to withdraw.

Sometime during the course of this siege, the two Italian military engineers (and probable Venetian agents) that had come as passengers on Gama's ships - known only as João Maria (Gianmaria) and Pêro António (Pierantonio) – escaped Cochin and made their way to the Zamorin' camp, offering their services to the army of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>Gois (p. 97)</ref> Expert gun-founders, the Italians will teach Calicut to found large European guns and help close the technological gap between Indian and Portuguese artillery.

The Zamorin of Calicut, before burning down Cochin, removed an ancient sacred stone, upon which the ancient Kings of Malabar (see [[Chera Dynasty]]) were traditionally ceremonially esconsed as lords of the sea and overlords of all the Malabari states. The sacred stone had originally been housed at the ancient Malabari capital of [[Cranganore]], but had since been moved to Cochin. The Zamorin now moved it once more, to Edapalli.<ref>Whiteway (1899: pp. 95, 251)</ref>

==See also==
* [[Portuguese India Armadas]]
* [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

Primary accounts:

* [Anonymous Flemish sailor] Calcoen (Flemish account), first pub. 1504, Antwerp [English trans. in J.P. Berjeau, 1874], ''Calcoen, a Dutch narrative of the second voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut, printed at Antwerp circa 1504''. London. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Yy0RdJDTRQC&pg=PT4 online] [Portuguese translation in [[Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão|A.C. Teixeira de Aragão]], 1887, ''Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: um estudo historico''. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59 online][French trans. in J. Denucé, 1931, ''Calcoen, récit flamand du second voyage de Vasco de Gama vers l'Inde, en 1502–1503'']
* [Anonymous German sailor] account first pub. 1986 in M. Krasa, J. Polisensky and P. Ratkos, ed., ''European Expansion 1494–1519: the voyages of discovery in the Bratislava manuscript Lyc. 515/8''. Prague: Charles University.
* [Anonymous Portuguese sailor] account first pub. 1939 in Christine von Rohr, ed., ''Neue Quellen zur zweiten Indienfahrt Vasco da Gamas'', Leipzig: Koehler. [Reprinted with corrections by L. Freire Costa, 1985, "Relação anónima da segunda viagem de Vasco da Gama à índia" in ''Cidadania e História. Em homenagem a Jaime Cortesão''. Lisbon: Sá da Costa.]
* [[Matteo da Bergamo]] Two Italian letters from Mozambique written Apr. 1503, pub. in 1902, Prospero Peragallo, ed., "Viaggio di Matteo da Bergamo in India sulla flotta di Vasco da Gama (1502–1503)", ''Bollettino della Società geografica italiana'', pp. 92–129 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6OMRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 online]
* [[Thomé Lopes]] original Portuguese version lost; Italian translation first pub. 1550 as "Navigatione verso l'Indie orientali scritta per Thomé Lopez, scrivano de una nave Portoghesa", in [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.'', Venice. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA1-PA143-IA1 online] [Translated 1812 into Portuguese as "Navegação as Indias Orientaes, escrita em Portuguez por Thomé Lopes, traduzida da lingua Portugueza para a Italiana, e novamente do Italiano para o Portuguez", by Academia Real das Sciencias in ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&pg=PA159 Vol. 2, Pt. 5]
* [[Pêro de Ataíde]] "Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, ''Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam''. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9voFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA262 pp. 262–268.]
* [[Diogo Fernandes Correia]] "Carta de Diogo Fernandes Corrêa a Afonso de Albuquerque, Dezembro 25, 1503", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, ''Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam''. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=D_sFAAAAQAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN15003521&pg=PA211 pp. 211–213].
* [[Francesco Corbinelli]] "Lettera di Francesco Corbinelli da Lisbona, Aug 22, 1503" [French trans. in P. Teyssier & P. Valentin translators, J. Aubin, ed.,''Voyages de Vasco de Gama: relations des expéditions de 1497–1499 & 1502–1503''. Paris: Chandeigne. pp. 353–355 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xd8FhDkgyzcC&pg=PA353 online]
* [[Giovanni Francesco Affaitati]] "Lettere di Zuan Francesco di l'Afaitada, data a Lisbona a di 19 avosto, 1503", repr. 1881 in Frederico Stefani, ed., ''I diarii di Marino Sanuto'', Venice, vol. 5, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Im1KAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015049018172&pg=PT12 pp. 130ff.]

Chronicles:

* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP11 Dec. I, Lib 6.]
* [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], (1572) ''Os Lusíadas''. [trans. by W.J. Mickle, 1776, as ''The Lusiad, or the discovery of India, an epic poem'']
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Fern%20o%20Lopes%20de%20Castanheda%22&pg=PA130 Lib 1, Ch. 44]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] ({{circa|1550s}}) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858–64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA374 Vol. 1]; [partially trans. H.E. Stanley, 1869, as ''The Three Voyages of Vasco de Gama, and his viceroyalty'' London: Hakluyt Society.]
* [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] (1666) ''Asia Portuguesa'', Vol. 1.
* *[[Damião de Goes]] (1566–67) ''Chrónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel, da Gloriosa Memoria'' (As reprinted in 1749, Lisbon: M. Manescal da Costa) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 online]
*[[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'' [trans. Port., 1804, ''Da Vida e Feitos d'El Rei D. Manuel'', Lisbon: Impressão Regia.] [trans. Eng. 1752 by J. Gibbs as ''The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel'' London: Millar]
* ''Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India'' (Codex Add. 20902 of the British Library), [D. António de Ataíde, orig. editor.] Transcribed & reprinted in 1985, by M.H. Maldonado, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&dq=Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20N%C3%A1os&pg=PA1 online]

Secondary:
* Aubin, J. (1995) "Preface", in ''Voyages de Vasco de Gama: relations des expéditions de 1497–1499 & 1502–1503''. Paris: Chandeigne.
* Brito Rebelo, J.I. (1898) "Navegadores e exploradores portuguezes até o XVI século (Documentos para a sua historia: Vasco da Gama, sua família, suas viagens, seus companheiros", ''Revista de Educação e Ensino'', v. 13
* Bouchon, G. (1975) Mamale de Cananor: Un adversaire de l'Inde portugaise, 1507–1528, Paris: Droz.
* Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants'', Vol. 1 (Engl. transl. of ''Livro de Duarte de Barbosa''), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
* Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) ''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Madan, K.D. (1998) ''Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Visconde de Sanches da Baena (1897) ''O Descobridor do Brazil, Pedro Alvares Cabral: memoria apresentada á Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa''. Lisbon [https://books.google.com/books?id=bE9GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 online]
* Saraiva, Cardinal Francisco de S.L. (1849) ''Os Portuguezes em Africa, Asia, America, e Occeania'', Lisbon: Borges.
* Strong, S. Arthur (1895) "The History of Kilwa, edited from an Arabic MS", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol., pp. 385–431. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1MssAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385 online]
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Theal, G.M. (1896) ''The Portuguese in South Africa: with a description of the native races between the River Zambesi and the Cape of Good Hope during the sixteenth century''. London Unwin.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese India Armada]]|before=[[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd Armada (João da Nova, 1501)]]|after=[[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada (Afonso de Albuquerque, 1503)]]|years=1502}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hajj incidents|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:1502 in India]]
[[Category:1502 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]

Sur Empire

2026-03-26T12:51:12Z

Mittie94U89577: small rework article based on references and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Empire in Northern India between 1538/1540 and 1556}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Sur Empire
| common_name = Sur Empire
| status = [[Empire]]
| year_start = 1538
| year_end = 1555
| event_start = [[Battle of Chausa]]
| date_start = 6 April
| event_end = [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind]]
| date_end = 22 June
| event1 = [[Battle of Kannauj]]
| date_event1 = 17 May 1540
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| p2 = Bengal Sultanate
| p3 = Portuguese Empire
| p4 = Malwa Sultanate
| p5 = Langah Sultanate
| p6 = Rajputana
| s2 = Bengal Sultanate
| s3 = Malwa Sultanate
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| image_map = The Sur Empire at its height.png
| image_map_caption = Map of the Sur Empire at its greatest extent under [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1538/1540–1545)
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| capital = [[Sasaram]] [[Delhi]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[Sur Empire#List of rulers|Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Sher Shah Suri]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1538/1540–1545
| leader2 = [[Adil Shah Suri]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1555–1556
| official_languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|s2cid=146630389|date=1998|title=The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics|journal=Modern Asian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=32|issue=2|pages=317–349|quote=Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–55) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).|doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
}}
{{Part of History of India|File:Isa Khan Niyazi tomb near Humayun's tomb, Delhi.jpg}}
{{Pashtuns}}
The '''Sur Empire''' was an empire ruled by the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]]-origin Sur dynasty in [[North India|northern India]] for nearly 16 or 18 years,{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=262}} between 1538/1540 and 1556, with [[Sasaram]] (in modern-day [[Bihar]]) serving as its capital. It was founded by [[Sher Shah Suri]].{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=262}}<ref name="Berndl">{{cite book|last1=Berndl|first1= Klaus|year=2005|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=318–320|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5}}</ref>

The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the [[Mughal Empire]] territories along the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|eastern Balochistan]] in the west of [[Indus River]] to modern-day [[Rakhine State|Rakhine, Myanmar]] in the east. Even as Sher Shah Suri consolidated his power over North India, Eastern India was still considered to be the seat of Sur power in India. This is demonstrated by the fact that 8 of the 16 silver mint cities he established were in the region between [[Chunar]] and [[Padma Division|Fathabad]].{{sfn|Asher|1977}}

== Reign of Sher Shah Suri ==
{{main|Sher Shah Suri}}

===War with the Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1537–1540)===
{{main|Battle of Chausa|Battle of Kannauj}}
[[File:Sher Shah Suri's capture of Rohtasgarh fort.png|thumb|Depiction of Sher Shah's capture of Rohtasgarh fort through Stratagem]]
[[Sher Shah Suri]]'s relentless campaigns on the [[Bengal Sultanate]] prompted its ruler to request aid from [[Humayun]], who in turn mobilized a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] in July 1537, and advanced to Chunar. He reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege of the fort at Chumar would last over six months until it finally fell despite the attempts from Rumi Khan to make quick work of the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, and besieged [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]. Gauda fell to the Afghan forces in April 1538. With the fort of [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtasgarh]] also falling under his control in March 1538, which he used as a place to situate Afghan families and the loot he had obtained during the war, also transferring the loot he obtained from Gaur to Rohtasgarh.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Rule of Afghans |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rule_of_Afghans |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Banglapedia |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925235607/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rule_of_Afghans |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Puri|Das|2003|p=113}} With this victory, Sher Shah held his first coronation.{{sfn|Jenkins|2015|p=64}}{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=52}} Following the fall of Gaur, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, offering 10,000,000 dinars, and that he would surrender [[Bihar]] in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun did not wish to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state, especially with its rich resources, as well as the contributing factor that [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]], wounded, entered the camp of Humayun and requested the continuation of war against Sher Shah. Ghiyasuddin would die from his wounds not long after.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215-216}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=168}}

Following this, Humayun began his march to Bengal against Sher Khan, however the march of the Mughal army would be overwhelmed from poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between [[Patna]] and [[Munger|Monghyr]]. Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without any opposition on 8 September 1538. However, the city was abandoned by the Afghans, with no loot as they had stripped the treasury.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/> Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather, however he restored order into the city. However, as this was happening, Sher Khan drove deep into his territory, seizing [[Bihar]] and [[Varanasi]], while also recovering control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur, with other detachments of the Afghan army extending as far as [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Mehta|p=168}} As a result, Humayun was effectively stranded at Gauda with no communication lines. After learning of disturbances at [[Agra]], Humayun rushed to settle for peace with Sher Khan, which was concluded. Humayun crossed the [[Karmanasa River]], where he could easily be attacked by the Afghans. Sher Khan, seeing the fragile state of the Mughal army, attacked the Mughal army led by Humayun at the [[Battle of Chausa]]. The Afghans descended on the Mughals and caught them off guard, and resulted in the complete [[rout]] of the Mughals. Humayun barely escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, with many prominent noblemen dead.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=34-36}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216-217}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=42}}

Following his defeat, Humayun returned to [[Agra]], and restored order after disturbances from his brother, [[Hindal Mirza]]. Humayun mobilized a large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at [[Kannauj]], with both armies mirroring each other across the [[Ganges]] river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing with Sher Shah's army. Amidst the fighting, Humayun's army saw many nobles hiding their insignia to prevent them from being recognized by the Afghans, with many nobles also fleeing from the battle. The Mughal army was defeated, which led to Humayun fleeing to [[Sindh]]. Following this victory, Sher Khan was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, being declared as [[Emperor]] of Northern India, while also donning the epithet of Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King".{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=38-41}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=217}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=169}}

With the defeat and flight of Humayun, Sher Shah captured [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=168}}

===Reforms in Bengal (1540–1541)===
Realizing the importance of [[Bengal]], Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in the region. Khijir Khan, the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt in March 1541. Sher Shah mobilized an army and lead it himself, defeating Khijir Khan and restoring Bengal under his suzerainty. Bengal was divided into 47 smaller administrative divisions, appointing them under a [[Sikdar|shiqdar]], which would be oversighted by Kazi Fajilot as the chief supervisor of the [[Mukhtar|Muqtars]]. These reforms saw the prominence of Afghans in Bengal, with many Afghans moving and settling in the region. Some of the Afghans who settled in the region would go on to establish the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Muhammad Shahi dynasty]], which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the [[Karrani dynasty]], which ruled from 1563 to 1576.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/>{{sfn|Mehta|p=169}}

===Advance into the Punjab and pacification of the Gakhars (1540–1542)===
Following the flight of [[Humayun]], Sher Shah continued in pursuit, advancing into the Punjab. Sher Shah advanced on [[Lahore]], and caused panic among the Mughals. [[Kamran Mirza]] was not prepared to face Sher Shah, and as a result, retreated to Kabul, leaving the region to Sher Shah. Sher Shah captured Lahore in November 1540, with Afghan armies advancing as far as the [[Khyber Pass]], but not extending his empire beyond the [[Indus]] as Sher Shah did not wish to incorporate many Afghans who enjoyed their independence and face difficulties with them. The Afghans also seized control of [[Multan]] in 1541, but did not pursue the retreat of the Mughals further, seeing them as no longer as a threat.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=170}}

Not longer after, Sher Shah entered conflict with the [[Gakhars]], who had always been difficult to subjugate, and caused issues amongst former rulers in the region. Sher Shah resorted to diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief and asking him to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. The Gakhar chief gave an insulting response, which enraged Sher Shah. Sher Shah marched through the Punjab and subjugated the Gakhars, laying waste to much of the countryside and taking many prisoner. Sher Shah also constructed the [[Rohtas Fort]]. To further secure his rule over the Gakhars, and to wade off any threat of Mughal return, he left 50,000 men in the [[Punjab]], while he returned toward the Bengal, whose governor he placed was becoming unruly.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=41-45}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}}

===Conquest and consolidation of Gwalior and Malwa (1542)===
In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on his campaign to [[Malwa]]. This was a result of fears of Malwa joining with the Mughals against Sher Shah. Sher Shah also faced the external threat of Humayun, who was attempting to forge a kingdom in Gujarat, and a forged alliance with the [[Malwa Sultanate]] would be threatening. As a result, the Afghan armies first began their march on [[Gwalior]]. Led by Shujaat Khan, [[Gwalior]] was subjugated under Afghan rule. With this, the threat of being flanked as the Afghans advanced further into Malwa were extinguished. After gaining the submission of Abul Qasim Beg, the Mughal [[wali]] of [[Gwalior]], The Afghans continued their march to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]. Qadir Khan, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate, being abandoned by his vassals who refused to support him, begged for the mercy of Sher Shah, who treated him well.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=63-64}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=169}}

Despite former grudges, Sher Shah reconciliated and gave him gifts, and even gave Qadir Khan a [[Jagir]] in [[Bengal]]. Despite this, Qadir Khan did not like the generous offer, and instead, fled to Gujarat, with an attempt to re-capture him in a pursuit led by Shujaat Khan ending in failure. Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to [[Agra]]. While returning to Agra, he received submission from the ruler of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Mehta|p=170}} Shujaat Khan was placed as the new governor of Malwa. Qadir Khan attempted to retrieve his lost territories, and entered in battle against Shujaat Khan on separate occasions. Despite numerical inferiority, Shujaat Khan decisively defeated the coalition of Qadir Khan. Shujaat Khan was awarded with over 12,000 horses due to his valiant efforts.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=65-66}}

===Conquest of Raisen (1543)===
{{Main|Siege of Chanderi|Puran Mal}}
After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, Puran Mall recovered control of Raisin after it was annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Upon his restored rule in the region, he led many tyrannical actions on the Muslim populace of the city. The survivors of this occasion developed a grudge against Puran Mall. Sher Shah, hearing of this, and seeking to obtain control of [[Raisen]] himself, began preparing for war. Sher Shah remarked:

{{blockquote|I did wrong when I said I would go towards Bengal. If Almighty God would vouchsafe me a recovery from this fever I will return with all speed, and Puran Mall who has enslaved the families of the Muslims in Chanderi and has made dancing girls of their daughters and did not accompany my son Qutab Khan — him will I so punish that he may be a warning to others.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=47}}}}

Before resorting to war, Sher Shah offered [[Varanasi]] to Puran Mall if he ceded Raisin. Puran Mall refused to agree to any offer, and as a result, Sher Shah declared war. [[Islam Shah Suri|Jalal Khan]] led the Afghan army, reaching [[Vidisha]], where he merged forces with Sher Shah. The Afghan forces then advanced to Raisin, besieging it. The siege of the city lasted for six months until the artillery of Sher Shah destroyed the cities defenses, which led to Puran Mall surrendering. The treaty observed the points that: Free passage to himself [Puran Mall] and his family with their belongings, The retirement of Sher Shah to a distance of two marches from the fort, and Adil Khan and Qutab Khan to bind themselves by solemn oaths that Puran Mall and his family will not be molested in any way.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=47-52}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=170}}

Sher Shah and his army withdrew a distance of two marches from the fort per the agreement. However, Sher Shah then encountered widows of the chiefs of Chanderi, with many others waiting for Sher Shah along the roadside. They called out to Sher Shah:

{{blockquote|We have suffered from this inhuman and malignant infidel all kinds of tyranny and oppression. He has slain our husbands and our daughters he has enslaved, and made dancing girls of them, and has seized our lands, and all our worldly goods for a long time past. ... If you do not give us justice, hereafter, in the day of resurrection when the first and the last of all men shall be collected together, we will accuse you.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=53}}}}

Upon hearing this, and further seeing the ruined families of Muslim survivors, Sher Shah was reported to have tears dropped from his eyes, and his idea of the destruction of oppression overtook him. Furthermore, demanded by his army to take action, Sher Shah ordered an army led by Isa Khan Hajjab to lead a forced march, which caught up to the retreating detachment of Puran Mal. The Rajput forces put up resistance, but were entirely annihilated.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=53-56}}{{sfn|Kennedy|1905|p=212}}{{sfn|Matta|2005|p=171}}

===Second Punjab campaign and subjugation of upper Sindh (1543)===
After conquering [[Multan]] in 1541, it was later overrun by Baloch tribes. As a result, Sher Shah began assembling for a campaign in 1543. It also aligned with his ideas of building a new road from Lahore to Multan. During this, a certain raider named Fateh Khan Jat looted the routes between [[Lahore]] and [[Delhi]], which surmounted to numerous complaints in return. As a result, Sher Shah ordered [[Haibat Khan Niazi|Haibat Khan]] to put an end to the raids of Fateh Khan. Haibat Khan successfully trapped Fateh Khan in a mud fort around [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]. Seeking no possible way of escaping the situation, Fateh Khan surrendered to Haibat Khan. However, the garrison of the fort led by Hinda Baluch made a sortie, breaking out of the fort and successfully fleeing. Despite this, Hinda Baluch was captured during the sortie. With this, the Balochi leaders were executed. Following the campaign, Haibat Khan would subjugate upper Sindh as far as [[Sehwan]].{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=67-68}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA77 77-79]}}

===Conquest of Marwar (1543–1544)===
{{Main|Battle of Sammel}}
[[File:H0900-L185162829.jpg|Painting of Rao Maldeo Rathore.|thumb|right|150px]]
In 1543, Sher Shah Suri with a force of 80,000 cavalry set out against [[Maldeo Rathore]], the [[Rajput]] king of [[Marwar]]. With an army of 50,000, Maldeo advanced to face Sher Shah's army.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}} Instead of marching to the enemy's capital Sher Shah halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of [[Jaitaran]], ninety kilometres east of [[Jodhpur]].{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=526-529}} After one month of skirmishing, Sher Shah's position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, Sher Shah resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to Sher Shah. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately suspected his commanders of disloyalty. Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate. Following this, Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, fought with a few thousand men against the Afghans, who wielded a force of 80,000 men and some cannons. In the ensuing battle of Sammel (also known as battle of Giri Sumel), Sher Shah emerged victorious, but several of his generals lost their lives and his army suffered thousands of casualties.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}}

After this victory, Sher Shah's general [[Khawas Khan Marwat]] took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from [[Ajmer]] to [[Mount Abu]] in 1544.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}} Maldeo was initially forced to retreat to [[Siwana]], however after the death of Sher Shah he was able to recapture Jodhpur by July 1545 and the rest of his territories by 1546. In doing so he had to defeat the chain of garrisons that had been posted by Sher Shah before his death.<ref name=RH1>{{harvnb|Hooja|2006|p=531}} "Maldeo had been forced to retreat to the fortress of Siwana because of the consequences of the battle of Sammel in 1544, he soon retrieved his position after Sher Shah's death. By July 1545 Maldeo had recovered his ancestral capital of Jodhpur, and uprooted many of Sher Shah's chain of garrisons and outposts from Marwar. Within the next eighteen months (i.e. by the end of 1546) the Rathore king managed to take back practically all that he had lost to Sher Shah."</ref>

===Death of Sher Shah (1545)===
[[File:Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg|thumb|[[Sher Shah Suri Tomb]] at [[Sasaram]]]]
Following the conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] in 1544. While leading the siege, he was mortally wounded from a gunpowder explosion from one of his cannons bursting. Sher Shah was taken to his tent where he remained for two days. When he received the news that the fort finally fell, he remarked: "Thanks to Almighty god".{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=54}} Sher Shah succumbed to his wounds and died on 22 May 1545, at the age of 73 or 59.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=99-100}} He was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who took the title of [[Islam Shah Suri]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=220}} Sher Shah was buried in the [[Sher Shah Suri Tomb]] (122 ft high), which stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram, a town on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The tomb, whose construction Sher Shah had commissioned himself, was completed on 16 August 1545, three months after the death of Sher Shah.{{sfn|Asher|1977|p=273-298}}

===Reign of Islam Shah Suri (1545—1554)===
{{main|Islam Shah Suri}}
{{Expand section|date=July 2024}}

===Civil war and Mughal reconquest (1554—1557)===
[[File:Afghan troops surrendering at the Siege of Mankot (1557).jpg|thumb|Afghan troops surrendering to Mughal forces at the [[Siege of Mankot (1557)]]. ''Akbarnama'' (1590–95)]]
One of the last events of the Mughal reconquest occurred in the summer of 1557, with the [[Siege of Mankot (1557)]], where [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] had taken refuge. Sikandar surrendered to the Mughal forces led by [[Bairam Khan]] on 25 July 1557, after 6 months of stiff resistance using artillery and matchlocks. Sikandar was pardoned and entered the service of emperor [[Akbar]], but soon fell out of favour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Pratyay |title=The World of the Siege (Narratives of Akbar's Sieges and the Construction of Mughal Universal Sovereignty) |date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-39569-5 |page=176- |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004395695_008 |language=en |chapter=Narratives of Akbar’s Sieges and the Construction of Mughal Universal Sovereignty |doi=10.1163/9789004395695_008 |quote=Mankot (1557) was the first siege of Akbar’s career and was undertaken at a stage when he was still under the regency of Bairam Khan. Chased by Mughal troops, the Afghan chieftain Sikandar Sur had taken refuge in this fort in the Himalayan foothills near the Punjab Plains of North India. Sikandar was a member of the aristocracy of the Afghan sultanate that Mughal armies had defeated on the plains of Panipat the year before. This siege represented an important phase in the struggle of the emergent Mughal Empire against the increasingly-cornered Afghan aristocracy – one that would continue for decades to come. It was a keenly contested siege during which the garrison defended the fort valiantly with artillery and matchlocks. They sued for peace after almost six months, only after they were seriously threatened by rising desertions and a scarcity of food. Sikandar was pardoned by the young emperor and admitted into the Mughal officialdom.}}</ref><ref>Abu'l Fazl, Akbarnama, tr. H. Beveridge, reprint, Delhi, 2002, vol.2, p.90-91</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bairam Khan Petitions The Young Akbar Following The Siege of Mankot in 1557. First Akbarnama, Victoria and Albert Museum, circa 1590-95. Arts of the Islamic World 2019 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2019/arts-of-the-islamic-world/bairam-khan-petitions-the-young-akbar-following |website=Sotheby's |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] territories, from [[Balochistan]] in the west to modern-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east.

Despite its short reign, the Sur Empire significantly influenced Mughal administrative reforms when they returned to power, most notably under Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=akbar+sher+shah+suri |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en |page=190 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016085456/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=akbar+sher+shah+suri |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|It was at the time of this bounty of Sultán [[Bahlul Lodi|Bahlul]] [Lodi], that the grandfather of Sher Sháh, by name Ibráhím Khán Súr,*The [[Sur (Pashtun)|Súr]] represent themselves as descendants of Muhammad Súr, one of the princes of the [[Ghurid dynasty|house of the Ghorian]], who left his native country, and married a daughter of one of the Afghán chiefs of Roh. with his son Hasan Khán, the father of Sher Sháh, came to [[Hindustan|Hindu-stán]] from [[Name of Afghanistan|Afghánistán]], from a place which is called in the [[Pashto language|Afghán tongue]] "Shargarí",* but in the Multán tongue "Rohrí". It is a ridge, a spur of the [[Sulaiman Mountains|Sulaimán Mountains]], about six or seven kos in length, situated on the banks of the [[Gomal River|Gumal]]. They entered into the service of Muhabbat Khán Súr, Dáúd Sáhú-khail, to whom Sultán Bahlol had given in jágír the Parganas of Hariána and Bahkála, etc., in the [[Punjab region|Panjáb]], and they settled in the pargana of Bajwára.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201014&ct=78 |title=Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr. |author=Abbas Khan Sarwani |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1580 |access-date=4 September 2010 |author-link=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi |archive-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602151817/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201014&ct=78 |url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi|Abbas Khan Sarwani]]|1580}}

==Government and administration==

[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|thumb|right|''Rupiya'' released by Sher Shah Suri, 1538–1545 CE, was the first [[Rupee]]]]
The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah.{{sfn|Thomas|1967|p=403}} While the term ''rūpya'' had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term ''rūpee'' came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern [[rupee]].<ref name="RBI">{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |title=Mughal Coinage |website=[[RBI Monetary Museum]] |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> The ''Rupee'' is today used as the national currency in [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Seychelles]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Gold coin]]s called the ''[[Mohur]]'' weighing 169 grains and copper [[coin]]s called Paisa were also minted during his reign.<ref name="RBI"/> According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Khan had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the battle of Chausa.{{sfn|Goron|Goenka|2001|p=98}}

Sher Shah was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the [[Grand Trunk Road]], a major artery which runs all the way from modern day Bangladesh to [[Afghanistan]]. Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section. He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders.{{sfn|Dias|1996|p=216}}{{sfn|Sud|2016|p=74}}

===Provincial and local administration===
The Sur empire consisted of many subdivisions, referred to as [[Iqtas]]. Some of these provinces were ruled by military governors, such as Haibat Khan, who governed the [[Punjab]]. Haibat Khan had control of over 30,000 men, and was able to give [[jagir]]s to his own soldiers. Khwas Khan was another military governor, who ruled over [[Rajasthan]], and assembled over 20,000 men. The head of Iqtas were known by different names, such as Hakim, [[Faujdar]], or Momin. These head of Iqtas had their own bodies of men, which were usually less than 5,000 men. The responsibility of these heads were instilling order and law in the subdivisions they controlled.{{sfn|Mehta|p=176}}

Iqtas themselves were divided into districts, named Sarkars. Sarkars had two chief officers, the Shiqar, and Munsif. Shiqars were tasked with the responsibility of civil administration, and themselves could field 200-300 soldiers to maintain law and order in their districts. The Munsif of a Sarkar was responsible for revenue collection, and civil justice. The chief Shiqars would often handle cases of criminal justice.{{sfn|Mehta|p=176-177}}

Sarkars were also in turn divided into two or three [[Parganas]]. A Pargana was a moderately sized town and surrounding villages. In every Pargana, there was a Shiqar, Munsif, and one treasurer who went under the title of Fotdar. They were also accompanied by a Karkun who could write in Hindi and Persian. The Shiqar of a Pargana would be a military officer under the oversight of the Shiqar of the Sarkar. The responsibilities of a Shiqar in a Pargana were to maintain stability, and assist the Munsif in collection of land revenues, and measuring land. While the Munsif in the Pargana would be under the oversight of the chief Munsif in the Sarkar.{{sfn|Mehta|p=177}}

Villages were often autonomous and were governed by their own assemblies called [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]. This was respected by Sher Shah during his reign. Each assembly consisted of elders of a village who looked after the needs of villagers and instructed their own punishments in respect to the customs of the community. The chief of a village would be a form of a diplomat between the villages and the higher government.{{sfn|Mehta|p=177-178}}

===Religious policy===
The religious policy of Sher Shah is debated amongst historians. Dr. Qanungo states that Sher Shah upheld religious tolerance toward [[Hindus]]. Ram Sharma states that Sher Shah Suri was heavily devoted to his faith, always praying the [[Salah|five prayers]]. And on other occasions, claimed that Sher Shah's wars against the Rajputs were a [[Jihad]]. The war against Puran Mall was described as a Jihad, and his treatment of Maldeo was argued as signs of [[religious intolerance]]. However, he was always tolerant of Hindus, and did not hold any grudges against them, or wage propaganda.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53}}<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Shēr Shah of Sūr |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067304/Sher-Shah-of-Sur |access-date=23 August 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604083938/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067304/Sher-Shah-of-Sur |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Srivastava, Sher Shah's balance made his fellow Muslims content with his lenient treatment of Hindus. Sher Shah's evaluated policy was seen that Islam should hold supremacy over the lands he had conquered, but not to displace Hinduism.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53-54}}

===Army===
Sher Shah's army defeated the [[Mughal Empire]] and drove them out of India. Sher Shah invited Afghans from across the empire and gave them high positions, with himself taking interest in recruiting troops. Sher Shah also promoted out of merit. The Afghan army utilized heavy emphasis on their [[cavalry]], while his infantry were armed with muskets. One of his reforms included splitting up his armies into divisions, which was led by a commander. Discipline was strict, with provisions being given by Banjaras, who accompanied the army. Men were also assigned roles, attributing to the system of the Dagh, with spies being able to be rooted out using this method.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=49}}

Sher Shah also considered [[Pashto]] a sign of friendliness, and gave higher salaries to Afghans who could speak Pashto in his army.<ref name="Sarwani">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFGTzQEACAAJ |title=Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr. |page=78 |author=Abbas Khan Sarwani |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |location=London |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1580 |access-date=4 September 2010 |author-link=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016085457/https://books.google.com/books?id=AFGTzQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1540, Sher Shah's army consisted of over 150,000 cavalrymen, 25,000 infantrymen, and over 5,000 war elephants.{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=54}}

===Social Justice===
One of the things Sher Shah Suri was renowned for was giving justice. Courts were held by [[Qadis]], with Sher Shah as well observing civil cases. Hindus settled their disputes in [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] assemblies, while in criminal cases, nobody was exempt from the law of the empire. The criminal law of the empire was extremely harsh, and done so to prevent others from doing a crime out of fear of the repercussions. Sher Shah gave heavy punishments for people in high posts, including government officials.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=51}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=180-182}}

The reputation of Sher Shah was formidable in this regard as a [[Justice|just]] ruler, to the point where merchants could travel through and sleep in deserts without fear of being harassed by bandits or robbers. The soldiers of Sher Shah acted as police, with the duty of these soldiers to look for thieves and robbers. Sher Shah Suri also implemented the reform of self-responsibility. It was the duty assigned to officials to find the culprits of different cases in examples such as murder, lest the officials be held responsible themselves and be hanged. As a result of these reforms, historians praise it for its effectiveness.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=180-182}}

===Buildings===
Sher Shah built several monuments including [[Rohtas Fort]] (now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in Pakistan), many structures in the [[Rohtasgarh Fort]] in Bihar, the [[Sher Shah Suri Masjid]] in [[Patna]], the [[Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque]] inside the [[Purana Qila]] complex in Delhi, and the Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, [[Bhera]], in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it a grand masjid named after him.{{sfn|Matta|2005|p=214}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}{{sfn|Brown|1939|p=636-646}}

The [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri|mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri]] is described as one of the most beautiful monuments in India, due to its grandeur and dignity. Cunningham even was inclined to prefer it over the [[Taj Mahal]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}

===Trade===
Amongst his magnitude of reforms while consolidating the empire, Sher Shah Suri abolished taxes that were held on the borders of provinces. This was due to Sher Shah wishing to invigorate trade throughout India, and only two levies remaining in place, with them being upon goods being brought into the country, and the second for when goods were sold. Customs as a result, were entirely removed.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=182}}

== List of rulers ==
{| class=wikitable
! width="4%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S. n.
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Picture
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Reign
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|1st
|[[File:Shershah.jpg|70px]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri]]
'''(شےر شآہ سوریی)'''

'''(शेर शाह सुरी)'''
|1472 or 1486
|22 May 1545
|6 April 1538/17 May 1540<ref name=BangGMS>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah}}</ref><ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref> — 22 May 1545<ref name="p.83"/>
|
|-
|2nd
|[[File:Islam Shah Suri.jpg|70px]]
|[[Islam Shah Suri]]
'''(یسلام شآہ سوری)'''

'''(इस्लाम शाह सुरी)'''
|1507
|22 November 1554
|26 May 1545<ref name="p.90-33">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.90–93</ref> — 22 November 1554<ref name="p.90-33"/>
|Son of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|3rd
|'''N/A'''
|[[Firuz Shah Suri]]
'''(فیروز شآہ سوری)'''

'''(फ़िरुज़ शाह सुरी)'''
|4 May 1542
|22 November – December 1554
|December 1554<ref name="p.94">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.94</ref>
|Son of Islam Shah Suri.
|-
|4th
|'''N/A'''
|[[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]]
'''(موہامد آدیل شآہ)'''

'''(मुहाम्मद आदिल शाह)'''
|unknown
|1557
|December 1554 – January 1555<ref name="p.94"/> — 1555<ref name="p.94-96">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.94–96</ref>
|Son-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|5th
|'''N/A'''
|[[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]
'''(یبرآہیم شاہ سوری)'''

'''(इब्राहिम शाह सुरी)'''
|unknown
|1567/1568
|January – February 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|6th
|[[File:Sikandar_Shah_Suri,_in_front_of_Akbar,_25_July_1557.jpg|center|70px|Sikandar_Shah_Suri,_in_front_of_Akbar,_25_July_1557.]]
|[[Sikandar Shah Suri]]
'''(سیکندر شآہ سوری)'''

'''(सिकन्दर शाह सुरी)'''
|unknown
|1559
|February 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/> — 22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|7th
|'''N/A'''
|[[Adil Shah Suri]]
'''(آدیل شاہ سوری)'''
'''(आदिल शाह सुरी)'''
|unknown
|April 1557
|22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/> — 1556<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother of Sikandar Shah Suri.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)]]
* [[Delhi Sultanate]]
* [[List of Sunni dynasties]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ali Khan |first1=Zulfiqar |year=1925 |title=Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73304/page/n4/mode/1up |location=Lahore |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |year=1977 |title=The Mausoleum of Sher Shāh Sūrī |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–298 |doi=10.2307/3250169 |jstor=3250169}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacherje |first1=S. B. |year=2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155826/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian) |year=1939 |title=The Influence of Sher Shah Sur on the Islamic Architecture of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252417 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=636–646 |jstor=44252417 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235602/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252417 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals - Part Two: Mughal Empire (1526–1748) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |edition=3rd |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155815/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=J. N. |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1974 |chapter=Sher Shāh and His Successors|title=The Mughal Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=7 |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=3012164}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dias |first1=Peter |year=1996 |title=The Steward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRx9I2BqSpMC |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0325-0 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111182851/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRx9I2BqSpMC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |year=2001 |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3}}
*{{cite book |chapter=India under the Moghol Empire |first=Herbert |last=Hartel |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |editor-first1=H. J. |editor-last1=Kissling |editor-first2=N. |editor-last2=Barbour |editor-first3=Bertold |editor-last3=Spuler |editor-first4=J. S. |editor-last4=Trimingham |editor-first5=F. R. C. |editor-last5=Bagley |year=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-02104-3 |pages=262–263 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262 |access-date=20 July 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204904/https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |year=2006 |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and Company |isbn=978-81-291-1501-0 |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155832/https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Everett Jr |year=2015 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111182852/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Pringle |author-link=Pringle Kennedy |year=1905 |title=A History of the Great Moghuls: Or, A History of the Badshahate of Delhi from 1398 A.D. to 1739, with an Introduction Concerning the Mongols and Moghuls of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016085456/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1968 |title=India Since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ |edition=8th |publisher=S. Chand |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Matta |first1=Basheer Ahmad Khan |author-link=Basheer Matta |year=2005 |title=Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597882-7 |language=en |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016085454/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155734/https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze |year=2011 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155734/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=B. N. |last2=Das |first2=M. N. |year=2003 |title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-2508-9 |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121155815/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |year=2015 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+150,000+cavalry |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |language=en |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016085454/https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+150,000+cavalry |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sud |first1=Anuradha |title=Transitions – History and Civics – 7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSgxDAAAQBAJ |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-9395-2 |date=2016 |edition=Revised |language=en |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111182851/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSgxDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Edward |year=1967 |title=The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0360-0}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Sur Empire}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}
{{Pashtun nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri Dynasty}}
[[Category:Sur Empire| ]]
[[Category:1556 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1540]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1556]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:1540 establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]

The Russell Exchange

2026-03-26T02:49:07Z

Mittie94U89577: Put Up Info!

{{Short description|Auction house in Kolkata, India}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| name = The Russell Exchange
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| address = 12 C, Russel St, [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.552365|88.350929|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1940
| demolished_date =
| architect =
| owner =
| cost =
| pushpin_map =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| client =
| size =
| engineer =
}}

'''The Russell Exchange''' is an [[auction house]] in [[Kolkata]], India. Founded in 1940, the auction house is one of the oldest in Asia.

== History ==
The Russell Exchange, believed to be Asia’s oldest auction house<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owles |first=Edward |date=2012-06-28 |title=India's oldest auction house fights for survival |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18621931 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the last in Kolkata, dates back to the 1940<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santra |first=Anwesha |date=2023-04-10 |title=Russell Exchange - last player remaining in the game |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/kolkata/russell-exchange-last-player-remaining-in-the-game-1503170889.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> when the current owners’ great-grandfather acquired it from the original owner Mr. Russell. Siblings Anwar Salim, Arshad Salim, and Sarfaraz Begum Shamsi are the current owners of the auction house.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bag |first=Shamik |date=2015-03-21 |title=Russell Exchange auction house: Everything is saleable |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/RBlI9B15Gc3BH2dhkR5QeM/Russell-Exchange-auction-house-Everything-is-saleable.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Salim and Arshad's father, Abdul Majid, along with his partner, Amrit Lalji, inherited and managed the business until Lalji retired 20 years ago. Salim then acquired Lalji’s share, and the ownership now rests with the siblings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Saurav |date=2024-05-03 |title=Going once, going twice, still going strong: Kolkata’s Russell Exchange auction house |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/kolkatas-the-russell-exchange-asias-oldest-auction-house-that-stood-the-test-of-time-has-big-plans-ahead/cid/2017529#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== Location ==
The auction house is located on Russell Street in Kolkata, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Anuradha |date=2022-11-02 |title=Visit The Russell Exchange Auction House For Rare Finds |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/visit-the-russell-exchange-auction-house-for-rare-finds-news-185972 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Located on the ground floor, Russell Exchange hosts weekly Sunday auctions. In addition, it offers vintage furniture for direct sale to customers and rents items as props for film and television productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Sreya |last2=Hajra |first2=Siddhartha |title=The crumbling mansions of India’s ‘City of Joy’ |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180123-the-disappearing-mansions-of-kolkata |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== In media ==

* ''The Auction House—A Tale Of Two Brothers'' by Edward Owles in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Auction House: A tale of two brothers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/witness/2017/2/9/the-auction-house-a-tale-of-two-brothers |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-12-02 |title=‘The Auction House: A Tale of Two Brothers’: Cairo Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/auction-house-a-tale-two-753275/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2016-02-14 |title=In documentary ‘The Auction House’, brothers make rival bids for the business |url=https://scroll.in/reel/803385/in-documentary-the-auction-house-brothers-make-rival-bids-for-the-business |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Auction houses]]
[[Category:Indian auction houses]]

List of Bangladesh One Day International cricket records

2026-03-24T11:56:07Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
[[One Day International cricket|One Day International]] (ODI) cricket is played between international [[cricket]] teams who are [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|full members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) as well as the top four [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members with ODI status|associate members]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification of Official Cricket |publisher=International Cricket Council |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |access-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114225/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike [[Test cricket|Test matches]], ODIs consist of one [[Innings (cricket)|inning]] per team, having a limit in the number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]], currently 50 overs per innings – although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.<ref>{{cite news |title=The difference between Test and one-day cricket |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 August 2009 |date=6 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129132447/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ODI cricket is [[List-A cricket]], so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match recognized as an ODI was played between [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in January 1971;<ref>{{cite web |title=Only ODI: Australia v England |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64148.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> since when there have been over 4,000 ODIs played by 28 teams.
This is a list of [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladeshi Cricket team]]'s [[One Day International]] records. It is based on the [[List of One Day International cricket records]], but concentrates solely on records dealing with the Bangladeshi cricket team. Bangladesh played its first-ever ODI in 1986.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Key==
The top five records are listed for each category, except for the [[#Team wins, losses, draws and ties|team wins, losses, draws and ties]], [[#All-round Records|all round records]] and the [[#Partnership records|partnership records]]. Tied records for fifth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] only, and are correct {{as of|2026|03|lc=yes}}.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
|-
! scope=col | Symbol
! scope=col | Meaning
|-
! scope=row | {{dagger}}
| Player or umpire is currently active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | {{double-dagger}}
| Even took place during a [[Cricket World Cup]]
|-
! scope=row | *
| Player remained [[not out]] or partnership remained unbroken
|-
! scope=row style=background:#cee0f2; | ♠
| [[List of One Day International cricket records|One Day International cricket record]]
|-
! scope=row | Date
| Starting date of the match
|-
! scope=row | Innings
| Number of [[innings]] played
|-
! scope=row | Matches
| Number of matches played
|-
! scope=row | Opposition
| The team Bangladesh was playing against
|-
! scope=row | Period
| The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | Player
| The player involved in the record
|-
! scope=row | Venue
| [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|One Day International cricket ground]] where the match was played
|}

==Team records==
=== Overall record ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Won
! scope="col" |Lost
! scope="col" |Tied
! scope="col" |NR
! scope="col" |Win %
|-
| 458 || 165 || 282 || 1 || 10 || 36.83
|-
| colspan=6 | ''Last Updated: 24 March 2026<ref name="ODI results summary">{{cite web |title=Records / ODI matches / Team records / Results summary |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/results-summary-283878 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>''
|}

=== Team wins, losses, draws and ties ===
{{As of|2025|05}}, Bangladesh has played 456 ODI matches [[result (cricket)|resulting]] in 164 victories, 281 defeats and 10 no results for an overall winning percentage of 36.77.<ref name="ODI results summary"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |[[One Day International|Matches]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tied]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#No result|No result]]
!scope="col" |[[Winning percentage|% won]]
!scope="col" |First
!scope="col" |Last
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full members]]'''
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}
| 22 || 11 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 50.00|| 2014 || 2025
|-
! scope="row" |{{cr|Australia}}
| 22 || 1 || 20 || 0 || 1 || 4.54 || 1990 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|England}}
| 25 || 5 || 20 || 0 || 0 || 20.00 || 2000 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|India}}
| 42 || 8
| 33 || 0 || 1 || 19.04 || 1988 || 2025
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Ireland}}
| 16 || 11 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 68.75 || 2007 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|New Zealand}}
| 46 || 11 || 34 || 0 || 1 || 23.91 || 1990 || 2025
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Pakistan}}
| 42 || 7 || 35 || 0 || 0 || 16.66 || 1986 || 2026
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|South Africa}}
| 25 || 6 || 19 || 0 || 0 || 24.00 || 2002 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
| 60 || 13 || 45 || 0 || 2 || 22.41 || 1986 || 2025
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|West Indies}}
| 50 || 23 || 24 || 1 || 2 || 47.91 || 1999 || 2025
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Zimbabwe}}
| 81 || 51 || 30 || 0 || 0 || 62.96 || 1997 || 2022
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate members]]'''
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Bermuda}}
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2007 || 2007
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Canada}}
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 2003 || 2007
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Hong Kong}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2004 || 2004
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Kenya}}
| 14 || 8 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 57.14 || 1997 || 2006
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Netherlands}}
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 33.33 || 2010 || 2023
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|Scotland}}
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 1999 || 2015
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|UAE}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00 || 2008 || 2008
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''
|'''456'''||'''164'''||'''281'''||'''1'''||'''10'''||'''36.77'''||'''1986'''||'''2026'''
|-
|colspan=10|{{small|''Statistics are correct as of {{cr|Bangladesh}} vs{{cr|Pakistan}} at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], 15 March 2026''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Bangladesh / ODI matches / Result summary |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== First bilateral ODI series wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Opponent !! Home - year [win margin (no. of matches)] !! Away - year [win margin (no. of matches)]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full members]]'''
|-
|{{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Afghan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17|2016]] [2–1 (3)] || YTP
|-
|{{cr|AUS}} || - || -
|-
|{{cr|ENG}} || - || -
|-
|{{cr|IND}} || [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015|2015]] [2–1 (3)] || YTP
|-
|{{cr|IRE}} || [[Irish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007-08|2008]] [3–0 (3)] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team against Ireland in England in 2023|2023]] [2–0 (3)]
|-
|{{cr|NZ}} || [[New Zealand cricket team in Bangladesh in 2010-11|2010]] [4–0 (5)]|| -
|-
|{{cr|PAK}} || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014–15|2015]] [3–0 (3)]|| -
|-
|{{cr|SAF}} || [[South African cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015|2015]] [2–1 (3)] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|2022]] [2–1 (3)]
|-
|{{cr|SRI}} || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2021|2021]] [2–1 (3)] || -
|-
|{{cr|WIN}} || [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2012-13|2012]] [3–2 (5)]|| [[Bangladeshi cricket team in the West Indies in 2009|2009]] [3–0 (3)]
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}} || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004-05|2005]] [3–2 (5)]|| [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2006-07|2007]] [3–1 (4)]
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate members]]'''
|-
|{{cr|KEN}} || [[Kenyan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06|2006]] [4–0 (4)]|| [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Kenya in 2006|2006]] [3–0 (3)]
|-
|{{cr|NED}} ||YTP || -
|-
|{{cr|SCO}} || [[Scottish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2006-07|2006]] [2–0 (2)]|| -
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=3 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Bangladesh / ODI matches / Series summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;team=25;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=team;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== First ODI match wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Opponent !! colspan="2" | Home !! colspan="2" | Away / neutral
|-
! Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year !!style="text-align:center"|Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full members]]'''
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Mirpur]] || [[Afghan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17|2016]] || [[Manuka Oval|Canberra]] || [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || - || - || [[SWALEC Stadium|Cardiff]] || [[One-Day Internationals in England in 2005|2005]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium|Chittagong]]|| [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] {{double-dagger}} || [[Bristol County Ground|Bristol]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in England in 2010|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || [[National Stadium, Dhaka|Dhaka]] || [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004–05|2004]] || [[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]] || [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} ||rowspan=4| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Mirpur]] || [[Irish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007-08|2008]] || [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Belfast]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Ireland in 2010|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|NZL}} || [[New Zealand cricket team in Bangladesh in 2008-09|2008]] || [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground|Dublin]] || [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy|2017]]
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014–15|2015]] || [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|Northampton]] || [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[South African cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015|2015]] || [[Providence Stadium|Providence]] || [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || [[Shaheed Chandu Stadium|Bogra]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005-06|2006]] || [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|Pallekele]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2012-13|2013]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium|Chittagong]]|| [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011-12|2011]] || [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Roseau]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in the West Indies in 2009|2009]]
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[MA Aziz Stadium|Chittagong]] || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004-05|2005]] || [[Harare Sports Club|Harare]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2003-04|2004]]
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate members]]'''
|-
| {{cr|BER}} ||rowspan=3|YTP ||rowspan=3|YTP ||rowspan=2|[[Antigua Recreation Ground|St John's]] ||rowspan=2|[[Associates Triangular Series in West Indies in 2006–07|2007]]
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
|-
| {{cr|HKG}} || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Colombo (SSC)]] || [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || [[Shaheed Chandu Stadium|Bogra]] || [[Kenyan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06|2006]] || [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] || [[1998 Coca-Cola Triangular Series|1998]]
|-
| {{cr|NED}} ||rowspan=2| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium|Chittagong]] || [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] {{double-dagger}} || - || -
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || [[Scottish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2006-07|2006]] || [[The Grange Club|Edinburg]] || [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || YTP || YTP || [[Gaddafi Stadium|Lahore]] || [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Bangladesh / ODI matches / ODI Records |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=team;view=results |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Winning every match in a series ===
In a bilateral series winning all matches is referred to as [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]]. First such event occurred when [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured England in 1976. Bangladesh have recorded 14 such series victories.<ref name="whitewash">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283240.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records - Whitewashes |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Opposition
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches
! scope=col |Host
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || 4 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2005/06
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || 3 || {{cr|KEN}} || 2006
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 5 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2006/07
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2007/08
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || 2009
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 4 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2010/11
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2013/14
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 5 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2014/15
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2014
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2015/16
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2018/19
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2019/20
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2020/21
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{Cr|ZIM}} || 2021
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{Cr|WIN}} || 2022
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="whitewash" />
|}

=== Losing every match in a series ===
Bangladesh have also suffered such whitewash 29 times.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Opposition
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches
! scope=col |Host
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2000/01
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2001/02
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2001/02
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2002
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2002/03
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || 2003
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || {{cr|PAK}} || 2003
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2003/04
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || 2004
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2004/05
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2005
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2005/06
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2007
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2007/08
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2007/08
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || {{cr|PAK}} || 2007/08
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || 2008
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2009/10
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2009/10
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2011
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2011/12
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|BAN}} || 2013/14
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || 2014
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2016/17
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || 3 || {{cr|RSA}} || 2017/18
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2018/19
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2019
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2020/21
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|WIN}} || 2024/25
|-
|{{cr|AFG}} || 3 || {{cr|UAE}} || 2025/26
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="whitewash" />
|}

===Team scoring records===

====Highest runs in an innings====
The highest innings total scored in ODIs came in the match played between [[England national cricket team|England]] and the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in [[England cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022|June, 2022]]. Playing in the first ODI at [[VRA Cricket Ground]] in [[Amstelveen]], the visiting team posted a total of 498/4. The game against [[Irish cricket team|Ireland]] in [[Irish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022-23|March, 2023]] saw Bangladesh set their highest innings total of 338/8. Bangladesh broke that record as well by scoring 349/6 in the very next ODI match against Ireland on 20 March 2023 at the Sylhet International Cricket Stadium.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|349/6}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IRE}}
| rowspan=2|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|20}}
| [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1355710/bangladesh-vs-ireland-2nd-odi-1355718/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|338/8}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|18}}
| [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1355710/bangladesh-vs-ireland-1st-odi-1355717/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|334/5}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|September|3}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1388397.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|333/8}}
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|20}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144508.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|330/6}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[The Oval]], London, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|2}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144487.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh ODI matches team highest innings totals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-highest-innings-totals/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

====Fewest runs in an innings====
The lowest innings total scored in ODIs has been scored twice. [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] were dismissed for 35 by [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] during the third ODI in [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004|Sri Lanka's tour of Zimbabwe in April 2004]] and [[United States national cricket team|USA]] were dismissed for same score by [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] in the sixth ODI of the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series|2020 ICC Cricket World League 2 in Nepal in February 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd ODI, Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe at Harare, Apr 25 2004 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64890.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="USA 35 ao">{{cite news |title=30th Match, ICC Men's Cricket World Cup League 2 at Kirtipur, Feb 12 2020 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1215127.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> The lowest score in ODI history for Bangladesh is 58 scored twice, once against West Indies in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] and against India in June 2014.<ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records - Lowest Totals |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col |Scorecard
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|58}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| rowspan=2|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|4}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433576.html Scorecard]
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|June|17}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/744681.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|70}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|August|22}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/730289.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|74}}
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[Marrara Oval]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Australia
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|30}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336201.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|5|76}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|August|5}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64780.html Scorecard]
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|April|11}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66350.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs conceded an innings====
Bangladesh conceded that the most runs against [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022-23|India in 2022]] in the third ODI is 409 runs.<ref>{{cite web |title=3rd ODI, India tour of Bangladesh in 2022 at Chattogram, Dec 10 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-3rd-odi-1340847/full-scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|409/8}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|December|10}}
| [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-3rd-odi-1340847/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|391/4}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ENG}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|21}}
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/211579.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|386/6}}
| [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|8}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144494.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|385/7}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|21}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/455235.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|382/5}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|24}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384414.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest innings totals conceded |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=25;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs conceded in an innings====
The lowest score conceded by Bangladesh for a full inning is 44 scored by Zimbabwe in the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009-10|fourth ODI]] of the 2009 series.<ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Totals" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col |Scorecard
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|44}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/422629.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|61}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|18}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/531985.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|98}}
|{{Cr|NZ}}
|[[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|23}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1388212.html Scorecard]
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|4|101}}
| {{cr|IRE}}
|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|23}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1355719.html Scorecard]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 5
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|5|105}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|June|17}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/744681.html Scorecard]
|-
| {{cr|HKG}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|July|16}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65706.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest Full innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=25;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs aggregate in a match====
The highest match aggregate scored in ODIs came in the match between [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the fifth ODI of [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005-06|March 2006 series]] at [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] when South Africa scored 438/9 in response to Australia's 434/4.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284003.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records Highest Match Aggregates |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> The [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] game against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] saw a total of 714 runs being scored.<ref>{{cite web |title=26th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Nottingham, Jun 20 2019 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144508.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|714/13}}
| {{cr|AUS}} (381/5) v {{cr|BAN}} (333/8)
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|20}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144508.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|666/16}}
| {{cr|ENG}} (386/6) v {{cr|BAN}} (280)
| [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|8}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144494.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|656/14}}
| {{cr|AUS}} (361/8) v {{cr|BAN}} (295/6)
| rowspan=3|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|13}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/503365.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|655/10}}
| {{cr|BAN}} (326/3) v {{cr|PAK}} (329/7)
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|4}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/710305.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|653/13}}
| {{cr|IND}} (370/4) v {{cr|BAN}} (283/9)
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|19}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433558.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs aggregate in a match====
The lowest match aggregate in ODIs is 71 when [[United States national cricket team|USA]] were dismissed for 35 by [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] in the sixth ODI of the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series|2020 ICC Cricket World League 2 in Nepal in February 2020]].<ref name="USA 35 ao" /> The lowest match aggregate in ODI history for Bangladesh is 127 scored ninth match of the [[1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series]] against Australia, which is the joint 11th lowest of all time.<ref name="ODI Records – Lowest Aggregates">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284009.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records - Lowest Match Aggregates |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|93/14}}
| {{cr|ZIM}} (44) v {{cr|BAN}} (49/4)
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/422629.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|117/11}}
| {{cr|BAN}} (58) v {{cr|WIN}} (59/1)
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|4}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433576.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|123/12}}
| {{cr|WIN}} (61) v {{cr|BAN}} (62/2)
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|18}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/531985.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|153/12}}
| {{cr|BAN}} (76) v {{cr|SRI}} (77/2)
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|August|5}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64780.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|163/20}}
| {{cr|IND}} (105) v {{cr|BAN}} (58)
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|June|17}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/744681.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest Match Aggregate">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Lowest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Result records===
An ODI match is [[result (cricket)|won]] when one side has scored more [[run (cricket)|runs]] than the total runs scored by the opposing side during their [[innings]]. If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]], indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall.<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 16 – The Result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231840/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result |archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

====Greatest win margins (by runs)====
The greatest winning margin by runs in ODIs was England's victory over South Africa by 342 runs in the third and final ODI of [[South African cricket team in England in 2025|South Africa's 2025 tour of England]]. The largest victory recorded by Bangladesh was over Ireland by 183 runs.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283902.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 183 runs
| 339
| {{cr|IRE}}
| rowspan=2|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|18}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 169 runs
| 322
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|1}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 163 runs
| 321
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|January|19}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 160 runs
| 293
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium]], [[Khulna]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|December|2}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 155 runs
| 277
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|16}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |title=Bangladesh Records - ODI - Largest Victories |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest win margins (by balls remaining)====
The greatest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs was England's victory over Canada by 8 wickets with 277 balls remaining in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]]. The largest victory recorded by Bangladesh is during the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009-10|Zimbabwe's tour in 2009]] when they won by 6 wickets with 229 balls remaining.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283271.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 229
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| |[[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 221
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10 wickets
| {{cr|IRE}}
| |[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|23}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 209
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets
| {{cr|NZ}}
| |[[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand]]
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|23}}
|-
| align=center | 4
!scope=row style=text-align:center; | 209
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets
| {{cr|PAK}}
| |[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|13}}
|-
| align=center | 5
!scope=row style=text-align:center; | 180
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}
| |[[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|18}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

====Greatest win margins (by wickets)====
A total of 55 matches have ended with chasing team winning by 10 wickets with West Indies winning by such margins a record 10 times.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283279.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Bangladesh have won ODI match by this margin 1 time.<ref name="Largest victories"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Most recent venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 10 wickets
| {{Cr|IRE}}
|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]]
|23 March 2023
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 9 wickets
| {{cr|KEN}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium]], [[Khulna]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|20}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|November|30}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|15}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|March|24}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Providence Stadium]], Guyana
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|July|14}}
|-
|{{Cr|NZ}}
|[[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand
|{{Date table sorting|2023|December|23|format=dmy|nowrap=off}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

====Highest successful run chases====
South Africa holds the record for the highest successful run chase which they achieved when they scored 438/9 in response to Australia's 434/9.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Successful Chase |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;size=10;template=results;type=team;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Bangladesh's highest innings total while chasing is 322/3 in a successful run chase against West Indies at Taunton, England during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest successful run chases"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|322/3}}
| align=center | 322
| |{{cr|WIN}}
| [[County Ground, Taunton|The Cooper Associates County Ground]], [[Taunton]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|17}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|320/7}}
| align=center | 320
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Ground]], [[Chelmsford]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|12}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|322/4}}
| align=center | 319
| {{cr|SCO}}
| [[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|5}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|313/6}}
|align=center | 313
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|August|16}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|309/6}}
| align=center | 308
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|3}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest successful run chases">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest successful run chases |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;size=10;team=25;template=results;type=team;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by runs)====
The narrowest run margin victory is by 1 run which has been achieved in 31 ODI's with Australia winning such games a record 6 times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records - ODIs - Smallest victory (by runs) |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283920.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Bangladesh's has not achieved any victory by 1 run.<ref name="Smallest victories" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|3 runs}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|October|17}}
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|23}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|4 runs}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|3}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|5|5 runs}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Bristol County Ground]], Bristol, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|July|10}}
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|December|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Smallest victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)====
The narrowest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs is by winning of the last ball which has been achieved 36 times with both South Africa winning seven times. Bangladesh has not yet achieved a victory by this margin.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match">{{cite news |title=Winning on the last ball of the match |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283930.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center| 3
| scope=row style=text-align:center| 3 wickets
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Ground]], [[Chelmsford]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|12}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 4
| scope=row style=text-align:center| 5 wickets
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|18}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 wickets
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|16}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|3}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| scope=row style=text-align:center;| 3 wickets
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|18}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by wickets)====
The narrowest margin of victory by wickets is 1 wicket which has settled 55 such ODIs. Both West Indies and New Zealand have recorded such victory on eight occasions. Bangladesh has won the match by a margin of one wicket on three occasions.<ref name="ODI Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283253.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 1 wicket
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|10}}
|-
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|5}}
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|December|7}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 2 wickets
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|13}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|11}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|December|8}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Smallest victories"/>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by runs)====
Bangladesh's biggest defeat by runs was against Pakistan in the [[2000 Asia Cup]] against Pakistan at [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], Bangladesh.<ref name="Largest defeats" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 233 runs
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|June|2}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 227 runs
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|December|10}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 206 runs
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 200 runs
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|April|11}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, South Africa|East London]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|October|22}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web |title=Records - Bangladesh - Largest defeats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=25;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
The greatest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs was England's victory over Canada by 8 wickets with 277 balls remaining in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]]. The largest defeat suffered by Bangladesh was against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in New Zealand when they lost by 10 wickets with 264 balls remaining.<ref name="ODI Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 264
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 10 wickets
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Queenstown Events Centre]], [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|December|31}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 229
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|January|25}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 228
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[OUTsurance Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|22}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 226
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|4}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 206
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|August|5}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Largest defeats" />
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by wickets)====
Bangladesh have lost an ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets on 12 occasions with the most recent being during the sixth match of the [[2017–18 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series|Tri-Series in Bangladesh in January 2018]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margins
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Most recent venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=12| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=12| 10 wickets
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|October|6}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[City Oval]], [[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[OUTsurance Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|22}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|July|23}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[The Oval]], London, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|16}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], Manchester, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|25}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|October|11}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
| [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua]], Antigua & Barbuda
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|31}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Queenstown Events Centre]], [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|December|31}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], Karachi, Pakistan
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|July|4}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|October|15}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|January|25}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Largest defeats"/>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by runs)====
The narrowest loss of Bangladesh in terms of runs is by 2 runs suffered against Pakistan in the final of the [[2012 Asia Cup]].<ref name="Smallest defeats" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 2 runs
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| [[2012 Asia Cup Final|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 3 runs
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], West Indies
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|25}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 5 runs
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|August|16}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 9 runs
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|December|1}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11 runs
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[MA Aziz Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|December|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Smallest defeats |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=25;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
The narrowest winning margin by balls remaining in ODIs is by winning of the last ball which has been achieved 36 times with both South Africa winning seven times. Bangladesh has suffered loss by this margin two times, one being the [[2018 Asia Cup Final]].<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 0
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 wickets
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|2}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 wickets
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| [[2018 Asia Cup Final|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|28}}]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 wickets
| rowspan=2|{{cr|PAK}}
| [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|September|18}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 wickets
| rowspan=3|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|4}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 wickets
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|28}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|December|11}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Smallest defeats" />
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by wickets)====
Bangladesh has suffered defeat by 1 wicket only once.<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 1 wicket
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]], Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|May|15}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=7| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=7| 2 wickets
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|July|29}}
|-
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|2}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| rowspan=4|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|16}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|19}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|2}}
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|28}}
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[The Oval]], London, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|5}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

==Batting Records==
=== Most career runs ===
A [[run (cricket)|run]] is the basic means of [[scoring (cricket)|scoring]] in cricket. A run is scored when the batsman hits the [[cricket ball|ball]] with his [[cricket bat|bat]] and with his partner runs the length of {{convert|22|yards|metres}} of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232041/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs |archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] has scored the most runs in ODIs with 18,426. Second is [[Kumar Sangakkara]] of Sri Lanka with 14,234 ahead of [[Ricky Ponting]] from Australia in third with 13,704. [[Tamim Iqbal]] is the leading Bangladeshi on this list.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most career runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/83548.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | 100
! scope=col | 50
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 8,357
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 243
| align=center | 240
| align=center | 36.65
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 56
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7,795
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| align=center | 274
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 36.42
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 49
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7,570
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 234
| align=center | 37.29
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 56
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5,689
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 239
| align=center | 209
| align=center | 36.46
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 32
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,468
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}}
| align=center | 175
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 22.37
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 20
| 2001–2013
|-
| align=center | 6
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,572
|[[Litton Das]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 96
| align=center | 95
| align=center | 29.90
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 12
|2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 7
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,434
|[[Imrul Kayes]]
| align=center | 78
| align=center | 78
| align=center | 32.02
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 16
|2008–2018
|-
| align=center | 8
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |2,338
|[[Soumya Sarkar]]{{dagger}}
| align=center |79
| align=center |74
| align=center |33.40
| align=center |3
| align=center |14
|2014–2025
|-
| align=center | 9
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |2,201
| [[Shahriar Nafees]]
| align=center |75
| align=center |75
| align=center |31.44
| align=center |4
| align=center |13
|2005–2011
|-
| align=center | 10
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,168
|[[Habibul Bashar]]
| align=center | 111
| align=center | 105
| align=center |21.68
| align=center | 0
| align=center | 14
|1995–2007
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="9" | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career runs">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career runs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Fastest runs getter ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Batsman
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Match
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Innings
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record date
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan="2" | 1000
|[[Shahriar Nafees]]
|29
|rowspan=2|29
| 30 November 2006
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283174.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 1000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anamul Haque]]
|32
|19 January 2018
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2000
|[[Soumya Sarkar]]
| 68
| 64
| 15 March 2024 {{double-dagger}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283153.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 2000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3000
|[[Tamim Iqbal]]
| 102
| 102
| 19 August 2011
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283178.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 3000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4000
|[[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| 142
| 136
| 18 February 2015 {{double-dagger}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283157.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 4000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5000
|rowspan=4|[[Tamim Iqbal]]
| 159
| 158
| 12 October 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283182.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 5000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6000
|177
|175
|23 January 2018
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283184.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 6000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7000
|206
|204
|3 March 2020
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283186.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 7000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8000
|229
|227
|5 August 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283188.html |title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest to 8000 runs {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in each batting position ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener
| [[Tamim Iqbal]] || 240 || 8,357 || 36.65 || 2007–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 36 || 1,539 || 49.64 || 2014–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] || 118 || 4,372 || 42.03 || 2007–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 132 || 4,077 || 35.14 || 2006–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6
| rowspan=2|[[Mahmudullah]] || 75 || 2,201 || 37.30 || 2008–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7
| 73 || 1,663 || 34.64 || 2007–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 8
| [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]{{dagger}} || 34 || 662 || 24.51 || 2017–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| 71 || 688 || 11.86 || 2001-2020
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 10
| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] || 46 || 358 || 16.27 || 2004–2014
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]]{{dagger}} || 36 || 87 || 6.69 || 2015–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 align="left" | Last updated: 6 March 2025.
|}

=== Most runs against each team ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG}}
! 481
| [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] || align="center" |14 || align="center" |43.72 || 2018–2025 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
! 343
| [[Tamim Iqbal]] || align="center" |9|| align="center" |38.11|| 2007–2019 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BER}}
! 116
| {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}} || align="center" |2|| align="center" |116.00|| rowspan="2" |2007–2007 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
! 134
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |134.00|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
! 626
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}} || align="center" |16|| align="center" |41.73|| 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}}
! 68
| {{sortname|Javed|Omar}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |68.00|| 2004–2004 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
! 751
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align="center" |21 || align="center" |37.55 ||2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! 665
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || align="center" |16|| align="center" |47.50
|2007-2023|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|KEN}}
! 239
| {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}} || align="center" |7|| align="center" |34.14|| 2006–2006 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
! 125
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}} || align="center" |2|| align="center" |125.00|| 2010–2011 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! 794
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] || align="center" |33 || align="center" |26.46 || 2007–2025 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! 684
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || align="center" |17 || align="center" |42.75|| 2008–2019 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
! 118
| {{sortname|Aftab|Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}} || align="center" |2|| align="center" |59.00|| 2006–2006 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
! 493
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align="center" |17 || align="center" |32.86 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! 1,207
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}} || align="center" |37|| align="center" |35.50|| 2007-2024 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
! 109
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}} || align="center" |1|| align="center" |109.00|| 2008–2008 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
! 1,208
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || align="center" |32|| align="center" |43.14|| 2007–2022 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
! 1,947
| align="center" | 47 || align="center" | 43.26 || 2007-2022 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 6 March 2025
|}

=== Highest individual score ===
The fourth ODI of the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014–15|Sri Lanka's tour of India in 2014]] saw [[Rohit Sharma]] score the highest Individual score. [[Liton Das]] holds the Bangladeshi record when he scored 176 against Zimbabwe in the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2019-20|third ODI of the 2020 series]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs in an Innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 176
| [[Liton Das|Litton Das]]
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|6}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 169
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}}
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|20}}
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 158
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|ZIM}}
|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|3}}
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 154
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|August|16}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 5
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 144
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|October|21}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest individual score">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest individual score |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest individual score – progression of record ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Runs
! scope=col |Player
! scope=col |Opponent
! scope=col |Venue
! scope=col |Season
|-
! 37
| {{sortname|Shaheedur|Rahman}} || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Tyronne Fernando Stadium]], [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka ||rowspan=2|1985-86
|-
! 40
| {{sortname|Minhajul|Abedin}} || {{cr|SRI}} || [[Asgiriya Stadium]], [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka
|-
! 54
| {{sortname|Azhar|Hossain}} || {{cr|NZ}}|| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates || 1990
|-
! 57
| {{sortname|Faruk|Ahmed}} || {{cr|IND}}|| [[Sector 16 Stadium]], Chandigarh, India ||rowspan=2|1990-91
|-
! 78*
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Athar|Ali Khan}}||rowspan=2|{{cr|SRI}} || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India
|-
! 82*
| [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || 1997
|-
! 95
| {{sortname|Shahriar|Hossain}} || {{cr|KEN}}||rowspan=2|[[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh ||rowspan=2| 1998–99
|-
! 101
| {{sortname|Mehrab|Hossain|dab=cricketer, born 1978}} || {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
! 108*
| {{sortname|Rajin|Saleh}} || {{cr|KEN}} || [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]], Bangladesh || 2005–06
|-
! 118*
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}} ||rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}} || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || 2006
|-
! 123*
|| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || rowspan=2|2006-07
|-
! 134*
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || {{cr|CAN}} || [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], Antigua & Barbuda
|-
! 154
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} ||rowspan=3|{{cr|ZIM}} || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe || 2009
|-
! 158
|rowspan=2|[[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || rowspan=2|2019-20
|-
! 176
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 1 July 2020<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest individual score"/>
|}

=== Highest score against each opponent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 136 || {{sortname|Liton|Das}}|| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|25}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 102* || {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|20}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BER}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 104* || {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}} ||rowspan=2|[[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], Antigua and Barbuda|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|25}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 134 || {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|28}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 128 || {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || [[The Oval]], London, England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|1}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 68 || {{sortname|Javed|Omar}} || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|July|16}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 121 || {{sortname|Liton|Das}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|15}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 129 || {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|March|22}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 108* || {{sortname|Rajin|Saleh}} || [[Fatullah Osmani Stadium]], [[Fatullah]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|25}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 73* || {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}} || [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|14}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 169 || {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}} || [[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|20}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 132 ||rowspan=2|{{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|17}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 95 || [[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|5}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 110* ||rowspan=2|{{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}} || [[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|October|15}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 144 || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|15}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 109 || {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|June|24}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130* || {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} || [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|22}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 176 || {{sortname|Liton|Das}} || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|6}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Individual Score {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024
|}

=== Highest career average ===
A batsman's [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been dismissed.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Pervez |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |page=7 |isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA7}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Not out
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 37.29
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 234
| align=center | 7,570
| align=center | 31
| 2006–2023
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36.65
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| align="center" | 240
| align="center" | 8,357
| align="center" | 12
| 2007–2023
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36.46
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align="center" | 209
| align="center" | 5,689
| align="center" | 53
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 36.42
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 7,795
| align=center | 42
| 2006–2024
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 34.18
| [[Towhid Hridoy]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 40
| align="center" | 1,265
| align="center" | 3
| 2023–2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 20 innings. Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest career average |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-highest-career-batting-average/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest Average in each batting position ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope="row" | Opener
| [[Tamim Iqbal]] || 240 || 8,357 || '''36.65''' || 2007–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 3
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 36 || 1,539 || '''49.64''' || 2014–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 3 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 4
| [[Mahmudullah]] || 20 || 770 || '''51.33''' || 2011–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 4 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 5
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 132 || 4,077 || '''35.14''' || 2006–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 5 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 6
| [[Mahmudullah]] || 75 || 2,201 || '''37.30''' || 2008–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 6 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 7
| [[Mahmudullah]] || 73 || 1,663 || '''34.64'''
|2007-2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 7 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 8
|[[Naeem Islam]] || 26 || 440 || '''25.88''' || 2008–2011
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 8 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 9
| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] || 38 || 368 || '''14.15''' || 2004–2014
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 9 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 10
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] || 21 || 268 || '''15.76''' || 2003–2019
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 10 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 11
| [[Rubel Hossain]] || 29 || 75 || '''6.25''' || 2009–2019
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 11 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 13 March 2026. Qualification: Min 20 innings batted at position
|}

=== Most half-centuries ===
A half-century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs. Statistically, once a batsman's score reaches 100, it is no longer considered a half-century but a century.

[[Sachin Tendulkar]] of India has scored the most half-centuries in ODIs with 96. He is followed by the Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Sangakkara]] on 93, South Africa's [[Jacques Kallis]] on 86 and India's [[Rahul Dravid]] and Pakistan's [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] on 83.[[Tamim Iqbal]] is the leading Bangladeshi in this list with 56 half-centuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most half-centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283033.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Half centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| 56
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 234
| align=center | 7,570
| 2006–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 240
| align=center | 8,357
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 49
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 7,795
| 2006–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 32
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 209
| align=center | 5,689
| 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}}
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 3,468
| 2001–2013
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most half-centuries |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-fifties-career/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most centuries ===
A [[century (cricket)|century]] is a score of 100 or more runs in a single inning.

Virat Kohli has scored the most centuries in ODIs with 50. Bangladesh's [[Tamim Iqbal]] has the most centuries for Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 14
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 240
| align=center | 8,357
| 2007–2023
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 234
| align=center | 7,570
| 2006–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 7,795
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 93
| align=center | 2,569
| 2015–2024
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 5
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}}
| align=center | 75
| align=center | 2,201
| 2005–2011
|-
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| align=center | 78
| align=center | 2,434
| 2008–2018
|-
|[[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 209
| align=center | 5,689
| 2007–2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most centuries">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most centuries |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-hundreds-career/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most Sixes ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Sixes
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 107
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 209
| align=center | 5,689
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 103
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 240
| align=center | 8,357
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 100
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 7,795
| 2006–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 158
| align=center | 1,787
| 2001–2020
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 57
| [[Soumya Sarkar]]
| align=center | 74
| align=center | 2,338
| 2014–2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;team=25;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most Fours ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Fours
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 925
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 240
| align=center | 8,357
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 699
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 234
| align=center | 7,570
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 617
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 256
| align=center | 7,795
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 425
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 209
| align=center | 5,689
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 354
| [[Mohammad Ashraful]]
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 3,468
| 2001–2013
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;team=25;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest strike rates ===
[[Andre Russell]] of West Indies holds the record for highest strike rate, with minimum 500 balls faced qualification, with 130.22.<ref name="Highest Strike Rate">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest Strike Rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>[[Soumya Sarkar]] is the Bangladeshi with the highest strike rate.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls faced
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 103.47
| [[Tanzid Hasan]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 625
| align=center | 604
| 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 94.92
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}}
| align=center | 2,338
| align=center | 2,463
| 2014–2025
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91.23
| {{sortname|Sabbir|Rahman}}
| align=center | 1,333
| align=center | 1,461
| 2014–2019
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 88.57
| [[Afif Hossain]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 667
| align="center" | 753
| 2020–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 87.72
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| align="center" | 1,773
| align="center" | 2,021
| 2001–2020
|-
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Qualification: 500 balls faced. Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest strike rates in an inning ===
[[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] of New Zealand's strike rate of 387.50 during his 31[[not out|*]] off 8 balls against [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] during [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] is the world record for highest strike rate in an innings. [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] and [[Shakib Al Hasan]] are the highest rated Bangladeshi's on this list.<ref name="Highest Strike Rate in an inning">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest Strike Rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284191.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls faced
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;"| 278.57
| [[Rishad Hossain]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 39*
| align=center | 14
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|October|21}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 275.00
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| align=center rowspan=2 |44*
| align=center rowspan=2 | 16
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[Shaheed Chandu Stadium]], [[Bogra]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|17}}
|-
| align=center | 3
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|03|04}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 272.72
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 11
| {{Cr|WIN}}
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|07|22}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 266.66
| [[Rishad Hossain]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 48*
| align=center | 18
| {{Cr|SRI}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|03|18}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in a calendar year ===
Tendulkar holds the record for most runs scored in a calendar year with 1894 runs scored in 1998.[[Shahriar Nafees]] scored 1033 runs in 2006, the most for a Bangladesh batsman in a year.<ref name="Most runs in a year">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282854.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 1,033
| {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}}
| align=center | 28
| align=center | 28
| {{sort|2006|2006}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 992
| {{Sortname|Najmul Hossain|Shanto}}
| align=center | 27
| align=center | 26
| 2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 867
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| align=center | 27
| align=center | 27
| 2010
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 846
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align="center" | 29
| align="center" | 26
| 2023
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 807
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align="center" | 26
| align="center" | 26
| {{sort|2006|2006}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated:14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=5;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=year |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in a series ===
The [[1980–81 Australian Tri-Series|1980-81 Benson & Hedges World Series Cup]] in Australia saw [[Greg Chappell]] set the record for the most runs scored in a single series scoring 685 runs. He is followed by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] with 673 runs scored in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. [[Shakib Al Hasan]] has scored the most runs in a series for a Bangladesh batsman, when he scored 606 runs in the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Most runs in a series">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284251.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 606
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center rowspan=2| 8
| align=center rowspan=2| 8
| rowspan=2|{{sort|2019|[[2019 Cricket World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 367
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 365
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 6
| {{sort|2015|[[2015 Cricket World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 349
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 3
| {{sort|2018|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018-19]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 328
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 7
| {{sort|2023|[[2023 Cricket World Cup]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most runs in a series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-series/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most ducks ===
A [[duck (cricket)|duck]] refers to a batsman being dismissed without scoring a run.<ref name="glossary">{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Williamson |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] has scored the equal highest number of ducks in ODIs with 34 such knocks. Tamim Iqbal and hold this dubious record for Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283088.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Ducks
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 19
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 243
| align=center | 240
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 18
| {{sortname|Habibul|Bashar}}
| align=center | 111
| align=center | 105
| 1995–2007
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16
| [[Litton Das]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 95
| align=center | 94
| 2015–2025
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" |4
! rowspan="2" |15
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
| align=center | 123
| align=center | 104
| 1995–2007
|-
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 156
| 2001–2020
|-
| align="center" |5
!13
|[[Mohammad Ashraful]]
| align="center" |172
| align="center" |168
|2001-2013
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 8 July 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Bowling records==

=== Most career wickets ===
A [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] takes the [[wicket#dismissing a batsman|wicket]] of a batsman when the form of dismissal is [[bowled]], [[caught]], [[leg before wicket]], [[stumped]] or [[hit wicket]]. If the batsman is dismissed by [[run out]], [[obstructing the field]], [[handled the ball|handling the ball]], [[hit the ball twice|hitting the ball twice]] or [[timed out]] the bowler does not receive credit.

[[Shakib Al Hasan]] is the leading Bangladesh bowler on the list of leading ODI wicket-takers when he overtook [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] in the first ODI of the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2021|tour of Zimbabwe in July 2021]].<ref name="Most career wickets">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most career wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | SR
! scope=col | 4
! scope=col | 5
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 317
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 241
| align=center | 29.52
| align=center | 39.66
| align=center | 10
| align=center | 4
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 269
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 32.65
| align=center | 40.2
| align=center | 7
| align=center | 1
| 2001–2020
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 207
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 153
| align=center | 152
| align=center | 29.29
| align=center | 38.4
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 4
| 2004–2014
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 178
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 117
| align=center | 115
| align=center | 26.96
| align=center | 31.33
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 5
| 2015–2026
|-

| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 129
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align=center | 104
| align=center | 102
| align=center | 34.31
| align=center | 36.2
| align=center | 7
| align="center" | 1
| 2009–2021
|-
| align=center | 6
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 124
|[[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 115
| align=center | 112
| align=center | 35.90
| align=center | 45.30
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 0
| 2017–2026
|-
| align=center | 7
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 119
|[[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]]
| align=center | 123
| align=center | 122
| align=center | 38.75
| align=center | 52.8
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 1
| 1995–2007
|-
| align=center | 8
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 118
| [[Taskin Ahmed]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 84
| align=center | 82
| align=center | 29.85
| align=center | 33.42
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 2
| 2014–2025
|-
| align=center | 9
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 82
|[[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 239
| align=center | 153
| align=center | 46.45
| align=center | 53.41
| align=center | 0
| align=center | 0
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 10
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 70
|[[Shafiul Islam]]
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 60
| align=center | 36.11
| align=center | 36.2
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 0
| 2010–2020
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="10" | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career wickets">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career wickets |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Fastest wicket taker ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Wickets
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Bowler
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Match
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record date
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Reference
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|50
| rowspan="3" |{{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}
|27
|27 January 2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283529.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 50 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|100
|54
|5 July 2019 {{double-dagger}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283531.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 100 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|150
|91
|15 September 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283533.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 150 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|200
|[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
|141
|28 March 2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-to-200-wickets-283535 |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 200 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style="text-align:center;"|250
|[[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
|194
|23 September 2018
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283537.html |title=Records {{!}} ODI matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Fastest to 250 wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
!300
|[[Shakib Al Hasan]]
|227
|6 March 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fastest to 300 wickets in ODIs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-to-300-wickets-283539 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 6 March 2023
|}

=== Most career wickets against each team ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Period
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
! 30
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align=center|15 || align="center" |15 || align="center" |18.56 || 2015–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
! 15
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}} || align=center|16|| align=center|16|| align=center|45.73 || 2003–2019 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BER}}
! 4
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|2|| align=center|2|| align=center|13.00 || 2007–2007 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
! 3
| align=center|1|| align=center|1|| align=center|17.00 || 2007–2007 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
! 21
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || align="center" |18|| align="center" |18|| align="center" |41.00 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}}
! 3
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|1|| align=center|1|| align=center|5.66 || 2004–2019 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
! 29
| rowspan=2|[[Shakib Al Hasan]] || align="center" |22 || align="center" |22 || align="center" | 32.65 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! 13
| align=center|15|| align="center" |11|| align="center" |32.92 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|KEN}}
! rowspan=2|19
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|14|| align=center|14|| align=center|42.00 || 1997–2006 ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}} || align=center|7|| align=center|7|| align=center|18.46 || 2006–2006
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
! 4
| rowspan=3|{{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align=center | 3 || align=center |3|| align=center|27.75 || 2010–2023 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! 38
| align=center|23|| align=center|23|| align=center|26.36 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! 21
| align=center|18|| align="center" |18|| align="center" |36.23 || 2008–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
! 6
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|2|| align=center|2|| align=center|6.5 || 2006–2006 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
! 17
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align=center|18|| align="center" |18|| align="center" |46.94 || 2007–2023 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! 28
| [[Taskin Ahmed]] || align=center|15|| align=center|15|| align=center|26.39 || 2015–2025 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
! 3
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || align=center|1|| align=center|1|| align=center|6.33 || 2008–2008 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
! 30
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}} || align=center|19|| align=center|19|| align=center|26.03 || 2006–2019 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
! 82
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || align=center|48|| align=center|48|| align=center|20.48 || 2006–2021 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=25;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 13 March 2026
|}

=== Best figures in an innings ===
[[Bowling analysis|Bowling figures]] refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: bowling analysis |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis |work=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904012227/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis |archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref>
Sri Lanka's [[Chaminda Vaas]] holds the world record for best figures in an innings when he took 8/19 against Zimbabwe in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001-02|December 2001]] at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Colombo (SSC)]]. Mortaza and Rubel Hossain hold the Bangladeshi record for best bowling figures.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|6/26}}
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|October|29}}
|-
| align="center" |3
! style="text-align: center;" |6/35
|[[Rishad Hossain]]
|{{cr|WIN}}
|18 October 2025
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|3|6/43}}
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}
| |{{cr|IND}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|June|21}}
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|4|5/24}}
| [[Nahid Rana]]
| {{cr|PAK}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|03|11}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Best Bowling Figures">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best figures in an innings – progression of record ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
! 2/23
| {{sortname|Jahangir|Shah|}} || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Tyronne Fernando Stadium]], [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka || 1985–86
|-
! 4/36
| {{sortname|Saiful|Islam|dab=cricketer, born 1969}} || {{cr|SRI}} || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates || 1995
|-
! 4/19
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mahmud}} || {{cr|ZIM}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || 2003–04
|-
! 4/16
| {{sortname|Tapash|Baisya}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]], Saint Vincent & the Grenadines || 2004
|-
! 5/31
| {{sortname|Aftab|Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}}|| {{cr|NZ}} || [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh || 2004–05
|-
!rowspan=2|6/26
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}|| {{cr|KEN}} || [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya || 2006
|-
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}} || {{cr|NZ}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || 2013–14
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 1 July 2020<ref name="Best Bowling Figures"/>
|}

=== Best Bowling Figure against each opponent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/29 || {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|24}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/36 || rowspan=3|{{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|March|11}} {{double-dagger}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=2;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BER}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/20 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad & Tobago|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|25}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=12;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/51 || [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], Antigua and Barbuda|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|28}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4/29 || {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|October|9}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/17 || {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|July|16}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6/43 || {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}} || rowspan=2|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|June|21}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/32 || {{sortname|Hasan|Mahmud|dab=cricketer}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|23}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|KEN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6/25 || {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}} || [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|15}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/29 || {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|March|14}} {{double-dagger}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6/26 || {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|October|29}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/24 || [[Nahid Rana]] || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|03|11}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4/23 || {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|17}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/35 || [[Taskin Ahmed]]|| [[Centurion Park|Supersports Park]], [[Centurion]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|March|23}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/39 || |[[Tanvir Islam]]|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|07|05}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3/22 || {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|June|24}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=27;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against UAE {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6/35 || [[Rishad Hossain]]|| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || 18 October 2025 || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5/29 || {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|October|9}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |title=Statistics {{!}} Best Bowling Figures {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | ''Last updated: 13 March 2026.''<ref name="Best Bowling Figures" />
|}

=== Best career average ===
A bowler's [[bowling average]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of wickets they have taken.
[[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]]'s [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] holds the record for the best career average in ODIs with 15.57. [[Mustafizur Rahman]] of Bangladesh is the highest-ranked Bangladeshi when the qualification of 2000 balls bowled is followed.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283257.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26.96
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 178
| align=center | 4,800
| align=center | 5,577
| 2015–2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 29.29
| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
| align="center" | 207
| align="center" | 6,065
| align="center" | 7,965
| 2004–2014
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 29.52
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| align="center" | 317
| align="center" | 9,360
| align="center" | 12,575
| 2006–2023
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 29.85
| [[Taskin Ahmed]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 118
| align="center" | 3,523
| align="center" | 3,944
| 2014–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 32.65
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| align=center | 269
| align=center | 8,785
| align=center | 10,827
| 2001–2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Best career average">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career economy rate ===
A bowler's [[economy rate (cricket)|economy rate]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] they have bowled.<ref name="glossary"/>
West Indies' [[Joel Garner]], holds the ODI record for the best career economy rate with 3.09. Bangladesh's [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]], with a rate of 4.39 runs per over conceded over his 123-match ODI career, is the highest Bangladeshi on the list.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best career economy rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283266.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4.39
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
| align=center | 119
| align=center | 4,612
| align=center | 6,294
| 1995–2007
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4.46
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align="center" | 317
| align="center" | 9,360
| align="center" | 12,575
| 2006–2023
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4.56
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align="center" | 207
| align="center" | 6,065
| align="center" | 7,965
| 2004–2014
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4.63
| {{sortname|Syed|Rasel}}
| align="center" | 61
| align="center" | 2,051
| align="center" | 2,657
| 2005–2010
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4.75
| {{sortname|Mehidy|Hasan Miraz}}{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 124
| align="center" | 4,452
| align="center" | 5,618
| 2017–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best career economy rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_economy_rate.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career strike rate ===
A bowler's [[strike rate]] is the total number of [[delivery (cricket)|balls]] they have bowled divided by the number of wickets they have taken.<ref name="glossary"/>
The top bowler with the best ODI career strike rate is South Africa's [[Lungi Ngidi]] with strike rate of 23.2 balls per wicket. Bangladesh's [[Mustafizur Rahman]] is the highest-ranked Bangladeshi in this list.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best career strike rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283275.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 31.33
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 178
| align=center | 4,800
| align=center | 5,577
| 2015–2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 33.42
| [[Taskin Ahmed]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 118
| align="center" | 3,523
| align="center" | 3,944
| 2014–2026
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36.26
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align=center | 129
| align=center | 4,427
| align=center | 4,678
| 2009–2021
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36.28
| {{sortname|Shafiul|Islam}}
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 2,529
| align="center" | 2,540
| 2010–2020
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38.47
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 207
| align=center | 6,065
| align=center | 7,965
| 2004–2014
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 2,000 balls. Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Best career strike rate">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best career strike rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings ===
[[Shakib Al Hasan]] is joint-24th on the list of most four-wicket hauls with Pakistan's [[Waqar Younis]], Sri Lanka's [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and Australia's [[Brett Lee]] leading this list in ODIs.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most Four-Wicket Hauls in a Career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283818.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Four-wicket hauls
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 241
| align=center | 12,575
| align=center | 317
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
|[[Mustafizur Rahman]]†
| align="center" | 108
| align="center" | 5,279
| align="center" | 174
| 2015–2025
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align="center" | 152
| align="center" | 7,965
| align="center" | 207
| 2004–2014
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 4
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align="center" | 102
| align="center" | 4,678
| align="center" | 129
| 2009–2021
|-
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align="center" | 218
| align="center" | 10,827
| align="center" | 269
| 2001–2020
|-
|[[Taskin Ahmed]]
| align="center" |78
| align="center" |3,782
| align="center" |115
|2014-2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 8 July 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most four-wicket hauls in an innings (and over) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_4wi_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most five-wicket hauls in a match ===
A [[five-wicket haul]] refers to a bowler taking five wickets in a single innings.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Pervez |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |page=31 |isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref>
[[Mustafizur Rahman]] is the highest ranked Bangladeshi on the list of most five-wicket hauls which is headed by Pakistan's [[Waqar Younis]] with 13 such hauls.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most Five-Wicket Hauls in a Career |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Five-wicket hauls
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 109
| align=center | 108
| align=center | 174
| 2015–2025
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 153
| align=center | 152
| align=center | 207
| 2004–2014
|-
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 241
| align=center | 317
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2
|[[Taskin Ahmed]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 79
| align=center | 77
| align=center | 111
| 2014–2025
|-
| rowspan="11" align="center" |5
! rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;" |1
|[[Tanvir Islam]]
| align="center" |9
| align="center" |9
| align="center" |16
|2025-2025
|-
| [[Rishad Hossain]]
! style="text-align: center;" |15
| align=center| 15
| align="center" |22
| align="center" |2023-2026
|-
| {{sortname|Abu|Jayed}}
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 5
| 2019-2019
|-
| {{sortname|Ziaur|Rahman}}
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 11
| align=center | 10
| 2013–2014
|-
| [[Taijul Islam]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 20
| align=center | 20
| align=center | 31
| 2014-2014
|-
| [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 26
| align=center | 25
| align=center | 31
| 2021–2024
|-
| {{sortname|Aftab|Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}}
| align="center" | 85
| align="center" | 30
| align="center" | 12
| 2004–2010
|-
| {{sortname|Farhad|Reza}}
| align=center | 34
| align=center | 32
| align=center | 22
| 2006–2011
|-
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align=center | 104
| align=center | 102
| align=center | 129
| 2009–2021
|-
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
| align=center | 123
| align=center | 122
| align=center | 119
| 1995–2007
|-
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 269
| 2001–2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most five-wicket hauls in a match">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most five-wicket hauls in a match |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best economy rates in an inning ===
The best economy rate in an inning, when a minimum of 30 balls are delivered by the player, is West Indies player [[Phil Simmons]] economy of 0.30 during his spell of 3 runs for 4 wickets in 10 overs against Pakistan at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in the [[1991–92 Australian Tri-Series]]. [[Shakib Al Hasan]] holds the Bangladeshi record during his spell in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2008-09|first ODI]] against Zimbabwe at Mirpur, Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283293.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1.09}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 7.2
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 4
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|January|20}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|1.10}}
| align=center | 10
| align=center | 11
| align=center | 3
| rowspan=3|{{cr|ZIM}}
| rowspan=2|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| rowspan=2|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|January|19}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|1.16}}
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 7
| align=center | 1
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|1.17}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 6.5
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 3
| rowspan=2|[[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|3}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|1.30}}
| align=center | 10
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 1
| {{cr|SCO}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: 30 balls bowled. Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best strike rates in an inning ===
The best strike rate in an inning, when a minimum of 4 wickets are taken by the player, is shared by [[Sunil Dhaniram]] of Canada, [[Paul Collingwood]] of England and [[Virender Sehwag]] of Bangladesh when they achieved a strike rate of 4.2 balls per wicket. [[Rubel Hossain]] during his spell of 6/26 achieved the best strike rate for a Bangladeshi bowler.<ref>{{cite news |title=Best strike rates in an inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283300.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|5.8}}
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 26
| align=center | 35
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|October|29}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|6.7}}
| {{sortname|Rajin|Saleh}}
| align=center rowspan=4| 4
| align=center rowspan=3| 16
| align=center | 27
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|6}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|7.5}}
| {{sortname|Tapash|Baisya}}
| align=center rowspan=2| 30
| rowspan=2|{{cr|WIN}}
| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]], Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|May|16}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|18}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|8.0}}
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| align=center | 17
| align=center | 32
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Worst figures in an innings ===
The worst figures in an ODI came in the [[Australia in South Africa, 5th ODI, 2006|5th One Day International]] between South Africa at home to Australia in 2006. Australia's [[Mick Lewis]] returned figures of 0/113 from his 10 overs in the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/mar/13/cricket.sport |work=The Guardian |title=South Africa shatter Australia with record 438-run winning chase |date=13 March 2006 |access-date=1 July 2020 |last1=Manthorp |first1=Neil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Worst bowling figures in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;qualmax1=0;qualmin1=0;qualval1=wickets;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> The worst figures by a Bangladeshi is 0/87 that came off the bowling of [[Tapash Baisya]] in the [[One-Day Internationals in England in 2005|2005 Natwest Series]] game against England at Nottingham.<ref name="Bangladeshi Worst Figures" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/87}}
| {{sortname|Tapash|Baisya}}
| align=center | 7
| {{cr|ENG}}
|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|21}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|0/85}}
|[[Nasum Ahmed|Nasum Ahmed†]]
| align=center | 10
| {{cr|AUS}}
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India
|{{DTS|2023|11|11|format=dmy}}‡
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|2|0/83}}
| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| align="center" | 9
| {{cr|AUS}}
|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|20}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3|4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3|{{sort|3|0/82}}
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
| align=center rowspan=3| 10
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|November|25}}
|-
| {{sortname|Taskin|Ahmed}}†
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|February|26}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Boland Park]], [[Paarl, South Africa|Paarl]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|October|18}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladeshi Worst Figures">{{cite web |title=Bangladeshi Most Runs Conceded |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;qualmax1=0;qualmin1=0;qualval1=wickets;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs conceded in a match ===
Mick Lewis also holds the dubious distinction of most runs conceded in an ODI during the aforementioned match. The top two Bangladeshi records in ODIs are held by [[Shafiul Islam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/102992.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|2/97}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Shafiul|Islam}}
| align=center | 9
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], Birmingham, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|July|12}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|3/95}}
| align=center rowspan=2| 10
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|21}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|2/93}}
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[University Oval, Dunedin|University Oval]], Dunedin, New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|20}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|2/89}}
|[[Taskin Ahmed|Taskin Ahmed†]]
| align=center | 9
| {{Cr|IND}}
|[[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong|Chattogram]], Bangladesh
|{{DTS|2022|12|10|format=dmy}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|1/88}}
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 9
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|November|9}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets in a calendar year ===
Pakistan's [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] holds the record for most wickets taken in a year when he took 69 wickets in 1997 in 36 ODIs. Bangladesh's [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] is the highest Bangladeshi on the list having taken 49 wickets in 2006.<ref name="Most wickets in a year">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283219.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center rowspan=2| 27
| 2006
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 46
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}†
| 2010
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 45
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center rowspan=2| 26
| rowspan=2|2006
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 34
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 16
| 2019
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;size=5;team=25;template=results;type=bowling;view=year |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets in a series ===
[[1998–99 Carlton and United Series]] involving Australia, England and Sri Lanka and the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] saw the records set for the most wickets taken by a bowler in an ODI series when Australian [[pace bowling|pacemen]] [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Mitchell Starc]] achieved a total of 27 wickets during the series, respectively. Bangladesh's [[Mustafizur Rahman]] is joint 26th with his 20 wickets taken during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283967.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 20
| {{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 8
| [[2019 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 15
| rowspan="2" | [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
| align="center" | 5
| [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10]]
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 3
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 13
| align="center" | 4
|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2010–11]]
|-
|{{sortname|Mustafizur|Rahman}}{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 3
|[[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015]]
|-
|[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
| align="center" | 9
|[[2007 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
|[[Mohammad Saifuddin]]
| align="center" |7
|[[2019 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wickets in a series">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wickets in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Hat-trick ===
In [[cricket]], a '''hat-trick''' occurs when a bowler [[Dismissal (cricket)|takes three wickets]] with consecutive [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]]. The deliveries may be interrupted by an [[over (cricket)|over]] bowled by another bowler from the other end of the [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] or the other team's [[innings]], but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only [[wickets#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.
In [[One Day International|ODIs]] history there have been just [[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks|49 hat-tricks]], the first achieved by [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]] for [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in 1982.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! scope="col"|No.
! scope="col"|Bowler
! scope="col"|Against
! scope="col"|Dismissals
! scope="col"|Venue
! scope="col"|Date
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|| 1
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Shahadat|Hossain||Shahadat Hossain}}
|rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}} ||
• [[Tafadzwa Mufambisi]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Khaled Mashud]]) 
• [[Elton Chigumbura]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]]) 
• [[Tawanda Mupariwa]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Khaled Mashud]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|8|2}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/zimvbdesh/engine/match/249205.html |title=3rd ODI: Zimbabwe v Bangladesh at Harare, Aug 2, 2006 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 2
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|Abdur Razzak (cricketer)}}
||
• [[Prosper Utseya]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Naeem Islam]]) 
• [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]]) 
• [[Christopher Mpofu]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|3}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2010/engine/current/match/486522.html |title=Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh, 2nd ODI: Bangladesh v Zimbabwe at Dhaka, Dec 3, 2010 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 3
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
| {{cr|NZL}}||
• [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] ([[bowled|b]]) 
• [[Brendon McCullum]] ([[caught|c]] [[Shamsur Rahman (cricketer)|Shamsur Rahman]] (sub)) 
• [[Jimmy Neesham]] ([[caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Mushfiqur Rahim]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|29}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-new-zealand-2013-14/engine/match/668953.html |title=New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 1st ODI: Bangladesh v New Zealand at Dhaka, Oct 29, 2013 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 4
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} ||
• [[Tinashe Panyangara]] ([[bowled|b]]) 
• [[John Nyumbu]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]]) 
• [[Tendai Chatara]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|12|1}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2014-15/engine/match/760795.html |title=Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh, 5th ODI: Bangladesh v Zimbabwe at Dhaka, Dec 1, 2014 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 5
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Taskin|Ahmed}}
||{{cr|SRI}}||
• [[Asela Gunaratne]] ([[caught|c]] [[Soumya Sarkar]]) 
• [[Suranga Lakmal]] ([[caught|c]] [[Mustafizur Rahman]]) 
• [[Nuwan Pradeep]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|28}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-bangladesh-2016-17/engine/match/1083447.html |title=Bangladesh tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI: Sri Lanka v Bangladesh at Dambulla, Mar 28, 2017 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Wicket-keeping records==
The [[wicket-keeper]] is a specialist [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]] who stands behind the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] being guarded by the batsman on [[strike (cricket)|strike]] and is the only member of the fielding side allowed to wear gloves and leg pads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 27 – The wicket-keeper |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232954/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper |archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Most career dismissals ===
A wicket-keeper can be credited with the dismissal of a batsman in two ways, [[caught]] or [[stumped]]. A fair catch is taken when the [[cricket ball|ball]] is caught fully within the field of play without it bouncing after the ball has touched the striker's [[cricket bat|bat]] or glove holding the bat,<ref name="Law 33">{{cite web |title=Law 33 – Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/caught |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229233205/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/caught |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Law 5">{{cite web |title=Law 5 – The Bat |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-bat |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229233752/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-bat |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laws 5.6.2.2 and 5.6.2.3 state that the hand or the glove holding the bat shall be regarded as the ball striking or touching the bat while a stumping occurs when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket while the batsman is out of his [[crease (cricket)|ground]] and not attempting a run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 39 – Stumped |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/stumped |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229233857/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/stumped |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Bangladesh's [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] is eight in taking most dismissals in ODIs as a designated wicket-keeper with Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and Australian [[Adam Gilchrist]] heading the list.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283792.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Stumping
! scope=col | Dis/inn
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 297
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 274
| align=center | 258
| align=center | 241
| align=center | 56
| align=center | 1.151
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 126
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| align=center | 126
| align=center | 126
| align=center | 91
| align=center | 35
| align=center | 1.000
| 1995–2006
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 96
| align=center | 16
| align=center | 17
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 1.312
| 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| [[Nurul Hasan]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 1.307
| 2016–2025
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Dhiman|Ghosh}}
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 0.928
| 2008-2008
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 13 March 2026 <ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career catches ===
Rahim is 11th in taking most catches in ODIs as a designated wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper catches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283817.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 241
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 274
| align=center | 258
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| align=center | 126
| align=center | 126
| 1995–2006
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 96
| align=center | 16
| 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| [[Nurul Hasan]]
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 13
| 2016–2025
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9
| {{sortname|Dhiman|Ghosh}}
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 14
| 2008-2008
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladeshi ODI Records - Wicket-keeper Catches">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career catches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career stumpings ===
Dhoni holds the record for the most [[stumped|stumpings]] in ODIs with 123 followed by Sri Lankans Sangakkara and [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]].<ref name="ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283339.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Stumpings
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 56
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 274
| align=center | 258
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 35
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| align=center | 126
| align=center | 126
| 1995–2006
|-
| align=center| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 5
| {{sortname|Nurul|Hasan}}
| align=center | 13
| align=center | 13
| 2016–2025
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 4
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 18
| align=center | 16
| 2015–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Dhiman|Ghosh}}
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 14
| 2008–2008

|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_stumpings_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most dismissals in an innings ===
Ten wicket-keepers on 15 occasions have taken six dismissals in a single innings in an ODI. [[Adam Gilchrist]] of Australia alone has done it six times.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283803.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

The feat of taking 5 dismissals in an innings has been achieved by 49 wicket-keepers on 87 occasions including 2 Bangladeshis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wicket-keepers who have taken five dismissals in an innings in an ODI |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;qualmax1=5;qualmin1=5;qualval1=fielded_dismissals;template=results;type=fielding;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 5
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|August|12}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|June|18}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=13| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=13| 4
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| rowspan=3|{{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Aga Khan Sports Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1997|October|14}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|July|30}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|4}}
|-
| {{sortname|Dhiman|Ghosh}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|8}}
|-
| rowspan=5|{{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|July|16}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|December|6}}
|-
| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|August|19}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|December|6}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|9}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|June|21}}
|-
| rowspan=3|{{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|September|28}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|January|25}}
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
| [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion]], South Africa
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|March|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 July 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most dismissals in a series ===
Gilchrist also holds the ODIs record for the most dismissals taken by a wicket-keeper in a series. He made 27 dismissals during the [[1998–99 Carlton and United Series|1998–99 Carlton & United Series]]. Bangladeshi record is held by [[Khaled Mashud]] when he made 11 dismissals during the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2006|tour of Zimbabwe in 2006]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283368.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 11
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|2006|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2006]]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 10
| rowspan="5" |{{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 8
| {{sort|2019|[[2019 Cricket World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 3
|[[Sri Lankan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2023–24]]
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 4
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 4
| {{sort|2010|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2010-11]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
| {{sort|2011|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011]]}}
|-
| {{sort|2012|[[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2012-13]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Fielding records==

=== Most career catches ===
[[Caught]] is one of the nine methods a batsman can be [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] in cricket.{{efn|In 2017, ''The Laws of Cricket'' were amended, reducing the methods of dismissals from ten to nine, with [[handled the ball]] now covered as part of [[obstructing the field]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The new cricket rule changes coming into effect from September 28 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20822607/the-new-cricket-rule-changes-coming-effect-september-28 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 September 2017 |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>}} The majority of catches are caught in the [[slip (cricket)|slips]], located behind the batsman, next to the wicket-keeper, on the [[off side]] of the field. Most slip fielders are [[Batting order (cricket)|top order]] batsmen.<ref>{{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Giridhar |first2=V. J. |last2=Raghunath |year=2014 |title=Mid-Wicket Tales: From Trumper to Tendulkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |page=2 |isbn=978-81-321-1738-4 |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Mike |last=Selvey |author-link=Mike Selvey |title=The greatest slip catcher |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/863595/the-greatest-slip-catcher |magazine=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=May 2015 |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

Sri Lanka's [[Mahela Jayawardene]] holds the record for the most catches in ODIs by a non-wicket-keeper with 218, followed by [[Ricky Ponting]] of Australia on 160 and Bangladeshi [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] with 156.[[Mahmudullah]] is the leading catcher for Bangladesh.<ref name="Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283651.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Ct/inn
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 82
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| align=center | 239
| align=center | 238
| align=center | 0.344
| 2007–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 68
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 243
| align=center | 241
| align=center | 0.282
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 61
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 218
| align=center | 0.279
| 2001–2020
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 60
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 245
| align=center | 0.244
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49
| [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 115
| align=center | 114
| align=center | 0.429
| 2017–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="Bangladesh ODI records - Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most catches in an innings ===
South Africa's [[Jonty Rhodes]] is the only fielder to have taken five catches in an innings.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283642.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

The feat of taking 4 catches in an innings has been achieved by 42 fielders on 44 occasions with Somuya Sarkar being the only Bangladesh fielder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fielders who have taken four catches in an innings in an ODI |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;qualmax1=4;qualmin1=4;qualval1=caught;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=fielding;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}}
| {{cr|SCO}}
| [[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|5}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=17| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=17| 3
| {{sortname|Enamul|Haque|dab=cricketer, born 1966}}
| {{cr|KEN}}
| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|May|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Aftab|Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|July|23}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Junaid|Siddique}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|October|11}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|November|5}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|18}}
|-
| {{sortname|Sabbir|Rahman}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|November|11}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|1}}
|-
| {{sortname|Sabbir|Rahman}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|January|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|WIN}}
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], West Indies
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|22}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mehidy|Hasan Miraz}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|December|9}}
|-
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}}
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]], Dublin, Ireland
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SRI}}
| rowspan=2|[[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|July|26}}
|-
| {{sortname|Sabbir|Rahman}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|July|31}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Liton|Das}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|January|20}}
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|March|26}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mehidy|Hasan Miraz}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SL}}
| rowspan=2|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|May|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|May|25}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 25 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most catches in a series ===
The [[2019 Cricket World Cup]], which was won by England for the first time,<ref>{{cite news |title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> saw the record set for the most catches taken by a non-wicket-keeper in an ODI series. Englishman batsman and [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[England cricket team|England Test team]] [[Joe Root]] took 13 catches in the series as well as scored 556 runs.<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 cricket World Cup – Most runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12357;type=tournament |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Soumya Sarkar with 7 catches in the same series is the leading Bangladeshi on this list.<ref name="ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283630.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7
| [[Soumya Sarkar]]
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 8
| [[2019 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6
| [[Sabbir Rahman]]
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 5
|[[2017–18 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series]]
|-
|[[Soumya Sarkar]]
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |6
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
| [[Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Aftab Ahmed]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 9
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 9
| rowspan="2" |[[2007 Cricket World Cup]]
|-
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 14 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==All-round records==
=== 1000 runs and 100 wickets ===
A total of 64 players have achieved the double of 1000 runs and 100 wickets in their ODI career.<ref>{{cite web |title=1000 Runs and 100 Wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282787.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Average difference
! scope=col | Period
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Bat avg
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Bowl avg
|-
| align=center | 1
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}{{dagger}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.76
| 2006–2023
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 7,570
| align=center | 37.29
| align=center | 317
| align=center | 29.52
|-
| align=center | 2
|[[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]{{dagger}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | -10.91
| 2017–2024
| align=center | 100
| align=center | 1,447
| align=center | 24.11
| align=center | 109
| align=center | 35.02
|-
| align="center" | 3
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | -18.80
| 2001–2020
| align="center" | 218
| align="center" | 1,773
| align="center" | 13.85
| align="center" | 269
| align="center" | 32.65
|-
| align="center" | 4
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | -25.23
| 1995–2007
| align="center" | 123
| align="center" | 1,190
| align="center" | 13.52
| align="center" | 119
| align="center" | 38.75
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=1000 Runs and 100 Wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=allround_average;qualmin1=100;qualmin2=1000;qualval1=wickets;qualval2=runs;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=allround |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== 250 runs and 5 wickets in a series ===
A total of 50 players on 103 occasions have achieved the double of 250 runs and 5 wickets in a series.<ref>{{cite web |title=250 Runs and 5 Wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;qualmin1=250;qualmin2=5;qualval1=runs;qualval2=wickets;size=200;template=results;type=allround;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Series
|-
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}{{Dagger}}
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 606
| align=center | 11
| {{sort|2019|[[2019 Cricket World Cup]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 14 March 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=250 Runs and 5 Wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;qualmin1=250;qualmin2=5;qualval1=runs;qualval2=wickets;size=200;team=25;template=results;type=allround;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Other records==
=== Most career matches ===
India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] holds the record for the most ODI matches played with 463, with former captains [[Mahela Jayawardene]] and [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] being second and third having represented Sri Lanka on 443 and 441 occasions, respectively. Mushfiqur Rahim is the most experienced Bangladeshi player having represented the team on 272 occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/223375.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wkts
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 274
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| align=center | 7,795
| align=center | -
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 247
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| align=center | 7,570
| align=center | 317
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 243
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| align=center | 8,357
| align=center | -
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 239
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| align=center | 5,689
| align=center | 82
| 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 218
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| align=center | 1,773
| align=center | 269
| 2001–2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most consecutive career matches ===
Tendulkar also holds the record for the most consecutive ODI matches played with 185. He broke [[Richie Richardson]]'s long standing record of 132 matches.<ref name="Most consecutive career matches">{{cite news |title=Most Consecutive ODI matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/128609.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 92
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| 2010–2016
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 85
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}
| 2007–2010
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 78
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| 2008–2012
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 74
| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|dab=cricketer}}
| 2006–2008
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 71
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}}
| 2007–2010
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Most consecutive career matches"/>
|}

=== Most matches as captain ===
{{see also|List of Bangladesh national cricket captains}}
[[Ricky Ponting]], who led the Australian cricket team from 2002 to 2012, holds the record for the most matches played as captain in ODIs with 230 (including 1 as captain of ICC World XI team). [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] has led Bangladesh in 88 matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most matches as captain |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283747.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! Won
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! Win %
! Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| 50
| 36
| 0
| 2
| 58.13
| 2010–2020
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 69
| {{sortname|Habibul|Bashar}}
| 29
| 40
| 0
| 0
| 42.02
| 2004–2007
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| 27
| 34
| 0
| 1
| 43.54
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}}
| 8
| 30
| 0
| 0
| 21.05
| 2007–2009
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 37
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| 21
| 14
| 0
| 2
| 60.00
| 2019–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| 11
| 24
| 0
| 2
| 31.42
| 2011–2014
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Most matches as captain for Bangladesh in ODIs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-most-matches-as-captain/bangladesh-25/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most matches won as a captain ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! Won
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! Win %
! Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 50
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| 88
| 36
| 0
| 2
| 58.13
| 2010–2020
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29
| {{sortname|Habibul|Bashar}}
| 69
| 40
| 0
| 0
| 42.02
| 2004–2007
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| 62
| 34
| 0
| 1
| 44.26
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| 37
| 14
| 0
| 2
| 60.00
| 2019–2023
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}
| 37
| 24
| 0
| 2
| 31.42
| 2011–2014
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most matches won as a captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most man of the match awards====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.M. awards
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| align=center | 247
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| align=center | 243
| 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| align=center | 218
| 2001–2020
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 10
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| align=center | 274
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 105
| 2017–2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most man of the match awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_match;team=25;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most man of the series awards====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.S. awards
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| align=center | 247
| 2006–2023
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| align=center | 243
| 2007–2023
|-
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| align=center | 274
| 2006–2025
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| [[Shahriar Nafees]]
| align=center | 75
| 2005–2011
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 2
| [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 46
| 2018–2024
|-
| [[Abdur Razzak]]
| align=center | 153
| 2004–2014
|-
| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
| align=center | 218
| 2001–2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Most man of the series awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_series;team=25;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Youngest players on debut ===
The youngest player to play in an ODI match is claimed to be [[Hasan Raza (cricketer, born 1982)|Hasan Raza]] at the age of 14 years and 233 days. Making his debut for Pakistan [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 1996–97|against Zimbabwe]] on 30 October 1996, there is some doubt as to the validity of Raza's age at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=A late starter |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149397.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> The youngest Bangladeshi to play ODIs was [[Mohammad Sharif (cricketer)|Mohammad Sharif]] who at the age of 15 years and 116 days debuted in the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2000-01|first ODI of the series]] against Zimbabwe in April 2001.<ref name="ODI matches Youngest Debutant">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Youngest players |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283711.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|15 years and 116 days}}
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Sharif|dab=cricketer}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|April|7}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|16 years and 278 days}}
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|April|11}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|16 years and 287 days}}
| {{sortname|Talha|Jubair}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|September|23}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|16 years and 343 days}}
| {{sortname|Nazmul|Hossain}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], Birmingham, England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|September|12}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|17 years and 307 days}}
| {{sortname|Hasibul|Hossain}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1995|April|6}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 1 July 2020<ref name="ODI matches Youngest Debutant" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Bangladesh - ODI Records - Youngest Players on debut |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest players on debut ===
The Netherlands batsmen [[Nolan Clarke]] is the oldest player to appear in an ODI match. Playing in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] against New Zealand in 1996 at [[Reliance Stadium]] in [[Vadodara]], Bangladesh he was aged 47 years and 240 days. [[Jahangir Shah]] is the oldest Bangladeshi ODI debutant when he played Bangladesh's first ever ODI during the [[1986 Asia Cup]] at the [[Tyronne Fernando Stadium]], [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka.<ref name="Oldest players on debut">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Oldest debutants |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283461.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|36 years and 255 days}}
| {{sortname|Jahangir|Shah}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|PAK}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Tyronne Fernando Stadium]], [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1986|March|31}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|33 years and 89 days}}
| {{sortname|Raqibul|Hasan|Raqibul Hasan (cricketer, born 1953)}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|32 years and 216 days}}
| [[Rony Talukdar]]
|{{Cr|IRE}}
|[[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Cricket Ground]], Chelmsford, England
|{{Dts|2023|05|14|format=dmy}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|32 years and 118 days}}
| [[Samiur Rahman]]
|{{Cr|PAK}}
| [[De Soysa Stadium|Tyronne Fernando Stadium]], [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1986|03|31}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|31 years and 3 days}}
| [[Khaled Ahmed]]
|{{Cr|NZ}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|09|23}}
|-
|
|
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref name="Oldest players on debut" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Bangladesh - ODI Records - Oldest Players on debut |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest players ===
The Netherlands batsmen [[Nolan Clarke]] is the oldest player to appear in an ODI match. Playing in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] against South Africa in 1996 at [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan he was aged 47 years and 257 days.<ref name="Oldest players">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Oldest players |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283723.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|40 years and 283 days}}
| {{sortname|Jahangir|Shah}}
| rowspan=3|{{cr|NZ}}
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1990|April|28}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|39 years and 20 days}}
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}}
| rowspan=2|[[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|February|24}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|37 years and 291 days}}
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|36 years and 227 days}}
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| {{cr|SL}}
| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], Delhi, India
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|6}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|36 years and 153 days}}
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|6}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 6 March 2025<ref name="Oldest players" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=2;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=25;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Bangladesh - ODI Records - Oldest Players on debut |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership records==
In cricket, two batsmen are always present at the [[Crease (cricket)|crease]] batting together in a partnership. This partnership will continue until one of them is [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]], [[Substitute (cricket)#Retired hurt (or not out)|retires]] or the innings comes to a close.

===Highest partnerships by wicket===
A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls. The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls. The second wicket partnership then commences between the [[not out]] batsman and the number three batsman. This partnership continues until the second wicket falls. The third wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the new batsman. This continues down to the tenth wicket partnership. When the tenth wicket has fallen, there is no batsman left to partner so the innings is closed.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
! align=center | {{sort|01|1st wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 292
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}{{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|6}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1214669.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|02|2nd wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 220
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}}{{dagger}}
| rowspan=2| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|October|26}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1153637.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|03|3rd wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 202
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}}{{dagger}}
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|25}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1299830.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|04|4th wicket}}
| scope=row style="text-align:center;" | 189*
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}{{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Litton|Das}}{{dagger}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[County Ground, Taunton|The Cooper Associates County Ground]], [[Taunton]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|June|17}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1144505.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|05|5th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 224
| [[Mahmudullah]]{{dagger}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|9}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1022363.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|06|6th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 154
| {{sortname|Jaker|Ali}}
| {{sortname|Towhid|Hridoy}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|20}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1153252.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|07|7th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 174*
| {{sortname|Afif|Hossain}}{{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Mehidy|Hasan}}{{dagger}}
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|23}}
| [https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scores/43951/ban-vs-afg-1st-odi-afghanistan-tour-of-bangladesh-2022 Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|08|8th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 92
| {{sortname|Tanzim|Hasan Sakib}}
| [[Mahmudullah]]
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre|Bassterre]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]]
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|13}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1153844.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|09|9th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 97
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}{{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Mashrafe|Mortaza}}{{dagger}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]], Pakistan
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|16}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/343762.html Scorecard]
|-
! align=center | {{sort|10|10th wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 54*
| {{sortname|Khaled|Mashud}}
| {{sortname|Tapash|Baisya}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|August|31}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/217647.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 23 February 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |title=Records / Bangladesh / Highest Partnership by Wicket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships by runs===
The highest ODI partnership by runs for any wicket is held by the West Indian pairing of [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Marlon Samuels]] who put together a second wicket partnership of 372 runs during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] against Zimbabwe in February 2015. This broke the record of 331 runs set by Indian pair of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] against New Zealand [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1999-2000|in 1999]]<ref>{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283574.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
! scope=col | Scorecard
|-
| align=center | {{sort|01|1st wicket}}
! scope=col style=text-align:center; | 292
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} {{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}} {{dagger}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|6}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1214669.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|05|5th wicket}}
! scope=col style=text-align:center; | 224
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}} {{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
| [[SWALEC Stadium]], [[Cardiff]], England
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|June|9}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1022363.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|02|2nd wicket}}
! scope=col style=text-align:center; | 220
| {{sortname|Imrul|Kayes}}
| {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}} {{dagger}}
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|October|26}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1153637.html Scorecard]
|-
! scope=col style=text-align:center; | 207
| {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}} {{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], West Indies
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|22}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1146720.html Scorecard]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|04|4th wicket}}
! scope=col style=text-align:center; | 202
| {{sortname|Liton|Das}} {{dagger}}
| {{sortname|Mushfiqur|Rahim}} {{dagger}}
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|25}} {{double-dagger}}
| [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Bangladesh/engine/match/1299830.html Scorecard]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 25 February 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ODI Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=2;id=25;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest overall partnership runs by a pair===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Runs
! scope="col" | Innings
! scope="col" | Players
! scope="col" | Highest
! scope="col" | Average
! scope="col" | 100/50
! scope="col" | Career span
|-
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope="row" | 3,545
| 97 || [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] & [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 148 || 38.95 || 7/20 || 2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope="row" | 2,574
| 72 || [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] & [[Mahmudullah]] || 141 || 39.00 || 4/19 || 2008–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope="row" | 2,294
| 50 || [[Shakib Al Hasan]] & [[Tamim Iqbal]] || 207 || 47.79 || 3/17 || rowspan=2|2007–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope-"row" | 2,008
| 50 || [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] & [[Tamim Iqbal]]{{dagger}} || 178 || 43.65 || 5/9
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope="row" | 1,927
| 62 || [[Imrul Kayes]] & [[Tamim Iqbal]] || 147 || 31.08 || 2/10 || 2008–2018
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=9 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 14 November 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=fow_runs;team=25;template=results;type=fow |title=Records–One-Day Internationals–Partnership records–Highest overall partnership runs by a pair–ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Umpiring records==
===Most matches umpired===
An [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] in cricket is a person who officiates the match according to the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. Two umpires adjudicate the match on the field, whilst a [[third umpire]] has access to video replays, and a [[fourth umpire]] looks after the match balls and other duties. The records below are only for on-field umpires.

[[Rudi Koertzen]] of South Africa holds the record for the most ODI matches umpired with 209. The current active [[Aleem Dar]] is currently at 208 matches. They are followed by New Zealand's [[Billy Bowden]] who officiated in 200 matches. The most experienced Bangladeshi is [[Sharfuddoula|Sharfuddoula Saikat]] who stood in 67 ODI matches.<ref name="umpires">{{cite news |title=ODI Records – Most matches umpired |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283784.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Umpire
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 72
| {{sortname|Sharfuddoula|}}
| 2010–2025
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 54
| {{sortname|Enamul|Haque|dab=cricketer, born 1966}}
| 2006–2015
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| {{sortname|Nadir|Shah|dab=umpire}}
| 2006–2011
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Mahbubur|Rahman|dab=umpire}}
| 2002–2006
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|A. F. M. |Akhtaruddin}}
| 2001–2006
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 13 March 2026<ref name="umpires"/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]
*[[List of Bangladesh Test cricket records]]
*[[List of Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricket records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket records}}
{{Cricket in Bangladesh}}

[[Category:One Day International cricket records]]
[[Category:Bangladesh cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi cricket records and statistics]]

Raghuraj Singh of Rewa

2026-03-23T16:57:51Z

Mittie94U89577: added new bio

{{Short description|Maharaja of Rewah from 1854 to 1880}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = HH Maharaja Raghuraj Singh
| image = Maharaja of Rewa in 1877.jpg
| succession = Maharaja of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]
| reign = 12 October 1854 – 5 February 1880
| predecessor = Maharaja Vishwanath Singh
| successor = Sir Venkat Raman Ramanuj Prasad Singh Ju Deo
| birth_date = 1831
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Photograph of Maharaja Raghuraj Singh of Rewa, by Bourne & Shepherds, ca.1876
| birth_place = Rewa Fort, [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1880|2|5|1831}}
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]
| father = Maharaja Vishwanath Singh
| dynasty = [[Vaghela dynasty|Baghel dynasty]]
}}

'''HH Maharaja Raghuraj Singh''' (1831 – 5 Feb 1888) was the ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] in the [[British India|British Empire of India]] from 1854 until his death in 1878.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rewa – The Baghel Dynasty Genealogy |url=https://www.royalark.net/India/rewa5.htm |website=Royal Ark |publisher=Christopher Buyers |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Maharaja Raghuraj Singh succeeded his father, Maharaja Vishwanath Singh as the ruler of the [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa State]] on 12 October 1854. His coronation was attended by British Lieutenant General Hamilton. Raghuraj Singh was proficient in [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[English language|English]], and was interested in various forms of recreation, including [[chess]].

Like his father, he was religious and authored several works of devotional literature, including ''Ram Rasikavali''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramrasikavali 1952 (Vol. 1) by Raghuraj Singh Judeo |url=https://archive.org/details/Ramrasikavali01 |website=Internet Archive |date=1952 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> and ''Sri Ram Swayambar'',<ref>{{cite web |title=रामस्वयंवर : Maharaj Raghuraj Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.540879 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Digital Library of India |date=1890 |language=Hindi |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> which continue to be recited by Hindu priests in [[Vrindavan]] during ''satsangs''. He was also recognised by the Mithilacharyas of [[Ayodhya]] for his literary contributions. During a visit to [[Jagannath Puri]], he composed ''Jagdeesh Shatak''. Under his reign, ''Laxmanbagh'' was designated as the ''Rajguru Ashram'', and a temple dedicated to [[Lakshmana]] was established under the guidance of Swami Mukundacharya. Anyone entering his court was required to wear the Vaishnava [[Urdhva Pundra]] tilak, as evident in contemporary photographs.

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Raghuraj Singh assisted the [[British Raj]] in suppressing uprisings in the neighbouring regions of [[Mandla]], [[Jabalpur]], and [[Nagod]] (now part of [[Satna district]]). In recognition of this support, the British restored the parganas of [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]] (present-day [[Shahdol district]]) and [[Amarkantak]] to Rewa, territories that had been seized by the [Maratha Empire] earlier in the century. Some historical accounts suggest that, while publicly cooperating with the British, he also privately supported elements of the independence movement. Figures such as Thakur Ranmat Singh and Lal Shyamshah, associated with this cause, are recorded to have resisted British authority.

In 1862, a British government agency was established in Rewa but was soon dissolved at the request of the Maharaja. In 1864, he was conferred the title of [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI), and was later elevated to [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI). In 1870, the British established the [[Baghelkhand Agency]] to manage administrative affairs in the region.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Royal Collection Trust. Royal Household|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2701708/lt-col-hh-maharaja-sir-raghuraj-singh-ju-deo-bahadur-maharaja-of-rewa-1823-80 |website=Royal Collection Trust |publisher=Royal Household |date=1875–76 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Maharaja rewapalace govindgarh1870.jpg|thumb|Govindgarh Palace in 1870]]
During his rule, the settlement of [[Govindgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Govindgarh]] was founded, and a large reservoir named ''Vishwanath Sagar'' was excavated. He commissioned the construction of the [[Govindgarh Palace]], located on an island in the middle of Govindgarh Lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govindgarh Palace Is Testament To Rewa In Madhya Pradesh In 2025 |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/govindgarh-palace/ |website=TravelTriangle |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> Govindgarh became noted for its diverse varieties of mangoes.

== Honours ==
* Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (KSI) (10 December 1864), GCSI 24 May 1866.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Vaghela dynasty|Baghel dynasty]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]|1831|}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=Maharaja Raghuraj Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maharaja of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]
|years=1854–1880}}
{{s-aft|after=Sir Venkat Raman Ramanuj Prasad Singh Ju Deo}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Maharajas]]
[[Category:Indian maharajas]]
[[Category:Rulers in Asia]]
[[Category:Rulers]]

Karim Shahabuddin

2026-03-22T14:10:53Z

Mittie94U89577: adding new post

{{Short description| Pakistani musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Karim Shahabuddin
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Karim_Shahabuddin.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{nastaliq|کریم شہاب الدین}}
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[British India]]
| origin = [[Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[United States]]
| genre = [[Film score]]
| website =
| occupations = Music director
| years_active = 1964 – 1978
}}
'''''Karim Shahabuddin''''' was a Pakistani music director who scored music in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]] films in the late 60s and early 70s. He is known for composing the song, "''Dekha Na Tha Kabhi Hum Ne Ye Samaan''" (vocalized by [[Alamgir (singer)|Alamgir]] and [[Nahid Akhtar]]) for the 1978 release film, ''Bobby And Julie''.

==Early life==
Shahabuddin was born into a business family in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. His family migrated to [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]] in 1960s. Shahabuddin married Malak Karim Shahabuddin. She resided in both Atlanta, GA and Naperville, IL before passing away on March 2nd, 2026. Shahabuddin, an Ismaili, met and performed for Shah Karim Aga Khan IV in his earlier years.

==Career==
===Film===
''Shahabuddin'' started his career as a music director with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movies from [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]]. His first [[Urdu]] film "''Ye Bhi Ek Kahani''" was released in 1964. His first breakthrough was film "''Chand Aur Chandini''" (1968) and all the songs composed by Shahabuddin for the move became very popular; "''Ay Jahan, Ab Hay Manzil Kahan, Chhut Geya Hamsafar, Kho Geya Karwan'' (Singer: [[Ahmad Rushdi]]), " ''Jan-e-Tamana, Khat Hay Tumhara, Pyar Bhara Afsana'' (Singer: Ahmad Rushdi), "''Teri Yaad Aa Geyi, Gham Khushi Mein Dhall Geye''" (Singer: [[Masood Rana]]), to mention a few. Shahabuddin's last film in East Pakistan was, "''Payal''" (1970). 
After the separation of [[East Pakistan]], Shahabuddin came to [[Lahore]] and got a chance to compose music for an action [[Lollywood]] movie, "Inteqaam Ke Sholay" (1976), but its music went unnoticed. Then in 1978, he signed a movie, "Sharmeeli" as a music director and composed a very popular song, "Jee Rahay Hein Hum Tanha" (vocalized by [[A. Nayyar]]) for the movie. In the same year, he gave music for a movie, "Bobby And Jollie". The film was a flop show, but its songs became super hit, especially the song, "''Dekha Na Tha Kabhi Hum Ne Ye Samaan''" (Singers: [[Alamgir (singer)|Alamgir]] and [[Naheed Akhtar]]) became an iconic Pakistani music history.<ref name="duniya sunday mag">{{cite web |title=کریم شہاب الدین۔۔۔ ایک شاندار موسیقار |url=https://mag.dunya.com.pk/demo.php/mutafariq/3804/2021-10-03 |website=Duniya Magazine |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="express">{{cite web |title=دلکش دھنوں کا خالق ، کریم شہاب الدین |url=https://www.express.pk/story/1491941/268/ |website=express.com |date=5 January 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> 
Apart from films, Shahabuddin also did some private albums and composed flight music for the [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In transit: A brief history of PIA's in-flight music |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1469400 |website=Dawn |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>

===Television===
In the later years of 1970s, Shahabuddin joined Pakistan television [[Karachi]]. For many years, he composed background music for [[Tariq Aziz (TV personality)|Tariq Aziz]]'s popular TV show "[[Neelam Ghar]]". He arranged music for the [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] awards show in 1980.<ref name="nawai waqt">{{cite web |title=میٹھی دھنیں بنانے والے فلم ، ٹی وی اور ریڈیو کے موسیقار کریم شہاب الدین |url=https://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/08-May-2018/821251 |website=Nawai Waqt |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* 1964: ''Yeh Bhi Ek Kahani'' (Urdu)
* 1968: ''Chand Aur Chandni'' (Urdu)
* 1968: ''Jungli Phool'' (Urdu)
* 1968: ''Gori'' (Urdu)
* 1969: ''Bijli'' (Urdu)
* 1969: ''Mukti'' (Bengali)
* 1970: ''Bablu'' (Bengali)
* 1970: ''Payel'' (Urdu)
* 1970: ''Nupur'' (Bengali dubbed)
* 1972: ''Chhondo Hariye Gelo'' (Bengali)
* 1976: ''Inteqam Kay Sholay'' (Urdu)
* 1978: ''Sharmili'' (Urdu)
* 1978: ''Bobby And Julie'' (Urdu)
* Unreleased: ''Aadhi Larki'' (Urdu)

==Popular compositions==
Shahabuddin composed 58 songs in 9 films:
* 1968 (Film: Chand Aur Chandni): ''Jan-e-Tamana, Khat Hay Tumhara, Pyar Bhara Afsana'' ... Singer(s): [[Ahmad Rushdi]], Poet: Suroor Barabankvi
* 1968 (Film: Chand Aur Chandni): ''Teri Yaad Aa Geyi, Gham Khushi Mein Dhall Geye'' ... Singer(s): [[Masood Rana]], Poet: Suroor Barabankvi
* 1968 (Film: Chand Aur Chandni): ''Tujhay Pyar Ki Qasm Hay, Mera Pyar Ban Kay Aa Ja'' ... Singer(s): [[Masood Rana]]/[[Mala Begum]], Poet: Suroor Barabankvi
* 1968 (Film: Chand Aur Chandni): ''Yeh Samaa, Mouj Ka Karwan, Aaj A Hamsafar, Lay Chala Hay'' ... Singer(s): [[Mala Begum]]/[[Masood Rana]], Poet: Suroor Barabankvi
* 1978 (Film: Bobby And Julie): ''Dekha Na Tha Kabhi Hum Ne Yeh Samaa'' ... Singer(s): [[Alamgir Haq|Alamgir]]/[[Naheed Akhtar]], Poet: Adeem Hashmi
* 1978 (Film: Bobby And Julie): ''Baharen, Teray Aanay Say'' ... Singer: [[Alamgir Haq|Alamgir]], Poet: Adeem Hashmi
* 1978 (Film: Sharmili): ''Jee Rahay Hayn Ham Tanha Aur Tera Gham Tanha'' ... Singer(s): [[A. Nayyar]], Poet: Younis Hamdam

==Death==
In the later years of his life, Shahabuddin had moved to U.S along with his family and died at Grady Hospital in Atlanta, GA.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahabuddin, Karim}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Pakistani composers]]
[[Category:Pakistani film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]

Vainu Bappu Observatory

2026-03-21T17:55:07Z

Mittie94U89577: fix details as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox observatory
| name = Vainu Bappu Observatory
| image = 93-inch telescope seen from the 40-inch telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory.JPG
| caption = The 2.1-meter telescope seen from the 1-meter telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory
| organization = Indian Institute of Astrophysics
| location = [[Kavalur]], [[Vaniyambadi|Vaniyambadi Taluk]], [[Tirupathur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| altitude = 700 meters (2,297 feet)
| weather =
| established = 1986
| telescope1_name = Vainu Bappu Telescope
| telescope1_type = 2.3 meter reflector
| telescope2_name = [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss]] telescope
| telescope2_type = 1 meter reflector
| telescope3_name =
| telescope3_type =
}}

[[File:40-inch telescope building at Vainu Bappu Observatory.JPG|thumb|1-meter telescope building at Vainu Bappu Observatory]]
[[File:15-inch telescope seen from the 40-inch telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory.JPG|thumb|38-centimeter telescope seen from the 1-meter telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory]]
The '''Vainu Bappu Observatory''' is an [[astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] owned and operated by the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]. It is located at [[Kavalur]] in the [[Javadi Hills]], near [[Tirupathur district|Vaniyambadi]] in [[Tirupathur district]], [[Vellore]] region in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is 200 km south-west of [[Chennai]] and 175 km south-east of [[Bengaluru]].

==History==
The Vainu Bappu Observatory of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics traces its origin back to 1786 when [[William Petrie]] set up his private observatory at his garden house at Egmore, Madras, which eventually came to be known as the Madras Observatory. Later it was moved to Kodaikanal and functioned there as the [[Kodaikanal Observatory]] since 1899.<ref name=Vellore>{{cite web|title=Vainu Bappu Observatory|url=http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/Research%20Institiute/kavalur.htm|website=Vellore District Website|publisher=Vellore District Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222024358/http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/Research%20Institiute/kavalur.htm|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, Kodaikanal had very few nights available for observation and hence astronomers searched for a new site after India's independence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajan|first1=Mohan Sundara|title=Scanning the sky from Kavalur|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/bitstream/2248/1012/1/IF2.2.pdf|access-date=28 August 2014|work=The Hindu|date=12 February 1978}}</ref> [[Vainu Bappu|M.K. Vainu Bappu]] who took over as the director of the Kodaikanal Observatory in 1960, found a sleepy little hamlet called Kavalur in the Javadi Hills as a suitable site for establishing optical telescopes for observing celestial objects. This came to be known as Kavalur Observatory.<ref name=Vellore />

Observations began in 1968 with a 38 cm telescope made in the backyard of the Kodaikanal Observatory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kavalur comes of age|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/bitstream/2248/1008/1/IF1.2.pdf|access-date=28 August 2014|work=The Times of India|date=20 January 1986}}</ref>

==Location==

Kavalur observatory is located in Kavalur in the Javadi Hills in Alangayam. The Kavalur Observatory is located in a 40-hectare forest land in Tamil Nadu which is strewn with a variety of greenery of tropical region besides a number of medicinal plants with an occasional appearance of some wildlife like deer, snakes and scorpions. Several varieties of birds have also been spotted in the campus. The observatory is at an altitude of 725m above mean sea level (longitude 78° 49.6' E ; latitude 12° 34.6' N). Apart from being reasonably away from city lights and industrial areas, the location has been chosen in order to be closer to the earth's equator for covering both northern and southern hemispheres with equal ease. In addition, its longitudinal position is such that it is the only major astronomical facility between Australia and South Africa for observing the southern objects.<ref name=Vellore />

==Initial setup==
The first telescope was of 38 cm (15-inch) aperture, with which astronomical observations were started in 1968 at Kavalur Observatory. The 75 cm (30-inch) telescope has been completely designed and fabricated at the workshops of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. In 1972 a 1-metre (40-inch) telescope made by Carl Zeiss Jena was installed at Kavalur.<ref name=Vellore />

==2.3-metre Vainu Bappu Telescope==
Vainu Bappu started the 2.3-metre (93-inch) aperture telescope, designed and built within the country. Bappu died in 1982 and would not see the completion of the telescope.<ref name=Vellore /> On 6 January 1986, the observatory was renamed as Vainu Bappu Observatory and the 2.3-metre telescope as Vainu Bappu Telescope.<ref name=Vellore /> The telescope is so powerful that it can easily resolve a 25 paise coin kept forty kilometres away. Deep sky observations are carried out with this telescope using a variety of focal plane instruments. The equatorially mounted horse-shoe-yoke structure of the telescope is ideally suited for low latitudes and permits easy observation near the north celestial pole. The telescope has a F/3.25 paraboloid primary of 2.3 m diameter with the prime focus image scale of 27 arcsec/mm and a Cassegrain focus image scale of 6.7 arcsec/mm. This telescope has been operated as a national facility and attracts proposals from all over the country and sometimes from outside India.<ref name=Vellore />

==Equipment==
The observatory is home to the Vainu Bappu Telescope, the largest telescope in Asia until a 3.6-meter telescope was set up at Devasthal, Nainital, by ARIES. It has a diameter of 2.3 meters and was first used in 1986. Along with the Vainu Bappu telescope, the observatory has two other telescopes: A 1-meter Zeiss manufactured and another 75-centimeter Cassegrain reflector currently being refurbished. The observatory also has a [[Fabry–Pérot interferometer]].
* Technical details
** Primary mirror diameter: 234 cm
** Prime focus: f/3.25 with a scale of 27".1/mm
** Cassegrain focus: f/13 with a scale of 6".8/mm
** Guiding: remote, manual guiding
* Instruments available
** At PRIME focus:
*** Imaging camera with a 3-element Wynne corrector
*** High-resolution Echelle spectrograph
* Detector
** 4096×4096 pixels TEK CCD, with a pixel size of 12 micrometres
** At CASSEGRAIN focus:
*** Medium-resolution [[spectropolarimeter]]
*** Medium-resolution Optometrics Research spectrograph (OMRS)
* Detector
** 1024×1024 pixels TEK CCD, with a pixel size of 24 micrometres

==Discoveries==
The 1-metre telescope is associated with two unique discoveries in the [[Solar System]]. In 1972, atmosphere was detected around [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carlson|first1=R W|title=An atmosphere on Ganymede from its occultation of SAO 186800 on 7 June 1972|journal=Science|date=Sep 1973|volume=182|issue=4107|pages=53–55|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/handle/2248/4602|access-date=26 August 2014|doi=10.1126/science.182.4107.53|pmid=17829812|bibcode = 1973Sci...182...53C }}</ref> and in the year 1977, participated in the observations that confirmed rings were discovered around the planet [[Uranus]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=J C|title=Discovery of a New Satellite of Uranus|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|date=Mar 1977|volume=5|issue=1|page=19|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/handle/2248/503|access-date=26 August 2014|bibcode = 1977BASI....5...19B }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ringed Uranus Confirmed|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/bitstream/2248/1059/1/E7.2.pdf|access-date=26 August 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Deccan Herald|date=28 April 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=J C|title=The rings of Uranus: story of its discovery|journal=Aakash Journal of the Indian Astronomical Society|date=1980|volume=1|issue=2|pages=10–15}}</ref> In 1984, Kavalur reported the discovery of a thin outer [[Planetary ring|ring]] around [[Saturn]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vasundhara|first1=R|title=Possible Detection of a Ring System in Saturn's Magnetosphere|journal=Nature|date=Dec 1984|volume=312|issue=5995|pages=621–623|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/handle/2248/3788|access-date=26 August 2014|doi=10.1038/312621a0|bibcode = 1984Natur.312..621V |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 17 February 1988, a new minor planet was discovered using the 45 cm [[Schmidt telescope]]. It has been named [[4130 Ramanujan]] after the Indian mathematical genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. This is the first such discovery from [[India]] in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rajamohan|first1=R|title=Discovery of asteroid number 4130|journal=Current Science|date=Sep 1989|volume=58|issue=18|page=998|url=http://prints.iiap.res.in/handle/2248/3975|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

==Scientific activities==
Front-line research is being carried out with the help of the optical telescopes at Vainu Bappu Observatory using several focal plane instrumentational facilities. The ongoing programmes include observations of [[star]]s, [[star clusters]], [[nova]]e, [[supernovae]], [[blazars]], [[galaxies]], optical imaging of [[gamma-ray]] burst fields, stellar populations, solar system objects and many others.

The telescopes at the observatory had started with relatively modest [[focal plane]] instruments and later on graduated to more sophisticated ones. These include cameras for fast photography, [[photoelectric]] [[photometer]]s, a single-channel photoelectric spectrum scanner, a medium resolution [[spectrograph]], a [[quartz-prism]] calibration spectrograph, [[infrared]] photometer, image tube spectrograph, a Universal Astronomical Grating Spectrograph (UAGS from [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]]), high-resolution echelle spectrograph and a [[polarimeter]]. Photographic plates were the principal detectors in the early days. Presently the [[charge-coupled device]]s (CCD) have replaced the photographic plates. Some micro-processor-controlled photon counting systems were designed and fabricated which have been used in a variety of observational projects. A fibre linked echelle spectrograph is under construction.

On campus maintenance facilities like aluminising plants for coating the telescope mirrors, mechanical and electrical workshops, electronics labs, along with a [[liquid nitrogen]] plant are at hand for the smooth functioning of the observatory. Highly advanced technical facilities like SUN workstations are available at the telescopes for handling the CCD data, along with specialised data reduction packages such as IRAF, STSDAS and DAOPHOT. Communication facilities, like e-mail via VSAT satellite connection, are available for all users for the telescopes.

A programme of ultraflow dispersion spectroscopy was successfully used to survey stars in the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] (LMC). Of the ten supernovae observed so far, SN1987A in LMC was observed in great detail using the 1 m and the 75 cm telescopes despite its low elevation in the southern sky, proving the worth of the geographic location of Kavalur. In fact the observations of the supernova were started within 48 hours of the discovery.

Observational studies of evolved stars, in particular studies related to their evolutionary aspects, carried out at this observatory, have received critical acclaim and international recognition. The observational facilities at this Observatory have yielded many PhD theses for the scholars of the Institute as well as of other institutes and universities in the country.

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]
* [[Nizamia observatory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.iiap.res.in/vbo.htm The Vainu Bappu Observatory]
* [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~astro/vbo.html Trip to the Vainu Bappu Observatory at Kavalur]
{{Commons category}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}

[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirupathur district]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tirupathur district]]

Satyavan Savitri

2026-03-20T14:16:41Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyavan Savitri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
| producer = [[Phalke Films]]<ref name="imdb-savitri" />
| released = {{Film date|1914}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Silent Film]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Satyavan Savitri''''' (Marathi: सत्यवान सावित्री) is a 1914<ref name="imdb-savitri">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253644/ |title=Satyavan Savitri |publisher=IMDb |accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indian [[silent film]], directed and produced by Indian icon [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]. It was the second feature film created by Phalke.

==Overview==
The film is based on the '[[Savitri and Satyavan]]' story appearing in the 'Book of Forest' of the ''[[Mahabharat]]''.
This movie was also referenced in the movie ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''. A scene portraying the advertising campaign for this film is shown
Rajkumar Chaudhary

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Savitri and Satyavan}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:1914 films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1914 lost films]]
[[Category:1914 Indian films]]

{{India-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}
{{Silent-film-stub}}

Swarup Nayak

2026-03-15T05:08:34Z

Mittie94U89577: Put Up Stub

{{Short description|Indian Odiyaan musician and lyricist (1947–2023)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Swarup Nayak.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1947|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|10|27|1947|02|08}}
| death_place = Kataka, Odisha, India
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| known_for = Musician, singer, lyricist, actor
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Niharika Sahu
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = Sarada Prasanna Naik (Brother) [[Parbati Ghose]] (Sister)
| awards = [[Odisha State Film Awards]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Swarup Nayak''' ({{IPA|or|suɔrupɔ najɔkɔ||LL-Q33810 (ori)-Sangram Keshari Senapati (Ssgapu22)-ସ୍ଵରୂପ ନାୟକ.wav}}; 8 February 1947 – 27 October 2023) was an Indian Odiyaan musician, lyricist, screen singer and actor. His film industry career began when he acted as a child in film ''[[Jayadeb]]'' in 1962.

== Biography ==
Swarup Nayak was born in Cuttack on 8 February 1947.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/040116/p11.htm|title=ସ୍ୱରୂପ ନାୟକ: ଅଭିନେତାରୁ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକ|date=4 January 2016|newspaper=ଧରିତ୍ରୀ ୦୪/୦୧/୨୦୧୬, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର ସଂସ୍କରଣ (ପୃଷ୍ଠା ୧୧)|accessdate=27 June 2022}}</ref> Odia actress [[Parbati Ghose]] is his sister and Odia lyricist Sarada Prasanna Naik is their brother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/sep/10/from-laxmi-to-sansara-nayak-created-a-huge-cinematic-canvas-2194946.html|title=From ‘Laxmi’ to ‘Sansara’, Nayak created a huge cinematic canvas|date=10 September 2020|newspaper=The New Indian Express|accessdate=28 October 2023}}</ref>
==Death==
Nayak died from cancer at a private hospital in [[Cuttack]], on 27 October 2023, at the age of 76.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vikash |date=27 October 2023 |title=Odia music director Swarup Nayak passes away after battle with cancer |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/odia-music-director-swarup-nayak-passes-away-after-battle-with-cancer-218591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123034/https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/odia-music-director-swarup-nayak-passes-away-after-battle-with-cancer-218591#google_vignette |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=OdishaTV |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdbname|3376661}}
* [http://odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=2&second=Swarup%20Nayak odiamusic.comରେ ସ୍ୱରୂପଙ୍କ ଗୀତ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025152309/http://odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=2&second=Swarup%20Nayak |date=2011-10-25 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Swarup}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]

Jehangir Choudhary

2026-03-14T18:19:54Z

Mittie94U89577: adding info

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jehangir Choudhary
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| parents =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| website =
}}

'''Jehangir Choudhary''' is an Indian cinematographer who works predominantly in Hindi-language films. He received the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] for his work on [[Holi (1984 film)|''Holi'']] in 1984.

He has collaborated on multiple projects with directors such as [[Shyam Benegal]] ([[Yatra (1986 TV series)|''Yatra TV series'']]), [[Ketan Mehta]] ([[Holi (1984 film)|''Holi'']], ''[[Mirch Masala]]'', ''[[Hero Hiralal]]''), and actor/filmmaker [[Kamal Haasan]] (''[[Chachi 420]]'').{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

He has also worked with noted filmmakers, including [[Lekh Tandon]], [[Kundan Shah]], [[Jeffrey D. Brown]], and [[Chandan Arora]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Shyam Benegal's Yatra packed all of India in a train|author=Chandrima Pal|url=https://scroll.in/reel/800696/the-dd-files-shyam-benegals-yatra-packed-all-of-india-in-a-train|publisher=Scroll|date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Faces of the Indian new wave|url=https://asiacommune.org/2022/06/21/faces-of-the-indian-new-wave/|publisher=
Asia Commune|date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Film flash back – the fires of rebellion in Holi|author=Deepa Gehlot|url=https://seniorstoday.in/nostalgia/film-flashback-the-fires-of-rebellion-in-holi|publisher=Seniors Today|date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

Jehangir teaches cinematography at various film institutes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Guest Workshop with Jehangir Chaudhary on Lighting with the Department of Filmmaking Students|url=https://www.whistlingwoods.net/do-what-you-love/events/september-30-october-4-2024-guest-workshop-with-jehangir-chaudhary-on-lighting-with-the-department-of-filmmaking-students/|publisher=Whistling Woods International|date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Bharati Vidyapeeth's School of Photography|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctf6xn-srwc/|publisher=Bharati Vidyapeeth's School of Photography|date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Digital Camera Master Class with national award winning cinematographer Mr. Jehangir Chaudhary |url=https://naac.mituniversity.ac.in/DVV/5_1_3/4_ICT_computing_skills/198_Master_Class_withMr.Jahanger_Choudhary_National_Award_Winning_Cinematographer_wth_CANON_INDIA..pdf|publisher=MIT School of Film & Theatre|date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Guest workshop at FTII for TV camera students|url=https://www.facebook.com/FtiiOfficial/posts/lighting-stories-frame-by-frame-%EF%B8%8F-renowned-cinematographer-mr-jehangir-choudhary/1117934670374002/|publisher=Film and Television Institute of India, Pune|date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

Jehangir is an alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII).<ref>{{Cite news|title = Bollywood's talent pool| author=Shoma A Chatterji |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main6.htm|publisher=The Tribune |date=5 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = The history and practice of cinematography in India |author=Rajan Kothari |url=https://works.raqsmediacollective.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/rajan_kothari.pdf|publisher=Raqs Media Collective |date=October 1999}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
*[[:en:Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye (1977 film)|''Dulhan Wohi Jo Piya Man Bhaye'']] (1977)<ref>{{Cite news|title = The history and practice of cinematography in India |author=Rajan Kothari |url=https://works.raqsmediacollective.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/rajan_kothari.pdf|publisher=Raqs Media Collective |date=October 1999}}</ref>
*[[Khuda Kasam (1981 film)|''Khuda Kasam'']] (1981)
*[[Sharda (1981 film)|''Sharda'']] (1981)
*''[[Doosri Dulhan]]'' (1983)
*[[Duniya (1984 film)|''Duniya'']] (1984)
*[[Holi (1984 film)|''Holi'']]
*[[Yatra (1986 TV series)|''Yatra TV series'']] (1986–1987)
*''[[Mirch Masala]]'' (1987)
*''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' (1988)
*''Bhinna Samaya'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Bhinna Samaya|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235225/fullcredits/ |publisher=IMDb|date= 4 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Street Musicians of Bombay'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Street Musicians of Bombay|url=https://mubi.com/en/in/films/street-musicians-of-bombay |publisher=Mubi|date= 4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Street Musicians of Bombay|url=https://mubi.com/en/cast/jehangir-choudhary |publisher=IMDb|date= 4 October 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Chachi 420]]'' (1997) <ref>{{Cite news|title = Dirge of Resistance: Unveiling Patriarchy and Power in ‘Mirch Masala’ (1987)|author=Soumalya Chatterjee|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/dirge-of-resistance-unveiling-patriarchy-and-power-in-mirch-masala-1987/|publisher=HighOnFilms |date=23 December 2024}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|title = The Trickster Aunt (1997)|url=https://en.kinorium.com/189685/ |publisher=Kinorium|date= 4 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:en:Dil Hai Tumhaara|''Dil Hai Tumhaara'']] (2002)
*''[[Bas Yun Hi]]'' (2003)
*[[:en:Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh|''Meri Patni Aur Woh'']] (2005)
*''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2005)
*[[Hijack (2008 film)|''Hijack'']] (2008)
*''[[Aa Dekhen Zara]]'' (2008)
*[[Oonga (film)|''Oonga'']] (2013)
*[[Sold (2014 film)|''Sold'']] (2014)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Sold |author=Joyce Kulhawik|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sold-2016|publisher=IMDb|date= 1 April 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Raakhandaar]]'' (2014)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

C. V. Raju

2026-03-04T16:01:52Z

Mittie94U89577: Started first page from scratch

{{Short description|Toy maker from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C.V. Raju
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chintalapati Venkatapathi Raju
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1963|5|14}}
| birth_place = Jonnavalsa in [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Artisan
| known_for = Etikoppaka toys
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = National Grassroots Innovation Award from National Innovation Foundation – India
| honours = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''C. V. Raju''' is an Indian toy maker and innovator from [[Etikoppaka]] in [[Anakapalli District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is known for reviving the traditional art of making Etikoppaka toys, which has a [[geographical indication]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Intellectual Property Organization |author-link=World Intellectual Property Organization |date=2023 |title=Crafting a Better Future for Women with Etikoppaka Wooden Toys |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/ip-at-work/2023/etikoppaka.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> tag. He also made many vegetable-based dyes for [[Etikoppaka]] toys, and also developed new tools, techniques and methods to extend the shelf life of these dyes.<ref name=":0" />

In 2003 Raju received 2nd Biennial National Grassroots Innovation and Outstanding Traditional Knowledge Award from National Innovation Foundation – India. He has also won the Centenary Award, the [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] from [[UNESCO]] and Lifetime Achievement Award from [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]]. In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India.

==Biography==
Chintalapati Venkatapathi Raju was born on 14 May 1963 in Jonnavalsa village in [[Vizianagaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="pib2">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1910987|title=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> He did his secondary education in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vizianagaram]], and completed his SSC in 1979.<ref name="pib2"/> He then graduated with a degree in agriculture.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Reddem |first1=Appaji |title=Padma award is an honour for the Etikoppaka toy craft, says C.V. Raju |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/padma-award-is-an-honour-for-the-etikoppaka-toy-craft-says-cv-raju/article66436816.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
Raju is a maker of Etikoppaka toys, which has a [[geographical indication]]. When the popularity of these toys began to wane, in 1988, Raju decided to revive the 500-year-old craft.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Usha |title=Vizag man resurrects age-old Etikoppaka toy craft heritage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Jan/29/vizag-man-resurrects-age-old-etikoppaka-toy-craft-heritage-2542382.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He sells these toys to many noted galleries in India.<ref name="Bhatt">{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Meenakshi |title=AP's Toy Story |url=https://www.viscan.in/aps-toy-story/ |work=VIS |date=28 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Since 1992, he has been exporting these toys to many foreign countries including European countries.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

He strengthened the local tradition of making vegetable-based dyes for Etikoppaka toys, making them safe for children and worked to develop new tools, techniques and methods to extend the shelf life of these dyes.<ref name="CNBCTV18">{{cite news |title=Rising India Summit {{!}} CV Raju, who revived traditional kid-safe Etikoppaka toys - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/rising-india-real-heroes-cv-raju-who-revived-traditional-etikoppaka-toys-16285191.htm |work=CNBCTV18 |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Attending workshops and training courses on making natural dyes for textiles, Raju explored dyes in plant roots, bark, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds.<ref name="Shreya">{{cite web |last1=Pareek |first1=Shreya |title=A Forgotten Toy Story of Etikoppaka |url=https://thestoriesofchange.com/cv-raju-herbal-toys-etikoppaka/}}</ref><ref name="Revival">{{cite web |title=Revival of dye-ing skills - National Innovation Foundation-India |url=https://www.nif.org.in/innovation/Revival_of_-dye-ing_skills/209 |website=www.nif.org.in}}</ref> The Crafts Council of India helped Raju to test the toxicity of these dyes.<ref name="Shreya"/> His experiments led to the production of more than 12 natural dyes, including royal red and indigo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2020-09-01 |title=Etikoppaka toys of Andhra Pradesh in the spotlight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/etikoppaka-toys-of-andhra-pradesh-in-the-spotlight/article32496524.ece |access-date=2024-07-05 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Raju started Padmavati Associates, a co-operative society of artisans to increase the income of the artisans and ensure natural dyes reach the right market.<ref name="CNBCTV18"/> Today, 160 artisans from the village are engaged in making the toy, and they produce around 30,000- 33,000 toys per month.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

In 2017, Raju participated in the 4th Innovation Scholar-In-Residence programme at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], Delhi.<ref name="PIB Delhi">{{cite web |title=Grassroots Innovators conferred Padma Shri for S&T based innovative ways of reviving traditional art and music |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1894165}}</ref> He has also participated in the annual Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (FINE), organized by National Innovation Foundation and [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] under the aegis of Rashtrapati Bhawan.<ref name="dst">{{Cite web|url=https://dst.gov.in/grassroots-innovator-andhra-pradesh-reviving-dying-art-making-sustainable-and-children-friendly|title=Grassroots innovator from Andhra Pradesh reviving dying art of making sustainable and children friendly wooden toys | Department Of Science & Technology}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In 2003 he received 2nd Biennial National Grassroots Innovation and Outstanding Traditional Knowledge Award from National Innovation Foundation – India, an autonomous body of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Grassroots innovator from Andhra Pradesh reviving dying art of making sustainable and children friendly wooden toys |website=Government of India |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1768477 |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> He has also won the Centenary Award, the [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] from [[UNESCO]] and Lifetime Achievement Award from [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-24 |title='Bring Etikoppaka on the tourism map' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/bring-etikoppaka-on-the-tourism-map/articleshow/52409408.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised Raju's efforts in promoting the traditional toy industry in his 68th [[Mann Ki Baat]] radio program.<ref name="dst"/> In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Controversies==
Raju faced objections from other toy makers after he told an NRI who bought toys from him that some artisans today use artificial colors containing lead, cadmium and barium in Etikoppaka toys.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Padma Shri Winner Upsets Etikoppaka Toymakers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/130723/padma-shri-winner-upsets-etikoppaka-toymakers.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=13 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> They said that his remarks would have a negative impact on the Etikoppaka toy market itself.<ref name="deccanchronicle"/> Responding to the topic, Raju said that he is only concerned about the quality of the toy and if anyone wants to learn how to make natural dyes for toys, he will teach them.<ref name="deccanchronicle"/>

==References==
{{reflist|28em}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Aparichita (1978 film)

2026-03-03T22:20:04Z

Mittie94U89577: Created stub

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|1978 film by Kashinath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aparichita
| image = Aparichita poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
| writer = Kashinath
| producer = Satyanarayana Kashinath Dattaatreya Dodayya
| starring = [[Suresh Heblikar]] [[Shobha]] [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]] [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]] Ramdas Nai
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| studio = Shree Gayathri Arts
| released = {{film date|1978|3|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Aparichita''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅಪರಿಚಿತ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The Unknown}}) is a 1978 [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], starring [[Suresh Heblikar]], [[Shobha|Sobha]], [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]], [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] and [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]. The music was composed by noted composer [[L. Vaidyanathan]]. The movie was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/karnataka/2018/Jan/19/the-aparichita-who-took-sandalwood-by-storm-1758210.html|title =The ‘Aparichita’ who took Sandalwood by storm| date=19 January 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 December 2025 }}</ref> Kashinath remade the movie in Hindi as ''[[Be-Shaque]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1199547897156472832|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#RemakeKashinath remade his acclaimed #Kannada thriller #Aparichita (1978) in #Hindi as #Beshaque (1980). |date=27 November 2019}}</ref> The movie was also remade in Malayalam as ''[[Avano Atho Avalo]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Aparichitulu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Retro : Pushpaka Vimaanam (1988) |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231015109/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_pushpakavimaanam_1988_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The forest setting of ''Aparichita'' inspired Vamsy to create a film entirely set in a forest, which ultimately led to the making of ''[[Anveshana]]'' (1985).<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Vamsy about his 'Anveshana' {{!}} |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Vamsy-about-his-Anveshana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730173210/http://telugucinema.com/Vamsy-about-his-Anveshana |archive-date=2016-07-30 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Best Kannada Thrillers from Different Eras Now Available on OTT |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari|work=[[Film Companion]]|access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Suresh Heblikar]] as Prakash
*[[Shobha]] as Kusuma
*[[M. V. Vasudeva Rao|Vasudeva Rao]] as Rangaiah
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Mohan
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Shamu

== Production ==
[[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] cast his friend [[Suresh Heblikar]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/director-actor-kashinath-movie-aparichita-unknown-facts-rvj-pvn-962330.html#google_vignette|title=Kashinath Movie: ಕಾಶಿನಾಥ್ ಅವರ 2ನೇ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಹೀರೋ ಹಾಗೆ ಹೇಳಿದ್ಯಾಕೆ? ಕಥೆ ಓದಿದ್ಮೇಲೆ ಸೂಪರ್ ಅಂತ ಒಪ್ಪಿದ್ಯಾಕೆ?|language=kn|work=[[News18]]|date=8 February 2023|access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> They had previously collaborated for the short film ''Asima'' in the early 1970s. Heblikar recalled how precise Kashinath's narration of the story was that he could imagine the film running in his mind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-fitting-tribute-to-kashinath/article22521038.ece|title=A fitting tribute to Kashinath|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119151013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-fitting-tribute-to-kashinath/article22521038.ece|archive-date=19 January 2025|access-date=29 December 2025|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No
! Song
! Lyricist
! Artist
|-
| 1
| "Ee Naada Anda"
| P. R. Ramdas Naidu
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 2
| "Savi Nenapugalu Beku"
| P. R. Ramdas Naidu
| [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|}

== Awards ==
[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1978–79
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]] – Master Prakash

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8541250}}

{{Kashinath}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1978 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kashinath]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1970s-thriller-film-stub}}

Chirikkudukka

2026-03-03T21:10:31Z

Mittie94U89577: Started the post and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chirikkudukka
| director = [[A. B. Raj]]
| screenplay = M. R. Joseph
| story = Dada Mirasi
| based_on = [[Sabaash Meena]] (Tamil)(1958)
| producer = Baby
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Vidhubala]] [[Bahadoor]] [[Jose Prakash]] [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]]
| cinematography = T. N. Krishnankutty Nair
| editing = K. Sankunni
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Swapna Films
| released = {{Film date|1976|04|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Chirikkudukka''''' is a 1976 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[A. B. Raj]] and produced by Baby. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vidhubala]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[Bahadoor]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] and [[Jose Prakash]]. It is a remake of the 1958 Tamil film ''[[Sabaash Meena]]''. The film was released on 30 April 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=20 July 2014 |title=Chirikkudukka: 1976 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chirikkudukka-1976/article6228471.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923095154/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chirikkudukka-1976/article6228471.ece |archive-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Preman
*[[Vidhubala]] as Radha
*[[Bahadoor]] as Babu
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Sadasivan Nair
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Kumar
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Chandran Menon
*[[Sankaradi]] as Keshavan Nair
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Lakshmi
*[[Rani Chandra]] as Malathi
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Radha's Father
*[[Pattom Sadan]] as Naanu
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Sarasa
*[[Manavalan Joseph]] as Kochachan
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] as Bhargavi
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Vasu
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]]
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Appakari Mariya
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Gopalan Nair
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] (Uncredited)
*C. M. Abraham
*Priyan Pazhanji
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചിരിക്കുടുക്ക (1976) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923095516/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3004 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Chirikkudukke Thanka" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Chorus, [[Pattom Sadan]]
|-
| "Chithrakanyake" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Kuliru Koranu" || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Madhuramadhuramen" || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Rikshaavaala Oh" || [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0280552}}

[[Category:1976 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 comedy films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. B. Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]

Mayurbhanj Palace

2026-02-28T20:03:03Z

Mittie94U89577: created a data

{{Short description|Palace of a Mayurbhanj state in Odisha}}
{{distinguish|Belgadia Palace}}
'''Mayurbhanj Palace''' was the royal palace of [[Maharaja]]s of [[Mayurbhanj]], which was a [[princely state]] in [[British Raj]]. It is a heritage architectural monument and landmark of [[Baripada]] town, which was the erstwhile capital of the [[Mayurbhanj State]].<ref name=w>{{cite news|title=Mayurbhanj palace in shambles|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111015/1851002.html|accessdate=15 January 2013|newspaper=Web India 123|date=15 October 2011|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124153548/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111015/1851002.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=t>{{cite news|title=Mayurbhanj palace wallows in royal neglect|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-29/bhubaneswar/30336347_1_heritage-building-buckingham-palace-ghat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214170802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-29/bhubaneswar/30336347_1_heritage-building-buckingham-palace-ghat|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|accessdate=15 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayurbhanj : Odisha|url=http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/|publisher=Official Website of Mayubhanj, Odisha|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The extravagantly decorated palace of the Maharaja of Mayurbhanj is a heritage building depicting engineering and architectural excellence of a bygone era. The construction of the first phase of the palace began on orders of [[Maharani]] Sumitra Devi Bhanj Deo in 1804, who ruled the state from 1796 to 1810. In phased development, the palace could get its aura of majesty with intricate designs during the rule of Maharaja Krushna Chandra Bhanj Deo (1868-1882), [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo|Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (1882-1912) and finally the last ruling Maharaja, Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo (1928-1948). It is a brick-built double-storey structure in the classical Western style having of [[Doric order|Doric]]-[[Corinthian column]] and a mixture of [[Greek architecture|Greek]] and [[Victorian architecture]]. [[Lime (material)|Lime]]-[[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] has been used in construction of this palace. [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] did major additions to palace in 1892, which has 126 rooms. The front of the palace, which resembles the [[Buckingham Palace]], was also built during his reign in 1908. Local people address this palace as ''Rajbadi''. The huge wooden doors have royal insignia carved of them.<ref name=t/> The palace is surrounded by [[acre]]s of lush green ground marked by boundary.

The walls of the royal bathing ghat was studded with mirrors reflecting the sun's rays on the water sprouting from a fountain illuminating the already ghat. This wonderful specimen of engineering was short-lived when the heritage building was taken over by the government. The pool was covered with wooden floors and converted into a library-cum-reading room for Maharaja Purna Chandra College that shifted to the palace in 1960.<ref name=t/>

An old [[temple]] behind the main college building is on the verge of collapse. It is built like a [[pagoda]] housing several [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] icons.<ref name=t/> The Mayurbhanj Palace also once housed the temple of their [[kuladevi]], Goddess [[Kichakeshwari]], which was not only [[Iṣṭa-deva(tā)|ishtadevata]] of [[Bhanj dynasty]] but also the State deity. Its idol was brought here from their old palace in [[Khiching]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India by Surjit Sinha|year=1987|publisher=Published for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, by K.P. Bagchi & Co., 1987|pages=41|isbn=9788170740148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ&q=Kichakeshwari}}</ref>

===Transfer of ownership===
The Palace was home to six generations of rulers of [[Bhanj dynasty]] of Mayurbhanj since its foundation in 1804 till 1956. But after independence of India, Maharaja Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo, the last ruler of the Bhanj dynasty, sold the palace along with the royals' bathing [[ghat]] at a throw-away price of {{INR convert|4.75|l}} in 1956, to the government of [[Odisha]].<ref name=t/>

==Fading Splendor==
The palace needs urgent conservation and protection of this two century old heritage by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], historians feel. The historical palace, an example of opulence, is facing a bleak future sans proper up-keep. The double ceiling roofs have become the abode of numerous [[pipistrelle]] and [[pigeon]]s. The leaky roof and decaying walls characterize the once palatial building, which now houses two colleges.<ref name=w/> The colleges the erstwhile Palace building houses are Maharaja Purna Chandra College with more than 2,000 students and [[Government Women's College, Baripada|Government Women's College]] with about 500 students.<ref name=t/>

There is a growing demand since 2011, for conservation of the priceless heritage raised by town's population, historians, researchers, cultural bodies and even student's body of the college. At present the monument is repaired and looked after by [[Public Works Department]] of Odisha, which lacks expertise to handle the maintenance of the palace and such people are demanding that government should handover the repair and rehabilitation works to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=w/><ref name=t/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mayurbhanj.blogspot.in/ Photo of Mayurbhanj Palace]
*[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/66503738 Mayurbhanj Palace - photos on Panoramio]
\

{{coord |21.933909| 86.722063|display=title}}

[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Odisha]]
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]

Bhandara District Council

2026-02-24T03:56:58Z

Mittie94U89577: Created location

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = District Council Bhandara
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo_pic = [[File:Zilla Parishad Bhandara Logo.jpg|200px]]
| logo_res =
| logo_alt = Zilla Parishad Bhandara Logo
| house_type = Unicameral
| foundation = 1962
| leader1_type = President
| leader1 = Kavita Uike
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election1 = 27 January 2025
| leader2_type = Vice-president
| leader2 = Eknathbhau Fendar
| party2 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| leader3 = Mr Milindkumar Sawale
| leader3_type = Chief Executive Officer
| election3 = 2024
| members = 52
| structure1 = District Council Bhandara Seats.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = * Government
{{legend|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 21 }}
{{legend|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 13 }}
* Opposition
{{legend|#FF9900|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 12 }}
{{legend|#CC5500|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]: 01 }}
{{legend|#EBEBEB|Independent: 5 }}
| voting_system1 = [[First pass the post]]
| last_election1 = 22 January 2022
| next_election1 = TBD
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Zilla Parishad Building, Civil Line, [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]].
| website = {{URL|bhandarazp.mahapanchayat.gov.in}}
| motto =
}}
'''Zilla Parishad Bhandara''' or '''District Council Bhandara''' is one of the [[District Councils of India|District Councils]] having jurisdiction on [[Bhandara district]] in Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-bjp-loses-bhandara-gondia-zilla-parishad-polls-2102338 | title=Maharashtra: BJP loses Bhandara, Gondia Zilla Parishad polls | publisher=dnaindia.com | accessdate=2017-02-12}}</ref>

==History==
Zilla Parishad Bhandara was established in 1962 along with 13 [[Panchayat Samiti]]. In 1999, [[Bhandara district]] bifurcated into 2 districts and a new district having headquarters in [[Gondia]] was created. Thereafter, Zilla Parishad Bhandara also divided and new [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] for the [[Gondia district]] was established by amalgamation with some [[Panchayat Samiti]] in it.

==Panchayat Samiti==
Currently there are seven [[Panchayat Samiti]] under jurisdiction Zilla Parishad Bhandara.

===List===
1) Panchayat Samiti Bhandara 
2) Panchayat Samiti Lakhandur 
3) Panchayat Samiti Lakhani 
4) Panchayat Samiti Mohadi 
5) Panchayat Samiti Pauni 
6) Panchayat Samiti Sakoli 
7) Panchayat Samiti Tumsar

==Zilla Parishad Constituencies==
Zilla Parishad Bhandara have 52 District Council Constituencies all over [[Bhandara district]] except the urban part of the district, which is administered by [[Municipal Council|Municipal]] and [[Notified Area Council|Notified Area]] Councils.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bhandara district]]
[[Category:Local government in Maharashtra]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

S. B. Deorah College

2026-02-13T21:16:15Z

Mittie94U89577: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Gauhati University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Prajakta Lavangare Verma

2026-02-09T06:13:23Z

Mittie94U89577: added new pg

{{short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Smt.
| name = Prajakata Lavangare Verma
| honorific_suffix = IAS
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 02/09/1974
| image =
| caption =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]], [[Department of Atomic Energy]].
| years_active = April 2022 - present
| employer =
| organization = [[Government of India]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = Setup of Navi Mumbai Airport, Launching international programs to popularize [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| boards =
| spouse = Sudip Verma
| children = 1
}}

'''Prajakata Lavangare Verma''' is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer.
She was Secretary at the [[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Department, Ministry of Marathi Language]] and she started international programs for the Marathi department. She became first ever woman to hold [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]] of [[Nagpur division|Nagpur Division]] post in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prajakta Verma is new Divisional Commissioner of Nagpur Division|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/6/23/Prajakta-Verma-is-new-Divisional-Commissioner-of-Nagpur-Division.html|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=author/lokmat-news-network|date=2021-06-22|title=नागपूरच्या विभागीय आयुक्तपदी प्राजक्ता लवंगारे-वर्मा|url=https://www.lokmat.com/nagpur/prajakta-lavangare-verma-divisional-commissioner-nagpur-a513/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref> She was later transferred to [[Ministry of Textiles]] as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 5, 2022 |title=Along with Amt, Piyush Singh Ngp divisional commissioner too {{!}} Nagpur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/along-with-amt-piyush-singh-ngp-divisional-commissioner-too/articleshow/90650272.cms |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prajakata Lavangare Verma was born in a poor family. She worked hard to get education and received moral support from her family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=author/online-lokmat|date=2020-03-07|title=बीडीडी चाळीतली खोली ते मंत्रालयातील चेंबर; IAS अधिकारी प्राजक्ता लवंगारेंची Must Read Story|url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/international-womens-day-2020-success-story-ias-officer-prajakta-lavangare/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=आई नर्स, वडील BMC मध्ये कर्मचारी; मुलीनं IAS होऊन दाखवलं|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/todays-photo-3/2262781/inspirational-success-stories-success-story-ias-officer-prajakta-lavangare-nck-90/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
She joined [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 2001.

===CEO of [[Ahmednagar]]===
Lavangare Verma focused on empowering women in Ahmednagar district and launched various programs for them.

===[[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] Project===
Prajakata Lavangare Verma played an important role in the setup of Navi Mumbai Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-08|title=These women of steel are rebuilding Mumbai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/these-women-of-steel-are-rebuilding-mumbai/story-cgFOFkDUUsGVMZ2t7vMumI.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Land acquisition was an issue as villagers were worried about rehabilitation. She took responsibility of 10 villages and they were rehabilitated during her tenure.

===Excise department===
She implemented various ambitious initiatives during her tenure at the Excise department. As Excise commissioner, she conducted raids in the Mumbai city to bust racket of bootleggers.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chittaranjan Tembhekar|date=Aug 25, 2019|title=Maharashtra excise team seizes Rs 35 lakh fake duty-free Scotch bottles in Dahisar {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-excise-team-seizes-rs-35-lakh-fake-duty-free-scotch-bottles-in-dahisar/articleshow/70824652.cms|access-date=2021-06-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Nagpur|title=Excise Deptt turns heat on violators, registers 2459 offences with 16% convictions in 2019|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/excise-deptt-turns-heat-on-violators-registers-2459-offences-with-16-convictions-in-2019/12261721,%20https://www.nagpurtoday.in/excise-deptt-turns-heat-on-violators-registers-2459-offences-with-16-convictions-in-2019/12261721|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.nagpurtoday.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Marathi language department===
Lavangare Verma joined Marathi language department in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Elets News|date=2020-01-22|title=MMRC MD Ashwini Bhide transferred amidst major bureaucratic rejig in Maharashtra|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2020/01/mmrc-md-ashwini-bhide-transferred-amidst-major-bureaucratic-rejig-maharashtra/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=eGov Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अधिकाऱ्यांची माहिती व संपर्क|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b1%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref> She started special programs to engage international Marathi diaspora. She launched various initiatives to popularize Marathi language outside India. [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai|US Consul General]] was felicitated for promoting US based organizations working in Marathi language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai: US Consulate General representatives promoting Marathi felicitated|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/education/online-marathi-language-coaching-for-american-students-61958|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Mumbai Live|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lavangare Verma, Prajakta}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]

P. I. John

2026-02-09T05:01:40Z

Mittie94U89577: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Indian patronymic|John|Pucadyil Ittoop}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = P. I. John
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| field = Experimental [[Plasma Physics]] and Plasma Applications
| work_institution = [[Institute for Plasma Research]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Physical Research Laboratory]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = Experimental [[Plasma Physics]] [[Aditya (tokamak)|Aditya]] [[Tokamak]] [[Plasma Physics#Non-neutral plasma|Non-Neutral Plasma]] Industrial Plasma Technologies National Fusion Program
| prizes = [[Padma Shri]] (2010)
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pucadyil Ittoop John''', also known as '''John Pucadyil''', is an Indian [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] [[physicist]]. He occupies the [[Meghnad Saha]] Chair in Plasma Science and Technology at the [[Institute for Plasma Research]], Ahmedabad.

After completing his [[Ph.D.]] at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], John joined the [[Physical Research Laboratory]], where he established an experimental plasma physics program in 1972. He was the Chairman of the Plasma Physics Group at [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] until 1982.

John was one of the leading members of the group who initiated India’s Fusion Research Program, also known as Plasma Physics Program (PPP), which developed into the [[Institute for Plasma Research]] (IPR). He supervised, and was instrumental in, the erection and commissioning of the first indigenous Indian [[Tokamak]], [[Aditya (tokamak)|Aditya]], and was also the project leader of its pulsed power systems.

In the early 1990s, he started a plasma processing program at the [[Institute for Plasma Research]] (IPR) to facilitate plasma based industrial applications, which grew into the [[Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies]] (FCIPT) at [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat, India. He was the head of FCIPT for many years, and is still a member of its governing Council.

In 2002–2003, John served as head of the Physics Section of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. He was also part of the Indian Task Force for [[ITER]] negotiations, before India joined the ITER as a full member. Currently, also, he is chairman of the Board Of Research in Fusion Science & Technology (BRFST), which is involved with the National Fusion Program in India. Through the National Fusion Program, John was reported in 2010 to be "''currently working on an administrative framework for funding universities and educational institutions in basic research, and human resource development in fusion science and technology.''"<ref name="iter_newsline_117">{{cite web |last = Griffith |first=Sabrina |date=February 2010|title= Who says science doesn't fuse with poetry?|url= http://www.iter.org/newsline/Pages/117/1700.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213000654/https://www.iter.org/newsline/Pages/117/1700.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>

John has close to 100 publications in international journals and holds 12 patents for plasma devices and plasma-aided manufacturing processes. His book “Plasma Sciences and the Creation of Wealth”, published by Tata McGraw-Hill in 2005 addresses a broad audience on the value addition through plasma-based technologies. A translation of this book into the Chinese language has been brought out. His second book " Plasma Processes for Energy and Environment" was published by Lambert Publishers in November 2017. He is a [[Fellow]] of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Gujarat Academy of Science]]. In 2010, John received the [[Padma Shri]] award from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

John’s interests transcend science. He paints in oils and writes poetry. His book of poetry “Feng Shui and Other Poems” has been published online. He is a mentor to InCube Ventures Ltd. Ahmedabad; the first social venture approved by SEBI. After retirement and return to Kottayam in 2013, he is actively involved with the Senior Citizens’ Forum, Kottayam and helps the elders to acquire expertise in computer and internet usage.

P. I. John is the son of Ittoop of the Pucadyil house. He is married to Minnu and has two children. His elder son, Joseph serves with the Roche Diagnostics in Switzerland as the International Business Leader; Laboratory Software Solutions. Joseph’s family consists of Janaki, his wife and Rahul their son. His second son, [[Thomas J. Pucadyil]], a Biologist is an Associate Professor with the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. Thomas’s family consists of his wife Shanti and their son Nikhil.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ipr.res.in Institute for Plasma Research, Gujarat, India]
* [http://www.plasmaindia.com/ Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Pucadyil Ittoop}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian plasma physicists]]

Oinam Gautam Singh

2026-02-09T04:59:46Z

Mittie94U89577: brief reworked intro for clarity

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Oinam Gautam Singh
| image = The Director of the Manipuri film “Phijigee Mani”, O. Gautam Singh addressing a press conference, during the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), in Panaji, Goa on December 01, 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = ''O. Gautam addressing a press conference during 42nd IFFI 2011''
| birth_name =
| education =
| occupation = Director, Editor, Screenplay Writer
| years active = 2002-present
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1977|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sagolband Mabudhou Mantri Leikai, [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]
| parents = Oinam Leirenjao Singh Oinam Ongbi Radhe Devi
| spouse = Lenabati Phanjoubam
| children = Ningthoungamba Oinam
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]] (2011)
}}

'''Oinam Gautam Singh''' (popularly known as ''O. Gautam'') is an Indian [[film director]] and [[editor]] who works in [[cinema of Manipur|Manipuri films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/241393/marketing-one-biggest-hurdles-manipuri.html|title=Marketing is one of the biggest hurdles for Manipuri films|website=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref> He started his career in Manipuri cinema as an editor and later took up direction since more than a decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.3rd_day_Report_of_Golden_Jubilee_Celebration_of_Manipuri_Cinema_2021|title=3rd day Report of Golden Jubilee Celebration of Manipuri Cinema 2021|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> One of the successful filmmakers in [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri Cinema]], he is the recipient of many awards, including a [[National Film Award]] for his 2011 movie ''[[Phijigee Mani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-manipuri-films-selected-for-indian-panorama-of-iffi-2020/story-KSifBvZqfEC5IvaOX7WQrL.html|title=Two Manipuri films selected for Indian Panorama of IFFI 2020|date=20 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/24-feature-films-to-be-screened-at-42nd-iffi-410952.html|title=24 feature films to be screened at 42nd IFFI|date=19 October 2011|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> Gautam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Oinam-Gautam-Singh|title=Oinam Gautam Singh: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | eTimes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> has worked under eminent film personalities like [[Aribam Syam Sharma]] and [[Oken Amakcham]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..170421.apr21|title=Better focus on pre-production suggested for growth of Manipuri cinema : 17th apr21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He had been a Jury Member of Indian Panorama for [[45th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) 2014.

==Career==
''Gautam'' started working as a chief assistant director under [[Oken Amakcham]] in the 2002 ''[[Lammei]]'', the first video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre, and in the 2003 movie ''[[Cheina]]'', a celluloid film. He set out to work independently as a director in films like ''Leichildagee Urok'' and ''Nangi Shaktam''. His film ''Naoshum'' was among the feature films screened at the 1st Festival of Manipuri Cinema 2007, organised by Film Forum Manipur. Under [[Aribam Syam Sharma]], he had worked in films ''[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra of Manipur]]'', ''Crossroads'', ''Miraang'', ''[[Leipaklei]]'', ''[[Manipuri Pony (2012 film)|Manipuri Pony]]'' and ''Dasha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2012.Leipaklei_to_be_screened_on_inaugural_day_at_5th_Guwahati_Film_Festival_2012_20121209|title=Leipaklei to be screened on inaugural day at 5th Guwahati Film Festival 2012|website=e-pao.net|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

He had also tried hands on a musical film ''Laibakki Chandan''. His directorial venture ''Nangdi Eigi Thawaini'' is produced by Kangla Films, Manipur under the aegis of MANIREDA. The movie focusses on viability of the use of renewable solar energy as a substitute for the commercial energy sources. Gautam's 2011 film ''[[Phijigee Mani]]'' earned him a [[National Film Award]]. His 2013 movie ''[[Beragee Bomb]]'' and its sequel ''[[Moreh Maru]]'' displayed his capability on successful direction of comedy genre films. His movies ''Naoshum'' and ''Manipur Express'' became hit films when it was released in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/06/30/growth-of-manipuri-digital-films/|title=Growth of Manipuri Digital Films|author=Dr. M. Nawaz Khan|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/06/30/growth-of-manipuri-digital-films/|title=Growth of Manipuri Digital Films|date=30 June 2014|work=Communication Today|first=M. Nawaz|last=Khan}}</ref>

His 2015 film ''Pankhei'', which is based on insurgency and various socio-political chaos in Manipur, is a woman centric movie with Sukanya Haorongbam playing the lead role. In 2019, he directed ''[[Pandam Amada]]'' which bagged several awards in the 13th Manipur State Film Festival 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.List_of_nominees_9th_Manipur_Film_Awards_MANIFA_2020|title=List of nominees 9th Manipur Film Awards MANIFA 2020|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/16/IMPHAL-Feb-16-List-of-the-nominees-for-the-9th-Manipur-Film-Awards-MANIFA-2020-is-out-Including-two-tribal-dialect-films-a-total-of-19-films-will-be-competing-for-the-MANIFA-2020-awards-.html|title=Nominees out for 9th MANIFA 2020|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref> It also participated in Tokyo Lift-Off Film Festival 2020, 18th International Dhaka Film Festival and 18th Third Eye Asian Film Festival, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-pandam-amada-to-premiere-at-dhaka-film-fest.html|title=Manipuri film 'Pandam Amada' to premiere at Dhaka film fest|website=North East Now|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/manipuri-film-pandan-selected-for-asian-festival/|title=Manipuri film Pandam Amada selected for Asian Festival|website=The News Mill|date=12 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/manipur-film-fraternity-shocked-over-exclusion-of-manipuri-cinema-in-iffi/east/news/1790689.html|title=Manipur film fraternity shocked over exclusion of Manipuri cinema in IFFI|website=[[United News of India]]|date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Gautam's 2011 film ''[[Phijigee Mani]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]] at the [[59th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080312.mar12|title=59th National Film Awards 2011: Phijigee Mani bags best regional film award : 08th mar12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The citation for the National Award reads, "''For a sensitive depiction of the complex displacements that are occurring today in the North Eastern states. The director shows in the most graceful manner the consequences of displaced socio-political priorities which dislodge the young and disturb traditional family moorings and the even more ancient tribal societal systems''". [[Phijigee Mani]] also participated in Indian Panorama 2011. It was selected in the North East package and screened in IFFI 2014.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

He earned an award when ''Pankhei'' bagged the Special Jury award in the Manipur State Film Awards 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/793|title=9th & 10th Manipur Film Awards presented|newspaper=The People's Chronicle|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517090103/http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/793|url-status=dead}}</ref> He won the Best Screenplay and Best Direction awards for his work in the film ''Aruba Echel'' in the Manipur State Film Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2019.Yengkhom_Roma_awarded_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_at_13th_Mami_Numit_20190411|title=Yengkhom Roma awarded Lifetime Achievement Award at 13th Mami Numit - April 10, 2019 at Manipur State Film Development Society (MSFDS)|author=The Sangai Express|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> His 2019 film ''[[Pandam Amada]]'' won the Best Children Film, Best Feature Film and several other awards in the 13th Manipur State Film Awards 2020. He also won the Best Director award for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/5/21/Imphal-May-20Highways-of-Life-directed-by-Maibam-Amarjeet-Singh-clinched-four-awards-including-Best-Non-Feature-Film-at-the-13th-Manipur-State-Film-Awards-2020-Art-Culture-Minister-L-Jayantak.html|title=Highways of Life wins big at the 13th Manipur State Film Awards 2020|website=The Sangai Express|date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Studio (Production House)
|-
|2002||''[[Lammei]]''||Chief assistant director|| Kangla Films, Manipur
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003||''[[Cheina]]''||Chief assistant director|| Dashu Films
|-
| ''Leichildagee Urok''||Director, editor|| Treasure Island
|-
| 2004||''Nangi Shaktam''||Director, editor|| Treasure Island
|-
| 2005||''Laibakkee Chandan''||Director, editor|| Leichal Films
|-
|2006||''Radha-Rani''||Director|| Pilu Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007||''Naoshum''||Director|| Sushima Films
|-
|''[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra of Manipur]]''||Assistant director|| [[Films Division of India]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008||''Ei Ngaode''||Director|| Peace Films
|-
|''Crossroads''||Chief assistant director, editor|| Aribam Syam Sharma Productions
|-
|''Keishamthong Thoibi''||Director|| Diana Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009||''Uoo Thambal''||Director|| Seven Salai Films
|-
|''Khongthang-gi Makhol''||Director, editor|| Eastern Movies
|-
|2010||''Nangdi Eigi Thawaini''||Director, editor|| Kangla Films, Manipur
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011||''[[Phijigee Mani]]''||Director, editor|| Radha Govind Films
|-
|''Miraang''||Chief assistant director, editor|| Aribam Syam Sharma Productions
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012||''[[Leipaklei]]''||Chief assistant director, editor|| Aribam Syam Sharma Productions
|-
|''[[Manipuri Pony (film)|Manipuri Pony]]''||Assistant director, editor|| [[Films Division of India]]
|-
|''Manipur Express''||Director|| Green Chillies
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013||''Dasha''||Chief assistant director, editor || Aribam Syam Sharma Productions
|-
|''[[Beragee Bomb]]''||Director, editor|| Chingkhurakpa Art
|-
|2014||''[[Eidee Kadaida]]''||Director, editor|| Nilahari Films
|-
|2015||''Pankhei''||Director|| Nongja Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016||''[[Moreh Maru]]''||Director|| RT Motion Pictures
|-
|''Nanggee Shaktam Nungshiba Helli''||Director|| Green Chillies
|-
|2018||''Aruba Echel''||Director, screenplay|| Khunaillon Films
|-
|2019||''[[Pandam Amada]]''||Director, editor|| Takhel Films
|-
|2021||''Nungshi Lottery Phaorehe''||Director, screenplay|| Mashu Maben Films
|-
|2022||''Nongallamdaisida''||Director, screenplay|| NB Poireicha Films
|-
|Upcoming||''Ahingsina Loidringei''||Director|| Seuti Films
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8299786}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam Singh, Oinam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Chirai Dongri

2026-02-06T13:38:03Z

Mittie94U89577: Started the page basic info

{{Short description|Village in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
'''Chirai Dongri''' is a village located in [[Mandla district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in India.

== Population ==
As per Population Census 2011, there are 455 families residing in the village, with population of 1,935 composed of 949 males and 986 females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandla District Handbook, Census 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2337_PART_A_DCHB_MANDLA.pdf|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandla district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Rajbanshi people

2026-02-02T22:21:47Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Short description|South Asian ethnic group}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Distinguish|Koch people|Koch (caste)}}
{{Over-quotation|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rajbanshi
| rawimage = Koch Rajbongshi Tribe Attire.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Rajbanshi women dancing in [[Assam, India|Assam]], India
| popplace =
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}: {{Spaces|10}} [[Assam]]
| pop1 = 7,021,254 (2011)<ref name="theprint.in">{{Cite news |last1=Tewari |first1=Ruhi |last2=Das |date=14 April 2021 |first2=Madhuparna |title=Who are Rajbanshis, caught in Shah-Mamata scrap & why they're key for BJP in Assam, Bengal |url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-rajbanshis-caught-in-shah-mamata-scrap-why-theyre-key-for-bjp-in-assam-bengal/639069/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190352/https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-rajbanshis-caught-in-shah-mamata-scrap-why-theyre-key-for-bjp-in-assam-bengal/639069/ |archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="adibasikalyan.gov.in">{{Cite web | url=https://adibasikalyan.gov.in/html/st.php | title=Tribal Development Department, Government of West Bengal }}</ref>
| region2 = {{Spaces|10}} [[West Bengal]]
| pop2 = 3,983,316 (2011)<ref name="adibasikalyan.gov.in"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Neelam |last2=Das |first2=Madhuparna |date=4 May 2021 |title=Matuas & Rajbanshis of Bengal both want CAA. So, why did one vote for BJP & not the other? |url=https://theprint.in/politics/matuas-rajbanshis-of-bengal-both-want-caa-so-why-did-one-vote-for-bjp-not-the-other/649171/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="theprint.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal - Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes -Census of India 2001|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_westbengal.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Spaces|10}} [[Bihar]]
| pop3 = 290,079 (2023)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Ritesh |date=3 November 2023 |title=Bihar Caste Wise Population Share Full List: बिहार में किस जाति की कितनी संख्या, आबादी में कितना प्रतिशत हिस्सेदारी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-counting-census-full-list-population-share-percent-obc-ebc-upper-caste-muslim-hindu-sc-st-8792660.html |work=Hindustan |language=hi |access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flag|Nepal}}
| pop4 = 127,985 (2021)<ref>{{Cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| region5 = {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop5 = 13,193 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-09-27-09-50-a3672cdf61961a45347ab8660a3109b6.pdf|title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex|year=2021|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|page=33|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104610/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| langs = [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]], [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]] {{•}} [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Members of the Nasya Sheikh (Rajbanshi Muslims) community in north Bengal demand for uplift |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/members-of-the-nasya-sheikh-rajbanshi-muslims-community-in-north-bengal-demand-for-uplift/cid/2030673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116224416/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/members-of-the-nasya-sheikh-rajbanshi-muslims-community-in-north-bengal-demand-for-uplift/cid/2030673 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Nashya Shaikh]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Rabha people|Rabhas]], [[Garo people|Garos]], [[Boro people|Boros]], [[Mech people|Mech]], [[Tharu people|Tharu]] other [[Indo-Aryan people]]
}}
The '''Rajbanshi''', also '''Rajbongshi''' and '''Koch-Rajbongshi''',<ref>"In West Bengal and Bihar, they are known as "Rajbongshi and "Rajbanshi", " in Assam as "Koch," and "Koch-Rajbongshi," and in [[Meghalaya]] mainly as "Koch." {{harvcol|Roy|2018}}</ref> are peoples from [[Lower Assam]], [[North Bengal]], eastern [[Bihar]] of India, [[Terai]] region of eastern [[Nepal]], [[Rangpur Division]] of North [[Bangladesh]] and [[Bhutan]]<ref>"The Rajbanshi as a social and cultural group are well-known to historians, sociologists and anthropologists working on northeast India. They are also familiar to those who focus on the issues surrounding minorities and indigenous groups (compare Berlie, 1982; Bessaignet, 1964; Shrestha, 2009; Wilson, 2012). A sizeable population, they are mostly concentrated in the northern parts of West Bengal and western Assam in India, in northwest Bangladesh, and the Jhapa and Morang Districts of Nepal. Although this article focuses primarily on those living in northeast India, and despite variations identified in the anthropological literature, Rajbanshi inhabiting Nepal and Bangladesh (also Bhutan and Tibet) very likely share a common historical consciousness and folklore with theirIndian kin (Das, 2009)."{{harvcol|Wilson|Bashir|2016|p=457}}</ref> who have in the past sought an association with the [[Koch dynasty]].<ref name="Ramirez-14"/> Koch-Rajbanshi people speak [[Kamatapuri lects|Kamatapuri]],<ref>An early investigation of Rajbanshi language appears in the Linguistic Survey of India, published by Grierson during the colonial period...Accordingly, Das sees no value (beyond the political) in considering Rajbanshi (or Kamtapuri/Kamata, as it is also called) as a distinct dialect.{{harvcol|Wilson|Bashir|2016|p=460}}</ref> an [[Indo-Aryan language]]. The community is categorised as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] in Assam and Bihar, and in West Bengal Koch, Rajbanshi, Banshi-Barman are three separate groups of people where [[Koch people|Koch]] is categorised as [[Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal|ST]] and Rajbanshi is [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]], and [https://www.ncbc.nic.in Banshi Barman] is [[Other Backward Class|OBC]].<ref name="theprint.in"/> In Nepal they are considered part of the Plains Janjati. They are the largest Scheduled Caste community of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaubey |first=Santosh |title=The Significance Of Matuas and Rajbanshis in West Bengal Poll Battle, Explained |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/the-significance-of-matuas-and-rajbanshis-in-west-bengal-poll-battle-explained-3544697.html |work=News18 |date=17 March 2021 |access-date=6 August 2023 }}</ref>

In 2020, [[Kamatapur Autonomous Council]] was created for the socio-economic development and political rights of the Koch-Rajbongshi community residing in Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_kamatapur_autonomous_council_act_2020.pdf |title=The Kamatapur Autonomous Council Act 2020 |author= |date=19 October 2020 |publisher=Legislative Department |access-date=18 July 2022 |quote=An Act to provide for the establishment of an Administrative Authority in the name and style of the Kamatapur Autonomous Council and for matters incidental therein and connected therewith |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731120459/https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_kamatapur_autonomous_council_act_2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

They are related to the ethnic [[Koch people]] found in [[Meghalaya]] but are distinguished from them as well as from the Hindu caste called [[Koch (caste)|Koch]] in [[Upper Assam]] that receives converts from different tribes.<ref>"The Koch of western Meghalaya also claim relationship with those empire-building Koch. On the other hand, Koch is known as a Hindu caste found all over the Brahmaputra Valley (Majumdar 1984: 147), and receives converts to Hinduism from different tribes (Gait 1933: 43)." {{harvcol|Kondakov|2013|p=4}}</ref> Rajbanshi (''of royal lineage'') alludes to the community's claimed connection with the [[Koch dynasty]].<ref name="Ramirez-14"/>

== Etymology ==
The Rajbanshi (literal meaning: ''of a royal lineage'') community gave itself this name after 1891 following a movement to distance itself from an ethnic identity and acquire the higher social status of [[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|Hindu varna]] instead.<ref>"From 1891 a section of the Koches were trying to dissociate themselves from their original ethnic stock by describing themselves as Rajbansis or Vratya Kshatriya (Bhanga Kshatriya) their movement ended with getting Kshatriya status, being known as Rajbansis and also enlisting themselves in the list of Scheduled Caste"{{harvcol|Das|2004|p=559}}</ref><ref>"In fact, the Koches in order to assert their royal lineage used to call themselves Rajbanshis. The term, Rajbanshi was also used as an effective nomenclature to subvert the processes of hierarchical subordination of the community largely by the caste Hindus during the colonial era." {{harvcol|Roy|2014}}</ref> They tried to establish the Kshatriya identity by linking the community to the [[Koch dynasty]].<ref name="Ramirez-14">"(W)hile the asserted identity of the Koch/Rabha complex seemingly shifted a great deal during the colonial period—which is therefore very confusing for observers-some converts formed an assertive ethnic group, the Koch Rajbongshi (“of royal lineage"), that claimed to be linked to the Koch dynasty."{{harv|Ramirez|2014|p=17}}</ref> The Rajbanshis were officially recorded as Koch till the 1901 census.<ref>"The Rajbansi Movement gained new momentum during 1901, because in the census the Rajbansis were not treated as distinct caste separated from the Koches and they had not been given Kshatriya status. The district magistrate denied their demand. The Rajbansis were placed with the Koches in 1901 census."{{harvcol|Das|2004|p=560}}</ref> The name ''Rajbanshi'' is a 19th century [[neologism]].<ref>"But it is interesting to note that neither in the Persian records, nor in the foreign accounts, nor in any of the dynastic epigraphs of the time, the Koches are mentioned as Rajvamsis. Even the Darrang Raj Vamsavali, which is a genealogical account of the Koch royal family, and which was written in the last quarter of the 18th century, does not refer to this term. Instead all these sources call them as Koches and/or Meches."{{harv|Nath|1989|p=5}}</ref>

== Demography ==

[[File:Jalpaiguri division map.svg|200px|thumb|Map of [[North Bengal|North Bengal Region]] of [[West Bengal]], India]]

Worldwide, there are an estimated 11-12 million Rajbanshi people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Vappala |date=13 February 2021 |title=The Koch-Rajbongshi Conundrum And The 2021 Elections |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-the-koch-rajbongshi-conundrum-and-the-2021-elections/374122}}</ref> According to 1971 Census figures, 80% of the [[North Bengal]] population was once of the Rajbanshi community. As per as last late 2011 census, It has been estimated that it has come down to just mere 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adhikary |first=Madhab Chandra |date=2010 |title=Socio-Political Movement in Post Colonial North Bengal: A Case Study of the Rajbanshis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147592 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=1233–1242 |jstor=44147592 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The un-checked infiltration along the [[Indo-Bangladesh border]] and intrusion of Bengalis caused a lot of demographic change over time. Population of [[Bengali Muslims]], [[Bihari Muslims]] and Bangladeshi low-caste [[Namasudras]] have increased rapidly in areas like [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Oodlabari]], [[Gairkata]] and [[Jaigaon]] over the last 50 years, hence causing demographic changes over time.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/west-bengal-elections-2016/news/everyones-wooing-rajbanshis-in-north-bengal/articleshow/52101874.cms | title=Everyone's wooing Rajbanshis in North Bengal | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 May 2016 }}</ref>

==History==
In ancient times, the land which the Rajbanshi inhabit, was called ''[[Kamarupa]]''. Its inhabitants spoke [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. There is no mention of 'Rajbanshi' in Persian records, the [[Buranji|Ahom Buranji]]s or the 18th-century Darrang Raja Vamsavali: the genealogical records of the [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] royal family, although there is mention of the Koch as a distinct social group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nandi |first=Rajib |date=24 June 2014 |title=Spectacles of Ethnographic and Historical Imaginations: Kamatapur Movement and the Rajbanshi Quest to Rediscover their Past and Selves |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2014.928776 |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=571–591 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2014.928776 |s2cid=144397875 |issn=0275-7206|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Wilson|Bashir|2016|p=459}}</ref> From the 17th century the Koch society came under increasing brahminical influence and by the end of the 18th century a greater part of the Koch became amenable to it.<ref>"From the seventeenth century onward, however, the Koch society absorbed considerable Brahmanical content. Their claim to kshatriya status emerged as a way of reflecting and extending the new economic status of landed magnates that had arisen in the Koch society during Mughal rule. By the end of the eighteenth century this claim was filtering down the ranks of the Koch society and gaining an increasing acceptability (Ray 2002:50)."{{harvcol|Shin|2021|p=34}}</ref><ref>"So among the mass people, the process of Hinduization was slower than in the folds of the royal family"{{harvcol|Sheikh|2012|p= 252}}</ref>

===Late 19th century and early 20th century===
[[File:Rajbongshi Aboriginal People.jpg|thumb|Rajbongshi Aboriginal from Behar, {{circa|1868}}]]
Starting from 1872 to 1891, in a series of social movements,<ref>"The social movement of the Rajbanshis is a historical fact. During the Census of 1872, the Rajbanshis of Bengal and some part of Assam were trying to dissociate themselves from the tribal Koches and frantically dependent entry in the Census as a distinct caste i.e "Rajbanshi".{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=309}}</ref> a section of Koch who were at tribal or semi-tribal form in present [[North Bengal]] and [[Lower Assam|Western Assam]] in an effort to promote themselves up the caste hierarchy tried to dissociate themselves from their ethnic identity by describing themselves as Rajbanshi (''of the royal lineage'').<ref>"In 1901, many Koches in North Bengal were returned as Rajbanshis. Many of the Rajbanshis have taken sacred thread and were prepared to use force in support of their claim to be returned as Kshatriya. He also writes "No part of the Census in 1891, 1901, 1911 aroused so much excitement as the return of caste which caused a great deal heart burning and in some were returned as kshatriya quarters with threats of disturbance of the peace. The Rajbanshis claimed to be included as Kshatriya, Bratya kshatriya, Barua kshatriya"{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=65}}</ref> This attempt of social upliftment was a reaction against the ill treatment and humiliation faced by the community from the caste Hindus who referred to the Koch as [[mleccha]] or barbarians.<ref>"The immigrants with a strong awareness to caste started interacting with indigenous Rajbanshis [Koch] in differential terms. There are numerous instances of humiliation and objectionable identities of the Rajbanshis by the other caste immigrant. Few such instances of racialism interpretation and social suppression are Nagendra Nath Basu in the early twentieth century while writing his World Encyclopedia (Biswakosh) mentioned the Rajbanshis as barbarians or ''mlechha'' and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya in Bango Dar shan moots that the Koch identity."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=163}}</ref><ref>The Rajbanshis also faced humiliation and objectionable identification by the caste Hindus. Few such instances of racial misinterpretation and social suppression are: Nagendranath Basu in the early twentieth century while writing his Vishwakosh (World Encyclopedia) mentioned the Rajbanshis as barbarians or (Mlechha) and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in Bongo Darshan moots that the Koch identity cannot be synonymous with Bengali Hindu identity. The Ranjbanshis were even denied entry into the temple of Jagannath Puri by an Act of the government in the year 1911."{{harvcol|Hazarika|2009|p=277}}</ref> The term ''Rajbanshi'' was used to connect the group with Koch royalty who called themselves ''Shiva-banshi'' or ''Rajbanshi'' under [[Biswa Singha]], the founder of the Koch dynasty and a tribal who was Hinduised and promoted to Kshatriya varna in the early 1500s.<ref>"So among the mass people the process of Hinduization was slower than in the folds of the royal family. With the embracing of Hinduism, they were left with a somewhat despised name 'Koch' and adopted the name Rajbansi, a Kshatriya status which means literally 'of royal race', confined predominantly within the cultivators and the respectable classes"{{harvcol|Sheikh|2012|p=252}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Sheikh|2012|p=250}}:"But it is surmised this was nothing but Sanscritization of the ruling family which spread the Brahminical ideas among the tribes to bring them under the pale of Hinduism. The king Biswa Singha with his tribal origin embraced Hinduism and claim Kshatriya status. He is also known as Bishu succeeded in establishing his authority, styling himself as Raja, he first claimed Rajbanshi Kshatriya status"</ref><ref>"As both royal families call themselves Sivabangshi, so the mass of the Koches call themselves Rajbanshis as commented with royal families"{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|pp=63–64}}</ref>

By 1891, the Koch who came to be known as Rajbanshi claimed a new status of Bhanga Kshatriya to proof themselves to be a provincial variety of the Kshatriyas, the movement of Bhanga Kshatriya was undertaken by Harimohan Ray Khajanchi who established the "Rangpur Bratya Kshatriya Jatir Unnati Bidhayani Sabha" for the upward mobility of the community in the Hindu society.<ref>"No part of the Census in 1891, 1901, 1911 aroused so much excitement as the return of caste which caused a great deal heart burning and in some were returned as kshatriya quarters with threats of disturbance of the peace. The Rajbanshis claimed to be included as Kshatriya, Bratya kshatriya, Barua kshatriya"{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=65}}</ref>

To justify this, the group collected reference from Hindu religious text such as the [[Kalika Purana]], [[Yogini Tantra]] etc<ref>"The Rajbanshis also used the reference of Yoginitantra, Kalika Purana, and Bhramari Tantra to establish their claim as Bratya Kshatriya or Bhanga Kshatriya."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=309}}</ref> and created legends that they originally belonged to the [[kshatriya]] varna but left their homeland in the fear of annihilation by the brahmin sage [[Parashurama]] and took refuge in [[Pundravardhana|Paundradesh]] (currently in Northern bengal and Rangpur division of Bangladesh) and later came to be known as Bhanga Kshatriyas.<ref>"The Rajbanshis [Koch] claimed that they were originally to the kshatriya varna and left their original homeland and took shelter in a region called Paundradesh corresponding to the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra, and the adjacent areas in fear of annihilation of Parasurama, a Brahman sage. In order to hide their kshatriyas identity they gave up their sacred thread and started living with the local people and gradually came to be known as the Bhanga Kshatriyas or the fallen kshatriyas."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|pp=167–168}}</ref><ref>" As both royal families call themselves Sivabangshi, so the mass of the Koches call themselves Rajbanshis as commented with royal families. Some of the Rajbanshis are now trying to prove that they are descendants of the Kshatriyas, who have taken shelter in North Bengal, being pursued by a Brahman hero Parsu Ram who extirpated the kshatriyas from the earth twenty one times. Some of them still call themselves Bhanga Kshatriyas."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|pp=63–64}}</ref> The story so created was to provide a convincing myth to assert their Kshatriya origin and perform as an ideological base for the movement<ref>"Though there are certain differences in these three accounts, the common thread that binds all of them together is the effort to create a convincing myth to provide their Kshatriya origin."{{harv|Adhikary|2009|p=168}}</ref><ref>"The claim to Kshatriya varna status through reinvention of some mythic tales provided some credibility to the ideological foundation of the Rajbanshi movement"{{harvcol|Roy|2014}}</ref> but this failed to make any wider effect on the community and were denied the Kshatriya status.<ref>{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=311}}</ref>

In 1910, the Rajbanshi who were classified as the member of the same caste as the Koches claimed a new identity of Rajbanshi Kshatriya, this time under the leadership of [[Panchanan Barma]] who established the Kshatriya Samiti in Rangpur, it separated the Rajbanshis from their Koch identity and was also successful in getting the [[Kshatriya]] status<ref>"The Kshatriya samiti also had some other objectives to fulfill. It intended first, to separate the Koch and the Rajbanshi identity emphasizing the superior status of the latter; second, to legitimize the demand to include the Rajbanshis within the Kshatriya caste; third, to inculcate brahmanical values and practices among the Rajbanshis"{{harvcol|Hazarika|2009|p=277}}</ref> after getting recognition from different Brahmin pandits of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] and [[Cooch Behar district|Koch Bihar]].{{sfn|Das|2004|p=560}} Following this, the district magistrate gave permission to use surnames like [[Rai (title)|Roy]], [[Ray (surname)|Ray]], [[Barman (surname)|Barman]], [[Sinha]], [[Adhikary]] etc. to replace the older traditional surnames like [[Sarkar (surname)|Sarkar]], [[Ghosh]], [[Das (surname)|Das]] or [[Mandal (surname)|Mandal]]{{sfn|Adhikary|2009|pp=169–170}} and the Kshatriya status was granted in the final report of 1911 census.{{sfn|Das|2004|p=560}} The movement manifested itself in sankritising tendencies with an assertion of ''[[Aryan]]'' origin and striving for higher social status by imitating [[higher caste]] customs and rituals.{{sfn|Das|2004|p=561}}

With this [[lakh]]s of Rajbanshi took ritual bath in the [[Karatoya River]] and adopted the practices of the [[Dvija|twice born (Dvija)]], like the wearing of the sacred thread ([[Upanayana]]), adoption of [[gotra]] name, shortening in period of 'asauch' from 30 days to 12.<ref>"At the initial stage, the Rajbanshis [Koch] caste leaders typically attempted to improve their social standing by altering their customs to resemble the ways of life of 'twice- born'. As a formal work of 'twice born' they started wearing sacred thread and adopted gotra (clan) name. They also reduced the period of mourning and ritual pollution (as ouch) from thirty to twelve days to corresponding with that of the kshatriya."{{harv|Adhikary|2009|p=169}}</ref><ref>" In order to gratify their ritual rank aspiration they began to imitate the values, practices and cultural styles of ‘twice born’ castes that formed a part of Hindu Great tradition. Since 1912, a number of mass thread wearing ceremonies (Milan Kshetra) were organized in different districts by the ‘Kshatriya Samiti’ where lakhs of Rajbanshi's donned the sacred thread as a mark of Kshatriya status."{{harvcol|Hazarika|2009|p=277}}</ref> They gave up practices that were forbidden in the Hindu religion like the drinking of liquor ([[Teetotalism]]) and rearing of pigs.{{sfn|Adhikary|2009|p=170}} From 1872 to 1911 in an effort to be a part of the higher caste, the Koch went through three distinct social identities in the census, Koch to Rajbanshi (1872), Rajbanshi to Bhanga Kshatriya (1891), Bhanga Kshatriya to Rajbanshi Kshatriya (1911).<ref>"In their desire to be recorded as a member of high caste, they passed through at least four distinct social identities from one census to another i.e. from Koch to Rajbanshi (1872 A.D.), from Rajbanshi to Bratya/ Bhanga Kshatriya(1891), from Bratya/Bhanga Kshatriya· to Rajbanshi Kshatriya (1901, 1911, 1921 A.D.) and from Rajbanshi Kshatriya to only Kshatriya."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=312}}</ref>

Today the Koch-Rajbongshis are found throughout North Bengal, particularly in the [[Dooars]], as well as parts of [[Lower Assam]], northern Bangladesh ([[Rangpur Division]]), the [[Terai]] of [[eastern Nepal]] and Bihar, and Bhutan.<ref>"Today, the Koch Rajbanshi people are located in North Bengal, Assam (with a major concentration in west Assam), Garo hills of Meghalaya, Purnia, Kishanganj, and Katihar districts of Bihar, Jhapa and Biratnagar districts of Nepal, Rangpur, East Dinajpur districts and some parts of northwest Mymensingh, northern Rajshahi and Bogra districts of Bangladesh and lower parts of Bhutan (Nalini Ranjan Ray 2009)." {{harvcol|Roy|2014}}</ref>

Some writers suggest that the Rajbanshi people constitute from different ethnic groups<ref name="roy">{{harvp|Roy|2014}}:"Suniti Kumar Chatterji observed that Rajbanshis were Koch in origin and belonged to the larger Bodo group. They were Hinduised or semi-Hinduised and had discarded their Tibeto-Burman language, adopting northern Bengali sub-language as their tongue."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Das|Mukherjee|Bhattacharjee|1967|p=433}}: "And the various ethnological reports concur on the origin of the Rajbanshi from the Koch, the Mech and the Paliya tribes"</ref><ref>"The large tract of country called Mechpara in the Gowalparah District no doubt took its name from them, and the proprietor is a Mech; but he and most of his people repudiate this origin and call themselves Rajbangsis"{{harvcol|Mitra|1953|p=224}}</ref> who underwent [[Sankritisation]] to reach the present form and in the process abandoned their original [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-burman]] tongue to be replaced by the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Debnath|first1=Monojit|last2=Palanichamy|first2=Malliya G.|last3=Mitra|first3=Bikash|last4=Jin|first4=Jie-Qiong|last5=Chaudhuri|first5=Tapas K.|last6=Zhang|first6=Ya-Ping|date=2011|title=Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in the sub-Himalayan Terai and Duars populations of East India|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=56|issue=11|pages=765–771|doi=10.1038/jhg.2011.98|pmid=21900945|s2cid=2735604|issn=1435-232X|doi-access=free}}</ref> There exist Rajbanshi people in [[South Bengal]] districts of [[Midnapore district|Midnapur]], [[24 Parganas|24 Paraganas]], [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] who might not belong to the same ethnic stock.<ref>"On the other hand, there are Rajbanshi in Midnapur, 24 Paraganas, Hoogly and Nadia district who may not be of the same stock and do not speak this language"{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=138}}</ref><ref>"Thompson states, "The Rajbanshis are the indigenous people of Northern Bengal and the third Largest Hindu Caste in the province. Their total number has been exaggerated by the fact that a member of fisherman caste in Mymensingh, Nadia and Murshidabad returned themselves as Rajbanshis."{{harvcol|Adhikary|2009|p=65}}</ref>

=== Post-independence (1947–present) ===
After Partition, the Kshatriya Samithi lost its headquarters at Rangpur and attempted to reestablish itself at [[Dinhata]]. However, a variety of new organisations to represent the Rajbanshi were being created. In Assam, the Rajbanshis were classified in a special category of [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] called MOBC. In North Bengal, the various new Rajbanshi organisations began to see the Rajbanshi identity as ethnolinguistic in nature rather than a caste, since the various other communities living in North Bengal and Lower Assam also spoke the Rajbanshi language. This linguistic awareness was heightened in 1953, when the government decided to reorganise the states on linguistic basis. Many of these organisations, such as Siliguri Zonal Rajbanshi Kshatriya Samiti agitated for the merger of [[Purnia division]] of Bihar and [[Goalpara district]] of Assam into West Bengal since these regions were largely populated by Rajbanshi speakers. This was continued into the 1960s with Rajbanshi activists frequently demanding for their speech to be recognised as separate from Bengali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barman |first=Rup Kumar |date=2015 |title=Culture of Difference in Ethnic Identity: A new Look on the transition of Caste identity into Cultural identity of the Rajbanshis of Northern Bengal and Lower Assam |url=https://www.cinnamaracollege.org/Publication/pdf/The%20Mirror,%20Vol-II,%202015(PDF).PDF#page=56 |journal=The Mirror |volume=2 |pages=56–69}}</ref>

== Occupation ==
The Rajbongshis traditionally practice [[Mixed farming]], but due to their numerical dominance in North Bengal there were significant occupational differences among them. Most were agricultural labourers (''halua'') or sharecroppers (''adhiar''). These often worked for landed cultivators, called ''dar-chukanidars''. Above them were the ''chukandiars'', who could sub-let their land to ''dar-chukanidars'', and ''jotedars'', who acted as intermediaries between the ''chukandiars'' and the ''zamindars'', landowners that got their land from the government in exchange for a fixed amount of revenue. Some Rajbongshis were ''zamindars'' or ''jotedars''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Barman|first=Rup Kumar|title=A new Look on the transition of Caste identity into Cultural identity of the Rajbanshis of Northern Bengal and Lower Assam|url=https://www.cinnamaracollege.org/Publication/pdf/The%20Mirror,%20Vol-II,%202015(PDF).PDF#page=56|journal=The Mirror|pages=56–70}}</ref>

== Lifestyle and culture ==
According to a 2019 research, the Koch Rajbongshi community has an oral tradition of agriculture, dance, music, medical practices, song, the building of house, culture, and language. Ideally the tribe transfer the know-how from one generation to another.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Surjit |last2=Singha |first2=Ranjit |title=Sustainable Entrepreneurship in North East India |date=2019 |publisher=Tsenov Academic Publishing House |location=Bulgaria |isbn=9789542317524 |pages=161–187 |edition=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40917399 |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

Music forms are integral part of Koch-Rajbongshi culture. The main musical forms of Koch-Rajbongshi culture are [[Bhawaiya|Bhawaiyya]], Chatka, Chorchunni, Palatia, Lahankari, Tukkhya, Bishohora Pala among many others. Various instruments are used for such performances, string instruments like Dotora, Sarindra and Bena, double-membrane instruments like Tasi, Dhak, Khol, Desi Dhol and Mridanga, gongs and bells like Kansi, Khartal and wind instruments like Sanai, Mukha bansi and Kupa bansi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rajbansis of North Bengal|last=Sanyal|first=Charu Chandra|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1965|location=Calcutta}}</ref>

==Rajbanshi people in Nepal==
The [[2011 Nepal census]] classifies the Rajbanshi people within the broader social group of Terai Janajati.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 115,242 people (0.4% of the population of Nepal) were Rajbanshi. The frequency of Rajbanshi people by province was as follows:
* [[Koshi Province]] (2.5%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Rajbanshi people was higher than national average (0.4%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (9.1%)
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (3.9%)

==Notable people==


* [[Panchanan Barma]], (1866–1935) Indian social reformer of the Rajbanshi community from West Bengal.
* [[Upendranath Barman]], (1 December 1899 – 7 February 1988) Indian politician from West Bengal.
* [[Pramathesh Chandra Barua]], (24 October 1903 – 29 November 1951) was an Indian actor, director, and screenwriter of Indian films in the pre-independence era, born in Gauripur, Dhubri, Assam.
* [[Sarat Chandra Singha]], (1 January 1914 – 25 December 2005) Former Chief Minister of [[Assam]].
* [[Ambika Charan Choudhury]], (16 August 1930 – 4 December 2011), popularly known as Kamataratna, from Borpara, Bongaigaon, Assam.
* [[Pratima Barua Pandey]], (3 October 1934 – 27 December 2002) was an Indian folk singer from the royal family of Gauripur in Western Assam's Dhubri district.
* [[Madhab Rajbangshi]], (7 July 1954) Indian Politician from Assam.
* [[Mouni Roy]], (28 September 1985) Indian actress from West Bengal.
* [[Swapna Barman]], (29 October 1996) is an Indian heptathlete. She won the gold medal at 2018 Asian Games and placed first in the Heptathlon at the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships.
* [[Lalit Rajbanshi]], (27 February 1999) Nepalese cricketer of [[Nepal National Cricket Team]].
* [[Tuluram Rajbanshi]], Nepalese politician associated with [[Nepal Communist Party]].

==See also==
* [[Kamtapur]]
* [[Kamtapur Autonomous Council]]
* [[Kamtapur People's Party]]
* [[Kamtapur Progressive Party]]
* [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]]
* [[KRDS lects]]
* [[Rangpuri language]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Nandi |first=Rajib |date=24 June 2014 |title=Spectacles of Ethnographic and Historical Imaginations: Kamatapur Movement and the Rajbanshi Quest to Rediscover their Past and Selves |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2014.928776 |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=571–591 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2014.928776 |s2cid=144397875 |issn=0275-7206|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Adhikary |first=Madhab Chandra |title=Ethno Cultural Identity Crisis of the Rajbanshis of North Eastern Part of india and Nepal and Bangladesh during the period of 1891 to 1979 |publisher=University of North Bengal |year=2009 |hdl=10603/137486}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Adhikary |first=Madhab Chandra |year=2010 |title=Socio-political movement in post colonial North Bengal: A case study of the Rajbanshis |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=1233–1242 |jstor=44147592 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096 |title=Kirata-Jana-Krti |last=Chatterji |first=S.K |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1951 |location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Jitendra Nath |title=The backwardness of the Rajbansis and the Rajbansi kshatriya movement (1891-1936) |year=2004 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=65 |pages=559–563 |jstor=44144770 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=S. R. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=D. P. |last3=Bhattacharjee |first3=P. N. |title=Survey of the Blood Groups and PTC Taste Among the Rajbanshi Caste of West Bengal (ABO, MNS, Rh, Duffy and Diego) |year=1967 |journal=Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=433–445 |doi=10.1159/000152094 |jstor=45103942 |pmid=6072621}}
* {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Jahnavi |title=Agrarian System of Medieval Assam |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |place=New Delhi |year=2002}}
* {{citation |last=Hazarika |first=S. |year=2009 |title=Unrest and Displacement: Rajbanshis in North Bengal |editor-last=Basu |editor-first=S |journal=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch |pages=274–282 |publisher=Anthem Press |doi=10.7135/UPO9781843317784.037 |isbn=9781843317784}}
* {{Citation |last=Jacquesson |first=François |title=Discovering Boro-Garo: History of an analytical and descriptive linguistic category |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=32 |year=2008 |pages=14–49}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kondakov |first=Alexander |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor3-first=Mark W |editor3-last=Post |year=2013 |title=Koch dialects of Meghalaya and Assam: A sociolinguistic survey |journal=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=5 |pages=3–59 |publisher=Cambridge University Press India |doi=10.1017/9789382993285.003 |isbn=9789382993285}}
* {{cite book |url= |last=Mitra |first=A |title=The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal |publisher=West Bengal Government Press |location=Alipore, West bengal |year=1953}}
* {{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC |last=Nath |first=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |pages=5–6 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=8170991099}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramirez |first=Philippe |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document |title=People of the Margins - Across Ethnic Boundaries in North-East India |date=2014 |language=en}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Hirokjeet |title=Politics of Janajatikaran: Koch Rajbanshis of Assam |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=47 |year=2014 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/47/reports-states-web-exclusives/politics-janajatikaran.html}}
* {{Citation |last=Roy |first=Kapil Chandra |title=Demand for Scheduled Tribe Status by Koch-Rajbongshis |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=53 |issue=44 |year=2018 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/44/commentary/demand-scheduled-tribe-status-koch.html}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sheikh |first=Amiruzzaman |title=The 16th century Koch kingdom: Evolving patterns of sankritization |year=2012 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=249–254 |jstor=44156212 |issn=2249-1937}}
*{{cite journal|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|title=Sword and Words: A Conflict Between Kings and Brahmins in the Bengal Frontier, Kāmatāpur 15th-16th Centuries|journal=Journal of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|year=2021|publisher=Government of West Bengal|volume=3|pages=21–36}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Margot |last2=Bashir |first2=Kamran |date=16 March 2016 |title='King's inheritors': understanding the ethnic discourse on the Rajbanshi as an indigenous community |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2016.1148594 |journal=Social Identities |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=455–470 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2016.1148594 |s2cid=146814921 |issn=1350-4630|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Gautam chandra |date=9 July 2022 |title=Dynamics of Being Rajbanshi |others= Tribe to Caste and the Process of ‘Retribalisation’ |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/28/commentary/dynamics-being-rajbanshi.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=28 |url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Assam}}
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Rajbongshi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamtapur]]

Belenda

2026-01-29T09:30:18Z

Mittie94U89577: Created new details

{{dist|Belendenia{{!}}''Belendenia''|Belanda (disambiguation){{!}}Belanda|Beland (disambiguation){{!}}Beland|Bellend|Blend (disambiguation){{!}}Blend|Bendar}}
{{for|the Belenda{{nbsp}}Bor or{{nbsp}}Boor people|Belenda Bor people{{!}}{{nowr|Belenda Bor people}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Title lang|bn-Latn|i=no}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = {{langr|bn-Latn|Belenda}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3970
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{csl|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713125
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = {{langr|sa-Latn|[[Lok Sabha]]}} constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|{{langr|bn-Latn|Bardhaman-Durgapur|cat=no}}]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = {{langr|sa-Latn|[[Vidhan Sabha]]}} constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|{{langr|bn-Latn|Bhatar|cat=no}}]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West{{nbsp}}Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|23|30.5|N|87|55|13.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|{{langr|bn-Latn|Purba Bardhaman|cat=no}}]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''{{langr|bn-Latn|Belenda}}''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|{{langr|bn-Latn|Bhatar|cat=no}}]], a [[Community development block in India|community development{{nbsp}}block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North|{{langr|bn-Latn|Bardhaman{{nbsp}}Sadar|cat=no}} North]] subdivision of [[Purba Bardhaman|{{langr|bn-Latn|Purba{{nbsp}}Bardhaman|cat=no}}]] district in the state of [[West Bengal|West{{nbsp}}Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|year=1985|page=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbfUAAAAMAAJ&q=Belenda,handbook+census}}</ref>

== Population ==
[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]: Scheduled{{nbsp}}Castes constituted 19.80% and Scheduled{{nbsp}}Tribes 3.78% of the population in{{nbsp}}2021.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| {{table|show|sort}}
|+ Total no. of houses: 863
|-
! scope=col |
!! scope=col | Total
!! scope=col | Male
!! scope=col | Female
|-
! scope=row | Population
|'''3,970'''
||2,030
||1,940
|-
! scope=row | Child (0–6)
|'''459'''
||230
||229
|-
! scope=row | Schedule Caste
|'''786'''
||397
||389
|-
! scope=row | Schedule Tribe
|'''150'''
||75
||75
|}

== See also ==
* {{anl|Bhatar (community development block)|{{langr|bn-Latn|Bhatar|cat=no}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

2022 Odisha municipal elections

2026-01-27T20:19:59Z

Mittie94U89577: Created new article

{{Short description| Election of urban local bodies in Odisha in 2022}}

The 5th General Elections to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) were held on 24 March 2022 and the date of counting was on 26 March 2022. Out of 115 ULBs in the State, elections were held for 111 ULBs (47 Municipalities, 61 Notified Area Councils (NACs) and 3 Municipal Corporations) in the State. Voter turnout was 61.26%.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Odisha |first=SEC |title=Information on general election to urban local bodies in Odisha, 2022 |url=https://sec.odisha.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ULBs_Final-2022-12-10-2023-FINAL_compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241118185437/https://sec.odisha.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ULBs_Final-2022-12-10-2023-FINAL_compressed.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-18 |website=sec.odisha.gov.in/}}</ref> In this election, Mayors & Chairpersons were directly elected and None of the Above (NOTA) was introduced for the first time. They were held in concurrently with [[2022 Odisha panchayat Elections]].<ref name=":6" /> In this elections, [[Biju Janata Dal]] emerged victorious in all mayoral elections and 74 council chairpersons elections.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-26 |title=Odisha municipal election results: BJD wins all mayor posts, 76 councils |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-municipal-election-results-bjd-wins-all-mayor-posts-95-councils-101648299594899.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |editor-last=Choudhury |editor-first=Snigdha |title=Odisha Urban Local Body Election Result 2022: BJD Wins 95 Of 108 Municipalities |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/odisha-municipal-election-result-2022-bjp-wins-95-of-108-odisha-urban-local-body-elections-result-2022-5304370/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401235623/https://www.india.com/news/india/odisha-municipal-election-result-2022-bjp-wins-95-of-108-odisha-urban-local-body-elections-result-2022-5304370/ |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Election were held for 3 Municipal Corporations, 47 Municipalities & 61 Notified Area Councils (NACs).<ref name=":6" />

Due to pending court cases, Elections were not held in<ref name=":6" />
# 2 Municipal Corporations i.e. [[Rourkela|Rourkela Municipal Corporation]] & [[Sambalpur|Sambalpur Municipal Corporation]].
# 1 Municipality i.e. [[Puri|Puri Municipality]].
# 1 NAC i.e. [[Odagaon|Odagaon NAC]].

=== Delimitation & Reservation of seats ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;
|+Reservation of Seats for 2022 Elections<ref name=":6" />
| colspan="2" |'''ULBs'''
|'''Unreserved'''
|'''Reserved for'''
'''Women'''
|'''SC'''
|'''SC Women'''
|'''ST'''
|'''ST Women'''
|'''Total'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Municipal Corporations'''
|'''Mayor'''
|1
|2
| -
| -
| -
| -
|'''3'''
|-
|'''Corporators'''
|74
|72
|8
|9
|1
|4
|'''168'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Municipalities+NAC'''
|'''Chairpersons'''
|42
|39
|8
|9
|3
|5
|'''106'''
|-
|'''Councillors'''
|660
|599
|121
|170
|49
|132
|'''1731'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|'''777'''
|'''712'''
|'''137'''
|'''188'''
|'''53'''
|'''141'''
|'''2008'''
|}

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;
|-
!Poll Event
! Date
|-
| Notification Date
| 28.02.2022
|-
|Issue of nomination forms
|02.03.2022
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 07.03.2022
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 09.03.2022
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 14.03.2022
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
| '''24.03.2022'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
| '''26.03.2022'''
|-
|Election of Vice Chairperson
|07.04.2022
|}

== Municipal Corporation Election Result ==

=== Mayor result ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! No.
! Corporation Name
! Winning candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Losing Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Margin
|-
!1
|[[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''Sulochana Das'''
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suniti Mund
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61143
|-
!2
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]]
|'''Subash Chandra Singh'''
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Giribala Behera
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45206
|-
!3
|[[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur Municipal Corporation]]
|'''Sanghamitra Dalei'''
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Sabita Suar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20286
|}

=== Corporators result ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Odisha Municipal Elections 2022 Live Results: Odisha Urban Polls Latest News {{!}} Mayors, Chairpersons, Corporators, Councilors Results - OTV News |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-municipal-elections |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Odisha Municipal Elections 2022 Live Results: Odisha Urban Polls Latest News {{!}} Mayors, Chairpersons, Corporators, Councilors Results - OTV News |language=en}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Corporation Name
! rowspan="2" |No. of Wards
! colspan="4" |Corporators
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!1
|[[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
|67
|'''48'''
|10
|0
|9
|-
!2
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation|CMC]]
|59
|'''38'''
|7
|8
|6
|-
!3
|[[Brahmapur, Odisha|BeMC]]
|42
|'''30'''
|7
|1
|4
|-
!
|Total
|168
|'''116'''
|24
|9
|19
|}

== Municipalities Election Result ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |Municipality
! rowspan="2" |Elected Chairperson
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |No. of Wards
! colspan="4" |'''Councillors'''
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|[[Angul]]
|Akshya Kumar Samanta
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|23
|10
|'''13'''
|0
|0
|-
!2
|[[Talcher]]
|Pabitra Bhutia
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|21
|'''18'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!3
| rowspan="3" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|[[Balasore]]
|Sabita Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|31
|'''17'''
|9
|0
|5
|-
!4
|[[Jaleswar]]
|Pratip Kumar Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|17
|'''12'''
|4
|1
|0
|-
!5
|Soro
|Madhab Dhada
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19
|4
|'''12'''
|3
|0
|-
!6
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|[[Bargarh]]
|Kalpana Majhi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|19
|'''18'''
|1
|0
|0
|-
!7
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|[[Basudevpur]]
|Nibedita Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|23
|'''10'''
|4
|9
|0
|-
!8
|[[Bhadrak]]
|Gulmaki Dalwazi
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|30
|'''17'''
|1
|6
|5
|-
!9
| rowspan="2" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|[[Balangir]]
|Lika Sahu
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|21
|'''16'''
|1
|4
|0
|-
!10
|[[Titlagarh]]
|Mamata Debi Jain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15
|'''10'''
|5
|0
|0
|-
!11
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Choudwar]]
|Manasi Swarnaprava Samal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|19
|'''13'''
|1
|1
|4
|-
!12
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|[[Debagarh|Deogarh]]
|Santimanjari Dei
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|4
|'''6'''
|0
|1
|-
!13
|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Dhenkanal]]
|Jayanti Patra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23
|'''13'''
|9
|0
|1
|-
!14
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|[[Paralakhemundi]]
|Nirmala Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|16
|'''14'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!15
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Hinjilicut]]
|Subash Chandra Polai
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|21
|'''15'''
|1
|1
|4
|-
!16
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Jagatsinghpur]]
|Archana Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21
|'''9'''
|2
|7
|3
|-
!17
|[[Paradeep]]
|Basanta Biswal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|19
|'''7'''
|3
|1
|8
|-
!18
| rowspan="2" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|[[Jajpur]]
|Ranjulata Hota
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|18
|'''18'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!19
|Vyasanagar
|Sangita Pingua
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|26
|'''15'''
|3
|5
|3
|-
!20
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|[[Belpahar]]
|Nimai Charan Panda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19
|'''14'''
|3
|2
|0
|-
!21
|[[Brajarajnagar]]
|Jagayseni Oram
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|23
|'''20'''
|2
|0
|1
|-
!22
|[[Jharsuguda]]
|Rani Hati
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|24
|'''21'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!23
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|[[Bhawanipatna]]
|Sanjukta Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|20
|'''18'''
|1
|1
|0
|-
!24
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|[[Phulbani]]
|Smitarani Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13
|'''7'''
|4
|0
|2
|-
!25
| rowspan="2" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|[[Kendrapara]]
|Sarita Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|21
|'''11'''
|1
|5
|4
|-
!26
|[[Pattamundai]]
|Hemant Kumar Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|20
|'''14'''
|3
|2
|0
|-
!27
| rowspan="4" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|Anandapur
|Rajanirani Khatua
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|16
|'''12'''
|4
|0
|0
|-
!28
|[[Barbil]]
|Laxman Mahanta
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''12'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!29
|[[Joda]]
|Jagadish Prasad Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|14
|'''7'''
|4
|0
|3
|-
!30
|[[Keonjhar]]
|Niku Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21
|'''13'''
|8
|0
|0
|-
!31
| rowspan="2" |[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Jatani]]
|Ananta Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|23
|'''12'''
|1
|5
|5
|-
!32
|[[Khordha]]
|Kanaka Laxmi Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|22
|'''13'''
|4
|0
|5
|-
!33
| rowspan="3" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|[[Jeypore|Jeypur]]
|Narendra Kumar Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28
|'''15'''
|0
|12
|1
|-
!34
|[[Koraput]]
|Lalat Ranjan Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|21
|'''15'''
|0
|3
|3
|-
!35
|[[Sunabeda]]
|Rajendra Kumar Patra
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|25
|'''19'''
|2
|3
|1
|-
!36
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|[[Malkangiri]]
|Manoj Barik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|19
|'''14'''
|0
|5
|0
|-
!37
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|[[Baripada]]
|Krushna Nanda Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|28
|'''22'''
|3
|0
|3
|-
!38
|[[Rairangpur]]
|Abhishek Pattnaik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''11'''
|4
|0
|0
|-
!39
| rowspan="2" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|[[Nawarangpur]]
|Kunu Nayak
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17
|'''9'''
|6
|0
|0
|-
!40
|[[Umerkote|Umerkot]]
|Radha Bhatra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|14
|'''11'''
|1
|2
|0
|-
!41
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|[[Nayagarh]]
|Nirupama Khatei
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|16
|'''16'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!42
| rowspan="2" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|[[Gunupur]]
|Mamata Gouda
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|19
|'''8'''
|0
|0
|11
|-
!43
|[[Rayagada]]
|Patnaikuni Mahesh Patnaik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|24
|'''21'''
|2
|1
|0
|-
!44
|[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|[[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]
|Tamasi Tamasmita Nayak
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''12'''
|2
|1
|0
|-
!45
| rowspan="3" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|[[Biramitrapur]]
|Sandeep Mishra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''9'''
|1
|1
|0
|-
!46
|[[Rajgangpur]]
|Madhuri Lugun
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|20
|'''12'''
|3
|4
|1
|-
!47
|[[Sundergarh]]
|Tanaya Mishra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19
|'''11'''
|7
|0
|1
|-
! colspan="6" |'''Total'''
|'''619'''
|152
|85
|75
|}

=== Chairpersons Result ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |Municipalities<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Urban Local Bodies Result – State Election Commission |url=http://sec.odisha.gov.in/urban-local-bodies-result/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Total
![[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|Chairpersons
|47
|34
|7
|3
|3
|}

== Notified Area Councils (NACs) Election Result ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |NAC
! rowspan="2" |Elected Chairperson
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |No. of Wards
! colspan="4" |'''Councillors'''
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!1
|[[Angul district|Angul]]
|[[Athmallik]]
|Asha Kumari Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''9'''
|1
| 0
|1
|-
!2
| rowspan="2" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|[[Nilagiri]]
|Ambika Das
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''8'''
|3
|1
|1
|-
!3
|[[Remuna]]
|Tanuja Giri
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''10'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!4
| rowspan="4" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|Attabira
|Banamali Bariha
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''11'''
|0
|1
|0
|-
!5
|[[Barapali]]
|Dinesh Gahir
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|11
|'''10'''
|0
|1
|0
|-
!6
|[[Bijepur]]
|Sita Barik
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''7'''
|3
|0
|1
|-
!7
|[[Padmapur]]
|Sabitri Bag
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''7'''
|4
|0
|0
|-
!8
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|[[Chandabali]]
|Santi Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''11'''
|3
|1
|0
|-
!9
|[[Dhamanagar]]
|Nibedita Jena
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''9'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!10
| rowspan="3" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|[[Kantabanji]]
|Bariyam Singh Saluja
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16
|5
|1
|'''10'''
|0
|-
!11
|[[Patnagarh]]
|Manasi Biswal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''14'''
|0
|0
|1
|-
!12
|Tusura
|Ajaya Kumar Jaiswal
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''7'''
|4
|0
|0
|-
!13
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|[[Boudh]]garh
|Mrutyunjaya Mishra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|17
|'''15'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!14
| rowspan="2" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|Athagarh
|Sasmita Rout
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|18
|'''16'''
|0
|1
|1
|-
!15
|[[Banki, Odisha|Banki]]
|Manika Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|17
|'''11'''
|0
|6
|0
|-
!16
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Bhuban]]
|Suvendu Kumar Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''8'''
|7
|0
|0
|-
!17
|[[Hindol, Odisha|Hindol]]
|Kesab Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|16
|11
|5
|0
|0
|-
!18
|[[Kamakhyanagar]]
|Dharmananda Parida
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|14
|'''14'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!19
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|[[Kashinagara|Kashinagar]]
|Mediboina Sudha Rani
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''10'''
|2
|1
|0
|-
!20
| rowspan="16" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
|Bineta Swain
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|18
|'''11'''
|2
|3
|2
|-
!21
|[[Belaguntha|Bellaguntha]]
|Phyroj Kumar Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''13'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!22
|[[Bhanjanagar]]
|Gopabandhu Mahapatra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''15'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!23
|[[Buguda]]
|Chitrasen Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''11'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!24
|[[Chhatrapur]]
|Sarmistha Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14
|'''10'''
|3
|1
|0
|-
!25
|[[Chikiti]]
|Dipa Kumari Sahu
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''12'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!26
|[[Digapahandi]]
|Prafulla Panda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11
|5
|0
|'''6'''
|0
|-
!27
|[[Ganjam]]
|Prativa Padhy
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|12
|'''10'''
|1
|0
|1
|-
!28
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]
|A Janaki Ram
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''8'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!29
|[[Kabisuryanagar]]
|CH Laxmi Sethi
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|18
|'''17'''
|1
|0
|0
|-
!30
|[[Khallikote]]
|Niranjan Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''11'''
|1
|0
|0
|-
!31
|[[Kodala]]
|Surjya Narayan Nayak
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13
|3
|'''8'''
|1
|1
|-
!32
|[[Polasara]]
|Sangeeta Behera
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|19
|'''13'''
|6
|0
|0
|-
!33
|[[Purusottampur]]
|Priyanka Gouda
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|14
|'''11'''
|0
|0
|3
|-
!34
|[[Rambha, Odisha|Rambha]]
|Manasi Swain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13
|'''11'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!35
|[[Surada]]
|Siba Sankar Panda
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''9'''
|1
|1
|0
|-
!36
| rowspan="3" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|[[Dharamgarh]]
|Ashok Kumar Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14
|'''9'''
|5
|0
|0
|-
!37
|[[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]]
|Mukesh Agrawal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12
|'''10'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!38
|[[Kesinga]]
|Nruparaj Yadav
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''10'''
|1
|1
|0
|-
!39
| rowspan="2" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|[[Baliguda]]
|Gobinda Chandra Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''11'''
|0
|2
|0
|-
!40
|[[G. Udayagiri]]
|Bhanuprava Mishra
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''7'''
|4
|1
|1
|-
!41
|[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|[[Champua]]
|Girija Sankar Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''13'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!42
| rowspan="2" |[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Balugaon]]
|Sukanti Paikaray
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''6'''
|5
|0
|0
|-
!43
|[[Banapur]]
|Mitu Nayak
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''9'''
|6
|0
|0
|-
!44
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|[[Kotpad]]
|M. Shankar Rao
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13
|3
|3
|'''6'''
|1
|-
!45
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|[[Balimela]]
|Pradeep Kumar Nayak
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12
|'''8'''
|4
|0
|0
|-
!46
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|[[Karanjia]]
|Popi Prusty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''12'''
|3
|0
|0
|-
!47
|[[Udala]]
|Pramila Panda
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12
|'''6'''
|5
|0
|1
|-
!48
| rowspan="3" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|[[Dashapalla]]
|Punam Priyadarshinee
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|16
|'''7'''
|1
|0
|8
|-
!49
|[[Khandapada]]
|Arati Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|13
|'''8'''
|1
|0
|4
|-
!50
|Ranapur
|Rangeen Mahanti
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|15
|'''11'''
|2
|0
|2
|-
!51
| rowspan="3" |[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|[[Khariar]]
|Ujjwal Gupta
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13
|5
|2
|'''6'''
|0
|-
!52
|[[Khariar Road]]
|Sonia Jain
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19
|'''10'''
|8
|0
|1
|-
!53
|[[Nuapada]]
|Mahammad Adam
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|14
|'''8'''
|1
|1
|4
|-
!54
| rowspan="3" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|[[Konark]]
|Sanjukta Tripathy
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|13
|'''7'''
|2
|3
|1
|-
!55
|[[Nimapada]]
|Sasmita Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''7'''
|3
|0
|1
|-
!56
|[[Pipili]]
|SK. Babu
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|16
|'''13'''
|2
|0
|1
|-
!57
|[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|[[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]
|Sarimita Sabar
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''11'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
!58
| rowspan="2" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|[[Kuchinda]]
|Pradyut Kumar Mohanty
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|11
|'''9'''
|2
|0
|0
|-
!59
|[[Redhakhol]]
|Sibaram Sahoo
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13
|6
|'''6'''
|1
|0
|-
!60
| rowspan="2" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|Binka
|Subash Chandra Bhue
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''11'''
|1
|0
|0
|-
!61
|[[Tarbha]]
|Bandita Nayak
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|12
|'''11'''
|0
|0
|1
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Total'''
!
|823
|'''591'''
|139
|55
|38
|}

=== Chairpersons result ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |NACs<ref name=":1" />
!Total
![[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|Chairpersons
|61
|42
|9
|4
|6
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:2022 elections in India|Odisha]]

Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema

2026-01-24T18:40:06Z

Mittie94U89577: Started first stub added tags - done

{{short description|1996 book by Nasreen Munni Kabir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema
| image = Guru Dutt- A Life in Cinema cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Guru Dutt]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| published = 1996
| media_type = Print
| pages = 152
| isbn = 978-01-95638-49-3
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 605709505
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema''''' is a 1996 biography written by the British author and television documentary producer [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]], detailing the life and career of the Indian actor-cum-filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]]. The book chronicles Dutt's birth in [[Panambur]] in 1925, his 18-year-long film career, his marriage to the playback singer [[Geeta Dutt]], with whom he had three children, and his death in 1964.

== Summary and release ==
The book chronicles the Indian actor and filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]]'s birth in [[Panambur]] on 9 July 1925. He made his acting debut with ''[[Baazi (1951 film)|Baazi]]'' in 1951, and details his commercially successful films, including the comedies ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954) and ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955), the thriller ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D]]'' (1956), and the social film ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960). It also discusses his marriage in 1953 to the playback singer [[Geeta Dutt]], with whom he had three children, and his suicidal death on 10 October 1964.

The book was the British author and television documentary producer [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]]'s second work about Dutt, after a documentary titled ''[[In Search of Guru Dutt]]'' (1989). Since the late 1970s, Kabir has become of his fan after programming his films for film festivals and television channels in Europe. For her research, she met Dutt's family members, including the son Tarun, whom she met in 1982 and once again during the production of her documentary ''Movie Mahal'' in 1987.<ref name="book">{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir |isbn=978-01-95638-49-3 }}</ref>:5 She also collected Dutt's magazine interviews (such as those from ''[[Filmfare]]'') which are available in print edition at the [[National Film Archive of India]] in [[Pune]].<ref name="book" />:9

The book was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1996. Amit Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "The trouble with this book is that it doesn't go much farther than a three-part documentary on Dutt ... For those who have seen the documentary on Indian television, the book doesn't have much that's new to offer. [Kabir] also fails to provide definitive answers to many of the questions attached to Dutt's life: What exactly tormented him? What led to his several suicide attempts? Why did he end up living a life of isolation?"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19960331-book-review-of-nasreen-munni-kabirs-guru-dutt-a-life-in-cinema-833110-1996-03-31 |title=Dim portrait |date=31 March 1996 |work=[[India Today]] |last=Agarwal |first=Amit |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909112645/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19960331-book-review-of-nasreen-munni-kabirs-guru-dutt-a-life-in-cinema-833110-1996-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another edition was published on 11 December 1997.<ref>{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema |date=11 December 1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |isbn=978-01-95642-74-2 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google books|id=Sqa6AAAAIAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1996 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Guru Dutt]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Oxford University Press books]]

List of endemic and threatened plants of Nagaland

2026-01-23T12:20:14Z

Mittie94U89577: created post

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}

This is a list of plants from [[Nagaland]] that are considered rare, threatened, endangered, or extinct by the [[IUCN]] or the [[Botanical Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kameswara Rao, C. |title=Red list of threatened vascular plant species in India |author2=Geetha, B.L. |author3=Suresh, Geetha |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Henry, A.N. |author2=Vivekananthan, K. |author3=Nair, N.C. |year=1978 |title=Rare and threatened flowering plants of South India |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296859 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=75 |pages=684–697}}</ref>

The BSI status symbols used are extinct (Ex), extinct/endangered (Ex/E), endangered (E), vulnerable (V), rare (R) and indeterminate (I). Two letter state identification codes are used (see [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]). The IUCN status is indicated where available.

== Magnoliopsida ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Species
!Family
!BSI status
!IUCN status
!Notes
|-
|''[[Begonia wattii]]''
|[[Begoniaceae]]
|E
|
|
|-
|''[[Silene vagans]]''
|[[Caryophyllaceae]]
|I
|
|
|-
|''[[Senecio rhabdos]]''
|[[Asteraceae]]
|R
|
|Also found in [[Manipur]]
|-
|''[[Kalanchoe roseus]]''
|[[Crassulaceae]]
|E
|
|Also found in Manipur
|-
|''[[Rhododendron elliottii]]''
|[[Ericaceae]]
|I
|
|Also found in Manipur
|-
|''[[Rhododendron formosum]]''
|Ericaceae
|V
|
|Also found in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Manipur, and [[Mizoram]]
|-
|''[[Rhododendron johnstoneanum]]''
|Ericaceae
|I
|
|Also found in Manipur and Mizoram
|-
|''[[Rhododendron macabeanum]]''
|Ericaceae
|R
|
|Also found in Manipur
|-
|''[[Michelia punduana]]''
|[[Magnoliaceae]]
|R
|
|Also found in [[Khasi Hills]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|''[[Cyclea watti]]''
|[[Menispermaceae]]
|I
|
|Only found in Nagaland
|-
|''[[Acranthera tomentosa]]''
|[[Rubiaceae]]
|V
|
|Also found in [[Assam]] and Meghalaya
|-
|''[[Ophiorrhiza gracilis]]''
|Rubiaceae
|I
|
|Only recorded in [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
|-
|''[[Ophiorrhiza griffithii]]''
|Rubiaceae
|I
|
|Only found in Nagaland
|-
|''[[Ophiorrhiza tingens]]''
|Rubiaceae
|V
|
|Also found in Assam, Meghalaya, and [[Tripura]]
|-
|''[[Ophiorrhiza wattii]]''
|Rubiaceae
|E
|
|Also found in Manipur and Meghalaya
|-
|''[[Pimpinella evoluta]]''
|[[Apiaceae]]
|Ex/E
|
|Only recored in Jakpho in Nagaland
|-
|''[[Pimpinella flaccida]]''
|Apiaceae
|I
|
|Only recorded in Kohima
|}

== Liliopsida ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Species
!Family
!BSI status
!IUCN status
!Notes
|-
|''[[Pollia pentasperma]]''
|[[Commelinaceae]]
|I
|
|Also found in Mizoram and Meghalaya
|-
|''[[Aerides vandara]]''
|[[Orchidaceae]]
|I
|
|Also found in Assam and Meghalaya
|-
|''[[Coelogyne prolifera]]''
|Orchidaceae
|I
|
|Also found in Khasi Hills
|-
|''[[Galeola lindleyana]]''
|Orchidaceae
|I
|
|Also found in Meghalaya and [[Sikkim]]
|-
|''[[Liparis pulchella]]''
|Orchidaceae
|I
|
|Also found in Meghalaya
|-
|''[[Renanthera imschootiana]]''
|Orchidaceae
|E
|
|Also found in Manipur and Mizoram
|-
|''[[Hedychium marginatum]]''
|[[Zingiberaceae]]
|Ex
|
|Only found in Nagaland
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]

Arattai

2026-01-13T03:44:07Z

Mittie94U89577: small fix

{{Short description|Messaging service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox software
| name = Arattai
| logo = Arattai_logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| developer = [[Zoho Corporation]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2021|01}}
| ver layout = stacked
| latest release version = {{Multiple releases
| branch1 = Android
| version1 = 1.31.3
| date1 = {{start date and age|2025|10|05}}
| branch2 = iOS
| version2 = 1.17.13
| date2 = {{start date and age|2025|09|22}}
}}
| operating system = {{plainlist|
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
* [[iOS]]
* [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
* [[macOS]]
* [[Linux]]
* [[watchOS]]
}}
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP)
* [[Instant messaging]]
* [[Video chat]]
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.arattai.in}}
}}

'''Arattai Messenger''' (or simply '''Arattai''') is an [[encryption|encrypted]] messaging service for [[instant messaging]], [[Telephone call|voice calls]], and [[Videotelephony|video calls]], developed by [[Zoho Corporation]]. The name ''Arattai'' means "chat" or "conversation" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The app was soft-launched in January 2021.<ref name="ET2021">{{cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=Anandi |title=Zoho positions its Arattai app as WhatsApp rival amid user exodus |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/zoho-positions-its-arattai-app-as-whatsapp-rival-amid-user-exodus/articleshow/80217003.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 January 2021}}</ref> The app saw a sharp surge in downloads in September 2025, partially fueled by endorsements from Indian government officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We don't use AWS or Azure: Sridhar Vembu clears air on Arattai, Zoho's desi tech backbone |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/we-dont-use-aws-or-azure-sridhar-vembu-clears-air-on-arattai-zohos-desi-tech-backbone-496250-2025-09-30 |website=Business Today |publisher=India Today Group |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoho's Arattai messaging app tops app stores as downloads surge 100x |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/zohos-arattai-messaging-app-tops-app-stores-as-downloads-surge-100x/articleshow/124213067.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Times Internet |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zoho’s Arattai: How to install it and five features that stand out | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-10-05 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/zohos-arattai-how-to-install-it-and-five-features-that-stand-out-10283975/ | access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref> However, the app dropped from the top rankings in October 2025.

== History ==
Arattai was initially tested internally among Zoho employees before being released publicly in early 2021.<ref name="TOI2021">{{cite news |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |title=Homegrown tech firm Zoho develops messaging app Arattai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/homegrown-tech-firm-zoho-develops-messaging-app-arattai/articleshow/80200200.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2021}}</ref> The launch coincided with a surge in interest for privacy-focused and messaging services, triggered by concerns over WhatsApp’s [[Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features#2021|updated terms of service]].<ref name="BIL2021">{{cite news |last=Dash |first=Sanchita |title=Zoho plans to woo WhatsApp defectors with its own messaging app Arattai |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/with-whatsapp-popularity-hit-zoho-plans-to-launch-arattai-messaging-app/articleshow/80206802.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=Business Insider |date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125119/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/with-whatsapp-popularity-hit-zoho-plans-to-launch-arattai-messaging-app/articleshow/80206802.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2025, Arattai experienced a major surge in adoption, with daily sign-ups reportedly increasing 100-fold, from around 3,000 to more than 350,000 in three days.<ref name="IT2025">{{cite news |title=Arattai app explodes 100x in 3 days as sign-ups soar from 3,000 to 350,000 daily |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/arattai-app-explodes-100x-in-3-days-as-sign-ups-soar-from-3000-to-350000-daily-story-in-5-points-2795057-2025-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> The growth temporarily strained Zoho's infrastructure, prompting rapid scaling of servers and capacity expansion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zoho's Arattai app sees 100x user surge amid Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative |url=https://m.economictimes.com/tech/technology/zohos-arattai-app-sees-100x-user-surge-amid-aatmanirbhar-bharat-initiative/articleshow/124206882.cms |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> During the same period, the app reached the top position in Apple's App Store charts for the "Social Networking" category in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zoho's messaging app Arattai tops Apple App Store rankings after ministers lend it a boost |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/zohos-messaging-app-arattai-tops-apple-app-store-rankings-after-ministers-lend-it-a-boost/articleshow/124194819.cms |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> The app dropped from the top ranking in late October 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last=Das Gupta | first=Surajit | title=After a dream run, Zoho-run Arattai loses traction on app stores in India | website=Business Standard | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/arattai-download-rankings-slump-as-perplexity-dominates-india-app-charts-125102600531_1.html | access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
At launch, Arattai was positioned as a potential domestic rival to WhatsApp in India, but analysts noted that it faced challenges with [[encryption]], ecosystem, and [[network effect]].<ref name="BIL2021" /> Critics pointed to occasional sync delays.<ref>{{cite news |title=Made-in-India Arattai tops App Store charts, overtakes WhatsApp |url=https://thefederal.com/business/made-in-india-arattai-tops-app-store-charts-in-india-overtakes-whatsapp-209120/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=The Federal |date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zoho’s Arattai: How to install it and five features that stand out | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-10-05 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/zohos-arattai-how-to-install-it-and-five-features-that-stand-out-10283975/ | access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Jami (software)|Jami}}
* {{anl|Signal (software)|Signal}}
* {{anl|Telegram (software)|Telegram}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.arattai.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Mobile applications]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Communication software]]
[[Category:Instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:VoIP software]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Android Auto software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:End-to-end encryption]]

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute

2026-01-01T14:25:05Z

Mittie94U89577: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|College in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
| image = [[File:VJTI-Mumbai-Logo.png|VJTI Seal]]
| caption = Seal of VJTI
| established = {{start date and age|1887}}<ref name="history"/>
| type = [[Engineering College|Government-aided autonomous engineering and technological institute]]
| faculty = 150
| students = 2,860
| undergrad = 2,160 (540/year)
| postgrad = 556
| doctoral = 69
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{convert|16|acre|m2}}
| director = Dr. Sachin Kore
| city = [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| former_names = Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute (1887–1997)
| website = {{url|http://www.vjti.ac.in}}
| affiliation = [[University of Mumbai]]
}}
[[File:VJTI Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|VJTI Quadrangle]]'''Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute''' ('''VJTI''') is a state funded college located in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Founded in 1887 and formerly known as the '''Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute''', it adopted its present name on 26 January 1997.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_history.asp |title=A Brief History of VJTI |publisher=VJTI |date=2005 |access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204022207/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_history.asp |archive-date=4 February 2010}}</ref> VJTI is an academically and administratively autonomous institute, but it is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]]. The institute is financially supported by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is named after [[Jijamata|Rajmata Jijabai Saheb Bhonsale]], the mother of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale Maharaj]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].

After being awarded academic and administrative autonomy in 2004, VJTI became operational under the administration of a [[board of governors]].<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/data/gr/marathi/2007/11/06/20071106172056001.pdf Government of Maharashtra Resolution Number WBP-2004/(341/04)/(2)/Technical Education – 6 dated 21 June 2004]</ref> VJTI is also the Central Technical Institute of Maharashtra State. The institute trains students in engineering and technology at the certificate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/index.php/iiip-industry-institute-interaction-program/iiip-networxx |title=Ccna - Ccnp - Ccie |publisher=Vjti.ac.in |access-date=2013-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716120814/http://www.vjti.ac.in/index.php/iiip-industry-institute-interaction-program/iiip-networxx |archive-date=16 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> diploma, degree, post-graduate and doctoral levels.

[[File:Football Ground VJTI.jpg|thumb|Hostel ground]]
VJTI is an academically and administratively autonomous institute, but it is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]]. The institute is financially supported by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

== History ==

===Foundation and early years (1887–1960)===
The institute was founded in 1887 and commenced with two departments, the Sir J. J. School of Mechanical Engineering and the Ripon Textile School.<ref name="history"/>

===Development and post-autonomy (1960–present)===
Prior to 1960, Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute was the only institute offering Engineering degree and postgraduate courses under the University of Bombay and enjoyed de facto autonomy. On [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 1997, the Institute was renamed to Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute.

VJTI was conferred with the title of 'Knowledge Partner' for the upcoming Centre of Excellence of Sports Textiles of [[Government of India]].<ref>http://atira.in/COE/Compendium/Annex-8%20Sportech.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration ==
=== Governance ===
At the institutional level, VJTI is governed by a [[board of governors]] with a chairman, the director as a member and other members of the board. Members include heads of industry, prominent VJTI alumni as well as heads of other educational institutions.

The key people in the execution of the institute's activities are the director, who is assisted by the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] (Academic programs), Dean (Students activities), Dean (Resource mobilization and finance) and Dean (Research and development), and the heads of the departments.<ref>{{cite web|title=VJTI Management|url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_mgmt_admin.asp}}</ref>

=== Departments ===
The institute has 12 academic departments. Of these, nine offer certificate, diploma, degree, postgraduate and/or doctoral programs. These are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments|url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/index.php/academics|website=www.vjti.ac.in|access-date=22 April 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[Civil Engineering|Civil]] & [[Environmental Engineering]] Department
* [[Structural Engineering]] Department
* [[Computer Engineering]] & [[Information Technology]] Department
* [[Master in Computer Applications| Master in Computer Applications (MCA)]] Department
* [[Electrical Engineering]] Department
* [[Mechanical Engineering]] Department
* [[Production Engineering]] Department
* [[Textile Engineering]] Department
* [[Chemical Engineering|Technical & Applied Chemistry]] Department

Three academic departments have supporting roles and conduct foundation courses for degree and diploma programs, but do not offer any programs of their own. These are:
* [[Mathematics]] Department
* [[Physics]] Department
* [[Humanities]] & [[Management]] Department

==Academics==
=== Admissions ===
* Admissions for undergraduate degree courses are based on the scores in the [[MHT-CET]] only <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/DTE-lists-documents-with-JEE-Main-admit-card/articleshow/46789879.cms|title=Main: DTE lists documents with JEE Main admit card &#124; Pune News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
The admission process is carried out separately by Directorate of Technical Education along with 5 other autonomous institutes in Maharashtra. Respective admission rounds are known as CAPAI (Centralized Admission Process to Autonomous Institutes).<ref>{{cite web|title=Admissions to autonomous institutes|url=http://www.dte.org/fe2011}}</ref>
* Admissions for undergraduate diploma courses are based on scores in the Class 10 Board Examination.
* M.C.A. admissions are based on the scores in the MCA-CET.
* Admissions for postgraduate engineering courses are through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] or sponsorship.<ref>{{cite web|title=VJTI Admissions Page|url=http://vjti.ac.in/admiss.asp|access-date=31 May 2011}}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Institutional
|NIRF_E_2024=101-150}}

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute was rankedin the 101-150 band among engineering colleges by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.vjti.ac.in}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Coord|19.022281|72.856184|type:edu|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1887]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]

List of wars involving Magadha

2025-12-27T18:12:01Z

Mittie94U89577:

{{Short description|none}}
{{More sources|date=October 2025}}

This is a list of wars involving the political entities based in the [[Magadha (region)|Magadha region]] of India.

== Ancient Magadha ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Conflict
! Magadha and Allies
! Opponent(s)
! Outcome

|-
|'''[[Magadha–Anga war]]''' (540–535 BCE)
|[[Haryanka dynasty]]
|[[Anga]]
|'''Victory''' :Magadha annexation of [[Anga]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |language=en}}</ref>

|-

|-
|[[Avanti–Magadhan War|'''First Magadha–Avanti War''']] (544–413 BCE)
|[[Haryanka dynasty]]
|[[Avanti (region)|Avanti]]
|'''Defeat''': Magadha failed to annex [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sathe |first=Shriram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNgGAAAAYAAJ |title=Dates of the Buddha |date=1987 |publisher=Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|-
|'''[[Magadha–Kosala War]]''' (Late 5th century BCE)
|[[Haryanka dynasty]]
|[[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]]
|'''Victory''': Magadha annexation of [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=SHARMA |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijsqvwEACAAJ |title=REPUBLICS IN ANCIENT INDIA c. 1500 B.C.- 500 B.C. |date=1968 |pages=182–206 |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|-
|'''[[Magadha–Vajji war]]''' (484–468 BCE)
|[[Haryanka dynasty]]
|[[Vajjika League]]
|'''Victory''': Magadha annexation of [[Vajjika League|Vajjika Republic]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Avanti–Magadhan War#Shishunaga: Conquest of Avanti|'''Second Magadha–Avanti War''']] (413–400 BCE)
|[[Shaishunaga dynasty|Shishunaga dynasty]]
|[[Avanti (region)|Avanti]]
|'''Victory''': Magadha annexation of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&pg=PA166|title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |date=2006|publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nanda dynasty#Imperial extent|'''Nanda's conquest of Northern India''']]
(c.345 - 321 BCE)
|[[Nanda Empire|Nanda dynasty]]
|[[Nanda dynasty#Imperial extent|North Indian states]]
|'''Victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Dilip Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang |title=History and historians in ancient India |date=1984 |publisher=New Delhi : Abhinav Publications |others=Internet Archive |pages=19-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nanda–Mauryan War|'''Overthrow of the Nanda dynasty''']] (c. 323–321 BCE)
|[[Nanda Empire|Nanda dynasty]]
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|'''Defeat''': Establishment of the [[Mauryan Empire]] over annexed [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]] territories.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0ZBAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India |date=1895 |publisher=The Society |pages=26–32 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Chandragupta Maurya#Unrest and warfare in the Punjab|Chandragupta's conquest of North-western India]]''' (c. Early 3rd century BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|Greek satrapies
|'''Victory''': All remaining Macedon satrapies defeated.<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&redir_esc=y Chandragupta Maurya and his times] pg.6-8 31-33</ref>
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya#Assumed control of Southern India|'''Chandragupta's Conquests of Deccan''']]
(c. Early 3rd century BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|Deccan states
|'''Victory''': Chandragupta's reign extended over most of the subcontinent.<ref>[https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/age-nandas-and-mauryas-0 Age of Nanadas and Mauryas] Pg.18</ref>
|-
|'''[[Seleucid–Mauryan War]]''' (305–303 BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|[[Seleucid Empire]]
|'''Victory''': Treaty of the Indus; Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies such as Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Paropamisadae ceded to the Maurya Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar Romila |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.4083/page/70/mode/1up |title=Ancient India A Textbook Of History For Middle Schools |date=1966 |publisher=Ncert}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bindusara#Takshashila revolt|'''First Takshashila Revolt''']] (c. Late 3rd century BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|Rebels
|'''Victory''': Prince Ashoka stops the revolt.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Bindusara#Takshashila revolt|'''Second Takshashila Revolt''']] (c. Late 3rd century BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|Rebels
|'''Defeat''': Prince [[Susima|Shushima]] fails to stop the revolt.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|'''[[Kalinga War]]''' (c. 262–261 BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|[[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]]
|'''Victory''': [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] annexed by [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan dynasty]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Samprati#Reign|'''Mauryan Reconquest''']] (c. Early 2nd century BCE)
|[[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
|Breakaway Deccan states & [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]]
|'''Victory''': Imperial soldiers disguised as Jain monks reconquer breakaway territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&pg=PA75 |title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-055-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>{{Bcn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|'''[[Shunga–Greek War]]''' (c. Late 2nd century BCE)
*'''[[Demetrius I's invasion of India]]'''
|[[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]]
|[[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] & [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
|'''Victory''': [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]] managed to resist the invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)#War with Shungas|'''Shunga–Vidarbha War''']] (c. Mid 1st century BCE)
|[[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]]
|[[Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)|Vidarbha]]
|'''Victory''': Vidarbha recognized the suzerainty of the Shunga rulers.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Kanva dynasty#Succession|'''Kanva–Satavahana War''']] (28 BCE)
|[[Kanva dynasty]]
|[[Satavahana dynasty]]
|'''Defeat'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39 |title=Indian Numismatic Studies |pages=38–39 |isbn=978-81-7017-035-8 |language=en |last1=Bajpai |first1=K. D. |date=October 2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref>{{Bcn|date=November 2024}}
|}

== Classical Magadha ==
In the [[Middle kingdoms of India|classical age of India]], [[Magadha]] was ruled by the [[Gupta Empire]] and then the [[Later Gupta dynasty]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
|-
! style="background:orange;"| Conflict
! style="background:orange; width:150px;"| Allies
! style="background:orange; width:150px;"| Opponent(s)
! style="background:orange; width:320px;"| Outcome
|-
|[[Samudragupta#Early victories|'''Samudragupta's first North Indian campaign''']]
(c. 4th century CE)
|[[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Samudragupta#Early victories|3 kings]] of [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]]
|'''Gupta Victory'''
|-
|[[Samudragupta#Northern conquests|'''Samudragupta's second North Indian campaign''']]
(c. 4th century CE)
| [[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Samudragupta#Northern conquests|8 kings]] of [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]]
|'''Gupta Victory'''
|-
|[[Samudragupta#Southern conquests|'''Samudragupta's South Indian campaign''']]
(c. 4th century CE)
|[[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Samudragupta#Southern conquests|12 kings]] of [[Dakshinapatha]]
|'''Gupta Victory'''
|-
|'''[[Gupta–Saka Wars]]'''
(c. 375 to 413 CE)
|[[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Western Satraps]]
|'''Gupta Victory'''
|-
|[[Chandragupta II#Punjab region|'''Chandragupta II's conquest Balkh (Punjab and Afghanistan)''']]
(c. 4th century to 5th century CE)
|[[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Balkh Province|Balkh states]]
|'''Indecisive'''
|-
|[[Kumaragupta I#Possible south-western conquests|'''Kumaragupta I's conquest of South-western India''']]
(c. 5th century CE)
|[[Gupta Empire]]
|[[Traikutaka dynasty]]
|'''Gupta Victory'''
|-
|'''[[Battle of Sondani]]''' (528 CE)
| [[Alchon Huns]]
| [[Aulikaras]] [[Gupta Empire]]
| '''Gupta and Aulikara victory'''
|-
|'''[[Gauda–Gupta War]]''' 
(528 CE)
| [[Kingdom of Gauda|Gauda Kingdom]]
| [[Gupta Empire]]
* [[Later Gupta dynasty]]
* [[Maukhari dynasty]]
| '''Gupta and Maukhari victory'''
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of wars involving Magadha}}
[[Category:Magadha]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]

Football Association of Odisha

2025-12-24T15:14:24Z

Mittie94U89577: quick rework information additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|State governing body of Football in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Football Association of Odisha
|abbrev = FAO
|logo = Football Association of Odisha.svg
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
|founded = {{start date|1949}} {{small|(as ''Orissa Football Association'')}} {{start date and age|2010}} {{small|(as ''Football Association of Orissa'')}}
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
|headquarters = [[Cuttack]]
|membership = 33 district associations
|president = [[Tankadhar Tripathy]]
|secretary = Asirbad Behera
|url = http://footballodisha.in/
}}

The '''Football Association of Odisha''' ('''FAO''') is the governing body of [[Association football|football]] in the state of [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football Association of Odisha|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/503|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Odisha football team]] and [[Odisha women's football team]] are administered by the Football Association of Odisha. The FAO is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]], the national administrating body for [[football in India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State Associations|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/state-associations|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

==History==
It was formed in 1949 and became an independent registered body in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=East Zone Vs Marleybone Cricket Club: Story Of Barabati Stadium's First Ever International Match |publisher=Sambad |url=https://sambadenglish.com/story-of-barabati-stadiums-first-ever-international-match/ |last=Mishra |first=Samiran |date=6 July 2021 }}</ref> The organisation was renamed after the committee of Orissa Football Association was dissolved due to litigation in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAO gets temporary recognition from AIFF |url=http://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MjM1MA== |publisher=Orisports |date=3 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samantaray certain to become FAO president |url=http://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MjQ2OQ== |publisher=Orisports |date=5 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OFA set to turn FAO with OOA intervention |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MzQxMg== |publisher=Orisports |date=9 September 2009 }}</ref>

==Teams==
===State teams===
{|class="wikitable" style="border: 1px solid #ADADAD; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px;"
|- style="background:#adadad; text-align:left;"
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Team
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Head coach
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Team manager
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Tournament
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Odisha football team|Odisha Men]]
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Akshay Das]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Gangadhar Behera
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Santosh Trophy]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha Women]]
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Crispin Chettri]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Gitanjali Khuntia
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's NFC]]
|}

===State youth teams===
{|class="wikitable" style="border: 1px solid #ADADAD; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px;"
|- style="background:#adadad; text-align:left;"
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Team
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Head coach
!style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Tournament
|-
| Odisha Junior Men (U-20)
|
|style="text-align:center;"| Swami Vivekananda NFC (U -20)
|-
|-
| Odisha Junior Men (U-15)
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| Suraj Thapa
|style="text-align:center;"| [[B.C. Roy Trophy]]
|-
| Odisha Junior Women (U-19)
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship|Junior Girl's NFC]]
|-
| Odisha Sub-Junior Boys (U-13)
|style="text-align:center;"| Nipendra Kumar Das
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]]
|-
| Odisha Sub-Junior Girls (U-17)
|style="text-align:center;"| Shaik Manzoor
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship|Sub-Junior Girl's NFC]]
|}

==Affiliated district associations==
The 33 district associations of [[Odisha]] affiliated with the '''Football Association of Odisha'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District/Region
|-
| 1 || Angul District Athletic Association || [[Angul district|Angul]]
|-
| 2 || Balangir District Athletic Association || [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|-
| 3 || Balasore District Athletic Association || [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|-
| 4 || Bargarh District Athletic Association || [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|-
| 5 || Bhadrak District Athletic Association || [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|-
| 6 || Bhubaneswar Athletic Association || [[Bhubaneswar]] ([[Khordha district|Khordha]])
|-
| 7 || Boudh District Athletic Association || [[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|-
| 8 || Cuttack District Athletic Association || [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|-
| 9 || Debagarh District Athletic Association || [[Debagarh district|Debagarh]]
|-
| 10 || Dhenkanal District Athletic Association || [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|-
| 11 || Gajapati District Athletic Association || [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|-
| 12 || Ganjam District Athletic Association || [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|-
| 13 || Jagatsinghpur District Athletic Association || [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|-
| 14 || Jajpur District Athletic Association || [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|-
| 15 || Jharsuguda District Athletic Association || [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|-
| 16 || Kalahandi District Athletic Association || [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|-
| 17 || Kendrapara District Athletic Association || [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|-
| 18 || Keonjhar District Athletic Association || [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
|-
| 19 || Khordha District Athletic Association || [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|-
| 20 || Koraput District Athletic Association || [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|-
| 21 || Malkangiri District Athletic Association || [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|-
| 22 || Mayurbhanj District Athletic Association || [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|-
| 23 || Nabarangpur District Athletic Association || [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|-
| 24 || Nayagarh District Athletic Association || [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|-
| 25 || Nuapada District Athletic Association || [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|-
| 26 || Paradeep Port Trust || [[Paradeep]] ([[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]])
|-
| 27 || Phulbani District Athletic Association || [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|-
| 28 || Puri District Athletic Association || [[Puri district|Puri]]
|-
| 29 || Rayagada District Athletic Association || [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|-
| 30 || Rourkela Steel Plant || [[Rourkela]] ([[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]])
|-
| 31 || Sambalpur District Athletic Association || [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|-
| 32 || Subarnapur District Athletic Association || [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|-
| 33 || Sundargarh District Athletic Association || [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]
|}

==Competitions==
===District level===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
====Men's====
*Sahani Cup (Senior Inter-District Football Championship)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=MTU4MA==|title=Sahani Cup|website=Orisports|date=2016|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
{{col-2}}

====Women's====
*PC Behera Trophy (Senior Women Inter-District Football Championship)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODMzMQ==|title=Sr Women Inter-District Football: Sundargarh-B crowned champs|website=Orisports|date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

===Club level===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
====Men's====
*[[FAO League]]
*[[FAO Super Cup]]
*[[Kalinga Cup]]
{{col-2}}

====Women's====
*[[Odisha Women's League]]
{{col-end}}

====Youth====
*FAO Youth League (U15 and U13)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/odisha-fc-to-showcase-local-talent-in-fao-youth-league-2023-u13-and-u15-|title=Odisha FC to showcase local talent in FAO Youth League 2023 U13 and U15|website=Prameys News|date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

====Futsal====
*FAO Inter Club Futsal Championship

==Odisha Football League pyramid==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |FAO League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!I (Level 5 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|'''FAO Diamond League''' ''↑promote (to [[I-League 3]]) ↓relegate''
|-
!II (Level 6 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|'''FAO Gold League''' ''↑promote ↓relegate''
|-
!III (Level 7 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|'''FAO Silver League''' ''↑promote ↓relegate''
|-
!IV (Level 8 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|'''FAO Second Division League''' ''↑promote''
|}

==Evolution==
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px ;"
! colspan="2" |Years
! rowspan="2" |1949
! rowspan="2" |1962– 2010
! rowspan="2" |2010–2011
! rowspan="2" |2011–2016
! rowspan="2" |2016-2018
! rowspan="2" |2018–present
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Level'''
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#dbb224"|{{ font color | white |'''Men's'''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |State leagues
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" | Formation of [[Football Association of Odisha|Football Association of Odisha (FAO)]]
|''None''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="gold" |[[FAO League|FAO First Division League]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[FAO League#Diamond League|FAO Diamond League]]
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2'''
|''None''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="silver" |[[FAO League#FAO Second Division League|FAO Second Division League]]
| bgcolor="silver" |[[FAO League#Gold League|FAO Gold League]]
|-
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |'''3'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |''None''
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |[[FAO League#Gold League|FAO Silver League]]
|-
| bgcolor="#dc7f80" |'''4'''
| bgcolor="#dc7f80" |[[FAO League#FAO Second Division League|FAO Second Division League]]
|-
! colspan="8" |
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Cup competitions
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[Kalinga Cup]]
| colspan="2" |''Not held''
|-
| colspan="3" |''None''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[FAO Super Cup]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#9d1f1e"|{{ font color | white |'''Women's'''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |State leagues
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| colspan="2" |''None''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="gold" |Odisha Women's League
|}
</onlyinclude>

==Honours==
===Men===
*'''[[B.C. Roy Trophy|B. C. Roy Trophy (Junior National Football Championship)]]'''
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 1968–69
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (3): 1961–62, 1976–77, 2024–25

*'''[[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy|Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy (Sub-Junior National Football Championship)]]'''
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2018–19
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (4): 1993–94, 2000–01, 2012–13, 2015–16

===Women===
*'''[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]]'''
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2010–11
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (6): 2000–01, 2001–02, 2007–08, 2009–10, [[2014 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2013–14]], [[2018–19 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2018–19]]

*'''[[National Games of India|National Games]]'''
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Gold medal''' (3): [[2007 National Games of India|2007]], [[2011 National Games of India|2011]], [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]
:{{SilverMedal}} Silver medal (2): [[2015 National Games of India|2015]], [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
:{{BronzeMedal}} Bronze medal (1): 2002

*'''[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (8): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18

*'''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
:{{GoldMedal}} '''Winners''' (1): 2006–07
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (7): 2003–04, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2018–19

===Federation awards===
*2023–24 Best Member Association for Hosting [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Competitions<ref name="AIFF">{{cite web|title=Chhangte, Indumathi named best on a shining Night of AIFF Awards|website=[[All India Football Federation]] |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/chhangte-indumathi-named-best-on-a-shining-night-of-aiff-awards|accessdate=22 July 2024|date=19 July 2024}}</ref>
*2023–24 AIFF Special Award for Hosting Various AIFF Events<ref name="AIFF"/>
*2015 AIFF Award for Best Grassroots Programme<ref>{{cite web|title=Eugeneson Lyngdoh, Bala Devi get top AIFF Awards|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/eugeneson-lyngdoh-bala-devi-get-top-aiff-awards/articleshow/50254761.cms|accessdate=20 December 2015|date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
*2017–18 AIFF's FIFA Development Project Rank #10<ref>{{cite web|title=Goan football slips down, ranked joint eighth among 11 states evaluated by AIFF|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/goan-football-slips-down-ranked-joint-eighth-among-11-states-evaluated-by-aiff/articleshow/77160191.cms|accessdate=5 August 2020|date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

==Management==
Management of FAO for the term 2024–28:<ref>{{cite web|title=BJP leader Samir Dey becomes new president of FAO
|url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODI2Mg==|website=Orisports|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Office-bearer
|-
| President
| [[Tankadhar Tripathy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP MLA Tankadhar Tripathy elected FAO president |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODY2OQ== |publisher=Orisports |date=20 April 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| Vice-president(s)
| Bijay Das Padma Lochan Lenka Dilip Kumar Sahoo Rabi Narayan Panda Asit Baran Pati [[Mohammad Shahid Jabbar]] Sahadev Rout Birendra Kumar Behera
|-
| Working president
| Srikara Mishra
|-
| Secretary
| Asirbad Behera
|-
| Joint secretary(s)
| Avijit Paul Biswa Ranjan Gharei Bijay Kumar Das
|-
| Treasurer
| Bhakta Ballav Das
|}

===AIFF committee members===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Committee
! Member
|-
| Executive committee
| {{flagicon|IND}} Avijit Paul
|-
| Technical committee
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pinky Bompal Magar]]
|}

==Accredited academies==
{|class="wikitable" style="border: 1px solid #ADADAD; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px;"
|- style="background:#adadad; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Team
! style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| Manager
! style="text-align:center;width:250px;"| AIFF Academy Rating
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Sports Odisha]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Shuvendu Panda
|style="text-align:center;"| [[File:1 Gold Star.svg|10px]] [[File:1 Gold Star.svg|10px]] [[File:1 Gold Star.svg|10px]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| FAO Academy
|style="text-align:center;"| Sanjeev Patsani
|style="text-align:center;"| [[File:1 Gold Star.svg|10px]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian state football associations]]
*[[Football in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://footballodisha.in/ Football Association of Odisha]

{{Football in Odisha}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Indian state football associations}}

[[Category:Football governing bodies in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Odisha]]
[[Category:Football in Odisha]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1949]]

Jageshwar Prasad Awasthi

2025-12-20T09:11:28Z

Mittie94U89577: adding stub

{{Short description|Indian official accused of bribery}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}

'''Jageshwar Prasad Awasthi''' (born {{circa|1941}}) is an Indian former transport corporation employee best known for being at the center of one of the country's longest-running [[bribery]] trials. Accused in 1986 of demanding a [[Indian rupee|₹]]100 (approx. [[United States dollar|$]]1.3) bribe while working as a billing assistant, he spent nearly four decades in [[legal proceeding]]s before the [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] acquitted him in 2025.<ref name="r843">{{cite web | last=Dwary | first=Anurag | title=After 39 Years, Chhattisgarh High Court Acquits Man In Rs 100 Bribery Case | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2025-09-19 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-39-years-chhattisgarh-high-court-acquits-man-in-rs-100-bribery-case-9307190 | access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Awasthi was born in 1942 in Govindarajnagar, a locality in [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is married with four children.<ref name="r571">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title=39 साल बाद 100 रुपए के रिश्वत केस में 'बाइज्जत बरी', अब सरकार से बकाया रकम दिलाने की मांग, 4 दशक में परिवार बर्बाद | website=ETV Bharat News | date=2025-09-27 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/raipur-100-rs-bribe-case-jageshwar-prasad-awadhia-story-chhattisgarh-news-cts25092605235 | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>

=== Legal proceeding ===
The case relates to an incident purportedly dating back to 1986, in which Awasthi was accused of demanding a bribe of ₹100 from an employee, Ashok Kumar Verma, purportedly to clear arrears.<ref name="n887">{{cite web | last=Rajappan | first=Sumi | title=Chhattisgarh High Court acquits man in Rs 100-bribery case after 39 years | website=India Today | date=2025-09-25 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-high-court-acquits-man-rs-100-bribery-case-after-39-years-2792891-2025-09-25 | access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>

A trap operation was reportedly arranged by the then Lokayukta, using currency notes coated with [[phenolphthalein]] (a chemical marker used to detect handling). Awasthi was alleged to have been caught in possession of the marked notes. In 2004, a lower court convicted him, sentencing him to one year in prison, finding evidence of his demand of the bribe.<ref name="r843"/>

After years of appeals and legal delays, the Chhattisgarh High Court, in a judgment delivered in September 2025, fully acquitted Awasthi. The court's ruling underscored that the mere recovery of tainted currency is insufficient to establish guilt without clear proof of intent, demand, or acceptance.<ref name="r843"/>

According to the high court, there was no independent [[witness]] who could [[testify]] to the demand or acceptance of the money. A "shadow witness" admitted to neither hearing the conversation nor seeing the transaction.<ref name="r843"/>

Government witnesses present during the trap were positioned some distance away (20–25 yards), which, the court observed, made it improbable that they could reliably observe the transaction.<ref name="r843"/>

Awasthi's defense contended that at the time of the alleged incident, he had not been authorized to pass bills; that authority had been granted later.<ref name="r843"/>

After the court observed deficiencies, the High Court concluded that the [[prosecution]] had not met the burden of proof, declaring that the trap operation had failed and overturning the conviction.<ref name="r843"/>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awasthi, Jageshwar}}
[[Category:Bribery scandals]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Delhi conspiracy case

2025-11-08T16:06:26Z

Mittie94U89577: expanded article for clarity and added references based on references

{{Short description|1912 assassination attempt in British India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
[[File:An assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of the assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge]]
The '''Delhi Conspiracy case''', also known as the ''' Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy''', refers to an attempt made in 1912 to assassinate the then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] by throwing a local self-made bomb of [[Anushilan Samiti]] by [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], on the occasion of transferring the capital of [[British Raj|British India]] from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900-1910 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |pages=246–47 |language=en}}</ref> Hatched by the [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionaries]] underground in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and Punjab and headed by [[Rash Behari Bose]], the conspiracy culminated in the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when a homemade bomb was thrown into the Viceroy's [[howdah]] as the ceremonial procession was moving through the [[Chandni Chowk]] suburb of [[Delhi]].
== Bomb thrown ==
The Viceroy and vicereine were sitting on an elephant and entering the city.<ref name="emiko">{{cite news |last1=Jozuka |first1=Emiko |title=he Indian revolutionary who fought to overthrow British rule while living in Japan |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/09/asia/japan-indian-freedom-fighter-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=12 August 2021 |agency=CNN |date=10 May 2020}}</ref> [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], a revolutionary from Nadia village, threw a homemade bomb at the Viceroy who was seated on an elephant. Although injured in the attack, the Viceroy escaped with flesh wounds, but the servant behind him holding his parasol was killed. Lady Hardinge was unscathed; as was the elephant and its [[mahout]] (handler). Lord Hardinge himself was injured all over the back, legs, and head by fragments of the bomb, the flesh on his shoulders being torn in strips.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Truly Loyal, Says Hardinge|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/05/20/104675740.pdf|newspaper=New York Times|date=20 May 1916}}</ref> Viceroy and Vicerine were making their ceremonial entry to new capital of India, Delhi.<ref name="mor">{{cite web |title=Viceroy of India is injured by Bomb Attendant killed. |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MP19121224.2.42&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |website=UCR Centre for Bibliographical studies and research |publisher=UCR |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The howdah in which they were travelling was blown into pieces and there was some difficulty to remove the Viceroy from the back of elephant on which they were travelling. The servant behind him was dead as observed by the Vicerine.<ref name=mor/> The man killed was an umbrella bearer and he acted in that capacity to previous viceroy Lord Curzon also.<ref name=mor/>

==Injuries to Viceroy==
Viceroy Hardinge suffered several injuries due to piercing of screws filled in the bomb and they penetrated back and shoulders of Viceroy.<ref name=mor/>

In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for some time. [[Rash Behari Bose]], identified as the person who threw the bomb, successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming involved in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy#February 1915|Ghadar Conspiracy]] before it was uncovered, then fleeing to [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] in 1915.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoda |first=Noorul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBEBEAAAQBAJ&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PT203 |title=The Alipore Bomb Case |date=2008-02-01 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-81-89738-31-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
A reward of Rs.10,000 (approximately $3,300) was announced for the arrest of bomb thrower, since the identity of the assassin was not immediately known to Government agencies.<ref name=mor/> The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. The case was filed against [[Lala Hanumant Sahai]], [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], [[Bhai Balmukund]], [[Master Amir Chand|Amir Chand]] and Awadh Behari. On 5 October 1914 Lala Hanumant Sahai was sentenced to life imprisonment in the [[Andaman Islands]], and the other four were sentenced to death for their roles in the conspiracy. Basanta Kumar Biswas was hanged on 11 May 1915 at Ambala Central Jail in Punjab aged twenty and became one of the youngest people to be executed during the Indian revolutionary struggles during the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA329 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NANDI |first=SOUMITRA |date=2017-10-20 |title=Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/story-of-basanta-biswas-penned-by-ujjal-biswas-to-be-portrayed-on-celluloid-267293 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rash Behari Bose]]
*[[Basanta Kumar Biswas]]
*[[Assassination of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Gupta
| given1 = Amit K.
| year = 1997
| title = Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938|volume=25|issue=9/10. (Sep.–Oct., 1997|pages=3–27
| journal= Social Scientist
| doi = 10.2307/3517678
| jstor = 3517678
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Hopkirk
| given1 = Peter
| author-link = Peter Hopkirk
| year = 1997
| title = Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire
| publisher= Kodansha Globe
| isbn = 1-56836-127-0
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040920053932/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080200420200.htm The revolutionary of Chandni Chowk]. ''[[The Hindu]]''.
*[http://in.news.yahoo.com/070818/32/6jm8o.html Sourced from] ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 19 August 2007.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231120404/http://www.aicc.org.in/some_prominent_martyrs_of_%20india%E2%80%99s_freedom_struggle.php Indian National Congress].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051504/http://www.ststephens.edu/StStephens/httpdocs/alumni/hof.htm St Stephens College, notable alumni].

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1912 in India]]
[[Category:1912 crimes in India]]

Harsari

2025-11-07T02:46:39Z

Mittie94U89577: cleanup

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harsari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Harsari''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Harsari had a population of 1718 in 289 households. Males constitute 51.39% of the population and females 48.6%. Harsari has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 64.47%, and female literacy is 35.52%. In Harsari, 19.9% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Champaran district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

Achuthsankar S. Nair

2025-10-28T00:23:55Z

Mittie94U89577: Created a page

{{Short description|Indian academic, Head of the Department of Bioinformatics at the University of Kerala}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Dr. Achuthsankar S. Nair
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Dr.AchuthsankarSNair.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| other_names =
| occupation = {{flatlist|* Scholar
* Writer
* Teacher
* Researcher}}
| period =
| known_for =
| title = Director of [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-DIT)
| predecessor = T. Balakrishnan, IAS (Rtd.)
| successor = E.K. Bharath Bhooshan, IAS (Rtd.)
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|sites.google.com/view/achuthsankar/home/|Achuthsankar}}
| education =
| alma_mater = 
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = 
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Achuthsankar S. Nair''' is an Indian academic and former Director of the [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-DIT), Government of Kerala, for a period of three years from November 2001 to October 2004, during which he led several information technology development initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://cdit.org/?p=2457 |title=Succession List - C-DIT |website=C-DIT |date=13 December 2022 |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref>

He served as Head of the Department of Bioinformatics at the [[University of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Harnessing AI's creative potential in education – Prof. Achut Sankar S Nair |date=8 November 2024 |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/harnessing-ais-creative-potential-in-education-prof-achut-sankar-s-nair/ |website=Mahatma Gandhi University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/above-55-you-can-be-a-senior-intern-at-dcb/articleshow/103851556.cms |title=Above 55? You can be a senior intern at DCB |website=The Times of India |date=Sep 22, 2023 |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref> He has also served as Chairman of the [[Computer Society of India]], Trivandrum chapter.

Nair is the author of more than 20 books in English and Malayalam, in addition to scholarly articles and a number of research publications co-authored with his students.

==Early life and education==
Nair was born in a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] family as a child of Dr. A. Sukumaran Nair, former [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] and former [[Pro-vice-chancellor]] of the University of Kerala,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/Nov/22/igniting-thought-process-204779.html |title=Igniting thought process |date=May 16, 2012 |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref> and Komalam S Nair at [[Vanchiyoor]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/3-generations-of-a-family-trace-vanchiyoors-history/articleshow/92663382.cms |title=3 generations of a family trace Vanchiyoor's history |date=Jul 5, 2022 |website=The Times of India |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref>

He obtained his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]], and his M.Tech from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]. He later earned an M.Phil. in Computer Speech and Language Processing from the [[University of Cambridge]], and a Ph.D. from the University of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=An interdisciplinary approach |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2012/Nov/12/an-interdisciplinary-approach-424538.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025 }}</ref> He holds two [[PhDs|doctoral degrees]] - one in Engineering and another in Music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thesis over, Kerala University to decide on eligibility |date=14 January 2016 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/140116/thesis-over-kerala-university-to-decide-on-eligibility.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/300816/bioinformatics-professor-gets-phd-in-music.html |title=Bioinformatics professor gets PhD in music |date=Aug 30, 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/utility-can-t-be-the-measure-of-every-research-prof-achuth-sankar-cf9d8f03 |title=Utility can't be the measure of every research: Prof Achuth Sankar |date=Apr 1, 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025}}</ref>

Nair's wife, Hema Ramachandran, was an engineering lecturer. His daughter, Gayathri, is a B.Ed. student. His son, Aditya, is a student of history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT will never replace a good teacher |url=https://www.vanitha.in/news/justin/2024/10/05/dr-achuthsankar-interview-world-teachers-day-teaching-experience-of-a-teacher-vanitha.html |website=Vanitha |date=Oct 5, 2024 |accessdate=Jul 13, 2025 |language=Malayalam }}</ref>

==Career==
Nair held academic positions as a Professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and was instrumental in establishing the discipline of Bioinformatics at the University of Kerala. He also served as a visiting professor at the [[University of Korea]], South Korea, FTMS - De Montfort University, Malaysia, and [[Daito Bunka University]], Japan.

He is a prolific science writer and an interdisciplinary scholar; his publications span a wide range of subjects, including Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Bioinformatics, Microhistory, and Carnatic music. Nair's research contributions in bio-sequence analysis include work in gene prediction, pattern recognition, and data compression.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kas.org.in/fellows/ |title=Fellows – KAS |website=Kerala Academy of Sciences |accessdate=Jul 15, 2025}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{{div col|colwidth=34em}}

# {{Cite book |title=A Life in Pedagogy: Biography of Prof. A. Sukumaran Nair |date=26 Jan 2025 |publisher=Infinity Indica Publishers |id={{ASIN|B0DTYWQ58T|country=in}} }}
# {{Cite book |title=Campus Politics - Don't Be Silent, Don't Be Violent |date=1 Jan 2022 |publisher=Infinity Indica Publishers |id={{ASIN|B0B7582Z31|country=in}} }}
# {{Cite book |title=Malayalam Meter - A Modern Pedagogic Introduction |date=1 Jan 2022 |publisher=Infinity Indica Publishers |id={{ASIN|B0BF3KW16J|country=in}} }}
# {{Cite book |title=Swathi Thirunal - A Composer Born to a Mother |date=1 Jan 2021 |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |id={{ASIN|B096KXLZ96|country=in}} }}
# Free Software and GNU/Linux (Malayalam)
# {{Cite book |title=Tharippu |date=1 Jan 2019 |publisher=Olive Publications |id={{ASIN|B097CLQ6C8|country=in}} |language=Malayalam }}
# {{cite web |title=Innovation in University of Kerala (Ebook) |date=2016 |website=University of Kerala |url=https://iqac.keralauniversity.ac.in/docs/eBook_on_Uok_INNOVATION.pdf }}
# {{Cite book |title=Data Structures in C |date=1 Dec 2009 |publisher=Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited | id={{ASIN|8120336429|country=in}} }}
# {{Cite book |title=Vanchiyoor Vignettes - Local History of a Bygone Village | date=1 Jan 2020 |publisher=TailWind Academy Pvt Ltd |id={{ASIN|9354265812|country=in}} |last1=Adithya Sankar |last2=Achuth Sankar S Nair |last3=Komalam S Nair }}
# {{Cite book |title=SCILAB (A Free Software alternative to MATLAB) |date=30 Oct 2011 |publisher=S Chand Publishing |id={{ASIN|8121939704|country=in}} |last1=Hema Ramachandran |last2=Achuthsankar S Nair }}
# {{Cite book |title=What is your Name? | publisher=Information Theory for Kids }}
# {{Cite book |title=Njanum urumbum koodi maram chuttiyappol | publisher=Fractals for Kids |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Idichakkaplamootile rajakumari thanthram padichathengane? | publisher=Information Theory for Kids |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Information Technology |date=1997 |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Googolavalkaranam |date=27 May 2024 |id={{ASIN|B0D5D624RF|country=in}} |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Computer parichayavum prayogavum |publisher=Computer Literacy |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=C Programming padichu thudangam |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |last1=Achuthsankar S. Nair |last2=S. Gopakumar |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Electronics fundamentals |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |last1=Achuthsankar S. Nair |last2=K. Madanan |language=Malayalam }}
# {{Cite book |title=Internet |date=1996 |language=Malayalam }}
# Python - A Pedagogic Introduction
# Machine and Deep Learning

{{div col end}}

=== Chapters ===

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=Jayachandran |first2=Ashwini |last3=T.R. |first3=Aswathy |date=July 2021 |title=Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cayratia pedata leaf extract |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100995 |journal=Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports |language=English |volume=26 |issue= |article-number=100995 |doi= 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100995 |pmid= 33898767 |pmc=8055550 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=Biji |first2=C.L. |last3=Shahina |first3=K |date=1 Jan 2025 |title=A comparative study on the classification of SARS-CoV-2 variants from biosequence images using pre-trained deep learning models |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1504/ijbra.2025.144026 |journal=International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications |language=English |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=144026 |doi=10.1504/ijbra.2025.144026 |pmid= |pmc= |s2cid=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=G. Nadh |first2=Anuroopa |last3=Revikumar |first3=Amjesh |last4=Sudhakaran |first4=P.R. |date=1 Jun 2022 |title=Identification of potential lead compounds against BACE1 through in-silico screening of phytochemicals of Medhya rasayana plants for Alzheimer's disease management |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105422 |journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine |language=English |volume=145 |issue=C |article-number=105422 |doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105422 |pmid= 35354103|pmc= |s2cid=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=Biji |first2=C.L. |date=1 Nov 2017 |title=Benchmark Dataset for Whole Genome Sequence Compression |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCBB.2016.2568186 |journal=IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics |language=English |volume=14 |issue=6 |article-number=2568186 |doi=10.1109/TCBB.2016.2568186 |pmid= 27214907|pmc= |bibcode=2017ITCBB..14.1228C |s2cid=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=Biji |first2=C.L. |last3=P.R. |first3=Arun |last4=George |first4=Jojo |chapter=NGS read data compression using parallel computing algorithm |date=9 Nov 2015 |title=2015 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/BIBM.2015.7359890 |language=English |volume= |article-number=7359890 |doi=10.1109/BIBM.2015.7359890 |pmid= |pmc= |isbn=978-1-4673-6799-8 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=V. Nair |first2=Vrinda |chapter=Combined classifier for unknown genome classification using chaos game representation features |date=15 Feb 2010 |title=Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biocomputing |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1722024.1722065 |language=English |volume= |article-number=1722065 |doi=10.1145/1722024.1722065 |pmid= |pmc= |isbn=978-1-60558-722-6 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=V. Nair |first2=Vrinda |last3=Vijayan |first3=Karthika |last4=P. Gopinath |first4=Deepa |chapter=ANN Based Classification of Unknown Genome Fragments Using Chaos Game Representation |date=9 Feb 2010 |title=2010 Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Computing |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/ICMLC.2010.56 |language=English |volume= |pages=81–85 |doi=10.1109/ICMLC.2010.56 |pmid= |pmc= |isbn=978-1-4244-6006-9 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=Jayasudha |first2=J.S. |chapter=Effect of Window Size on the Performance of a Turbo Equalizer Using a SWMAP Algorithm |date=13 Dec 2007 |title=International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA 2007) |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/ICCIMA.2007.172 |language=English |volume=04 |pages=334–341 |doi=10.1109/ICCIMA.2007.172 |pmid= |pmc= |isbn=978-0-7695-3050-5 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |last2=P. Gopinath |first2=Deepa |last3=Divya Sree |first3=J. |last4=Mathew |first4=Reshmi |last5=Rekhila |first5=S. J. |chapter=Duration Analysis for Malayalam Text-To-Speech Systems |date=18 Dec 2006 |title=9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT'06) |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/ICIT.2006.48 |language=English |volume=04 |pages=129–132 |doi=10.1109/ICIT.2006.48 |pmid= |pmc= |isbn=0-7695-2635-7 |s2cid=}}

== Awards ==
Nair is a recipient of [[Government of Kerala]]'s Young Scientist Award (1991), Engineering Teacher's National Award (1994) from the [[Indian Society for Technical Education]] (ISTE), National Teacher's Award (2013) from the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), the Award for Excellence in Social Service (2014) from the Vakkom Moulavi Foundation, and P.T Bhaskara Panicker Award (2019).

== See also ==
* {{Google Scholar ID | wIHOQTIAAAAJ | Achuthsankar S. Nair }}
* 204 publications by [[ResearchGate]]<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Achuthsankar-Nair</ref>
* 22 published works in [[IEEE Xplore]]<ref>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37290496400</ref>
* 8 publications in [[Association for Computing Machinery|Association of Computing Machinery (ACM)]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Achuthsankar S Nair - Publications | url=https://dl.acm.org/profile/81321495747/publications }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Achuthsankar S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Banas River (Arrah)

2025-09-17T05:51:31Z

Mittie94U89577: Created new location...

{{Short description|River in Bihar, India}}

The '''Banas River''' (also known as '''Banas Nadi''') is a river in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of [[Bihar]]. It is one of at least three different rivers in India to share the name ''Banas''.<ref name=":1" /> This river is key drainage channel in the plain areas surrounding the city of [[Arrah]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">BEGLAR, J. D. (1878), REPORT OF A TOUR THROUGH THE BENGAL PROVINCES OF PATNA, GAYA, MONGIE, AND BHAGALPUE ; THE SANTAL PAEGANAS, MANBHUM, SINGHBHUM, AND BIEBHUM; BANKUEA, EANIGANJ, BAEDWAN, AND HUGELI;</ref><ref>SAHU, S. (2012). Hydrogeological conditions and geogenic pollution in parts of western Bihar [PhD dissertation]. BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY.</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[archaeologist]] [[Alexander Cunningham]] suggested that the river's name could be a derivative of the Sanskrit names '''Parnasa''' or '''Parna Vaha'''.<ref name=":2" />

== Course and features ==
Banas as originates in the southern region of the Ekwari division as a spill channel from the [[Sone River]] near the village of Belta. It flows north for approximately 24 miles as the primary drainage channel for the land situated between the [[Arrah Canal]] and the [[Bihia Canal|Bihiya distributary]] canal. After passing under the railway line between Arrah and [[Behea, Bihar|Bihiya]], the river turns to the east, eventually flowing into the [[Gangi River]]. The Gangi further falls in the [[Ganges]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Francis Buchanan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281772 |title=An Account Of The District Of Shahabad In 1812-13 |date=1934}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/astatisticalacc06huntgoog |title=A statistical account of Bengal |last2=Kisch |first2=Herman Michael |date=1973 |publisher=Delhi, D. K. Pub. House |others=unknown library}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]

Sare Jahan Se Accha (2018 TV series)

2025-08-27T20:27:40Z

Mittie94U89577: Put Up New Post

{{short description|Indian web reality series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| runtime = 7-12 min
| creator =
| director = Prakash Bhardwaj<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prakash-jha-is-identity-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-director-118092100273_1.html|title=Prakash Jha is identity of 'Sare Jahan Se Achha': Director|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=21 September 2018|publisher=|via=Business Standard|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430170949/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prakash-jha-is-identity-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-director-118092100273_1.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prakash Jha]]<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/prakash-jha-to-honour-unsung-heroes-on-his-web-show-saare-jahan-se-achha/story-p1fxdPtr7w0qJaO0qMYfLO.html|title=Prakash Jha to honour unsung heroes on his web show, Saare Jahan Se Achha|date=30 January 2018|website=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430164133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/prakash-jha-to-honour-unsung-heroes-on-his-web-show-saare-jahan-se-achha/story-p1fxdPtr7w0qJaO0qMYfLO.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
| writer = [[Pooja Saini]]
| theme_music_composer = Aum - Audio U and Me
| developer = Prakash Bhardwaj
| composer = Prateek Gandhi
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = [[Saket Saurabh (cinematographer)|Saket Saurabh]]
| editor = Sachin Kumar Srivastava Gaurav Sharma
| network = [[SonyLIV]] [[YouTube]]
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|01|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|09|01|df=y}}
| company = Next Entertainment
| producer = Pankaj Jaiswal
| executive_producer = [[Manish Singh (Producer)|Manish Singh]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| related =
}}

'''''Saare Jahan Se Acha'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/saare-jahan-se-achha-web-show-hosted-by-prakash-jha-180130|title=Saare Jahan Se Achha web show hosted by Prakash Jha|date=30 January 2018|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502114446/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/saare-jahan-se-achha-web-show-hosted-by-prakash-jha-180130|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a web reality series highlighting the good works of ordinary people to improve society. It is directed by Prakash Bhardwaj, and presented by filmmaker [[Prakash Jha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prakash-jha-is-sare-jahan-se-achhas-usp-director-1884755.html|title=Prakash Jha is Sare Jahan Se Achha's USP: Director|website=News18|date=21 September 2018|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430165600/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prakash-jha-is-sare-jahan-se-achhas-usp-director-1884755.html|archive-date=2019-04-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/prakash-jha-is-identity-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-director-prakash-bhardwaj/287997|title=Prakash Jha is identity of Sare Jahan Se Achha: Director Prakash Bhardwaj - Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=21 September 2018 |access-date=2019-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501164641/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/prakash-jha-is-identity-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-director-prakash-bhardwaj/287997|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref> The series premiered on Republic Day of India on 26 January 2018.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web|title=Saare Jahan Se Acha– Episodes|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/glad-i-m-part-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-prakash-jha/|work=The Quint|date=3 February 2018|accessdate=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501174017/https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/glad-i-m-part-of-sare-jahan-se-achha-prakash-jha/|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = Prakash Bhardwaj
|WrittenBy = Pooja Saini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|1|26}}.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Prakash Bhardwaj
|WrittenBy = Pooja Saini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|3|22}}
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Prakash Bhardwaj
|WrittenBy = Pooja Saini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|8|14}}
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = Prakash Bhardwaj
|WrittenBy = Pooja Saini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|9|1}}
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8006496}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant

2025-08-23T19:14:44Z

Mittie94U89577: brief enhanced structure per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Restaurant chain in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant
| logo = Logo of Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant.png
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Restaurant
| genre = Biryani Focused Casual Dining Restaurant Chain
| foundation = {{start date and age|1957}}
| founder = Nagasamy Naidu
| location = Chennai
| location_city = Tamil Nadu
| locations = 90 (in India), 15 (outside India) 
| area_served = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[UAE]], [[Malaysia]], [[France]], [[Singapore]], [[United States]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nagasamy Dhanabalan]] ([[Executive Chairman]])}}
| services = Casual Dining, Take Away, Home Delivery and Outdoor Catering.
| location_country = India
| num_employees = {{Unbulleted list|{{Steady}} 2800+ (2022)}}
| homepage = [http://www.thalappakatti.com www.thalappakatti.com]
}}

'''Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant''' (also known as '''Thalappakatti Biriyani''')<ref>{{cite news |last=Soma |first=Basu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/mag-columns/in-search-of-dindigul-biryani/article4985269.ece |title=In search of Dindigul Biryani |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2013 |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> is a restaurant chain that operates primarily in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The first outlet was opened in 1957 at Dindigul. Since then, it operates with over 105+ outlets globally with 90 outlets in [[India]], and 15 outlets overseas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dindigul-thalappakatti-raises-260-crore-from-cx-partners/article29747103.ece |title=Dindigul Thalappakatti raises ₹260 crore from CX Partners|publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 October 2019|access-date=2019-12-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Thalappakatti restaurants focus on [[biriyani|biryani]] as the core product.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/Turban-Tales-Dindigul-Thalapakatti%E2%80%99s-recipe-to-success/article11644010.ece|title=Turban Tales: Dindigul Thalapakatti’s recipe to success|last=Muthalaly|first=Shonali|date=2013-04-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The founder, Nagasamy Naidu, started Dindigul Thalappakatti restaurant by the name of Anandha Vilas Biriyani Hotel in [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 2013 the chain won a [[trademark]] lawsuit about the use of the word "thalappakatti" (meaning "turban" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]).<ref>{{cite news|author=R. Sivaraman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dindigul-thalappakatti-biriyani-wins-trademark-row/article4585557.ece |title=Dindigul 'Thalappakatti’ biriyani wins trademark row |publisher=The Hindu |date=2013-04-06 |accessdate=2015-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjay Vijayakumar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-08/news/38374194_1_turban-chain-intellectual-property-appellate-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412000830/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-08/news/38374194_1_turban-chain-intellectual-property-appellate-board |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2013 |title=Use of ‘Thalappakatti’ in Tamil Nadu restaurant names leads to trademark wars – timesofindia-economictimes |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2013-04-08 |accessdate=2015-05-27}}</ref>

==Locations==
Dindigul Thalappakatti Restaurant has 80+restaurants, with 92 outlets in India & 9 overseas outlets in countries like Sri Lanka, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, France, Singapore and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thalappakatti.com/outlets/ |title=Outlets |publisher=Thalappakatti.com |date= |accessdate=2017-05-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://thalappakatti.com Official website – India]
* [https://thalappakatti.us Official website – USA]
* [https://thalappakatti.ae Official website – UAE]

{{coord|10.3641416|77.9388289|display=title}}

[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1957]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1957]]

Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)

2025-08-15T16:00:04Z

Mittie94U89577: created a article

'''Manek Chowk'''

{{Short description|Prominent city square in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Manek Chowk
| image = Manekchok.jpg
| caption = Street food stalls at night
| addresses = within [[Old Ahmedabad|walled city]], near [[Bhadra Fort]]
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|1|25|N|72|35|19|E|display=title,inline}}
}}

[[File:Manek Chowk.JPG|thumb|Manek Chowk in the morning]]

'''Manek Chowk''' is a prominent [[city square]] located in [[Old Ahmedabad]], [[India]]. Surrounded by historical structures, it serves as a vegetable market in the morning, a bullion market in the noon, and transforms into a vibrant street food market at night.<ref name="igg">{{cite book | title=India Guide Gujarat | publisher=India Guide Publications | year=2007 | pages=93–94 | isbn= 9780978951702 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 | editor=Desai, Anjali H.}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Main|Maneknath}}
The square derives its name from Baba [[Maneknath]], who played a crucial role in aiding [[Ahmed Shah I]] in the construction of [[Bhadra Fort]] in 1411.<ref name="igg" /><ref name="baba">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 | title=Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=18 October 2010 | accessdate=21 February 2013 | author=More, Anuj}}</ref><ref name="mnk">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Flags-changed-at-citys-foundation-by-Manek-Nath-babas-descendants/articleshow/10261380.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/ahmedabad/30257006_1_flag-foundation-stone-puja | url-status=live | archive-date=11 April 2013 | title=Flags changed at city's foundation by Manek Nath baba's descendants | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 October 2011 | agency=TNN | access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="tam">{{cite news | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20A%201000%20Salutes&sectid=68&contentid=2010022620100226182744376d3de031 | title=Multi-layered expansion | work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] | date=26 February 2010 | agency=AM | accessdate=21 February 2013 | first1=Ruturaj | last1=Jadav | first2=Mehul | last2=Jani | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207235844/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article | archive-date=7 December 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Manek Chowk==
This bustling square functions as a vegetable market in the morning, transforms into a jewelry market in the afternoon (the second-largest in [[India]]), boasting an annual turnover of around 3 million rupees. However, it is most renowned for its food stalls that emerge around 9:30 in the evening, offering a variety of local street snacks. Manek Chowk is particularly celebrated for its Kulfi.<ref name="gt">{{cite web | url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/13 | title=Manek Chowk | publisher=Tourism Corporation of Gujarat | work=Government of Gujarat | date=7 December 2015 | accessdate=21 February 2013 | archive-date=8 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208093713/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/13 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="maha">{{cite news | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201104142011041403024319033332e2 | title=Manek Chowk fights off its 'MAHA' Clone | work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] | date=14 April 2011 | agency=AM | accessdate=21 February 2013 | author=Jani, Mehul | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407160706/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201104142011041403024319033332e2 | archive-date=7 April 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Food Street==
Manek Chowk is one of the few food streets allowed to stay open until late at night. Offering Bhajipau, dosa, typical local sandwiches, and various local cuisines, it is a hub for culinary enthusiasts even during the late hours.

==Structures==
[[File:Mukhvas at Manek Chowk.jpg|thumb|Variety of mouth fresheners, ''Mukhwas,'' being sold near Manek Chowk]]

===Baba Maneknath Temple===
The memorial temple, where the saint Maneknath took [[samadhi]], is situated in Manek Chowk.

===''Badshah no Hajiro''===
{{Main|Ahmed Shah's Tomb}}
This is the burial place for male members of the royal family, including [[Ahmed Shah I]], the founder of [[Ahmedabad]]. Women are restricted from entering, and men must cover their heads before entering. Several minister’s tombs are laid out across the road. It lies to the west of Manek Chowk.<ref name="igg" />

===''Rani no Hajiro''===
{{Main|Rani no Hajiro}}
[[File:Rani no Hajiro Tomb of Queens of Ahmed Shah I Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|thumb|Tombs of Queens of Ahmed Shah I in 1866]]
On the street leading to the ''Rani no Hajiro'' (Queen’s tomb), where the female members of the royal family were buried, is now a market for women's clothing, jewelry, and accessories. Traditional [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] clothes are also sold here. Many types of mouth fresheners, ''Mukhwas,'' stalls are nearby. ''Rani no Hajiro'' lies to the east of Manek Chowk.<ref name="igg" />

===Ahmedabad Stock Exchange Building===
[[File:Ahmedabad Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|Ahmedabad Stock Exchange heritage building]]
Established in 1894, the [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in India after the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. It operated in this location until 1996, housed in a 93-year-old heritage building showcasing British architecture.<ref name="asett">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/ahmedabad/32078139_1_ase-ahmedabad-stock-exchange-heritage-building | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/ahmedabad/32078139_1_ase-ahmedabad-stock-exchange-heritage-building | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | title=Old stock exchange building at Manek Chowk to be sold | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 June 2012 | agency=TNN | accessdate=21 February 2013 | location=Ahmedabad}}</ref><ref name="build">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report_veterans-rue-loss-of-ahmedabad-s-manekchowk-building_1699278 | title=Veterans rue loss of Ahmedabad's Manekchowk building | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=7 July 2012 | agency=DNA | accessdate=21 February 2013 | author=Dhomse, Himansh}}</ref><ref name="dnaa">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_heritage-lovers-root-for-ahmedabad-stock-exchanges-manekchowk-building_1510511 | title=Heritage lovers root for Ahmedabad Stock Exchange's Manekchowk building | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=20 February 2011 | agency=DNA | accessdate=21 February 2013 | author=Soni, Nikunj}}</ref><ref name="mp">{{cite news | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=2010020520100205023816328218cbe34 | title=Amdavad's First Pol | work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] | date=5 February 2010 | agency=AM | accessdate=21 February 2013 | author=Ruturaj Jadav and Mehul Jani | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207235844/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article | archivedate=7 December 2009 }}</ref>

===Mahurat Pol===
It was the first [[Pol (housing)|pol]] (housing cluster) of [[Ahmedabad]]. Jains settled here around the 1450s. There are two temples inside the pol, Sheetalnath Jain temple and Dholeshwar Mahadev temple.<ref name="igg" /><ref name="mp"/>

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Bhadra Fort]]
* [[Fort and Gates of Ahmedabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/13 Gujarat Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208093713/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/13 |date=8 February 2017 }}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Squares in India]]

Mala Saha

2025-08-07T03:32:01Z

Mittie94U89577: created info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Mala Saha''' (born 1956)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mala Saha(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- KASHIPUR-BELGACHIA(KOLKATA NORTH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=849 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a former two time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur Belgachia Assembly constituency]] in [[Kolkata district]]. She won seat in 2011 and 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election representing the All India Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=ElectWise -West Bengal - 2016 Assembly Elections |url=https://www.electwise.in/election/assembly/west-bengal/2016/constituency/kashipur-belgachia/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Electwise.in |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashipur-Belgachia Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Atin Ghosh of TMC Secures Victory |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kashipur-belgachia-election-result-2021-live-updates-kashipur-belgachia-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696485.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saha is from [[Cossipore|Kashipur]], Belgachia, Kolkata district, West Bengal. She married Tarun Saha. She completed her MA in history at [[Rabindra Bharati University]] in 1981. Later, she did B.Ed at [[Calcutta University]] in 1983 and also obtained a Special Education (Mental Retardation) certificate from [[Rehabilitation Council of India]]. She is a retired school teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Saha won from Kashipur Belgachia Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 87,408 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Kaninika Ghosh Bose of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 40,284 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kashipur-belgachia Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kashipur-belgachia-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> She retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kaninika Bose of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 25,810 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Kashipur-Belgachia profile: TMC's Mala Saha currently represents seat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-kashipur-belgachia-profile-tmcs-mala-saha-currently-represents-seat-9282681.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashipur-belgachia Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Kashipur-belgachia Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-kashipur-belgachia-constituency-168.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She was denied a ticket by Trinamool Congress for the 2021 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Joydeep |date=18 March 2021 |title=West Bengal election: Setback for BJP as 2 leaders refuse offer to contest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-election-setback-for-bjp-as-2-leaders-refuse-offer-to-contest-101616075570784.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Mala}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Rabindra Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]

Moosarambagh

2025-07-06T20:25:38Z

Mittie94U89577: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moosarambagh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Raymond's Tomb,Malakpet 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Moosarambagh with [[Raymond's Tomb]] in the foreground
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3730|N|78.5164|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 036
| registration_plate =TS
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malakpet]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
}}
'''Moosrambagh''' also '''Moosa Ram Bagh''' is an [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|old suburb]] of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Soon you can earn while you pee|url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/soon-you-can-earn-while-you-pee/226663-60-121.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120916100206/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/soon-you-can-earn-while-you-pee/226663-60-121.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 16 September 2012|newspaper= IBN Live|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= 14 injured in wall collapse at Moosarambagh|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/14-injured-in-wall-collapse-at-Moosarambagh/articleshow/28501281.cms|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708030453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-11-17/hyderabad/27304806_1_wall-collapse-asbestos-roof-moosarambagh|url-status= live|archive-date= 8 July 2012|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> It is named after the French military commander [[Monsieur Raymond]] who served the [[Nizam]]s of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]] during the 18th century. His tomb, [[Raymond's Tomb]], is located near [[Asman Garh Palace]]. The locality of "Moosa-Ram-Bagh" is named after him. Wherein, Bagh refers to "a garden" as the area was once covered by extensive greenery.

==History==
Raymond became a close friend of the second Asaf Jah, [[Nizam Ali Khan]]. Raymond was not only held in high esteem by the [[Nizam Ali Khan|2nd Nizam]], but had also won the love and trust of the local people. He made himself popular through his kindness, bravery and contribution to Hyderabad. To the Muslims, he was Musa Rahim, and to the Hindus, he was Musa Ram.<ref>{{cite web |title=When a French Revolution-modelled Army contingent was established in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/michel-joachim-marie-raymond-raymonds-tomb/article23936147.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hyderabad, A Biography|last=Luther|first=Narendra|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=019567535-5|pages=117}}</ref>

[[George Bruce Malleson]] said that
"No European of mark who followed him in India, ever succeeded in gaining to such an extent the love, the esteem, the admiration of the natives of the country."

==Commercial area==
Moosrambagh has many shops catering to all the needs of its residents. The popular [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi restaurants]] Capital (aka Shaam) and Bawarchi are located here. The suburb also has [[Doordarshan]]'s [[Television tower|TV tower]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==IT tower==
On 2 October 2023, BRS Working President, Minister for Municipal Administration & Urban Development, Industries and IT&C [[K. T. Rama Rao]] laid the foundation stone of the 30-floor Malakpet IT tower- iTek Nucleus in Moosarambagh area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/021023/malakpet-it-tower-to-create-50000-jobs-in-hyderabad-city.html|title=Malakpet IT Tower to create 50,000 jobs in Hyderabad city}}</ref> The IT tower will span 11 acres with a built-up space of 15 lakh sqft with a cost of Rs. 701 crores and will create 50,000 direct and indirect jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/sep/25/malakpet-governementquarters-to-make-way-for-it-tower-2617990.html|title=Malakpet {{as written|gover|ement [sic]}} to make way for IT tower}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabads-old-city-to-get-it-tower-ktr-lays-foundation-in-malakpet|title=Hyderabad’s Old City to get IT tower, KTR lays foundation in Malakpet}}</ref> IT Tower is set to be completed in 36 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/old-city-set-to-log-into-it-boom-with-rs-700-crore-iconic-tower-at-malakpet/articleshow/104116705.cms|title=Hyderabad: Old City set to log into IT boom with Rs 700 crore iconic tower at Malakpet}}</ref> The IT tower will be near the [[Musarambagh metro station]].

==Transport==
The state-owned [[TSRTC]] runs the city bus service, connecting to all the major centres of the city. There is also a [[Musarambagh metro station|Hyderabad metro station]], connecting it to other parts of city.

==See also==
*[[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]

Baidyapur Jora Deul

2025-06-21T18:23:06Z

Mittie94U89577: Created stub...

{{Short description|Two temples in Baidyapur}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Baidyapur Jora Deul
| native_name = '''An [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Listed Monument]]'''
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Ancient twin temples WLM2016-5722.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India West Bengal # India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1601|N|88.2471|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| location = Baidyapur Purba Bardhaman
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| elevation_m =
| year_completed = 1550
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture#Rekha deul|Rekha deul]]
| festivals =
| deity = [[Shiva Lingam]]
}}

'''Baidyapur Jora Deul''' is a 16th-century temple at [[Baidyapur]] in the [[Kalna II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kalna subdivision]] of the [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Location==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: Historical/ religious centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|4|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Goara]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nadanghat]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Purbasthali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= Baidyapur Jora Deul (H)| shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

Baidyapur is on the Boinchi-Kalna Road and the nearest railway station is [[Bainchigram railway station]] on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]].<ref name="joradeul">{{cite web | url = https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2019/04/24/jora-deul-baidyapur-kalna-bardhaman/ | title = Jora Deul – Baidyapur | date = 23 April 2019 |publisher = Rangan Datta |access-date = 25 January 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Baidyapur Jora Deul was built in 1550 by Subhananda Pal. The two brick-built temples, with square bases probably had domed top in their original shape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title= ASI, Kolkata Circle|url=http://asikolkata.in/barddhaman.aspx}}</ref> Their facades are of carved bricks.<ref name=":1" />The main temple faces east and the small north and they are interconnected with a passage and is datable to c.1550 A.D.<ref name=":1" /> The larger temple has an inscription over its domway.<ref name=":1" />

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the two ancient temples (joined together) at Baidyapur is an ASI listed monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 46|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

==Jora Deul picture gallery==
<gallery widths="230" heights="180">
File:Jora Deul of Baidyapur in Burdwan district 05.jpg|Terracotta decoration on Jora Deul wall
File:Jora Deul of Baidyapur in Burdwan district 18.jpg|Terracotta decoration on Jora Deul wall
File:Jora Deul of Baidyapur in Burdwan district 20.jpg|Terracotta decoration on Jora Deul wall
File:WLM@WB-Door decorated with Terracotta of Two Ancient Temples of Baidyapur 02.jpg|Door decorated with terracotta
File:WLM@WB-Terracotta Panel 06 of Two Ancient Temples of Baidyapur.jpg
File:Jora Deul of Baidyapur in Burdwan district 02.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Twin temples, Baidyapur}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Major temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Trams in Bhavnagar

2024-09-28T06:54:00Z

Mittie94U89577: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of town tramway systems in India#Bhavnagar]]