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Pradeep Ranganathan

2026-05-07T17:14:13Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Ranganathan
| image =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|7|25}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[SSN College of Engineering]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| other_names = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Film director|Screenwriter|Playback singer|Lyricist}}
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present
| father = Ranganathan
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| module =
}}
'''Pradeep Ranganathan''' (born 25 July 1993) is an Indian actor, film director, playback singer, lyricist, and screenwriter who works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/director-pradeep-ranganathan-to-play-lead-in-his-next-directorial-love-today-5516329.html |title=Director Pradeep Ranganathan to Play Lead in His Next Directorial Love Today |work=News18 |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031164955/https://www.news18.com/news/india/director-pradeep-ranganathan-to-play-lead-in-his-next-directorial-love-today-5516329.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is known for directing ''[[Comali]]'' (2019) and ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' (2022), debuting as a lead actor in the latter. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-ranganathans-film-gets-vijays-film-title/articleshow/92646522.cms |title=Pradeep Ranganathan's film gets Vijay's film title |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-ranganathans-film-gets-vijays-film-title/articleshow/92646522.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-is-not-a-revengeful-romance-its-a-sweet-dedication-to-my-ex-girlfriend-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/92756180.cms |title=Love Today is not a revengeful romance; it's a sweet dedication to my ex-girlfriend: Pradeep Ranganathan |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-is-not-a-revengeful-romance-its-a-sweet-dedication-to-my-ex-girlfriend-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/92756180.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/director-pradeep-ranganathan-dedicating-next-film-to-the-girl-who-left-me-news-206696 |title=Director Pradeep Ranganathan: Dedicating Next Film To The Girl Who Left Me |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704112635/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/director-pradeep-ranganathan-dedicating-next-film-to-the-girl-who-left-me-news-206696 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/04/love-today-is-a-very-close-to-heart-filmpradeep-ranganathan-32533.html |title=Love Today is a very close-to-heart film: Pradeep Ranganathan |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119183842/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/04/love-today-is-a-very-close-to-heart-filmpradeep-ranganathan-32533.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is an recipient of two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Award South]].

==Early life==
Pradeep studied at [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering|SSN College of Engineering]]. He began his career by making several short films, including ''Whatsapp Kadhal'' (2015) and used to multitask by doing acting, editing and directing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-short-film-whatsapp-kadhal-depicts-a-new-trend-in-love/articleshow/48516137.cms |title=Tamil short film 'Whatsapp Kadhal' depicts a new trend in love |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-short-film-whatsapp-kadhal-depicts-a-new-trend-in-love/articleshow/48516137.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pradeep received his first feature film directorial debut opportunity from [[Ravi Mohan]] and Vels International, who were impressed after watching some of his short films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title='Comali' director Pradeep Ranganathan to make his acting debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Oct/05/comali-directorpradeep-ranganathan-to-make-his-acting-debut-2367609.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033355/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/05/comali-directorpradeep-ranganathan-to-make-his-acting-debut-2367609.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's title, which was revealed to be ''[[Comali]]'' (2019), also starred [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and the film became a commercial success at the box office. Pradeep also eventually made a cameo appearance during the climax portion of ''Comali''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2022 |title=I've narrated a story to Vijay, confirms Love Today director Pradeep Ranganathan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ive-narrated-a-story-to-vijay-confirms-love-today-director-pradeep-ranganathan-8256516/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ive-narrated-a-story-to-vijay-confirms-love-today-director-pradeep-ranganathan-8256516/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Pradeep was the subject of controversy before the theatrical release of ''Comali'' as [[Rajinikanth]]'s fans demanded the film to be boycotted due to the depiction of the flashback of Rajinikanth where he promised to enter politics in 1996 being mentioned in a portion of the film trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Joke on Rajini sir wasn't morally wrong to me: 'Comali' director Pradeep intv |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/joke-rajini-sir-wasnt-morally-wrong-me-comali-director-pradeep-intv-107215 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033359/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/joke-rajini-sir-wasnt-morally-wrong-me-comali-director-pradeep-intv-107215 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2019 |title=Rajinikanth fans outrage as Comali trailer mocks Tamil superstar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajinikanth-fans-outrage-as-comali-trailer-mocks-tamil-superstar/story-mkmGIaTiaXbcdvxo4POwOP.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014084402/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajinikanth-fans-outrage-as-comali-trailer-mocks-tamil-superstar/story-mkmGIaTiaXbcdvxo4POwOP.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also a major talking point and highlight in the trailer of the film. The scene was subsequently removed from the film following the backlash.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=5 August 2019 |title=Controversial Rajinikanth scene will be removed: 'Comali' director Pradeep Ranganathan |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/controversial-rajinikanth-scene-will-be-removed-comali-director-pradeep-ranganathan/article61587352.ece |access-date=26 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033358/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/controversial-rajinikanth-scene-will-be-removed-comali-director-pradeep-ranganathan/article61587352.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pradeep's second directorial venture, ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' (2022), was based on his short film ''App(a) Lock'' and was a modest small budgeted theatrical release in Tamil Nadu. However, upon release, it became an instant blockbuster and surpassed expectations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2022 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan on Love Today success: 'Are the things I am hearing and seeing real?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/pradeep-ranganathan-on-love-today-success-are-the-things-i-am-hearing-and-seeing-real-8258228/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/pradeep-ranganathan-on-love-today-success-are-the-things-i-am-hearing-and-seeing-real-8258228/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/comali-director-pradeep-ranganathan-to-play-the-protagonist-in-his-next-film/articleshow/86681206.cms |title='Comali' director Pradeep Ranganathan to play the protagonist in his next film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/comali-director-pradeep-ranganathan-to-play-the-protagonist-in-his-next-film/articleshow/86681206.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/pradeep-ranganathan-release-the-first-song-from-love-today-starring-pradeep-ranganathan-as-the-hero-/articleshow/93289244.cms |title=Pradeep Ranganathan :பிரதீப் ரங்கநாதன் ஹீரோவாக நடித்துள்ள லவ் டுடே பட முதல் பாடல் வெளியிடு…! |work=Samayam |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171627/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/pradeep-ranganathan-release-the-first-song-from-love-today-starring-pradeep-ranganathan-as-the-hero-/articleshow/93289244.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Pradeep rose to prominence and became an overnight sensation with ''Love Today''. He also made his full-fledged acting debut with the film, playing one of the leads.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=3 November 2022 |title=Tamil director Pradeep Ranganathan on 'Love Today', turning actor, and the evolving nature of romance |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-director-pradeep-ranganathan-on-love-today-turning-actor-and-the-evolving-nature-of-romance/article66090774.ece |access-date=26 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226033357/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-director-pradeep-ranganathan-on-love-today-turning-actor-and-the-evolving-nature-of-romance/article66090774.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He later revealed that the film reflects and relates to everyone, as everyone would have faced these situations in their life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-09 |title=Love Today is not a revengeful romance; it's a sweet dedication to my ex-girlfriend: Pradeep Ranganathan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-is-not-a-revengeful-romance-its-a-sweet-dedication-to-my-ex-girlfriend-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/92756180.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Ref heading}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Comali]]''
|Joseph
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=30 October 2022 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan: கோமாளி படத்தில் முதலில் நடிக்க வேண்டியது ஜெயம் ரவியே இல்லை...இவர் தான் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-pradeep-ranganathan-revealed-the-secret-about-comali-movie-81848 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224041353/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-pradeep-ranganathan-revealed-the-secret-about-comali-movie-81848 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|Uthaman Pradeep
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023: Pradeep Ranganathan wins the award for Best Debut Actor, Aditi Shankar takes home Best Debut Actress honor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2023-pradeep-ranganathan-wins-the-award-for-best-debut-actor-aditi-shankar-takes-home-best-debut-actress-honor/articleshow/103721154.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109115909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2023-pradeep-ranganathan-wins-the-award-for-best-debut-actor-aditi-shankar-takes-home-best-debut-actress-honor/articleshow/103721154.cms |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=17 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023: Ram Charan, JR NTR Bag Best Actors. Kantara, Ponniyin Selvan -1 Win Big |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/68th-filmfare-awards-south-2023-ram-charan-jr-ntr-bag-best-actors-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-1-win-big-article-111677802 |website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|D. Ragavan "Dragon"
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dragon Movie Review : This Ashwath Marimuthu rollercoaster ride is fun & fully charged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dragon/movie-review/118443297.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]''
|Agan Chidambaram
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|Vaibhav Vasudevan "Vibe Vassey" / Original Voice Of LIK App
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=It's official! Vignesh Shivan to direct 'Love Today' star Pradeep Ranganathan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-vignesh-shivan-to-direct-love-today-star-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/103775550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921011506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-vignesh-shivan-to-direct-love-today-star-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/103775550.cms |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சரியான நேரத்துல என்னை காப்பாத்திட்டீங்க: 'லவ் டுடே' பிரதீப்புடன் கை கோர்த்த விக்னேஷ் சிவன்.! |trans-title=Save me at the right time: Vignesh Sivan joins hands with Pradeep in 'Love Today'! (machine translation) |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-vignesh-shivan-join-hands-with-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/103772910.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006233335/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-vignesh-shivan-join-hands-with-pradeep-ranganathan/articleshow/103772910.cms |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|}

=== As director, writer and producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Credited as
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]''
| Dialogue writer
| Additional dialogues only
|
|-
| ''[[Comali]]''
| rowspan="2"|Director and writer
| Lyricist for "Paisa Note" and "Hi Sonna Pothum"
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
| Lyricist for all songs
|
|-
|rowspan = "2"|2025
| ''[[Loveyapa]]''
|Producer
|[[Hindi]] film; Remake of Tamil film ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/love-today-remake-as-loveyapa-gears-up-for-release-heres-what-made-pradeep-ranganathan-film-a-must-watch/14cbba2a43793|title=Love Today remake: As Loveyapa gears up for release, here's what made Pradeep Ranganathan film a must-watch|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
| Story writer
|
|
|}

==Discography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Pradeep Ranganathan playback singer credits
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Song
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Language
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Composer
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2025
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)|''Dude '']]''
| "Singari"
| Tamil
| [[Sai Abhyankkar]]
| [[Sai Abhyankkar]], Sai Smriti & The Indian Choral Ensemble
| Debut as playback singer
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut]]
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Tamil ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#2019 winners and nominees|2021]]
|Best Debut Director – Tamil
|''[[Comali]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-soorari-pottru-yajamana-win-big-at-siima-awards-2021/395138 |title='Soorari Pottru', 'Yajamana' Win Big At SIIMA Awards 2021 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829171630/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-soorari-pottru-yajamana-win-big-at-siima-awards-2021/395138 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Tamil|Best Male Debut – Tamil]]
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|2019
|Best Film - Third Prize
|''[[Comali]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2022
|Best Writer - Story
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|{{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10869704}}
* {{YouTube|c=UCUOc_ugqjTpQBxevuaEJ-8w}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranganathan, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Vamanapuram Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:33:33Z

Miteshsoni: created the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vamanapuram
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 131
| mla = Sudheersha Palode
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 1,99,992 (2021)
}}

'''Vamanapuram''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies
|website = trivandrum.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district
|access-date = 16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is Muhammed Sudheersha of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Vamanapuram Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
|access-date = 14 March 2021
|archive-date = 29 November 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231129052856/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Anad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|2
|[[Kallara, Thiruvananthapuram|Kallara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|3
|Nanniyode
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|4
|[[Nellanad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|5
|[[Panavoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|6
|[[Pangode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|7
|[[Peringamala]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|8
|[[Pullampara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|-
|9
|[[Vamanapuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Nedumangad (tehsil)|Nedumangad]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vamanapuram Assembly Election Results 2016, Winning MLA List, Constituency Map|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/vamanapuram-assembly-constituency-map.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. V. Pillai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|M. Kunjukrishna Pillai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|N. Vasudevan Pillai
| rowspan="11" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair]]
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pirappancode Murali]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|J. Arundathi
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[D. K. Murali]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Sudheersha Palode
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudheersha Palode
|votes = 73,590
|percentage = 49.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[D. K. Murali]]
|votes = 61,405
|percentage = 41.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Venu
|votes = 12,091
|percentage = 8.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vipinlal V A
|votes = 734
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India
|candidate = Ratheesh R
|votes = 275
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Mulareedharan Nair G
|votes = 173
|percentage = 0.12
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 812
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,185
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49082
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,97,254 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[D. K. Murali]]|votes=65,848|percentage=46.56|change={{increase}}0.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T. Sarathchandra Prasad|votes=56,252|percentage=39.77|change={{decrease}}4.93|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=R. V. Nikhil|votes=13,956|percentage=9.87|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Thachonam Nisamudeen|votes=1,774|percentage=1.25|change={{decrease}}0.55|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anil Paalode|votes=901|percentage=0.64|change={{decrease}}0.06}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=789|percentage=0.56|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sugathan S.|votes=517|percentage=0.37|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=G. Ajith|votes=515|percentage=0.36|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Irincham Suresh|votes=286|percentage=0.20|change={{decrease}}0.15}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Anil K. Pongadu|votes=228|percentage=0.16|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Maniraj Bharathannoor|votes=123|percentage=0.09|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,596|percentage=6.79|change={{increase}}4.98}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,435|percentage=71.70|change={{increase}}0.96}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}0.05}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,74,408 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair|votes=57,381|percentage=46.51|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C. Mohanachandran|votes=55,145|percentage=44.70|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Karette Sivaprasad|votes=5,228|percentage=4.24|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Pirappankode Shahjahan|votes=2,225|percentage=1.80|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Seleena Prakkanam|votes=1,613|percentage=1.31|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sasi R. Cheraman|votes=667|percentage=0.70|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Irinchayam Suresh|votes=437|percentage=0.35|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Krishnan Nair|votes=275|percentage=0.22|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Bharathannoor Balan|votes=205|percentage=0.17|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,236|percentage=1.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,23,376|percentage=70.74|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=J. Arundhathi|votes=45,743|percentage=47.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|candidate=S. Shine|votes=39,234|percentage=40.53|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=S Anilkumar|votes=5,627|percentage=5.81|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,509|percentage=6.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,797|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,60,262 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Pirappancode Murali]]|votes=52,749|percentage=48.10|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|candidate=S. Shine|votes=51,140|percentage=46.63|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. Rajendran Nair|votes=4,134|percentage=3.77|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,609|percentage=1.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,09,674|percentage=68.45|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,50,522 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Pirappancode Murali]]|votes=48,491|percentage=48.04|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|candidate=C. K. Sitaram|votes=42,105|percentage=41.71|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=A. Ansari|votes=5,758|percentage=5.70|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,386|percentage=6.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,00,944|percentage=69.03|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,47,842 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair]]|votes=52,248|percentage=49.16|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=R. M. Parameswaran|votes=50,882|percentage=47.88|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N Chakrapani|votes=2,409|percentage=3.77|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,366|percentage=1.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,06,272|percentage=72.72|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 1,20,576 registered voters in the constituency for the 1987 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair]]|votes=52,410|percentage=54.45|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N. Peethambara Kurup]]|votes=42,294|percentage=43.94|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N Chakrapani|votes=639|percentage=0.66|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,116|percentage=10.51|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,251|percentage=80.35|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 99,227 registered voters in the constituency for the 1982 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vamanapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Koliakode N. Krishnan Nair]]|votes=36,303|percentage=51.38|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=R. M. Parameswaran|votes=34,349|percentage=48.62|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,954|percentage=2.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=70,652|percentage=71.84|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vamanapuram]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Mrithyunjay

2026-05-06T06:47:20Z

Miteshsoni: New new data

{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Mrithyunjay.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sri Hussain Sha Kiran
| writer = Sri Hussain Sha Kiran
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sandeep Gunnam Vinay Chilakapati
| starring = [[Sree Vishnu]] [[Reba Monica John]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vidya Sagar Chinta
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| studio = Lightbox Media Picture Perfect Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|3|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹9.30 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=శ్రీ విష్ణు ‘మృత్యుంజయ్’ టోటల్ వరల్డ్ వైడ్ కలెక్షన్స్!! |url=https://t2blive.com/mrithyunjay-ww-total-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Mrithyunjay''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Sri Hussain Sha Kiran and starring [[Sree Vishnu]] and [[Reba Monica John]].

It received mixed reviews and emerged as a commercial failure at the box office, grossing over only ₹9.30 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Raghu |date=April 8, 2026 |title=శ్రీ విష్ణు ‘మృత్యుంజయ్’ టోటల్ వరల్డ్ వైడ్ కలెక్షన్స్!! |trans-title=Sri Vishnu's 'Mrityunjay' Total Worldwide Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/mrithyunjay-ww-total-collections/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jay is a happy-go-lucky journalist who works to get [[obituary]] ads but dreams of becoming a [[Investigative journalism|crime investigative journalist]] one day. He stumbles across a death of a person, Achyuth Sharma and he promises his daughter Anjali that he will solve her father’s murder as he sympathizes with her. On the other hand, [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Seetha is on a case of solving murders happening in the city but is pressurized by the police commissioner to close the cases as accidents. How Jay and Seetha come together to solve the cases and catch the notorious but extremely intelligent contract killer Saadhu forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sree Vishnu]] as Jay
*[[Reba Monica John]] as ACP Seetha Patra
*Veer Aaryan as Saadhu, an alias Mirthyu intelligent contract killer
*Baby Uha as Anjali
*[[Sudharshan]] as Anji, Jay’s friend
*Racha Ravi as Compounder Satthi, Jay’s friend
*[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Jay’s friend
*[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Basheer, Contract Handler
*[[Shiju AR]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Seetha’s assistant
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as Jay's aunt
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Jay’s boss
*[[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Saadhu’s target
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] as Achyuth Sharma, Anjali’s father
*Krishna Koushik as Achyuth’s brother-in-law
*Nandha Gopal as Contract Killer
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Postmortem Doctor
*Mirchi Madhavi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Kaala Bhairava]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqSoX4QEs_zxBO05ps2YHf7-i2CY2HSCS|title=Mrithyunjay - Official Playlist|website=YouTube|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
| title1 = Ee Zindagi
| length1 = 3:29
| lyrics1 = [[Pranav Chaganty|AbhinavaKavi]], [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = Aditya Iyengar, AbhinavaKavi
| title2 = Kanneere Raadha
| length2 = 2:55
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| extra2 = [[Sweekar Agasthi]], Sahithi Chaganti, Aishwarya Daruri
| total_length = 5:24
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 6 March 2026 to mixed reviews.

Sanjana Pulugurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "The film works as a solid investigative thriller that relies on curiosity and character rather than high-octane twists. While a tighter pace could have elevated the film further, the engaging premise and Sree Vishnu’s composed performance keep the mystery watchable till the end".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mrithyunjay/movie-review/129208999.cms|title=Mrithyunjay Movie Review: Sree Vishnu anchors this engaging murder mystery|work=The Times of India|first=Sanjana|last=Pulugurtha|date=7 March 2026|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Designed as an investigative thriller, it builds intrigue in parts. A few smart stretches, however, are undercut by convenient writing choices that keep the film from becoming fully engaging".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mrithyunjay-movie-review-sree-vishnu-leads-hussain-sha-kirans-telugu-crime-drama/article70710113.ece|title=‘Mrithyunjay’ movie review: Sree Vishnu leads a partly engaging crime drama|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=March 6, 2026|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "For a film that places so much importance on the surgical precision of its crimes, the execution could have used a lot more of it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/mrithyunjay-movie-review|title=‘Mrithyunjay’ Movie Review: Sree Vishnu’s Thriller Has The Smarts But Settles for Convenience|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|access-date=30 March 2026|last=Raman|first=Sruthi Ganapathy}}</ref> Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Worth a watch for the performances and the atmosphere. Just do not go in expecting the ending to match the journey".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mrithyunjay-review-sree-vishnu-delivers-his-most-focused-performance-yet-10567392/|title=Mrithyunjay movie review: Sree Vishnu strips it all back and delivers his most focused performance yet|date=6 March 2026|work=The Indian Express|first=Yashaswini|last=Sri|url-access=subscription|access-date=30 March 2026|archive-date=6 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306060511/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mrithyunjay-review-sree-vishnu-delivers-his-most-focused-performance-yet-10567392/}}</ref> BVS Prakash of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "A crime thriller demands razor-sharp writing and gripping narration throughout — and that is precisely where it bites the dust".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mrityunjay-movie-review-an-illogical-and-implausible-crime-thriller-1941896|title=Mrityunjay Movie Review: An Illogical and Implausible Crime Thriller|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=March 6, 2026|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt32161542}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaala Bhairava]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Swaminathan Janakiraman

2026-05-02T07:52:00Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Swaminathan Janakiraman
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|02|04}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 64th [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| governor = [[Shaktikanta Das]]
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Kumar Jain]]
| successor =
| term_start = {{start date|2023|6|26}}
| term_end =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| networth =
}}
'''Swaminathan Janakiraman''' (4 February 1964) is an Indian [[banker]] who served as the Managing Director [[State Bank of India]] from January 2021 until June 2023.

On 20 June 2023, he was appointed as the [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=Swaminathan Janakiraman appointed as RBI deputy governor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/swaminathan-janakiraman-appointed-as-rbi-deputy-governor/articleshow/101135307.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=SBI's Swaminathan appointed RBI Deputy Governor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbis-janakiraman-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor/article66990931.ece |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He served the [[State Bank of India]] for 34 years and became a managing director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Swaminathan Janakiraman, The New Deputy Governor Of RBI |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/who-is-swaminathan-janakiraman-the-new-deputy-governor-of-rbi-2624405.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/deputygovernors.aspx Reserve Bank of India]
* https://www.linkedin.com/in/swaminathan-janakiraman-b8412869/?originalSubdomain=in
* https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/21031291#xj4y7vzkg
* https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Swaminathan-Janakiraman-18149/biography/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janakiraman, Swaminathan}}
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Central bankers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Ghulam Mohammad Grami

2026-04-30T03:22:29Z

Miteshsoni: new some post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Pakistani scholar, journalist and poet}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ghulam Mohammad Grami {{langx|sd|مولانا غلام محمد گرامي}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = sd
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Ghulam Mohammad
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|12|30}}
| birth_place = Mehar [[Dadu District]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1976|09|15|1920|12|30}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, journalist
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Ghulam Mohammad Grami''' ({{langx|sd|مولانا غلام محمد گرامي}}) was born on 30 December 1920 in [[Mehar Tehsil|Mehar]], [[Dadu District]], [[Sindh]]. He belonged to the Laghari [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribe of the Sindh. He was a scholar, journalist and poet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/942492/maulana-grami-paid-tribute|title=Maulana Grami paid tribute|date=16 September 2009|publisher=}}</ref> He died on 15 September 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio-bibliography.com/authors/view/15457|title=Bio-bibliography.com - Authors|website=www.bio-bibliography.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
He learned [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Arabic]]. In 1943 he traveled to [[Hyderabad, Sindh]] in Jamia Arabia Tahreek and stayed in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sindhipeoples.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog-post_30.html|title=سنڌي شخصيتون: مولانا غلام محمد گرامي - امتياز عادل سومرو|first=Abdul Wahab|last=Sahito|date=30 December 2012|publisher=}}</ref>

==Professional career==
Grami was appointed as a Persian teacher in a training college for men. He was affiliated with daily ''Hilal-e-Pakistan'' and ''Ibrat'' newspapers. He also held the post of editor of Aftab [[Karachi]], a [[Sindhi language|Sindhi-language]] newspaper, Irfan-e-Letif (Hyderabad), Pasban ([[Hala, Sindh|Hala]]), Alzaman (Hala), and Tarjuman ([[Mirpur Khas]]). In 1955 he became Managing Editor of Mehran magazine and held the seat for all of his life. He published the poetry and writings of new writers. He collected literature for Mehran. He used to sit in Cafe George in Hyderabad and would edit the articles and write-ups of literary figures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan/story/2006/04/printable/060417_cafe_george_na.shtml|title=BBCUrdu.com|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

==Publications==
Grami wrote books on different subjects. Such as Allah Jo Wajud (1953) ({{langx|sd|الله جو وجود}}), Waya se Weenjhar (1977) ({{langx|sd|ويا سي وينجھار}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book58/Book_page1.html|title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (سنڌي ادبي بورڊ)|website=www.sindhiadabiboard.org}}</ref> ( Rafeeq-e-Hayat (1957) ({{langx|sd|رفيق هدايت}}), Kuliyat-e-Bulbul (1969) ({{langx|sd|ڪليات بلبل}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DeevaneBulbulKalamBulbulByGhulamMuhammadGirami|title=Deevane Bulbul Kalam Bulbul by Ghulam Muhammad Girami|first=edited by Asadullah Shah|last=Shamsuddin Bulbul|publisher=|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Asan jo Piyaro Deen(1971) ({{langx|sd|اسان جو پيارو دين}}) Deeniyat for class VIII etc. Mohammad Shah Rashdi said about him: “The language that has such [[pen]], shall never die”. He wrote on religion, mysticism, philosophy, politics, literature, history and poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/mehran/Book119/Book_page25.html|title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories)|website=www.sindhiadabiboard.org}}</ref>

==Death==
Ghulam Mohammad Grami died on 15 September 1976.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grami, Maulana Ghulam Mohammad}}
[[Category:Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Sindh]]
[[Category:Writers from Sindh]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]

N. N. Wig

2026-04-27T06:42:06Z

Miteshsoni: New a data - done

{{Short description|Indian psychiatrist (1930–2018)}}
{{Infobox academic
| birth_name = Narendra Nath Wig
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|10|01}}
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala District]], Punjab
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|07|12|1930|10|01}}
| occupation = Academic, reaercher
| known_for = ''[[Dhat syndrome]]'' (1960)
| awards = [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship]]<ref name=":02" />
| alma_mater = * [[King George's Medical University]]
* [[University of Lucknow]]
| discipline = Psychiatrist, sociologist
| sub_discipline = 20th-century psychiatrist, psychiatry research, Indian specialist
| workplaces = [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]]
| doctoral_students = * [[Salman Akhtar]]
}}

'''N. N. Wig''' (born '''Narendra Nath Wig'''; 1 October 1930-12 July 2018) was an Indian scholar known for his contribution to [[modern psychiatry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Prof NN Wig Oration 2021: 'About 50 per cent of all mental disorders start before the age of 14' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/50-of-all-mental-disorders-start-before-the-age-of-14-7515283/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He founded the psychiatry department of the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] in 1963,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-13 |title=Father of psychiatry Dr NN Wig passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/father-of-psychiatry-dr-nn-wig-is-no-more/story-AkI6I3kKEXYddzKMBDdwDJ.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and was the originator of the [[Dhat syndrome]] which was coined in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Why India has a bad case of Dhat syndrome |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/why-india-has-a-bad-case-of-dhat-syndrome-7255831.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=T. S. Sathyanarayana |date=2021 |title=History and mystery of Dhat syndrome: A critical look at the current understanding and future directions |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=317–325 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_791_20 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=8363894 |pmid=34456344 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in 1930, in the district of [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Punjab]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2018-07-13 |title=Professor NN Wig, doyen of Indian psychiatry, dies at 88 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/886448/professor-nn-wig-doyen-of-indian-psychiatry-dies-at-88 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1953, he completed his MBBS from [[King George's Medical University|King George's Medical College]], [[Lucknow]]. He then went to [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] for his MD in Medicine in 1957.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Gaind |first=Raghunandan |date=2019-01-01 |title=Professor Narendra Nath Wig MD FRCPsych DPM.(Lond) 1930-2018 |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94227439 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=109 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.249676 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free |pmc=6341919}}</ref> His interest in psychiatry led him to train at the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] in [[Bangalore]]. He was Awarded a [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship]], and went to the UK and US before returning to India in 1962 to establish the Department of Neuropsychiatry at KGMC Lucknow.<ref name=":02" />

== Career ==
In 1963, Wig established the Department of [[Psychiatry]] at the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/musings/a-shrink-who-expanded-your-world-619958|title=A shrink who expanded your world : The Tribune India}}</ref> Under his leadership, the department gained international recognition and became a [[World Health Organization]] collaborating center for mental health training and research in 1976.<ref name=":0"/>

Wig was known for his work in Community Mental Health. His studies in the villages of [[Raipur Rani]], Haryana have reportedly become a model for [[Mental health in India]] and diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/pgi-s-prof-n-n-wig-dies-619910|title=Prof N N Wig of PGI passes away at 88 : The Tribune India}}</ref>

=== Contributions to psychiatry ===
He has authored over 300 scientific papers in journals and books, contributing significantly to psychiatric literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Prof. N.N. Wig : A Larger than Life Persona who Makes People Feel Immediately at Ease |journal=Mens Sana Monographs |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=7–10 |issn=0973-1229 |pmc=3369176 |pmid=22679351}}</ref> He has also served on the World Psychiatric Association's Steering Committee, working to mitigate stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/doyen-of-indian-psychiatry-n-n-wig-dies-at-88-118071300714_1.html</ref>

=== Death ===
Since November 2017, he was unwell, and on July 12, 2018 he suffered a mild [[cardiac arrest]] and died at the age of 88.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0" />

== Selected publications ==

* Balgir, R. S.; Murthy, R. S.; Wig, N. N. (1980-06-01). "Manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia: a dermatoglyphic study". ''British Journal of Psychiatry''. '''136''': 558–561. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1192/BJP.136.6.558. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 7388263.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balgir |first1=R. S. |last2=Murthy |first2=R. S. |last3=Wig |first3=N. N. |date=1980-06-01 |title=Manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia: a dermatoglyphic study |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71234104 |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=558–561 |doi=10.1192/BJP.136.6.558 |pmid=7388263|s2cid=32894126 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*NN, Wig (2004-01-01). "Hanuman Complex And its Resolution : An Illustration of Psychotherapy from Indian mythology". ''Indian Journal of Psychiatry''. '''46''' (1): 25–28. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 2912672. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 21206772.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=NN |first=Wig |date=2004-01-01 |title=Hanuman Complex And its Resolution : An Illustration of Psychotherapy from Indian mythology |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42641211 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=25–28 |pmc=2912672 |pmid=21206772}}</ref>
*Wig, Nn; Sharma, Sheetal (2015). "Emperor Ashoka: Did he suffer from von Recklinghausen′s diseases?". ''Indian Journal of Psychiatry''. '''57''' (1): 95. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4103/0019-5545.148536. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0019-5545. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 4314928. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 25657467.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wig |first1=N. N. |last2=Sharma |first2=Sheetal |date=January 2015 |title=Emperor Ashoka: Did he suffer from von Recklinghausen's diseases? |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.148536 |doi-access=free |pmid=25657467 |pmc=4314928 |issn=0019-5545 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wig |first1=N. N. |last2=Sharma |first2=Sheetal |date=January 2015 |title=Emperor Ashoka: Did he suffer from von Recklinghausen's diseases? |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.148536 |doi-access=free |pmid=25657467 |pmc=4314928 |issn=0019-5545}}</ref>
*NN, Wig (2001-05-01). "Development of national mental health programmes in the countries of the eastern Mediterranean region". ''Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal''. '''7''' (3): 348–352. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 12690752.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=NN |first=Wig |date=2001-05-01 |title=Development of national mental health programmes in the countries of the eastern Mediterranean region |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35105086 |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |language=English |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=348–352 |doi=10.26719/2001.7.3.348 |pmid=12690752}}</ref>
*NN, Wig; VK, Varma; SK, Mattoo; PB, Behere; HR, Phookan; AK, Misra; RS, Murthy; BM, Tripathi; DK, Menon; SK, Khandelawal; H, Bedi (1993-01-01). "An incidence study of schizophrenia in India". ''Indian Journal of Psychiatry''. '''35''' (1): 11–17. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 2972559. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 21776160.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=NN |first1=Wig |last2=VK |first2=Varma |last3=SK |first3=Mattoo |last4=PB |first4=Behere |last5=HR |first5=Phookan |last6=AK |first6=Misra |last7=RS |first7=Murthy |last8=BM |first8=Tripathi |last9=DK |first9=Menon |last10=SK |first10=Khandelawal |last11=H |first11=Bedi |date=1993-01-01 |title=An incidence study of schizophrenia in India |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34274956 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–17 |pmc=2972559 |pmid=21776160}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wig, N. N.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Foundation people]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:King George's Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]

Gurunath Meiyappan

2026-04-26T13:09:28Z

Miteshsoni: starting the stub w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Indian patronymic|Meiyappan|Gurunath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurunath Meiyappan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education = [[B.Com]]<ref name="hbl1">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/who-is-gurunath-meiyappan/article4745565.ece | title=Who is Gurunath Meiyappan? | date=24 May 2013 | access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]]<ref name="hbl1" />
| occupation =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = [[Rupa Gurunath]]<ref name="hbl1" />
| children =
| relatives = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] (grandfather)
| parents = AVM Balasubramanian,<ref name="ndtv1">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/gurunath-meiyappan-a-king-size-chennai-super-doosra-370986 | title=Gurunath Meiyappan: A king-size Chennai super doosra | date=4 June 2013 | access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> Lalitha Balasubramanian<ref>{{cite news|title=Low-profile Gurunath a sportsperson to the core|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/lowprofile-gurunath-a-sportsperson-to-the-core/article4744747.ece|access-date=14 July 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''Gurunath Meiyappan''' is a member of the [[AVM Productions|AVM]] family<ref name=ndtv1 /> and is the son-in-law of [[industrialist]], former president of the [[Board for Control of Cricket in India|BCCI]], and former chairman of the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]], [[N. Srinivasan]].<ref name=hbl1 /> He was the "team principal" of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] cricket franchise, [[Chennai Super Kings]] and was implicated in the [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case]].<ref name=hbl1 /><ref name=ndtv1 /> An inquiry committee headed by former [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[R.M. Lodha|RM Lodha]] found both Meiyappan and [[Rajasthan Royals]] co-owner, [[Raj Kundra]], guilty of bringing the game of [[cricket]] into disrepute and banned them for life.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL Spot fixing: Meiyappan, Kundra banned for life; CSK, RR suspended for two years|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-spot-fixing-gurunath-meiyappan-raj-kundra-banned-for-life-from-all-cricketrelated-activities-548309-78.html|access-date=14 July 2015|work=IBNLive|date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

== 2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case ==
{{Main|2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case}}
In 2013 Meiyappan was suspended from all cricket activities for life by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] appointed [[Lodha Committee]] for bringing the game of cricket into disrepute through his involvement in illegal betting of IPL matches. He was found guilty under the BCCI anti-corruption code 2.2.1 and suspended for life from being involved in any kind of cricket matches under section 6, rule 4.2 of anti-corruption code.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roar of the Lion|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/roar-of-the-lion/1260003996|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026163845/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/roar-of-the-lion/1260003996|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 14, 2015|title=CSK, RR suspended from IPL for 2 years; Meiyappan, Kundra banned for life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/csk-rr-suspended-from-ipl-for-2-years-meiyappan-kundra-banned-for-life/articleshow/48067702.cms|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Chennai Super Kings franchise was suspended for two-years from the Indian Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IPL scam: Lodha panel suspends CSK, RR franchises for two years
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/IPL-spot-fixing-scam-CSK-RR-suspended-for-two-years/article60493001.ece|access-date=2022-11-18|website=Hindu|date=14 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meiyappan, Gurunath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

2026-04-26T07:16:22Z

Miteshsoni: Creating basic place added tags

{{Short description|Autonomous area in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
| native_name =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Emblem (2024).png
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| body =
| term_limits = 5 years
| houses =
| leader1_type = Chair
| leader1 = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| party1 = [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]]
| leader2 = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| party2 = [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Deputy Chief Executive Member
| leader3 = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| party3 = [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| members = 30 MDCs
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = Tipra Motha Party- 24 seats Bharatiya Janata Party- 4 seats Nominated- 2 seats.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (24)'''
* {{Color box|#F6E515}} [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]] (24)
'''Opposition (4)'''
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)
'''Nominated (2)'''
* {{Color box|#000000}} [[Nominated|NOM]] (2)
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = 28 [[Plurality voting system|Plurality Voting]]
| voting_system2 = 2 [[Governor of Tripura|Nominated by Governor of Tripura]]
| last_election1 = [[2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|12 April 2026]]
| next_election1 = April 2031
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[File:Kaunsil Nok.gif|200px]] Council Headquarters, [[Khumulwng]]
| website = {{url|https://ttaadc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council''' '''(TTAADC)''' is an [[autonomous district council]] administering the [[Tripuri people|Tiprasa]]-dominated areas of the state of [[Tripura]], [[India]]. Its council and assembly are situated in [[Khumulwng]], a town 26 km away from [[Agartala]], the state capital comprising 68% of the total geographical area of Tripura State. It is a constitutional body under the Sixth schedule of the Indian Constitution.

==History==
{{main|Tipraland|Tripuri people}}
[[File:NE_Autonomous_divisions_of_India.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|Autonomous District Councils of Northeast India]]
The ''Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council ([[TTAADC]]) Act 1979'' was passed by the [[Indian parliament]] after a series of democratic movements launched by the Indigenous people of Tripura, under the provision of the 6th scheduled of the Indian constitution. The principal objective behind setting up the [[autonomous district council]] is to empower the Indigenous people to govern themselves and also to bring all round developments of the backward people so as to protect and preserve their culture, customs, and traditions. But it actually came into being on 15 January 1982 and elected members were sworn in on 18 January 1982.
Later, it was upgraded under the provision of the 6th schedule of the Indian constitution by the 49th constitution (Amendment) act, 1984; with effect from 1 April 1985.

==Total area==
The total area of the TTAADC is 7,132.56 km2., which covers about 68% of the total area (10,491 km2) of the state.

About 70% of land under TTAADC is covered by hilly [[forest]], whereas all the plain cultivable land including all the districts and sub-divisional headquarters are outside the purview of.<ref>[http://ttaadc.gov.in/Basic-Statistic. TTAADC basic statestics]</ref>

==Population==
The population of the TTAADC area is 12,16,465 out of which the Scheduled Tribes are 10,21,560, i.e. 83.4% of the population in the TTAADC area.<ref>[http://ttaadc.gov.in/Basic-Statistic TTAADC Basic Statistics]</ref>

In the total population of 3,673,917 of [[Tripura]] (as per 2011 [[census]]) the total population of [[Scheduled Tribes]] is 1,166,813 (31.76%).<ref>[https://trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population]</ref> Therefore, the number of Scheduled Tribes of the state who reside in the TTAADC area is 87.55% of the total Indigenous population of Tripura.

==Executive branch==

===Executive Committee===
TTAADC has a regular administrative structure. The '''Executive committee''' composed of 10 members and chief executive officer (CEO) is the head of the [[Central Administration|Administration]]. The executive powers are vested with the executive committee, which is headed by the [[Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]] (CEM), who is elected from among the Treasury Bench members.

The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India provides ample powers to the district council for self-Governance of the Indigenous Tipra population of the state. The district council has its own powers to appoint its own staff in terms of requirement and appointment rules. The council administration is headed by the chief executive officer and a deputy chief executive officer of TCS Grade-I and 6 executive officers, for executive departments such as Administration, Finance, Rural Development, Planning and Coordination etc.

The Executive committee of the TTAADC was formed by notification of the CEO on 23 April 2021 by [[Tipra Motha Party|TIPRA]], the winning party alliance after getting elected and installed by the Governor of the state. The list of the Executive members are as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | Constituency
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Portfolios
! colspan="7" scope="col" | Party
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align: Center;" "width: 200px;"|'''[[Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]]'''
|-
! 1.
| '''[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]'''
| Killa-Bagma
|
*General Administration [including Appointment and Services]
*Finance
*Law
*Planning
*Industries
*Village Committee,
*All policies and any other Department (s) which are not allocated to any Members
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align: Center;" "width: 200px;"|'''Executive Members'''
|-
! 2.
| '''Kamal Kalai'''
| Maharanipur-Teliamura
|
*Health
*Tribal Welfare
*Tourism
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 3.
| '''[[Bhaba Ranjan Reang]]'''
| Damchherra-Jampui
|
*Agriculture & Horticulture
*Forests
*LRS
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 4.
| '''Smt. Dolly Reang'''
| Natunbazar-Malbasa
|
*Social Welfare & Social Education
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 5.
| '''[[Rajesh Tripura]]'''
| Raima Valley
|
*ARDD
*Fisheries
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 6.
| '''[[Suhel Debbarma]]'''
| Ramchandra Ghat
|
*Youth Affairs & Sports
*ICA
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 7.
| '''Ananta Debbarma'''
| Halahali-Asharambari
|
*Co-operatives
*Science, Technology & Environment
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 8.
| '''[[Rabindra Debbarma]]'''
| Simna-Tamakari
|
*Education
*Kokborok Department
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|-
! 9.
| '''Runeil Debbarma'''
| Bodhjungnagar-Wakkinagar
|
*Public Works Department
*Rural Development (R.D)
| [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
| bgcolor=#FCEE23|
|}

===Administrative structure===

Administration of TTAADC and its subordinate offices are managed from its headquarters in Khumulwng, West Tripura. Chief Executive Officer, TTAADC is responsible for day to day administrative functions who is further supported by Addl CEO, Dy CEO and a number of Principal Officers and Executive Officers. At grassroots level, there are 527 Village Committees functioning as primary units as institutions of local self governance similar to Gram Panchayats in Non- ADC areas. For administrative supervision, the TTAADC has following field offices as indicated in Table below.

{| class="wikitable"
!Sl. No.
!Institution
!Numbers
|-
|1.
|Zonal Development Office
|10
|-
|2.
|Sub Zonal Development Office
|44
|-
|3.
|Engineering Division Office
|11
|-
|4.
|Engineering Sub-Division
|22
|-
|5.
|School Inspectorate Office
|25
|-
|6.
|Inspectorate of Social Education
|04
|-
|7.
|Education Sector Offices
|34
|-
|8.
|Village Committees
|587
|-
|}

===Departments===
There are different departments headed by a Principal Officer as the departmental head . The departments are:
#Agriculture & Horticulture
#Animal Resources Development Department (ARDD)
#Co-Operatives
#Education
#Finance
#Fisheries
#Forests
#General Administration
#Health and Family Welfare (H&FW)
#Industries
#Kokborok and other Indigenous Department
#Land Records and Settlement (LRS)
#Law
#Sports & Youth Programme (S&YP)
#Tribal Welfare (TW)
#Village Committee
#Planning
#Public Works Department (PWD)
#Information and Cultural Affairs & Tourism (ICAT)
#Rural Development (RD)
#Social Welfare & Social Education (SW&SE)
#Science, Technology, and Environment

====Zonal Development Office====
There are eight Zonal Development Offices along with 44 Sub-Zonal Development Offices for the development works of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council areas. There are also Zonal Advisory Committee having one chairman and eight Committee Members in each zone.

{| class="wikitable"
!Sl. No.
!Name of Zone
!Headquarter
|-
|1.
|West Zone
|Khumulwng, West Tripura
|-
|2.
|South Zone
|Birchandra Manu, South Tripura
|-
|3.
|Dhalai Zone
|Sikari, Dhalai, Tripura
|-
|4.
|North Zone
|Kanchanpur, North Tripura
|-
|5.
|Khowai Zone
|West Tripura
|-
|6.
|Gomati Zone
|Killa, Gomati Tripura
|-
|7.
|Unokoti Zone
|Rajkandi, Unokoti Tripura
|-
|8.
|SipahijalaI Zone
|Takarjala, Sipahijala Tripura
|-
|}

====Sub-Zonal Development Office====
The Sub-Zonal Development Offices are as follows :

#Khumulwng
#Belbari
#Sumili
#Dakdu Twisa
#Hezamara
#Abhicharan
#Mandwi
#Baijalbari
#Mungiakami
#Twimadhu
#Bachaibari
#Tulasikok
#Duski
#Mohanbhog
#Bishramganj
#Promodh Nagar
#Jampuijala
#Gabordi
#BC Manu
#Kaladepa
#Manubankul
#Ratanpur
#Kalsimukh
#Dalak
#Gurakappa
#Killa
#Ampi
#Garjee
#Marandi
#Gandacharra
#Raisyabari
#Gonganagar
#Sikaribari
#Ambasa
#Chawmanu
#Manu
#Maharani
#Dumacharra
#Vangmun
#Dasda
#Noagang
#Laljuri
#Rajkandi
#Machmara

==Legislative branch==
The TTAADC is governed by a council which has 30 members. Out of 30 members, 28 members are elected through adult suffrage, while 2 members are nominated by the governor of Tripura. Out of 28 elected seats, 25 are reserved for [[Adivasi|Scheduled Tribes]] who are the Indigenous [[Tripuri people|Tipra-people]] of [[Tripura]].

The Legislative Department of the district council is headed by the [[chairman]], who summons the meeting of the council from time to time in connection with approval of budget, discussion on bills, rules and regulations submitted by the treasury bench and passing of the same thereof.

The council consists of 30 members, out of which 28 members are elected by adult franchise and 2 members are nominated by the governor of Tripura.

The chairman has his own secretariat headed by the secretary to the district council.

=== Elections ===

The details of various elections are as follows:

* [[2010 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2010 TTAADC Election]]
* [[2015 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2015 TTAADC Election]]
* [[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2021 TTAADC Election]]
* [[2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2026 TTAADC Election]]

===Constituencies===
The name of the constituencies i.e. total 30 members out of which are elected by adult franchise and 2 members are as follows.

{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Constituency
!Category
!Elected MDCs
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Party
!Remarks
|-
|1
|Damchharra-Jampui
|ST
|[[Bhaba Ranjan Reang]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|2
|Machmara
| Unreserved
|Manju Rani Sarkar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|3
| Dasda-Kanchanpur
| Unreserved
|Shailendra Nath
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|4
| Karamchharra
| ST
|Ratish Tripura
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|5
| Chhawmanu
| ST
|Esmel Joy Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|6
| Manu-Chailengta
| Unreserved
| Hollywood Chakma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|7
| Demchara-Kachucharra
| ST
|Dhirendra Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|8
| Ganganagar-Gandachharra
| ST
| Khotrojoy Reang
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|9
|Hala Hali-Asharambari
| ST
| Prasmit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|10
|Kulai-Champahour
|ST
|[[Rajeshwar Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|11
| Maharanipur-Teliamura
| ST
|Utpal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|12
| Ramchandra Ghat
| ST
|James Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|13
| Simna-Tamakari
| ST
|[[Rabindra Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|14
|Budhjung Nagar-Wakkinagar
| ST
|Runiel Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|15
| Jirania
| ST
|[[Jagadish Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|r16
|Mandainagar-Pulinpur
|ST
|Jiten Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|-
|17
| Pekuarjala-Janmejaynagar
| ST
|Gita Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|18
| Takarjala-Jampuijala
| ST
|Suraj Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|19
|Amtali-Golaghati
| ST
|Buddha Kumar Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|20
| Killa-Bagma
| ST
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|21
| Maharani-Chellagang
| ST
| [[Chandra Kumar Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|22
| Kathalia-Mirja-Rajapur
| ST
| David Murasing
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|23
| Ampinagar
| ST
|Kamal Kalai
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|24
| Raima Valley
| ST
|[[Dhananjoy Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|25
| Natunbazar-Malbasa
| ST
|Sujoy Uchoi
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|26
| Birchandranagar-Kalashi
| ST
|Kenaram Reang
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|27
| Purba Mahuripur-Buratali
| ST
|[[Debajit Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|28
| Silachari-Manubankul
| ST
|Kangjaong Mog
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|29
| Nominated Member
|
|
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Nominated}}"|
|rowspan=2 |Nominated
|
|-
|30
| Nominated Member
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Judicial branch==
Paragraph 4 and 5 of the Sixth Schedule provides for administration of justice in Autonomous areas. Under the above paragraphs, the ADCs are empowered to constitute Courts for trials of cases between parties belonging to Scheduled Tribe Communities.

==General Powers==
===Administrative===

A) The following matters are under the exclusive control and administration of the council:

#Allotment, occupation, use or using a part of land other than reserved forests
#Management of forests not being reserved forest
#Use of canal water & water course for agriculture
#Jhum
#Village committee
#Any other matter relating to administration including public health and sanitation

B) The Council may establish or manage:

#Primary schools
#Dispensaries
#Markets
#Cattle pounds
#Fisheries
#Ferries
#Roads
#Road transport and waterways

C) The Government may entrust functions relating to the following matters to the Council:

#Agriculture
#Animal Resource Development
#Community Projects
#Co-operative Societies
#Social Welfare
#Village Planning
#Fisheries
#Plantations
#Any other matter to which the executive power of the state extends

===Legal===

A) The council has Powers to frame laws in the following matters with the approval of Governor:

#Inheritance of property of schedule tribes
#Marriage and divorce where any party belongs to a schedule tribes
#Social customs of schedule tribes
#Allotment, occupation, use or setting apart of all lands other than reserve forests
#Management of forest other than reserve forest
#Use of canal or water courses for purposes of agriculture
#[[Jhum]]
#Village committees
#Any other matter relating to administration including public health and sanitation

B) The Council may regulate and control:

#Money lending
#Trade

C) The Council may, with previous approval of the Government make regulation for administration and control of:

#Primary schools
#Dispensaries
#Markets
#Cattle pounds
#Ferries
#Fisheries
#Roads
#Road transport and waterways

===Financial===

A) The Council shall get a share of:

#Forest royalties
#Royalties accruing each year from licensing or lease for the purpose of projecting for, or the extraction of minerals granted by the state government

B) The Council shall have the powers to levy and collect the taxes:

#For maintenance of schools, dispensaries or roads
#On entry of goods into markets and tolls on passengers and goods carried in ferries
#On animals, vehicles and boats
#On professional trades, callings and employments

==Relationship with panchayats==
Before the establishment of the district council, villages included in its jurisdiction had [[Gram panchayat]]s like the rest of the state. Following the establishment of the council, Tripura Panchayat Raj Act ceased to operate in that area and there was no village level body- elected or otherwise. In 2006, the State Government decided to hold elections to the Village Councils by treating them on par with
village Panchayats in other parts of the State taking the view that nothing in Sixth Schedule precludes such a course of action. The Autonomous Council is, however, as of 2009, yet to transfer any functions to these newly established Councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf|title=State and District Administration: Fifteenth Report|publisher=Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India|page=267|date=April 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310190750/http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/document/file/sdadmin15.pdf|archivedate=10 March 2016}}</ref>

==Rural Development Blocks within TTAADC==
'''West Tripura district'''
* Lefunga
* Hezamara
* Jampuijola
* Mandwi
* Mungiakami
* Padmabil
* Tulashikhor
*Bishramganj Amtali/Gulaghati

'''North Tripura district'''
* Damcherra
* Jampui Hill
* Pecharthal{{ref|cap|[†]}}
* Dasda

'''South Tripura district'''
* Ompinagar
* Killa
* Karbook
* Rupaichhori

'''Dhalai district'''
* Chhawmanu
* Manu
* Dumburnagar
* Salema
* Ambassa
*Ganganagar
*Raisyabari
{{note|cap|†}}(Pecharthal RD Block was created bifurcating the Dasda RD Block on 28 November 1994. At that time this block consisted of 22 (Twenty Two) Nos. ADC Villages. On 1 April 1999, this block was again bifurcated and Damcherra RD Block was created comprising 9 (Nine) Nos. ADC Villages. Thereafter, Pecharthal RD Block consisted of 13 Nos. ADC Villages and again 1 (One) ADC Village namely Joymanipara ADC Village has been excluded from Pecharthal RD Block in recent re-organization of District and Sub-Divisions. At present, Pecharthal RD Block consists of 12 (Twelve) Nos. of ADC Villages under Kumarghat Sub-Division, Unakoti District (w.e.f. 01-01-2012 ). The Block area is mainly dominated by Chakma Tribes, other Sub-Tribes found in this Block area are Reang, Tripuri and Darlong community.)

==Election==
Presently, with the result of 2026 ADC election held at 12 April, [[Tipra Motha Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election - 2026 |url=https://sec-results.tripura.gov.in/sec/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha Sweeps TTAADC 2026 with 24 Seats, BJP Reduced to 4, Congress, CPI(M), IPFT Draw Blank |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6041&title=Tipra-Motha-Sweeps-TTAADC-2026-with-24-Seats-BJP-Reduced-to-4-Congress-CPIM-IPFT-Draw-Blank |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Election Results 2026">{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026: Tipra Motha Wins 24 Seats, BJP Gets 4; All 28 Results Declared |url=https://voterlist.co.in/ttaadc-election-results-2026-live-counting-updates/}}</ref> has emerged as the majority with 24 seats. This is the second consecutive win of the [[Tipra Motha Party]] which was formed by former Tripura Civil Services Officer & Presently Member Tripura State Legislative Assembly Chitta Ranjan Debbarma from Ambassa (ST) Assembly Constituency. The Chairman of [[Tipra Motha Party]], [[Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman|Pradyot Bikram Manikya]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=The Tipraha, led by titular royal scion [[Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman|Pradyot Bikram Manikya DebBarma]], registered victory in the election to the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC), results of which were declared on Saturday. [[Tipraland State Party|TSP]] won 16 seats out of 23 they had contested while its ally, Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra (INPT) won 2 seats. Out of the total 28 seats, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 9 seats out of 14 seats, they had contested while its ally [[Indigenous Peoples Party of Tripura|IPFT]] failed to win any seat.|date=10 April 2021|title=Titular Royal scion Pradyot-led TIPRAHA wins Tripura ADC election 2021, BJP-led alliance bites dust|work=Northeast Now|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/royal-scion-pradyot-led-tipra-motha-wins-tripura-adc-election-2021.html|access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> was speculated to become the CEM in 2021<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2021|title=Pradyot Kishore Manikya Debbarma to be next CEM of Tripura ADC, meets Governor Ramesh Bais|work=Northeast Now|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/pradyot-kishore-manikya-debbarma-to-be-next-cem-of-tripura-adc-meets-governor-ramesh-bais.html|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> of the newly elected Council. However, Purna Chandra Jamatia was chosen as the [[Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] for the first time in 2021 and re-elected in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Purnachandra Jamatia take oath as CEM|url=http://neindia.com/NeIndiaNews/purnachandra-jamatia-take-oath-as-cem-7461.html|access-date=2021-06-05|website=neindia.com}}</ref>

In the 2005 elections to the TTAADC the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] won 24 seats out of the 28 elected seats and the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] four. The Left Front and INPT had contested within the framework of an electoral understanding.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2005 |title=Historic Victory Of The Left Front |url=http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2005/0320/03202005_tripura%20adc%20polls.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124091252/https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2005/0320/03202005_tripura%20adc%20polls.htm |archive-date=24 November 2016 |website=People's Democracy}}</ref>

The term of the previous council ended on 17 May 2020 and following the postponement of elections for a result of the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]], TTAADC was put under Governor's rule until a new council can be elected.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |last2=Hussain |first2=Sabir |title=Tripura to dissolve autonomous district councils as polls could not be held |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-to-dissolve-autonomous-district-councils-as-polls-could-not-be-held/story-LpvYnGehfJOeKOs1tpPgOJ.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TTAADC executive council to be dissolved on May 17: Nath |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ttaadc-executive-council-to-be-dissolved-on-may-17-nath/1832580 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=[[Outlook India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> However, in the 2021 ADC election the Left Front has drawn blank failing to win a single seat. Tipra Motha Party (TMP) was formed in 2023 just one month before the state assembly elections of Tripura won 18 seats. The BJP won 9 seats. Ref. Election commission of India.

In 2026 elections, Tipra Motha Party (TMP) won 24 of 28 seats and BJP won remaining 4.

The TTAADC is set to be renamed the Tipra Territorial Council (TTC), as part of a general reorganization which will also expand the council's powers and increase the number of seats on it from 28 elected and 2 appointed to 44 elected and 6 appointed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/tripura-news/the-tripura-tribal-areas-autonomous-district-council-to-get-a-new-name-517048|title=The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council to get a new name|work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]|date=19 December 2020|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-tribal-council-to-get-a-new-name/article33367579.ece|title=Tripura tribal council to get a new name|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2020|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha Sweeps TTAADC 2026 with 24 Seats, BJP Reduced to 4, Congress, CPI(M), IPFT Draw Blank |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6041&title=Tipra-Motha-Sweeps-TTAADC-2026-with-24-Seats-BJP-Reduced-to-4-Congress-CPIM-IPFT-Draw-Blank |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]
* [[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]
* [[Kokborok]]
* [[Tripuri Dances]]
* [[Tripuri people]]
* [[North Eastern Council]]
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ttaadc.gov.in/ Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]
* [https://twitter.com/ttaadcofficial Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council on Twitter]
* [https://www.netoday.in Tiprasa News]

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Tripura}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Tripura]]
[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Tripura]]

List of postage stamps of India (2021–2025)

2026-04-19T18:49:31Z

Miteshsoni: New new post - done

{{short description|none}}
{{main|List of postage stamps of India}}
This is a list of postage stamps issued by the [[India Post]] between 2021 and 2025.

==2021==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:justify" width = "98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 23 January 2021
| [[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s 125th Birth Anniversary stamp.jpg|60px]]
| 125th Birth Anniversary Year of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]
| 25.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM attends 125th Birth Anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Kolkata - Netaji is embodiment of India's might and inspiration:PM |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1691641 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=20 September 2025 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208182010/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1691641 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 25 January 2021
|
| 50 Years of full Statehood of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5.00
| <ref name=news18>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Special Postal Stamp to Be Released to Mark Golden Jubilee of Himachal Pradesh Statehood Day on Jan 25 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/special-postal-stamp-to-be-released-to-mark-golden-jubilee-of-himachal-pradesh-statehood-day-on-jan-25-3329897.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=www.news18.com |date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217032300/https://www.news18.com/news/india/special-postal-stamp-to-be-released-to-mark-golden-jubilee-of-himachal-pradesh-statehood-day-on-jan-25-3329897.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 6 February 2021
|
| [[Gujarat High Court|The High Court Of Gujarat]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi releases postage stamp on Gujarat HC's diamond jubile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pm-releases-postage-stamp-on-guj-hcs-diamond-jubilee/articleshow/80727586.cms |access-date=20 September 2025 |agency=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 23 March 2021
|
| 100 Years of First Visit of Mahatma Gandhi to Odisha
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=MoS Shri Sanjay Dhotre releases Commemorative Postage Stamp on 100 Years of First Visit of Mahatma Gandhi to Odisha |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1707002 |website=www.pib.gov.in |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=18 Feb 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806163159/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1707002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=odishabytes>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Commemorative Stamp On Gandhi's 1st Visit To Odisha Released |url=https://odishabytes.com/commemorative-stamp-on-gandhis-1st-visit-to-odisha-released/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=www.odishabytes.com |date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806163159/https://odishabytes.com/commemorative-stamp-on-gandhis-1st-visit-to-odisha-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 27 March 2021
|
| Golden Jubilee Year of [[Bangladesh–India relations|India Bangladesh Friendship]]
| 5.00
| <ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=India, Bangladesh To Celebrate December 6 As 'Maitri Diwas' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-bangladesh-to-celebrate-december-6-as-maitri-diwas-2400313 |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=www.ndtv.com |date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217033235/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-bangladesh-to-celebrate-december-6-as-maitri-diwas-2400313 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 12 April 2021
| [[File:Dadi Janki 2021 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| Rajyogini [[Dadi Janki]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Vice President calls for ending every form of gender discrimination in the society |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711184 |website=www.pib.gov.in |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=18 Feb 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228235605/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711184 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=indiatvnews>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=VP Naidu releases postage stamp in memory of Rajyogini Dadi Janki |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/vp-naidu-releases-postage-stamp-in-memory-of-rajyogini-dadi-janki-697288 |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=www.indiatvnews.com |date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217034655/https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/vp-naidu-releases-postage-stamp-in-memory-of-rajyogini-dadi-janki-697288 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 10 June 2021
| [[File:IndiaGermany2021.jpg|60px]]
| 70 Years of [[Germany–India relations|Diplomatic relations between India and Germany]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Release of Commemorative Postage Stamp for 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between India and Germany |url=https://fsi.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33902/Release_of_Commemorative_Postage_Stamp_for_70th_Anniversary_of_Diplomatic_Relations_between_India_and_Germany |website=www.fsi.mea.gov.in |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=18 Feb 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806163209/https://fsi.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33902/Release_of_Commemorative_Postage_Stamp_for_70th_Anniversary_of_Diplomatic_Relations_between_India_and_Germany |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ANI>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Foreign Secy releases commemorative stamps to mark 70th anniversary of India-Germany ties |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/foreign-secy-releases-commemorative-stamps-to-mark-70th-anniversary-of-india-germany-ties20210610133646/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=www.aninews.in |date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615080622/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/foreign-secy-releases-commemorative-stamps-to-mark-70th-anniversary-of-india-germany-ties20210610133646/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Secretary's Remarks at the Release of Commemorative Postage Stamp on 70th anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between India and Germany |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33901 |website=mea.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619000838/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33901 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 20 June 2021
|
| Golden Jubilee Year - [[Shantikunj|Gayatri Teerth, Shantikunj]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=शांतिकुंज स्थापना की स्वर्ण जयंती: पांच रुपये का डाक टिकट जारी, केंद्रीय मंत्री रविशंकर और सीएम ने किया अनावरण |trans-title=Golden Jubilee of Shantikunj establishment: Five rupee postage stamp released, unveiled by Union Minister Ravi Shankar and CM |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/shantikunj-foundation-day-golden-jubilee-union-minister-ravi-shankar-and-cm-released-postage-stamp-of-rs-5 |access-date=20 September 2025 |agency=amarujala.com |date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219044352/https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/shantikunj-foundation-day-golden-jubilee-union-minister-ravi-shankar-and-cm-released-postage-stamp-of-rs-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 7 August 2021
| [[File:Mananiya Chaman Lal 2021 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| Chaman Lal
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=“Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav” – Vice President releases Postage Stamp on Mananiya Chaman Lal Ji |url=https://vskbharat.com/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-vice-president-releases-postage-stamp-on-mananiya-chaman-lal-ji/?lang=en |website=vskbharat.com |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219041922/https://vskbharat.com/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-vice-president-releases-postage-stamp-on-mananiya-chaman-lal-ji/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice President Shri Venkaiah Naidu releases Postage Stamp on Mananiya Chaman Lal |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1743569 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807133603/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1743569 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 10
| 17 September 2021
|
| [[Jaimal Rathore|Rao Jaimal Rathore]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister releases commemorative postal stamp on brave soldier |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/union-minister-releases-commemorative-postal-stamp-on-brave-soldier/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |agency=Daily Excelsior |date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219052545/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/union-minister-releases-commemorative-postal-stamp-on-brave-soldier/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister of State for Communication releases commemorative postal stamp on Rao Jaimal Rathore |url=https://youngbites.com/newsdet.aspx?q=358406 |agency=youngbites.com |access-date=23 September 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219050445/https://youngbites.com/newsdet.aspx?q=358406 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 11
| 2 October 2021
|
| Martyrs of Solapur namely "[[Mallappa Dhanshetty]], [[Shrikisan Laxminarayan Sarada|Shrikisan Sarada]], Jagannath Shinde and Abdul Rasul Kurban Hussain"
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=चार हुतात्म्यांवर पोस्टाचे तिकिट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/solapur/postage-stamps-four-martyrs-a695/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |agency=lokmat.com |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219041255/https://www.lokmat.com/solapur/postage-stamps-four-martyrs-a695/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 12
| 6 October 2021
|
| [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] Bicentenary
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Governor presided over the valedictory function of the Bicentenary Celebrations of the Deccan College in Pune. |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/07-10-2021-governor-presided-over-the-valedictory-function-of-the-bicentenary-celebrations-of-the-deccan-college-in-pune/ |website=rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=25 September 2025 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515193747/https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/07-10-2021-governor-presided-over-the-valedictory-function-of-the-bicentenary-celebrations-of-the-deccan-college-in-pune/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Marar |first1=Anjali |title=Postal stamp featuring Deccan College’s Gothic-style building to be released next week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/postal-stamp-featuring-deccan-colleges-gothic-style-building-to-be-released-next-week-7542916/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |agency=indianexpress.com |date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219040752/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/postal-stamp-featuring-deccan-colleges-gothic-style-building-to-be-released-next-week-7542916/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 13
| 10 November 2021
|
| [[Dattopant Thengadi]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=श्रद्धेय दत्तोपंत ठेंगड़ी की स्मृति में जारी हुआ डाक टिकट |trans-title=Postage stamp issued in memory of revered Dattopant Thengadi |url=https://www.swadeshionline.in/news/-postage-stamp-issued-in-memory-of-revered-dattopant-thengadi |access-date=26 September 2025 |agency=swadeshionline.in |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004013426/https://www.swadeshionline.in/news/-postage-stamp-issued-in-memory-of-revered-dattopant-thengadi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संचार मंत्री अश्विनी वैष्णव ने जारी किया दत्तोपंत ठेंगड़ी की स्मृति में डाक टिकट |trans-title=Communications Minister Ashwini Vaishnav released a postage stamp in memory of Dattopant Thengadi |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/national/ashwini-vaishnav-releases-postage-stamp-in-memory-of-dattopant-thengadi/185932/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |agency=navodayatimes.in |date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219063309/https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/national/ashwini-vaishnav-releases-postage-stamp-in-memory-of-dattopant-thengadi/185932/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 14
| 27 November 2021
|
| [[Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital|S.C.B. Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 15
| 1 December 2021
|
| 75 Years of [[Mahindra Group]]
| 12.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative postage stamp unveiled on Mahindra Grp's completion of 75 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/commemorative-postage-stamp-unveiled-on-mahindra-grps-completion-of-75-years/articleshow/88046097.cms |access-date=27 September 2025 |agency=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627030922/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/commemorative-postage-stamp-unveiled-on-mahindra-grps-completion-of-75-years/articleshow/88046097.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 16
| 16 December 2021
|
| Swarnim Vijay Varsha
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh unveils commemorative stamp marking 50 years of India’s victory in 1971 Indo-Pak War |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/pressrelesedetailm.aspx?prid=1782159 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 September 2025 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216100821/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1782159 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Release of Commemorate Postage Stamps |url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/about/infantry-arms-and-services/release-of-commemorate-postage-stamps-army-postal-service-corps |website=indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==2022==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:justify" width = "98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 15 January 2022
|
| Permanent Commission to Women Officers in [[Indian Army]]
| 10.00 (2); 15.00 (2)
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Stamp Honouring Permanent Commission To Women Officers In Army Released |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stamp-honouring-permanent-commission-to-women-officers-in-army-released-2710213 |access-date=29 September 2025 |agency=ndtv.com |date=15 January 2015 |archive-date=12 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512195210/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stamp-honouring-permanent-commission-to-women-officers-in-army-released-2710213 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Army Day: Gen Naravane release stamp commemorating Permanent Commission to Women Officers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-day-gen-naravane-releases-stamp-commemorating-permanent-commission-to-women-officers/articleshow/88920600.cms |access-date=29 September 2025 |agency=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 16 January 2022
|
| Department of Health Research
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Mansukh Mandaviya releases commemorative Postal Stamp on COVID-19 Vaccine to mark the 1st anniversary of India's National COVID Vaccination program |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1790343 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 21 January 2022
|
| 50 Years of full Statehood of [[Manipur]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative Postage Stamp released |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/22/IMPHAL-Jan-21-DIPR-Manipur-celebrated-the-Golden-Jubilee-of-its-Statehood-Day-today-at-the-1st-B.html |access-date=30 September 2025 |agency=thesangaiexpress.com |date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219080325/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/22/IMPHAL-Jan-21-DIPR-Manipur-celebrated-the-Golden-Jubilee-of-its-Statehood-Day-today-at-the-1st-B.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 21 January 2022
|
| 50 Years of full Statehood of [[Meghalaya]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Meghalaya celebrates its 50th Statehood Day |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/PR_05_22.pdf |website=meghalaya.gov.in |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121182038/https://meghalaya.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/PR_05_22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 21 January 2022
|
| 50 Years of full Statehood of [[Tripura]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah releases ‘Lakshya 2047’ on Tripura’s 50th Statehood Day |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/amit-shah-releases-lakshya-2047-on-tripuras-50th-statehood-day/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |agency=ukhrultimes.com |date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219044840/https://ukhrultimes.com/amit-shah-releases-lakshya-2047-on-tripuras-50th-statehood-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 5 February 2022
|
| 50th Anniversary of [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics|ICRISAT]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 7
| 16 February 2022
|
| [[Delhi Police]] - Platinum Jubilee
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Safety of women is Delhi Police’s priority: CP on Raising Day |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/safety-women-delhi-polices-priority-cp-raising-day-1503046402.html |access-date=14 November 2025 |agency=The Statesman |date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219042209/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/safety-women-delhi-polices-priority-cp-raising-day-1503046402.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 18 February 2022
|
| Joint celebrations of the year of 50th Anniversary of UAE's formation and the 75th Anniversary of the Independence of India
| 25.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative stamp marks 50 years of UAE’s formation and 75 years of India’s independence |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/commemorative-stamp-marks-50-years-of-uaes-formation-and-75-years-of-indias-independence-1.89003557 |access-date=1 October 2025 |agency=Gulf News |issue=3 July 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930183226/https://gulfnews.com/uae/commemorative-stamp-marks-50-years-of-uaes-formation-and-75-years-of-indias-independence-1.89003557 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=50 yrs of diplomatic relations: Physical copy of India-UAE Joint Commemorative Stamp launched |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/uae/50-yrs-of-diplomatic-relations-physical-copy-of-india-uae-joint-commemorative-stamp-launched/articleshow/92654273.cms |access-date=1 October 2025 |agency=Economics Time|issue=4 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 20 February 2022
|
| 50 Years of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sharma to attend state’s 50-yr celebration |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/02/16/sharma-to-attend-states-50-yr-celebration/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |agency=The Arunachal Times |date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219035809/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/02/16/sharma-to-attend-states-50-yr-celebration/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 10
| 21 February 2022
|
| [[President's fleet review#Ram Nath Kovind|President's Fleet Review 2022]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 11
| 13 March 2022
|
| [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Rashtriya Indian Military College, Deharadun]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| *
|
|
| '''36th [[International Union of Geological Sciences#International Geological Congress|International Geological Congress]] (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=36th International Geological Congress to be held in New Delhi Globally Renowned Geoscientists to Participate in Three Day Congress |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1806449 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617100933/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1806449 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 12
| 20 March 2022
|
| [[Amethyst]]
| 5.00 each
|
|-
| 13
| 20 March 2022
|
| [[Himalayas]]
| 10.00 each
|
|-
| *
|
|
| '''India and Turkmenistan - 30 Years of Partnership, (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressed the Institute of International Relations and inaugurated the India corner, in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MTg1ODI= |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| 3 April 2022
|
| [[Kirtan|Sankirtana]]
| 25.00
|
|-
| 15
| 3 April 2022
|
| [[Kushtdepdi]]
| 25.00
|
|-
| 16
| 18 April 2022
| [[File:Pandurang Vaman Kane 2022 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Pandurang Vaman Kane]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Centre issues postage stamp in honour of Indologist PV Kane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/centre-issues-postage-stamp-in-honour-of-indologist-pv-kane-101650305903984.html |access-date=2 October 2025 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810043012/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/centre-issues-postage-stamp-in-honour-of-indologist-pv-kane-101650305903984.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 17
| 21 April 2022
|
| Prakash Guru Parab [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji]]
| 25.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM to participate in the celebrations of 400th Parkash Purab of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Red Fort on 21 April |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1818241 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=12 October 2025 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813064853/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1818241 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 18
| 1 May 2022
|
| [[Delhi University|University of Delhi Centenary Year]]
| 10.00
|
|-
| 19
| 14 June 2022
|
| [[Bombay Samachar|Mumbai Samachar]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web | title = PM participates in Dwishatabdi Mahotsav of Mumbai Samachar – a newspaper which has been published continuously for 200 years | url = https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-participates-in-dwishatabdi-mahotsav-of-mumbai-samachar-a-newspaper-which-has-been-published-continuously-for-200-years/ | website = www.pmindia.gov.in | date = 14 Jun 2022 | access-date = November 19, 2025 | archive-date = 19 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220619093331/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-participates-in-dwishatabdi-mahotsav-of-mumbai-samachar-a-newspaper-which-has-been-published-continuously-for-200-years/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| 20
| 29 June 2022
|
| [[Swami Karpatri|Karpatri Maharaj]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 21
| 20 July 2022
| [[File:44th Chess Olympiad 2022 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[44th Chess Olympiad|44th FIDE Chess Olympiad Chennai 2022]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 22
| 30 July 2022
|
| Right to Free Legal Aid
| 5.00
|
|-
| 23
| 2 August 2022
|
| Journey of the [[National Flag of India]]
| 75.00
|
|-
| 24
| 20 August 2022
| [[File:Ondiveeran 2022 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Ondiveeran]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 25
| 1 September 2022
| [[File:2nd International Tiger Forum, Vladivostok, Russia.jpg|60px]]
| 2nd International Tiger Forum
| 5.00
|
|-
| 26
| 11 October 2022
| [[File:Sawai Gandharva 2022 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sawai Gandharva]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 27
| 12 October 2022
|
| Golden Jubilee of [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Devusinh Chauhan releases Commemorative Postage Stamp on the occasion of Golden Jubilee of PIN Code |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1867288&reg=3&lang=2 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 28
| 18 October 2022
|
| 90th General Assembly of [[Interpol|INTERPOL]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 29
| 26 October 2022
|
| 150th Birth Anniversary of Vijay Vallabh Surishwer
| 5.00
|
|-
| 30
| 3 November 2022
|
| Platinum Jubilee [[Assam Medical College]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 31
| 25 November 2022
|
| 175 Years of [[IIT Roorkee]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 32
| 12 December 2022
|
| [[Pa Togan Sangma|Pa Togan Nengminza Sangma]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 33
| 13 December 2022
| [[File:Aurobindo 2022 stamp of India 2.jpg|60px]]
| 150th Birth Anniversary of Sri [[Aurobindo]]
| 150.00
|
|-
| 34
| 13 December 2022
|
| 125 Years Sardar School Jodhpur
| 5.00
|
|-
| 35
| 31 December 2022
|
| Visamanbapu
| 5.00
|
|-
|}

==2023==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:justify" width = "98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 9 January 2023
|
| Surakshit Jayen Prashishit Jayen
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Pravasi Bhartiya Divas: PM Modi to release postal stamp dedicated to safe, legal migration |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/delhi/pravasi-bhartiya-divas-pm-modi-to-release-postal-stamp-dedicated-to-safe-legal-migration |access-date=9 October 2023 |agency=firstindia.co.in |date=6 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 23 January 2023
| [[File:Durga Mall 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Durga Malla|Major Durga Mall]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Martyr Durga Malla: राज्यपाल ने शहीद मेजर दुर्गा मल्ल पर डाक टिकट का विमोचन किया, सीएम ने दी श्रद्धांजलि. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/dehradun/governor-gurmeet-singh-released-postage-stamp-of-martyr-major-durga-malla/uttarakhand20230123154029933933965 |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=Etv Bharat |date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529181606/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/dehradun/governor-gurmeet-singh-released-postage-stamp-of-martyr-major-durga-malla/uttarakhand20230123154029933933965 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Gorkha soldier stamped on memory |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/gorkha-soldier-stamped-on-memory/cid/1895168 |access-date=9 October 2023 |agency=The Telegraph Online |date=31 Oct 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031143817/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/gorkha-soldier-stamped-on-memory/cid/1895168 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 2 February 2023
| [[File:Ram Chandra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 150th Birth Anniversary of Ram Chandra Maharaj
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Shri Devusingh Chauhan releases Commemorative Stamp to celebrate the 150th Birth Anniversary of Adi Guru of Shri Ram Chandra Mission |url=https://www.apnnews.com/shri-devusingh-chauhan-releases-commemorative-stamp-to-celebrate-the-150th-birth-anniversary-of-adi-guru-of-shri-ram-chandra-mission/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=ABP NEWS |date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529181936/https://www.apnnews.com/shri-devusingh-chauhan-releases-commemorative-stamp-to-celebrate-the-150th-birth-anniversary-of-adi-guru-of-shri-ram-chandra-mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative stamp released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/commemorative-stamp-released/article66463566.ece |access-date=9 October 2023 |agency=The Hindu |date=20 Feb 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722003411/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/commemorative-stamp-released/article66463566.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 4 February 2023
| [[File:Kodandera Subayya Thimayya 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|General K. S. Thimayya]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kant |first1=Nirmal |title=KS Thimayya: पूर्व सेना प्रमुख जनरल के सम्मान में डाक टिकट जारी, कलिता बोले- कभी नहीं भूल सकते उनका योगदान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/postage-stamp-released-in-honor-of-former-army-chief-general-ks-thimayya-2023-02-04 |access-date=6 July 2023 |date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162514/https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/postage-stamp-released-in-honor-of-former-army-chief-general-ks-thimayya-2023-02-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 12 February 2023
|
| Bridal Costumes of India
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi's Pragati Maidan witnesses huge crowd on the 2nd Day of AMRITPEX-2023, a National Philatelic Exhibition |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1898575 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618174734/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1898575 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 13 February 2023
|
| Geographical Indications: Agricultural Goods
| 5.00
|
|-
| 7
| 20 February 2022
| [[File:Birender Singh b1921 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Ggm MP releases postal stamp in memory of former Haryana CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/ggm-mp-releases-postal-stamp-in-memory-of-former-haryana-cm-101676920746953.html |access-date=6 July 2023 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/ggm-mp-releases-postal-stamp-in-memory-of-former-haryana-cm-101676920746953.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 24 February 2023
|
| 225 Glorious Years [[2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment]] (Special Forces)
| 5.00
|
|-
| 9
| 2 March 2023
|
| 75 Years of 1 Central Base Post Office
| 5.00
|
|-
| 10
| 14 March 2023
| [[File:AN Sehgal 2023 stampsheet of India.jpg|60px]]
| 75 Years of India – Luxembourg Friendship
| 5.00
|
|-
| 11
| 18 March 2023
|
| [[International Year of Millets]] (Shree Anna)
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=ITC, Department of Post jointly releases special postal stamp to raise awareness on millets |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-department-of-post-jointly-releases-special-postal-stamp-to-raise-awareness-on-millets/article67123012.ece |access-date=9 October 2023 |agency=The Hindu Business Line |date=26 Jul 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806163201/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-department-of-post-jointly-releases-special-postal-stamp-to-raise-awareness-on-millets/article67123012.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| *
| 30 March 2023
| [[File:Legends of Odisha 2023 stampsheet of India.jpg|60px]]
| Legends of Odisha
|
|
|-
| 12
| 30 March 2023
| [[File:Akshaya Mohanty 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Akshaya Mohanty]]
| 10.00
|
|-
| 13
| 30 March 2023
| [[File:Kelucharan Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
| 10.00
|
|-
| 14
| 30 March 2023
| [[File:Laxmikanta Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]
| 10.00
|
|-
| 15
| 30 March 2023
| [[File:Parbati Ghose 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Parbati Ghose]]
| 10.00
|
|-
| 16
| 3 April 2023
|
| Diamond Jubilee of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 17
| 5 April 2023
|
| [[Gauhati High Court]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 18
| 7 April 2023
|
| [[Dayanand Saraswati]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Chesta |title=Vice President Releases Stamp On Swami Dayanand's 200th Birth Anniversary. |url=https://www.refersms.com/vice-president-releases-stamp-on-swami-dayanands-200th-birth-anniversary-april-7-2023/ |website=www.refersms.com |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228004311/https://www.refersms.com/vice-president-releases-stamp-on-swami-dayanands-200th-birth-anniversary-april-7-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Saurav |title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati's vision finds resonance in Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, NEP: VP Dhankhar |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vice-president-releases-commemorative-stamp-on-swami-dayanand-saraswati-s-200th-birth-anniversary-highlights-relevance-of-his-vision-in-current-times-11680868081758.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=Mint |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529180727/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vice-president-releases-commemorative-stamp-on-swami-dayanand-saraswati-s-200th-birth-anniversary-highlights-relevance-of-his-vision-in-current-times-11680868081758.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice President releases commemorative postage stamp on the 200th birth anniversary of Swami Dayanand Saraswati |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1914621 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162103/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1914621 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 19
| 19 April 2023
|
| 75th Year of [[Army Day (India)|Indian Army Day]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 20
| 26 April 2023
|
| [[Mann Ki Baat]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ritu |title=Amit Shah Releases Special Stamp, Coin To Mark 100th Episode Of 'Mann Ki Baat' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-amit-shah-releases-special-stamp-coin-to-mark-100th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-3981996 |access-date=29 May 2023 |agency=www.ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV |date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529180243/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-amit-shah-releases-special-stamp-coin-to-mark-100th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-3981996 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 21
| 22 May 2023
|
| 250th Birth Anniversary of [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Paromita |title=On Raja Ram Mohan Roy's 250th birth anniversary, remembering the legacy of the father of Modern Indian Renaissance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/a-look-at-the-legacy-of-raja-ram-mohan-roy-the-father-of-modern-indian-renaissance-7929218/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164212/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/a-look-at-the-legacy-of-raja-ram-mohan-roy-the-father-of-modern-indian-renaissance-7929218/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 22
| 28 May 2023
|
| [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament Complex]]
| 75.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Special Stamp, ₹ 75 Coin Released By PM Modi To Mark New Parliament Building's Opening |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-releases-special-stamp-coin-to-mark-inauguration-of-new-parliament-building-4073139#:~:text=Prime%20Minister%20Narendra%20Modi%20on%20Sunday%20released%20a,Lok%20Sabha%20chamber%20of%20the%20new%20Parliament%20building. |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529020822/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-releases-special-stamp-coin-to-mark-inauguration-of-new-parliament-building-4073139#:~:text=Prime%20Minister%20Narendra%20Modi%20on%20Sunday%20released%20a,Lok%20Sabha%20chamber%20of%20the%20new%20Parliament%20building. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 23
| 15 Jun 2023
|
| SCO Council of Heads of State
| 5.00
|
|-
| 24
| 20 Jun 2023
|
| [[Raj Bhavan, Lucknow|Raj Bhavan, Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 25
| 4 Jul 2023
|
| Sardar Antaji Mankeshwar Gandhe
| 5.00
|
|-
| 26
| 26 Jul 2023
|
| [[Orissa High Court]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 27
| 26 Jul 2023
|
| [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 Leaders' Summit, New Delhi 2023]]
| 20.00 each
|
|-
| 28
| 12 Sep 2023
| [[File:Dada_Vaswani_2023_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Dada Vaswani|Dada J P Vaswani]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 29
| 5 Oct 2023
|
| 500th Birth Anniversary of [[Rani Durgavati]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 30
| 7 Oct 2023
|
| [[Hemachandra Vikramaditya]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| *
| colspan="3" | '''50 years of establishment of [[India–Vietnam relations|Diplomatic Relations between India and Vietnam]], (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
|-
| 31
| 16 Oct 2023
|
| [[Vovinam]]
| 5.00
| <ref name="Vietnamnet Global">{{cite news |title=Vietnam, India issue set of joint postage stamps |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/vietnam-india-issue-set-of-joint-postage-stamps-2202943.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |agency=Vietnamnet Global |date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016212148/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/vietnam-india-issue-set-of-joint-postage-stamps-2202943.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 32
| 16 Oct 2023
|
| [[Kalaripayattu]]
| 25.00
| <ref name="Vietnamnet Global"/>
|-
| 33
| 21 Oct 2023
|
| 125th anniversary of the [[Scindia School]]
| 5.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM releases commemorative stamp of Scindia School on 125th Founder's Day |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/pm-releases-commemorative-stamp-of-scindia-school-on-125th-founders-day-555837 |access-date=1 November 2023 |agency=The Tribune |date=23 Oct 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101041253/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/pm-releases-commemorative-stamp-of-scindia-school-on-125th-founders-day-555837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM releases commemorative stamp in honour of 125th anniversary of The Scindia School |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1969812 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025130104/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1969812 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 34
| 27 Oct 2023
|
| Arvind N. Mafatlal
| 20.00
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi Releases Postal Stamp In Honour Of Industrialist And Philanthropist Arvind Mafatlal |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/pm-narendra-modi-releases-postal-stamp-in-honour-of-industrialist-and-philanthropist-arvind-mafatlal-171331 |access-date=1 November 2023 |agency=Jagran Josh |date=28 Oct 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101041506/https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/pm-narendra-modi-releases-postal-stamp-in-honour-of-industrialist-and-philanthropist-arvind-mafatlal-171331 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 35
| 2 November 2023
|
| 75th Anniversary of [[India–Mauritius relations|Diplomatic Relations between India and Mauritius]]
| 20.00
|
|-
| 36
| 7 November 2023
| [[File:525th Birth Anniversary of Saint Meera Bai (1498-1548).jpg|60px]]
| 525th Birth Anniversary of [[Meera]] Bai
| 5.00
|
|-
| 37
| 23 November 2023
|
| 75 Glorious Years of [[National Defence Academy]]
|
|
|-
| 38
| 5 December 2023
|
| 125 Years of Hindu College
| 5.00
|
|-
| 39
| 8 December 2023
|
| India Art Architecture Design Biennale 2023
| 5.00
|
|-
| 40
| 15 December 2023
|
| Celebrating [[India–Oman relations|India and Oman's Friendship]] (set of 2 Stamps)
| 25.00 each
|
|-
| 41
| 15 December 2023
| [[File:Abbakka Chowta 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka Devi]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 42
| 24 December 2023
| [[File:Acharya Sushil Kumar 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sushil Kumar (Jain monk)|Acharya Sushil Kumar]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 43
| 26 December 2023
|
| Khartargachha Millennium
| 5.00
|
|-
| 44
| 27 December 2023
|
| 125 Years of [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 45
| 27 December 2023
| [[File:Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh 2023 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 50 Years Pandit Jasraj’s Pt. Motiram Pt. Maniram Sangeet Samaroha
| 5.00
|
|-
| 46
| 29 December 2023
|
| Diamond Jubilee of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| 5.00
|
|-
| 47
| 29 December 2023
|
| 200 Years of [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Origin Tamils in Sri Lanka]]
| 5.00
|
|-
|}

==2024==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:justify" width = "98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 18 January 2024
|
| Shri [[Ram Janmbhoomi]] Temple (Set of 6 Stamps)
| 500 p each
| <ref name="PMO">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=PM posts six commemorative postage stamps dedicated to the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi temple |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1997337 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=11 Feb 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164215/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1997337 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 24 January 2024
| [[File:Karpoori Thakur 2024 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 100th Birth Anniversary of [[Karpoori Thakur]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranjan |first1=Mukesh |title=Karpoori Thakur promoted Hindi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/25/karpoori-thakur-promoted-hindi |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com |date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430033604/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/25/karpoori-thakur-promoted-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 25 January 2024
|
| Bharat – The Mother of Democracy (Set of 3 Stamps)
| 500 p
|
|-
| 4
| 25 January 2024
|
| Inclusive elections - [[Election Commission of India]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=anand |first1=Nisha |title=National Voters' Day: Election Commission marks 75 years of service today |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/national-voters-day-election-commission-marks-75-years-of-service-today-124012500227_1.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |agency=www.business-standard.com |date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164301/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/national-voters-day-election-commission-marks-75-years-of-service-today-124012500227_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ECI celebrates 75th year of service to the nation |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1999141 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523115847/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1999141 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 31 January 2024
|
| The [[Bombay Sappers]] War Memorial
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Expanded Bombay Sappers War Memorial inaugurated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/expanded-bombay-sappers-war-memorial-inaugurated-586087 |access-date=30 April 2024 |agency=www.tribuneindia.com |date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040436/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/expanded-bombay-sappers-war-memorial-inaugurated-586087 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 8 February 2024
| [[File:Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati 2024 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 150th Birth Anniversary of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Prabhupad]]
| 500 p
| <ref name="PMO1">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=PM addresses program marking 150th anniversary of Srila Prabhupada Ji |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2003937 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=15 Feb 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164215/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2003937 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 14 February 2024
| [[File:Ram Chandra Babuji 2024 stamp of India.png|60px]]
| 125th Birth Anniversary Ram Chandra
| 500 p
|
|-
| 8
| 20 February 2024
|
| Cultural Heritage of Western Odisha
| 500 p (6)
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Dharmendra Pradhan Releases Commemorative Postage Stamps On Legendary Odisha Poets, Cultural Heritage |url=https://odishabytes.com/dharmendra-pradhan-releases-commemorative-postage-stamps-on-legendary-odisha-poets-cultural-heritage/ |access-date=3 October 2025 |agency=Odisha Bytes |date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220232433/https://odishabytes.com/dharmendra-pradhan-releases-commemorative-postage-stamps-on-legendary-odisha-poets-cultural-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 20 February 2024
| [[File:Gangadhar Meher 2024 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| Legendary Poets of Odisha
| 1000p (2)
|
|-
| 10
| 23 February 2024
| [[File:Sarangadhar Das 2024 stamp of India.png|60px]]
| [[Sarangadhar Das]]
| 500 p
|
|-
| 11
| 25 February 2024
|
| [[Yakshagana]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative postal stamp on Yakshagana released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/commemorative-postal-stamp-on-yakshagana-released/article67885123.ece |access-date=27 February 2024 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/commemorative-postal-stamp-on-yakshagana-released/article67885123.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 12
| 27 February 2024
|
| Centenary Year [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]]
| 500p
|
|-
| 13
| 20 April 2024
|
| [[Mahatma Hansraj]]
| 500p
|
|-
| 14
| 21 April 2024
|
| Bhagwan Mahaveer 2550th Nirvan Kalyanak
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates 2550th Bhagwan Mahaveer Nirvan Mahotsav on occasion of Mahaveer Jayanti |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-2550th-bhagwan-mahaveer-nirvan-mahotsav-on-occasion-of-mahaveer-jayanti/ |website=www.pmindia.gov.in |publisher=PMINDIA |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164221/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-2550th-bhagwan-mahaveer-nirvan-mahotsav-on-occasion-of-mahaveer-jayanti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 15
| 6 July 2024
|
| [[Siddharudha Swami]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharoodha Postal Stamp: ಅಂಚೆ ಚೀಟಿ ಮೇಲೂ ಸಿದ್ಧಾರೂಢರು, ಭಕ್ತರ ಬಹು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕನಸು ಕೊನೆಗೂ ನನಸು! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/hubballi-dharwad/indian-postal-service-releases-siddharoodha-swamiji-postage-stamp-in-hubballi-ggb-1766891.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |publisher=kannada.news18.com |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721054334/https://kannada.news18.com/news/hubballi-dharwad/indian-postal-service-releases-siddharoodha-swamiji-postage-stamp-in-hubballi-ggb-1766891.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 16
| 24 July 2024
|
| 100th Birth Anniversary of [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| 3000p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Government issues commemorative stamp in honour of legendary singer Mukesh on his 100th birth anniversary |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/government-issues-commemorative-stamp-in-honour-of-legendary-singer-mukesh-on-his-100th-birth-anniversary/cid/2036125 |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=telegraphindia |date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812233208/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/government-issues-commemorative-stamp-in-honour-of-legendary-singer-mukesh-on-his-100th-birth-anniversary/cid/2036125 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt issues stamp to honour legendary singer Mukesh on 100th birth anniversary |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/07/24/del92-singer-mukesh-stamp--rpt.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=The Week |date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164717/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/07/24/del92-singer-mukesh-stamp--rpt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 17
| 24 July 2024
|
| Wazir Mohd Hakla Poonchi
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative stamp on Wazir Mohd Hakla A recognition of his contribution to society |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/commemorative-stamp-on-wazir-mohd-hakla-a-recognition-of-his-contribution-to-society/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=Daily Excelsior |date=4 August 2024 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804025647/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/commemorative-stamp-on-wazir-mohd-hakla-a-recognition-of-his-contribution-to-society/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 18
| 26 July 2024
|
| [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]] Silver Jubilee 2024
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India Post Honors Kargil Victory with Commemorative Stamp on 25th Anniversary |url=https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/-India-Post-Honors-Kargil-Victory-with-Commemorative-Stamp-on-25th-Anniversary/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=Defence News |date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806164719/https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/-India-Post-Honors-Kargil-Victory-with-Commemorative-Stamp-on-25th-Anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=25 years of Kargil Vijay Diwas: India Post releases commemorative stamp |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/25-years-of-kargil-vijay-diwas-india-post-releases-commemorative-stamp-124072601518_1.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=business-standard.com |date=26 July 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200035/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/25-years-of-kargil-vijay-diwas-india-post-releases-commemorative-stamp-124072601518_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India Post Releases Commemorative Postage Stamp On 25 Years of Kargil Vijay Diwas |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/india-post-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-25-years-of-kargil-vijay-diwas/ar-BB1qHckY?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=new18.com |date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| 5 August 2024
|
| [[2024 Summer Olympics|XXXIII Olympics]] Paris 2024 (Set of 4 Stamps)
| 500p each
| <ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2024 |title=Ministers Mandaviya and Scindia Releases Commemorative Stamps for Paris 2024 Olympics in New Delhi |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/ministers-mandaviya-and-scindia-releases-commemorative-stamps-for-paris-2024-olympics-in-new-delhi/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |agency=www.newsonair.gov.in |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220123307/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/ministers-mandaviya-and-scindia-releases-commemorative-stamps-for-paris-2024-olympics-in-new-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 20
| 31 August 2024
|
| [[Supreme Court of India]] – 75 Years
| 1000p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi releases commemorative postage stamp on 75 Years of Supreme Court |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2050470 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=1 November 2024 |date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831192524/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2050470 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Piyush |title=Prime Minister Modi Releases Commemorative Stamp for 75 Years of Supreme Court |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/prime-minister-modi-releases-commemorative-stamp-for-75-years-of-supreme-court/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |agency=currentaffairs.adda247.com |date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126125547/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/prime-minister-modi-releases-commemorative-stamp-for-75-years-of-supreme-court/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 21
| 14 September 2024
|
| Diamond Jubilee of [[Hindi|Rajbhasha]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating 75 Years of Rajbhasha Hindi – Commemorative Postage Stamp Released by Union Home Minister & Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah on Hindi Diwas |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2054958 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=1 November 2024 |date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916050621/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2054958 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 22
| 16 September 2024
|
| 75 Years of [[India–Romania relations|Diplomatic Relations (India-Romania)]] (Joint Issue - Set of 2 Stamps)
| 5000p each
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Joint stamp issue Romania-India Folk Costumes |url=https://www.romfilatelia.ro/en/joint-stamp-issue-romania-india-folk-costumes/ |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=www.romfilatelia.ro |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003100448/https://www.romfilatelia.ro/en/joint-stamp-issue-romania-india-folk-costumes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Romania 75 Years of Diplomatic Relations: Joint Stamp Release |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38302/IndiaRomania+75+Years+of+Diplomatic+Relations+Joint+Stamp+Release |website=mea.gov.in |access-date=10 October 2025 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118170039/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38302/IndiaRomania+75+Years+of+Diplomatic+Relations+Joint+Stamp+Release |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 23
| 20 September 2024
|
| 100th Birth Anniversary of [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
| 1000p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Postage stamp on ANR centenary released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/postage-stamp-on-anr-centenary-released/article68664882.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921015704/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/postage-stamp-on-anr-centenary-released/article68664882.ece |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| 9 October 2024
|
| 150th anniversary of the [[Universal Postal Union|Universal Postal Union (UPU)]] (Set of 3 Stamps)
| 1500p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Commemorative Stamps Unveiled Honoring 150 Years of Universal Postal Union |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3116183-commemorative-stamps-unveiled-honoring-150-years-of-universal-postal-union |access-date=9 October 2024 |agency=Devdiscourse News Desk |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009154054/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3116183-commemorative-stamps-unveiled-honoring-150-years-of-universal-postal-union |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 25
| 23 October 2024
|
| 200 years of Kittur Vijayotsav
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Department of Posts issues a Commemorative Stamp to mark 200 Years of Kittur Vijayotsava |url=https://theopenview.in/2024/10/24/department-of-posts-issues-a-commemorative-stamp-to-mark-200-years-of-kittur-vijayotsava/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |agency=Theopenview |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120946/https://theopenview.in/2024/10/24/department-of-posts-issues-a-commemorative-stamp-to-mark-200-years-of-kittur-vijayotsava/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Athrady |first1=Ajith |date=21 October 2024 |title=Postal department to release Kittur Rani Chennamma stamp to mark 200 years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/postal-department-to-release-kittur-rani-chennamma-stamp-to-mark-200-years-3242091 |access-date=1 November 2024 |agency=www.deccanherald.com |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120957/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/postal-department-to-release-kittur-rani-chennamma-stamp-to-mark-200-years-3242091 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 26
| 9 November 2024
|
| [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal|Vadtal Dham]] Dwishatabdi Mahotsav
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts issues a Commemorative Stamp on VadtalDham Dwishatabdi Mahotsav |url=https://www.sarkaritel.com/department-of-posts-issues-a-commemorative-stamp-on-vadtaldham-dwishatabdi-mahotsav/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120916/https://www.sarkaritel.com/department-of-posts-issues-a-commemorative-stamp-on-vadtaldham-dwishatabdi-mahotsav/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=દ્વિશતાબ્દી મહોત્સવ: ભારત સરકારે વડતાલના સુવર્ણ મંદિરની ટપાલ ટિકિટ બહાર પાડી |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/vadraldham-dwishantabdi-mahotsav-government-of-india-releases-postage-stamp-of-vadtal-golden |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=Gujarat Samachar |date=9 November 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111041417/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/vadraldham-dwishantabdi-mahotsav-government-of-india-releases-postage-stamp-of-vadtal-golden |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts issues a Commemorative Stamp on VadtalDham Dwishatabdi Mahotsav |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2072060 |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=PIB Delhi |publisher=pib.gov.in |date=9 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120904/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2072060 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 27
| 10 November 2024
|
| [[Shantisagar|Acharya Shantisagar Muni Maharaj]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai: India Post Releases Stamp Honoring Jain Saint Acharya Shantisagara's Legacy |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-india-post-releases-stamp-honoring-jain-saint-acharya-shantisagaras-legacy |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=FPJ News Service |publisher=The Free Press Journal |date=15 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116013755/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-india-post-releases-stamp-honoring-jain-saint-acharya-shantisagaras-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuram |first1=M |title=Stamp on Jain Muni Released in Hombuja Jain temple in Shivamogga |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/stamp-on-jain-muni-released-in-hombuja-jain-temple-in-shivamogga-921496 |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=Hans News Service |date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115024724/https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/stamp-on-jain-muni-released-in-hombuja-jain-temple-in-shivamogga-921496 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 28
| 10 November 2024
|
| [[Dada Bhagwan]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Posts issues a Commemorative Stamp on Pujya Dada Bhagwan |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2072402 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504113846/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2072402 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 29
| 15 November 2024
|
| [[Sickle cell disease|Sickle Cell]] Eradication – 2047
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Centre releases commemorative postage stamp on sickle cell eradication by 2047 |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/technology/centre-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-sickle-cell-eradication-by-2047-2/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |publisher=www.lokmattimes.com |date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120950/https://www.lokmattimes.com/technology/centre-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-sickle-cell-eradication-by-2047-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts releases a Commemorative Postage Stamp on Sickle Cell Eradication - 2047 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073947 |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=pib.gov.in |date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117065309/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073947 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 30
| 15 November 2024
|
| 150th Birth Anniversary of [[Birsa Munda]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi Unveils Commemorative Coin, Postal Stamp On Birsa Munda's 150th Birth Anniversary In Bihar |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/photos/pm-modi-unveils-commemorative-coin-postal-stamp-on-birsa-mundas-150th-birth-anniversary-in-bihar/ar-AA1u8hUl |access-date=19 November 2024 |agency=www.msn.com |date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts releases a special postage stamp on the 150th Birth Anniversary of Birsa Munda |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2073652 |access-date=19 November 2024 |agency=pib.gov.in |date=15 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126121030/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2073652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM marks the commencement of 150th Birth Anniversary Year celebration of Bhagwan Birsa Munda on the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Divas |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-marks-the-commencement-of-150th-birth-anniversary-year-celebration-of-bhagwan-birsa-munda-on-the-occasion-of-janjatiya-gaurav-divas/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |agency=pmindia.gov.in |date=15 November 2024 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115134731/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-marks-the-commencement-of-150th-birth-anniversary-year-celebration-of-bhagwan-birsa-munda-on-the-occasion-of-janjatiya-gaurav-divas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 31
| 16 November 2024
|
| 100 Years of [[Hindustan Times]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi Releases a commemorative postage stamp celebrating 100 years of Hindustan Times |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073818 |access-date=18 November 2024 |agency=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Delhi |date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116073915/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi releases stamp to mark 100 years of HT, speaks about govt's mantra |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/modi-releases-stamp-to-mark-100-years-of-ht-speaks-about-govt-s-mantra/ar-AA1ubYu2 |access-date=18 November 2024 |publisher=www.msn.com |date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120855/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/modi-releases-stamp-to-mark-100-years-of-ht-speaks-about-govt-s-mantra/ar-AA1ubYu2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 32
| 21 November 2024
|
| 125th Birth Anniversary of [[Harekrushna Mahtab|Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts Releases Commemorative Postage Stamp on the 125th Birth Anniversary of Harekrushna Mahtab |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2075647 |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=pib.gov.in |date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120910/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2075647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raout |first1=Yajati Keshari |title=President Murmu unveils Special Commemorative Stamp, Coin to honour Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab |url=https://pragativadi.com/president-murmu-unveils-special-commemorative-stamp-coin-to-honour-dr-harekrushna-mahtab/ |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=pragativadi.com |date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122040321/https://pragativadi.com/president-murmu-unveils-special-commemorative-stamp-coin-to-honour-dr-harekrushna-mahtab/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Mahtab's 125th birth anniversary celebrations launched by PresidentDroupadi Murmu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2024/Nov/22/dr-mahtabs-125th-birth-anniversary-celebrations-launched-by-presidentdroupadi-murmu |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=www.newindianexpress.com |date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122062420/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2024/Nov/22/dr-mahtabs-125th-birth-anniversary-celebrations-launched-by-presidentdroupadi-murmu |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 33
| 25 November 2024
|
| [[International Year of Cooperatives]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi launches the United Nations International Year of Cooperatives 2025 and releases a commemorative postal stamp |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2077042 |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=pib.gov.in |date=25 November 2024 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125170526/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2077042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi launches UN's International Year of Cooperatives 2025, unveils commemorative stamp |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20241125/4259788.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=news.webindia123.com |date=25 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120928/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20241125/4259788.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi also launched the United Nations' International Year of Cooperatives 2025 and released a commemorative postal stamp. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Nov/26/pm-modi-inaugurates-global-cooperative-conference |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=www.newindianexpress.com |date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120932/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Nov/26/pm-modi-inaugurates-global-cooperative-conference |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 34
| 26 November 2024
|
| 75th Anniversary of [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Manmath |title=President Murmu releases commemorative coin, stamp to mark Constitution Day |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-releases-commemorative-coin-stamp-to-mark-constitution-day-watch-2024-11-26-963468 |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=www.indiatvnews.com |issue=26 November 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210022402/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-releases-commemorative-coin-stamp-to-mark-constitution-day-watch-2024-11-26-963468 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Constitution 75th Anniversary: President Murmu releases coin and stamp |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/constitution-75th-anniversary-president-murmu-releases-coin-and-stamp |access-date=9 December 2024 |agency=www.dynamitenews.com |date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210022407/https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/constitution-75th-anniversary-president-murmu-releases-coin-and-stamp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 35
| 6 December 2024
|
| Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates the Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2081659 |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=pib.gov.in |date=6 Dec 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115032041/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D2081659 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 36
| 11 December 2024
|
| 75 years of [[UNICEF]] with India
| 1000p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts and UNICEF issue commemorative postage stamp on UNICEF@75 with India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/department-of-posts-and-unicef-issue-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-unicef75-with-india-2649384-2024-12-13 |access-date=15 January 2025 |agency=www.indiatoday.in |date=13 December 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115032040/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/department-of-posts-and-unicef-issue-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-unicef75-with-india-2649384-2024-12-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=भारत और यूनीसेफ़ की साझेदारी के 75 वर्ष, स्मारक डाक टिकट जारी |url=https://news.un.org/hi/story/2024/12/1081576 |access-date=15 January 2025 |agency=SDG |date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120905/https://news.un.org/hi/story/2024/12/1081576 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 37
| 15 December 2024
|
| 200th birth anniversary of Maharshi [[Dayananda Saraswati]]
| 500p
|
|-
| 38
| 15 December 2024
|
| Centenary of [[Tansen Samaroh]]
| 500p
|
|-
| 39
| 25 December 2024
|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] Birth Centenary
| 500p
|
|-
| 40
| 25 December 2024
|
| 2800th Nirvan Kalyanak of Bhagwan Parshvanath
| 500p
|
|-
| 41
| 25 December 2024
|
| 2900th Janm Kalyanak of Bhagwan Parshvanath
| 500p
|
|-
| 42
| 30 December 2024
|
| 50 Years of [[NIMHANS]]
| 500p, 500p, 1000p
|
|-
| 43
| 31 December 2024
|
| Veer Meghmaya
| 500p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Posts releases Commemorative Postage Stamp on Gujarat's Martyr Saint 'Veer Meghmaya' |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089095 |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=pib.gov.in |date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115021155/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D2089095 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ભારત સરકારે વીર મેઘમાયાની સ્મારક ટપાલ ટિકિટ બહાર પાડી |trans-title=Government Of India Releases Commemorative Postage Stamp Of Veer Meghmaya |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/patan/news/government-of-india-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-of-veer-meghmaya-134233087.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |location=Patan |language=gu |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126121055/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/patan/news/government-of-india-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-of-veer-meghmaya-134233087.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==2025==
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:justify" width = "98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| 28 January 2025
|
| [[Patharighat#Battle of Patharughat and Patharughat massacre|Peasant Uprising of Patharughat-1894]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Malakar |first1=Dhrubjyoti |title=Postal stamp to honour 131 anniversary of patharugat uprising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/postal-stamp-to-honour-131st-anniv-of-patharughat-uprising/articleshow/117650530.cms |access-date=11 March 2025 |agency=Times of India |date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312065142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/postal-stamp-to-honour-131st-anniv-of-patharughat-uprising/articleshow/117650530.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assam: Release of postage stamp on farmers’ uprising in Pathorughat on January 28 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-release-of-postage-stamp-on-farmers-uprising-in-pathorughat-on-january-28 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |access-date=11 March 2025 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312060748/https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-release-of-postage-stamp-on-farmers-uprising-in-pathorughat-on-january-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 11 February 2025
|
| India - Israel Joint Issue (Set of 2 stamps)
| 500 p each
|
|-
|3
|13 February 2025
|
|[[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela|Maha Kumbh 2025]] (Set of 3 stamps)
|500 p each
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honb’le Minister of Communications and Development of North Eastern Region Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia releases Commemorative Postage Stamps on the Historic Mahakumbh 2025 at Prayagraj |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2102962 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219184624/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2102962 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4
|13 February 2025
|
|[[National School of Drama]] (Set of 2 stamps)
|1000 p each
|
|-
|5
|11 March 2025
|
|G.I. Products of Bihar (Set of 5)
|500 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajesh |first1=Kumar |title=Postal stamps of 5 farm products sith GI tags released in Kisan Mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/postal-stamps-of-5-farm-products-with-gi-tags-released-at-kisan-mela/articleshow/118938634.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=Times of India |date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322140544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/postal-stamps-of-5-farm-products-with-gi-tags-released-at-kisan-mela/articleshow/118938634.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|*
|
|
|Bhagalpuri Zardalu
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
|
|[[Katarni rice|Katarani Rice]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
|
|[[Magahi Paan]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
|
|[[Mithila Makhana]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
|
|[[Shahi lychee|Shahi litchi]]
|500 p
|
|-
|6
|23 March 2025
|
|5th Battalion, The Rajput Regiment
|500 p
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-23 |title=Celebrating 200 yrs of valour: Mizoram guv unveils stamp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/celebrating-200-yrs-of-valour-mizoram-guv-unveils-stamp/articleshow/119387992.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402225715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/celebrating-200-yrs-of-valour-mizoram-guv-unveils-stamp/articleshow/119387992.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Rajput Regiment’s 5th Battalion receives new colours, commemorative stamp unveiled |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/national/story/rajput-regiments-5th-battalion-receives-new-colours-commemorative-stamp-unveiled-1188422-2025-03-24 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=India Today NE |language=hi |archive-date=2025-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403160258/https://www.indiatodayne.in/national/story/rajput-regiments-5th-battalion-receives-new-colours-commemorative-stamp-unveiled-1188422-2025-03-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|7
|25 March 2025
|
|Mata Karma
|500 p
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Posts Releases Commemorative Postage Stamp on Mata Karma |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326043111/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115115 |archive-date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|8
|7 April 2025
|
|50 Years of reestablishment of [[India–Portugal relations|Diplomatic Relations between India and Portugal]]
|5000 p, 5000 p
|<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESIDENT OF INDIA IN PORTUGAL; MEETS PRESIDENT OF PORTUGAL AND LEADS DELEGATION-LEVEL TALKS WITNESSES THE LAUNCH OF POSTAGE STAMPS TO COMMEMORATE 50 YEARS OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2119908 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|9
|1 May 2025
| [[File:Birth_Centenary_of_Legends_Stamp_1.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends (set of 5)
|500 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=WAVES 2025: Modi Releases Commemorative Stamps Of Guru Dutt, Other Legends |url=https://lokmarg.com/waves-2025-modi-releases-commemorative-stamps-of-guru-dutt-other-legends/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=Lokmarg |date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=24 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624025741/https://lokmarg.com/waves-2025-modi-releases-commemorative-stamps-of-guru-dutt-other-legends/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Parwinder |title=Legends honoured at WAVES 2025: Modi releases commemorative stamps |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/legends-honoured-at-waves-2025-modi-releases-commemorative-stamps-1503427236.html |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=the Statesman |date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=24 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624025741/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/legends-honoured-at-waves-2025-modi-releases-commemorative-stamps-1503427236.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|*
|
| [[File:Guru_Dutt_2025_stamp.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends — [[Guru Dutt]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
| [[File:Ritwik_Ghatak_2025_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends — [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
| [[File:Salil_Chowdhury_2025_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends — [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
| [[File:Raj_Khosla_2025_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends — [[Raj Khosla]]
|500 p
|
|-
|*
|
| [[File:Bhanumathi_2025_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|Birth Centenary of Legends — [[P. Bhanumathi]]
|500 p
|
|-
|10
|16 May 2025
|
|125 Years of [[Kodaikanal Solar Observatory]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The Department of Posts Releases a Commemorative Postage Stamp Celebrating 125 Years of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129198 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 June 2025 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723231824/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129198 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stamp unveiled to mark 125 years of Indian institute of astrophysics Kodaikanal solar observatory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/stamp-unveiled-to-mark-125-years-of-indian-institute-of-astrophysics-kodaikanal-solar-observatory/articleshow/121219377.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=Times of India |date=17 May 2025 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522111142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/stamp-unveiled-to-mark-125-years-of-indian-institute-of-astrophysics-kodaikanal-solar-observatory/articleshow/121219377.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Anubha |title=Commemorative Stamp Released On 125th Anniversary Of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-celebrates-125-years-of-solar-research-with-kodaikanal-observatory-stamp/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |date=16 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|11
|29 May 2025
|
|50 Years of [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Statehood of Sikkim]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Rs. 50 Silver Coin & Commemorative Stamp marks Sikkim’s Golden Jubilee of Statehood |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/rs-50-silver-coin-commemorative-stamp-marks-sikkims-golden-jubilee-of-statehood |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=Sikkim Express |date=30 May 2025 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530132827/https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/rs-50-silver-coin-commemorative-stamp-marks-sikkims-golden-jubilee-of-statehood |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|12
|31 May 2025
| [[File:Ahilya Bai Holkar 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|300th Birth Anniversary of [[Ahilya Bai Holkar]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/FeaturesDeatils.aspx?NoteId=154531&ModuleId=2 |access-date=24 June 2025 |agency=pib.gov.in |date=31 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|13
|20 June 2025
|
|125 Years of [[Raj Bhawan, Nainital]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=President Smt. Draupadi Murmu today released a special postage stamp to commemorate the completion of 125 years of Uttarakhand’s historic Raj Bhawan Nainital. |url=https://governoruk.gov.in/20-06-2025-president-smt-draupadi-murmu-today-released-a-special-postage-stamp-to-commemorate-the-completion-of-125-years-of-uttarakhands-historic-raj-bhawan-nainital/#:~:text=President%20Smt.%20Draupadi%20Murmu%20today%20released%20a%20special,125%20years%20of%20Uttarakhand%E2%80%99s%20historic%20Raj%20Bhawan%20Nainital. |website=governoruk.gov.in |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pres Murmu releases Commemorative Stamp on 125th Anniversary of Raj Bhavan Nainital |url=https://garhwalpost.in/pres-murmu-releases-commemorative-stamp-on-125th-anniversary-of-raj-bhavan-nainital/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |agency=Garhwal Post |date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|14
|21 June 2025
|
|11th [[International Day of Yoga]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modu unveils 'commemorative postage stamp' on 11th 11th International Day of Yoga in Visakhapatanam |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9lonha |access-date=25 June 2025 |agency=dailymotion.com |date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=25 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625024746/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9lonha |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|15
|28 June 2025
|
|100th Birth Anniversary of Acharya Vidyanand
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Rustam |title=पीएम मोदीने आचार्य विद्यानंद महाराज की १००वीं जयंति पर डाक टिकट और सिक्के जारी किये |url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/pm-modi-unveils-stamps-and-coins-on-acharya-vidyanand-maharajs-100th-birth-anniversary-b628/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|16
|9 July 2025
|
|125th Birth Anniversary of [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Stamp Released to Honour Syama Prasad Mookerjee’s 125th Birth Anniversary |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/stamp-released-to-honour-syama-prasad-mookerjees-125th-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=currentaffairs.adda247.com |date=10 July 2025 |archive-date=6 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806144638/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/stamp-released-to-honour-syama-prasad-mookerjees-125th-birth-anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|17
|13 July 2025
| [[File:Chandrabhanu Gupta 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|[[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghav |first1=Pradip Kumar |title=ब्रिटिश हुकूमत से ली टक्कर, रहे राजनीति के पुरोधा, जानें कौन हैं चंद्रभानु गुप्ता जिनके सम्मान में राजनाथ सिंह ने जारी किया डाक टिकट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/up-ki-baat/rajnath-singh-to-release-postal-stamp-on-three-times-and-third-cm-of-up-chief-minister-chandra-bhanu-gupta/2836328 |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=zeenews.india.com |date=12 July 2025 |archive-date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715180254/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/up-ki-baat/rajnath-singh-to-release-postal-stamp-on-three-times-and-third-cm-of-up-chief-minister-chandra-bhanu-gupta/2836328 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|18
|17 July 2025
|
|Centenary Celebration of [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute]]
|500 p
|
|-
|19
|24 July 2025
|
|[[Rani Chennabhairadevi]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Postal stamp in honour of Rani Chennabhairadevi released at Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jul/26/postal-stamp-in-honour-of-rani-chennabhairadevi-released-at-rashtrapati-bhavan |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=www.newindianexpress.com |date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814213042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jul/26/postal-stamp-in-honour-of-rani-chennabhairadevi-released-at-rashtrapati-bhavan |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|20
|25 July 2025
|
|[[India–Maldives relations|60 Years of establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between India and Maldives]] (Set of 2)
|6000 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Release of Commemorative Stamps on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of establishment of India-Maldives diplomatic relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39876/Release_of_Commemorative_Stamps_on_the_occasion_of_the_60th_anniversary_of_establishment_of_IndiaMaldives_diplomatic_relations_July_25_2025 |access-date=14 August 2025 |date=25 July 2025 |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726000940/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39876/Release_of_Commemorative_Stamps_on_the_occasion_of_the_60th_anniversary_of_establishment_of_IndiaMaldives_diplomatic_relations_July_25_2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|21
|2 August 2025
|
|Purshottamdas H. Purohit
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India Issues Commemorative Stamp Honouring Purshottamdas H. Purohit |url=https://news.net/news/india-issues-commemorative-stamp-honouring-purushottamdas-h-purohit/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=news.net |date=5 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India Post Releases Stamp Honouring Businessman and Philanthropist Purshottamdas H. Purohit |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/india-post-releases-stamp-honouring-businessman-and-philanthropist-purshottamdas-h-purohit |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=www.freepressjournal.in |date=8 August 2025 |archive-date=13 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813210113/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/india-post-releases-stamp-honouring-businessman-and-philanthropist-purshottamdas-h-purohit |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|22
|5 August 2025
|
|[[India–Philippines relations|75th Anniversary of India-Philippines Diplomatic Relations]] (Set of 2)
|5000 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India, Philippines launch stamps on 75th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic ties |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-philippines-launch-stamps-on-75th-anniversary-of-establishment-of-diplomatic-ties-101754452688634.html |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=www.hindustantimes.com |date=6 August 2025 |archive-date=6 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806051914/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-philippines-launch-stamps-on-75th-anniversary-of-establishment-of-diplomatic-ties-101754452688634.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PHLPost issues stamps to mark 75-year milestone with India |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/08/07/phlpost-issues-stamps-to-mark-75-year-milestone-with-india |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=tribune.net.ph |date=7 August 2025 |archive-date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814021836/https://tribune.net.ph/2025/08/07/phlpost-issues-stamps-to-mark-75-year-milestone-with-india |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|23
|7 August 2025
| [[File:MS Swaminathan 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|[[M. S. Swaminathan]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi releases commemorative stamp dedicated to MS Swaminathan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/pm-modi-releases-commemorative-stamp-dedicated-to-ms-swaminathan20250807095142/ |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=www.aninews.in |date=7 August 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219051339/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/pm-modi-releases-commemorative-stamp-dedicated-to-ms-swaminathan20250807095142/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Pavan |title=प्रधानमंत्री मोदी बोले- किसानों का हित भारत की सर्वोच्च प्राथमिकता, हितों से कभी समझौता नहीं करेगा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurated-swaminathan-centenary-international-conference-postage-stamp-released-know-all-updates-2025-08-07 |access-date=14 August 2025 |agency=www.amarujala.com |date=7 August 2025 |archive-date=7 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807061624/https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurated-swaminathan-centenary-international-conference-postage-stamp-released-know-all-updates-2025-08-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|24
|17 August 2025
|[[File:Laxmidas Borkar, 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|[[Laxmidas Borkar]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=COMMEMORATIVE POSTAGE STAMP RELEASED IN HONOUR OF LATE LAXMIDAS BORKAR |url=https://livenewsgoa.com/commemorative-postage-stamp-released-in-honour-of-late-laxmidas-borkar/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |agency=livenewsgoa.com |date=19 August 2025 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918062116/https://livenewsgoa.com/commemorative-postage-stamp-released-in-honour-of-late-laxmidas-borkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|25
|24 August 2025
|
|[[Vithalbhai Patel]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Anup |title=Amit Shah to release stamp on Vithalbhai Patel’s legacy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Aug/18/amit-shah-to-release-stamp-on-vithalbhai-patels-legacy |access-date=18 September 2025 |agency=newindianexpress.com |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022330/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Aug/18/amit-shah-to-release-stamp-on-vithalbhai-patels-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Harsh |title=Amit Shah to release special postal stamp on centenary of Vithalbhai Patel |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/amit-shah-to-release-postal-stamp-on-centenary-of-vithalbhai-patel/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |agency=tribuneindia.com |date=18 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|26
|30 August 2025
|
|[[Madhvacharya]]
|500 p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Commemorative Postage Stamp on Sri Madhvacharya |url=https://www.manipal.edu/mu/news-events/commemorative-postage-stamp-on-sri-madhvacharya-.html |website=www.manipal.edu |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Postal stamp honouring Madhvacharya to be released today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/postal-stamp-honouring-madhvacharya-to-be-released-today/articleshow/123589609.cms |access-date=18 September 2025 |agency=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=30 August 2025 |archive-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003223027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/postal-stamp-honouring-madhvacharya-to-be-released-today/articleshow/123589609.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|27
|4 September 2025
|
| [[Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences |url=https://uniindia.com/100-years-of-rinpas-postal-stamp-released-new-initiatives-unveiled/east/news/3566217.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |date=4 September 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219054343/https://uniindia.com/100-years-of-rinpas-postal-stamp-released-new-initiatives-unveiled/east/news/3566217.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 28
| 30 September 2025
|
| [[President's Bodyguard (India)|President's Bodyguard]]
| 500 p
|
|-
| 29
| 1 October 2025
|
| [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|100 Year's of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi To Release Postal Stamp, Coin At RSS Centenary Event On October 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-to-release-postal-stamp-coin-at-rss-centenary-event-on-october-1-ws-l-9605526.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |agency=News18 |date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi to release commemorative postage stamp coin to mark RSS centenary year tomorrow |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-to-release-postal-stamp-coin-at-rss-centenary-event-on-october-1-ws-l-9605526.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |agency=United News of India |date=30 September 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002175734/https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-to-release-postal-stamp-coin-at-rss-centenary-event-on-october-1-ws-l-9605526.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |title=PM unveils ₹100 coin, stamp at RSS centenary; first-ever depiction of Bharat Mata on Indian currency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-unveils-100-coin-stamp-at-rss-centenary-first-ever-depiction-of-bharat-mata-on-indian-currency/article70116222.ece |access-date=6 October 2025 |agency=The Hindu |date=1 October 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002143405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-unveils-100-coin-stamp-at-rss-centenary-first-ever-depiction-of-bharat-mata-on-indian-currency/article70116222.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 30
| 1 October 2025
|
| [[Military Nursing Service]]
| 500 p
|
|-
| 31
| 11 October 2025
|
| Sitaram Maroo
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=सीताराम मारू की जन्म शताब्दी दिवस पर स्मारक डाक टिकट जारी |url=https://dainikbharat24.com/2025/10/commemorative-postage-stamp-issued-on-the-birth-centenary-of-sitaram-maru/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |agency=Dainik Bharat 24}}</ref>
|-
| 32
| 14 October 2025
|
| [[India–Mongolia relations|70th Anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between India & Mongolia]] (Miniature sheet of 2 Stamps)
| 5000 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India, Mongolia release joint stamp celebrating folk dance traditions to mark 70 years of diplomatic ties |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/india-mongolia-release-joint-stamp-celebrating-folk-dance-traditions-to-mark-70-years-of-diplomatic-ties/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |agency=The Tribune |date=15 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 33
| 15 October 2025
|
| [[New Mangalore Port|New Mangalore Port Authority]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Union Ports Minister starts NMPA golden jubilee celebrations by launching eight projects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/union-ports-minister-starts-nmpa-golden-jubilee-celebrations-by-launching-eight-projects/article70168647.ece |access-date=16 October 2025 |agency=The Hindu |date=15 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 34
| 24 October 2025
|
| 80 Years of [[United Nations]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India Unveils Special Postage Stamp To Mark 80 Years Of United Nations |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/india-unveils-special-postage-stamp-to-mark-80-years-of-united-nations |access-date=25 October 2025 |agency=The Free Press Journal |date=24 October 2025 |archive-date=24 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024145005/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/india-unveils-special-postage-stamp-to-mark-80-years-of-united-nations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 35
| 30 October 2025
|
| 150th birth anniversary of [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Arushi |title=PM Modi meets Sardar Patel's family in Kevadia; unveils special coin, stamp on eve of 150th birth anniversary |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/pm-modi-meets-sardar-patel-family-in-kevadia-unveils-special-coin-and-stamp-on-eve-of-150th-birth-anniversary-latest-updates-2025-10-30-1015153 |access-date=31 October 2025 |agency=India TV News |date=30 October 2025 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104234321/https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/pm-modi-meets-sardar-patel-family-in-kevadia-unveils-special-coin-and-stamp-on-eve-of-150th-birth-anniversary-latest-updates-2025-10-30-1015153 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rautela |first1=Kiran |title=सरदार पटेल की 150वीं जयंती पर PM ने जारी किया 150 रुपये का स्मृति सिक्का व डाक टिकट |trans-title=PM releases Rs 150 commemorative coin and postage stamp on Sardar Patel's 150th birth anniversary|url=https://panchayatitimes.com/pm-modi-commemorates-sardar-patels-150th-birth-anniversary-with-a-150-rupees-coin-postage-stamp-and-a-unity-run |access-date=31 October 2025 |agency=Panchayati Times |date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 36
| 7 November 2025
|
| 150 years of [[Vande Mataram]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi launches 150 years of ‘Vande Mataram’, releases commemorative stamp and coin |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/pm-modi-launches-vande-mataram-150-year-celebration-p7qeryzs |access-date=8 November 2025 |agency=Mathrubhumi |date=7 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=150 years of Vande Mataram: ‘वंदे मातरम्' के 150 वर्ष, PM नरेंद्र मोदी ने डाक टिकट और सिक्का जारी किया |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/nation/pm-narendra-modi-releases-postage-stamp-and-coin-to-mark-150-years-of-vande-mataram/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |agency=Dainik Tribune |date=7 November 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107070737/https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/nation/pm-narendra-modi-releases-postage-stamp-and-coin-to-mark-150-years-of-vande-mataram/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 37
| 16 November 2025
|
| 150th birth anniversary of Acharya Jawahar lal
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra and Punjab Governor release a Postal Stamp on Acharya Jawahar Lal |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/gallery/16-11-2025-maharashtra-and-punjab-governor-release-a-postal-stamp-on-acharya-jawahar-lal/ |website=Raj Bhavan Maharashtra |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219041125/https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/gallery/16-11-2025-maharashtra-and-punjab-governor-release-a-postal-stamp-on-acharya-jawahar-lal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra and Punjab Governor release a Postal Stamp on Acharya Jawahar Lal |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/maharashtra-punjab-governors-release-commemorative-coin--postage-stamp-on-jain-sant-jawahar-lal/States/news/3644632.html |access-date=18 November 2025 |agency=United News of India |date=16 November 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219045150/https://www.uniindia.com/~/maharashtra-punjab-governors-release-commemorative-coin--postage-stamp-on-jain-sant-jawahar-lal/States/news/3644632.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 38
| 19 November 2025
|
| Birth Centenary of [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] (Miniature sheet of 4 Stamps)
| 500 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Umashankar |first1=K. |title=PM releases ₹100 coin, postal stamps at Sathya Sai Baba Centenary in Puttaparthi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pm-releases-100-coin-postal-stamps-at-sathya-sai-baba-centenary-in-puttaparthi/article70298246.ece |access-date=20 November 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |issue=19 November 2025 |archive-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119110726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pm-releases-100-coin-postal-stamps-at-sathya-sai-baba-centenary-in-puttaparthi/article70298246.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sanyogita |title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba’s 100th Year: Modi Unveils Coin, Stamps at Mega Celebration |url=https://www.telugu360.com/sri-sathya-sai-babas-100th-year-modi-unveils-coin-stamps-at-mega-celebration/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Telugu 360 |date=19 November 2025 |archive-date=5 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205023555/https://www.telugu360.com/sri-sathya-sai-babas-100th-year-modi-unveils-coin-stamps-at-mega-celebration/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 39
| 24 November 2025
|
| Platinum jubilee of [[IIT Kharagpur]] ([[Se-tenant]] stamp)
| 500 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=IIT-Kharagpur unveils special postage stamp as part of platinum jubilee celebrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-kharagpur-special-postage-stamp-talks-on-outreach-initiative-with-houston-jeemain-2026-jee-advanced-10384608/ |access-date=27 November 2025 |agency=The Indian Express |date=26 November 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127081704/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-kharagpur-special-postage-stamp-talks-on-outreach-initiative-with-houston-jeemain-2026-jee-advanced-10384608/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIT KGP unveils special postage stamp, starts talks on outreach initiative with Houston |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/iit-kgp-unveils-special-postage-stamp-starts-talks-on-outreach-initiative-with-houston/3127500 |access-date=27 November 2025 |agency=PTI NEWS |archive-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219043412/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/iit-kgp-unveils-special-postage-stamp-starts-talks-on-outreach-initiative-with-houston/3127500 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 40
| 24 November 2025
|
| [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|The Bharat Scouts and Guides]] - Diamond Jubilee
| 500 p
|
|-
| 41
| 25 November 2025
|
| 350th Martyrdom Day of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses the 350th Shaheedi Diwas of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Kurukshetra, Haryana |url=https://orissadiary.com/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-the-350th-shaheedi-diwas-of-sri-guru-tegh-bahadur-ji-at-kurukshetra-haryana/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |agency=Orissa Diary |date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi Unveils Stamp and Coin Honouring Guru Tegh Bahadur |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/pm-modi-unveils-stamp-and-coin-honouring-guru-tegh-bahadur/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |agency=Adda 24X7 |date=26 November 2025 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215080458/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/pm-modi-unveils-stamp-and-coin-honouring-guru-tegh-bahadur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 42
| 27 November 2025
| [[File:K Vaikunth 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[K. Vaikunth]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Stamp honouring cinematographer K Vaikunth unveiled by CM Sawant at IFFI |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/11/28/stamp-honouring-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-unveiled-by-cm-sawant-at-iffi/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=The Shillong Times |date=28 November 2025 |archive-date=5 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205052214/https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/11/28/stamp-honouring-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-unveiled-by-cm-sawant-at-iffi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=IFFI Honours Cinematographer K Vaikunth On Birth Centenary With Special Stamp |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/iffi-honours-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-on-birth-centenary-with-special-stamp-ws-l-9738476.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=NEWS 18 |date=29 November 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129051824/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/iffi-honours-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-on-birth-centenary-with-special-stamp-ws-l-9738476.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Goa CM releases stamp honouring cinematographer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/india/goa-cm-releases-stamp-honouring-cinematographer.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=The Pioneer |date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 43
| 1 December 2025
|
| [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sequeira |first1=Newton |title=spl stamp to mark NCPOR's silver jubilee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/spl-stamp-to-mark-ncpors-silver-jubilee/articleshow/125663425.cms |access-date=2 December 2025 |agency=Times of India |date=30 November 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202110153/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/spl-stamp-to-mark-ncpors-silver-jubilee/articleshow/125663425.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NCPOR celebrates 25 years with stamp release |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/ncpor-celebrates-25-years-with-stamp-release/139849.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |agency=The Goan |date=2 December 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211000816/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/ncpor-celebrates-25-years-with-stamp-release/139849.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 44
| 13 December 2025
|
| 150th Anniversary of Bombay Gymkhana
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhavsar |first1=Karishma Pranav |title=Mumbai: Centre Releases Commemorative Postage Stamp To Mark 150 Years Of Bombay Gymkhana |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-centre-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-to-mark-150-years-of-bombay-gymkhana-details-here |access-date=14 December 2025 |agency=The Free Press Journal |date=13 December 2025 |archive-date=13 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213115913/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-centre-releases-commemorative-postage-stamp-to-mark-150-years-of-bombay-gymkhana-details-here |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Postal Dept release commemorative postage stamp to mark 150 years of Bombay Gymkhana |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/postal-dept-relases-commemorative-postage-stamp-to-mark-150-years-of-bombay-gymkhana/States/news/3672960.html |access-date=14 December 2025 |agency=United News of India |date=14 December 2025 |archive-date=13 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213211029/http://www.uniindia.com/~/postal-dept-relases-commemorative-postage-stamp-to-mark-150-years-of-bombay-gymkhana/States/news/3672960.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 45
| 14 December 2025
|
| [[Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II]]
| 500 p
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Welcomes Release of Commemorative Stamp Honouring Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-welcomes-release-of-commemorative-stamp-honouring-emperor-perumbidugu-mutharaiyar-ii/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |agency=PMINDIA |date=14 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar, in whose honour V-P released a stamp: 3 things to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/who-is-perumbidugu-mutharaiyar-suvaran-maran-3-things-10420500/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |agency=The Indian Express |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 46
| 16 December 2025
| [[File:Aarudra 2025 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 100th Birth Anniversary of [[Aarudra|Arudra]]
| 500 p
|
|-
| 47
| 19 December 2025
|
| Medicinal plants of India (Miniature sheet - set of 5 stamps)
| 500 p each
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM to address Closing Ceremony of the Second WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-address-closing-ceremony-of-the-second-who-global-summit-on-traditional-medicine/ |access-date=20 December 2025 |agency=PM INDIA |date=18 December 2025 |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223232607/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-address-closing-ceremony-of-the-second-who-global-summit-on-traditional-medicine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi highlights India’s role at second WHO Global Summit on traditional medicine |url=https://timeskuwait.com/modi-highlights-indias-role-at-second-who-global-summit-on-traditional-medicine/ |access-date=20 December 2025 |agency=The Times |date=20 December 2025 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220074205/https://timeskuwait.com/modi-highlights-indias-role-at-second-who-global-summit-on-traditional-medicine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 48
| 22 December 2025
|
| 100 years of [[Association of Indian Universities|association of Indian universities]]
| 500 p
|
|-
| 49
| 31 December 2025
|
| 100 years of [[Railway electrification|Electrification in Indian Railways]]
| 1000 p each
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps.aspx Catalogue of Indian Postage Stamps]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of postage stamps of India (2021-2025)}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of India]]
[[Category:Lists of postage stamps|India]]

Narinder Kumar Gupta

2026-04-19T14:45:15Z

Miteshsoni: New a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name =Narinder Kumar Gupta
|image =Professor_Narinder_Kumar_Gupta.jpg
|image_size = 225x250px
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|08|22}}
|birth_place = [[Mirpur, Jammu and Kashmir|Mirpur]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
|field = [[Solid mechanics]], [[Plasticity (physics)|plasticity]], [[Impact (mechanics)]]
|alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar]]
|work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], 
[[University of Cambridge]], 
[[Ruhr University Bochum]], 
[[RWTH Aachen University]]
|doctoral_advisor = Professor B. Karunes
|known_for = [[Applied mechanics]], [[Plasticity (physics)|Plasticity]], [[Impact (mechanics)]]
|prizes = J.C.Bose Memorial Award, 
O.P. Bhasin Award, 
[[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt]] Research Award, 
[[Doctor Honoris Causa]] by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], 
Mercator Professorship, supported by [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|DFG]]. 
[[Padma Shri]]
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Narinder Kumar Gupta''' is a research scientist, educator, and engineer. Born 22 August 1942 in [[Mirpur, Pakistan|Mirpur]], Jammu and Kashmir, [[India]], he is a professor of [[Mechanics]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://am.iitd.ac.in/nkgupta.html|title=Gupta N.K.|website=am.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> Gupta works in the area of [[Finite strain theory|large deformations]] of [[metals]] and [[Composite material|composites]] at low, medium and high rates of loading. His research stimulates the development of [[Constitutive equation|constitutive behaviour]] of materials, understanding of the basic mechanics of large deformation, design for [[crashworthiness]] of road and air [[vehicles]], design for safety in defence applications and in design of [[metal forming]] processes.

==Education==
[[File:History of civilization (1967).jpg|thumb|Painting on History of civilization made by Prof. N. K. Gupta]]
He received his Bachelor of Science from the [[Jammu University|Jammu and Kashmir University]] in 1960, his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering from the [[Regional Engineering College, Srinagar]] (Now [[NIT Srinagar]]) in 1966 and his PhD from the [[IIT Delhi]] under Prof. B. Karunes in 1972.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

He did his [[post-doctoral]] studies in [[Cambridge University]] under Professor W. Johnson (1977) and as Alexander von Humboldt fellow at [[Ruhr University Bochum]] under Professor Th. J. Lehmann (1981).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P02-1314|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206110531/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P02-1314|archive-date=February 6, 2020|access-date=2019-07-03|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref>

==Profession==
Gupta has been a faculty member in the department of applied mechanics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi<ref>[http://am.iitd.ac.in/?q=node/24 Faculty website, Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi] - [http://am.iitd.ac.in/nkgupta.html N. K. Gupta IIT web site]</ref> since 1971 and has been a full professor since 1987 and retired in 2005. He continued as [[Henry Ford]] Chair Emeritus Professor from 2005 to 2010, and then as emeritus professor till 2011. He was invited as Mercator Guest Professor at [[RWTH|RWTH Aachen]], supported by the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] for one year (2011–2012).

Gupta continued to work as "INSA (Indian National Science Academy) Senior Scientist" at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, from 2012 to 2017. He was also associated for a period (2013–14) with the Supercomputer Education and Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Presently, he continues with his academic work as an "INSA Honorary Scientist" since 2017 at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Activity fields==
Gupta works in the area of [[Finite strain theory|large deformations]] of [[metals]] and [[Composite material|composites]] at low, medium and high rates of loading. His research finds application in development of [[Constitutive equation|constitutive behaviour]] of materials, understanding of the basic mechanics of large deformation, design for [[crashworthiness]] of road and air [[vehicles]], design for safety in defence applications and in design of [[metal forming]] processes.

He has been instrumental in setting up the India's first and internationally recognised low and medium velocity impact testing laboratory in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the IIT Delhi and has fostered and nurtured this area in India.

He has published over 350 scientific papers (with over 5000 citations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KBoDH2UAAAAJ|title=N. K. Gupta - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>) in peer-reviewed national and international journals and conference proceedings, edited eight books,<ref>N. K. Gupta (editor) (2003) ''IMPLAST' 03, Plasticity and Impact Mechanics'', Phoenix Publishing
House, New Delhi, India</ref> mentored nearly 40 PhD and 75 [[MTech]] students, and undertaken national and international research and consultancy projects. He has been a visiting professor and fellow and invited to deliver guest lectures in universities in [[Armenia]], Australia, [[Brazil]], China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Malaysia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, Trinidad, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://am.iitd.ac.in/nkgupta.html|title=Gupta N.K.|website=am.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

He was invited to deliver a keynote lecture at the 2008 World Congress of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ICTAM), held in Adelaide, Australia. The German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina, invited him to deliver a lecture at an annual event in 2012 along with the German scientist Prof. M. Kleiner, who was then the President of DFG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leopoldina.org/en/de/events/event/event/2074/|title=Leopoldina-Lecture "Challenges for the Engineering Sciences" (06.11.2012)|website=www.leopoldina.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> Gupta delivered the "K S Krishnan memorial lecture" during the annual meeting of the INSA<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P02-1314|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|website=www.insaindia.res.in|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> at Lucknow in 2013. In 2014, he delivered a plenary lecture to the 39th Solid Mechanics Conference held in Poland. He has been invited to deliver national lectures, which include Taylor memorial, Seth memorial, Bhatnagar memorial, Karunes memorial and Joga Rao memorial, and also numerous inaugural, keynote and invited lectures in major conferences and reputed institutions in India.

He has been on the [[Editorial advisory board]]s of the ''International Journal of Mechanical Sciences'' (1981–1985), the ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'', the ''International Journal of Crashworthiness'' (1996–2007), the ''Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Thin Walled Structures, Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures'' (2006–2011), the ''Journal of Aeronautics Society of India'', ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'', ''Sadhana'', ''Defence Science Journal'' and ''Everyman's Science''. He is president of the Indian Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, past president of the Indian Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and past president of the Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers. He was vice-president of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and chairman of the National Committee of the academy for [[International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics|IUTAM]] (International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) and [[International Mathematical Union|IMU]] (International Mathematical Union). He has been member of IUTAM Bureau( 2008–2012) and Congress Committee (2008 - 2018). He is member or chairman of several other national and international academic bodies. He is fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=INSA INDIA - Indian National Science Academy News & Updates|url=https://www.insaindia.org/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=INSA India|language=en-US|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506185747/https://www.insaindia.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref>http://www.inae.org/fellows_sec_3.html<nowiki/>{{Dead link|date=January 2021}}</ref> the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows|url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G|access-date=2021-01-17|website=nasi.nic.in}}</ref> the [[Aeronautical Society of India]], the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]], India and The World Academy of Sciences ([[TWAS]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twas.ictp.it/mbrs/mbrs-list |title=Members by surname — TWAS Portal |access-date=2011-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101111000/http://twas.ictp.it/mbrs/mbrs-list |archive-date=1 November 2010}}</ref>

Gupta's expertise in the mechanics of large deformation of metals and composites under impact loading has greatly augmented India's advance in technology, in particular, defence and aerospace researches. He helped found IMPLAST, an international event held regularly in India and countries across the world, including Australia (2000), Germany (2007), and the USA (2010). The last IMPLAST held in India was in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://implast2016.iitd.ac.in/|title=IMPLAST 2016|website=implast2016.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> and the recent was held in Republic of Korea in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IMPLAST 2019|url=http://www.implast2019.info/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230073330/http://www.implast2019.info/index.php|archive-date=December 30, 2019|access-date=2019-07-04|website=www.implast2019.info}}</ref> He also initiated a series of Indo-Russian workshops in "Theoretical and Applied Mechanics", held in both India and Russia. Gupta has edited nearly a dozen volumes of IMPLAST and Indo-Russian workshops, which the scientific community has very well received. These events provide a forum for Indian scientists to interact with several known international scientists. Gupta has been a voice of India in international forums in articulating the country's long-term vision on key scientific and technical issues.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Honours==
[[File:Padma Shri.jpg|thumb|'''Receiving Padam Shri Award from President of India ( Shri R. Venkataraman)''']]
Gupta was conferred [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)|Padma Shri]] by the President of India in 1991.
[[File:Recipient of J C Bose Award .jpg|thumb|'''Recipient of J C Bose Award from the Prime Minister of India (Dr. Manmohan Singh)''']]
[[File:Humboldt research award.jpg|thumb|'''Receiving Humboldt research award from the president of Humboldt Foundation''']]
Professor Gupta is recipient of J.C. Bose Memorial Award,<ref name=":0" /> the O. P. Bhasin Award,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://am.iitd.ac.in/?q=node/65|title=Honours and Awards {{!}} Department of Applied Mechanics IIT Delhi|website=am.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> the Millennium Plaques of Honour (ISCA) Award,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NISCAIR Blog|url=http://blog.niscair.res.in/?p=119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125710/http://blog.niscair.res.in/?p=119|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=|website=NISCAIR}}</ref> the Erskine (New Zealand) Award, the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt]] (Germany) Research Award and several other honours and awards. He has been conferred [[Doctor Honoris Causa]] by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and Mercator Professorship of [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|DFG]] and DRDO Academy excellence award.

Gupta is Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy,<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail"/> Indian National Academy of Engineering,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inae.in/search-fellow/|title=Search for Fellows|website=Indian National Academy of Engineering|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> National Academy of Sciences, India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows|website=www.nasi.org.in|access-date=2019-07-04|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102942/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Third World Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory/gupta-narinder-kumar|title=Gupta, Narinder Kumar|website=TWAS|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

The esteem that Gupta enjoys nationally and internationally is shown by the fact that conferences to honour his contributions were held on his 60th and 70th birthday in India in 2002 and 2012, On his 65th birthday in Bochum, Germany, in 2007, and was honoured on 70th in Singapore in 2012. Special issues of the ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'',<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-impact-engineering/special-issues|title=International Journal of Impact Engineering}}</ref> ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'' and ''Defence Science Journal'' were devoted to his birthdays. These issues received contributions from highly regarded international scientists. A special issue to honour his contributions has been published by the ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'', in 2017.<ref name=":1" />

Gupta has been named as one of five Honorary Members<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/prof-n-k-gupta-nominated-honorary-member-intl-soc-impact-engg|title=Prof. N. K. Gupta nominated as honorary member of Intl. Soc. Impact Engg. {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|website=www.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> - honoured as one of the top five world scientists in the area of impact mechanics - by the International Society of Impact Engineering.

In 2019 Prof. Gupta is awarded prestigious "DRDO Academy Excellence Award"

==Personal==
Gupta and his wife Rashmi Gupta, have two sons, Shivanshu and Shalav.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Selected publications==
* N. K. Gupta and S. K. Sinha (1990); "Collapse of a laterally compressed square tube resting on a flat base". ''International Journal of Solids and Structures'', '''26''', 601‑615
* N. K. Gupta and A. Meyers (1992); "Considerations of translated yield surfaces". ''International Journal of Plasticity'', '''8''', 729‑740
* N. K. Gupta and V. Madhu (1997); "An Experimental Study of normal and oblique impact of a hard core projectile on single and layered plates". ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'', '''27''', 901 – 918
* N. K. Gupta, (2002) "IMPLAST symposia and large deformations – a perspective", ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'', '''27''', 901 – 918
* O. T. Bruhns, N. K. Gupta, A. Meyers and H. Xiao (2003), "Bending of an elastoplastic strip with isotropic and kinematic hardening". ''Archive of Applied Mechanics'', Volume '''72''', pages 759–778, 2003
* N. K. Gupta and Nagesh, (2006) "Collapse mode transitions of thin tubes with wall thickness, end condition and shape eccentricity", ''International Journal of Mechanical Sciences'', '''48''', 210–223
* N. K. Gupta, M. A. Iqbal and G. S. Sekhon (2007), "Effect of projectile nose shape, impact velocity, and target thickness on the deformation behaviour of thin aluminium targets", ''International Journal of Solids and Structures'', '''44''', 3411–343
* N. K. Gupta, N. Mohamed Sheriff and R. Velmurugan, (2007) "Experimental and numerical investigations into collapse behavior of thin spherical shells under drop hammer impact", ''International Journal of Solids and Structures'', '''44''', 3136–3155
* M. Klaus, H. _G. Reimerdes and N. K. Gupta (2012), "Experimental and Numerical investigations of residual strength after impact of sandwich panels", ''International Journal of Impact Engineering'', '''44''', 50–58
[[File:Distinguished mechanical engineering educator award.jpg|thumb|Distinguished mechanical engineering educator award being given by the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Narinder Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:University of Jammu]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun on the Run

2026-04-18T08:48:45Z

Miteshsoni: Created A Data

{{Short description|2026 Indian film directed by Shashank Bali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun on the Run.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shashank Bali]]
| screenplay = Raghuvir Shekhawat Shashank Bali Sanjay Kohli '''Additional screenplay:''' Vihaan Kohli
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Raghuvir Shekhawat
}}
| story = Raghuvir Shekhawat Shashank Bali Sanjay Kohli
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''}}
| producer = Sanjay Kohli Binaiferr Kohli
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Aasif Sheikh]]
* [[Rohitashv Gour]]
* [[Shubhangi Atre]]
* [[Vidisha Srivastava]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
}}
| cinematography = Arjun Kukreti
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = Vishal Shelke
| studio = Edit II Productions [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Cinema]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain-Fun On The Run |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTIzMDkyMDI1MDAwODM= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |date=30 January 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{est}} {{INR|8–10}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! film fails to cross Rs 1 crore mark: Why TV-to-movie adaptations are risky for producers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-film-fails-to-cross-rs-1-crore-mark-why-tv-to-movie-adaptations-are-risky-for-producers-10522498/ |website=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{est}} {{INR|1.32}} crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain/box-office/ |access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun on the Run''''' ({{Translation|Is Sister-in-Law at Home! Fun on the Run}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Shashank Bali]]. Produced under Edit II Productions and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Cinema]], the film stars [[Aasif Sheikh]], [[Rohitashv Gour]], [[Shubhangi Atre]], [[Vidisha Srivastava]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]] and [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]. It is based on the television series ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]'' (2015).

== Plot ==
The film follows the comedic rivalry between neighbors Vibhuti Mishra and Manmohan Tiwari, who are both infatuated with each other’s wives, Angoori and Anita. The chaos escalates when the couples go on a road trip to Uttarakhand and encounter two eccentric gangster brothers, Shanti and Kranti. After a scuffle leaves Shanti with a damaged scalp, he and his brother become obsessed with Angoori and Anita, leading to a series of slapstick chases, disguises, and absurd situations as they plot to eliminate Vibhuti and Tiwari to marry the women. The film blends the sitcom’s signature humor with over-the-top gags and a nostalgic road adventure.

== Cast ==
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Vibhuti Narayan Mishra
* [[Rohitashv Gour]] as Manmohan Tiwari
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] as Angoori Manmohan Tiwari
* [[Vidisha Srivastava]] as Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Shanti Sharma
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Kranti Sharma
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Baccho Bhaiya
* Soma Rathod as Ramkali Tiwari
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Master jee; Angoori 's Mama Ji
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Bachho 's father
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as David Mishra
* Vaibhav Mathur as Teeka
* Saleem Zaidi as Tillu
* [[Yogesh Tripathi]] as Happu Singh
* [[Saanand Verma]] as Anokhelal Saxena
* Nitin Jadhav as Manohar the constable
* Vishwajeet Soni as Prem Choudhary
* Jeetu Gupta as Doctor Gupta
* Naveen Bawa as Doctor
* Sumit Arora as Video tutorial doctor
* Shivam Malhotra as Masala Seller in Ad which played Between video tutorial

== Production ==
The film was announced by [[Zee Studios]], with [[Shashank Bali]] signed as the director.<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! to be turned into a film; here's when it will release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-to-be-a-film-soon-101739358157029.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2025}}</ref> [[Rohitashv Gour]], [[Vidisha Srivastava]], [[Shubhangi Atre]] and [[Aasif Sheikh]] were confirmed to appear in the film.<ref name=":1" /> In March 2025, [[Ravi Kishan]] and [[Mukesh Tiwari]] joined the cast of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title='भाभीजी घर पर हैं' फिल्म में होंगे एक्टर रवि किशन? तिवारी जी ने दिया बड़ा अपडेट |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/bhabiji-ghar-pe-hain-movie-in-theaters-ravi-kishan-rohitashv-gour-shubhangi-atre-poorey-3157673.html |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi |date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mukesh Tiwari joins Ravi Kishan in the film version of Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai! |url=https://downtownmirror.in/mukesh-tiwari-joins-ravi-kishan-in-the-film-version-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/ |website=Downtown Mirror |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began and concluded in March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain ने पूरे किये 10 साल, देहरादून में कलाकारों ने किया जश्न का आगाज |url=https://mayapuri.com/television/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-completed-10-years-artists-started-celebrations-in-dehradun-8821883 |website=Mayapuri |language=hi |date=6 March 2025}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Dehradun]] and [[Mussoorie]] for 20 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai's film adaptation was shot in just 20 days, Ravi Kishan, Mukesh Tiwari join the cast |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-film-was-shot-in-just-20-days-ravi-kishan-mukesh-tiwari-join-shubhangi-atre-101764077374512.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manjogi
| lyrics1 = Ghulam Mohd. Khavar
| music1 = Vishal Shelke
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 3:03
| total_length =
}}
== Release ==
The film premiered on 6 February 2026 in Indian theatres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain Movie: India's beloved comedy characters will be seen in theatres in Feb|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-movie-to-hit-the-screens-in-feb-2026-23604278|date=22 November 2025|work=Mid Day}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received negative reviews from critics. Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "It has been more than a decade and the two philandering husbands are still comically lusting for the other woman. It feels like Abbas-Mustan’s ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' inhaled the laughing gas of ''[[Housefull (film series)|Housefull]]''."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|title='Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run' Movie Review: Ravi Kishan and Aasif Sheikh's comedy proves why some things are best left for the small screen|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-fun-on-the-run-movie-review-ravi-kishan-and-aasif-sheikhs-comedy-proves-why-some-things-are-best-left-for-the-small-screen-13976849.html|date=6 February 2026|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and said that "Still, as a breezy, no-pressure comedy meant purely for laughs, it does its job. If you are in the mood to switch off, recognise familiar faces and chuckle at familiar jokes, this film delivers exactly that — nothing more, nothing less."<ref>{{cite web|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun on the Run review: Known faces, familiar laughs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-fun-on-the-run-review-known-faces-familiar-laughs-2864103-2026-02-06|date=6 February 2026|website=India Today}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[Times of India|The Times of India]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "The film can’t recreate the same charm that works on television, and is best skipped."<ref>{{cite web|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain Movie Review: A crowded, crass, and mostly flat big-screen translation of the popular sitcom|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain/movie-review/127982440.cms|date=6 February 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 1.5/5 stars and said that "On the whole, BHABIJI GHAR PAR HAIN is a pale shadow of the TV show, offering neither its wit nor its consistent laughs. The overuse of toilet humour and weak writing drag the film down further."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Bollywood Hungama News |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain Movie Review: BHABIJI GHAR PAR HAIN is a pale shadow of the TV show |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain/critic-review/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-movie-review/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-is-a-pale-shadow-of-the-tv-show/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Overall, Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! leans heavily on the audience’s affection for the show, but affection alone cannot replace craft. While the characters remain endearing in parts, the screenplay offers nothing new to justify the jump from television to cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rishabh|first=Suri |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain movie review: This cinematic version of the TV show feels like a joke stretched too far |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhabiji-ghar-par-hain-fun-on-the-run-movie-review-this-tv-show-adaptation-feels-like-a-joke-stretched-too-far-101770447595550.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39045215}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bhabiji-ghar-par-hain}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2026 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]

South Kanara (South) Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T07:26:42Z

Miteshsoni: created basic post basic info

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Madras state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = South Kanara (South)
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1956
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year =
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''South Kanara (South) Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Madras State]]. This seat came into existence in 1951. With the implementation of [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it ceased to exist.

==Assembly segments==
South Kanara (South) Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following six Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf|title=Statistical Report on Madras elections, 1951 to the 1st Assembly|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=289–292, 294–295|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
# Panamangalore (Panemangalore)
# Mangalore
# Puttur (2 seats)
# [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasaragod]]
# [[Kanhangad Assembly constituency|Kanhangad]]

After [[South Canara]] District of erstwhile [[Madras State]] got merged with [[Mysore State]] in 1956, this seat ceased to exist and was replaced by [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. The Parts of Kasargod and Hosdurg (Kanhangad) were merged with [[Kerala]] and became a part of [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Parliament ==
*Madras State: (as South Kanara (South))
**1952: [[B. Shiva Rao]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="First">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=92}}</ref>
*Mysore State: (as [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]])
**1957: [[K. R. Achar]], [[Indian National Congress]]
**1962: [[A. Shanker Alva|Adhur Shanker Alva]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1962 to the 3rd Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=50|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref>
**1967: [[C. M. Poonacha|Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1967 to the 4th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=89 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
**1971: [[K. K. Shetty]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1971 to the 5th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=69 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
*Karnataka (as [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]])
**1977: [[Janardhana Poojary]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1977 to the 6th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=75 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
**1980: [[Janardhana Poojary]], [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1980 to the 7th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=74 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
**1984: [[Janardhana Poojary]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1984 to the 8th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=68 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
**1989: [[Janardhana Poojary]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1989 to the 9th Lok Sabha, Volume I |publisher=Election Commission of India website |page=75 |access-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>
**1991: [[V. Dhananjay Kumar|Venur Dhananjaya Kumar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
**1996: [[V. Dhananjay Kumar|Venur Dhananjaya Kumar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
**1998: [[V. Dhananjay Kumar|Venur Dhananjaya Kumar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
**1999: [[V. Dhananjay Kumar|Venur Dhananjaya Kumar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
**2004: [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda|Devaragunda Venkappa Sadananda Gowda]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==See also==
* [[Dakshina Kannada district]]
* [[Kasargod district]]
* [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Udupi district]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.6|75.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:South Canara]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Karnah Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:16Z

Miteshsoni: starting a pg basic info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karnah
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| division = [[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
| constituency_no = 1
| established = 1962
| reservation = 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Javaid Ahmad Mirchal]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =
}}

'''Karnah Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north union territory of [[India]]. [[Karnah]] is also part of [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/karnah.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Karnah Assembly Constituency]</ref>

Till the delimitation, which was undertaken in 2022, it was one of the 87 constituencies in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2| Mohammed Yunis Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Mohammed Yaseen Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ghulam Qadir Mir
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Abdul Gani Lone]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Sharifuddin Shariq]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=3| [[Kafil-ur-Rehman]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Raja Manzoor Ahmad]]<ref name=election2014>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Javaid Ahmad Mirchal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Ahmad Mirchal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,294 |percentage=34.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naseer Ahmad Awan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=8,032 |percentage=19.44% |change={{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,354 |percentage=15.38% |change={{decrease}}32.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raja Manzoor Ahmad]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=5,151 |percentage=12.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Idrees |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,973 |percentage=7.20% |change={{increase}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,925 |percentage=7.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajawal Shah |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=735 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=464 |percentage=1.12% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,262 |percentage=15.15% |change= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,320 |percentage=71.30% |change= {{decrease}}6.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,951 |ref = |change= {{increase}}74.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raja Manzoor Ahmad]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=12,371 |percentage=47.75% |change={{increase}}35.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kifil-Ur-Rehman Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,596 |percentage=25.46% |change={{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Asgar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,894 |percentage=11.17% |change={{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Saleem Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=2,359 |percentage=9.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishfaq Ur Rehman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=654 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jahangir Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=453 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aijaz Ahmad Badana |party=All J & K Kisan Majdoor Party |votes=339 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=244 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,775 |percentage=22.29% |change= {{increase}}16.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,910 |percentage=78.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,132 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}28.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kafil-ur-Rehman]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,110 |percentage=19.15% |change={{decrease}}26.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Bhadana |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=2,962 |percentage=13.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Ahmad Mirchal]] |party=Socialist Democratic Party (India) |votes=2,911 |percentage=13.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Asgar Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,642 |percentage=12.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raja Manzoor Ahmad]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,616 |percentage=12.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Yasin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,245 |percentage=10.46% |change={{decrease}}25.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,708 |percentage=7.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,148 |percentage=5.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,458 |percentage=79.65% |change= {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,941 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}26.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kifil-Ur-Rehman Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,707 |percentage=46.02% |change={{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sikander Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,719 |percentage=35.51% |change={{increase}}22.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Mirchal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,117 |percentage=11.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=749 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jehangir Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Haider |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showqat Hussain Beigh |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,988 |percentage=10.51% |change= {{decrease}}26.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,922 |percentage=65.37% |change= {{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,948 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kifil-Ur-Rehman Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,739 |percentage=62.19% |change={{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahman Badana |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,311 |percentage=24.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sikander Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,219 |percentage=12.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,428 |percentage=37.22% |change= {{increase}}23.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,269 |percentage=66.07% |change= {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,667 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}49.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sharifuddin Shariq]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,269 |percentage=50.88% |change={{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Mirchl |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,844 |percentage=37.26% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir-Ud Din |party=Independent politician |votes=3,570 |percentage=8.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqoob |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,425 |percentage=13.62% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,839 |percentage=77.02% |change= {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,262 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Lone |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,407 |percentage=45.00% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,194 |percentage=35.61% |change={{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehboob Illahi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,877 |percentage=8.40% |change={{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Anwar |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,514 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noorullah |party=Independent politician |votes=925 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gani Shiekh |party=Independent politician |votes=537 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,213 |percentage=9.38% |change= {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,241 |percentage=74.68% |change= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,131 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,357 |percentage=46.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yunis Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,641 |percentage=28.64% |change={{decrease}}11.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Malik |party=Janata Party |votes=5,868 |percentage=21.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,716 |percentage=17.67% |change= {{increase}}14.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,684 |percentage=67.94% |change= {{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,360 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaseen Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=10,310 |percentage=42.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yunis Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,652 |percentage=40.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahman B Dhana |party=Independent politician |votes=4,065 |percentage=16.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=658 |percentage=2.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,027 |percentage=74.92% |change= {{increase}}72.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,250 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yunis Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,430 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,430 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Karnah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yunis Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,019 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,019 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Karnah]]
* [[Kupwara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Coord|34.39|73.84|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Hungund Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:38Z

Miteshsoni: starting the data basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hungund
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 24
| map_image = 25-Hungund constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Doddanagouda G. Patil
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:222676}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Hungund Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is part of [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-15|title=Bilgi Election Results 2018 Live Updates: BJP's Murugesh Rudrappa Nirani Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bilgi-election-results-2018-live-updates-1748295.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=News18}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kanthi Shivlingappaa Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | [[S. R. Kanthi]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Karadi S. Rudrappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1970 elections in India#Mysore|1970 By-election]] || N. G. Parayya || {{Full party name with color|NCJ}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nagaral Sangappa Balappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Shankarappa Kavashetti Sugurappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Shivasangappa Kadapatti Shiddappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 By-election]] {{efn|Death of Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa}} || K. Gouramma Shivashankarappa
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | Doddanagouda G. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Doddanagouda G. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hungud">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hungud |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119161441/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25 |archive-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,434 |percentage = 47.43% |change = {{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagouda G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,427 |percentage = 29.29% |change = {{decrease}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navali Hiremath. S. R |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 33,790 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 0.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,007 |percentage = 18.15% |change = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,487 |percentage = 74.32% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,361}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,676 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagouda G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,012 |percentage = 41.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,785 |percentage = 38.19% |change = {{decrease}}14.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Navalihiremath |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,850 |percentage = 16.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shashikumar Halepadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,359 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,698 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,227 |percentage = 3.34% |change = {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,558 |percentage = 73.11% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,533}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,145 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,720 |percentage = 53.07% |change = {{increase}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagouda G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,923 |percentage = 41.54% |change = {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Zabbar S/o. Abdulhasan Kalaburgi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,213 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Madar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Netikatti Sharanbasappa Mahantappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 924 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saim Khajesab Husenasab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 847 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,797 |percentage = 11.53% |change = {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,063 |percentage = 71.40% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,024}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,972 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagouda G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,644 |percentage = 47.74% |change = {{decrease}}9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,575 |percentage = 43.23% |change = {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,467 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangappa Karedeppa Nashi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,468 |percentage = 2.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Abdul Zabbar Ismailsaab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,900 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hongal Nagaraj Sheshappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,069 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}16.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,383 |percentage = 65.29% |change = {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,365}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,121 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagouda G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,617 |percentage = 56.91% |change = {{increase}}33.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashappanavar Gouramma Shivashankarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,193 |percentage = 36.20% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gondi Shivappa Chandappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,247 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{decrease}}7.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shastrihiremath Renukayya Somashekarayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalavadad Basavaraj Chinnappa |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,424 |percentage = 20.71% |change = {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,139 |percentage = 62.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,177 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2003/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - Sep. 2003 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gouramma Shivashankarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,014 |percentage = 35.34% |change = {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Sangangouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,717 |percentage = 23.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. Paranagouda |party = PJD |votes = 15,675 |percentage = 17.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Hanumantagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,010 |percentage = 12.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shivasangappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,347 |percentage = 10.65% |change = {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,297 |percentage = 11.73% |change = {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,763 |percentage = 63.84% |change = {{decrease}}3.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,763}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,307 |percentage = 37.82% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavishidhanagouda Paranagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 28,371 |percentage = 36.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Shivasangappa Kadapatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,846 |percentage = 23.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanganna Channappa Kadapatti |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,969 |percentage = 2.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 936 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,387 |percentage = 67.13% |change = {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,493}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,567 |percentage = 5.54% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,725 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,288 |percentage = 35.56% |change = {{decrease}}28.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavishidhanagouda Paranagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,108 |percentage = 32.50% |change = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Undodi Siddappa Guralingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,527 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sanganagouda Ganganagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,267 |percentage = 6.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karadi Shantakumar Rajappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mashetti Nagappa Basappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 944 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallinagouda. M. Tumbad |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 656 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 432 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,180 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}25.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,346 |percentage = 63.39% |change = {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,105}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,219 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,698 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}28.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,065 |percentage = 63.63% |change = {{increase}}18.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasangappa Kadapatti Shiddappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,129 |percentage = 34.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadahalli Rajashekhar Veerabhadrappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 545 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,936 |percentage = 28.79% |change = {{increase}}21.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,225 |percentage = 67.15% |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,253}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,972 |percentage = 4.11% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasangappa Kadapatti Shiddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,762 |percentage = 52.28% |change = {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankarappa Kashappanavar Rachappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,745 |percentage = 45.45% |change = {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gogi Gurunathappa Kuberappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,017 |percentage = 6.83% |change = {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,539 |percentage = 70.34% |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,842}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 2.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,069 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasangappa Kadapatti Shiddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,254 |percentage = 56.62% |change = {{increase}}39.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivayya Mahabalayya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,286 |percentage = 40.07% |change = {{increase}}36.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rachappa Kavishetti Shivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangappa Karedeppa Nashi |party = Independent politician |votes = 361 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,968 |percentage = 16.55% |change = {{increase}}16.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,836 |percentage = 63.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,136}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,700 |percentage = 3.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,918 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}16.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarappa Kavashetti Sugurappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,276 |percentage = 39.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivayya Mahabalayya |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,174 |percentage = 39.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Melligeri Shivaputrappa Shivabasappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,522 |percentage = 17.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kathani Basappa Gaviyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 3.08% |change = {{decrease}}60.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 102 |percentage = 0.21% |change = {{decrease}}30.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,469 |percentage = 68.57% |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,463}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,006 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,604 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaral Sangappa Balappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,128 |percentage = 63.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. T. Basaraddeppa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 12,966 |percentage = 32.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Shankarappa Shivappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,303 |percentage = 3.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,162 |percentage = 30.87% |change = {{increase}}16.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,711 |percentage = 62.90% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,397}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,725 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = NCJ |swing = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1970 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1970 elections in India#Mysore|1970 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Parayya |party = NCJ |votes = 22,622 |percentage = 57.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karadi S. Sugirappa |party = NCN |votes = 16,920 |percentage = 42.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,702 |percentage = 14.42% |change = {{decrease}}25.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,542}}
{{Election box gain |winner = NCJ |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Karadi S. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,364 |percentage = 69.25% |change = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Parayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,732 |percentage = 28.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Govindappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 643 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,632 |percentage = 40.40% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,254 |percentage = 62.47% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,739}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,036 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Kanthi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,010 |percentage = 66.71% |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaigayya Padadappayya Nanjayanmath Alias Parayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,427 |percentage = 28.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Basavaraj Karbasappa Nagur |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 1,024 |percentage = 3.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaramappa Govindappa Bhandari |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 536 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,583 |percentage = 38.61% |change = {{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,138 |percentage = 62.12% |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,997}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Kanthi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,467 |percentage = 61.18% |change = {{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjayyanamath Gadigeyyaparayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,081 |percentage = 38.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,386 |percentage = 22.37% |change = {{decrease}}30.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,548 |percentage = 58.85% |change = {{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,508 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hungund <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kanthi Shivlingappaa Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,128 |percentage = 72.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Shankargauda Basalingappagauda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 6,115 |percentage = 19.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddi Basappa Sangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,674 |percentage = 5.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajamani Danappa Karisiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,058 |percentage = 3.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,013 |percentage = 53.21% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,975 |percentage = 69.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,975}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,240 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|16.06|76.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Crossings Republik

2026-04-11T12:20:27Z

Miteshsoni: new some post v1

{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Crossings Republik Township
| settlement_type = Integrated Township
| image_skyline = Crossing Republik Ghaziabad (NH 24).jpg
| image_caption = Crossing Republik Ghaziabad on [[NH 24]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.63024|N|77.43486|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = Ghaziabad
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 212
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201016 (Newly assigned Pin Code exclusively for Crossing Republik Township linked to a dedicated Post Office inside the Galleria Market on the 2nd floor)
| area_code = 0120
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Noida, Ghaziabad, Greater Noida, Delhi, Bulandshahr
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}

'''Crossings Republik Township''' is an integrated city project in India, situated on National Highway 24/9 (Delhi Meerut Expressway) in [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]] stretching towards [[Greater Noida]]. Built at a cost of {{INRConvert|60|b}} and aimed to cater to {{formatnum:200000}} residents.,<ref>{{cite news |title=Crossings Infra to invest Rs 700 cr for commercial projects|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/news/28410236_1_commercial-projects-city-project-multiplexes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202200858/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/news/28410236_1_commercial-projects-city-project-multiplexes |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=The Economic Times|date=9 November 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghaziabad real estate thriving along two national highways|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news/30135777_1_highways-nh-24-real-estate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107202803/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news/30135777_1_highways-nh-24-real-estate |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |work=Economic Times|date= 9 September 2011}}</ref> it is one of the two big sub cities of Ghaziabad, along with [[Indirapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Project for widening of 20km stretch on NH-24 scrapped|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Project-for-widening-of-20km-stretch-on-NH-24-scrapped/articleshow/8628980.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612081448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/delhi/29596522_1_traffic-survey-20km-stretch-traffic-flow |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 May 2011}}</ref> The high-rise township spread over 360 acres, covering village [Dundahera] where land acquisition took place from 2004 to 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Next door in Ghaziabad, farmers strike direct deals with builders |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Next-door-in-Ghaziabad--farmers-strike-direct-deals-with-builders/814909/ |work=Indian Express|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> This township is developed by real estate groups like SKB Group, Saviour, [[Ajnara India Ltd]]., Assotech, Gaursons India, [[Mahagun Developers]], [[Panchsheel Promotors]], [[Arihant Build Con Pvt Ltd]], Paramount, Exotica Housing, Supertech Limited and many more builders. Crossings Republik have direct connectivity with Delhi Meerut Expressway which is 14 lane expressway.<ref>{{cite news |title=Are Indian Townships real?|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-28/news/28439592_1_developers-project-township-concept |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201033/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-28/news/28439592_1_developers-project-township-concept |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work= The Economic Times|date=28 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers oppose GDA role in Crossings Republik Township expansion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Farmers-oppose-GDA-role-in-Crossings-Republik-expansion/articleshow/9815248.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/noida/29953305_1_gda-urgency-clause-land-acquisition-act |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 September 2011}}</ref>

==Design==
The survey feasibility report and marketing was done by [[CB Richard Ellis]], and architect [[Hafeez Contractor]] worked on architectural consultancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crossingsinfo.in/AboutCrossings.aspx|title=About Crossings Republik|website=www.crossingsinfo.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gaursonsindia.com/residential-projects/gaur-global-village.php Gaur Global Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125194346/http://www.gaursonsindia.com/residential-projects/gaur-global-village.php |date=25 November 2015 }}
* [https://crossingrepubliklocal.com/ Crossing Republic Local]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]

Tarnvir Singh Jagpal

2026-04-05T14:03:05Z

Miteshsoni: created the bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarnvir Singh Jagpal
| image = File:Tarnvir Singh Jagpal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tarnvir Singh Jagpal in Canada During Film Shooting
| birth_name = Tarnvir Singh Jagpal
| birth_date = 2 November
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Tarn Jagpal
| known_for = Tarn Jagpal Films
| occupation = Film director ,Writer and producer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-28|title=Directors who took Punjabi cinema to another level|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/directors-who-took-punjabi-cinema-to-another-level/photostory/64357160.cms|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Tarnvir Singh Jagpal'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarnvir Singh Jagpal: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Tarnvir-Singh-Jagpal|access-date=2020-06-04|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> is an Indian film director.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Daana Paani' song: 'Refugee' starring Jimmy Sheirgill and Simi Chahal narrates a heartbreaking tale – Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/daana-paanis-song-refugee-staring-jimmy-sheirgill-and-simi-chahal-narrates-a-heartbreaking-tale/articleshow/63908566.cms|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yes I Am Student: The shoot of Sidhu Moose Wala's debut movie goes on the floor – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-the-shoot-of-sidhu-moose-walas-debut-movie-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/70856241.cms|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yes I Am Student: You would not want to miss these clicks of Mandy Takhar from the sets of the movie – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/yes-i-am-student-you-would-not-want-to-miss-these-clicks-of-mandy-takhar-from-the-sets-of-the-movie/articleshow/71421914.cms|access-date=2020-06-04|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He is known for his work in [[Punjabi Cinema]]. He made his directing debut with the movie ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabb Da Radio (2017) – Financial Information|url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Rabb-Da-Radio-(India)|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Numbers}}</ref> for which he received a [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Best Film (critics) Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2018|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27233.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh started his career as an assistant director with the movies ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]'', ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'', ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'', ''[[Rangeelay]]'', ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'', ''[[Ishq Garaari]]'' and ''[[Saadi Love Story]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Daana Paani {{!}} Interview {{!}} Jimmy Shergill {{!}} Taranvir Singh Jagpal {{!}} Dainik Savera|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT8pWSIkGYM|language=en|access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref>

In 2017, he directed the movie ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=For matters related to heart tune in to Rabb Da Radio|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/archive/for-matters-related-to-heart-tune-in-to-rabb-da-radio-383463|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> for which he received a [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Award]]. In 2018, he directed the movie ''[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|Daana Paani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title='Daana Paani', a movie set to take Punjabi cinema to new heights|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/archive/daana-paani-a-movie-set-to-take-punjabi-cinema-to-new-heights-584042|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Writer
!Language
|-
|2026
|''Chaali Din''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
| rowspan="5" |Punjabi
|-
|2024
|''[[Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2021
|''[[Yes I Am Student]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|Daana Pani]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Rabb Da Radio]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!
!Movie
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rabb Da Radio]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Awards]]
| Best Film (critics)
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards Punjabi Winners 2018: Best Punjabi Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/punjabi/2018/106|access-date=2020-06-04|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Brit Asia Punjabi Film Awards
| rowspan="3" |Best Director
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=BritAsiaTV|date=2018-05-14|title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS FROM THE PUNJABI FILM AWARDS 2018|url=http://britasia.tv/full-list-of-winners-from-the-punjabi-film-awards-2018/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=BritAsia TV|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|Daana Pani]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=BritAsiaTV|date=2019-03-31|title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS FROM THE PUNJABI FILM AWARDS 2019|url=http://britasia.tv/full-list-of-winners-from-the-punjabi-film-awards-2019/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=BritAsia TV|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2019|PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-10|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2019: Here's The Full List Of Nominations|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2019-heres-the-full-list-of-nominations/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=PTC Punjabi|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagpal, Taranvir Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka

2026-03-31T05:03:32Z

Miteshsoni: New data - done

{{short description|Day celebrating the birth of Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
| official_name = Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
| image = File:Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg
| caption = Vardhaman Mahavira image at Keelakuyilkudi, [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Jain]]s
| date = ''Chaitra Shudda Triyodashi (teras)'' ([[Vira Nirvana Samvat]])
| observances = Prayers, [[Jainism#Worship and rituals|religious rituals]]
| celebrations = Going to the [[Jain Temple, offering prayers, holding processions with Mahaveer Prabhu’s idol and celebrate with songs and dance on religious tunes]]
| longtype = Religious, [[India]] (national holiday)
| significance = Birth Anniversary of [[Mahavira]]
| date2020 = 6 April (Monday)
| date2025 = 10 April <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/india/mahavir-jayanti|title = Mahavir Jayanti in India}}</ref>
| date2026 = 31 March <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://holidaytoday.in/en/india/holidays/mahavir-jayanti|title = Mahavir Jayanti 2026}}</ref>
| frequency = Annual
| type = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka''' is one of the most important religious festivals in [[Jainism]]. It celebrates the birth of [[Mahavira]], the twenty-fourth and last [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] (supreme preacher) of present [[Avasarpiṇī]].{{efn|descending half of the worldly time cycle as per [[Jain cosmology]] which is actually current now}} On the [[Gregorian calendar]], the festivity occurs either in March or April.

==Birth==
[[File:Bhagwan Mahaveer.jpg|''[[Murti]]'' of Mahavira at his birthplace, Kshatriyakund ([[Śvetāmbara|Shvetambara]] tradition), in [[Bihar]]|thumb|250px|right]]
According to [[Jain literature|Jain texts]], Mahavira was born on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the moon in the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'' in the year 599 BC (Chaitra Sud 13).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Gazetteers: Junagadh|last1=(India)|first1=Gujarat|year=1975|page=13}}</ref><ref>Kristi L. Wiley: ''Historical Dictionary of Jainism'', Lanham 2004, p. 134.</ref> According to Shvetambara tradition, he was born in Kshatriyakund of Bihar. Some modern historians consider Kundagram (which is today's Kundalpur in Nalanda District of Bihar) as his birthplace. He was born in a democratic kingdom (Ganarajya), Vajji, where the king was chosen by votes. [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] was its capital.{{sfn|Jalaj|2011|p=4}} He was named Vardhamana, meaning "One who grows", because of the increased prosperity in the kingdom at the time of his birth.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}} In Vasokund, Mahavira is revered by the villagers. A place called ''Ahalya bhumi'' has not been ploughed for hundreds of years by the family that owns it, as it is considered to be the birthplace of Mahavira.{{sfn|Jalaj|2011|p=4}}

===Legend===
Mahavira was born into [[Nāya]] clan as the son of King [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama]] and Queen [[Trishala]]. During her pregnancy, Trishala was believed to have 14 [[auspicious dreams]], all signifying the coming of a great soul. Shwetamber Sect of Jainism believes that the mother saw 14 and [[Digambara]] sect believes mother saw sixteen dreams which were interpreted by the King Siddhartha.{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=460}} It is said that when Queen Trishala gave birth to Mahavira, [[Indra]], the head of heavenly beings (''[[Deva (Jainism)|devas]]'') performed a ritual called ''abhisheka on Sumeru Parvat'', this being the second of five auspicious events (''[[Panch Kalyanaka]]s''), said to occur in the life of all ''[[Tirthankara|Tirthankaras]]''.<ref>{{citation|last=Pramansagar|first=Muni|title=Jain tattvavidya|year=2008|publisher=Bhartiya Gyanpeeth|location=India|isbn=978-81-263-1480-5|page=30}}</ref>

==Celebrations==
[[File:14 dreams.jpg|thumb|Auspicious 14 dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy as an ornamentation on cover of 19th-century manuscript]]
[[File:Thirakoil-mahaaveerar.JPG|Ancient image of Mahavira at [[Thirakoil]]|thumb|250px|right]]
The idol of Mahavira is carried out on a chariot, in a procession called ''[[Ratha Yatra|rath yatra]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/469429/piety-marks-mahaveer-jayanthi.html|title=Piety marks Mahaveer Jayanthi|work=Deccan Herald|date=3 April 2015}}</ref> On the way stavans (religious rhymes) are recited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/both-sects-of-jain-community-take-out-attractive-joint-procession/|title=Both sects of Jain community take out attractive joint procession|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406193847/http://www.freepressjournal.in/both-sects-of-jain-community-take-out-attractive-joint-procession/|archive-date=6 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Statues of Mahavira are given a ceremonial anointment called the [[Abhisheka#Abhisheka as a ritual|''abhisheka'']]. During the day, most members of the [[Jain community]] engage in some sort of charitable act, prayers, pujas, and [[Vrata|vratas]]. Many devotees visit temples dedicated to Mahavira to meditate and offer prayers.<ref>{{citation |title=Mahaveer Jayanti 2015: The importance of a Satvik meal |url=http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mahavir-jayanti-2015-the-importance-of-a-satvik-meal-751655 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404075153/http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mahavir-jayanti-2015-the-importance-of-a-satvik-meal-751655 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Lectures by monks and nuns are held in temples to preach the path of virtue as defined by [[Jainism]]. Donations are collected in order to promote charitable missions like saving cows from slaughter or helping to feed poor people. Ancient Jain temples across India typically see an extremely high volume of practitioners come to pay their respects and join in the celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/who-is-mahavir-why-is-mahavir-jayanti-celebrated-1200290-2018-03-29|title=How and Why Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated|website=India Today}}</ref> Ahimsa runs and rallies preaching Mahavira's message of [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahiṃsā]] (non-violence) are taken out on this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/jain-youth-to-hold-vegan-promotion-rally-on-mahavir-jayanti-in-pink-city-jaipur/15905383.shtml|title=Jain youth to hold vegan promotion rally on Mahaveer Jayanti in pink city Jaipur|work=merinews.com |date=28 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-jains-gear-up-for-mahavir-jayanti-tomorrow-2073618|title=Jains gear up for Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak tomorrow|date=1 April 2015|work=dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/over-900-run-for-spreading-bhagwan-mahaveers-message/article7047517.ece|title=Over 900 run for spreading Bhagwan Mahaveer's message|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>{{Portal|Religion|Holidays}}

== See also ==
*[[Diwali (Jainism)]]
*[[Jain rituals]]
*[[Jain festivals]]
*[[Kshamavani]]
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Parshvanatha]]
*[[Digambara]]
*[[Timeline of Jainism]]
* [[Shruta Panchami]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{citation|last=Jain |first=Pannalal |title= Uttarapurāṇa of Āchārya Guṇabhadra |date=2015 |publisher= [[Bhartiya Jnanpith]] |author-link=Pannalal Jain |isbn=978-81-263-1738-7 |ref={{sfnref|Pannalal Jain|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Jalaj |first1=Dr. Jaykumar |title=The Basic Thought of Bhagavan Mahavir |year=2011 |publisher=[[Hindi Granth Karyalay]] |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-88769-41-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/antiquity.htm History of Jainism]
*[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/quote1.htm Lord Mahavira Sayings]
*[http://www.theholidayspot.com/mahavirjayanti/mahavir_jayanti_the_festival.htm The Significance of Mahavira Janma Kalyanak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401100541/http://www.theholidayspot.com/mahavirjayanti/mahavir_jayanti_the_festival.htm |date=1 April 2018 }}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Jain festivals]]

Maratha Empire

2026-03-19T13:44:56Z

Miteshsoni: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|1674–1818 empire in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| image_flag = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| alt_flag = [[Bhagwa Dhwaj|Flag]]
| flag_border = no
| image_coat = Seal of Shivaji.png
| symbol_type = Royal Seal of [[Shivaji I]]
| conventional_long_name = Maratha Empire {{small|Maratha Confederacy}}
| native_name =
| year_start = 1674
| year_end = 1818
| date_event6 = 5 November 1817 – 9 April 1819
| event_end = Dissolution of the Marathas
| date_end =
| event_start = Coronation of [[Shivaji]]
| date_start = 6 June
| event1 = [[Deccan Wars]]
| date_event1 = 1680–1707
| event2 = Appointment of [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as [[Peshwa]]
| date_event2 = 16 November 1713<ref>Kincaid & Parasnis, p.156</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India|volume= 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>
| event3 = [[Treaty of Bhopal]]
| date_event3 = 7 January 1738
| event4 = [[Afghan–Maratha War]]
| date_event4 = 8 March 1758 – 14 January 1761
| event5 = [[Maratha–Mysore wars]]
| date_event5 = August 1768–April 1787
| event6 = [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
| p1 = Adil Shahi dynasty{{!}}Bijapur Sultanate
| p2 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = Company Raj
| today = {{ubl|[[India]] | [[Pakistan]]}}
| image_map = India1760 1905.jpg
| map_width = 250px
| image_map_caption = The Maratha Empire (yellow) in 1760
| motto = [[Hara Hara Mahadeva|Har Har Mahādēv]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA360 |title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0527-9 |page=360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC&pg=PA75 |title=Reflections on the Tantras |date=1978 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0691-7 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref>
| englishmotto = ([[English language|English]]: "Praises to [[Shiva|Mahādēv (Shiva)]]")
| capital = '''Royal seat:'''{{plainlist|
*[[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] (1674–1708, {{nowrap|''de jure''}})
*[[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] (1691–1698, {{nowrap|''de facto''}})
*[[Ajinkyatara Fort|Satara]] (1698–1708, {{nowrap|"de facto" }})
*[[Satara (city)|Satara]] (1708–1818)}}<hr>'''Peshwa's seat:''' [[Poona]] (1728–1818)
| official_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]] (court language, literature)
*[[Sanskrit]] (religious)}}
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Hinduism]]
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| status =
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] (1674–1761) [[Federation|Federal]] [[aristocracy]] with a restricted monarchial [[figurehead]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas11.htm | title=Maratha Aristocracy: The Scindias of Gwalior }}</ref> (1761–1818)
| title_leader = [[Chhatrapati]]
| leader1 = [[Shivaji I]]
| year_leader1 = 1674–1680 (first)
| leader3 = [[Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara|Pratap Singh]]
| year_leader3 = 1808–1818 (last)
| title_deputy = [[Peshwa]]
| deputy1 = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle|Moropant Pingle]]
| year_deputy1 = 1674–1683 (first)
| deputy2 = [[Baji Rao II]]
| year_deputy2 = 1803–1818 (last)
| year_deputy3 = 1858–1859
| deputy3 = [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Saheb]] (claimed titular)
| legislature = [[Ashta Pradhan]]
| stat_area1 = 2500000
| stat_year1 = 1760
| ref_area1 = {{sfnp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}<ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| currency = [[Rupee]], [[Paisa]], [[Shivrai]]
}}
The '''Maratha Empire''',{{efn|({{IPAc-en|m|@|'|r|a:|t|@}} {{Respell|muh|RAH|ta}};<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Upton |first1=Clive |title=The Routledge dictionary of pronunciation for current English |last2=Kretzschmar |first2=William A. |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-12566-7 |edition=2nd |location=London; New York |pages=803}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Pronouncing dictionary of proper names: pronunciations for more than 28,000 proper names, selected for currency, frequency, or difficulty of pronunciation |date=1998 |publisher=Omnigraphics |isbn=978-0-7808-0098-4 |editor-last=Bollard |editor-first=John K. |edition=2nd |location=Detroit, Mich |pages=633}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Upton |first1=Clive |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm46433686 |title=The Oxford dictionary of pronunciation for current English |last2=Kretzschmar |first2=William A. |last3=Konopka |first3=Rafal |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-863156-9 |location=Oxford |pages=622 |oclc=ocm46433686}}</ref> {{IPA|mr|məˈɾaːʈʰaː}})}}<ref>{{Citation |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |title=Maratha Empire |date=2016 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–7 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe357 |access-date= |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi= 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe357|isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Guha |first=Sumit |title=The Maratha Empire |date=2019-12-23 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-356 |access-date= |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vendell |first=Dominic |date=2021-11-26 |title=Transacting Politics in the Maratha Empire: An Agreement between Friends, 1795 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=64 |issue=5–6 |pages=826–863 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341554 |issn=1568-5209 |quote=The secretaries Sridhar Lakshman and Krishnarao Madhav managed the communications of the Maratha ruler at Nagpur, while their partner, the merchant-moneylender Baburao Viswanath Vaidya, was the envoy of the Pune-based Peshwa, a powerful Brahmin minister and leader of the allied states comprising the Maratha Empire. |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/125607}}</ref> also referred to as the '''Maratha Confederacy''', was an [[early modern India|early modern]] [[polity]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. For most of its existence, it comprised the realms of the [[Peshwa]] and four major independent [[List of Maratha dynasties and states|Maratha states]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Western India in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in the Social History of Maharashtra|first=Ravinder|last=Kumar|date=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-03146-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1djYAQAAQBAJ|quote=Prominent among these chiefs were the Bhonsles who established themselves in Nagpur; the Scindhias who gained control of Gwalior; the Gaekwads who set themselves up in Baroda; and the Holkars who seized hold of Indore. Between the Peshwas and the Maratha chiefs there subsisted a relationship which it is most difficult to define. The chiefs were to all intents and purposes independent, yet they recognised the Peshwa as the head of the Maratha polity}}</ref>{{sfnp|Kantak|1993|p=24}} under the nominal leadership of the former and nominal loyalty to the [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapatis]] who were successors of [[Shivaji]].

The Marathas were a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking peasantry group from the western [[Deccan Plateau]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]]) that rose to prominence under leadership of [[Shivaji]] (17th century), who revolted against the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] for establishing "[[Hindavi Swarajya]]" ({{lit|self-rule of Hindus}}).{{sfnp|Pagdi| 1993|p=98|ps=: Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindavi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history.}}{{sfnp|Jackson|2005|p=38}} The religious attitude of [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] estranged [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]s, and the [[Deccan wars|Maratha insurgency]] came at a great cost for his men and treasury.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric W. |date=2020-07-03 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680–1707 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=988–1009 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 |s2cid=221060782 |issn=0959-2318|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Williamson |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=2008-07-01 |title=Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498307000447 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 |issn=0014-4983|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Maratha government also included warriors, administrators, and other nobles from other [[Marathi people|Marathi]] groups.<ref name="kantak78">{{cite journal |last=Kantak |first=M.R.|title=The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji's Swarajya |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |date=1978 |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=44 |jstor=42931051}}</ref> Shivaji's monarchy, referred to as the Maratha Kingdom,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=%22maratha+kingdom%22&pg=PA1 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96|volume= 2 |date= 1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |quote=While the distracted Maratha kingdom of Aurangzeb's later ycars was fighting for survival, none could foresee that the insignificant British settlements of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta would one day become the political and economic bases of a vast empire.}}</ref> expanded into a large realm in the 18th century under the leadership of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]]. Marathas from the time of [[Shahu I]] recognised the [[Mughal emperor]] as their nominal [[suzerain]], similar to other contemporary Indian entities, though in practice, [[Government of the Mughal Empire|Mughal politics]] were largely controlled by the Marathas between 1737 and 1803.{{efn|The Peshwa between 1737 and 1761 and the Scindias between 1771 and 1803}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Raj and the Rajas : Money and Coinage in Colonial India|last=Garg|first=Sanjay|date=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-82889-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MudEAAAQBAJ|quote=From the Mughal point of view, the hostilities between the Company Bahadur and the Marathas could appear as a troublesome contest for power between the Imperial Diwan of Bengal and the Vakil-i Mutlaq or Imperial Regent. The actual participants of course were considerably more cynical of the position of the Emperor, both the English and Scindia treating their suzerain lord with scant respect..The paramount position of the Mughal within the rituals of supreme and sovereign authority may be amply demonstrated by reference to the coins of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Following the doctrine of khutba and sikka, new claimants to hegemony could be expected to be revealed on the coins of different jurisdictions. Yet for much of India they are not to be found. Reference to the graph at the end of this paper will confirm that both the Marathas and the British coined in the name of the Mughal.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mehta|2005|}}: "Vishwanath consolidated the Maratha power in the Deccan and led an expeditionary force to Delhi (1718–19) as an ally of the Sayyad brothers. He made the Maratha presence felt at the metropolis for the first time, secured the release of Shahu's family members from Mughal captivity, and obtained the confirmation of the Mughal-Maratha Treaty of 1718 from the emperor. This treaty, by which Shahu accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Mughal Crown in return for his right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from all the six provinces of 'the Mughal Deccan'...Delhi became the hub of Maratha political and military activities with effect from 1752, and they used the Mughal emperor as a mere tool in their hands to wield the imperial powers in his name and under his nominal suzerainty."</ref>{{efn |"a formidable confederacy was formed by Maratha diplomats during the first Maratha war.........the Peshwa was made Vakil-i-mutlak and Mahadaji Scindhia deputy Vakil-i-mutlak and the real control of Delhi passed into the hands of Mahadaji Scindhia"{{sfnp|Chaurasia|2004|p=X|loc=preface}}}}{{sfnp |Chaurasia |2004 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&q=Shah+alam+nominal+ruler 12] }}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Vincent A. Smith |title=The Oxford History of India, Edited by Percival Spear |date=1981 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eev7zQEACAAJ |quote="We have seen that the Marathas rather than the Persians or Afghans were the successors of the Mughuls as the holders of imperial power. The Persian attempt proved to be nothing more than a high-sounding raid while the Afghans of Ahmad Shah Abdali lacked the resources to sustain and the genius to exploit their victory. The Maratha succession proved to be an abortive one, but they controlled a larger part of India for a longer period than anyone else during the Anglo-Mughul interregnum"}}</ref>{{efn |Bajirao succeeded his father as the Peshwa. His sons, grandsons, and great-grandson succeeded him. They were [[Chitpavan]] Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Sandhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ |title=The Chitpavans: Social Ascendancy of a Creative Minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 |date=2008 |publisher=Shubhi Publications |isbn=978-81-8290-132-2 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref>}}

After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Shivaji's grandson [[Shahu I|Shahu]] under the leadership of Peshwa Bajirao revived Maratha power and confided a great deal of authority to the Bhat family, who became hereditary [[peshwa]]s ([[prime minister]]s). After he died in 1749, they became the effective rulers. The leading Maratha families{{snd}}Scindia, Holkar, Bhonsle, and Gaekwad{{snd}}extended their conquests in northern and central India and became more independent. The Marathas' rapid expansion was halted with the [[Third Battle of Panipat|defeat of Panipat]] in 1761, at the hands of the [[Durrani Empire]]. However the Marathas managed to retake most of their lost territories ten years later under the leadership of Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uPq640stHJ0C|page=8}} |title=The Great Maratha: Mahadaji Scindia |first=N. G. |last=Rathod }}</ref> His death eventually marked the end of Peshwa’s effective authority over other chiefs in the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=D.K. Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767 |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9 |pages=512–523}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=New Cambridge History of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha confederacy {{!}} Maratha Empire, Peshwa, Shivaji {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maratha-confederacy |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=The effective control of the peshwas ended with the great defeat of Panipat (1761) at the hands of the Afghans and the death of the young peshwa Madhav Rao I in 1772. Thereafter the Maratha state was a confederacy of five chiefs under the nominal leadership of the peshwa at Poona (now Pune) in western India. Though they united on occasion, as against the British (1775–82), more often they quarreled.}}</ref> After he was defeated by the Holkar dynasty in 1802, the Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] sought protection from the British [[East India Company]], whose intervention destroyed the confederacy by 1818 after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]s.

The structure of the Maratha state was that of a confederacy of four rulers under the leadership of the Peshwa at [[Poona]] (now Pune) in [[western India]]. These were the [[House of Scindia|Scindia]], the [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] based in [[Baroda State|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]] based in [[Indore State|Indore]] and the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle]] based in [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Arunansh |date=2023-12-01 |title=Maharaja's German: Anthony Pohlmann in India. {{!}} EBSCOhost |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB:gcd:15:32406799/detailv2?sid=ebsco:plink:scholar&id=ebsco:gcd:175632507&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=openurl.ebsco.com |issue=160 |page=48 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajas of Maratha Confederacy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maratha-confederacy |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Britannica History}}</ref> The stable borders of the confederacy after the [[Battle of Bhopal]] in 1737 extended from modern-day [[Maharashtra]]{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south to [[Gwalior]] in the north, to [[Orissa]] in the east{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=16}} or about a third ([[List_of_largest_empires#Empires_at_their_greatest_extent | 2.5 millions km2]]) of the subcontinent.{{sfnp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=222–223}}

== Nomenclature ==
The Maratha Empire is also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy. Historian [[Barbara Ramusack]] notes, "neither term is fully accurate since one implies a substantial degree of centralisation and the other signifies some surrender of power to a central government and a longstanding core of political administrators".{{sfnp|Ramusack|2004|p=35}}

Historian [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] argues against using the term "[[empire]]" in the same sense as the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires since the Maratha polity lacked a grand imperial architecture, as well as the term "[[confederacy]]" because it implies long-term stable power-sharing, which did not characterise the Maratha state. Instead, power dynamics within the Maratha leadership frequently changed, sometimes as often as each decade.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=178}}

16th and 17th century texts occasionally used terms such as the "''Indian Confederacy"'' or the '''"'''''Hindu Confederacy''" when referring to the coalition of the Maratha chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4WHt61U0lMC&dq=%22indian+confederacy%22&pg=PA545 |title=The Senator; Or, Parliamentary Chronicle: Containing an Impartial Register; Recording ... the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Lords and Commons ... V. 1-26; Nov. 25, 1790-July 29, 1800 |date=1790 |publisher=C. Cooke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZEbAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22hindu+confederacy%22&pg=PA318 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1886 |publisher=Trübner & Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SQbAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22hindu+confederacy%22&pg=PA130 |title=The India Office List |date=1893 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref> Although at present, the word [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] refers to a traditionally Marathi peasantry group, in the past the word has been used to describe all [[Marathi people]].{{sfnp|Jones|1974|p=25}}{{sfnp|Gokhale |1988 |p=112}}

== History ==
=== Shivaji and his descendants ===
[[File:Joppenshivaji.jpg|thumb|upright|Early Maratha conquests, in Shivaji's and Shahji's time]]
[[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A portrait of [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]]]]
[[Shivaji]] (1630–1680) was a Maratha aristocrat of the [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsle]] clan and was the founder of the Maratha state.{{sfnp|Pearson|1976|pp=221–235}} Shivaji led a resistance against the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] in 1645 by winning the fort Torna, followed by many more forts, placing the area under his control and establishing [[Hindavi Swarajya]] (self-rule of Hindu people{{sfnp|Jackson|2005|p=38}}). He created an independent Maratha state with [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] as its capital{{sfnp|Vartak|1999|pp=1126–1134}} and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom. He was crowned as [[Chhatrapati]] (sovereign) of the new Maratha Kingdom in 1674.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10155903990831675.pdf |title=Shivaji and His Times |publisher=LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. |year=1919 |edition=1st |page=246 |language=English}}</ref>

The Maratha dominion under him comprised about 4.1% of the subcontinent, but it was spread over large tracts. At the time of his death,{{sfnp|Pearson|1976|pp=221–235}} it was reinforced with about 300 forts, and defended by about 40,000 cavalries, and 50,000 soldiers, as well as naval establishments along the west coast. Over time, the kingdom would increase in size and heterogeneity;{{sfnp|Kantak|1993|p=18}} by the time of his grandson's rule, and later under the Peshwas in the early 18th century, it became a vast realm.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=707|ps=: quote: It explains the rise to power of his Peshwa (prime minister) Balaji Vishwanath (1713–20) and the transformation of the Maratha Kingdom into a vast realm, by the collective action of all the Maratha stalwarts.}}

Shivaji had two sons: [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]], who had different mothers and were half-brothers. In 1681, Sambhaji succeeded to the crown after his father's death and resumed his expansionist policies. Sambhaji had earlier defeated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and [[Wodeyar|Chikka Deva Raya]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. To nullify the alliance between his rebel son, Akbar, and the Marathas,{{sfnp|Richards|1995|p=12}} Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] headed south in 1681. With his entire imperial court, administration and an army of about 500,000 troops, he proceeded to expand the Mughal empire, gaining territories such as the sultanates of Bijapur and [[Golconda]]. During the eight years that followed, Sambhaji led the Marathas successfully against the Mughals.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005}}{{page needed|date=January 2023}}

In early 1689, Sambhaji called his commanders for a strategic meeting at [[Sangameshwar]] to consider an onslaught on the Mughal forces. In a meticulously planned operation, Ganoji and Aurangzeb's commander, Mukarrab Khan, attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by just a few men. Sambhaji was ambushed and captured by the Mughal troops on 1 February 1689. He and his advisor, [[Kavi Kalash]], were taken to Bahadurgad by the imperial army, where [[Execution of Sambhaji|they were executed]] by the Mughals on 21 March 1689.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=50}} Aurangzeb had charged Sambhaji with attacks by Maratha forces on [[Burhanpur]].{{sfnp| Richards| 1995|p=223}}

Upon Sambhaji's death, his half-brother Rajaram ascended the throne. The Mughal siege of Raigad continued, and he had to flee to [[Vishalgad]] and then to [[Gingee Fort|Gingee]] for safety. From there, the Marathas raided Mughal territory, and many forts were recaptured by Maratha commanders such as [[Santaji Ghorpade]], [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]], Shankaraji Narayan Sacheev and Melgiri Pandit. In 1697, Rajaram offered a truce but this was rejected by Aurangzeb. Rajaram died in 1700 at [[Sinhagad]]. His widow, [[Tarabai]], assumed control in the name of her son [[Shivaji II]].{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=53, 706}}

[[File:Sambhaji painting late 17th century.png|thumb|A portrait of [[Sambhaji]], son of [[Shivaji]], and the second Maratha ruler.]]
After Aurangzeb died in 1707, [[Shahu I|Shahu]], the son of Sambhaji (and grandson of Shivaji), was released by [[Bahadur Shah I]], the new Mughal emperor. However, his mother was kept a hostage of the Mughals to ensure that Shahu adhered to the release conditions. Upon release, Shahu immediately claimed the Maratha throne and challenged his aunt Tarabai and her son. The spluttering Mughal-Maratha war became a three-cornered affair. This resulted in two rival seats of government being set up in 1707 at Satara and [[Kolhapur]] by Shahu and Tarabai respectively. Shahu appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as his Peshwa.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=11}} The Peshwa was instrumental in securing Mughal recognition of Shahu as the rightful heir of Shivaji and the [[Chhatrapati]] of the Marathas.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=11}} Balaji also gained the release of Shahu's mother, [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]], from Mughal captivity in 1719.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=81}}

During Shahu's reign, [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]] expanded the kingdom eastwards. [[Khanderao Dabhade]] and later his son, Triambakrao, expanded it Westwards into Gujarat.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=101–103}} Peshwa Bajirao and his three chiefs, Udaji [[Pawar]], [[Malharrao Holkar]], and [[Ranoji Scindia]] expanded it northwards.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=39}}

=== Peshwa era ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Shaniwarwada gate.JPG
| width1 = 150
| image2 = The entrance of Shaniwar Wada..JPG
| width2 = 150
| footer = [[Shaniwar Wada]] palace fort in [[Pune]], it was the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Confederacy until 1818.
}}
[[File:Painting_of_Malhar_Rao_Holkar_(alt._spelt_as_'Malharrao_Holkar)_and_Peshwa_Bajirao_I_seated_together,_circa_18th_century.jpg|thumb|Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] c.18th century]]
Shahu appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as Peshwa in 1713. Balaji Vishwanath's first major achievement was the conclusion of the ''Treaty of Lonavala'' in 1714 with [[Kanhoji Angre]], the most powerful naval chief on the Western Coast who later accepted Shahu as Chhatrapati. In 1719, [[Maratha Army|Marathas]] under Balaji marched to [[Delhi]] with [[Sayyid brothers|Sayyid Hussain Ali]], the Mughal governor of Deccan, and deposed the Mughal emperor, [[Farrukhsiyar]].{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}} The new teenage emperor, [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] and a puppet of the Sayyid brothers, granted Shahu rights to collecting [[Chauth]] and [[Sardeshmukhi]] from the six Mogul provinces of Deccan, and full possession of the territories controlled by Shivaji in 1680.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|pp=24, 200–202}}{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|pp=492–494}}
After Balaji Vishwanath's death in April 1720, his son, [[Baji Rao I]], was appointed Peshwa by Shahu. Bajirao is credited with expanding the Maratha Kingdom tenfold from 3% to 30% of the modern Indian landscape during 1720–1740.{{sfnp|Montgomery|1972|p=132}} The [[Battle of Palkhed]] was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between Baji Rao I and [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I]] of Hyderabad. The Marathas defeated the [[Nizam]]. The battle is considered an example of the brilliant execution of military strategy.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=12}} In 1737, Marathas under [[Bajirao I]] raided the suburbs of Delhi in a blitzkrieg in the Battle of Delhi (1737).{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=117}}{{sfnp|Sen|2006|p=12}} The Nizam set out from the Deccan to rescue the Mughals from the invasion of the Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the [[Battle of Bhopal]].{{sfnp|Sen|2006}}{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=23}} The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded [[Malwa]] to the Marathas.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=13}} The [[Battle of Vasai]] was fought between the Marathas and the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] rulers of [[Vasai]], a village lying on the northern shore of Vasai creek, 50 km north of [[Mumbai]]. The Marathas were led by [[Chimaji Appa]], brother of Baji Rao. The Maratha victory in this war was a major achievement of Baji Rao's time in office.{{sfnp|Sen|2006}}

Baji Rao's son, [[Nanasaheb Peshwa|Balaji Bajirao]] (Nanasaheb), was appointed as the next Peshwa by Shahu despite the opposition of other chiefs. In 1740, the Maratha forces, under Raghoji Bhonsle, came down upon [[Arcot]] and defeated the [[Nawab of Arcot]], Dost Ali, in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and several other prominent people died. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry, the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Then, Raghuji invaded Trichinopoly in December 1740. Unable to resist, [[Chanda Sahib]] surrendered the fort to Raghuji on 14 March 1741. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=202}} [[Rajputana]] also came under Maratha attacks during this time.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=15}} In June 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva (Conde de Alva), the Portuguese Viceroy was killed in action by the Maratha Army in Goa.

After the successful campaign of Karnataka and the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|Trichinopolly]], Raghuji returned from Karnataka. He undertook [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|six expeditions into Bengal]] from 1741 to 1748.{{sfnp|Sarkar|1991|p=}}{{Page needed|date=October 2025}} The resurgent Maratha Confederacy launched brutal raids against the prosperous Bengali state in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. During their invasions and occupation of [[Bihar]]{{sfnp|Chaudhuri|2006|p=253}} and [[West Bengal|western Bengal]] up to the [[Hooghly River]]{{sfnp|Marshall|2006|p=72}} and during their occupation of [[West Bengal|western Bengal]], the Marathas perpetrated atrocities against the local population.{{sfnp|Marshall|2006|p=72}} The Maratha atrocities were recorded by both Bengali and European sources, which reported that the Marathas demanded payments, and tortured or killed anyone who couldn't pay.{{sfnp|Marshall|2006|p=72}}

Raghuji was able to annex [[Odisha]] to his kingdom permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal after the death of its governor [[Murshid Quli Khan]] in 1727. Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Odisha, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan, the [[Nawab of Bengal]] made peace with Raghuji in 1751 ceding Cuttack (Odisha) up to the river Subarnarekha, and agreeing to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the [[Chauth]] for Bengal and Bihar.{{sfnp|Sen|2010|p=15}}

The city of Delhi was sacked ten times by Marathas between 1737 and 1788. During this period, Maratha soldiers raped thousands of women including 350 Mughal queens and princesses.<ref name="Hari Gupta">{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Sikh domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803 |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0213-9 |pages=353, 364 |chapter=Role of the Sikhs in Delhi as Compared with Others |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803/page/n369/mode/1up}}</ref> In May 1754, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] with his 20,000 Maratha soldiers raided the camp of [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Emperor Ahmad Shah]] at Sikandarabad, they proceeded to loot the camp and raped women in gangs including queens and princesses after emperor had fled.<ref name="Hari Gupta"/>

Balaji Bajirao encouraged agriculture, protected the villagers and brought about a marked improvement in the state of the territory. [[Raghunath Rao]], brother of Nanasaheb, pushed into the wake of the Afghan withdrawal after [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]'s plunder of Delhi in 1756. Delhi was captured by the Maratha army under Raghunath Rao in August 1757, defeating the Afghan garrison in the [[Siege of Delhi, 1757|Battle of Delhi]]. This laid the foundation for the [[Maratha conquest of North-west India]]. In [[Lahore]], as in Delhi, the Marathas were now major players.{{sfnp|Roy|2004|pp=80–81}} After the 1758 Battle of [[Attock]], the Marathas captured [[Peshawar]] defeating the Afghan troops in the Battle of Peshawar on 8 May 1758.{{sfnp| Sen|2010|p=16}}

Just prior to the battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas looted "Diwan-i-Khas" or ''Hall of Private Audiences'' in the [[Red Fort]] of Delhi, which was the place where the Mughal emperors used to receive courtiers and state guests, in one of their expeditions to Delhi.

{{blockquote|The Marathas who were hard pressed for money stripped the ceiling of Diwan-i-Khas of its silver and looted the shrines dedicated to Muslim maulanas.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=26}} }}

During the Maratha invasion of Rohilkhand in the 1750s

{{blockquote|The Marathas defeated the Rohillas, forced them to seek shelter in hills and ransacked their country in such a manner that the Rohillas dreaded the Marathas and hated them ever afterwards.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=26}} }}
[[File:Chhatrapati_Shahu_Maharaj_hunting_with_his_Peshwa_Balaji_Bajirao.jpg|left|thumb|Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Bajirao]] meets [[Chhatrapati|Chatrapati]] [[Shahu I]] by Shivram Chitari {{Circa|1750}}]]
In 1760, the Marathas under [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by sending a large army north. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under [[House of Holkar|Holkar]], [[Scindia]], [[Gaekwad]] and [[Govind Pant Bundele]] with [[Suraj Mal]]. The combined army of over 50,000 regular troops re-captured the former Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in August 1760.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=140}}

Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and there was an acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city.{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=26}}{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=274}} He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, [[Vishwasrao]], on the Mughal throne. By 1760, with the defeat of the Nizam in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over {{convert|2500000|km2}}.{{sfnp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Maratha armour from Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
| align = right
| image1 = Maratha_Armor.jpg
| width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 750 / 536) round 0}}
| alt1 = Maratha Helmet
| caption1 = Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, front view
| image2 = Maratha Armour.jpg
| width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 750 / 536) round 0}}
| alt2 = Maratha Armor
| caption2 = Signature Maratha helmet with curved back, side view
}}

[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] called on the [[Rohillas]] and the [[Nawab of Oudh]] to assist him in driving out the Marathas from Delhi.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Huge armies of Muslim forces and Marathas collided with each other on 14 January 1761 in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]]. The [[Maratha Army]] lost the battle, which halted their imperial expansion. The [[Jat]]s and [[Rajput]]s did not support the Marathas. Historians have criticised the Maratha treatment of fellow Hindu groups. Kaushik Roy says, "The treatment by the Marathas of their co-religionist fellows – Jats and Rajputs was definitely unfair and ultimately had to pay its price in Panipat where Muslim forces had united in the name of religion."{{sfnp|Roy|2004|pp=80–81}}

The Marathas had antagonised the Jats and Rajputs by taxing them heavily, punishing them after defeating the Mughals and interfering in their internal affairs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} The Marathas were abandoned by [[Suraj Mal|Raja Suraj Mal]] of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], who quit the Maratha alliance at [[Agra]] before the start of the great battle and withdrew their troops as Maratha general [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] did not heed the advice to leave soldiers' families (women and children) and pilgrims at Agra and not take them to the battlefield with the soldiers, rejected their co-operation. Their supply chains (earlier assured by [[Raja]] [[Suraj Mal]]) did not exist.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]] was the fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. He worked as a unifying force in the Confederacy and moved to the south to subdue Mysore and the Nizam of Hyderabad to assert Maratha power. He sent generals such as Bhonsle, Scindia and Holkar to the north, where they re-established Maratha authority by the early 1770s.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Madhav Rao I crossed the [[Krishna River]] in 1767 and defeated [[Hyder Ali]] in the battles of Sira and Madgiri. He also rescued the last queen of the [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom]], who had been kept in confinement by Hyder Ali in the fort of Madgiri.{{sfnp|Mehta|2005|p=458}}

In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha authority over North India following the Third Battle of Panipat, [[Mahadaji Shinde]] recaptured Delhi and installed [[Shah Alam II]] as a puppet ruler on the Mughal throne{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=8}} receiving in return the title of deputy ''[[Vakil-i-Mutlaq|Vakil-ul-Mutlak]]'' or vice-regent of the Empire and that of ''Vakil-ul-Mutlak'' being at his request conferred on the Peshwa. The Mughals also gave him the title of ''Amir-ul-Amara'' (head of the amirs).{{sfnp|Farooqui|2011|p=334}} After taking control of Delhi, the Marathas sent a large army in 1772 to punish Afghan [[Rohilla]]s for their involvement in Panipat. Their army devastated [[Rohilkhand]] by looting and plundering as well as taking members of the royal family as captives.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=8}}

The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand to avenge the Rohillas' atrocities in the [[Panipat]] war. The Marathas under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde entered the ''[[jagir|land]]'' of [[Sardar]] Najib-ud-Daula which was held by his son [[Zabita Khan]] after his death. Zabita Khan initially resisted the attack with Sayyid Khan and Saadat Khan behaving with gallantry, but was eventually defeated with the death of Saadat Khan by the Marathas and was forced to flee to the camp of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] and his country was ravaged by Marathas.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7YBAAAAYAAJ&dq=sayyid+rohilla&pg=PA88 |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-western Provinces of India: Meerut division. 1875–76 |author= Edwin Thomas Atkinson |date=1875 |page=88 |publisher=Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press }}</ref> Mahadaji Shinde captured the family of Zabita Khan, desecrated the grave of [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] and looted his fort.<ref>''The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia'' by N.G. Rathod, pp. 8–9{{ISBN?}}</ref> With the fleeing of the Rohillas, the rest of the country was burnt, with the exception of the city of Amroha, which was defended by some thousands of [[Amrohi Syed|Amrohi Sayyid]] tribes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av9HAAAAMAAJ&q=marathas+amroha |title= Maratha Policy Towards Northern India |page=158 |author= Poonam Sagar |date= 1993 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan }}</ref> The Rohillas who could offer no resistance fled to the Terai whence the remaining Sardar [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech sought assistance in an agreement formed with the Nawab of [[Oudh]], Shuja-ud-Daula, by which the Rohillas agreed to pay four million rupees in return for military help against the Marathas. Hafiz Rehmat, abhorring unnecessary violence, unlike the outlook of his fellow Rohillas such as Ali Muhammad and Najib Khan, prided himself on his role as a political mediator and sought an alliance with Awadh to keep the Marathas out of Rohilkhand. He bound himself to pay on behalf of the Rohillas. However, after he refused to pay, [[Oudh]] attacked the Rohillas.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: c. 1710–1780 |author= Jos J.L. Gommans|author-link=Jos Gommans |date=1995 |publisher= Brill |page=178 }}</ref>

[[Shah Alam II]], the Mughal Emperor spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|capture of Delhi]] in 1771 by the Marathas, left for his capital under their protection.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)|editor=A.C. Banerjee |editor2=D.K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|pages=60–61}}</ref> He was escorted to Delhi by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771. During their short stay, Marathas constructed two temples in Allahabad city, one of them being the famous [[Alopi Devi Mandir]]. After reaching Delhi in January 1772 and realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] to drive them out. In retaliation, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] attacked Delhi and defeated Mughal forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial ''[[deed|sanad]]'' for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was, however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785 |volume=1|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=1998|pages=7–8|isbn=9788171545780}}</ref> The Maratha and British armies fought in Ram Ghat, but the sudden demise of the Peshwa and the civil war in [[Pune]] to choose the next Peshwa forced the Marathas to retreat.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=MS_jrForJOoC|page=57}}|title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. up to 2000 A.D. |first=Radhey Shyam |last=Chaurasia |year=1947}}</ref>

[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao Peshwa]]'s victory over the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and [[Hyder Ali]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] in southern India established Maratha dominance in the Deccan. On the other hand, Mahadaji's victory over Jats of Mathura, Rajputs of Rajasthan and Pashtun-Rohillas of [[Rohilkhand]] ([[Bareilly division]] and [[Moradabad division]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]) re-established the Marathas in northern India. With the [[Capture of Delhi, 1771|Capture of Delhi in 1771]] and the capture of Najibabad in 1772 and treaties with Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] as a restricted monarch to the throne under Maratha suzerainty, the resurrection of Maratha power in the North was complete.{{sfnp|Gordon|1993|p=158}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXxjo0OY2oQC&dq=marathas+re-established+themselves+under+mahadji&pg=PA138 Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India: Their Fight Against Foreign (2001)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Chand Singh|last=Kadiyan|title=Panipat in History: A Study of Inscriptions|date=26 June 2019|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=64|pages=403–419|jstor = 44145479}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=8}}

Madhav Rao died in 1772, at the age of 27. His death is considered to be a fatal blow to the Maratha Confederacy and from that time Maratha power started to move on a downward trajectory, less an empire than a confederacy.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

=== Confederacy era ===

[[File:Mahadaji Sindhia.jpg|thumb|[[Mahadaji Shinde]] restored the Maratha domination of northern India]]
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, [[Madhavrao Peshwa]] gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the aristocracy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=Your explanation here}} After the death of Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]], various chiefs and [[jagirdar]]s became ''de facto'' rulers and regents for the infant Peshwa [[Madhavrao II]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde, the ruler of the [[Gwalior State|state of Gwalior]] in central India, the Marathas defeated the Jats, the Rohilla Afghans and took Delhi which remained under Maratha control for the next three decades.{{sfnp|Gordon|1993|p=158}} His forces conquered modern day Haryana.{{sfnp|Mittal|1986|p=13}} Shinde was instrumental in resurrecting Maratha power after the débâcle of the Third Battle of Panipat, and in this, he was assisted by [[Benoît de Boigne]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

After the growth in power of feudal lords like the Malwa sardars, the landlords of Bundelkhand and the Rajput kingdoms of Rajasthan who refused to pay tribute to him, he sent his army to conquer states such as [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], [[Datia State|Datiya]], Chanderi, Narwar, Salbai and [[Gohad State|Gohad]]. However, he launched an unsuccessful expedition against the Raja of Jaipur but withdrew after the inconclusive [[Battle of Lalsot]] in 1787.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=95}} The [[Battle of Gajendragad]] was fought between the Marathas under the command of [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] (the adopted son of Malharrao Holkar) and [[Tipu Sultan]] from March 1786 to March 1787 in which Tipu Sultan was defeated by the Marathas. By the victory in this battle, the border of the Maratha territory was extended to the [[Tungabhadra]] river.{{sfnp|Sampath|2008|p=238}} The strong fort of [[Gwalior]] was then in the hands of [[Chhatar Singh]], the Jat ruler of Gohad. In 1783, Mahadaji besieged the fort of Gwalior and conquered it. He delegated the administration of Gwalior to Khanderao Hari Bhalerao. After celebrating the conquest of Gwalior, Mahadaji Shinde turned his attention to Delhi again.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=30}}

The Maratha-Sikh treaty in 1785 made the small [[Cis-Sutlej states]] an autonomous protectorate of the [[Scindia Dynasty]] of the Maratha Confederacy,<ref>{{harvp|Sen|2010|p=83}}: "By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British."</ref> as Mahadaji Shinde was deputed the Naib Vakil-i-Mutlaq (Deputy Regent of the empire) of Mughal affairs in 1784.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid ... – Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui |via= Google Books |access-date=2012-07-21|isbn=9788131732021 |year=2011 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref>{{sfnp|Chaurasia|2004|p=13}} Following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1806, [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the [[Sutlej River]] in exchange for their allegiance to the British General [[Gerard Lake]] acting on his dispatch.<ref name=DukeDispatch>{{cite book|title=The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondance, of the Marquess Wellesley, K.G. During His Administration in India|author-last=Wellesley|author-first=Arthur|author1-link=Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB0-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264|year=1837|number=v.3|pages=264–267}}</ref><ref name=duketreaty>{{cite book|title=Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G.: India, 1797–1805|author-last=Wellesley|author-first=Arthur|author1-link=Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|date=1859|volume=I|pages=269–279, 319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9EgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269|quote="ART VI Scindiah to renounce all claims the Seik chiefs or territories" (p. 318)}}</ref> At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of [[British India]] was extended to the Yamuna.

Mahadaji Shinde had conquered [[Rania, Haryana|Rania]], [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] and [[Sirsa]] from the governor of Hissar. [[Haryana]] then came under the Marathas. He divided Haryana into four territories: Delhi (Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], his family and areas surrounding Delhi), Panipat (Karnal, Sonepat, Kurukshetra and Ambala), Hisar (Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad, parts of Rohtak), Ahirwal (Gurugram, Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh) and Mewat. [[Daulat Rao Scindia]] ceded Haryana on 30 December 1803 under the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] to the [[British East India Company]] leading to the [[Company rule in India]].

In 1788, Mahadaji's armies defeated [[Ismail Beg]], a Mughal noble who resisted the Marathas.{{sfnp|Rathod|1994|p=106}} The Rohilla chief [[Ghulam Kadir]], Ismail Beg's ally, took over Delhi, capital of the Mughal dynasty and deposed and blinded the king Shah Alam II, placing a puppet on the Delhi throne. Mahadaji intervened and killed him, taking possession of Delhi on 2 October restoring Shah Alam II to the throne and acting as his protector.{{sfnp|Kulakarṇī|1996|p=}} [[Jaipur]] and [[Jodhpur]], the two most powerful Rajput states, were still out of direct Maratha domination, so Mahadaji sent his general [[Benoît de Boigne]] to crush the forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur at the Battle of Patan.{{sfnp|Sarkar|1994|p=}} Another achievement of the Marathas was their victories over the [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad's armies.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1951b|p=}}{{sfnp|Barua|2005|p=91}}The last of these took place at the [[Battle of Kharda]] in 1795 with all the major Maratha powers jointly fighting Nizam's forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart Gordon |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |pages=169–171|title=The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9781139055666 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

==== Maratha–Mysore Wars ====
{{Further|Maratha–Mysore Wars|Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Anglo-Mysore Wars}}

The Marathas came into conflict with [[Tipu Sultan]] and his [[Kingdom of Mysore]], leading to the [[Maratha–Mysore Wars|Maratha–Mysore War]] in 1785. The war ended in 1787 with Tipu Sultan being defeated by the Marathas.{{sfnp|Hasan|2005|pp=105–107}} The Maratha-Mysore war ended in April 1787 following the finalizing of the ''treaty of Gajendragad'', as per which the Tipu Sultan of Mysore was obligated to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees, in addition to returning all the territory captured by [[Hyder Ali]].{{sfnp|Naravane|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA175 175]}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=gajendragad+1787&pg=PA54 ''Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785–96'']</ref> In 1791–92, large areas of the Maratha Confederacy suffered a massive population loss due to the [[Doji bara famine]].<ref name=igi-III-502>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=502}}</ref>

In 1791, [[Irregular military|irregulars]] like ''lamaans'', [[pindari]]s and purbias not Marathas raided and looted the temple of [[Sringeri]] ''[[Shankaracharya]]'', killing and wounding many people, including Brahmins, plundering the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrating the temple by displacing the image of goddess [[Saraswati|Sāradā]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Surendranath |title=Military System of the Marathas: With a Brief Account of Their Maritime Activities |date=1928 |publisher=Book Company Limited, 1928 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9tBAAAAIAAJ&q=Purvias |quote=This picture may or may not have been overdrawn, but it should be remembered that the offenders were the Pendharis and the Purvias, and not Marathas.}}</ref>

The Maratha Confederacy soon allied with the British [[East India Company]] (based in the [[Bengal Presidency]]) against Mysore in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. After the British had suffered a defeat against Mysore in the first two Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Maratha cavalry assisted the British in the last two Anglo-Mysore Wars from 1790 onwards, eventually helping the British conquer Mysore in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799.{{sfnp|Cooper|2003|p=}} After the British conquest, however, the Marathas launched frequent raids in Mysore to plunder the region, which they justified as compensation for past losses to Tipu Sultan.{{sfnp|Cooper|2003|p=69}}

==== British intervention ====
{{Further|Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Mysore Wars}}

[[File:Maratha British Treaty.JPG|thumb|left|A mural depicting the British surrender during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Pune]].]]

In 1775, the [[British East India Company]], from its base in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, on behalf of [[Raghunathrao]] (also called Raghobadada), who wanted to become Peshwa of the confederacy. The British also wanted to nip in the bud any potential anti-British, French-Maratha alliance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadam |first=Umesh Ashok |editor-first1=Pius |editor-last1=Malekandathil |chapter=The Maratha Court and the Embassies of Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny: A Truce towards Cordial Relations |date=2016 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315276809-18/maratha-court-embassies-saint-lubin-montigny-truce-towards-cordial-relations-towards-cordial-relations-umesh-ashok-kadam |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |access-date=2023-08-30 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315276809 |isbn=978-1-315-27680-9}}</ref> Maratha forces under Tukoji Rao Holkar and Mahadaji Shinde defeated a British expeditionary force at the [[Battle of Wadgaon]], but the heavy surrender terms, which included the return of annexed territory and a share of revenues, were disavowed by the British governor general in Bengal and fighting continued. What became known as the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war ''status quo'' and the East India Company's abandonment of Raghunathrao's cause.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon |title=Battle of Wadgaon, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623110244/https://www.britannica.com/topic/battle-of-Wadgaon |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Thomas Daniell, Sir Charles Warre Malet, Concluding a Treaty in 1790 in Durbar with the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.jpg|thumb|Peshwa [[Madhavrao II]] in his court in 1790, concluding a treaty with the British]]

In 1799, [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] was crowned King of the Holkars and he captured Ujjain. He started campaigning towards the north to expand his dominion in that region. Yashwant Rao rebelled against the policies of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]]. In May 1802, he marched towards Pune, the seat of the Peshwa. This gave rise to the [[Battle of Poona]] in which the Peshwa was defeated. After the Battle of Poona, the flight of the Peshwa left the government of the Maratha state in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles Augustus Kincaid, Dattātraya Baḷavanta Pārasanīsa |title=A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shahu to the end of the Chitpavan epic |date=1925 |publisher=S. Chand, 1925 |page=194 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srE5AQAAIAAJ&q=+Holkar+}}</ref> He appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. All except Gaekwad, ruler of [[Baroda State]], who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 26 July 1802, supported the new regime. He made a treaty with the British. Also, Yashwant Rao successfully resolved the disputes with Scindia and the Peshwa. He tried to unite the Maratha Confederacy but to no avail. In 1802, the British intervened in Baroda to support the heir to the throne against rival claimants and they signed a treaty with the new Maharaja recognising his independence from the Maratha Confederacy in return for his acknowledgement of British paramountcy. Before the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805), the Peshwa Baji Rao II signed a similar treaty. The defeat in the [[Battle of Delhi, 1803]] during the Second Anglo-Maratha War resulted in the loss of influence over Delhi for the Marathas.{{sfnp|Capper|1997|p=28}}

The Second Anglo-Maratha War represents the military high-water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the [[British Raj]]. The real contest for India was never a single decisive battle for the subcontinent, rather, it turned on a complex social and political struggle for the control of the South Asian military economy. The victory in 1803 hinged as much on finance, diplomacy, politics and intelligence as it did on battlefield manoeuvring and war itself.{{sfnp|Cooper|2003|p=69}}
[[File:2-12th Madras Native Infantry at the Battle of Assaye, 1803. Painting by JC Stadler (1780-1822), c. 1815..jpg|thumb|left|[[Battle of Assaye]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]]]

Ultimately, the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818) resulted in the loss of Maratha independence. It left the British in control of most of the Indian subcontinent. The Peshwa was exiled to [[Bithoor]] (Marat, near Kanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]]) as a pensioner of the British. The Maratha heartland of Desh, including Pune, came under direct British rule, except the states of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] and [[Satara State|Satara]], which retained local Maratha rulers (descendants of Shivaji and Sambhaji II ruled over Kolhapur). The Maratha-ruled states of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]], [[Indore State|Indore]], and [[Kingdom of Nagpur|Nagpur]] all lost territory and came under subordinate alliances with the [[British Raj]] as [[princely states]] that retained internal sovereignty under British paramountcy. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British Raj as well.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

[[File:Peshwa Baji Rao II.jpg|thumb|upright|Peshwa Baji Rao II signing the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the British East India Company]]

The Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought by Maratha warlords separately instead of forming a common front and they surrendered one by one. Shinde and the Pashtun Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure, which resulted in the Treaty of Gwalior{{sfnp|Prakash|2002|p=300}} on 5 November 1817.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} All other Maratha chiefs like Holkars, Bhonsles and the Peshwa gave up arms by 1818. British historian [[Percival Spear]] describes 1818 as a watershed year in the [[history of India]], saying that by that year "the British dominion in India became the British dominion of India".{{sfnp|Nayar|2008|p=64}}{{sfnp|Trivedi|Allen|2000|p=30}}

The war left the British, under the auspices of the British East India Company, in control of virtually all of present-day India south of the [[Sutlej River]]. The famed [[Nassak Diamond]] was looted by the company as part of the spoils of the war.{{sfnp|United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|1930|p=121}} The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition.{{sfnp|Black|2006|p=77}} The terms of surrender Major-general [[John Malcolm]] offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal: The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80,000 pounds.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Geography ==
The Maratha Confederacy, at its peak, encompassed a large area of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian sub-continent]]. At its zenith, it expanded from [[Punjab]] in the north to [[Hyderabad]] in the south, [[Kutch]] in the west to [[Oudh]] in the east. It bordered [[Oudh]] and [[Rajputana]] in the north. Apart from capturing various regions, the Marathas maintained a large number of tributaries who were bound by agreements to pay a certain amount of regular tax, known as [[Chauth]]. The confederacy collected defeated the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], the [[Nawab of Oudh]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Talpur dynasty|Nawab of Sindh]] and the [[Nawab of Arcot]] as well as the [[Polygar]] kingdoms of South India. They extracted ''chauth'' from the rulers in [[Delhi]], [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[Rajputana]].{{sfnp|Lindsay|1967|p=556}}{{sfnp|Saini|Chand|n.d.|p=97}} They built up the large empire in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
[[File:The Seat of the Mahratta War.jpg|thumb]]
The Marathas were requested by [[Safdarjung]], the Nawab of Oudh, in 1752 to help him defeat the Afghani Rohillas. The Maratha force set out from Pune and defeated the Afghan Rohillas in 1752, capturing the whole of [[Rohilkhand]] ([[Bareilly division]] and [[Moradabad division]] of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]).{{sfnp|Agrawal|1983|p=26}} In 1752, the Marathas entered into an agreement with the Mughal emperor, through his ''wazir'', Safdarjung, and the Mughals gave the Marathas the chauth of [[Doab]] in addition to the ''[[Subahdar]]i'' of [[Ajmer]] and [[Agra]].{{sfnp|Sen|2006|p=13}} In 1758, Marathas started their [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|north-west conquest]] and expanded their boundary till Afghanistan. They defeated the Afghan forces of [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]. The Afghans numbered around 25,000–30,000 and were led by [[Timur Shah]], the son of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].{{sfnp|Roy|2011|p=103}}

During the confederacy era, Mahadaji Shinde resurrected the Maratha domination over much of Northern India which was lost after the Third Battle of Panipat. [[Delhi]] and much of [[Uttar Pradesh]] were under the suzerainty of the [[Scindhias]] of the Maratha Confederacy, but following the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, the Marathas lost these territories to the British East India Company.{{sfnp|Farooqui|2011|p=334}}{{sfnp|Chaurasia|2004|p=13}}

== Territorial evolution ==
{| {{Table}}
! Year !! Expanse !! Background
|-
! 1680
| [[File:Southern India in 1680.png|frameless]]
|Except for the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese possessions]] of Goa, Chaul, Salsette, and Bassein, the [[Murud-Janjira|Abyssinian pirate stronghold of Janjira]], and the English settlement on Bombay Island, Sivaji had complete control over the entire [[Konkan|Konkan region]] from Daman in the north to Karwar in the south at the time of his death in 1680. His eastern boundary extended through the districts of Nasik and Poona, encompassing the entire Satara region and most of Kolhapur. Additionally, he held territories in Bellary, Kopal, Sira, Bangalore, Kolar, Vellore, Arni, and Gingi, along with a share in his brother's principality of [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]].<ref name="Davies 1959 48">{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=48| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|-
! 1700
| [[File:India in 1700.png|frameless]]
|[[Sambhaji]], who succeeded Shivaji, was captured and subsequently executed by [[Aurangzeb|Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb]] in 1689. However, by the beginning of the 18th century, the Marathas had managed to regain their power.<ref name="Davies 1959 48"/>
|-
! 1785
| [[File:India in 1785.png|frameless]]
|After Aurangzeb, Marathas conquered a significant portion of India, stretching from the [[Chenab River]] to the borders of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=50| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
The involvement of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Government]] in advocating [[Raghunath Rao|Raghoba]]'s claim to the Peshwaship of the Maratha Confederacy resulted in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], ultimately concluding with the signing of the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782).<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=52| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|-
! 1798
| [[File:India in 1798.png|frameless]]
|In 1795, the Marathas overwhelmed the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] at [[Battle of Kharda|Kharda]]. The Maratha frontier was expanded all the way to the [[Tungabhadra River]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=54| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|-
! 1805
| [[File:India in 1805.png|frameless]]
|The [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]] (1802) resulted in a conflict with the Marathas. As per the treaty, the Peshwa, [[Baji Rao II]], was reinstated in Poona as a mere figurehead under the control of the British East India Company. In exchange, he agreed to allow the British to station a subsidiary force in his territory and accepted British arbitration in any disputes with other regional powers. This agreement made a war with the Marathas unavoidable. In the ensuing [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the Treaty of Deogaon saw Berar surrender the province of Cuttack, including Balasore, which connected Bengal with Madras. Additionally, the Treaty of Surji Arjangaon led to [[Scindia Dynasty|Scindia]] relinquishing the Upper Doab, his forts and territories northeast of the Rajput States, the districts of Broach and Ahmadnagar, as well as his possessions south of the Ajanta hills. Asirgarh, Burhanpur, and certain districts in the Tapti Valley were returned to Scindia. The Peshwa received the fort and district of Ahmadnagar, while the Nizam acquired the district south of the Ajanta hills. Furthermore, the western part of Berar, lying west of the Wardha River and south of the fortress of Gawilgarh, was also granted to the Nizam.<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=58| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|-
! 1836
| [[File:India in 1836.png|frameless]]
|During the final and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1819), the British achieved widespread success in their military endeavours. They successfully removed the Peshwa from power, confiscated his territories, and compelled him to reside in Bithur near Cawnpore. The [[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)|Raja of Satara]] was permitted to retain a small portion of his ancestral domains until it eventually came under British control during the time of Dalhousie. The independence of Scindia, Holkar, and Berar was completely dismantled, leading to significant territorial reductions for these states. Holkar was compelled to relinquish Ajmer, which held strategic importance in Rajputana. The pirate leaders of the Konkan were coerced into surrendering their coastal holdings. Treaties were established with significant Rajput States such as Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Mewar, as well as with smaller Rajput States like Banswara, Dungarpur, Partabgarh, Jaisalmer, and Kotah. Additionally, British protection was extended to Bhopal, the States of Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Kathiawar.<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=60| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|-
! 1856
| [[File:India in 1856.png|frameless]]
|The British territory expanded by incorporating the following States under Dalhousie's rule, following the doctrine of lapse: [[Satara state|Satara]] (1848), Jaitpur (1849) situated northeast of Jhansi, Sambalpur (1849), [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]] (1853), and [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] (1854).<ref>{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Cuthbert Collin | title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula | date=1959 | isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 | page=66| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
|}

== Government and military ==

=== Administration ===
[[File:Pratapgad The Fort of Valour.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pratapgad]] fort, one of the earliest forts built by Shivaji.]]
[[File:Maratha darbar.jpg|thumb|right|Maratha darbar or [[Court (royal)|court]].]]
[[File:MWI3371-Sivaji-CNG73.1186-2.81g-7h.jpg|thumb|right|Gold coins minted during Shivaji's era, 17th century.]]

The [[Ashtapradhan]] (''The Council of Eight'') was a council of eight ministers that administered the Maratha Kingdom. This system was formed by Shivaji.{{sfnp|Sardesai|2002|p=}} Ministerial designations were drawn from the [[Sanskrit]] language and comprised:

* ''[[Peshwa]]'' or ''Pantpradhan'' – [[Prime Minister]], general administration of the Empire
* ''[[Amatya]]'' or ''Mazumdar'' – [[Finance Minister]], managing accounts of the Empire<ref name="kkhs" />{{unreliable source?|date=August 2017}}
* ''[[Sachiv]]'' – [[Secretary]], preparing royal edicts
* ''[[Mantri]]'' – [[Interior Minister]], managing internal affairs especially intelligence and espionage
* ''[[Senapati]]'' – [[Commander-in-Chief]], managing the forces and defense of the Empire
* ''Sumant'' – [[Foreign Minister]], to manage relationships with other sovereigns
* ''Nyayadhyaksh'' – [[Chief Justice]], dispensing justice on civil and criminal matters
* ''Panditrao'' – [[High Priest]], managing internal religious matters
* ''[[Chitnis]]''{{snd}}[[Personal Secretary]] and senior writer of the Chhatrapati. Sometimes considered second to the Peshwa in their absence, not in the [[Ashta Pradhan|Ashta Pradhan Mandal]] but equal to them.

With the notable exception of the priestly ''Panditrao'' and the judicial ''Nyayadisha'', the other ''pradhans'' held full-time military commands and their deputies performed their civil duties in their stead. In the later era of the Maratha Confederacy, these deputies and their staff constituted the core of the Peshwa's bureaucracy.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

The Peshwa was the titular equivalent of a modern Prime Minister. Shivaji created the Peshwa designation in order to more effectively delegate administrative duties during the growth of the Maratha Kingdom. Prior to 1749, the Peshwas held office for 8–9 years and controlled the [[Maratha Army]]. They later became the ''de facto'' hereditary administrators of the Maratha Empire from 1749 till its end in 1818.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Under the administration of the Peshwas and with the support of several key generals and diplomats (listed below), the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, ruling most of the Indian subcontinent. It was also under the Peshwas that the Maratha Empire came to its end through its formal annexation into the [[British Empire]] by the British [[East India Company]] in 1818.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Shivaji was an able administrator who established a government that included modern concepts such as cabinet, [[foreign policy]] and [[intelligence|internal intelligence]].{{sfnp|Singh|1998|p=93}} He established an effective civil and military administration. He believed that there was a close bond between the state and the citizens. He is remembered as a just and welfare-minded king. Cosme da Guarda says of him that:{{sfnp|Majumdar|1951b|p=}}
{{blockquote|Such was the good treatment Shivaji accorded to people and such was the honesty with which he observed the capitulations that none looked upon him without a feeling of love and confidence. By his people he was exceedingly loved. Both in matters of reward and punishment he was so impartial that while he lived he made no exception for any person; no merit was left unrewarded, no offence went unpunished; and this he did with so much care and attention that he specially charged his governors to inform him in writing of the conduct of his soldiers, mentioning in particular those who had distinguished themselves, and he would at once order their promotion, either in rank or in pay, according to their merit. He was naturally loved by all men of valor and good conduct.}}

The Marathas carried out many sea raids, such as plundering [[Mughal Navy|Mughal Naval]] ships and European trading vessels. European traders described these attacks as [[piracy]], but the Marathas viewed them as legitimate targets because they were trading with, and thus financially supporting, their Mughal and Bijapur enemies. After the representatives of various European powers signed agreements with Shivaji or his successors, the threat of plundering or raids against Europeans began to reduce.

=== Military ===
{{Main|Maratha Navy|Maratha Army}}

The [[Maratha Army]] under [[Shivaji]] was a national army consisting of personnel drawn mainly from his empire which corresponds to present-day [[Maharashtra]]. It was a homogeneous body commanded by a regular cadre of officers, who had to obey one supreme commander. With the rise of the [[Peshwa]]s, however, this national army had to make room for a feudal force provided by different Maratha sardars.{{sfnp|Kar|1980|p={{page needed|date=April 2022}}}} This new Maratha Army was not homogeneous, but employed soldiers of different backgrounds, both locals and foreign mercenaries, including large numbers of [[Arabs]], [[Sikhs]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Sindhis]], [[Rohilla]]s, [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], [[Pashtuns]], and Europeans. The army of [[Nana Fadnavis]], for example, included 5,000 Arabs.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1951b|p=512}} The army of [[Baji Rao II]] included the Pinto brothers [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Jose Antonio]] and [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Francisco]] from the famous [[Goan]] noble family who had escaped Goa after trying to overthrow the government in the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/noted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin/91809.html | title=Noted Goans during Peshwe era in Pune-3: 2 Goans follow illustrious kin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html | title=Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army }}</ref>

[[File:Maratha ships scroll.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A painted scroll depicting different types of ships of the Maratha Navy including some captured English ships.}}]]
Some historians have credited the [[Maratha Navy]] for laying the foundation of the [[Indian Navy]] and bringing significant changes in naval warfare. A series of sea forts and battleships were built in the 17th century during the reign of [[Shivaji]]. It has been noted that vessels built in the dockyards of [[Konkan]] were mostly indigenous and constructed without foreign aid.{{sfnp|Bhave|2000|p=28}} Further, in the 18th century, during the reign of Admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]], a host of dockyard facilities were built along the entire western coastline of present-day [[Maharashtra]]. The Marathas fortified the entire coastline with sea fortresses with navigational facilities.{{sfnp|Sridharan|2000|p=43}} Nearly all the hill forts, which dot the landscape of present-day western Maharashtra were built by the Marathas. The renovation of [[Gingee Fort]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], has been particularly applauded, according to the contemporary European accounts, the defence fortifications matched the European ones.{{sfnp|Kantak|1993|p=10}}

The Marathas prioritized technical advancement over establishing a modern command structure, resulting in a trade-off. While they excelled as craftsmen and technicians, successfully replicating the latest foreign military technology, their ability to govern as nation-builders was hindered because they struggled to effectively manage the intricate workings of command and failed to address the shortcomings in their general staff system. The fragmented Maratha state was unable to unite due to political divisions, undoing the progress made through technology.<ref name="Cooper 1989 pp. 31–38">{{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Randolf G.S. |year=1989 |title=Wellington and the Marathas in 1803 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953 |journal=The International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=38 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1989.9640499 |issn=0707-5332 |jstor=40105953 |s2cid=153841517 |access-date=2023-07-15|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Gash 1990 p.">{{cite book |last=Gash |first=Norman |title=Wellington |date=1990 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-2974-5 |page=17}}</ref>

==== Afghan accounts ====
[[File:Maratha-Grabs-and-Gallivats-attacking-an-English-Ship.jpg|thumb|Maratha Gurab ships attacking a British East India Company ship]]
The Maratha Army, especially its [[infantry]], was praised by almost all the enemies of the Maratha Empire, ranging from the [[Duke of Wellington]] to [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} After the Third Battle of Panipat, Abdali was relieved as the Maratha Army in the initial stages were almost in the position of destroying the Afghan armies and their Indian Allies, the Nawab of Oudh and Rohillas. The grand [[Vizier|wazir]] of the [[Durrani Empire]], [[Sardar Shah Wali Khan]] was shocked when Maratha commander-in-chief [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] launched a fierce assault on the centre of the Durrani Army, over 10,000 Durrani soldiers were killed alongside Haji Atai Khan, one of the chief commander of the Durrani Army and nephew of wazir Shah Wali Khan. Such was the fierce assault of the Maratha infantry in hand-to-hand combat that Afghan armies started to flee and the wazir in desperation and rage shouted, "Comrades whither do you fly, our country is far off".{{sfnp|Sarkar|1950|p=245}} Post battle, Ahmad Shah Abdali, in a letter to one Indian ruler claimed that Afghans were able to defeat the Marathas only because of the blessings of the almighty and that any other army would have been destroyed by the Maratha army on that particular day even though the Maratha Army was numerically inferior to the Durrani Army and its Indian allies.{{sfnp|Singh|2011|p=213}}

==== European accounts ====
[[File:Arms of Maratha History of India 1906.jpg|thumb|Maratha arms]]
Similarly, [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], after defeating the Marathas, noted that the Marathas, though poorly led by their generals, had regular infantry and artillery that matched the level of that of the Europeans and warned other British officers from underestimating the Marathas on the battlefield. He cautioned one British general: "You must never allow Maratha infantry to attack head on or in close hand-to-hand combat as in that your army will cover itself with utter disgrace".{{sfnp|Lee|2011|p=85}}{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

He summarised Maratha tactics as follows: the Mahrattas employ two methods in their operations. They primarily rely on their cavalry to disrupt the enemy's supplies, causing distress in their camp and forcing them to retreat. Once the retreat begins, the Mahrattas unleash their infantry and formidable artillery to relentlessly pursue the enemy. By depriving the opponent of provisions, they compel them to hasten their march, while remaining confident in their own safety from counterattacks. They trail the enemy with their cavalry during marches, and when the enemy halts, they encircle and assault them using their infantry and cannons, making escape nearly impossible. Under no circumstances should you allow the enemy to engage you with their infantry. The Mahrattas possess such powerful artillery that it would be impossible to maintain your camp against it. If you receive word of their approach when they are close and ready to attack, it would be advisable to secure your baggage in any way possible and initiate an attack against them. It is crucial to prevent them from launching an attack on your camp at all costs.<ref name="Cooper 1989 pp. 31–382">{{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Randolf G.S. |year=1989 |title=Wellington and the Marathas in 1803 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40105953 |journal=The International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1989.9640499 |issn=0707-5332 |jstor=40105953 |s2cid=153841517 |access-date=2023-07-15|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Even when Wellesley became the Prime Minister of Britain, he held the Maratha infantry in utmost respect, claiming it to be one of the best in the world. However, at the same time, he noted the poor leadership of Maratha Generals, who were often responsible for their defeats.{{sfnp|Lee|2011|p=85}}{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Wellesley Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor-General, wrote in 1806: {{blockquote|India contains no more than two great powers, British and Mahratta, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.{{sfnp|Metcalfe |1855|p=}}{{sfnp|Nehru|1946|p=}} }}

[[Norman Gash]] says that the Maratha infantry was equal to that of British infantry.<ref name="Gash 1990 p." /> After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1818, Britain listed the Marathas as one of the [[martial race]]s to serve in the British Indian Army. The 19th-century diplomat Sir [[Justin Sheil]] commented about the British East India Company copying the French Indian Army in raising an army of Indians:

{{blockquote|It is to the military genius of the French that we are indebted for the formation of the Indian army. Our warlike neighbours were the first to introduce into India the system of drilling native troops and converting them into a regularly disciplined force. Their example was copied by us, and the result is what we now behold.

The French carried to Persia the same military and administrative faculties, and established the origin of the present Persian regular army, as it is styled. When Napoleon the Great resolved to take Iran under his auspices, he dispatched several officers of superior intelligence to that country with the mission of General Gardanne in 1808. Those gentlemen commenced their operations in the provinces of Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, and it is said with considerable success.|Sir [[Justin Sheil]] (1803–1871).{{sfnp|Sheil|Sheil|1856|p=}} }}

== Rulers, administrators and generals ==

=== Chhatrapati ===

* [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]] (1630–1680)
* [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]] (1657–1689)
* [[Rajaram I]] (1670–1700)

'''Satara''':

* [[Shahu I]] ({{reign|1708|1749}}) (alias Shivaji II, son of Sambhaji)
* [[Rajaram II of Satara|Ramaraja II]] ('''Adopted''', alleged grandson of Rajaram and Queen Tarabai) ({{reign|1749|1777}})
* [[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]] ({{reign|1777|1808}})
* [[Pratap Singh of Satara|Pratap Singh]] ({{reign|1808|1839}}) – signed a treaty with the [[East India Company]] ceding part of the sovereignty of his [[Satara State|kingdom]] to the company{{sfnp|Kulkarni|1995|p=21}}

'''Kolhapur''':

* [[Tarabai]] (1675–1761) (wife of Rajaram) in the name of her son Shivaji II
* [[Shivaji II]] (1700–1714)
* [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur|Sambhaji II]] (1714–1760) – came to power by deposing his half-brother Shivaji II
* [[Shivaji II of Kolhapur|Shivaji III]] (1760–1812) (adopted from the family of Khanwilkar)

=== Peshwas ===

* [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]] (1657–1683)
* [[Moreshvar Pingale|Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale]] (1683–1689)
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] (1689–1708)
* [[Bahiroji Pingale]] (1708–1711)
* [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni]] (1711–1713)

==== Peshwas from the Bhat family ====

From Balaji Vishwanath onwards, the actual power gradually shifted to the [[Bhat family]] of Peshwas based in [[Pune|Poona]].

* [[Balaji Vishwanath]] (1713–1720)
* [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]] (1720–1740)
* [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (1740–1761)
* [[Madhavrao I|Madhava Rao I]] (1761–1772)
* [[Narayan Rao|Narayan Rao Baji Rao]] (1772 –1773)
* [[Raghunath Rao]] (1773 – 1774)
* [[Madhavrao II|Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan]] (1774–1795)
* [[Baji Rao II]] (1796–1818)
* [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Saheb]] (1851–1857)

=== Federal houses of Maratha Confederacy ===
* [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s of [[Indore State|Indore]]
* [[House of Scindia|Scindias]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]
* [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]
* [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsles]] of [[Kingdom of Nagpur|Nagpur]]
* [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsles]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
* [[Pawar|Pawars]] of [[Dewas]] and [[Dhar]]
* [[Patwardhan dynasty|Patwardhans]] of Miraj
* [[Bhoite|Bhoites]] of [[Aradgaon]] and [[Jalgaon]]
* [[Newalkar]]s of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]]
* [[Vinchurkar family|Vinchurkars]] of [[Vinchur]]

== See also ==
* [[List of battles involving the Maratha Confederacy]]
* [[Maratha titles]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist |30em |refs=
<ref name="kkhs">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Rise of the Maratha |work=Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University |access-date=5 September 2018 |url= http://www.kkhsou.in/main/history/marathas.html }}</ref>


}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}
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* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA91|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1344-1}}
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* {{cite book|title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present|first=Jeremy|last=Black|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-275-99039-8|location=Westport, Conn.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC}}
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* {{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC|edition=4th|volume= I|year=1991|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1149-1|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|year=1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0333-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first= S.N|title=History Modern India|edition=3rd |date= 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA12 |publisher=The New Age|isbn=978-81-224-1774-6}}
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* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbakhsh |title=War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCaaQmq-u-YC&pg=PA213|year=2011|publisher=Lancer|isbn=978-1-935501-29-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA93|page=93|first=U.B. |last=Singh|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn = 978-81-7024-928-3}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D.|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|volume=12|issue=2|year=2006|pages=219–229|issn=1076-156X|doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Sridharan|first=K. |title=Sea: Our Saviour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&pg=PA43|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-81-224-1245-1}}
* {{Citation|year=1930|author=United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|title=Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports|volume=18|location=Washington|oclc=2590161|publisher=Supreme Court of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIcdAAAAMAAJ&q=E.+F.+BENDLER}}
* {{cite journal |title=Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol |first=Malavika |last=Vartak |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=19 |date=8–14 May 1999 |pages=1126–1134 |jstor=4407933 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Aziz |last2=Krishnamurti |first2=R. |title=Akbar: The Religious Aspect. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=1962 |page=577 |issn=0021-9118 |doi=10.2307/2050934 |jstor=2050934 |s2cid=161932929}}
* Apte, B.K. (editor) – ''Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume, Bombay: University of Bombay'' (1974–75)
* {{cite book |last=Bhosle |first=Prince Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje |title=Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-RDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143 |edition=2nd |year=2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948230-95-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=MeliaBelli |title=Women, Gender and Art in Asia, c. 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-53655-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Breathing in Bodhi – the General Awareness/ Comprehension book – Life Skills/ Level 2 for the avid readers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVk1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |year=2017 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-84583-48-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=R. P. |title=Great Personalities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBSlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT197 |year=2010 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7482-061-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G.S. |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA56 |volume=1: 1707–1803 |year=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8}}
* Desai, Ranjeet – ''Shivaji the Great, Janata Raja'' (1968), Pune: Balwant Printers – English Translation of popular [[Marathi language|Marathi]] book.
* {{cite book |last1=Edwardes |first1=Stephen Meredyth |authorlink1=Stephen Edwardes |last2=Garrett |first2=Herbert Leonard Offley |title=Mughal Rule in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC |year=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7156-551-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Gash |first=Norman |title=Wellington: Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCC8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |year=1990 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-2974-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghazi |first=M.A. |title=Islamic Renaissance In South Asia (1707–1867) : The Role Of Shah Waliallah & His Successors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QO4KjzuJ52QC&pg=PA130 |year=2002 |publisher=Adam |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7435-400-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |title=A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shahu to the end of the Chitpavan epic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srE5AQAAIAAJ |volume=III |year=1925 |publisher=S. Chand}}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q5uAAAAMAAJ |volume=7: The Mughul Empire [1526–1707] |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |via=G. Allen & Unwin}}
* {{cite book |first=Malgonkar |last=Manohar |title=The Sea Hawk: Life and Battles of Kanoji Angrey |year=1959 |page=63 |oclc=59302060}}
* {{Citation |last=McDonald |first=Ellen E. |title=The Modernizing of Communication: Vernacular Publishing in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=483944794 |location=Berkeley |year=1968}}
* {{Citation |last=McEldowney |first=Philip F |title=Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India |location=Madison |oclc=53790277 |year=1966 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515114520/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html |url-status=dead}}
*{{citation |first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |year=2009 |orig-year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Rath |first=Saraju |title=Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaZs3T8hRToC&pg=PA164 |year=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-21900-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Tirthankar |title=Rethinking the Origins of British India: State Formation and Military-fiscal Undertakings in an Eighteenth Century World Region |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |issue=4 |year=2013 |pages=1125–1156 |issn=0026-749X |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000825 |s2cid=46532338 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28443/}}
* {{cite book |first=Karl J. |last=Schmidt |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96 |volume=2 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |location=Bombay |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=9788171547890}}
* {{cite book |last=Serfoji |first=Tanjore Maharaja |title=Journal of the Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tifhAAAAMAAJ |year=1979}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Carl |title=Women's Travel Writings in India 1777–1854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yrTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293 |volume=I: Jemima Kindersley, Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope and the East Indies (1777); and Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in India (1812) |year=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-47311-6}}
* {{citation |first=Audrey |last=Truschke |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}}
* Wink, Andre. ''Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth Century Maratha Swarajya,'' (Cambridge UP, 1986).
{{Refend}}

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Robin Durnford-Slater

2026-03-18T09:58:10Z

Miteshsoni: refine content as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Short description|Royal Navy Admiral (1902–1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|name = Sir Robin Durnford-Slater
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}
|birth_date=9 July 1902<ref name="birth">''India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947''</ref>
|death_date={{death-date and age|28 June 1984|19 July 1902}}
|birth_place= [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India<ref name="1911census">''1911 England Census''</ref>
|death_place= [[Chichester]], Sussex, England
|birth_name= Leonard Francis Slater
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|serviceyears= 1916–1961
|rank= [[Admiral (United Kingdom)|Admiral]]
|commands=[[HMS Hermes (95)|HMS ''Hermes'']] [[HMS Vernon (shore establishment)|HMS ''Vernon'']] [[HMS Gambia (48)|HMS ''Gambia'']] [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Nore Command]]
|branch=[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|23px]] [[Royal Navy]]
|unit=
|battles=[[World War II]] [[Suez Crisis]]
|awards= Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]]
|laterwork=
}}
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Sir Robin Leonard Francis Durnford-Slater''' [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] (born '''Leonard Francis Slater'''; 9 July 1902 – 28 June 1984) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer who went on to be the last [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]].

==Early life==
Born as Leonard Francis Slater in 1902 in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] area of [[British India|India]] the son of [[Leonard Slater]], a captain in the [[British Army]], and his wife Constance Durnford Slater. His younger brother [[John Durnford-Slater|John]] became notable as the first [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|British Commando]] during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Durnford-Slater|first=John|title=Commando: Memoirs of a Fighting Commando in World War Two|orig-date=1953|year=2002|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|isbn=1-85367-479-6}}</ref>

He was educated at [[Summer Fields School]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Usborne |title=A Century of Summer Fields |publisher=Methuen |year=1964 |page=106}}</ref>

==Naval career==
Durnford-Slater joined the [[Royal Navy]] in 1916. He was confirmed in the rank of sub-lieutenant in August 1923, with seniority dated 15 August 1922.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32855|page=5700|date=21 August 1923}}</ref>

He served in [[World War II]], initially as Executive Officer on the aircraft carrier [[HMS Hermes (95)|HMS ''Hermes'']] which was sunk in 1942.<ref>[http://www.axfordsabode.org.uk/pdf-docs/hermes01.pdf HMS Hermes]</ref> He then joined the [[torpedo]] school [[HMS Vernon (shore establishment)|HMS ''Vernon'']].<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/SLATER.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref> He next became Senior Officer for the 42nd and the 7th Escort Group of [[Western Approaches Command]].<ref name=lh/> Later he became Training Captain on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches Command and finally Director of Underwater Weapons at the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].<ref name=lh/>

After the War he became Senior Officer for 1st Escort Flotilla in the [[Eastern Fleet|Far East Fleet]].<ref name=lh/> He went on to be Commandant at the School of Amphibious Warfare and then Captain of the [[cruiser]] [[HMS Gambia (48)|HMS ''Gambia'']].<ref name=lh/> In 1953 he was made Deputy Controller of the Navy.<ref name=lh/> As [[Flag Officer, Air and Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet]] he commanded the naval forces, Task Force 345 north of the canal and Task Force 324 south of it from {{HMS|Tyne}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://godfreydykes.info/SUEZ%20WAR%20OF%201956.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620050423/http://godfreydykes.info/SUEZ%20WAR%20OF%201956.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 June 2013 |title=SUEZ WAR OF 1956 |publisher=Godfreydykes.info |date=1956-11-05 |access-date=2013-06-19}}</ref> during the [[Suez Crisis]], Musketeer, in 1956.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/suez-crisis-operation-musketeer.htm/2 Suez Crisis: Operation Musketeer]; Riley, "Life and Campaigns of General Hughie Stockwell."</ref> From 1958, he was the last [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]].<ref name=lh/> He retired in April 1961.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=42349|page=3439|date=9 May 1961}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]] | years=1958–1961 | before=[[Frederick Parham|Sir Frederick Parham]] | after=Post abolished}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durnford-Slater, Robin}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Suez Crisis]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People educated at Summer Fields School]]

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

2026-03-15T04:45:29Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Short description|Indian act reforming state boundaries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| short_title = States Reorganisation Act, 1956
| long_title = An Act to provide for the reorganisation of the States of India and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1680/1/a1956-37.pdf Act No. 37 of 1956]
| date_enacted = 31 August 1956
| date_effective = 1 November 1956
| status = in force
}}
{{History of India}}
The '''States Reorganisation Act, 1956''' was a major reform of the boundaries of India's [[States and union territories of India|states and territories]], organising them along linguistic lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273|title=Explainer: The reorganization of states in India and why it happened|date=2 November 2016}}</ref> Although additional changes to India's state boundaries have been made since 1956, it remains the most extensive change in state boundaries since the [[Partition of India|independence of India]]. The Act came into effect at the same time as the '''Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 }}</ref> which (among other things) restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states and the requirements to pass the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 under the provisions of [[Part I of the Constitution of India|Part I]] of the [[Constitution of India]], Article 3.{{efn|[[:s:Constitution of India/Part I|Article 3]] deals with the "Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States".}}

The movement reached a turning point in 1952 when [[Potti Sreeramulu]] died following a 56 day hunger strike for a separate [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking state. His martyrdom triggered widespread unrest, forcing the Indian government to create [[Andhra State]] in 1953, the first in India established on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explainer: The reorganization of states in India and why it happened|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273|website=The News Minute|date=2016-11-02|access-date=2026-01-27|language=en|first=Luke|last=Koshi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the map of India was redrawn on the lines of language|url=http://scroll.in/article/820359/how-the-map-india-was-redrawn-on-the-lines-of-language|website=Scroll.in|date=2016-11-01|access-date=2026-01-27|language=en|first=Mridula|last=Chari|quote=The catalyst for this larger reorganisation was the death in 1952 of Potti Sreeramulu, a freedom fighter who had worked closely with Gandhi. Sreeramulu went on a hunger strike to press home his demand for the separation of the Telugu- and Tamil-speaking regions in the Tamil-dominant Madras Presidency.}}</ref> This set a precedent for other linguistic groups, leading to the appointment of the '''States Reorganisation Commission (SRC)''' in 1953, chaired by [[Fazl Ali|Fazal Ali]], which ultimately provided the framework for the 1956 Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=2 November 2016 |title=Explainer: The reorganization of states in India and why it happened |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en |quote=On December 22, 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission under Fazl Ali to consider these new demands. The commission submitted its report in 1955 and it suggested that the whole country be divided into 16 states and three centrally administered areas. The government, while not agreeing with the recommendations entirely, divided the country into 14 states and 6 union territories under the States Reorganisation Act that was passed in November 1956.}}</ref>

== Background ==
=== Political integration after independence ===
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
{{Main|Political integration of India}}
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|right|thumb|300px|Administrative divisions of India in 1951. Note that [[kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] was an Indian [[Protectorate]] until 1975.]]

[[British Raj|British India]], which included present-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]], was divided into two types of territories: the [[British India|Provinces of British India]], which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the [[Governor-General of India]]; and [[princely state|the Indian State]]s, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British [[suzerainty]] in return for continued authority over their own realms, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of [[federalism]], which was carried forward into the governance of independent India.

On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate [[dominion]]s of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than 500 [[Princely state|princely states]], who were encouraged to [[Instrument of Accession|accede]] to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. [[Bhutan]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and [[Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]] opted for independence; Bhutan remains independent, but Hyderabad was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|annexed by India]], and the status of Kashmir became the subject of [[Kashmir conflict|conflict between India and Pakistan]].

[[File:South Indian territories.svg|235px|thumb|[[South India]]n states prior to the States Reorganisation Act]]

Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Several states were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into unions, such as [[Rajputana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Bharat]], and [[Vindhya Pradesh]], made up of multiple princely states; a few, including [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], and [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur]], remained separate states. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution.

The new [[Constitution of India]], which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories:

* '''Part A states''' – which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by a governor appointed by the president and an elected state legislature. The nine Part A states were [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (formerly [[Central Provinces and Berar]]), [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Odisha]] (formerly Orissa), [[East Punjab|Punjab]] (formerly East Punjab), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (formerly the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]), and [[West Bengal]].
* '''Part B states''' – which were former princely states or unions of princely states, governed by a [[rajpramukh]], who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The raj Pramukh was appointed by the [[President of India]]. The eight Part B states were [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU), [[Rajasthan]], [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], and [[Travancore-Cochin]].
* '''Part C states''' – included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]], [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]], [[Bilaspur State (1950 - 1954)|Bilaspur]], [[Coorg State|Coorg]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Cutch State|Cutch]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], and [[Vindhya Pradesh]].
* The sole '''Part D''' territory<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 |access-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 }}</ref> – was the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], which was administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

In these classifications, Part A states had a ''Governor'', Part B states had a ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' and Part C states had a ''commissioner''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LS9nAQAAQBAJ |title=Indiapedia: The All-India Factfinder |publisher=Hachette UK|year=2013|isbn=9789350097663}}</ref>

=== Movement for linguistic states ===
The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. The first linguistic movement started in 1886, in what is now [[Odisha]]. The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate [[Orissa Province]] to be formed by bifurcating the existing [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131112115802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2013|title=Demand of separate province for Oriya|work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA249|title=States Politics in India|isbn=9788170996194|last1=Sharma|first1=Sadhna|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref> Due to the efforts of [[Madhusudan Das]], the Father of Odia nationalism, the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936, when [[Orissa Province]] became the first Indian state (pre-independence) to be organised on the basis of common languages.

The post-independence period saw the ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines. The movement to create a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking state out of the northern portion of [[Madras State]] gathered strength in the years after independence, and in 1953, the sixteen northern Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State became the new [[Andhra State|State of Andhra]].

During the 1950–1956 period, other small changes were made to state boundaries: the small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954; and [[Chandernagore]], a former [[enclave]] of [[French India]], was incorporated into [[West Bengal]] in 1955.

=== States Reorganisation Commission ===
{{Main|States Reorganisation Commission}}

The States Reorganisation Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (also called the Dhar Commission), which was set up in June 1948. It rejected language as a parameter for dividing states. Later, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appointed the States Reorganisation Commission in December 1953, with the remit to reorganise the Indian states. The new commission was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], [[Fazal Ali]]; its other two members were [[H. N. Kunzru]] and [[K. M. Panikkar]]. The efforts of the commission were overseen by [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], who served as the [[Home Minister]] from December 1954.

The States Reorganisation Commission submitted a report on 30 September 1955, with recommendations for the reorganisation of India's states, which was then debated by the Indian parliament. Subsequently, bills were passed to make changes to the constitution and to administer the reorganisation of the states.<ref name="economicweekly">{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states|work=Economic Weekly}}</ref>
[[File:Indien 1956.svg|right|thumb|Political map of India, 1956, after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]

=== Related changes by other legislation ===
The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956. Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment was made to the Constitution of India. Under the [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventh Amendment]], the existing terminology of Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was altered. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the Union Territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state.

A further Act also came into effect on 1 November 1956, transferring certain territories from [[Bihar]] to [[West Bengal]].<ref>''Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956''</ref>

== Effect of the changes ==
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 provided for territorial reorganisation of India. The [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India]] divided India into States and [[Union Territories]]. Both of the above legislation came into effect on the same date. The following list sets out the states and union territories of India as reorganised on 1 November 1956:

=== States ===
# [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (1956–2014): formed by the merger of [[Andhra State]] with the Telugu-speaking areas of [[Hyderabad State]].
# [[Assam]]: No change of boundary in 1956.
# [[Bihar]]: reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to [[West Bengal]] ([[Purulia]] from [[Manbhum District]], [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] from [[Purnea district]]).
# [[Bombay State]]: the state was enlarged by the addition of [[Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], the Marathi-speaking districts of [[Berar Division]] and [[Nagpur Division]] of [[Central Province and Berar]] and [[Aurangabad Division]] of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]]. The southernmost districts of the [[Bombay Presidency]] were transferred to [[Mysore State]].
# [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]: No change of boundary in 1956.
# [[Kerala]]: formed by the merger of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state with the [[Malabar district]] and [[Kasaragod]] taluk of [[South Canara]] district of the [[Madras Presidency]]. The southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]], [[Kanyakumari district]], along with [[Sengottai]] Taluk, was transferred to Madras State. The [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]] and [[Minicoy]] Islands were separated from [[Malabar District]] to form a new Union Territory namely [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]], [[Amindivi]], and [[Minicoy]] Islands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|website=legislative.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>
# [[Madhya Pradesh]]: [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]], and [[Bhopal State (1949–1956)|Bhopal State]] were merged into Madhya Pradesh; the Marathi-speaking districts of [[Nagpur Division]] were transferred to Bombay State.
# [[Madras State]]: [[Malabar District]] was transferred to the new state of [[Kerala]], [[South Canara]] district was bifurcated and transferred to [[Mysore State]] and to [[Kerala]] and a new Union Territory, [[Laccadive|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]], was created. The southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]] - [[Kanyakumari district]], along with [[Sengottai]] Taluk was added to [[Madras State]].
# [[Mysore State]]: enlarged by the addition of [[Coorg State]] and the [[Kannada]] speaking districts from western [[Madras Presidency]], southern [[Bombay Presidency]] and western [[Hyderabad State]].
# [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]: No change of boundary in 1956.
# [[East Punjab|Punjab]]: enlarged by the addition of the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]].
# [[Rajasthan]]: enlarged by the addition of [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]] state and parts of Bombay and Madhya Bharat states.
# [[Uttar Pradesh]]: No change of boundary in 1956.
# [[West Bengal]]: enlarged by the addition of [[Purulia]] district, previously part of Bihar.

=== Union territories ===

The Part C and Part D territories that were not merged into other states were converted into Union Territories by [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India]]:
# [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
# [[Delhi]]
# [[Manipur]]
# [[Tripura]]
# [[Himachal Pradesh]]
# [[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands]]

== Later changes ==
* [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 ]] (by [[Indira Gandhi]])
* [[The State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970|State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970]] (by Indira Gandhi)
* [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]] (by Indira Gandhi)
* [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]] (by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]])
* [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] (by Atal Bihari Vajpayee)
* [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] (by Atal Bihari Vajpayee)
* [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] (by [[Manmohan Singh]])
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] (by [[Narendra Modi]])

== See also ==
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
* [[States and union territories of India]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
* [[Unification of Karnataka]]
* [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.liiofindia.org/in/legis/cen/num_act/sra1956250/ Text of the Act]

[[Category:1956 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

2026-03-15T04:45:29Z

Miteshsoni:

P. Subbarayan

2026-03-14T12:09:20Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1889–1962)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Paramasivan Subbarayan
| image = P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| order1 = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 17 April 1962
| term_end1 = 6 October 1962
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sri Prakasa]]
| successor1 = [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]]
| order2 = Union Minister for Transport and Communication
| term_start2 = 1959
| term_end2 = 1962
| primeminister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| president2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| order3 = Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Tiruchengode
| term_start3 = 1957
| term_end3 = 1962
| primeminister3 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor3 = S. Kandaswamy Baby
| successor3 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| president3 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| order4 = India's Ambassador to Indonesia
| term_start4 = 1949
| term_end4 = 1951
| governor-general4 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (till 26 January 1950)
| monarch4 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom]] (till 26 January 1950)
| president4 = [[Rajendra Prasad]] (from 26 January 1950)
| primeminister4 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor4 = None
| successor4 = Alagappan
| order5 = Minister of Police and Home (Madras Presidency)
| term_start5 = 23 March 1947
| term_end5 = 1948
| governor5 = [[Archibald Edward Nye]]
| premier5 = [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]]
| order6 = Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)
| term_start6 = 14 July 1937
| term_end6 = 29 October 1939
| governor6 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| governor-general6 =
| monarch6 =
| premier6 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| order7 = 3rd
| office7 = First Minister of Madras Presidency
| term_start7 = 4 December 1926
| term_end7 = 27 October 1930
| governor7 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]], 
[[Sir Norman Marjoribanks]] (acting)
| predecessor7 = [[Raja of Panagal]]
| successor7 = [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]]
| order8 = Minister of Local Self-Government (Madras Presidency)
| term_start8 = 4 December 1926
| term_end8 = 27 October 1930
| governor8 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]], 
Sir Norman Majoribanks (acting)
| premier8 = P. Subbarayan
| predecessor8 = [[Raja of Panagal]]
| successor8 = [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]]
| office9 = 5th [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
| term_start9 = 1938
| term_end9 = 1946
| predecessor9 = [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja|Sir K. S. Digvijaysinhji]]
| successor9 = [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Salem district]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1962|10|6|1889|09|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]|[[Oxford University]]|[[Trinity College Dublin]]}}
| profession = lawyer
| occupation = politician
| spouse = [[Radhabai Subbarayan]]
| children = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]], Gopal Kumaramangalam, [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]], [[Parvathi Krishnan]]
| signature = Subbarayan sign.jpg
}}

{{Indian name|Subbarayan|Paramasivan }}
'''Paramasivan Subbarayan''' (11 September 1889 – 6 October 1962) was an Indian politician, [[freedom fighter]] and diplomat and was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]], India's ambassador to Indonesia and Union Minister of Transport and Communications in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s government. He was the father of [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]], who served as India's Chief of Army staff, and of politician [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]]. He was also the grandfather of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician and Union Minister [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]].

Subbarayan was born at the [[British Raj]] era on 11 September 1889 in the family estate at Kumaramangalam, [[Salem district]] and had his education at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], [[Trinity College Dublin]], the [[University of London]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. In 1922, he was nominated to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]]. He served as the First Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 December 1926 to 27 October 1930.

In 1933, Subbarayan joined the Indian National Congress and served as the Minister of Law and Education in [[Rajaji]]'s cabinet and the Minister of Police and Home in [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]]'s cabinet. Subbarayan participated and was imprisoned in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He served as independent India's ambassador to Indonesia and as Union Minister from 1959 to 1962. Subbarayan died on 6 October 1962 at the age of 73. He was the [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] until his death.

== Early life and education ==
Subbarayan was born under [[British Raj|British Raj colonial rule]] to Paramasiva Gounder<ref name="unionmin_dir">{{cite book | title=Directory of Union Ministers, 1947–1987| last=Kohli| first=A. B.| year=1988| pages=122| publisher=Reliance Pub. House}}</ref> in the family estate of Kumaramangalam near [[Tiruchengode]], [[Namakkal district]] on 11 September 1889.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography">{{cite book | title=Dictionary of Indian Biography | date=200| pages=438| publisher=Indian Bibliographic Centre| isbn=978-81-85131-15-3}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090644/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90s.htm |archivedate=18 August 2007 }}</ref> He belonged to the family of Zamindars.<ref name="toi_whoiswho">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who | year=1965| pages=775| publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.}}</ref><ref name="tamilnadu_congress">{{cite book | title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919–1937| year=1977| pages=236| publisher=Manohar| isbn=978-0-908070-00-8}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="toi_whoiswho" /> and obtained his M.A.<ref name="socialservicequarterly">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly | year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref> and LLD<ref name="modernreview">{{cite book | title=The Modern Review| last=Chatterjee| first=Ramananda| year=1941| pages=280| publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Ltd}}</ref> from the [[Christ Church, Oxford]]<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /><ref name="panikkar">{{cite book | title=Sardar K.M. Panikkar: Shashtyabdapoorthy Souvenir| last=Panikkar| first=Kavalam Madhava| year=1954| pages=92| publisher=Mathrubhumi Press}}</ref> and [[Trinity College Dublin]] respectively.<ref name="socialservicequarterly" /> He started practising as an advocate of the [[Madras High Court]] in 1918.<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" />

== Political career ==
In 1922, Subbarayan was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] as an independent candidate representing the landowners of the South-Central division of the [[Madras Presidency]]<ref name="tamilnadu_congress" /> and served as a Council Secretary.<ref name="india_list">{{cite book | title=The India Office and Burma Office List| year=1922| pages=78| publisher=Harrison and Sons, Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 101</ref> He took the side of [[C. R. Reddy]] and the [[Swarajya Party|Swarajists]] and voted against the [[Panaganti Ramarayaningar|Raja of Pangal]] during the no-confidence motion of 1923.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" />

=== First Minister of Madras Presidency (1926-1930) ===
In the Assembly elections which took place on 8 November 1926, no party was able to get a clean majority.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 189</ref> The [[Swaraj Party]] won 41 of the 98 seats and emerged as the single largest party while the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] won 21.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> It was a setback for the Justice Party and its incumbent First Minister, the [[Raja of Panagal]]. However, none of the parties could form the Government as they did not have a clean majority.

The Governor invited the Swarajya Party to take the lead in forming a coalition government but the latter refused.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189" /> The Justice Party did not have enough seats. Hence, the Governor chose Subbarayan, who was not affiliated to either of these parties, to form the Government and nominated 34 new members to the Madras Legislative Council to support him.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kumaramangalam">{{cite news|title=Kumaramangalam family's role in development remembered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119213301/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/17/stories/2004101704590400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2005|date=17 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> An independent ministry was formed with A. Ranganatha Mudaliar and R. N. Arogyaswamy Mudaliar as the second and third ministers. The Justice Party took the place of an opposition.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 190</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! colspan="2"| Subbarayan's Cabinet
|-
! Portfolio
! Minister
|-
| Education, Local Self-Government
| P. Subbarayan (also First Minister) (1926–1930)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Public health, excise
| [[A. Ranganatha Mudaliar]] (1926–1928)
|-
| [[S. Muthiah Mudaliar]] (1928–1930)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Development
| [[R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar]] (1926–1928)
|-
| [[M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer]] (1928–1930)
|-
| colspan="2" align="left"|''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''
|}

Because Subbarayan's regime was appointed and largely controlled by the Governor, it became the target of strong criticism both from the Justicites as well as the Swarajists.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> In March 1927, [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] of the Justice Party passed a motion recommending salary cuts for Government ministers. However, they were defeated by a margin of 41 votes.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp190" /> A no-confidence motion was passed on 23 August 1927, but was defeated 56 to 67 with the support of the Governor and the members nominated by him.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 191</ref>

The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Parliament in 1927 to report on the working of the progress of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp191" /> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution to boycott the commission and this was passed 61 to 50 with 12 remaining neutral.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 192</ref> Subbarayan opposed the resolution but his cabinet ministers Ranganatha Mudaliar and Arogyaswamy Mudaliar supported it.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Subbarayan resigned as First Minister, but at the same time, he also compelled his ministers to submit their resignations.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Fearing the possibility of the formation of a Swarajya Party-Justice Party coalition Government, the Governor stepped in to foster discord amongst the opposition. In order to obtain the support of the Raja of Panagal, he appointed Krishnan Nair, a leading member of the Justice Party as his Law Member.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp192" /> Led by the Raja of Panagal, the Justice Party switched sides and lent its support to the Subbarayan government. Soon afterwards, the Justice Party passed a resolution welcoming the Simon Commission.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 193</ref> The Simon Commission visited Madras on 28 February 1928<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp193" /> and 18 February 1929<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 194</ref> and was boycotted by the Swarajya Party and the Indian National Congress. However, the Justicites and the Subbarayan Government accorded the commission a warm reception.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp194" />

In the 1930 elections, due to the non-participation of the Indian National Congress and the Swarajya Party, the Justice Party won an overwhelming majority and was voted to power. Subbarayan was succeeded as First Minister by Munuswamy Naidu.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp196">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 196</ref>

==== Policies ====
The [[Raja of Panagal]] government had introduced the Communal Government Order (G. O. No. 613) in 1921 which introduced reservations in the Presidency.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Tamil Nadu swims against the tide |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |work=The Statesman |access-date=5 January 2009 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090135/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}</ref> However, the provisions of this act were not implemented till 1927. The Subbarayan government, therefore, introduced the Communal G. O. Ms No. 1021 to implement the 1921 order.<ref name="Statesman" /><ref name="reservations_history">{{cite news | last= Murugan | first= N. | title= RESERVATION (Part-2) | date= 9 October 2006 | url= http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | work= National | access-date= 5 January 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090108054013/http://indiainteracts.com/columnist/2006/10/09/RESERVATION-Part2/ | archivedate= 8 January 2009 | df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 107</ref> The act was introduced by S. Muthiah Mudaliar, the Education Minister in Subbarayan's cabinet on 11 April 1927.<ref name="reservations_history" /> This act, it is believed, introduced provisions for reservations for [[Dalits]] and increased representation for Indian Christians and Muslims.<ref name="dalits">{{cite book|title=India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India|year=2003|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|page=175}}</ref> At the same time, it reduced the reservations for Brahmins from 22% to 16% and non-Brahmins from 48% to 42%.<ref name="dalits" /> This act was in effect till India's independence on 15 August 1947.

Subbarayan introduced the Madras District Municipalities Act and Local Boards Act during his tenure.<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp107" /> The [[Annamalai University]], founded by Rajah [[Annamalai Chettiar|Sir Annamalai Chettiar]] was opened by Subbarayan in [[Chettinad]] in 1929.<ref name="annamalai_university">{{Cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|title=About University|access-date=5 January 2009|publisher=Annamalai University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125052844/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|archivedate=25 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Annamalai University is the first residential university in Madras Presidency.<ref name="annamalai_university" />

=== Member of Legislative Council (1930-1937) ===
Subbarayan was re-elected as an independent to the Madras Legislative Council in 1930. As a member of the legislature, Subbarayan was instrumental in introducing [[prohibition]] in [[Salem district]] in 1930. Prohibition was enforced in Salem till 1943 when it was scrapped by the British. In 1932, [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]] passed the Untouchability Abolition Bill in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]].<ref name="ambedkar1">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=225| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> On 1 November 1932, Subbarayan proposed the Temple Entry Bill which permitted low-caste Hindus and Dalits enter Hindu temples and made their prohibition illegal and punishable.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc">{{cite book | title=Scheduled Castes, History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955: History of Elevation, Tamil Nadu, 1900–1955| last=Mohan| first=Pullam Ethiraj| year=1993| pages=132| publisher=New Era Publications}}</ref><ref name="madhyapradesh136">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=136| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref><ref name="southindiancelebritiesp108">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], Pg 108</ref> He also passed a copy of the resolution and the proceedings of the council to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who was in jail.<ref name="socialjustice">{{cite book | title=Social Justice in Tamilnadu | last=Thangavelu| first=G.|author2=K. Veeramani| year=1990| pages=8| publisher=Fest[s]chrift Committee for Prof. G. Thangavelu, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamarajar University}}</ref> The Viceroy, however, refused permission explaining that temple entry was an all-India problem and should not be dealt with in a provincial basis even while clearing Ranga Iyer's bill.<ref name="ambedkar2">{{cite book | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission| last=Keer| first=Dhananjay| year=1971| pages=232| publisher=Popular Prakashan| isbn=978-81-7154-237-6}}</ref> The Temple Entry Bill was not passed until the Indian National Congress came to power in 1937.<ref name="tamilnadu_sc" /> Subbarayan had been a follower of Mahatma Gandhi from his early days<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> and he officially joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1933.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> He also served as the President of the Tamil Nadu [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref name="madhyapradesh136" />

=== State cabinet and Independence activism (1937-47) ===
Subbarayan was an admirer of [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) right from his early days.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /> Rajaji had been his personal lawyer in property cases. In 1937, when the Indian National Congress swept to power in the Madras Presidency and Rajaji took over as the Prime Minister of the Presidency, he appointed Subbarayan the Minister of Law and Education.<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="kamaraj">{{cite book | title=K. Kamaraj| last=Parthasarathi| first=R.| year=1982| pages=22| publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}</ref><ref name="rajaji">{{cite book | title=Unfolding Rajaji | last=Kesavan| first=C. R.| year=2003| pages=33| publisher=East West Books| location=Madras}}</ref><ref name="bigchange">{{cite book | title=The big change| last=Ramanujam| first=K. S.| year=1967| pages=218| publisher=Higginbotham's}}</ref><ref name="vvgiri">{{cite book | title=V.V. Giri: The Labour Leader| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram| year=1992| pages=259| isbn=978-81-7041-493-3}}</ref> Subbarayan resigned along with other members of the Rajaji cabinet when [[India in World War II|war]] was declared in 1939.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> Subbarayan also served as the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] from 1937–38 to 1945–46.<ref name="bccipresidents">{{Cite web|url=http://bcci.cricket.deepthi.com/bcci-presidents.html|title=Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)|access-date=11 December 2008}}</ref>

Subbarayan actively participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and was arrested along with other Congress leaders as [[Sathyamurthy]] and [[M. Bakthavatsalam]].

In 1947, he served as a Minister for Home and Police in the [[Ramaswamy Reddiar]] Cabinet in Madras<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> and was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref name="dictionaryofnationalbiography" /><ref name="indiasconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1966| pages=302| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration| location=Bombay}}</ref> He served as a member of the Provincial Constitution Committee.<ref name="indianconstitution">{{cite book | title=The Framing of India's Constitution| last=Rao| first=B. Shiva|author2=V. K. N. Menon |author3=Subhash C. Kashyap |author4=N. K. N. Iyengar | year=1960| pages=453| publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration}}</ref>

=== Foreign service (1949-1951) ===
From 1949 to 1951, Subbarayan served as independent India's first ambassador to Indonesia.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /><ref name="ambassadortoindonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/content.php?sid=55|title=Previous Indian Ambassador's to Indonesia|access-date=11 December 2008|publisher=Embassy of India, Jakarta|archive-date=17 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817202440/http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/content.php?sid=55|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was instrumental in the signing of a mutual treaty of friendship with the Indonesian Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Roem]] on 3 March 1951.<ref name="mea_treaty">{{Cite web|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |title=TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA |access-date=18 December 2008 |publisher=India's Ministry of External Affairs |year=1951 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410233536/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap50.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="india_indonesia_friendship">{{Cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/4/37/00007824.pdf|title=India and Indonesia: Treaty of Friendship|access-date=18 December 2008|publisher=United Nations|work=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> Subbarayan's tenure came to an end in 1951 and he was succeeded by Alagappan.<ref name="ambassadortoindonesia" />

=== Later years (1952-1962) ===
On his return to India, Subbarayan was elected president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee (TNCC).<ref name="nalandayearbook">{{cite book | title=Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India: An Indian and International Annual of Current Statistics, Events and Personalities| year=1951| pages=738}}</ref> He also served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> He was a member of the first Official Language Commission constituted by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 7 June 1955, under the chairmanship of [[B. G. Kher]]. The commission delivered its report on 31 July 1956. It recommended a number of steps to eventually replace English with [[Hindi]] as the sole official language of India. Subbarayan and another member – [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] from [[West Bengal]] – did not agree with its findings and added dissenting notes to the report.<ref name="simpson">{{cite book | first=Andrew| last=Simpson | year=2007| title=Language and national identity in Asia |edition= | publisher=Oxford University Press| location= | isbn=978-0-19-926748-4| pages=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC}}</ref><ref name="kumar">{{cite book | first=Virendra| last=Kumar| year=1993| title= Committees and commissions in India |edition= | publisher=Concept Publishing Company| location= | isbn= 978-81-7596-312-2| pages=53–66| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXa6g_lJOWAC&pg=PA53}}</ref> Later when the Indian President [[Rajendra Prasad]] sought his opinion on making Hindi as the sole official language, Subbarayan advised against it.<ref name="rajendraprasad">{{cite book | title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents : Presidency Period| last=Prasad| first=Rajendra|author2=Valmiki Choudhary| year=1992| pages=125| publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn=978-81-7023-343-5}}</ref><ref name="ethnicidentities">{{cite book | title=Ethnic Identities and Federalism| last=Amarjit| first=S. Narang| year=1995| pages=154| publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study}}</ref>

In 1957, Subbarayan was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tiruchengode]] and served as a member till 1962.<ref name="1957electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1957 to the First LokSabha|access-date=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="543faces">{{cite book | title=543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies| last=Singh| first=H. D.| year=1996| pages=248| publisher=Newmen Publishers}}</ref> He served as the Minister of Transport and Communications in the Government of India union cabinet from 1959<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister1">{{cite book|title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900–1980, Also Annual Diary of Events|pages=329|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd|year=1985}}</ref> to 1962.<ref name="subbarayan_unionminister2">{{cite book|title=The Europa Year Book|publisher=Europa Publications Limited|year=1961|pages=573}}</ref><ref name="subbarayan_unionminister3">{{cite book|title=The Commonwealth Relations Office List|pages=175|last=Great Britain Office of Commonwealth Relations|publisher=H. M. Stationer Office|year=1960}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite book | title=C.P.| year=1959| pages=33}}</ref> He was elected again in 1962<ref name="1962electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Reports of the general elections 1962 to the First LokSabha|access-date=4 January 2009|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529120458/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but was instead made [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]].<ref name="543faces" />

== Other interests ==
Subbarayan took a keen interest in sports during his lifetime. He wrote numerous articles on [[cricket]]<ref name="indianreview">{{cite book | title=The Indian Review| last=Natesan| first=G. A. | year=1939| author-link=G. A. Natesan | pages=276| publisher=G.A. Natesan & Co}}</ref> and was the Founder-president of the Indian Cricket Federation, the first association in the Madras Presidency to represent Indian cricketing interests. He also served as the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) during the Second World War.<ref name="bccipresidents" /> With Sir John Beaumont and [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]], he formed the commission that investigated the return of [[Lala Amarnath]] from the India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 1936|tour of England in 1936]]. He also served as the president of the Madras Olympic Association and the Madras Hockey Association.<ref name="madhyapradesh137">{{cite book | title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages| last=Bakshi| first=Sri Ram|author2=Om Prakash Ralhan| year=2008| pages=137| publisher=Sarup & Sons| isbn=978-81-7625-806-7}}</ref>

== Death ==
Subbarayan died at the age of 73 on 6 October 1962.<ref name="socialscience">{{cite book | title=The Social Service Quarterly| year=1961| pages=32| publisher=Social Service League| location=Bombay}}</ref>

== Family and legacy ==
[[File:P Subbarayan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Subbarayan on a 1989 stamp of India]]

Subbarayan married Kailash Radhabai Kulmud,<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" /> a [[Mangalorean]] [[Brahmo]] of Brahmin parentage,<ref name="southindiancelebritiesp101" /><ref name="salemencyclopedia">{{cite book | title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu| last=Rajannan| first=Busnagi| year=1992| pages=140| publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies}}</ref> who was his colleague in [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], by Brahmo rites despite opposition from family members. [[Radhabai Subbarayan]] was an active campaigner for women's rights and served as a member of the Indian parliament.

Subbarayan's eldest son [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indira Gandhi's cabinet.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> His second son, General [[P. P. Kumaramangalam]] was a [[Second World War]] veteran and served as India's Chief of Army staff. A third son Gopal Kumaramangalam headed important public sector undertakings. Mohan's son and Subbarayan's grandson [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] was a minister in Indian National Congress and NDA governments.<ref name="kumaramangalam" /> Subbarayan's daughter [[Parvathi Krishnan]] was a politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India]]. She was a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1954 to 1957 and represented [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] three times.<ref name="parvathi_rajyasabha">{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |title=Biographical sketch of Rajya Sabha members |access-date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708223434/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm |archivedate=8 July 2015 }}</ref>

A portrait of Subbarayan was unveiled in the central hall of the Indian Parliament on 16 October 1989.<ref name="madhyapradesh136" /><ref name="parliamentaryinfo">{{cite book | title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information| year=1989| pages=481| publisher=India Parliament. Lok Sabha}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of political families|Political families of the world]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| pages=| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}
* {{cite book | title=South Indian Celebrities Vol 1| last=Balasubramaniam| first=K. M.| year=1934| pages=90–109| publisher=Solden & Co.| location=Madras|ref=South Indian Celebrities}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] | after= | years=1922 – 1939 1947–1948}}
{{succession box | before= [[Raja of Panagal]] | title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] | years=4 December 1926 – 27 October 1930}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Minister of Law and Education (Madras Presidency)| after= Governor's rule | years=1937–1939}}
{{succession box | before=Jamsahib Digvijaysinh of Nawanagar | title=President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] | after= [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony De Mello]] | years=1937/38 – 1945/46}}
{{succession box | before= [[T. Prakasam]] | title=Minister of Home and Police (Madras Presidency)| after= [[Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar]]| years=24 March 1947 – 5 April 1948}}
{{succession box | before= None | title=India's Ambassador to Indonesia | after= Alagappan | years= 1949–1951}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Member of Indian Parliament (Rajya Sabha) | after= | years=1954–1957}}
{{succession box | before= S. K. Baby | title=Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]] | after= [[K. Anbazhagan]] | years= 1957–1962}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of BCCI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbarayan, P.}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Governors of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Kumaramangalam family]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Presidents of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]

Yajnavalkya 95 Years Cycle

2026-03-07T02:42:18Z

Miteshsoni: created a article from scratch

{{Short description|Theory of Reconciliation of the lunar calendar and solar calendar}}
{{Infobox Theory|Type=Scientific|Name=Yajnavalkya 95 Years Cycle|Theory_of=Reconciliation of [[lunar calendar]] and [[solar calendar]]|Applications=Calendar|Origin=India|Image=|Caption=Yajnavalkya Statue at entrance of Uchchaith Bhagwati Mandir, Madhubani,|RelatedFields=[[Astronomy]], [[Calendar]]|KeyConcepts=Spin - Axis phenomena}}
'''Yajnavalkya's 95-year cycle''' is a method of harmonizing the lunar and solar calendars. It was proposed by the ancient Indian sage [[Yajnavalkya]], who is believed to have lived around the 9th - 8th century BCE.{{Cn|date=November 2023}} He was described as the greatest Brahmajnyani by all the sages at the philosophical function organised by king [[Janaka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kak |first=Subhash |date=2011-01-01 |title=The Astronomical Code of the Ṛgveda (Third Edition) |url=https://www.academia.edu/45155909 |journal=Oklahoma State University}}</ref> This cycle of reconciliation is also known as ''Yajnavalkya Cycle''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[Yajnavalkya]] was Indian [[astronomer]] who studied about the motion of [[Sun]] and mentioned these theories in his work [[Shatapatha Brahmana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boutet |first=M. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WEqDwAAQBAJ&dq=yajnavalkya+95+years+cycle&pg=PA21 |title=Celtic Astrology from the Druids to the Middle Ages |date=2017-07-11 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7004-1 |language=en}}</ref> He invented a method of reconciling the [[lunar calendar]] and the [[solar calendar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} He described the 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the [[moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Interview/ Dr Subhash Kak |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/18inter.htm |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Arya |first=Vedveer |date=2020-01-01 |title=The Chronology of India: From Manu to Mahabharata |url=https://www.academia.edu/50941246 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123021758/https://www.academia.edu/50941246 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |journal=Aryabhata Publications}}</ref> It is mentioned as 95 year “Agnichayana” in the 6th Kānda of [[Shatapatha Brahmana]].<ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the Moon and consists of 12 months of 29.5 days each. This means that the lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than the solar calendar, which is based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The Yajnavalkya 95-year cycle corrects this difference by adding an extra month (Adhik Maasa) to the lunar calendar every 32.5 years. This means that there will be 71 lunar years and 70 solar years in a 95-year cycle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df5uDwAAQBAJ&dq=yajnavalkya+95+years+cycle&pg=PA27 |title=Rare Astronomical Sights and Sounds |date=2018-09-17 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-97701-0 |language=en}}</ref>

There is a logic behind this cycle that if the year is counted as 360 ''[[Tithi]]s'', then this leads to exactly 35 intercalary months (with a residual small error) in 95 years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Metonic Cycle ==
Yajnavalkya 95-years cycle consisted of five sub cycles of 19 years. The sub cycle of 19 years is called as [[Metonic cycle|Metonic Cycle]] in the modern times. The cycle of 19 years had been derived from the cycle of 95 years.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53094|sourcearticle=Yajnavalkya's 95 Years Cycle of Synchronisation}}
[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Early scientific cosmologies]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian astronomical works]]

Sathi Savithri

2026-03-05T18:06:55Z

Miteshsoni: fix lead based on references also and added references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathi Savithri
| image = SathiSavithriFilmPoster.jpg
| caption =
| director = P. R. Kaundanya
| producer = N. Vishweshwariah
| story = Chi Sadashivaiah
| writer = Chi Sadashivaiah (dialogues)
| screenplay = Chi Sadashivaiah
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Udaykumar]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[K. S. Ashwath]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = B. N. Haridas
| editing = T. Chakrapani
| studio = K V M Pictures
| distributor = K V M Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1965|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Sathi Savithri''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸತಿ ಸಾವಿತ್ರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by P. R. Kaundanya and produced by N. Vishweshwariah. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Udaykumar]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[K. S. Ashwath]]. The musical score for the film was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/sathi-savithri-1965|title=Sathi Savithri|accessdate=2015-01-26|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Sati-Savithri-1965/9219802453|title=Sathi Savithri|accessdate=2015-01-26|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[Udaykumar]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*B. Raghavendra Rao
*[[H. Ramachandra Shastry]]
*Krishnakumari
*[[B. Jayashree]]
*Rukmini Devi
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=February 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1414566}}

{{Savitri and Satyavan}}

[[Category:1965 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Jeevan Yatra

2026-03-03T23:14:22Z

Miteshsoni: fixed formatting for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeevan Yatra
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Master Vinayak]]
| producer = [[V Shantaram]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Nayantara|[[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jeevan Yatra''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = 0327987 |title =Jeevan Yatra }}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pratima (film)

2026-03-03T23:14:16Z

Miteshsoni: New post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratima
| image = Pratima (1945).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Paidi Jairaj]]
| producer = [[Bombay Talkies]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] Swarnalata [[Mumtaz Ali]] Shah Nawaz
| music = Arun Kumar Mukherjee
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1945|12|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Pratima''''' is a 1945 Indian [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]-language movie directed by [[Paidi Jairaj]]. The film was produced by [[Bombay Talkies]] and was the directorial debut of [[P. Jairaj]].<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Pratima (1945)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/pratima-movie/1321|website=gomolo.com|accessdate=4 November 2020|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133852/http://www.gomolo.com/pratima-movie/1321|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaran Lata]], [[Mumtaz Ali]], Shah Nawaz and [[Mukri]]. Swarn Lata was cast following her big success the preceding year, ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944). Mukri was cast in his debut role by [[Devika Rani]], who is stated to have "liked his smile and off-screen enthusiasm".<ref name="Narwekar">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-lkAAAAMAAJ&q=pratima |title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2005 |pages=106 |isbn=9788129108593 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref> The music direction was by Arun Kumar Mukherjee and the lyricist was [[Narendra Sharma]].<ref name=Hindigeetmala>{{cite web|title=Pratima|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/pratima_1945.htm|website=hindigeemala.net|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=4 November 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0448690|Pratima}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1945 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1945 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Bombay Talkies films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sufiyum Sujatayum

2026-03-03T09:39:08Z

Miteshsoni: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|2020 film by Naranipuzha Shanavas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sufiyum Sujatayum
| image = Sufiyum Sujathayum.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Naranipuzha Shanavas
| producer = [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
| writer = Naranipuzha Shanavas
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] [[Dev Mohan]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Anu Moothedath
| editing = Deepu Joseph
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|7|3}}
| country = India
| budget = 
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Sufiyum Sujatayum''''' ({{Translation|Sufi and Sujata}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic drama film]]. It is written and directed by Naranipuzha Shanavas, and produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] under his production company [[Friday Film House]]. It stars [[Jayasurya]] in the lead role along with [[Dev Mohan]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] in the title roles. It was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 3 July 2020. Actor [[Dev Mohan]] made his debut through this film.

==Plot==
Sujatha is a mute single daughter of Mallikarjunan and Kamala, a [[Hindu]] family. She is also a talented [[Kathak]] dancer. One day Sujatha meets [[Sufi]] on a bus. Sufi is a [[whirling dervish]] and a [[Muslim]] scholar who returns after an expedition to meet his [[Ustad]]. There he loses his [[misbaha]] (prayer beads), which Sujatha returns to him. Later, Sufi gifts his misbaha to Sujatha, which was a gift from his mother. Soon after, they fall in love and decide to elope. However, she decides to stay back when her father threatens suicide.Ten years later, she is married to a [[Non-residential Indian|NRI]] doctor named V. R. Rajeev, in Dubai with their daughter and thinks that love is lost.

Sufi returns to the village after ten years. Ustad is no more. Sufi visits his grave at the mosque cemetery. [[Imam]] finds him there and invites him inside. Sufi gives out the [[Adhan|call to prayer]] and gathers people. Unfortunately, he dies during that prayer. Sujatha is devastated by the news of Sufi's death. Rajeev, who madly loves Sujatha, decides to bring her back to the village to attend Sufi's burial which may help her say goodbye. They reach the funeral only after Sufi's body is in the process of burial. Rajeev pays a visit at the grave, since females aren't allowed inside.

Later that evening, Rajeev realizes that he has lost his [[passport]]. After searching for it everywhere, he concludes that it could've fallen from his pocket into Sufi's grave. Rajeev and Mallikarjunan decide to unearth the grave, together with their tenant Kumaran. But the trio ends up bickering with one another when they can't find the passport. Meanwhile, Sujatha arrives there with the passport, which she had hidden so she could return the misbaha, once the grave is unearthed. The couple catches flight to return to Dubai and she lay her head on Rajeev's shoulder.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayasurya]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr]] V. R. Rajeev, Sujatha's husband
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Sujatha, Rajeev's wife
* [[Dev Mohan]] as Sufi, Sujatha's former lover
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Mallikarjunan, Sujata's father
* [[Mamukkoya]] as [[Imam]] Salman Hassan
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Ashokan, Taxi Driver
* Madhumohan Kuttamparambath
* [[Kalarenjini]] as Kamala, Sujatha's mother
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Sujatha's grandmother
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Kumaran
* Swami Shoonya as Ustad Aboob
* Lohan Balan as Moosakka
* Priya Sunny as Air hostess
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Sufiyum Sujatayum'' is directed by Naranipuzha Shanavas, known for his debut directorial ''[[Karie]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2020 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum to being streaming on Amazon Prime Video from July 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sufiyum-sujatayum-amazon-prime-video-july-3-6471014 |access-date=22 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Producer [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] watched a preview screening of Karie and liked Shanavas' direction. After the premiere, Shanavas narrated the film's story to Babu and insisted him to act in the lead role. But as Babu insisted to elevate the story further, the scope of the project became bigger with the inclusion of [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and composer [[M. Jayachandran]]. Hence, he instead chose [[Jayasurya]] for the lead role, after he previously produced ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017) and [[Thrissur Pooram (film)|''Thrissur Pooram'']] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum producer Vijay Babu: Finding the right actor to play Sujata was the toughest task |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sufiyum-sujatayum-aditi-rao-hydari-vijay-babu-6483995/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Vijay Babu narrated the film's script to Jayasurya in mid-2019, which made the latter emotional; he described it as "a moment that he did not see on screen" expressing the emotional quotient of the film and did not read the script due to his confidence on it.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The film marked [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]'s return to Malayalam cinema after 14 years since ''[[Prajapathi]]'' (2006). On accepting the script, Hydari felt that she was drawn to the "fairytale-like quality" of the story adding that "The emotions of the characters are so flawed and yet so sweet and innocent that it almost felt unreal [...] It was an unreal world with real emotions".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-03 |title=I was drawn to 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' for its fable-like quality: Aditi Rao Hydari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jul/03/i-was-drawn-to-sufiyum-sujatayum-for-its-fable-like-quality-aditi-rao-hydari-2164945.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She described her character Sujata as "an embodiment of [that] true love, innocence and purity".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Rao Hydari: Once things get back to normal, I am sure theatres will regain their place |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aditi-rao-hydari-once-things-get-back-to-normal-i-am-sure-theatres-will-regain-their-place-1696193-2020-07-02 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=India Today |date=2 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Dev Mohan made his acting debut with the film. He auditioned for his role as Sufi in late-2017, and eventually selected for the role. For his character, he practised the moves of [[Sufi whirling|whirling]]—a Sufi meditation practiced by dervishing orders in circles—by watching videos in [[YouTube]]; Mohan described it as a difficult process as he used to feel dizzy and took him nine months for practising it. He also learnt Arabic for the character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-06-30 |title=Dev Mohan makes his acting début in 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' opposite Aditi Rao Hydari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-dev-mohan-who-makes-his-debut-in-sufiyum-sujatayum-releasing-on-amazon-prime/article59859493.ece |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was officially announced on 20 September 2019, with principal photography commencing the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2019 |title=Jayasurya to act with Aditi Rao Hydari in Sufiyum Sujatayum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayasurya-to-act-with-aditi-rao-hydari-in-sufiyum-sujatayum/articleshow/71212684.cms |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2019 |title=Jayasurya joins Aditi Rao in 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/21/jayasurya-joins-aditi-rao-in-sufiyum-sujathayum-2036662.html |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Anu Moothedath handled the cinematography. The film was shot in three locations across [[Gundlupet]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]; according to Moothedath, Aboob's house was set in Karnataka and Sujata's in Kerala. The river scenes were shot in [[Attappadi]]. As the crew could not find the appropriate places, the three locations were combined to appear as one location in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2020-07-10 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum was shot in three different locations: Cinematographer Anu Moothedath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jul/10/sufiyum-sujatayum-was-shot-in-three-different-locations-cinematographer-anu-moothedath-2167627.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot for 40 days.<ref name=":0" />
Aditi Rao Hydari was trained in sign language by [[Livin C. Lonakutty]].<ref>{{cite news|title = സൂഫിയും സുജാതയും; അതിഥി റാവുവിനെ ആംഗ്യഭാഷ പഠിപ്പിച്ച തൃശൂര്‍കാരന്‍ |url = https://www.doolnews.com/sufiyum-sujathayum-livin-from-thrissur-taught-bollywood-actor-aditi-rao-hydari-sign-language.html|publisher = doolnews |date = 4 July 2020|accessdate = 1 February 2021 |language = Malayalam }}</ref>

=== Costume design ===
Moothedath opted for vibrant colours for the flashback portions, and relatively muted colours in the present to reflect Sujata's mindset. He eventually refrained using blue coloured costumes, except for the saree which Sujata wears in the climax, as "I wanted the past settings to give off a magical vibe—a contrast to the stark reality of the present" and felt that the costumes, set design and light would be perfectly blend in order to achieve the right feeling.<ref name=":0" /> Sameera Sanesh was the costume designer. She was ensured to contrast the colours of costume between Aditi and Dev, as well the sets in the film.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Sufiyum Sujatayum (soundtrack)}}
The [[soundtrack]] and [[film score]] were composed by [[M Jayachandran]]. The soundtrack runs for over nineteen minutes and has seven tracks; sung by [[Sudeep Palanad]], Nithya Mammen, and [[Amrutha Suresh]]. Manoj Yadav and [[B. K. Harinarayanan]] were the lyricists.

== Release ==
''Sufiyum Sujatayum'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release but was eventually delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2020 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari and Jayasurya's 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' becomes first Malayalam release to get OTT release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-rao-hydari-and-jayasuryas-sufiyum-sujatayum-becomes-first-malayalam-release-to-get-ott-release/article31590039.ece |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2020 |title="Sufiyum Sujatayum" first Malayalam film to be released on OTT platform |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sufiyum-sujatayum-first-malayalam-film-to-be-released-on-ott-platform/1884958 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014709/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sufiyum-sujatayum-first-malayalam-film-to-be-released-on-ott-platform/1884958 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> In May 2020, [[Amazon Prime Video]] announced the slate of seven Indian films set for direct-to-digital release, with Sufiyum Sujatayum being one of them;<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Shibu |date=2020-05-16 |title='Soofiyum Sujathayum' set for digital release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/May/16/soofiyum-sujathayum-set-for-digital-release-2143908.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> it was the first Malayalam film to be released on digital platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sufiyum Sujathayum becomes first Malayalam film to get direct OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/15/sufiyum-sujathayum-becomes-first-malayalam-film-to-get-ott-release-18445.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|Although publications cited the same, the Malayalam-language film ''[[Fourth River]]'' (2020) was the first film to be released on digital platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendran |first=Sooraj |date=20 May 2020 |title=ജയസൂര്യ ചിത്രത്തിന് പിന്നാലെ 'Fourth River (നാലാം നദി )' ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസിന് ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു |work=[[Kalakaumudi]] |url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/movie/fourth-river-aka-naalam-nadi-is-the-first-malayalam-cinema-to-have-a-digital-release-2020-05-20 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>}} In June 2020, the film's scheduled premiere on 3 July 2020 was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2020-06-22 |title=Release date for 'Sufiyum Sujatayum' announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/release-date-sufiyum-sujatayum-announced-127100 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=Jayasurya, Aditi Rao Hydari's Malayalam film Sufiyum Sujatayum to premiere on 3 July on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jayasurya-aditi-rao-hydaris-malayalam-film-sufiyum-sujatayum-to-premiere-on-3-july-on-amazon-prime-video-8514941.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Giving a rating of three stars, Sanjith Sridharan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that Shanavas "managed to shed light on the struggles, societal presumptions and how ‘religion is just a person's opinion’, through subtle dialogues".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum Review : A soulful love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/sufiyum-sujatayum/ottmoviereview/76760389.cms |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nitya Punnackal of ''[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]'' wrote that Shanavas "tosses up a curious mix of a mystical storytelling etched in the genre of lingering romance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sufiyum Sujathayum review: A mystical tale laced with lingering romance |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2020/07/03/sufiyum-sujathayum-malayalam-movie-review-aditi-rao-jayasurya-vijay-babu.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

In a negative review, [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 summarising "Deceptive marketing might have been partly forgiven if Sufiyum Sujatayum had something worthwhile to offer."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum movie review: Jayasurya is more effective in his supporting role than the leads of this listless film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sufiyum-sujatayum-movie-review-jayasurya-is-more-effective-in-his-supporting-role-than-the-leads-of-this-listless-film-8555331.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The love and Sufism in ''Sufiyum Sujatayum'' disappointingly remains skin-deep, which is a tragedy considering the promise it held."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2020-07-03 |title='Sufiyum Sujatayum' movie review: Love and sufism disappointingly remains skin-deep |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sufiyum-sujatayum-movie-review-love-and-sufism-disappointingly-remains-skin-deep/article31980485.ece |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Sufiyum Sujatayum just feels like a lot of potential where the surface has barely been scratched."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum review: Beautiful but less impactful story of love |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sufiyum-sujatayum-review-a-beautiful-story-of-love-and-redemption-that-lacks-impact/story-CtGQxKKHKIUcN69bA2cY7K.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "for a film which is trying to say something so significant, something which bears repeating in these polarised times, it needed to have been much better."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum review: Aditi Rao Hydari starrer doesn't live up to its premise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sufiyum-sujatayum-movie-review-star-rating-6488119/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "''Sufiyum Sujatayum'' strives to be a simple love story—one that does not require explanations or footnotes—but the treatment makes it simplistic instead. A pity, because the idea had the potential to be so much more."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2020-07-02 |title='Sufiyum Sujatayum' review: Jayasurya-Aditi's film is a fairytale without depth |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/sufiyum-sujatayum-review-jayasurya-aditis-film-fairytale-without-depth-127828 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' described it as a classy romance that is too restrained and keeps viewers at arm's length.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Sufiyum Sujatayum On Amazon Prime Video, with Aditi Rao Hydari and Dev Mohan: A Classy Romance That's Too Restrained, And Keeps Us At An Arm's Length |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/sufiyum-sujatayum-amazon-prime-video-review-aditi-rao-hydari-dev-mohan-a-classy-romance-thats-too-restrained-and-keeps-us-at-an-arms-length-baradwaj-rangan-jayasurya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129105059/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/sufiyum-sujatayum-amazon-prime-video-review-aditi-rao-hydari-dev-mohan-a-classy-romance-thats-too-restrained-and-keeps-us-at-an-arms-length-baradwaj-rangan-jayasurya/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=FilmCompanion.}}</ref> He further wrote "the film ends up another reminder that a love story isn't quite a love story unless our hearts beat for the lovers as much as theirs beat for one another".<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Winner !! Notes !! Result !! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[51st Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director (song)]] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || For all Songs || {{Won}} || rowspan="5" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/51st-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-list-7574805 |title=51st Kerala State Film Awards: The full winners list |date=17 October 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Music Director (scores)]] || [[M. Jayachandran]] || || {{Won}}
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] || Nithya Maammen || For the song ''Vathikkalu Vellaripravu'' || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreographer]] || Lalitha Soby Babu Xavier || || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Sound Mixing || Ajith Abraham George || || {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|45th Kerala Film Critics Awards]] || Best Music Director || [[M. Jayachandran]] || For all songs || {{Won}} || rowspan="2" |<ref name="2020 award">{{cite news |title=Film Critics Awards 2020: The Great Indian Kitchen wins the best film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/13/film-critics-association-awards-45th-edition-winners-list-details.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Movie of the Year || ''Sufiyum Sujatayum'' || || {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Debutant Actor (Malayalam) ||[[Dev Mohan]]|| || {{Won}} || rowspan="5" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html |title=SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2019 and 2020 |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=OnManorama |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006205331/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer (Malayalam) || Nithya Maammen || For the song ''Vaathikkalu Vellaripravu'' || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer (Malayalam) || Sudeep Paland || For the song ''Alhamdulliah'' || {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist (Malayalam) || B. K. Harinarayanan || For the song ''Vaathikkalu Vellaripravu'' || {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer (Malayalam) || Anu Moothedathu || || {{Nom}}
|-
| J C Daniel Film Award || Best Music Director (scores) || [[M. Jayachandran]] || For all songs || {{Won}} || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Nov/16/jc-daniel-foundation-film-award-2020-ennivar-disha-share-best-film-honours-2384290.html |title=JC Daniel Foundation Film Award 2020: 'Ennivar', 'Disha' share best film honours |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10976066}}

{{Friday Film House}}

[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in the United Arab Emirates]]

Rajanadai

2026-03-03T05:11:20Z

Miteshsoni: New a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajanadai
| image = Rajanadai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekar]]
| screenplay = S. A. Chandrasekar
| story = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| producer = Shoba Chandrasekhar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Gautami]]|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]|[[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]]}}
| cinematography = Indhu Chakravarthy
| editing = D. Shyam Mukherjee
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[V. V. Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|10|28}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajanadai''''' ({{translation|Royal Walk}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekar]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Gautami]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]] and [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]. It was released on 28 October 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajanadai ( 1989 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=rajanadai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410171756/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=rajanadai |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Hindi]] by Chandrasekhar as ''[[Jeevan Ki Shatranj]]'' (1993)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=369}}</ref> and in Bangladesh as ''Baba'' in (2003).

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2023}}
Vijayakanth, an honest [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|C.I.D.]] inspector, is married to Seetha and they have a daughter Shamili. Vijayakanth has enough evidence to arrest a dangerous criminal Tiger Kaali. Vijayakanth befriends Rekha, a C.I.D inspector, without knowing that she is Seetha's friend. Seetha compels Rekha to live with them. Seetha has blood cancer but she conceals this from her husband. When her husband and her friend know this news, they decide to go to the United States for treatment but Kaali manages to kill Seetha and erases the proofs. Vijayakanth is now more determined to catch him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as CID Inspector Vijayakanth
*[[Gautami]] as Rekha
*[[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]] as Thenmozhi
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Pandian
*[[Charan Raj]] as Tiger Kaali
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Chakravarthy
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Shamili|Baby Shamili]] as Shamili
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Suryakanth]]
*[[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Jail Superintendent
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] in a Special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Nadai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswananthan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/raja-nadai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswananthan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112005303/https://mossymart.com/product/raja-nadai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswananthan/ |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajanadai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rajanadai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1183221366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112005453/https://music.apple.com/us/album/rajanadai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1183221366 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Kasthuri Maankutti" (sad)|| [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=3|[[Pulamaipithan]] || 4:37
|-
| "Kasthuri Maankutti" (duet) || [[P. Jayachandran]], K. S. Chithra || 4:32
|-
| "Kasthuri Maankutti" (solo) || K. S. Chithra, Baby Varalakshmi || 1:27
|-
| "Onnum Rendum" || [[Vani Jairam]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:46
|-
| "Thendralukku Thaai" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 5:02
|-
| "Ulley Vanthathu" || [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || Pulamaipithan || 5:19
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Rajanadai'' was released on 28 October 1989, alongside another Vijayakanth starrer ''[[Dharmam Vellum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=நவநீதகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பா ஸ்டாலின் |date=28 October 2022 |title=1989 Diwali Release Movies: தீபாவளினா... இது தான் தீபாவளி... ரிலீஸ் ஆன எல்லா படமும் ஹிட்... மறக்க முடியாத 1989! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/1989-diwali-release-movies-anbu-kattalai-dravidan-mappillai-pudhu-pudhu-arthangal-rajanadai-thangamana-raasa-vaathiyaar-veettu-pillai-vetri-vizha-81482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028070134/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/1989-diwali-release-movies-anbu-kattalai-dravidan-mappillai-pudhu-pudhu-arthangal-rajanadai-thangamana-raasa-vaathiyaar-veettu-pillai-vetri-vizha-81482 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that on one hand, there was a desire to express the sentiment of affection for wife, child and family, and on the other hand, there was a desire to take revenge on anti-social forces; director Chandrasekhar tried to bind the fans by separating the two, and the rope was not strong.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=10 December 1989 |title=ராஜ நடை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-12-10/page/n37/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230430031527/https://archive.org/details/kalki1989-12-10/page/n37/mode/2up |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=30 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=38 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1385966}}

{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pandian (film)

2026-03-03T04:58:05Z

Miteshsoni: New a info

{{short description|1992 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pandian film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| story = [[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]]
| producer = S. P. Muthuraman
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Jayasudha]]}}
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Visaalam Productions
| released = {{film date|1992|10|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pandian''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] produced and directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]]. It is a remake of the 1991 [[Kannada]] film ''Bombay Dada'' which starred Prabhakar, who portrayed the antagonist of this film. The film was released on 25 October 1992 during [[Diwali]] and performed averagely at the box office.

== Plot ==
Ashok Kumar "Ashok" [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, discovers hoarded ammunition and drugs during a raid at [[Vedaranyam]] harbour. The influential gangster‑exporter Parameshwaran's men capture him, and Parameshwaran orders his right‑hand man, Philips, to kill him. Pandian returns to his hometown after six years, clashing with his sister, [[Inspector]] Vijayalakshmi "Vijaya", a strict rule‑follower. He fights goons disturbing public peace, but Vijaya arrests him despite public support. His friend, photographer Vinayagam, and the townspeople bail him out. At home, Pandian hides what he's been doing for the past six years. Vijaya disapproves of Pandian's violent methods, even though he fights for the right cause. She sees him as useless, yet he clears the family's debts.

Pandian arranges for the groom's family to meet Vijaya for her marriage, but she makes their younger sister Rani dress as the bride. Pandian covers Rani's marriage expenses, and she gets married. On New Year's Eve, a dance battle between Pandian and Vinayagam's niece, Rekha, takes place. The challenge: the loser must kiss the winner. Pandian refuses to accept the kiss from Rekha, which makes her instantly fall in love with him. Vinayagam loves Rekha one‑sidedly, but Pandian mistakenly thinks Vinayagam loves Rekha's friend Mala. Rekha lies to Vinayagam, saying Mala loves Pandian. Vinayagam soon learns Rekha's feelings for Pandian and informs him. During a fake‑police raid at a club owned by Rekha's father, Rajendran, Pandian intervenes, beats the fake cops, and earns Rajendran's trust, getting appointed as the club's chief security officer.

Meanwhile, Vijaya receives a call from Sathya saying her toddler Priya is missing. Unable to locate Priya, Vijaya is shattered. Her family is stunned to learn that Priya is her biological daughter. Vijaya reveals her past: five years earlier, she was in love with IPS officer Ashok. After they consummated, Ashok vanished on a secret mission and never returned. Keeping it hidden, Vijaya moved to [[Bengaluru]], gave birth to Priya, and raised her under Sathya's care. It's revealed that Pandian already knew about Vijaya's past, and to reunite her with Priya, he staged Priya's "missing" incident and brought her home. Vijaya, with a change of heart, accepts Pandian staying with them and acknowledges his love for Rekha.

Rajendran entrusts a valuable consignment to Pandian for transport to Vedaranyam, meant for Parameshwaran. Periyasamy learns of the shipment and orders his goons to hijack it. En route, Pandian is ambushed by Periyasamy's brother Chinnasamy and his men, but he slips through and reaches Vedaranyam. Pandian is shocked to spot Ashok's distinctive bracelet on Philips. Parameshwaran, impressed by Pandian's bravery, offers him a place in his gang, but he declines. Back home, Vijaya recognizes the bracelet as the one she gifted to Ashok. Fearing danger, she hides the truth from Pandian and secures a voluntary transfer to Vedaranyam. In Vedaranyam, Vijaya saves a press reporter from Periyasamy and Chinnasamy. Their goons retaliate, but Pandian intervenes and rescues her.

Despite her disapproval, Pandian joins Parameshwaran's gang. Investigating the villagers, Vijaya learns Ashok was last seen with Parameshwaran's men, deepening her suspicion. She confronts Parameshwaran, who denies any knowledge of Ashok. Departmental pressure mounts on her to stay away from Parameshwaran's business. Rekha follows Pandian to Vedaranyam but pretends to be indifferent. Pandian, trying to stir jealousy, gets close to dancer Reeta. Periyasamy and Chinnasamy inform Parameshwaran that Pandian is Vijaya's brother, shocking him. Suspecting Pandian of spying, Parameshwaran orders a corrupt [[Superintendent of police|SP]] to eliminate Vijaya, just as they did with Ashok. Pandian overhears the plot and rushes to protect his sister.

Vijaya is lured to a mountain forest with a false claim that Pandian is in danger. A scuffle erupts were Vijaya accidentally shoots Periyasamy and Chinnasamy. She is arrested, handcuffed, and paraded for public humiliation. At that moment, Pandian appears in an IPS uniform, shocking everyone, and takes custody of her. He reveals to Vijaya that her lover Ashok was his close friend in [[Delhi]] and that he was secretly assigned to locate the missing Ashok. Pandian also shares that, according to the conversation he overheard, Ashok is dead. Vijaya clarifies that she didn't shoot the brothers; the gun was actually fired and then planted by Philips into her hands. To free Vijaya, Pandian captures Philips and forces him to confess and write stating that Parameshwaran ordered the murders of Chinnasamy and Periyasamy and framed Vijaya. Armed with this proof, Pandian arrests Parameshwaran and parades him publicly.

In court, Parameshwaran's lawyer claims Philips had lost both hand fingers in an accident and is mute, arguing the confession couldn't have been written by him. He produces fabricated evidence and suggests Vijaya might have killed Ashok out of revenge. The judge acquits Parameshwaran and Philips but sentences Vijaya to life for the murders of Ashok, Chinnasamy, and Periyasamy. Vijaya urges Pandian to quit the police, embrace his earlier violent methods, and fight for justice. Pandian beats the perjury‑witness doctor, the corrupt SP, and Parameshwaran's lawyer, dragging them before the judge. The judge reopens the case after learning that, under Parameshwaran's bribe, Philips's fingers and tongue were surgically removed while in custody.

Pandian beats Philips and Parameshwaran's henchmen, and finally engages in a one‑to‑one fight with Parameshwaran. Meanwhile, Parameshwaran has kidnapped Rekha, Priya, and Meenakshiammal. In a desperate move, he handcuffs himself to Pandian with a time bomb, planning to die together with Pandian and his family. With two minutes left, Pandian cuts off Parameshwaran's hand and escapes just as the bomb detonates, killing Parameshwaran. The film ends with Vijayalakshmi released from prison and happily reunited with her family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Pandian [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Rekha
* [[Janagaraj]] as Vinayagam
* [[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]] as Parameshwaran
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Rajendran, Rekha's father
* [[Charan Raj]] in a guest appearance as Ashok Kumar "Ashok" IPS
* [[Radha Ravi]] in a guest appearance as Parameshwaran's advocate
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] in a guest appearance as a public prosecutor
* Rocky as Philips
* [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Chinnasamy
* [[Prathapachandran]] as the [[Superintendent of police|SP]]
* [[K. Natraj|Natraj]] as a press reporter
* [[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as the groom's father
* [[LIC Narasimhan|V. Narasimhan]] as the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]]
* [[Typist Gopu]] as [[Constable]] Kannaiyan
* Nagaraja Cholan as Parameshwaran's henchman
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Meenakshiammal, Pandian's mother
* [[Monica (Tamil actress)|Baby Monisha]] as Priya, Vijaya's daughter
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Reeta
* Anuja as Mala, Rekha's friend
* [[Pasi Sathya|Sathya]] as Sathya, Vijaya's maid
* [[Jayasudha]] as [[Inspector]] Vijayalakshmi "Vijaya"
* [[Ponnambalam]] in an uncredited role as a goon
}}

== Production ==
Rajinikanth decided to make a low-budget film with director S. P. Muthuraman. Muthuraman produced the film under his production banner Visaalam Productions, named after his mother. Although not being a producer, Rajinikanth took care of production duties of the film along with [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]. Rajinikanth decided to act in the film to contribute to the retirement fund of main crew members of the Muthuraman team who were regulars in most of the latter's films.<ref name="visaalam" /> The film title was initially titled ''Nanban'' ({{translation|Friend}}) before being retitled to ''Pandian''.<ref name="Deepavali releases" /> It was Muthuraman's penultimate film as director,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 December 2009 |title=Musings, the Muthuraman way |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Musings-the-Muthuraman-way/article16851341.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925211351/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Musings-the-Muthuraman-way/article16851341.ece |archive-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> and remade from the 1991 [[Kannada]] film ''Bombay Dada''. [[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]], who acted as that film's protagonist, portrayed a different role in ''Pandian'', the antagonist.<ref name="IE review" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |pages=150 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref> Rajinikanth acted in the film without taking any remuneration.<ref name="visaalam">{{Cite news |date=31 December 2012 |title=எஸ்.பி.முத்துராமன் யூனிட்டின் உதவிக்காக ரஜினி நடித்துக் கொடுத்த 'பாண்டியன்' |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/31223412/sp-muthuraman-unit-help-rajini.html |url-status=dead |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031101703/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/31223412/sp-muthuraman-unit-help-rajini.html |archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> This would be the last film in Rajinikanth portrayed a police officer until the release of ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Rajini's 'Darbar' releases to a full house |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/rajini-s-darbar-releases-to-a-full-house-792979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210102050323/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/rajini-s-darbar-releases-to-a-full-house-792979.html |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandian (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000578 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140304065309/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000578 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> while his son [[Karthik Raja]] composed "Pandianin Rajyathil", his first song.<ref name="NST" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ulagathukaaga
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Adi Jumba
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 6:00
| title3 = Anbe Nee Enna
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Pandiayana Kokka Kokka
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = Mano
| length4 = 4:56
| title5 = Pandiyanin Rajiyathil
| lyrics5 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra5 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:44
| total_length = 26:10
}}

== Release ==
''Pandiyan'' was released on 25 October 1992, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 1992 |title=Pandian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025053114/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Though Muthuraman's wife died 10 days before, he refused the crew's suggestion to postpone the release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2013 |title=மனைவி மறைந்த துயரத்தை அடக்கிக்கொண்டு 'பாண்டியன்' படத்தை முடித்து வெளியிட்டார், முத்துராமன் |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/01215350/Wife-death-suppressed-sorrow-P.html |url-status=dead |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031101710/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/01215350/Wife-death-suppressed-sorrow-P.html |archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> The film opened up against other Diwali releases such as ''[[Thevar Magan]]'', ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'', ''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]'' and ''[[Rasukutty]]''.<ref name="Deepavali releases" /> Due to facing competition from ''Thevar Magan'', ''Pandiyan'' achieved only moderate success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Akshay |date=17 September 2015 |title=Thoongavanam vs Kabali: Kamal Haasan meets Rajinikanth on the battlefield |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thoongavanam-vs-kabali-kamal-haasan-meets-rajinikanth-on-the-battlefield-263430-2015-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629183710/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thoongavanam-vs-kabali-kamal-haasan-meets-rajinikanth-on-the-battlefield-263430-2015-09-17 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Even though it made some money, the money grossed was used for the retirement fund of Muthuraman's crew.<ref name="visaalam" />

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "a typical Rajini film; a mishmash of all ingredients formulated to please his fans".<ref name="IE review" /> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "This 135-minute movie is only for hard-core Rajini fans".<ref name="NST" /> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Muthuraman for taking a simple knot and making it interesting for seventeen reels which clearly shows his experience.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=15 November 1992 |title=பாண்டியன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-15/page/44/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231031142609/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-15/page/44/mode/2up |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=18 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=44 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Deepavali releases">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 October 1992 |title=Deepavali releases |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921016&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=30 October 1992 |title=Grab it, you fans |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="NST">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=21 November 1992 |title=Hackneyed plot and unconvincing fighting scenes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A69UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5916%2C147744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516034947/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A69UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5916%2C147744 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0318540}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 action films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Islam in Maharashtra

2026-02-24T21:18:18Z

Miteshsoni: starting first data from scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{MCN|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Muslims in Maharashtra
| image = Haji Ali Dargah 2.JPG
| caption =The [[shrine]] of [[Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]], Mumbai
| population = 12,971,152 (2011 census) (11.5% of the state population)
| regions = Significant minority in [[Marathwada]] and [[Mumbai]] region
| langs = [[Urdu]] {{*}} [[Marathi language|Marathi]] {{*}} [[Konkani language|Konkani]] {{*}} [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| religions =
| related_groups =
| rawimage =
}}

[[Islam]] is the second largest religion in [[Maharashtra]], India, comprising 12,971,152 people which is 11.54% of the population. Muslims are largely concentrated in urban areas of the state, especially in [[Mumbai]] and the [[Marathwada]] region. There are several groups of Muslims in Maharashtra: [[Marathi Muslims|Marathi]] and [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani]] Muslims, whose native language is various dialects of Marathi and Konkani, [[Deccanis|Dakhni Muslims]], whose native language is Dakhni Urdu, and more recent Urdu-speaking migrants from North India.

== History ==

=== Early history ===
The [[Konkan Coast]], like other regions along the western coast of India, long had trade relations with the Arab world. The first presence of Islam in what is today Maharashtra comes from Arab traders arriving on the Konkan coast in the 7th and 8th centuries. These Arab traders often married local women and settled down to form their own communities. This community of Konkani Muslims maintained many ties with Arabs and became known as prominent traders.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Chapter Three. Later Settlement Of Sufis In Bijapur |date=2015-12-31 |work=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |pages=45–80 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868155-010 |access-date=2024-11-20 |publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400868155-010 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the rest of Maharashtra, the first time Islam was brought there was when [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]] raided [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri]], capital of the Yadava dynasty, in 1296. [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] reluctantly agreed to pay tribute to the Delhi Sultanate and become his tributary. In 1308, [[Malik Kafur]], under Alauddin Khilji, conquered Devagiri and renamed it to Daulatabad. This was the beginning of Islamic rule over western Maharashtra. During this time, many Sufi saints came to the region and spread Islam among common people, although the vast majority remained non-Muslim. During the 14th century, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] attempted to shift his capital to Daulatabad, but soon gave up and moved back to Delhi. However many of the North Indian migrants who came during the move stayed under the Sultanate governors. Originally concentrated in the region around Daulatabad, these migrants and their descendants slowly spread throughout the Deccan, bringing their Hindustani dialect and culture. These formed the basis of the Dakhni Muslims, which grew both by further migration and adoption of Islam by many local non-Muslims.<ref name=":1" />

Islamic ideals were percolated through the population by vernacular literature such as ''charkha-nama'' (literally spinning-wheel songs), songs written in Dakhni which would have been sung by women spinning thread. These songs contained Islamic ideals and values and greatly influenced popular religious practice. After the death of a Sufi, their power as mystical beings often resulted in large followings amongst both Muslims and non-Muslims both while they were alive and often even more so after their death. This veneration of ''pirs'' resulted in some non-Muslim communities adopting more Islamic ideals that they started self-identifying as Muslims, such as a large body from the Hindu [[Salvi (caste)|Sali]] and [[Koshta]] weaving communities.<ref name=":1" />

In 1347, during the [[rebellion of Ismail Mukh]], [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Alauddin Bahman Shah]] declared his independence from the Delhi Sultanate, forming the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. These sultans, who were ruling over a population that was overwhelmingly non-Muslim, did not follow the advice of their Maulvis to impose strict Shariah in their territories for all citizens. Although the Delhi Sultans did destroy temples, as did the early Bahamani sultans, they never faced much opposition from the still-powerful Hindu nobility. In the last two decades of Bahamani rule, the kingdom split into five different sultanates: [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=G.T. |date=1991 |title=Deccan (maharashtra) Under the Muslim Rulers from Khaljis to Shivaji: A Study in Interaction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930434 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=51/52 |pages=501–510 |jstor=42930434 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref> These Deccan Sultanates were a magnet for migrants from various Muslim regions, mainly Persia and Arabia. These migrants obtained high positions in the courts of the sultanates. However in the Bahmani Sultanate, a rift erupted between ''mulkis'' (local Deccanis) and non-''mulkis'' (migrants from other parts of the Muslim world), which became court factions. The rivalry between these two factions helped to destabilize the Bahmani Sultanate in its later years and led to its breakup.<ref name=":1" />

The northern Konkan coast was ruled by the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. This region, especially the islands that would make up Mumbai, were constantly being fought over by the Gujarat and Bahamani sultans until the Portuguese arrival. The sultans constructed numerous mosques and dargahs on the various islands, the most famous being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]]. In 1535, the Gujarat sultanate signed a treaty ceding all of the northern Konkan coast to the Portuguese, ending Islamic rule in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=G. T. |date=1974 |title=Some Observations on the Medieval History of the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931021 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |volume=34 |issue=1/4 |pages=91–102 |jstor=42931021 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref>

The Khandesh region of North Maharashtra was formerly ruled by the Hindu Chauhans of [[Asirgarh Fort|Asirgarh]] (now Burhanpur), who were overthrown by Alauddin Khilji. The region was then annexed to the Delhi Sultanate, but like the rest of the Deccan, eventually broke away from Delhi to form the Bahmani Sultanate. However the Farooquis, a family claiming Sayyid origin, soon declared their independence from the Bahmanis to form the Khandesh Sultanate. This sultanate had a Muslim aristocracy but was largely populated by tribal Bhils and Kolis. The Sultanate ruled for 100 years as a tributary of Gujarat and Bahmanis before being conquered by Akbar in the late 16th century.

South of Mumbai was the state of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], founded by a Sheedi Muslim commander who defeated the local ruler, Ramrao Patil, and put himself under the overlordship of the Bijapur Sultans. When the Portuguese arrived and the Ottomans resisted their entry to the Indian Ocean, Janjira played an important role as an Ottoman ally.

The Sultanates continued Muslim rule, although they relied heavily on Hindu jagirdars, especially [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], for collection of taxes and maintaining their armies. During this time, a composite Hindu-Muslim syncretism developed, sometimes sponsored by the sultans themselves. [[Sheikh Muhammad]], a notable Sufi from Ahmednagar, also became a venerated Bhakti saint. [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Ibrahim Adlil Shah II]] was also called 'Jagadguru', and patronized both Hindu and Muslim religious and literary figures.<ref name=":0" />

However gradually the Deccan Sultanates consolidated. Berar was conquered by Ahmednagar, and Bidar by Bijapur. In 1591, Emperor [[Akbar]] asked all the Deccan sultans to acknowledge his rule. When none did, Akbar attacked Ahmednagar, which was defended by [[Chand Bibi]]. Chand Bibi repulsed Akbar's invasion, but from then on the Ahmednagar sultans had to contend with Mughal power. Under the regency of [[Malik Ambar]], a Habshi slave-turned ruler, Ahmednagar successfully led a guerrilla campaign to defeat the Mughal invaders. The grandfather and father of [[Shivaji]], [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]] and [[Shahaji]], served Ambar during his campaigns, and later became a feudatory of the Bijapur sultanate. After Malik Ambar's death, the new Mughal governor, Aurangzeb, waged constant wars against the Deccan Sultans, and annexed Ahmednagar in 1636 after defeating Shahaji. Aurangzeb began to encroach on Bijapur's territory.

Starting in the 1650s, Shahaji's son, Shivaji, began to carve a territory for himself out of the jagir his father held around Pune. He soon came into conflict with the Bijapur Sultans, and defeated their commander [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]. Although he was Hindu, Shivaji had no compunctions in allying himself with Muslim powers. He once offered his aid to Aurangzeb in his conquest of Bijapur. He also employed Muslims in his army, and one of his naval commanders, [[Daulat Khan (admiral)|Daulat Khan]], was a Muslim. In 1657, his conflict with the Mughals began, and continued until the end of his life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burman |first=J. J. Roy |date=2001 |title=Shivaji's Myth and Maharashtra's Syncretic Traditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410485 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=14/15 |pages=1226–1234 |jstor=4410485 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

The Marathas continued to struggle against Mughal rule in western Maharashtra throughout Aurangzeb's reign. However in the rest of Maharashtra, Mughal rule continued. Maharashtra was under six Mughal subahs: [[Khandesh]], [[Bijapur]], [[Berar Subah|Berar]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]] and [[Bidar]]. After Aurangzeb's death, these territories passed to [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], who later broke away forming [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]] in 1724 after losing favour at the Imperial court. He still claimed to be a vassal. However Nizam-ul-Mulk soon had to contend with the Marathas, who after Aurangzeb's death, began to expand into north India and the rest of the Deccan. Nizam-ul-Mulk at first defeated the Marathas and even captured Pune in 1727, but was defeated in the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 and signed a treaty allowing the Marathas to collect Chauth payments from the entire Deccan. The Marathas exercised suzerainty over the Konkan and the entirety of western Maharashtra, while the Nizams continued to control Marathwada.

Far-eastern Maharashtra, present-day [[Nagpur division]], was ruled by the [[Gonds of Deogarh]]. In 1666 Gond ruler [[Bakht Buland Shah|Bhagtu]] came to Aurangzeb's court and became Muslim, taking the name Bakht Buland Shah. He invited cultivators and artisans, both Hindu and Muslim, to settle in the plains areas of his kingdom for its development. He founded the city of [[Nagpur]]. After the death of his son, [[Chand Sultan]], squabbles among Chand Sultan's heirs led to a Maratha intervention. The Marathas became the rulers of Nagpur state and the Gond rulers became jagirdars. Afterwards the Marathas wrested control of Berar from the Nizams, but in 1803 the British, after the first Anglo-Maratha war, returned Berar to the Nizams. However the Nizams soon ceded Berar to the British.

=== Modern history ===
After the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the British took over their domains. Western Maharashtra became part of the Bombay Presidency, headquartered in Bombay. During the 19th century, Muslims migrated to Mumbai in large numbers: some wealthy Bohra traders, while many [[Julaha]] weavers moved to Mumbai to work in the textile mills there. These mill workers were joined by many Marathas who moved to Mumbai for the same purpose. Similarly was the settlement of [[Malegaon]] in Nashik district. Some upper class Muslims, such as [[Badruddin Tyabji]], were westernized. Tyabji became a lawyer and established many educational institutions. In 1893, communal tensions over cow slaughter turned into a full-scale riot in Mumbai. After this many syncretic traditions, such as the participation of Hindus in [[Muharram]] festivities, became much less common, partly due to the influence of nationalists like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who organized the first public Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations partly to provide an alternative to Muharram.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyay |first=Shashi Bhushan |date=1989 |title=Communalism and Working Class: Riot of 1893 in Bombay City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4395135 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=24 |issue=30 |pages=PE69–PE75 |jstor=4395135 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Marathwada was particularly under the influence of the [[Khilafat Movement]] in 1924 due to its large Muslim population. Later in 1948, the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razarkar]] movement under [[Kasim Razvi|Qasim Rizvi]] was strong in the same region. The Razarkars forced many Hindus and other pro-Indian people out of Hyderabad, and after the Indian army liberated Hyderabad, there was significant anti-Muslim violence in Marathwada as elsewhere in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purushotham |first=Sunil |date=April 2015 |title=Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417515000092/type/journal_article |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=435–466 |doi=10.1017/S0010417515000092 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the 1980s Muslims, especially in Mumbai, faced attacks from organizations such as Shiv Sena. In 1993, after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]], large-scale rioting broke out between Hindus and Muslims in Mumbai. In retaliation, [[Dawood Ibrahim]], a noted underworld don and Mumbai native, orchestrated the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay Bombings]].

== Economic situation ==
Muslims in Maharashtra are mainly an urban community. Economically they are much poorer than the general population, and 38% of Muslims described themselves as 'workers'. 70% of Muslim workers are employed in semi-skilled or skilled manual labour, with fewer engaged in agricultural cultivation or labour. Although for Muslim women workers in rural areas agricultural labour is the dominant occupation. Much like the general population, Muslims are facing major unemployment especially for the youth and those living in urban areas. Muslims have a higher proportion of landless or those with small landholdings compared to the general population, and in urban areas mostly live in ghettoes without basic amenities. Higher fractions of Muslims live in slums compared to the general population. Average loan amounts given by banks is lower for Muslims compared to Buddhist or Sikh minorities. Muslims also have more political and administrative under-representation compared to the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Vibhuti |date=September 2013 |title=Socio-economic Profile of Muslims in Maharashtra |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085713494307 |journal=Social Change |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=481–493 |doi=10.1177/0049085713494307 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], Muslims have a population of 12,971,152 in Maharashtra and make up 11.54% of the population. This is an increase from the 2001 census, when they made up 10.60% of the population. The vast majority of Muslims in Maharashtra live in urban areas: 73%, compared to 45% for Maharashtra as a whole.<ref name="demographics" /> Overall Muslims are most concentrated in Marathwada, which was formerly part of Hyderabad State, and the Mumbai metropolitan area. Nagpur division in eastern Vidarbha, which was under direct Muslim rule very briefly, has a very low concentration of Muslims except for Nagpur city, and in rural areas there nearly the entire population is non-Muslim.<ref name="demographics" />

[[Malegaon]] and [[Bhiwandi]], both centres of the textile industry, have Muslim majorities. Other cities with a large Muslim population are [[Nanded]] and [[Aurangabad]].<ref name="demographics" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Muslim population in districts of Maharashtra
!District
!Muslim population<ref name="demographics">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Muslim %
|-
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
|320,743
|7.06
|-
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|357,253
|19.70
|-
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|421,410
|14.59
|-
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|786,677
|21.25
|-
|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|26,502
|2.21
|-
|[[Beed district|Beed]]
|320,395
|12.39
|-
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|354,236
|13.70
|-
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|92,297
|4.19
|-
|[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|187,901
|9.16
|-
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|21,063
|1.96
|-
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|26,157
|1.98
|-
|[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|127,552
|10.83
|-
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|560,261
|13.25
|-
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|274,221
|14.00
|-
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|286,558
|7.39
|-
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|367,664
|14.98
|-
|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
|773,173
|25.06
|-
|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|1,795,788
|19.19
|-
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|390,974
|8.40
|-
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|471,951
|14.04
|-
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|96,182
|5.84
|-
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|693,052
|11.35
|-
|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
|178,925
|10.79
|-
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|172,185
|5.76
|-
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|306,364
|16.69
|-
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|673,704
|7.14
|-
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|227,465
|8.64
|-
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|187,197
|11.59
|-
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|239,607
|8.49
|-
|[[Satara district|Satara]]
|146,970
|4.89
|-
|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|26,264
|3.09
|-
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|441,254
|10.22
|-
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1,183,445
|14.66
|-
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|53,854
|4.14
|-
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|142,672
|11.92
|-
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|239,236
|8.63
|-
|'''Maharastra'''
|12,971,152
|'''11.54'''
|}

== See also ==

* [[Christianity in Maharashtra]]
* [[Islam in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islam in India by region}}

[[Category:Islam in Maharashtra| ]]

Alexander Edezath

2026-02-20T09:03:19Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic bishop}}
{{Infobox bishop
| honorific_prefix = His Excellency
| name = Alexander Edezath
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin| Bishop of Cochin| 32th Bishop of Cochin|]]
| image = Bp_Edezhath.png
| diocese = Roman catholic [[Diocese of Cochin]]
| predecessor = [[José Vieira Alvernaz]]
| successor = [[Joseph Kureethara]]
| appointed = 19 June 1952
| began = 7 December 1952 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkure.html]
| ended = 29 August 1975 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkure.html]
| consecration = 7 Dec 1952
| consecrated_by = Manuel Cardinal Gonçalves Cerejeira[https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkure.html]
| death_date = 21 August 1979[https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkure.html]
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| caption = Alexander Edezhath
}}
{{Infobox bishop styles
| name=
| dipstyle= [[The Right Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[The Right Reverend]]
| relstyle= [[Bishop]]
| image =
| image_size =
}}
'''Alexander Edezath'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Alexander Edezath [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bedezath.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> (26 October 1904 - 21 August 1979) was a [[Roman Catholic]] [[bishop]]. Born in [[Kumbalangi]], he was the 32nd bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]] from 19 June 1952 until 29 August 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KCBC Site |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/DioceseDetails/22 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=kcbc.co.in |archive-date=2024-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111175510/https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/DioceseDetails/22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Cochin, India 🇮🇳 |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=GCatholic}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[José Vieira Alvernaz]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Cochin|years=1952–1975}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Joseph Kureethara]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Edezath, Alexander}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Vidrohi (TV series)

2026-02-15T14:55:41Z

Miteshsoni: created the data initial version

{{Short description|Indian pre-independence period drama}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vidrohi poster.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = Subrat Sinha Dr Bodhisattva
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sharad Malhotra]]
*[[Hemal Ingle|Hemal Dev]]
*[[Sulagna Panigrahi]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 126 
| executive_producer =
| producer = Subrat Sinha Dr Bodhisattva
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21–24 minutes
| company = Gatha Productions
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2021|10|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|03|05}}
| related =
}}
'''''Vidrohi''''' ({{Translation|''Rebel''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[historical drama]] television series which premiered on 11 October 2021 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-to-shift-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-for-vidrohi-lanunch/|title= Star Plus to shift 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali' for 'Vidrohi' launch|website=Biz Asia|date=29 September 2021|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/star-plus-brings-new-show-vidrohi-in-october-317357|title=Star Plus brings new show Vidrohi in October|website=[[The Tribune]]|date=28 September 2021|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> It is also digitally available on [[Hotstar]]. Produced by Gatha Productions, it stars [[Sharad Malhotra]], [[Hemal Ingle|Hemal Dev]] and [[Sulagna Panigrahi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hemal-dev-on-her-warrior-princess-role-in-new-show-vidrohi/articleshow/86584007.cms|title=Hemal Dev on playing a warrior-princess role in new show, Vidrohi|website=Times Of India|date=28 September 2021 }}</ref> The series is based on the times of the pre-independence [[British Raj|British Era]] and explores the life-journey of [[Odia people|Odia]] freedom fighter [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]]. After a run of 5 months the series concluded on 5 March 2022 due to low ratings.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sharad Malhotra on ''Vidrohi'' concluding within 5 months|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sharad-malhotra-on-vidrohi-ending-in-just-five-months-it-is-human-to-feel-disappointed-when-all-good-things-come-to-an-end-but-life-moves-on-and-so-do-we/articleshow/89996623.cms|website=Times of India|date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in [[Odisha]] 1817, in the backdrop of [[Paika Rebellion]], [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]], a rebel fights for the rights of his citizens against the [[British Raj|British Era]]. Apart from the rebellion, the story focuses on his personal life. He is married to Radhamani. However, due to a political alliance formed against the British East India Company, Bakshi is forced to marry Warrior-Princess Kalyani daughter of Maharaja Mukund.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sharad Malhotra]] as [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]] (Jagabandhu Vidyadhar Mahapatra): Radhamani and Kalyani's husband. (2021–2022)
* [[Hemal Ingle|Hemal Dev]] as ''Warrior Princess'' Kalyani: Mohan's elder sister; Princess of [[Baramba State|Badamba]]; Jagabandhu's second wife. (2021–2022)
* [[Sulagna Panigrahi]] as Radhamani Jagbandhu Mahapatra: Jagabandhu's first wife. (2021–2022)

===Recurring===
* Firoz Ali as Bheem Chacha: Uncle of Baxi Jagbandhu -(2021-2022)
* Sunidee Chauhan/Radhika Chhabra As Tilottama. Wife of Gadadhar, sister in law of Baxi Jagabandhu
* Danny Sura as Jeffrey Fletcher: The then [[District magistrate]] of [[Puri district|Jagannath Puri]] district. (2021–2022)
* [[Anang Desai]] as King Mukund of Badamba: Kalyani & Mohan's father. (2021–2022)
* Avtar Vaishnani as Prince Mohan: Mukund's son, Kalyani's younger brother; prince of Badamba. (2021-2022)
* Chaitrali Gupte as Swarna: Jagabandhu's foster mother. (2021–2022)
* [[Zayn Ibad Khan]] as Gadadhar Vidyadhar Mahapatra: Jagabandhu's foster younger brother. (2021–2022)
* Sangam Rai as Pindki Bahubalendra. (2021–2022)
* Nikhil Damle as Khurda's King. (2021–2022)
* Krishna Choudhary. (2021–2022)
* Rahul Verma Rajput. (2021- 2022)
* Smriti Kashyap as Queen Chitralekha. (2021–2022)
* Saurabh Gokhale. (2021–2022)
* Jitin Gulati. (2021–2022)
* [[Priya Tandon]] as Amba. (2021–2022)
* Rajeshwari Datta as Panthara: Radhamani's mother. (2021-2022)
* [[Iqbal Azad]] as Charan Patnaik (2021–2022)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Sulagna Panigrahi]] was finalized by the makers in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/murder-2-actress-sulagna-panigrahi-to-do-a-comeback-on-tv-after-10-years-with-vidrohi-exclusive/60757a4838c96b01b300db76|title=Murder 2 Actress Sulagna Panigrahi To Do A Comeback On TV After 10 Years With Vidrohi- EXCLUSIVE|date=13 April 2021}}</ref> Along with Panigrahi, [[Sharad Malhotra]] was also signed by the makers in May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/sharad-malhotra-might-be-seen-in-a-new-star-plus-show-1458949|title=Sharad Malhotra might be seen in StarPlus' Next|website=ABP LIVE|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 7 September 2021 starring Hemal Dev as the Warrior Princess Kalyani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-star-plus-unveils-promo-of-upcoming-show-vidrohi/|title=In Video: Star Plus unveils promo of upcoming-show 'Vidrohi'|website=Biz Asia|date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15410666}}

{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television series set in Ancient India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]

Jami Masjid, Mangrol

2026-02-15T09:58:26Z

Miteshsoni: starting some pg from scratch - done

{{Short description|Mosque in Mangrol, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jami Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Jami Masjid, Mangrol.png
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The former mosque exterior, in 1931
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| tradition =
| sect =
| district =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = '''Abandoned''' {{nowrap|{{small|(partial ruinous state)}}}}
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]], [[Gujarat]]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
| state =
| country = India
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Gujarat]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration =
| coordinates = {{coords|21.11933|70.11014|region:IN-GJ_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{circa|1384}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = {{nowrap|Six {{small|(maybe more)}}}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
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| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| delisted1_date =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Jami Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-138 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Jami Masjid''' is a former [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in [[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was built in {{circa|1384}}, during the reign of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].<ref name=times>{{Cite news |author=Kumar, Ajun |date=2018-07-16 |title=A vav inside a mosque |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/a-vav-inside-a-mosque/articleshow/65001940.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-gujarat/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

There are nine [[mihrab]]s in the back wall of the mosque,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cousens |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24284/page/63/mode/2up |title=Somanatha and other mediaeval temples in Kathiawad |date=1931 |pages=65–66 |language=English}}</ref> and the mosque structure includes an extensive subterranean [[Stepwell|vav]].<ref name=times/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Interior of the Jami Masjid, Mangrol.png|Interior of the mosque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangrol, Jami Masjid}}
[[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1384]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1380s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]

Motilal Jotwani

2026-02-15T09:30:19Z

Miteshsoni: expand details as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian writer, educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Motilal Jotwani
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 January 1936
| birth_place = [[Rohri]], [[Sukkur district]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 January 2008
| death_place = Pune, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar, writer, educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Sindhi literature
| spouse = Raj Jotwani
| domesticpartner =
| children = 2 sons
| parents =
| website = {{url|http://padmashridrmotilaljotwani.weebly.com/|web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Shah Abdul Latif Award Kriti Puraskar [[Sahitya Academy Award]] Sindhu Ratan
}}
'''Motilal Wadhumal Jotwani''' ({{IPA|hi|moːtiːˈlaːl ʋaːdʱʊˈmaːl dʒoːˈtʋaːniː}}; 13 January 1936 – 28 January 2008) was an Indian writer, educationist, [[Gandhian]] and a former post doctoral fellow of [[Harvard Divinity School]] who specialized in [[Sindhi language]] and literature.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/938632/scholar-motilal-jotwani-is-dead | title=Scholar Motilal Jotwani is dead | newspaper=Dawn | date=31 January 2008 | access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sindhi Sangat">{{cite web | url=http://www.sindhisangat.com/sindhyat_details.asp?id=133 | title=Sindhi Sangat | publisher=Sindhi Sangat | date=2015 | access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> A winner of [[Sahitya Academy Award]],<ref name="Sindhistan">{{cite web | url=http://www.sindhishaan.com/article/personalities/pers_07_01.html | title=Sindhistan | publisher=Sindhistan | date=January 2008 | access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> he was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2003 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2015 | access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
Motilal Jotwani was born on 13 January 1936 at [[Rohri]], in the [[Sukkur district]] of the [[Sindh]] region in the [[British India]].<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /> His family moved to India after the [[partition of India|partition of 1947]] and settled in Delhi.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /> After graduating, he obtained a post graduate diploma in journalism from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh, India|Punjab University]] in 1959, secured his master's degree (MA) in English literature from [[Delhi University]]<ref name="Bio">{{cite web | url=http://padmashridrmotilaljotwani.weebly.com/ | title=Bio | publisher=Bio | date=2015 | access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> and joined the university as a lecturer at [[Deshbandhu College]] from where he retired as the Reader in Sindhi literature.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /> He also obtained a doctoral degree (PhD) on the work of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], renowned Sufi poet.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /><ref name="Sindhistan" />

Jotwani authored 60 books in English, Hindi and Sindhi languages, composed of poems, short stories, novels and essays.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /><ref name="Some Representative Texts">{{cite book | url=http://www.adityabooks.in/bookdetails.asp?id=494 | title=Some Representative Texts | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2005 | pages=159 | isbn=978-8185353517}}</ref><ref name="Sindhis Through the Centuries">{{cite book | url=http://www.adityabooks.in/bookdetails.asp?id=489 | title=Sindhis Through the Centuries | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2006 | pages=166 | isbn=9788185353531}}</ref> He is the author of ''Dictionary of Sindhi Literature''<ref name="Dictionary of Sindhi Literature">{{cite book | title=Dictionary of Sindhi Literature | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2007 | isbn=978-8185353579}}</ref> and a critical study on Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, under the name, ''Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, His Life and Work''.<ref name="Sindhistan" /><ref name="Shah Abdul Latif: His Life and Work by Motilal Jotwani">{{cite journal | title=Shah Abdul Latif: His Life and Work by Motilal Jotwani | author=S. K. Bose | journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=January 1976 | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=74–76|jstor = 23001876}}</ref> ''Pratinidhi Rachnayen'' (1996), ''Sufis of Sindh'' (1986), ''Sindhis Through Centuries'' (2006), ''Anaasir jee Saazish'' (1968), ''Sandandhani je Sarakuni te'' (1982), ''Pursh ain Prakriti'' (1997) ''Kotha'' (1985), ''Sunjaanap jo Sankat'' (1992) and ''Naen Sire Khan'' (1998) are some of his other notable works.<ref name="Sindhistan" />

Jotwani, a known [[gandhian]] and a [[Sindhi language]] scholar, was the secretary of ''Sindhi Academy'' of the [[Government of India]] and during his tenure, he completed a book on Gandhiji, ''Gandhiji on Sindh and the Sindhis'', with the assistance of [[K. R. Malkani]], renowned historian and politician.<ref name="Gandhiji on Sindh and the Sindhis">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BtuAAAAMAAJ | title=Gandhiji on Sindh and the Sindhis | publisher=Sindhi Academy | author=Motilal Wadhumal Jotwani | year=1998 | pages=554 | isbn=9788187096030}}</ref> He was also a visiting post doctoral fellow of [[Harvard Divinity School|Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions]] during 1979-80.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /> He was also the editor of ''Indian Author'', the official journal of the Authors Guild of India, New Delhi from 1985 to 1990.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /> His contributions are also reported in the establishment of ''Sindhi Education Society'' which manages two schools, Baba Nebhraj Senior Secondary School and Hemnani Secondary School, in Delhi. He served as a member of its governing council for many years.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" />

Motilal Jotwani received six citations and awards from the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] during 1973-1999 for his literary contributions.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /> He received Hindi literary awards from the [[Government of Delhi]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in 1988 and 1990 respectively.<ref name="Sindhi Sangat" /> He has also received Hindi Academy ''Kriti Puraskar'', [[Sahitya Academy Award]] and ''Sindhu Ratan'' Award.<ref name="Sindhistan" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /> In 2006, he received the Shah Abdul Latif Award from the [[Government of Sindh]].<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhistan" />

Jotwani died on 28 January 2008 in [[Pune]], succumbing to a cardiac arrest, leaving behind his wife, Raj Motwani and two sons.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="Sindhistan" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sindhi literature]]
* [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal | title=Shah Abdul Latif: His Life and Work by Motilal Jotwani | author=S. K. Bose | journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=January 1976 | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=74–76|jstor = 23001876}}
* {{cite book | title=Dictionary of Sindhi Literature | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2007 | isbn=978-8185353579}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.adityabooks.in/bookdetails.asp?id=494 | title=Some Representative Texts | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2005 | pages=159 | isbn=978-8185353517}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.adityabooks.in/bookdetails.asp?id=489 | title=Sindhis Through the Centuries | publisher=Aditya Books | author=Motilal Jotwani | year=2006 | pages=166 | isbn=9788185353531}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BtuAAAAMAAJ | title=Gandhiji on Sindh and the Sindhis | publisher=Sindhi Academy | author=Motilal Wadhumal Jotwani | year=1998 | pages=554 | isbn=9788187096030}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jotwani, Motilal}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Sindhi academics]]
[[Category:People from Sukkur District]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Recipients of Latif Award]]

S. Rajasekar

2026-02-12T10:26:55Z

Miteshsoni: New a info

{{Short description|Indian film director, cinematographer, and actor (1957–2019)}}
{{Distinguish|Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Rajasekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 19 August 1957
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2019|9|8|62}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]]
| occupation = Director Cinematographer Screenwriter
| yearsactive = 1979–2019
| spouse = {{marriage|Tara Begam|1990|2019}}
| parents =
}}

'''S. Rajasekar''' (19 August 1957 – 8 September 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=8 September 2019 |title=Saravanan Meenakshi Fame Actor Rajashekar Passes Away at The Age of 62 |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/saravanan-meenakshi-fame-actor-rajashekar-passes-away-at-the-age-of-62/3874/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927015003/https://thenewscrunch.com/saravanan-meenakshi-fame-actor-rajashekar-passes-away-at-the-age-of-62/3874/ |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=TheNewsCrunch}}</ref> was an Indian cinematographer, film director, and actor. He collaborated with director Robert under the name [[Robert–Rajasekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2019 |title=Actor, director Rajasekhar of Robert-Rajasekhar fame passes away in Chennai, he was 61 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-director-rajasekhar-robert-rajasekhar-fame-passes-away-chennai-he-was-61-108566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144832/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-director-rajasekhar-robert-rajasekhar-fame-passes-away-chennai-he-was-61-108566 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajasekar's first break happened with ''[[Kudisai]]'', followed by ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' as he worked as cinematographer along with Robert Ashirwatham.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B |date=1 December 2018 |title=Cinematographer, director Robert dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-director-robert-dead/article25637871.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628213743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-director-robert-dead/article25637871.ece |archive-date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. |date=May 22, 1987 |title=A courageous comeback |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=951%2C2154723 |access-date=2021-12-28 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170044/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=951%2C2154723 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' provided him the break as a lead actor. He has co-directed many successful films along with Robert as a director duo known as [[Robert–Rajasekar]].<ref name="Robert">{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=8 September 2019 |title=Tamil film director and actor Rajasekar dies aged 61 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-film-director-and-actor-rajasekar-dies-aged-61/articleshow/71036956.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912150718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-film-director-and-actor-rajasekar-dies-aged-61/articleshow/71036956.cms |archive-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=Tamil actor, cinematographer and director Rajasekar passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-cinematographer-and-director-rajasekar-passed-away/article29367142.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912150340/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-cinematographer-and-director-rajasekar-passed-away/article29367142.ece |archive-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=Vijay TV's 'Saravanan Meenatchi' fame Rajasekar passes away |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/08/vijay-tvs-saravanan-meenatchi-fame-rajasekar-passes-away-2030653.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911021308/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/08/vijay-tvs-saravanan-meenatchi-fame-rajasekar-passes-away-2030653.html |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>

Later, he acted in many [[Television show|TV serials]], notably [[Thendral]], [[Saravanan Meenatchi]], [[Valli (TV series)|Valli]], and [[Sathya (TV series)|Sathya]]. His role in [[Saravanan Meenatchi]] was liked by many, as he portrayed a comedic, friendly dad with ease. This made him a recognizable face among the new generation audience.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2019 |title=Tamil Film Director, Actor S Rajasekar Passes Away |work=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-film-director-actor-s-rajasekar-passes-away-2301541.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915134224/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-film-director-actor-s-rajasekar-passes-away-2301541.html |archive-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajasekar married Tara Begam in 1990. The couple had no children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராஜன் |first=அய்யனார் |date=22 September 2021 |title="அவர் வாங்கின வீட்டை அவர் நடிச்ச சீரியல் தயாரிப்பாளருக்கே வாடகைக்கு விட்டுட்டேன்!"- தாரா ராஜசேகர் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-director-rajasekars-wife-thara-talks-about-her-crisis-situation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228055018/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-director-rajasekars-wife-thara-talks-about-her-crisis-situation |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 8 September 2019, Rajasekar died of an illness while he was getting treated at Ramachandra Hospital in Chennai. He was 62 years old, and a resident of [[Valasaravakkam]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=Veteran actor-director Rajasekar passes away |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-actor-director-rajasekar-passes-away-5977308/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213121752/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-actor-director-rajasekar-passes-away-5977308/ |archive-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=Veteran actor-director Rajasekar dies at 61 |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-actor-director-rajasekar-dies-at-61-1596879-2019-09-08 |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910185034/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-actor-director-rajasekar-dies-at-61-1596879-2019-09-08 |archive-date=10 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=பிரபல இயக்குனர், நடிகர் ராஜசேகர் திடீர் மரணம்! |language=ta |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/news/cinema/71092-actor-director-rajasekar-dead.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810091519/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/news/cinema/71092-actor-director-rajasekar-dead.html |archive-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==

=== As director duo ===

;Films

* ''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Kalyana Kalam|Kalyanakkaalam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Dhooram Adhighamillai]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]'' (1988)

;Television

* [[Naanal (TV series)|''Naanal'']] (2008) (up to 50 Episodes)

=== As actor ===

;Films

*''[[Nizhalgal]]'' (1980)
*''[[Poo Manam]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gnana Paravai]]'' (1991)
*''[[Senbaga Thottam]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992) (Guest Appearance)
*''[[Ilaya Ragam]]'' (1995)
*''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999)
*''[[Vallarasu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' (2001) as a Doctor who attends Narasimha
*''[[Poovellam Un Vaasam]]'' (2001)
*''[[Thamizhan]]'' (2002) as Moorthy, leader of employees union
*''[[Amudhae]]'' (2005)
*''[[Don Chera]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Theekuchi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' (2017)

;Television
* ''Akshaya'' – Sun TV (1998–1999)
*''Pushpanjali'' – Sun TV (2000–2001)
* ''Roja''– Jaya TV (2004–2007) as Rajasekhar, Mahesh's father
* ''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bootham]]'' – Sun TV (2004–2007) Gowtham/Gowri's father
* ''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]'' – Sun TV (2007–2010)
* ''Meera'' – Vijay TV (2010)
* ''Vasantham'' – Sun TV (2010–2011)
* ''[[Thendral]]'' – Sun TV (2009–2014)
* ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' – Vijay TV (2011–2018)
* ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]] – Sun TV'' (2015–2019)
* ''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'' – Vijay TV (2017–2018)
* ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]'' – Zee Tamil (2019)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm2708040}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekar, S.}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]

Arun Yogiraj

2026-02-06T09:34:55Z

Miteshsoni: Created Stub

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Arun Yogiraj
| caption = Bronze statues of travelers by Arun Yogiraj
| image = Arun_Yogiraj_Statues_Front_View_Mysore_Railway_Station_Apr22_A7C_01916.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|12|15|df=y}}<ref name="arunyogiraj.com">https://www.arunyogiraj.com/about/</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Sculptor]], [[Artist]]
| notable_works = {{bulleted list|Ram Lalla Idol at Ayodhya's [[Ram Mandir]]|Statue of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] in Kedarnath|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Statue at India Gate New Delhi|A 21-feet tall [[Hanuman]] statue at Chunchanakatte in Mysore district|A 15-feet tall sculpture of [[B.R. Ambedkar]]}}
| spouse = Vijetha Mohan
| awards = {{bulleted list|[[Rajyothsava Award]] by Government of Karnataka}}
| website = {{URL|https://arunyogiraj.com|arunyogiraj.com}}
}}

'''Arun Yogiraj''' (born 15 December 1983)<ref name="arunyogiraj.com">https://www.arunyogiraj.com/about/</ref> is an Indian [[Sculpture|sculptor]] from [[Mysore|Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]]. He belongs to [[Vishwakarma community|Vishwakarma Brahmin community]]. He has carved the 30-feet statue of [[Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]], which was installed in the canopy behind the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] at the India Gate<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Arun Yogiraj: Meet the MBA-turned sculptor whose Ram idol has been selected for Ayodhya temple |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/arun-yogiraj-meet-the-mba-turned-sculptor-whose-ram-lalla-idol-has-been-selected-for-ayodhya-temple/articleshow/106468807.cms |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> in New Delhi ahead of the 125th birth anniversary of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]. His [[Ram temple, Ayodhya#Deity|idol of Ram Lalla]], the child form of Hindu god [[Rama]], is also installed at [[Ram temple, Ayodhya|Ayodhya's Ram Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=Who is Arun Yogiraj, sculptor whose Ram Lalla idol selected for grand temple in Ayodhya? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-arun-yogiraj-sculptor-whose-ram-lalla-idol-selected-for-grand-temple-in-ayodhya-101704164606854.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=Renowned sculptor Arun Yogiraj's idol of Ram Lalla chosen for Ayodhya's grand temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/renowned-sculptor-arun-yogirajs-idol-of-ram-lalla-chosen-for-ayodhyas-grand-temple-101704158517426.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yogiraj was born into a family of traditional sculptors in Mysore, Karnataka. He belongs to [[Vishwabrahmin]] community. Arun Yogiraj married Vijetha Mohan, and they have a daughter and a son. His grandfather was a national awardee honored by the president of India in 1983, and his father was a state award-winning sculptor.<ref name=":0">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-mandir-idol-sculptor-arun-yogiraj-8729293/ Indian Express – Meet Arun Yogiraj]</ref>

He studied at JSS Balajagath School in Mysore, then completed his BCom and MBA from the [[University of Mysore]]. Though he briefly worked in the corporate world, he decided in 2008 to return to his roots and pursue sculpting full-time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Career ==
Yogiraj's career was shaped by both tradition and innovation. In 2011, he began focusing on hyper-realistic sculpting, expanding his knowledge by interacting with international sculptors and studying anatomy and structure.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

A major milestone in his career was the successful sculpting of a 15-foot marble statue of Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar. The statue received praise from the then Chief Minister of Karnataka in 2015, who noted that the sculpture “looked alive.”{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Yogiraj works primarily in the Mysore style of sculpture, an evolution of the Hoysala architectural method. To date, he has completed over 10,000 sculptures of varying sizes and styles.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Works ==
Yogiraj's recent works include the statue of Ram Lalla. The 51 inch tall idol has been installed in the Ram Mandir at Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Facts And Details You Must Know |url=https://www.ekwanderingastronome.com/2024/01/ayodhya-ram-mandir-facts-and-details.html |access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67982132 BBC News – Arun Yogiraj: Sculptor behind Ram Lalla idol]</ref><ref name=":0" />

His other works include a 12-feet, tall 3-D statue of [[Adi Shankara]]charya in [[Kedarnath]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Arushi |last2= |first2= |date=2024-01-01 |title=Ayodhya Temple: Mysuru sculptor Arun Yogiraj's Ram Lalla idol selected for January 22 installation |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-temple-lord-ram-idol-selected-to-be-installed-on-january-22-check-first-look-2024-01-01-909886 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> the 21-feet tall Hanuman statue at Chunchanakatte in [[Mysore district]], 15-feet tall sculpture of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. BR Ambedkar]], in Mysuru inaugurated by the then chief minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah in 2018,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Puja |date=2022-09-13 |title=MBA to master sculptor — Arun Yogiraj's journey to pulling off 28-ft Netaji statue at India Gate |url=https://theprint.in/india/mba-to-master-sculptor-arun-yogirajs-journey-to-pulling-off-28-ft-netaji-statue-at-india-gate/1126060/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> the white amritashila statue of Swami [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] in Mysore, six-feet monolithic statue of Nandi and a six-feet tall statue of Banashankari Devi. The 14.5-feet tall white amritashila (marble) statue of the [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] which was unveiled in 2016,<ref name=":03" /> the Raja of Mysore is one of the famous of his works along with the 5-feet bust of [[Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-02-04 |title=His deft hands shaping Nalwadi's five-feet bust |url=https://starofmysore.com/his-deft-hands-shaping-nalwadis-five-feet-bust/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-sculptor-arun-yogiraj-the-artist-behind-the-ram-lalla-idol-101705929048896.html Hindustan Times – Arun Yogiraj: The artist behind Ram Lalla]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Selected Works'''
! Work Name !! Location !! Year
|-
| Ram Lalla Idol || Ayodhya Ram Mandir || 2024
|-
| Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Statue || India Gate, New Delhi || 2022
|-
| Adi Shankaracharya Statue || Kedarnath || 2021
|-
| Amarnath Nandi || Jammu and Kashmir || —
|-
| Sangolli Rayanna Statue (12 ft, bronze) || Mysore || —
|-
| Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Statue (10 ft) || Mysore || —
|-
| Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Statue (15 ft, marble) || Mysore || —
|-
| Mahatma Gandhi Statue (25 ft) || Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru || —
|}

== Awards ==

* Karnataka Rajyotsava award in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=Karnataka Rajyotsava Awards: Ram Mandir statue sculptor Arun Yogiraj, former India hockey coach Jude Felix among awardees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-rajyotsava-awards-arun-yogiraj-jude-felix-9647382/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://arunyogiraj.com|Official Website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogiraj, Arun}}
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chand Keno Aase Na

2026-02-01T04:29:16Z

Miteshsoni: new new entry w/ sources...

{{Short description|2003 song by Raghab Chatterjee}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chand Keno Aase Na
| cover = Chand Keno Aase Na cover.jpg
| cover_upright = 1.2
| alt = A man holding a vintage microphone to the right, with the song, performer's name, and views displayed in letters in the middle towards his right.
| type = single
| artist = [[Raghab Chatterjee]]
| album = Naktala Udayan Sangha
| language = Bengali
| English_title = Why doesn't the moon come (to my home)
| released = {{Start date|2003|05|01}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = 
| length = 6:02
| label = [[Saregama]]
| composer = Chiradeep Dasgupta
| lyricist = Sumit Samaddar
| prev_title = Joy Maa Durga
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = Uri Uri Mon
| next_year = 2003
}}

'''Chand Keno Aase Na''' is a [[Bengali-language]] song by [[Raghab Chatterjee]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Songs <nowiki>|</nowiki> Raghab Chatterjee Hit Songs <nowiki>|</nowiki> Jukebox Son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/bengali-songs-raghab-chatterjee-hit-songs-jukebox-son/videoshow/101132222.cms |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> written by Sumit Samaddar and composed by Chiradeep Dasgupta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chand Keno Asena Amar Ghore <nowiki>|</nowiki> চাঁদ কেন আসে না আমার ঘরে |url=https://kotharsur.com/bangla-lyrics/chand-keno/ |date=19 December 2019 |agency=Kotha R Sur Admin |website=Kotharsur}}</ref> It was released in 2003 to two different albums by Chatterjee, Naktala Udayan Sangha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chand Keno Aase Na - Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3ulkplXkRP0jVVRm50N5o8 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> and Amar Akash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chand Keno Aase Na - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/lyrics/chand-keno-aase-na-lyrics/QSIvSxpWdVE |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
Chand Keno Aase Na is a sad-themed song talking about the moon.<ref name=Chand>{{Cite web |title='চাঁদ কেন আসে না...', সাফাইকর্মীর গলায় সুরের নিখুঁত ওঠানামা, আপ্লুত রাঘব |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-was-overwhelmed-upon-hearing-his-own-song-being-sung-by-a-sanitation-worker/200458654.cms |last=রায় |first=রিচা |date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[Ei Samay]]|trans-title='Chand Keno Aase Na', Raghab impressed by the perfect singing of sanitation worker|language=bn}}</ref>

== Raghab Chatterjee on the song ==
Raghab Chatterjee expressed that singing the song gave him a different identity. Around January 2, 2026 he posted a video on social media highlighting a sanitation worker named Ram singing the song while doing his work. Chatterjee stated he was impressed on hearing Ram singing the song.<ref name=Chand/>

Chatterjee frequently sang the song while in his twenties and after graduating from college. On August 23, 2023, he commented about the song when the [[Chandrayaan-3]] lunar lander landed on the moon, "The moon won't come, so we left." In regard of Chand Keno Aase Na and the moon landing, he commented "I was thinking about this since yesterday. There was an interesting poetic imagination in the song. My song was also a superhit. And today we are about to reach the moon."<ref>{{Cite web |title='চাঁদ আসবে না, তাই আমরাই চলে এলাম…': রাঘব চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/chand-keno-asena-singer-raghab-chatterjee-reacts-to-chandrayaan-3/pid/888663/ |date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |trans-title='The moon won't come, so we went there,' Raghab Chattopadhyay |language=bn |agency=সংবাদ প্রতিদিন ডিজিটাল ডেস্ক}}</ref>

On April 14, 2018, Chatterjee sung the song in the stadium of [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]] (CC&FC) on the show Shubho [[Poila Baishakh]], in association with [[The Telegraph (India)]], along with other songs like Behag jodi na hoy, Banshi shune ar kaj nai and Allah ke bande.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghab Chatterjee relives Poila Baisakh memories at CC&FC, with t2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raghab-chatterjee-nbsp-relives-poila-baisakh-memories-at-cc-amp-fc-with-t2/cid/1429703 |date=2018-07-05 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |agency=The Telegraph Bureau}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 songs]]
[[Category:2003 singles]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs about the Moon]]

Manasvi Kottachi

2026-01-17T15:25:11Z

Miteshsoni: New new article - done

{{short description|Indian child actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manasvi Kottachi
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_place =[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_place =
| other_names = Baby Manasvi
| occupation = [[Child Actress]]
| years_active = 2018{{ndash}}Present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Kottachi]] (father)
}}

'''Manasvi Kottachi''' is an Indian [[child actress]] who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

== Personal life and career ==
Manasvi Kottachi is the daughter of comedian [[Kottachi]], who appeared in supporting comedic roles alongside [[Vadivelu]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/>

She debuted with ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' (2018) after her father's manager saw a video of her on her father's [[Facebook]] account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/relationship/series-about-father-daughter-love-4-actor-kottachi|title="ஆசைப்பட்ட வாய்ப்புகள், அங்கீகாரம்… எல்லாமே மானுவாலதான் சாத்தியமாச்சு!" - மகளதிகாரம் - 4|trans-title=“The coveted opportunities, recognition… all manually made possible!” - Empowerment of women - 4|language=ta|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520220340/https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/relationship/series-about-father-daughter-love-4-actor-kottachi|archive-date=20 May 2024|date=5 June 2024|first=ஆர்.|last=வைதேகி|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In the film, she played [[Nayanthara]]'s daughter and gained recognition for her role.<ref name="C">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/21/manasvi-to-team-up-once-again-with-nayanthara-for-darbar-13780.html |title=Manasvi to team up once again with Nayanthara for Darbar |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 August 2019 |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716101949/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/21/manasvi-to-team-up-once-again-with-nayanthara-for-darbar-13780.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-connection-between-dileeps-my-santa-and-rajinikanths-darbar/articleshow/70946163.cms|title=The connection between Dileep's My Santa and Rajinikanth's Darbar|date=2 September 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref> She played one of the lead roles in the Malayalam film ''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]'' (2019) with [[Dileep]].<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/imaikka-nodigal-child-character-is-comedy-actor-kottachi-daughter-manasvi/articleshow/65732160.cms |title=நயன்தாரா மகளாக நடித்த சுட்டி குழந்தை இந்த காமெடி நடிகரின் மகளாம்! |trans-title=The small child who played Nayantara's daughter is the daughter of this comedy actor! |language=ta |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713184340/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/imaikka-nodigal-child-character-is-comedy-actor-kottachi-daughter-manasvi/articleshow/65732160.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/baby-manasvi-blasts-covidiots-in-video/articleshow/74828423.cms |title=Baby Manasvi blasts COVIDIOTS in video |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328192155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/baby-manasvi-blasts-covidiots-in-video/articleshow/74828423.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/my-santas-baby-manasvi-is-a-little-star-herself/articleshow/73007261.cms |title='My Santa's' Baby Manasvi is a little star herself! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 September 2019 |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411043854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/my-santas-baby-manasvi-is-a-little-star-herself/articleshow/73007261.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She went on to star in ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020) and several other films.<ref name="C"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baby-manasvi-rajnikanth-starrer-darbar-5919076/ |title=Baby Manasvi roped in for Rajnikanth's Darbar? |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 August 2019 |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914053619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baby-manasvi-rajnikanth-starrer-darbar-5919076/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She played the lead role in the horror film ''Kanmani Pappa'' (2022) directed by Sree Mani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-mansvi-doing-lean-role-in-kanmani-pappa/articleshow/64232952.cms |title=பிரபல நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் மகள் நடித்த படம் 'கண்மணி பாப்பா'! |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192700/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/actress-mansvi-doing-lean-role-in-kanmani-pappa/articleshow/64232952.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200518/comedians-kid-daughter-manashvi-makes-her-foray-in-ktown.html |title=Comedian's kid daughter Manashvi makes her foray in K'town |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=20 May 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112202134/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200518/comedians-kid-daughter-manashvi-makes-her-foray-in-ktown.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following her performance in ''[[Maamanithan]]'' (2022), she received an offer to work in a Hindi film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/baby-manasvi-gets-call-to-act-in-a-hindi-film/articleshow/93929900.cms|title=Baby Manasvi gets call to act in a Hindi film|date=1 September 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable" |Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]''
|Neha
|Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' ||Shalini "Shalu" Vikramadithyan ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Suttu Pidikka Utharavu]]'' || Ashok's daughter ||
|-
| ''[[Iruttu]]'' || Diya Chezhiyan||
|-
| ''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]'' || Isa Elizabeth Jacob || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
|2020||''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' || Lilly's Niece ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' || Suji ||
|-
|''Vizhuthu'' || Daughter || short film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/06/08/kottachis-short-film-vizhudhu-wins-critical-acclaim|title=Kottachi's short film Vizhudhu wins critical acclaim|date=8 June 2021|website=[[Daily Thanthi|DTNext]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]''
|Pinky
|
|-
|''[[Chithirai Sevvaanam]]'' || Younger Aishwarya
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]'' || Younger Nithya ||
|-
|''[[Pattampoochi (2022 film)|Pattampoochi]]''
|Rosie
|
|-
|''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]''
|Aishwarya (Aishu)
|
|-
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|Thulasi's friend
|
|-
|''Kanmani Pappa'' || Kanmani ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' || Yamini ||
|-
|''[[DD Returns]]'' || Rachel ||
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || Ranganayaki ||
|-
|2024 || ''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]'' || Maheshwari ||<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/14/kozhipannai-chelladurai-gets-release-date|title=Kozhipannai Chelladurai gets release date|access-date=14 August 2024|language=en|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
|''Vanakkam Tamizha''
|Guest
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|Morning Show; With Father Kottachi
|
|-
| 2021- 2022
| ''Super Daddy''
| Contestant
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]]
|Reality Game Show; With Father Kottachi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''
|Guest
|Game Show; With Father Kottachi
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10235353}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kottachi, Manasvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Child artists]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karaikal Weekly Express

2026-01-13T15:46:36Z

Miteshsoni:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karaikal Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption = Mumbai LTT–Karaikal Weekly Express.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|10|27}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT)
| stops = 29
| end = {{stnlnk|Karaikal}} (KIK)
| distance = {{convert|1628|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11017/11018
| speed = {{cvt|53|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Mumbai LTT - Karaikal) Express route map.png|250px|(Mumbai LTT–Karaikal) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}
'''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karaikal Weekly Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Karaikal}} of Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], near [[Tamilnadu]]. It is currently being operated with 11017/11018 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3186&did=1448963990255C207298F5ED7B94E8D13297572969010.web91 Permanent Augmentation of 5 CR Trains with 17 General Second class coaches]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Costlier-tatkal-tickets-in-four-more-trains/articleshow/46789866.cms | title=Costlier tatkal tickets in four more trains | date=3 April 2015 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=13 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Service==

The 11017/Mumbai LTT–Karaikal Weekly Express has an average speed of 53 km/h and covers 1628 km in 30 hrs. 40 mins. 11018/Karaikal–Mumbai LTT Weekly Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 1634 km in 33 hrs. 45 mins. This train was initially planned to operate between Mumbai LTT to [[Velankanni railway station|Velankanni]] due to huge demand from devotees but later destination changed to Karaikal.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Raichur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}
* {{stnlnk|Tambaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chidambaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvarur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagore}}
* {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 1 AC III Tier Economy
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General
* 2 Luggage cum Generator car

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3D]] or [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from [[Kurla]] to [[Guntakal]] & [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from [[Guntakal]] to [[Chennai Egmore]] and Golden Rock based [[WDM-3D]] pulls to its end & vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 11011/12 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]]

==Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Thiruvarur Junction}}

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 11018 || KIK || Karaikal || 14:00 || Monday || Lokmanya Tilak Terminus || 20:30 || Tuesday
|-
| 11017 || LTT || Lokmanya Tilak Terminus || 13:15 || Saturday || Karaikal || 18:55 || Sunday
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11017-ltt-kik-weekly-express 11017 Karaikal Express]
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11018-karaikal-ltt-exp 11018 Karaikal Express]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-karaikal-weekly-express-11017/254/466/9671 11017/Mumbai LTT – Karaikal Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/karaikal-mumbai-ltt-weekly-express-11018/255/9671/466 11018/Karaikal – Mumbai LTT Weekly Express] India Rail Info

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Karaikal Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Karaikal]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Raorchestes lechiya

2025-12-18T04:12:43Z

Miteshsoni: New a bio

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =DD
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN />
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Raorchestes lechiya
| authority =Zachariah, Cyriac, Chandramohan, Ansil, Mathew, Raju, and Abraham, 2016
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Raorchestes lechiya''''', or '''Lechiyappan's bush frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]. Scientists know it exclusively from the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]]: 2023 meters above sea level in [[Silent Valley National Park]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Raorchestes lechiya'' Zachariah, Cyriac, Chandramohan, Ansil, Mathew, Raju, and Abraham, 2016
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-lechiya
|access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes lechiya'' Zachariah, Cyriac, Chandramohan, Ansil, Mathew, Raju, and Abraham, 2016
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8490
|access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref> This frog has been observed between 1800 and 2200 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Lechiyappan's Shrub Frog: ''Raorchestes lechiya''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/113887925/113887939
|article-number=e.T113887925A113887939
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T113887925A113887939.en
|id=113887925
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=March 28, 2024}}</ref>

Scientists found one adult male frog that was about 19.8 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]]. The skin of the dorsum was pale brown in color and it had many small spicules. There were whitish spots near its legs. The skin of the frog's venter was pink-white in color. The iris of the eye was the color of copper on the uppermost third and dark brown on the lower two thirds.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Zachariah A|author2= Cyriac VP|author3= Chandramohan B|author4= Ansil BR|author5= Mathew JK|author6= Raiu DV|author7= Abraham RK |year=2016 |title=Two new species of Raorchestes (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Silent Valley National Park in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats, India|journal= Salamandra |volume=52|pages= 63–76|issue=2|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304316726_Two_new_species_of_Raorchestes_Anura_Rhacophoridae_from_the_Silent_Valley_National_Park_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_of_the_Western_Ghats_India|access-date=September 14, 2023|type=Full text}}</ref> Scientists observed the frogs in the leaf litter and on shrubs.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog is named for Mr. Lechiyappan of the [[Mudugar]] tribe. He worked as a forest tracker at Silent Valley National Park and it in fact became a national park through his efforts.<ref name=Des />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q47461208}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]
[[Category:Raorchestes|lechiya]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin

2025-11-29T04:02:28Z

Miteshsoni: created basic details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Television Comedy Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director =
| producer = David Polycarps Vasant Valsan
| company = Trouble Maker Productions [[The Company (production company)|The Company]]
| writer =
| open_theme = ''Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin''
| starring = [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] [[Reema Vohra]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 40
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014}}
| network = [[Epic TV]]
}}

'''''Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin''''' (''Yam is not less than anyone''') is a [[television comedy]] show on the [[television in India|Indian channel]] [[EPIC (TV channel)|EPIC]]. It is based on the fictional marital daily life of Hindu god [[Yam Raj|Yamraj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamraj back on being the TV favourite |date=28 November 2014 |work=Indian Television |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/yamraj-back-on-being-the-tv-favourite-141128 |access-date=2 June 2016 }}</ref> It features [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Yamraj and [[Reema Vohra]] as his chirpy [[Gujarati people|Gujrati]] wife Jigna.

The show aired on [[Ishara TV]] during [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown in 2021 when TV serial shootings were stopped in Maharashtra and Ishara TV did not have bank episodes for serials.

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#AC0C64 |overall= |title= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Don
|ShortSummary = Yamraj makes repeated attempts to take the praan of a certain deadly Don only to be interrupted constantly by Jigna to run some household errand or the other. Meanwhile, the Don keeps doubling his protection thinking his rival gang in the city has hired an assassin to kill the Don. Simultaneously, in drama class in school, Himesh and Satya are battling out to play the titular role of Vishwamitra, so as to get closer to the girl of both their dreams, Mohini, who's playing the role of Menaka, female lead in the play.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Will
|ShortSummary = While going about his daily routine of taking praans, Yamraj comes across an extremely rich man, who is thoroughly confused about which of sons' should be the heir to his enormous fortune. The old man entrusts the responsibility of finding the most deserving heir to Yamraj, in exchange for half his wealth. Poor Yamraj, having always dreamt of amassing great wealth, grabs the opportunity immediately. Meanwhile, Jigna, on hearing news of the immense wealth that'll soon be theirs, immediately starts planning the biggest party of the neighborhood, inviting everyone from the milkman to landlord.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Broken Leg
|ShortSummary = When Yamraj, tries to take the praan of an ailing man in the hospital, the man surprises him by being remarkably agile and pushes him out the window. This in turn leads to Yamraj being forcibly hospitalized and placed in the bed right next to the old man whose praan he is meant to take. While Yamraj struggles to get out of his forced hiatus, a friendly yet slightly competitive game of chausar between Himesh and Satya, turns into an ugly ego battle between Jigna and Mandira.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Jewellery Shop
|ShortSummary = Deeply affected by the harsh words spoken by a politician who proclaimed to his audience that Yamraj – The Lord of Death - is a symbol of evil; Yamraj decides to ask his boss – Akaashwani for a job that commands more respect from the mortals. When Akaashwani dismisses his pleas, Yamraj takes the extremely bold step of quitting his job to work for his reluctant father-in-law. While he is trying to make himself useful in his father-in-law's jewellery shop, Himesh tries to enjoy some quality time with Mohini at his home, only to have it disrupted, time and time, by Satya.

|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Faking Pregnancy (Part 1)
|ShortSummary = Tired of living a life with no luxury, owing to the modest means earned by Yamraj, Jigna lies to her mother about being pregnant in order to claim the crores her father has kept aside for his first grandchild. What Jigna did not foresee however, is her mother showing up to tend to her in her 'pregnancy', right when she's prepping for a dance competition in which she fully intends to beat three-time champion Mandira.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Faking Pregnancy (Part 2)
|ShortSummary = Tired of living a life with no luxury, owing to the modest means earned by Yamraj, Jigna lies to her mother about being pregnant in order to claim the crores her father has kept aside for his first grandchild. What Jigna did not foresee however, is her mother showing up to tend to her in her 'pregnancy', right when she's prepping for a dance competition in which she fully intends to beat three-time champion Mandira.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Jyotish Baba
|ShortSummary = When Yamraj casually takes the praan of an astrologer, the astrologer's last words to him are that he will suffer bodily, mental and monetary harm. While Yamraj does not believe him at first, the events of his rather unfortunate life force him to acquiesce that the astrologer might be right. In the hope that further damage can be avoided, Yam and Doot set out to bring back the astrologer from the underworld.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Holiday Package (Part 1)
|ShortSummary = When Jigna sees Mandira and Guptaji return from a thoroughly enjoyable holiday, she immediately demands that Yam take her on a Holiday. Yam of course denies the possibility of taking a vacation. As luck would have it, a letter is delivered to Jigna conveying that the couple has won a holiday package in lucky draw. Thrilled, she immediately starts planning for the trip. Yam however is not so sure. The trip is on-again-off-again like swaying blade of grass, and with every sway, this way or that, Himesh alters his plans to either have a candle light dinner for two with Mohini or go for a class picnic. What finally comes to be of this madness, is an outcome none could have imagined.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Holiday Package (Part 2)
|ShortSummary = When Jigna sees Mandira and Guptaji return from a thoroughly enjoyable holiday, she immediately demands that Yam take her on a Holiday. Yam of course denies the possibility of taking a vacation. As luck would have it, a letter is delivered to Jigna conveying that the couple has won a holiday package in lucky draw. Thrilled, she immediately starts planning for the trip. Yam however is not so sure. The trip is on-again-off-again like swaying blade of grass, and with every sway, this way or that, Himesh alters his plans to either have a candle light dinner for two with Mohini or go for a class picnic. What finally comes to be of this madness, is an outcome none could have imagined.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Microwave (Part 1)
|ShortSummary = Surprised at all the goodies that Yam is bestowing upon Jigna, Mandira convinces her that this must mean that he is having an affair. The motivation for bringing home all these gifts could only be guilt. Jigna is horrified. She follows Yam to find out what is going on. Once she does find out, she becomes his partner-in-crime. Guptaji, in the meantime, is still trying to get to the bottom of Yam's newly acquired riches. He follows Yam and Jigna and discovers the truth as well, promptly complaining to Akashwaani.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Microwave (Part 2)
|ShortSummary = Surprised at all the goodies that Yam is bestowing upon Jigna, Mandira convinces her that this must mean that he is having an affair. The motivation for bringing home all these gifts could only be guilt. Jigna is horrified. She follows Yam to find out what is going on. Once she does find out, she becomes his partner-in-crime. Guptaji, in the meantime, is still trying to get to the bottom of Yam's newly acquired riches. He follows Yam and Jigna and discovers the truth as well, promptly complaining to Akashwaani.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Baai (Maid)
|ShortSummary = Jigna is unwell and so Yam hires a baai to do the housework. As things start disappearing from the house, Yam puts Doot on the job to spy on the baai. Doot promptly falls in love with her, and is left tied to a piller while the baai cleans up. Himesh, in order to help Mohini and himself, steals a question paper from the Principal's office, leading to disastrous results.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Electricity
|ShortSummary = Yam goes on a 'Bijli Bachao Andolan' to reduce his electricity bill which has suddenly doubled. It is Diwali time and Jigna has decked up the house with electric lights. Jigna, Himesh and his visiting in-laws, Himen and Jyotiben, bear the brunt of his andolan until Yam discovers that his electric line has been tapped and someone is stealing power from him.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Beauty Parlour
|ShortSummary = Jigna is profoundly upset when learns from Mandira that Guptaji gives her pocket money in exchange for all the work she does around the house. Seething, she demands the same from Yamraj, who laughs it off, as a result of which, Jigna now charges him for every little thing she does. Undeterred Yamraj tries to prove that he can manage without her help. In the midst of all this drama, Himesh inspired by a film he sees on television, decides to anonymously blackmail friends and family to make a quick buck.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Water Problem
|ShortSummary = Yam brings home a water tank as the water supply in Yamlok is very erratic. In order to save money, he deputes Doot to connect up the tank (content missing I guess) with disastrous results. Having no water in the house, Yam gets a plumber to divert some of Guptaji's water to his house. Himesh, in the meantime, discovers that his brother-in-law is quite a celebrity amongst some people. He devises a novel way to make money, charging Yam's fans money and bringing them over to meet him.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Dolly (Jigna's friend at home)
|ShortSummary = Yam moves his beloved Bhainsa to the bedroom as he is sick with a cold. An angry Jigna starts to leave the house to go back to her parents' place on Dhartilok when her old school friend, Dolly, pays her a surprise visit. Jigna stays back, pretending to have an amazingly happy marriage with Yam. Dolly however, having discovered that Jigna is sleeping on the living room couch and overhearing Yam speak lovingly to his bhainsa from outside the bedroom door, believes that Yam is having an open affair. Himesh, in the meantime, crashes Mandira's new car while pretending to know how to drive to impress Mohini. He hides the car in the bhainsa's empty stall with Doot's help while pretending that the car was stolen, but is soon caught. Meanwhile Dolly enters Yam's bedroom to find the truth, discovers the bhainsa and falls out of the window, further damaging the already stricken car.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Unwelcome Guest
|ShortSummary = Mandira has a fight with Guptaji and moves in with a suitcase to stay with Jigna. Guptaji soon follows with a suitcase as well. Himesh and Satya begin to steal and sell various goods from Guptaji's now empty house. They rope in Doot to help as well. In the meantime, Yam discovers that Guptaji and Mandira are very tiresome house guests. Secretly, Guptaji and Mandira are only pretending to fight in order to have free boarding and lodging at Yam's. When Yam buys a new TV and it turns out to be Guptaji's, chaos erupts.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Lagaa Saree Mein Daag
|ShortSummary = Jigna is horrified to find a large stain in a sari she borrowed from Mandira. Yam decides to remove the stain himself with Doot's help, making it worse with each attempt. Himesh tries to trick Satya into going to a so-called haunted spot, having convinced Mohini to pretend to be a ghost and scare him when he gets there. The ghost turns out to be genuine. In the meantime, Yam manages to buy an identical sari to return to Mandira, who is surprised to find the stain missing as she was aware of its existence even before she lent it to Jigna.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Job Exchange
|ShortSummary = Yam and Jigna get into an argument about who has the tougher job. They decide to exchange roles for a day. Yam stays back to manage the house, while Jigna goes out to take Yam's quota of praans. Himen and Jyotiben come over to visit, making Yam's job a nightmare. In the meantime, Jigna has her fair share of adventures.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Himesh Kidnapping
|ShortSummary = Yam is annoyed because Jigna always includes Himesh in all their family outings. He asks Doot to get Himesh out of his hair for a bit so he may spend some time with Jigna sans Himesh. In the meantime, Himesh pretends to be kidnapped in order to extract Rs. 500/- from Yam to buy a video game. Thinking that this is Doot at work, Yam tells off the so-called kidnappers. Jigna calls her parents for support. Realising an opportunity to extract some money from Himen, Yam pretends the kidnappers have asked for Rs. 50,000/- Giving this money to a confused Doot to put into his bank, Yam collects Himesh, who has just returned disappointed that his plan didn't work, and brings him home. When Himesh realises what has happened, he blackmails Yam to give him fifty percent of the money. In the midst of a now happy family, Doot enters with the Rs. 50,000/- saying that the bank is closed, inadvertently revealing Yam's duplicity to all.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Sasur Damad Special
|ShortSummary = Sick and tired of his father-in-law's taunts and insults, Yam decides to take matters into his own hands by letting Himen think that he has no time left to live. Faced with reality of certain death, Himen is put in Yam's hands, and Yam takes advantage to fullest. What Yam doesn't realise however is how dearly he will have to pay for this prank. Meanwhile, Doot seems to have fallen in love again and the object of his current affection is Jigna's new Yoga instructor. Feeling rather at sea about how to charm this young woman, Doot makes the mistake of taking advice from the self-proclaimed Love guru – Himesh and what finally happens between Doot and the Yoga instructor is no surprise at all.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Dance Class
|ShortSummary = Yam overhears a conversation where Jigna turns down going to a club in Yamlok because Yam simply cannot dance. Hurt by the fact that his lack of skill is causing Jigna to forego something she would otherwise enjoy, he decides to enroll for dance classes and master the skill for the sake of his loving wife's happiness. Little does he know that he will come to enjoy dancing so much; it will take over his entire existence. On the other hand, Himesh has gotten himself into yet another fix. Jealous about Satya and Mohini constantly texting each other, he took away Mohini's phone to have some fun with Satya while pretending to be Mohini. However, while trying to hide from Yam, he drops it on the floor in the cow shed and consequently, it is swallowed whole by Yam's faithful bhains. The rest of episode sees Himesh and Doot trying everything possible to get the phone out of Bhains.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Noisy Neighborhood
|ShortSummary = When Yam refuses to take Jigna to Dhartilok for a movie, she looks to Mandira for company. Happily entrusting the responsibility of her father-in-law to Doot, the ladies gleefully head off to the movies. Doot however, has a rather difficult handling Mandira's father-in-law. At home, Yam is overjoyed at being able to enjoy a day of peace and quiet, only to be rudely disturbed by Satya and Himesh, who have been bribed by Guptaji to stay away from his home, so HE can enjoy a day of peace and quiet. Yam immediately doubles the bribe and sends them back to Guptaji's and from then.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Rat in the House
|ShortSummary = There's a rat in the home of great Yamraj. And much to everyone's dismay, Yam has decided to take care of the rodent issue himself. Moving from one ridiculous solution to next, Yam along with his begrudging aide, Doot, take matters from bad to worse, causing Jigna to walk out of the house. But when the root cause for the rat being in the house is revealed, all of their collective fury is targeted at someone completely unexpected.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Soul Swap
|ShortSummary = While Himesh and Yam are in the midst of another lengthy and exhausting fight, a mystical and unexplained forced swaps their souls so Himesh is in Yam's body and vice versa. What follows is Himesh taking full advantage of being a position of power while Yamraj, while bearing the brunt of it, is trying desperately to minimize the damage. Meanwhile Doot engages in another romantic tryst, this time in pursuit of cutiepie77, an online acquaintance.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = A Necklace Affair
|ShortSummary = Jigna finds an expensive necklace set hidden amongst Yam's clothes and assumes that it is a gift for her. She tries various tricks to get Yam to reveal the supposed surprise, but he is clueless. Meanwhile, one of the famous priests of heaven, Ramsay ji, visits the school to give the students a motivational speech. Angry at Himesh for disrupting the class and making fun of him, the priest curses him and turns him into a rooster. Later on, Mandira drops by looking for Yam and seeing her wearing the necklace, Jigna is both shocked and upset.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Tota (Pet-Parrot)
|ShortSummary = When Jigna pressures Yam into getting her a pet, he picks a parrot that becomes a household favourite in no time. Soft-spoken, polite, virtuous and kind, the parrot is also proficient at giving apt and extremely helpful advice. Looking to capitalize on this trait, Himesh and Satya set up an astrology stand to make a quick buck. What follows is a series of hits and misses (mostly misses) where Himesh and Satya try to undo the damage they have done, but instead make matters worse.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = Diamond Potty
|ShortSummary = Yam, upset that he cannot fulfill Jigna's birthday wish for a diamond necklace, makes a plan with Doot. He will take a diamond necklace from one of his victims in exchange for letting her live a few more days, gift the necklace to Jigna, making her happ,y and then fake steal the necklace to give it back without her knowledge. However, a real thief, a buffalo that's all too ready to gobble down diamonds and greedy Himesh-Himen combo who will do anything for diamonds all complicate the situation.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = Amnesia
|ShortSummary = Yam gets knocked on the head with a cricket ball while taking the praan of an unmarried lady, Pinky, who's been desperate to get married. Realising that Yam now has amnesia, and believing him to be the husband that a pundit had promised, she lets him believe that they're engaged to be married. Seeing them shopping for jewellery in Himen's shop, Himen thinks that Yam is having an affair. After a confrontation with him, Jigna and Himesh realise that Yam has lost his memory. Himesh suggests another whack on his head could give him his memory back. In the meantime, Pinky hurriedly gets the pundit to marry them, but Yam gets hit on the head by a cricket ball once more and regains his memory. Jigna and Himesh arrive, not realising this, and as per plan, Himesh whacks Yam on the head.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Anniversary (Doot Flashback)
|ShortSummary = Jigna decides to plan something special for her and Yam's wedding anniversary. Doot is saddened remembering the past events. In flashback, it is shown that exactly a year ago, Yam paid Doot a visit to collect his soul on the same day that the latter got a promotion and married. It turned out to be a huge mistake as Yam "killed" the wrong man (Atmanand Diwedi/Doot instead of Atmanand Trivedi). To repent for the mistake, Yam gives Atmanand a job in heaven - that of Yamdoot. Yam then assigns Doot to help out Jigna whenever she needs a hand at home. Doot still holds a grudge against Yam, and in present is shown plotting against him to get revenge.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = Badtameez Dil (Heart Attack!)
|ShortSummary = While taking the praan of a teaching doctor in a medical college, Yam hears about the symptoms of a heart attack and realises that he's going through the same symptoms. A vaid examines him and pronounces that it is indeed a heart attack. Himesh, in school, impresses a school inspector with his honesty, much to the annoyance of the principal. Returning home and finding Yam on his deathbed, Himesh recognizes his symptoms for what they are... gas.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = Them Clones (Part 1)
|ShortSummary = An overwhelmed Yam does not have time for Jigna, which infuriates her. Later, Yam goes to take praan of the scientists who's just cloned an animal. Yam spares his life in return for a clone of himself. Using the clone to do all his work, Yam finds a lot of time for Jigna and himself. Himesh discovers the truth and demands a clone for himself in return for his silence. Son the clones rebel and move into the house forcing Yam and Himesh out. Discovering that clones are now in love with Jigna and Mohini, Yam and Himesh comes up with a novel plan to solve their problems.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = Return of the Clones (Part 2)
|ShortSummary = An overwhelmed Yam does not have time for Jigna, which infuriates her. Later, Yam goes to take praan of the scientists who's just cloned an animal. Yam spares his life in return for a clone of himself. Using the clone to do all his work, Yam finds a lot of time for Jigna and himself. Himesh discovers the truth and demands a clone for himself in return for his silence. Son the clones rebel and move into the house forcing Yam and Himesh out. Discovering that clones are now in love with Jigna and Mohini, Yam and Himesh comes up with a novel plan to solve their problems.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = Naya Mehmaan
|ShortSummary = Himen and Jyotiben's dog has puppies and Jyotiben promises one to Jigna. Jigna keeps the fact secret from Yam, who's a bit scared of dogs. Mandira inadvertently talks to Yam misunderstands and excitedly believes that Jigna is about to have a baby. He goes on a rampage buying things for his "Naya Mehmaan" much to Jigna's confusion.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = Moonch
|ShortSummary = Yam goes to take the praan of the director of a play, who offers Yam a role in his play..... if he shaves his moustaches. Yam does and returns home with a small moustache and a script. Jigna believes that Yam is actually Kamdev in disguise and gets Doot, Himesh and Mandira's help to overpower him. Yam finds himself tied to a chair, and has a hard time convincing everyone that he is indeed Yam. Later, the family go to see Yam acting in his play, but Yam suffers from stage fright.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = Matrimonial
|ShortSummary = Yam is expecting officials to come and check on him as his job appraisals are going on. In the meantime, Doot has registered in a matchmaking website. Himesh changes Doot's profile to Yam's. A family comes to see Yam for their daughter but is mistaken by Yam and Jigna as officials from Antakshari's office, leading to se hilarious moments.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Mango Loosie
|ShortSummary = Yam decides to fast along with Jigna during Karwachauth. He is gifted a crate of mangoes, of which he is extremely fond. Watching Himesh eating the mangoes proves too much for Yam, and he secretly devours them all, developing loose motioon. Doot, in the meantime, tries to take up a teaching job in Himesh's school but the job turns out to be that of a security guard. Yam, even with loose motion, goes to inaugurate a juice centre and is forced to drink a lot of mango juice, resulting in the inevitable.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Pyaar Ka Nishanaa
|ShortSummary = Yam asks his friend Kamdev for help in his marriage after a big fight with Jigna. Kamdev tries to shoot her with his love arrow but shoots Mandira instead, who falls madly in love with Yam. Thinking that shooting Yam with an arrow now and making him fall in love with Mandira will solve the problem, Kamdev fires, but strikes Himen, who's now besotted with Mandira. This goes on till there is a chain of people, each in love with the next; Mandira with Yam, Himen with Mandira, Guptaji with Himen and the bhains with Guptaji.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = Theme Party(Part 1)
|ShortSummary = Yam and Jigna are invited to a party in Himen's house. Jigna convinces Yam to wear a suit. However, it is a mythological theme party and Yam sticks out like a sore thumb. What makes it worse is the presence of a guest who has come dressed as Yamraj. In the meantime, Himesh attempts to make homemade pizza at home for Mohini using the washing machine and succeeds in messing up the house quite badly.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Theme Party(Part 2)
|ShortSummary = Yam and Jigna are invited to a party in Himen's house. Jigna convinces Yam to wear a suit. However, it is a mythological theme party and Yam sticks out like a sore thumb. What makes it worse is the presence of a guest who has come dressed as Yamraj. In the meantime, Himesh attempts to make homemade pizza at home for Mohini using the washing machine and succeeds in messing up the house quite badly.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
}}

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Lord [[Yamraj]]. He is miser due to low earnings and hence is not well treated by Jigna and her parents. He tries to give best treatment to his family but all plans go into vain due his brother-in-law Himesh which usually causes troubles and losses.
* [[Reema Worah]] as Jigna, Yamraj's wife, Himen and Jyotiben's daughter, Himesh's sister. She is a Gujarati woman from Earth. She is jealous of her neighbour Mandira and wants all facilities and luxuries of life. Her parents frequently visit her and curse Yamraj for her discomfort.
* [[Alam Khan (actor)|Alam Khan]] as Himesh, Himen and Jyotiben's son, Jigna's younger brother. He causes troubles for which Jigna blames Yamraj.
* [[Deepak Pareek]] as Lord [[Chitragupt]], Mandira's husband and Satya's father. He is wealthy and Yamraj's neighbour.
* [[Eva Ahuja]] as Mandira Gupta, Chitragutp's wife, Satya's mother. She always wears heavy jewelry to make Jigna jealous. She also tries to create misunderstanding between Yamraaj and Jigna for her pass-time.
* [[Ahsaas Channa]] as Mohini, Himesh and Satya's friend. Both Satya and Himesh have secret crush on her. Despite this, she doesn't give them much needed attention.
* [[Abhishek Pattnaik]] as Atmanand Diwedi (Doot). He was mistakenly killed by Yamraj on his marriage and promotion day and hence has secret grudges against him. He was appointed as Yamdut, Yamraj's emissary assistant as compensation for his death. He is overqualified assistant from [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] and [[IIM]]. Though being overqualified, he is being exploited by Yam and his family.
* Ayush Narang as Satya, Mandira and Chitragutp's son, Mohini and Himesh's friend. He secretly has a crush on Mohini and often considers Himesh as his rival.
* [[Parthaa Akerkar]] as Himen Bhai, Jigna's Father and Jyotiben's Husband. He is wealthy and Owns a Jewelry Shop.
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as Jyotiben, Himen's wife, Jigna and Himesh's mother. She always taunts Yamraj for Jigna's discomfort which is usually caused by Himesh.
* Shaynam Ladakhi as Bahadur. Yamlok's security watchman.(Episode- Unwelcome Guest)
* [[Beenna Malje]] as Pinky. Yamraj's fake wife.(Episode-Amnesia)

== Production ==
=== Digital Availability ===
The entire show is available on [[Ishara TV|Ishara]] Channel YouTube channel and aired during May and June 2021.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Epic TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]

Gangadharendra Saraswati

2025-11-16T05:19:51Z

Miteshsoni: correct references per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu guru}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader|
|name=Sri Gangadharendra Saraswati
|image= Swarnavalli_swamiji.JPG
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|sect = [[Shree Swarnavalli Matha]], [[Sonda, Karnataka]], India
|Predecessor= Shri Sarwajnendra Saraswati
|Successor= Shri Anandabodhendra Saraswati
|philosophy=[[Advaita Vedanta]]
|footnotes=
}}

'''Shri Gangadharendra Saraswati''', officially '''Shreemajjagadguru [[Shankaracharya]] Shri Gangadharendra Saraswati Swamij''', is pontiff (Guru) of Shri Sonda Swarnavalli [[matha|Mutt]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://swarnavallimatha.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=1 |title=swarnavallimatha – Shri Shrimajjagadguru Shankaracharya Shri Sonda Swarnavalli Mahasamsthanam |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315072242/http://swarnavallimatha.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=1 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sirsi, Karnataka]], India. He is the 54th Guru of this mutt. He took [[sannyasa]] and [[ordination]] from Shri [[Jayendra Saraswathi]] Mahaswamiji of [[Kanchi Matha]] which is known as Kanchi kamakoti Peetham. He is a follower of [[Advaita Vedanta]].

==Early life==

Before his initiation, Shree Swamiji was known as Veda Vidvan Shri Parameshvara Bhat and he was a [[Havyaka]] [[Brahmin]]. The swamiji ascended the holy seat as Head of Sonda Swarnavalli Samsthanam (Swarnavalli Math) on 2 February 1991, at the age of 23.<ref>[http://www.havyakamumbai.com/guru_pitha.htm Havyaka Welfare Trust – Mumbai (India)]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130411021913/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/01/stories/2006020109830300.htm The Hindu : Karnataka News : Pontiff completes 15 years as head of Sonda math]</ref>

==Gita Campaign==

He is well known for leading and guiding the 'Bhagavad [[Gita]] Abhiyaan' – a campaign for promotion of Bhagawad [[Gita]] all over in the state [[Karnataka]] and in [[Kasaragod]] of [[Kerala]].
The [[Government of Karnataka]] has openly supported this campaign by supposedly issuing orders to teach Bhagawad [[Gita]] as a part of this campaign in all the schools controlled by the Government. On 14 July 2011, the Primary and Secondary Education Minister [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] said that those opposing the [[Gita]] teaching should quit [[India]]. He said teaching the said holy book was necessary to inculcate moral values in students. Later former Higher Education Minister of [[Government of Karnataka]] [[V. S. Acharya]] also supported Mr. Kageri by saying the programme should not be seen as religious teaching and there is no connection between Bhagavad [[Gita]] and religion. [[Gita]] has more to do with human values. Finally the [[Government of Karnataka]] has temporarily withdrawn the said order after facing stiff opposition from minority communities by religion.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103213557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/india/29798925_1_bhagwad-gita-education-minister-epics Accept Gita or quit India, says Karnataka education minister – Times Of India]</ref><ref name="bare_url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080230/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article420216.ece 'Gita' teaching sparks row in Karnataka – The New Indian Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2786542.ece The Hindu : NATIONAL / KARNATAKA : ‘Gita in school curriculum only after public debate']</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bhagavad-gita-campaign-draws-flak-in-karnataka_1563991 Bhagavad Gita campaign draws flak in Karnataka – Bangalore – DNA]</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/24821/ipl-2012.html Bhagavad Gita campaign in 8 dists soon]</ref><ref>[http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=09-07-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00603&format=&publabel=TOI Times of India Publications]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174788/gita-abhiyaan-halted-controversy.html Gita Abhiyaan halted after controversy]</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/176415/content/215869/winds-change.html Mixed reaction to Gita Abhiyaan]</ref><ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=108648 Bangalore: 'Gita' Teaching Sparks Row in Karnataka]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161526/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022352470300.htm The Hindu : Karnataka / Shimoga News : Gita Abhiyan concludes today]</ref>

According to Swamiji the Bhagawad [[Gita]] is the panacea for all the major problems afflicting the country and the humanity. It conditions the mind to face any eventuality, by offering solutions for every situation<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/printer.asp?nid=66864 Daijiworld]</ref> and it can cure stress and depression.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130208132220/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article312096.ece ‘Gita helps cure symptoms of depression' – The New Indian Express]</ref>

==Environmentalism==
He is popularly known as Green Swamiji<ref name="bare_url_a">[https://archive.today/20130126122138/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/swarnavalli-pontiff-gets-parisara-shree-award/157079-60.html Swarnavalli Pontiff gets Parisara Shree Award – South India News – IBNLive]</ref> for his environmentalism and environmental conservation works.

In the year 2002, Shri Swamiji has toured the entire [[Uttara Kannada]] district, to mobilise the people for taking up a massive afforestation programme, with due co-operation from the Forest Department. As a result, more than five lakh saplings of different varieties were planted throughout the district.<ref>http://swarnavallimatha.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=28{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He is known for leading the moment against construction of additional units in the [[Kaiga Atomic Power Station]] citing environmental issues.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_green-swamiji-to-lead-anti-nuclear-agitation_1610292 'Green Swamiji' to lead anti-nuclear agitation – Bangalore – DNA]</ref>

He also said to have opposed functioning of all the four units of the [[Kaiga Atomic Power Station]] and demanded immediate shut down until the health survey by the Tata Memorial Centre proved that the plant does not cause any health hazard. The Erstwhile Western Ghat Task Force, an apex body for the protection of [[Western Ghats]] of [[Government of Karnataka]] was also said to have supporting the swamiji.<ref>[http://www.megamedianews.in/index.php/61440/swarnavalli-seer-strongly-against-proposed-5th-6th-units-of-kaiga/ Swarnavalli seer strongly against proposed 5th, 6th units of Kaiga | Mega Media News] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050128/http://www.megamedianews.in/index.php/61440/swarnavalli-seer-strongly-against-proposed-5th-6th-units-of-kaiga/ |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112658/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article305346.ece ‘1 lakh saplings will be planted’ – The New Indian Express]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134439/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article341619.ece ‘No Kaiga units V and VI without health surveys’ – The New Indian Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.narmada.org/archive/hindu/files/hindu.20001113.0413402g.htm The Hindu on indiaserver.com : Environmentalists opposed to Bedti Project]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130629124507/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/mangalore/32297969_1_survey-team-health-survey-6th-units Shut all units of Kaiga Generation Stations until health survey is done, says seer – Times Of India]</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031124092340/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/13/stories/0413402g.htm The Hindu : Environmentalists opposed to Bedti Project]</ref><ref>[http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/41294-protect-bio-diversity-shut-all-four-units-of-the-kaiga ‘Protect bio-diversity; shut all four units of the Kaiga’]</ref>
He is also leader of Kali Valley environment awareness campaign and head of the Bedti-Aghanashini Valley Protection-Committee.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Other activities==

He is also said to be an active participant in the movement against Alcoholism<ref>[https://archive.today/20130129170624/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article330899.ece Seers seek ban on alcohol – The New Indian Express]</ref> He is also said to be a strong supporter of [[areca]] growers and known to popularise [[organic farming]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article458354.ece Govt should rescue areca growers, says Swarnaval – The New Indian Express]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202234/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article454494.ece Areca prices crash to new low – The New Indian Express]</ref>

==Awards==
The prestigious "Parisara Shree" award of the year 2010–2011 given by [[Government of Karnataka]] has been awarded to Shree Gangadharendra Saraswati Swamiji of Swarnavalli Mutt in recognition of his environment conservation works.<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article430756.ece Swarnavalli Pontiff gets Parisara Shree Award – The New Indian Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2157535.ece The Hindu : NATIONAL / KARNATAKA : Swarnavalli Math swamiji presented Parisara Shree award]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925151528/http://www.swarnavallimatha.org/ Official Website of Shri Sonda Swarnavalli Mutt]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130717225123/http://geetaabhiyana.org/ Official website] of [[Bhagavad Gita]] Abhiyan started by the Mutt (In [[Kannada]])

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswati, Gangadharendra}}
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu activists]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2016 South Asian Games

2025-11-14T04:46:38Z

Miteshsoni: expanded references after review and added references per sources

{{Short description|Multi-sport event}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox games
| name = XII South Asian Games
| logo = 2016 South Asian Games Logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| host_city = [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]]
| country = [[India]]
| motto = ''Play for Peace, Progress and Prosperity''
| nations = [[#Participating nations|8]]
| teams =
| debuting_countries =
| athletes = 2,672
| events = 226 in 22 [[sports]]
| opening = 5 February {{smaller|([[Guwahati]])}} 6 February {{smaller|([[Shillong]])}}
| closing = 16 February
| opened_by = [[Narendra Modi]] [[Prime Minister of India]]
| closed_by = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| athlete_oath =
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter =
| Paralympic_torch =
| Queens_Baton = 
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Shillong]]
| Paralympic_stadium =
| length =
| ind_prize =
| team_prize =
| website = {{URL|http://southasiangames2016.nic.in/|Website}}
| previous =
| next =
| SpreviousS = [[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka]]
| SnextS = [[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu-Pokhara]]
| Sprevious = [[2011 South Asian Winter Games|2011 Dehradun-Auli]]
| Snext =
}}

The '''2016 [[South Asian Games]]''', officially the '''XII South Asian Games''', is a major [[multi-sport]] event which took place from 5 February to 16 February 2016 in [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]], India.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=South Asian Games to held from Feb 5-16 in Guwahati, Shillong |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/south-asian-games-to-held-from-feb-6-16-in-guwahati-shillong_1814375.html |newspaper=Zee News |date=25 October 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> A total of 2,672 athletes competed in 226 events over 22 sports.<ref name="team">{{cite news |author= |title=Sri Lanka to field 484 athletes in 23 disciplines |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=2015/12/30/sports/sri-lanka-field-484-athletes-23-disciplines |newspaper=Daily news |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |date=30 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the 2016 South Asian Games in Guwahati on 5 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/south-asian-games-budget-up-because-of-terror-threat/182590.html|title=South Asian Games budget up because of terror threat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/south-asian-games-sets-in-with-digital-evening/|title=South Asian Games sets in with 'digital' evening|date=7 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> India continued its dominance in the game's medal tally with a staggering 308 medals including 188 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/at-sag-it-wasnt-just-the-gold-that-glittered/|title=At South Asian Games, it wasn't just the gold that glittered|date=17 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Host selection==
The games were originally scheduled to be held in 2012 in [[Kathmandu]], but were postponed to [[Delhi]] for 2013 but again, were postponed to late 2015 because of the suspension of the [[Indian Olympic Association]]. In 2015 it was decided to further postpone the competition to early 2016, because participating countries felt the December dates did not present enough time for preparation.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=South Asian Games to be postponed further |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/South-Asian-Games-to-be-postponed-further/articleshow/47991343.cms |newspaper=Times of India|location=New Delhi, India |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref>

==Logo, Mascot and Anthem==

===The Mascot===
[[File:Tikhor the Rhino.png|thumb|Tikhor, the official mascot used for the games.]]
On 19 December 2015, Tikhor the baby [[Indian Rhino]] was unveiled to the public as the official mascot for the 2016 South Asian Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/where-the-saf-games-are-the-most-visible-contest-is-congress-vs-bjp/|title=At the SAF Games in Guwahati, the most visible contest is Congress vs BJP|date=4 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> According to the organising committee, Tikhor carries the message of Peace, Progress, and Prosperity in the South Asian region.<ref>{{Cite web|title = LOGO & MASCOT launch in Shillong - The Lantern Festival {{!}} Facebook|url = https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.162855090740290.1073741832.141533382872461&type=3|website = www.facebook.com|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = LOGO and MASCOT of 12th South Asian Games, 2016 Launched At Guwahati|url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mberel.aspx?relid=133132|website = pib.nic.in|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref> This is in line with the official motto, "Play for Peace, Progress and Prosperity".

===The Anthem===
The anthem of the games was chosen to be a famous Assamese song, "Ei Prithibi Ek Krirangan" (The world is a playground) by [[Bhupen Hazarika]], an Indian lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title = South Asian Games 2016|url = http://www.southasiangames2016.com/|website = www.southasiangames2016.com|access-date = 2016-01-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160320184016/http://www.southasiangames2016.com/|archive-date = 20 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==The Games==
===Sports===
There are 228 events in 23 sports scheduled to be held.<ref name="team"/> A total of 764 medals (228 gold, 228 silver and 308 bronze medals) are on offer in 2016 South Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/After-multiple-delays-South-Asian-Games-begin-on-Friday/articleshow/50849795.cms|title=After multiple delays, South Asian Games begin on Friday|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 February 2016 }}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{GamesSport|Archery}}
* {{GamesSport|Athletics}}
* {{GamesSport|Badminton}}
* {{GamesSport|Boxing}}
* {{GamesSport|Cycling}}
* {{GamesSport|Field hockey}}
* {{GamesSport|Football}}
* {{GamesSport|Handball}}
* {{GamesSport|Judo}}
* {{GamesSport|Kabaddi}}
* {{GamesSport|Kho kho}}
* {{GamesSport|Shooting}}
* {{GamesSport|Squash}}
* {{GamesSport|Swimming}}
* {{GamesSport|Table tennis}}
* {{GamesSport|Taekwondo}}
* {{GamesSport|Tennis}}
* {{GamesSport|Triathlon}}
* {{GamesSport|Volleyball}}
* {{GamesSport|Weightlifting}}
* {{GamesSport|Wrestling}}
* {{GamesSport|Wushu}}
}}

==Participating nations==
8 countries competed in 2016 South Asian Games.<ref name="team"/>

[[File:South Asian Games participating countries.PNG|thumb|right|Participating nations]]

{{Columns-list|
* {{flagIOC2|AFG|2016 South Asian Games|254 athletes}}
* {{flagIOC2|BAN|2016 South Asian Games|409}}
* {{flagIOC2|BHU|2016 South Asian Games|87}}
* {{flagIOC2|IND|2016 South Asian Games|519}}
* {{flagIOC2|MDV|2016 South Asian Games|184}}
* {{flagIOC2|NEP|2016 South Asian Games|398}}
* {{flagIOC2|PAK|2016 South Asian Games|337}}
* {{flagIOC2|SRI|2016 South Asian Games|484}}
}}

{{location map+|India3|float=right|width=320|caption=Location of events in 2016 South Asian Games in [[India]]|places=
{{location map~|India|label='''Guwahati'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left|lat=26.18|long=91.75}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''Shillong'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.57|long=91.88}}
}}

==Medal tally==
:
''After Doping Test Result.''{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =IND
| flag_template = flagIOC2
| event = 2016 South Asian Games
| team =
| gold_IND = 188 | silver_IND = 92 | bronze_IND = 28 | host_IND = yes
| gold_SRI = 25 | silver_SRI = 64 | bronze_SRI = 98
| gold_PAK = 12 | silver_PAK = 35 | bronze_PAK = 57
| gold_AFG = 7 | silver_AFG = 9 | bronze_AFG = 19
| gold_BAN = 4 | silver_BAN = 16 | bronze_BAN = 55
| gold_NEP = 3| silver_NEP = 23 | bronze_NEP = 35
| gold_MDV = 0 | silver_MDV = 2 | bronze_MDV = 1
| gold_BHU = 0 | silver_BHU = 1 | bronze_BHU = 15
}}

==Calendar==
Competition scheduled accurate as of 5 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.southasiangames2016.com/includes/media/Competition-Schedule-SAG-2016.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234413/http://www.southasiangames2016.com/includes/media/Competition-Schedule-SAG-2016.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 5 November 2022|title = Competition Schedule|access-date = 5 February 2016|website = 2016 South Asian Games}}</ref>
{{2016 South Asian Games calendar}}

==Controversy==
===IOA ban and delay===
Initially, the Games were expected to be held in October, 2012.<ref name=hsch>{{cite web
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Delhi-to-host-2012-South-Asian-Games/articleshow/5556360.cms
|publisher=The Economic Times
|date=2010-02-10
|title=Delhi to host 2012 South Asian Games
|access-date=2010-03-07
}}</ref> However, during the General Body meeting of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) on 16 December 2011, it was decided to postpone the Games to February, 2013. The primary concern highlighted was that the original plan meant that the Games would be held only two months after the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], a fact which made athletes uncomfortable. In addition, the Delhi Government had stated that "accommodation would be a problem during October–November".<ref name="Del">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ioa-postpones-south-asian-games/20111216.htm|publisher=Rediff|title=IOA postpones South Asian Games, scraps recent committees|date=16 December 2011|access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> In April 2012, the IOA sent letters to all the [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs) of South Asia, announcing that the Games will be held for eight days beginning from 13 February 2013; further discussions would take place at an all-NOC meeting in [[Moscow]]. President of the [[Nepal Olympic Committee]] Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan also reported about the proposed additions of [[fencing]], [[equestrianism|equestrian]], [[gymnastics]] and the [[triathlon]] to the Games schedule.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=33797 | title=India proposes mid-Feb for hosting South Asian Games | publisher=My Republica | date=11 April 2012 | access-date=17 April 2012 | author=Khatiwada, Nabin | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413003906/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=33797 | archive-date=13 April 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> As of January 2013, host city and dates of the games were not yet confirmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-10-155789-SAG-may-be-shifted-from-India |title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |access-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204001557/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-10-155789-SAG-may-be-shifted-from-India |archive-date=4 February 2015 }}</ref>

The [[International Olympic Committee]] banned the Indian Committee in March for political interference (the national government played a role in Olympic officials' selection). This delayed the event further as the ban was only lifted in May and the possibility of a low-cost edition of the games was raised among ongoing hosting discussions and poor relations with neighboring Pakistan due to the 2013 India–Pakistan border incidents.<ref>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/sport-news/31789-athletics-south-asian-games-in-danger.html Athletics: South Asian Games in danger ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621145842/http://sundaytimes.lk/sport-news/31789-athletics-south-asian-games-in-danger.html |date=2013-06-21 }}. ''Sunday Times'' (Sri Lanka). Retrieved on 2013-06-19.</ref>

2 years later, on 11 February 2014, the [[International Olympic Committee]] decided to lift the ban.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian athletes at Sochi 2014 able to compete under own flag after Olympic suspension lifted|date=11 February 2014 |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/olympics/winter-olympics/2014/1018336-indian-athletes-at-sochi-2014-able-to-compete-under-own-flag-after-olympic-suspension-lifted#.UvwO9ksaeME.facebook|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> Up until now, the Indian side competed in Olympic events such as the [[Winter Olympic Games 2010|Winter Olympic Games]] as independent participants.

A year later, on 5 June 2015, the uncertainty over the venue to host the 12th South Asian Games ended with the Sports Ministry and Indian Olympic Association deciding to hold the regional multi-sporting event in [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]] in November–December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Uncertainty over SAG ends; Guwahati, Shillong to co-host Games|url = http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/uncertainty-over-sag-ends-guwahati-shillong-to-co-host-games_1608162.html|access-date = 2015-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = South Asian Games to be held from Dec 10-20|url = http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/south-asian-games-to-be-held-from-dec-10-20_1618814.html|access-date = 2015-07-03}}</ref> However, this was postponed even further to a tentative date of February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 12th South Asian Games to be postponed further|url = http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/12th-south-asian-games-to-be-postponed-further_1626839.html|access-date = 2015-08-13}}</ref>

[[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] anti-talks faction also pledged support to South Asian Games, which is opposite to its stand on [[2007 National Games of India]] held in Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ulfa-anti-talks-faction-gives-support-to-South-Asian-Games/articleshow/50808778.cms|title=Ulfa anti-talks faction gives support to South Asian Games - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=February 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

On 3 February 2016, International Basketball Federation (FIBA) stated that it will not recognise the competition because of "unacceptable interference by Indian Olympic Association in affairs of the Basketball Federation of India".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/FIBA-doesnt-recognise-12th-South-Asian-Games-basketball-in-jeopardy/articleshow/50831726.cms|title=FIBA doesn't recognise 12th South Asian Games, basketball in jeopardy|work=The Times of India|date=3 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-south-asian-games-to-begin-tomorrow-after-several-rounds-of-delay-india-favourites-2173902|title=South Asian Games to begin tomorrow after several rounds of delay; India favourites - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 February 2016|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

Pakistani women's volleyball team is returning to [[South Asian Games]] after two decades - for the first time after their participation in [[1995 South Asian Games]], Madras where they had finished with a bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pakistani-athletes-feeling-at-home-116020400498_1.html|title=Pakistani athletes feeling at 'home'|author=Press Trust of India|date=4 February 2016|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Pakistani-athletes-feeling-at-home/articleshow/50849524.cms|title=Pakistani athletes feeling at 'home'|work=The Times of India|date=4 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/south-asian-games-pakistani-athletes-feeling-at-home-2002869.html|title=South Asian Games: Pakistani athletes feeling at 'home'|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> Afghanistan and Pakistan basketball teams will not participate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/12th-south-asian-games-afghanistan-stays-away-pakistan-to-follow-suit/article8194619.ece|title=12th South Asian Games: Afghanistan stays away, Pakistan to follow suit|author=Stan Rayan|work=The Hindu|date=4 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> Union Home ministry had sanctioned {{INRConvert|60|c}} to the police authorities to upgrade their security apparatus for the South Asian Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/south-asian-games-provides-much-needed-modernisation-to-security-forces/story-WDw4yLZ9sxgwT4jQn0rIXP.html|title=South Asian Games provides much-needed modernisation to security forces|date=28 February 2016 }}</ref>

India granted special concession to Pakistani athletes taking part in the 12th South Asian Games by declaring Guwahati and Kolkata as designated entry points for them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/south-asian-games-india-gives-special-concession-to-pak-athletes/article8193743.ece|title=India gives special concession to Pak athletes for South Asian Games|author=PTI|work=The Hindu|date=4 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

===Further political interference===
Initially, the [[Basketball]] event was scheduled to take place in 11 February, however [[FIBA]], Basketball's world governing body, decided to de-recognise the tournament on the grounds of political interference from the [[Indian Government]] and the [[Indian Olympic Association]]. This resulted in the entire event being cancelled, so rather having 228 events in 23 sports, the competition change to 226 events in 22 sports causing further scrutiny over the organization of the games.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Asian Games: Organisers scrap basketball event|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-south-asian-games-organisers-scrap-basketball-event-2175816|website=dnaindia|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

== Doping at the 2016 South Asian Games ==
On February 7, 2016 after completion of [[Squash at the 2016 South Asian Games|squash event]], [[Nasir Iqbal]] was asked to give his sample by [[World Anti-Doping Agency|World Anti Doping Agency]] (WADA). First Sample was tested positive and later after 3 days another test got the result as negative. Although he challenged, after significant evaluation WADA decided to dismiss his appeal and banned him for 4 years, from February 19, 2016, to February 19, 2020.

Nasir Iqbal was also stripped off from the [[Squash at the 2016 South Asian Games|Squash]] Men's Singles Gold-medalist Title.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-01|title=Wada bans Nasir Iqbal for four years|url=https://nation.com.pk/01-Jul-2017/wada-bans-nasir-iqbal-for-four-years|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!NOC
!Sport
!Stripped Off Medal
!Awarded
|-
|[[Nasir Iqbal]]
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan at the 2019 South Asian Games|Pakistan]]
| [[Squash at the 2016 South Asian Games|Squash]]
(Men's Singles)
|{{Gold1}} Gold
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Farhan Zaman]]
|}

==See also==
*[[2010 South Asian Games]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160320184016/http://www.southasiangames2016.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.webcast.gov.in/sag2016/ Video catchup on all events]
*[http://southasiangames2016.nic.in/includes/SAG_Final_Results.pdf Final Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028114701/http://southasiangames2016.nic.in/includes/SAG_Final_Results.pdf |date=28 October 2022 }}

{{South Asian Games}}

[[Category:2016 South Asian Games| ]]
[[Category:South Asian Games]]
[[Category:2016 in multi-sport events|South Asian Games]]
[[Category:2016 in Asian sport|South Asian Games]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian sport|South Asian Games]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India|South Asian Games, 2016]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]
[[Category:February 2016 sports events in India]]

Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi

2025-11-06T05:28:31Z

Miteshsoni: New new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian LGBT Rights Case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Court Case
| name = ''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi''
| court = [[Delhi High Court]]
| imagesize =
| date decided = 2 July 2009
| full name =
| judges = Chief Justice [[Ajit Prakash Shah]] [[S. Muralidhar|Justice S. Muralidhar]]
| opinions =
| citations = 160 Delhi Law Times 277
| keywords = [[Criminalization of homosexuality|Criminalization of Homosexuality]]
| Overruled = ''[[Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation]]'' by [[Supreme Court of India]]
}}
'''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2009)'''<ref>[http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/APS/judgement/02-07-2009/APS02072009CW74552001.pdf ''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', 160 Delhi Law Times 277 (Delhi High Court 2009)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826035913/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/APS/judgement/02-07-2009/APS02072009CW74552001.pdf |date=26 August 2009 }}</ref> is a landmark Indian case decided by a two-judge bench of the [[Delhi High Court]], which held that treating consensual [[homosexual]] sex between adults as a crime is a violation of [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental rights]] protected by [[India|India's]] [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. The verdict resulted in the decriminalization of homosexual acts involving consenting adults throughout India. This was later overturned by the Supreme Court of India in [[Suresh Kumar Koushal vs. Naz Foundation]], in which a two-judge bench reinstated [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]]. However, even that was overturned by a five-judge bench in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]] in 2018, decriminalizing homosexuality once again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality|title=Campaigners celebrate as India decriminalises homosexuality|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2018-09-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>

==Facts==
[[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]], introduced during [[British rule of India]], criminalizes "carnal intercourse against the order of nature". This phrase was interpreted to mean all forms of sexual activity other than heterosexual penile-vaginal intercourse.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref>

The movement to repeal Section 377 was led by the [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]], a non-governmental organization, which filed a [[public interest litigation|lawsuit]] in the [[Delhi High Court]] in 2001, seeking legalisation of homosexual intercourse between consenting adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chronology-8yearlong-legal-battle-for-gay-rights/96152-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705183512/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chronology-8yearlong-legal-battle-for-gay-rights/96152-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-05|title=Chronology: 8-year-long legal battle for gay rights|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> This was the second such petition, the first filed in 1994 by [[AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan]].<ref name=humjinsi>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fernandez|editor1-first=Bina|title=Humjinsi: A Resource Book on Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Rights in India|date=1999|publisher=India Centre for Human Rights and Law|location=Mumbai|page=35}}</ref> In 2003, the Delhi High Court refused to consider a petition regarding the legality of the law, saying that the petitioners had no ''[[locus standi]]'' in the matter. Naz Foundation appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the decision of the High Court to dismiss the petition on technical grounds. The Supreme Court decided that Naz Foundation had the standing to file a public interest lawsuit in this case, and sent the case back to the Delhi High Court to consider it on the merits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/03gay.htm?q=tp&file=.htm|title=Gay Rights is matter of Public Interest: SC|publisher=Rediff News|date=2006-02-03|author=Sheela Bhatt|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

In 2006, the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] filed an affidavit stating that the enforcement of Section 377 violates [[LGBTQ]] rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-20/delhi/27802911_1_naco-affidavit-naz-foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025121047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-20/delhi/27802911_1_naco-affidavit-naz-foundation|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-25|title=Govt's AIDS cell pushes to legalise homosexuality|date=2006-07-20|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> Subsequently, there was a significant intervention in the case by a Delhi-based coalition of LGBT, women's and human rights activists called "Voices Against 377", which supported the demand to "read down" Section 377 to exclude adult consensual sex from its purview.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-HC-to-take-up-PIL-on-gay-rights/articleshow/3054907.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025121052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-20/india/27743991_1_decriminalise-homosexuality-gay-couple-pil-on-gay-rights|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-25|title=Delhi HC to take up PIL on LGBT rights|date=2008-05-20|author=Shibu Thomas|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref>

==Judgement==
The case came up for hearing before a bench comprising Chief Justice [[Ajit Prakash Shah]] and Justice [[S. Muralidhar]], and the judgment was delivered on 2 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-high-court-legalises-consensual-gay-sex/96148-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705172824/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-high-court-legalises-consensual-gay-sex/96148-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-05|title=Delhi High Court legalises consensual gay sex|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> The Court located the rights to dignity and privacy within the right to life and liberty guaranteed by Article 21 (under the [[Fundamental Rights in India#Right to equality|fundamental Right to Freedom]] charter) of the Constitution, and held that criminalization of consensual gay sex violated these rights.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref>

The Court also held that Section 377 offends the guarantee of equality enshrined in Article 14 (under the [[Fundamental Rights in India#Right to equality|fundamental Right to Equality]] charter) of the Constitution, because it creates an unreasonable classification and targets homosexuals as a class.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref> Public ''animus'' and disgust towards a particular social group or vulnerable minority, it held, is not a valid ground for classification under Article 14. Article 15 of the Constitution forbids discrimination based on certain characteristics, including sex. The Court held that the word "sex" includes not only biological sex but also sexual orientation, and therefore discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation is not permissible under Article 15.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 104] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref> The Court also noted that the right to life under Article 21 includes the [[right to health]], and concluded that Section 377 is an impediment to public health because it hinders [[HIV]]-prevention efforts.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref>

The Court did not strike down Section 377 as a whole. The section was declared unconstitutional insofar it criminalises consensual sexual acts of adults in private. The judgement keeps intact the provision insofar as it applies to non-consensual non-vaginal intercourse and intercourse with minors. The court stated that the judgement would hold until [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] chose to amend the law.<ref>''Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi'', [http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf 160 Delhi Law Times 277, p. 132] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029182526/http://www.ilga.org/news-upload/Delhi_high_court_decision.pdf |date=29 October 2009 }} (Delhi High Court 2009)</ref>

==Significance==
According to an eyewitness account, as the Chief Justice read out the conclusion, "an audible gasp went around the room. By the time the Chief Justice had finished reading the conclusion of the judgment, people were openly weeping and there were handshakes and hugs all around."<ref name="Deccan Chronicle 2009-05-07">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/43776/print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013954/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/43776/print|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2011|title=Reforming Macaulay|last=Bhardwaj|first=Kajal|date=2009-05-07|work=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> Within hours, news of the judgment was being carried by international news sites. Lawrence Liang called it India's ''[[Roe v. Wade|Roe]]'' moment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawandotherthings.blogspot.com/2009/07/navigating-noteworthy-and-nebulous-in.html|title=Navigating the Noteworthy and Nebulous in Naz Foundation|author=Raghavan, Vikram|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> Activists,<ref name="The Hindu 2009-07-04">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/04/stories/2009070451260300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707015715/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/04/stories/2009070451260300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-07|title=Gay sex judgment greeted with delight and jubilation|date=2009-07-04|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-11-27|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> commentators and organizations like [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]<ref name="The Hindu UNAIDS">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070361381800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706034434/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070361381800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-06|title=Judgment on Section 377 welcomed|last=Aarti|first=Dhar|accessdate=2009-11-27|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-07-03}}</ref> lauded the decision, while some religious leaders<ref name="The Hindu Clerics">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070361341800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706053915/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070361341800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-06|title=Muslim clerics feel family system will be destroyed|last=Khan|first=Atiq|date=2009-07-03|accessdate=2009-11-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and politicians<ref name="DNA 2009-08-07 ">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/interview_decriminalising-homosexuality-will-send-wrong-signals_1272161|title=Decriminalising homosexuality will send wrong signals|last=Hunasavadi|first=Srikanth|date=2009-08-07|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> voiced displeasure over the judgment.

Some special leave petitions were filed in the Supreme Court requesting an interim stay of the judgment, pending an appeal. However, the Supreme Court rejected those requests.<ref name="Indian Express 2009-20-07">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-declines-to-stay-hc-verdict-on-homosexuality/491686/0|title=SC declines to stay HC verdict on homosexuality|date=2009-07-20|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> A batch of appeals were filed with the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], challenging the Delhi High Court judgment. On 27 March 2012, the Supreme Court reserved verdict on these.<ref name='The Hindu 2012'>{{cite news|title=Verdict reserved on appeals in gay sex case|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 March 2012|accessdate=3 October 2012|location=New Delhi, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3250607.ece}}</ref> After initially opposing the judgment, the [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]] [[G. E. Vahanvati]] decided not to file any appeal against the Delhi High Court's verdict, stating, "insofar as [Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code] criminalises consensual sexual acts of adults in private [before it was struck down by the High Court] was imposed upon Indian society due to the moral views of the [[British Raj|British rulers]]."<ref name='The Hindu 2012' />

On 11 December 2013, the Supreme Court's two member bench (Justices [[G. S. Singhvi]] and S. J. Mukhopadhaya) overturned the decision of the Delhi High Court. It said that the 2009 order of the High Court is "constitutionally unsustainable as only Parliament can change a law, not courts".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/supreme-court-says-gay-sex-is-a-criminal-offence-activists-to-seek-review-457216|title=Supreme Court says gay sex is a criminal offence, activists to seek review|date=2013-12-11}}</ref>

But, on 6 September 2018, a five judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgement, decriminalized homosexuality and banned discrimination based on sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality|title=Campaigners celebrate as India decriminalises homosexuality|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2018-09-06|work=the Guardian|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>

2 July has been celebrated as the [[Indian Coming Out Day]] to mark the date of this judgement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai's LGBTQIA+ community is coming out in order to take down Section 377 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2018/jul/04/chennais-lgbtqia-community-is-coming-out-in-order-to-take-down-section-377-3341.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Edex Live |date=4 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coming Out Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sexuality/column-indian-coming-out-day-2490270 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal|India|LGBTQ
}}

* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]
* [[Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation|Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013)]]

=== Similar landmark decisions ===

* ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''
* ''[[Jason Jones (activist)#Jones v Trinidad and Tobago|Jones v. Trinidad and Tobago]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826035913/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/APS/judgement/02-07-2009/APS02072009CW74552001.pdf Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]
* [http://www.altlawforum.org/news/gender-and-sexuality/the-377-campaign/The%20right%20that%20Dares%20to%20Speak%20its%20Name.pdf The Right that Dares to Speak Its Name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415033649/http://www.altlawforum.org/news/gender-and-sexuality/the-377-campaign/The%20right%20that%20Dares%20to%20Speak%20its%20Name.pdf |date=15 April 2010 }}, Alternative Law Forum
* [https://lawandotherthings.blogspot.com/search/label/Naz%20Foundation Law and Other Things on Naz Foundation]
* [https://archive.today/20120630065247/http://www.nazindia.org/advocacy.htm Naz Foundation India Trust]
{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naz Foundation V. Govt. Of Nct Of Delhi}}
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:2009 in case law]]
[[Category:2009 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:2009 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]

Speaking Tiger Books

2025-09-14T17:48:18Z

Miteshsoni: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian publishing house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Speaking Tiger Books
| image =
| caption =
| parent =
| status = Active
| predecessor =
| founded = 2014
| founder = Ravi Singh Manas Saikia
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics = [[Memoir]], [[sports]], [[nature writing]], [[travel writing]]
| genre =
| imprints = Talking Cub (Children's books)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/apr/23/one-for-the-childrenvirtual-interactive-book-session-for-your-kids-2134124.html|title=One for the children:Virtual interactive book session for your kids|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=23 April 2020|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref>
| owner =
| numemployees =
| website = {{url|https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/}}
}}

'''Speaking Tiger Books''' (informally '''Speaking Tiger''') is an independent publishing and book distribution company based in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/858369/this-publisher-is-taking-an-unconventional-route-to-bringing-international-fiction-to-india|title=This publisher is taking an unconventional route to bringing international fiction to India|first=Kanishka|last=Gupta|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> It was founded in 2014 by Ravi Singh and Manas Saikia, former heads of [[Penguin India]] and [[Cambridge University Press]] India, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/701530/a-handful-of-authors-are-beginning-to-monopolise-the-resources-of-the-publishing-industry|title=‘A handful of authors are beginning to monopolise the resources of the publishing industry’|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> The company focuses on maintaining a diversity of genres and publishes Indian and international [[literary fiction]] and non-fiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/the-speaking-tiger-and-the-business-of-publishing-books|title=The Speaking Tiger and the business of publishing books|website=www.sunday-guardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/ideas/the-audacity-of-hope/101470|title=The Audacity of Hope|website=www.fortuneindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/ Official website]

[[Category:2014 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2014]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]

{{Publish-company-stub}}

Manjari Joshi

2025-08-17T00:52:41Z

Miteshsoni: expand lead also and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Indian author, journalist and translator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Manjari Joshi
| image = Manjari1.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hin
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|03|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Journalist, writer and translator
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Books, journalistic articles and reviews
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = "Bharatiya Sangeet Ki Parampara"
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Manjari Joshi''' is a TV newsreader/anchor of the Indian [[Public broadcasting|public service broadcast]] television network ''[[Doordarshan]]''.<ref name=news1>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The_Doordarshan_Divas/articleshow/2677780.cms#7 |title=Doordarshan Diwas |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 January 2008}}</ref><ref name=news2>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldmalayalees.com/index.php?ind=blog&op=home&idu=1255&singlepost=170#7 |title=Blog on World Malayalees: Alakananda of Asianet |website=Alakananda of Asianet |date=28 July 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=news3>{{Cite web |url=http://justsuni.rediffiland.com/blogs/2007/05/03/Doordarshan-.html#7 |title=Blog on Rediffiland: Doordarshan |work=Rediffiland |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220143612/http://justsuni.rediffiland.com/blogs/2007/05/03/Doordarshan-.html#7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>She is the daughter of famous Hindi poet and journalist '''Raghuvir Sahay.'''

==Career==
Manjari got her schooling from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi. She pursued her graduation in Chemistry (Hons) from Miranda College of University of Delhi. She later turned towards Russian and received her post graduation from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. She is a translator of Russian to English and Hindi. She has written articles for newspapers. She teaches television journalism.<ref name=training1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iimmdelhi.com/html/facultyprofile.html# |title=IIMM, New Delhi }}</ref><ref name=training2>{{cite web |url=http://www.nraismc.com/faculty_member.html# |title=NRAI, New Delhi |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226111458/http://www.nraismc.com/faculty_member.html |archive-date=26 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Selected Works of Abai Kunnanbev'' (अबई कुनानबेव चयनिका) (1995), (Translations: Hem Chandra Pande, Variyam Singh, Manjari Joshi, Archana Upaddhyaya), Sahitya Academy, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-7201-815-0}}
* ''Bharatiya Sangeet ki Parampara'' (भारतीय संगीत की परंपरा) (2002), National Book Trust, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-237-3985-0}}
* ''Writing for Media'' (2011), (co-author Hemant Joshi), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-259-4866-7}}
* ''Fundamentals of Journalism and Mass Communication'' (2011), (co-author Prof. Hemant Joshi), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-259-4807-0}}
* ''Communication for Development'' (2011), (co-author Hemant Joshi), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-259-4817-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006164128/http://www.masscomedia.tv/play.php?vid=334 Manjari Joshi's Video Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226111458/http://www.nraismc.com/faculty_member.html NRAI, New Delhi]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Manjari}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Doordarshan journalists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Translators from Russian]]
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}
{{India-writer-stub}}

Sakawrhmuituai

2025-07-31T08:10:26Z

Miteshsoni: created first pg v1

{{short description|Mountain in India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Sakawrhmuituai
| photo =Sakawrhmuituai tlang.jpg
| photo_caption = Sakawrhmuituai Mountainside
| elevation_m = 1535
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| location = [[Aizawl District]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| range = [[Lushai Hills]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.85184166666667|92.74236388888889|region:IN_type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type = volcanic eruption
| age = around 10th BC
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = }}

'''Sakawrhmuituai''' is a tourist spot about 21.7 km from [[Aizawl]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakawrhmuituai Hills |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/68 |website=mizoramtourism.com |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> [[Mizoram]], India. With an elevation of 1,535 metres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain in Mizoram |url=http://mizoram.nic.in/about/hill.htm |website=Mizoram.nic.in |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

==Ridgeline Trail==
Annual downhill track ride competitions are held starting from the peak of the mountain till main road annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTB Mizoram Downhill Challenge-ah Vaivakawn cyclist Miller-a pakhatna |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/112298 |website=Vanglaini.org |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

==Skywalk and Ropeway==
Tourism Minister, Mr John Rotluangliana laid foundation stone for Eco-Adventure Circuit Aizawl-Sakawrhmuituai Tlang (Skywalk and Ropeway) on 3rd April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=TOURISM MINISTER IN DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-ADVENTURE CIRCUIT AIZAWL-SAKAWRHMUITUAI TLANG (SKYWALK & ROPEWAY) LUNGPHUM PHUM |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/tourism-minister-in-development-of-eco-adventure-circuit-aizawl-sakawrhmuituai-tlang-skywalk-ropeway-lungphum-phum |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219191552/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/tourism-minister-in-development-of-eco-adventure-circuit-aizawl-sakawrhmuituai-tlang-skywalk-ropeway-lungphum-phum |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rs 99 Crore had been received for the development of the skywalk on land donated by Siphir and Lungdai village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram planing to construct longest Ropeway in Asia |url=https://northeastindia24.com/mizoram-planing-to-construct-longest-ropeway-in-asia/ |website=northeastindia24.com |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> The ropeway and the skywalk remain incomplete with corruption cases registered by anti corruption board in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ropeway leh skywalk chunghangah ACB-in thubuai pangngai an ziak lut |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/97984 |website=Vanglaini.org |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> against then minister John Rotluangliana and the former director.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACB lens on former Mizoram tourism minister for funds misuse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/acb-lens-on-former-mizoram-tourism-minister-for-funds-misuse/articleshow/95909969.cms |website=timesofindia.com |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Tourism in Mizoram]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mizoram}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Tourism in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Hills of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:Geography of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mountains of Mizoram]]

Varrun Sukhraj

2025-07-26T05:25:27Z

Miteshsoni: created a article first draft

{{Short description|Indian writer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varrun Sukhraj
| image = Varrun.jpg
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = [[Film Director]]
| years_active = 2016-present
| spouse = Sneha Desai
| awards = The Peabody Award
}}
'''Varrun Sukhraj''' (16 June 1988) is an Indian writer and director.<ref name=":0" /> He is known for his acclaimed documentary "Too Much Democracy" (2022), based on [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|Indian farmers' protest]] in 2020. Which screened at The [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-16 |title=खऱ्या भारताच्या शोधात.. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/too-much-democracy-documentary-film-on-farmers-protest-at-delhi-by-varun-sukhraj-zws-70-3792875/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> He is also known for his sensitive filmmaking style that raises awareness of critical societal issues through his films and storytelling.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-08-07 |title=Three documentaries that seek to give a retrospective understanding of farm protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-documentaries-that-seek-to-give-a-retrospective-understanding-farm-protests/article67168999.ece |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Varrun was born in a business family, and grew up in [[Khed, Ratnagiri]], he later moved to [[Pune]] city for his higher studies. In 2016, he founded his own production house in Mumbai and directed his first TV series, Naammatra which was focused on [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=Archiving the Death of Democracy: How ‘Jamoora’ Does What No Indian Film Has |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/interview/archiving-the-death-of-democracy-how-jamoora-does-what-no-indian-film-has |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, His documentary Film Too Much Democracy was released, based on [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]. The protest saw farmers marching towards [[Delhi]] to oppose the new farm bills introduced by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=Farmers on camera |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/farmers-on-camera-101726671222793.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921103810/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/farmers-on-camera-101726671222793.html |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, He collaborated with stand-up comedians [[Kunal Kamra]] and [[Shyam Rangeela]] on the film titled Jamoora (Jester), which was released in India in October 2024.<ref name="outlookindia.com"/>

His upcoming project, a biographical film on the life of [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Chhatrapati Rajarshi Shahu]], a revolutionary Indian king from the early [[British Raj|British era]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title='Shahu Chhatrapati': Varun Sukhraj announces his next on the life of Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shahu-chhatrapati-varun-sukhraj-announces-his-next-on-the-life-of-rajarshi-shahu-maharaj/articleshow/92411590.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Naammatra]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''Too Much Democracy''
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Jamoora]]''
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|''[[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu Chhatrapati ]]''
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://imdb.com/name/nm12476391/ Varrun Sukhraj] at [[IMDb (identifier)|IMDb]]

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]

P. Rajeeve

2025-07-17T04:50:25Z

Miteshsoni: update

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Rajeev
| image = P. Rajeev 2023.tif
| image_size = 250px
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Meladoor, [[Annamanada]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| residence = Ushus, Nanthancode, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Second Vijayan ministry|Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| office2 = [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 22 April 2009
| term_end2 = 21 April 2015
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office = Minister for [[Department of Industries (Kerala)|Industries]], Law and Coir, [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start = 20 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{Unbulleted_list|[[E. P. Jayarajan]] (as Minister for Industries)|[[A. K. Balan]] (as Minister for Law)|[[T. M. Thomas Isaac]] (as Minister for Coir)}}
| successor =
| office3 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 24 May 2021
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
| predecessor3 = [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju]]
| spouse = Vani Kesari
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
}}

'''P. Rajeev''' is an Indian politician, who currently serves as the Minister for Industries, Law and Coir in the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notifications - Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/notifications|access-date=2021-05-21|website=kerala.gov.in|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517193517/https://kerala.gov.in/notifications|url-status=dead}}</ref> He represents [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery constituency]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and career==
Punnadath Rajeev was elected to Rajya Sabha on 27 April 2009. He is a native of Meladoor in [[Thrissur district]]. He was born to late P. Vasudevan (Retired Revenue Inspector) and Radha Vasudevan.

Rajeev completed his schooling at Government Samithy High School, Meladoor and then joined for his pre degree education at [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]. He graduated in Economics from the [[St. Paul's College, Kalamassery]] and later took his LL.B degree from the [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]. He also holds a diploma in Chemical Engineering from Government Polytechnic College, [[Kalamassery]], where he started his political activism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industry Minister from Industrial District|url=https://www.news8plus.com/industry-minister-from-industrial-district/amp/ |access-date=2021-05-25|website=News8Plus|date=21 May 2021 }}</ref> He was a practising lawyer at the [[High Court of Kerala]] before taking full-time political and organizational responsibilities.

Rajeev is married to Dr. Vani Kesari who is teaching law at the School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology. The couple have two daughters, Hridhya Rajeev and Haritha Rajeev.

Rajeev is one of the Secretariat members of CPI(M) Kerala State committee. He was a member of parliament ([[Rajya Sabha]]) from 2009 to 2015. Rajeev had been the most active member of the upper house during his stint and had raised several popular issues in the house. When he retired, leaders from most political parties pleaded with CPI(M) general secretary Sitaram Yechury to consider getting Rajeev elected again to the parliament. He was highly praised for his parliamentary performance by political opponents like former finance minister Arun Jaitley, Congress leader Gulam Nabi Azad, BSP supremo Mayawati and Rajya Sabha deputy chairman P. J. Kurien. His Parliamentary performance was highly applauded and was outstanding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-rare-gesture-mps-ask-cpim-to-bring-back-rajeeve-to-rajya-sabha/article7133930.ece|title=In RS, clamour for P. Rajeev's return|first=Gargi|last=Parsai|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He won the Sansad Ratna Award in 2016 for his outstanding contributions in the Parliament.

In [[2019 Indian general election]], he contested from [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/mar/07/stage-getting-ready-for-big-fight-1947779.html|title=Lok Sabha polls 2019: Stage getting ready for big fight in Ernakulam|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> In 2020, his book ''Bharanaghadana: Charithravum Samskaravum'' received the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award in the scholarly literature category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/abu-dhabi-sakthi-award/1006252 |title=എം കെ സാനുവിനും പി രാജീവിനും സി എൽ ജോസിനും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ്‌ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=9 March 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>

In the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly Election]], Rajeev defeated V. E. Abdul Gafoor of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and got elected from [[Kalamassery]] state assembly constituency, Ernakulam District. P Rajeev was included in the second [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] ministry as Minister for Industries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.themachinemaker.com/news/p-rajeev-industries-minister-government-of-kerala-2015 | title=Chemical Engineer P Rajeev to lead Industries Department, Government of Kerala }}</ref>

==Political career==
Rajeev started his public life as an organizer of the [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) being active from his School days. Later he became the President and then Secretary of SFI Kerala State Committee. He also held positions including the Joint Secretary and Vice President of SFI Central Committee. Later he was active in the Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) where he held the post of district secretary. Rajeev is now a Central committee member of CPI(M). Rajeev also served as the Chief Editor of [[Deshabhimani]] Daily.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|prajeev.cpm}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeev, P}}
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

List of populated places in Thoubal district

2025-06-28T02:44:24Z

Miteshsoni: New new place

{{short description|Villages in Thoubal district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Thoubal district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India has two subdivisions.<ref name="blocks"/> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the [[Kakching district]] (split in 2016) was a part of the Thoubal district.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pradip Phanjoubam |title=Under siege, on edge |newspaper=Indian Express |date=2016-12-22 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/manipur-violence-imphal-curfew-protest-okram-ibobi-singh-4439176/ |access-date=2023-01-12 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Thoubal - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6467 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

== Subdivisions ==

The Thoubal district has two subdivisions with six tehsils or circles:<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration Thoubal |url=https://thoubal.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tehsil |publisher=District Administration Thoubal |url=https://thoubal.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

* Lilong subdivision: Irong Chesaba and Lilong
* Thoubal subdivision: Thoubal, Yairipok, Heirok, and Khongjom

It has three [[community development block]]s (CD blocks) with 27 [[gram panchayat]]s:<ref name="villages">{{cite web |title=Villages & Panchayats |publisher=District Administration Thoubal |url=https://thoubal.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

* Lilong
** Khekman
** Maibam Uchiwa
** Oinam Sawombung
** Turen Ahanbi
** Charangpat
** Wangkhem
* Thoubal
** Leisangthem
** Moijing
** Khangabok Part I
** Khangabok Part II
** Khangabok Part III
** Wangbal
** Sangaiyumpham I
** Sangaiyumpham II
* Wangjing Tentha
** Heirok Part I
** Heirok Part II
** Heirok Part III
** Langathel
** Kangyambem
** Salungpham
** Sapam
** Samaram
** Tekcham
** Leirongthel Ningel
** Lourembam
** Tentha

== Towns ==

The Thoubal district has 6 municipal councils: at the time of the 2011 census, Wangjing Lamding Municipal Council did not exist, and four others (those except Thoubal) were classified as [[Nagar Panchayat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipalities |publisher=District Administration Thoubal |url=https://thoubal.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Lilong (Thoubal)]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Lilong
| 22888
| 75.68%
| 988
| 0.0%
| 0.98%
| 801476
|-
| [[Samurou]]
| [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| Lilong
| 5861
| 84.95%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 0.03%
| 801488
|-
| [[Heirok]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Thoubal
| 2974
| 71.67%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 801477
|-
| [[Thoubal]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Thoubal
| 45947
| 82.83%
| 1002
| 1.46%
| 0.18%
| 801479
|-
| [[Sikhong Sekmai]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Thoubal
| 7390
| 69.68%
| 1025
| 0.0%
| 0.08%
| 801480
|-
| [[Yairipok]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Thoubal
| 9569
| 82.2%
| 991
| 0.0%
| 0.02%
| 801481
|-
| [[Wangjing, Manipur|Wangjing]] (now combined with Lamding to form a Municipal Council)
| [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| Thoubal
| 8055
| 81.44%
| 1073
| 0.0%
| 0.01%
| 801478
|}

== Villages ==

The villages in the Thoubal district include:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Lilong subdivision ===

==== Irong Chesaba SDC Circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Hangool]] (Hangul)
| 1752
| 66.6%
| 921
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269924
|-
| [[Hayel]]
| 2653
| 70.64%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269923
|-
| [[Uchiwa, Thoubal|Uchiwa]]
| 3385
| 61.13%
| 1059
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269917
|-
| [[Maibam Konjil]]
| 5696
| 68.11%
| 1063
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269918
|-
| [[Irong Chesaba]]
| 6749
| 65.09%
| 1001
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269919
|-
| [[Irong Thokchom]]
| 645
| 81.82%
| 1003
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269920
|-
| [[Thoudam]]
| 1884
| 71.26%
| 1035
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269921
|-
| [[Leisangthem]] (Leishangthem)
| 6118
| 73.77%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269922
|}

==== Lilong SDC Circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Khekman]]
| 7157
| 66.04%
| 962
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269925
|-
| [[Moijing]]
| 7428
| 66.48%
| 1002
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269926
|-
| [[Nungei]]
| 2074
| 59.77%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269927
|-
| [[Atoukhong]]
| 1611
| 82.9%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269928
|-
| [[Oinam, Thoubal|Oinam]]
| 2377
| 77.53%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269929
|-
| [[Laiphrakpam]] (Leiprakphm)
| 1093
| 81.76%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269930
|-
| [[Haoreibi]] (Houreibi)
| 3218
| 76.14%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269931
|-
| [[Lilong (Thoubal)]] (part)
| 3352
| 71.85%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269932
|-
| [[Chaobok]]
| 1436
| 82.88%
| 1008
| 0.0%
| 14.83%
| 269933
|}

The following village is not listed in the 2011 census directory: Kayam Siphai.<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Thoubal subdivision ===

==== Thoubal SDC circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Nepra Company]] (Nepra Comapany)
| 593
| 73.48%
| 983
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269940
|-
| [[Charangpat Maklang]]
| 3535
| 79.01%
| 1026
| 0.0%
| 0.14%
| 269941
|-
| [[Khangabok]]
| 16344
| 72.0%
| 1007
| 0.06%
| 0.02%
| 269944
|-
| [[Hayel Labuk]] (Hayelloubuk)
| 1758
| 71.06%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269939
|-
| [[Bengi, Manipur|Bengi]]
| 807
| 74.69%
| 1091
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269942
|-
| [[Wangbal]]
| 2420
| 78.65%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 0.45%
| 269975
|-
| [[Uyal]]
| 1267
| 80.6%
| 1014
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269976
|-
| [[Icham Kunou]] (Icham Thana)
| 664
| 81.24%
| 897
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269943
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

* Yaithibi
* Haokha Maning
* Haokha Mamang
* Sabaltongba
* Okram Hanjaba
* Nongangkhong
* Okram Wangmataba
* Thoubal Wangmataba
* Thoubal Achouba
* Kshetrileikai
* Athokpam
* Phoudel

==== Khongjom SDC circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Lamding]] (now combined with Wangjing to form a Municipal Council)
| 1587
| 74.3%
| 1011
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269948
|-
| [[Sanggaiyumpham, Thoubal|Sangaiyumpham]] (Sanggaiyumpham)
| 11311
| 62.76%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269946
|-
| [[Tentha]]
| 9087
| 69.32%
| 1023
| 0.01%
| 0.01%
| 269947
|-
| [[Kang Samaram]]
| 3369
| 68.64%
| 1025
| 0.03%
| 0.03%
| 269986
|-
| [[Cherapur]] (Chirapur)
| 3193
| 77.0%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269952
|-
| [[Khongjom]]
| 2334
| 68.63%
| 1056
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269958
|-
| [[Chingtham]]
| 1391
| 72.98%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269959
|-
| [[Tekcham, Manipur|Tekcham]]
| 3825
| 68.42%
| 1011
| 0.13%
| 0.0%
| 269951
|-
| [[Yaithibi Khunou]]
| 548
| 64.78%
| 923
| 80.47%
| 0.0%
| 269953
|-
| [[Langathel]]
| 4742
| 50.22%
| 960
| 0.0%
| 0.02%
| 269954
|-
| [[Phundrei]]
| 3087
| 55.37%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269955
|-
| [[Lamlong]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269956
|-
| [[Langol, Manipur|Langol]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269957
|-
| [[Sapam]] (Sapam Leikai)
| 3442
| 78.97%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 0.03%
| 269950
|-
| [[Papal, Manipur|Papal]] (Sapam Papal)
| 1133
| 74.74%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269945
|}

==== Heirok SDC Circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Thokchom, Manipur|Thokchom]]
| 697
| 79.65%
| 1074
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269974
|-
| [[Kairembikhok]]
| 1779
| 78.9%
| 1054
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269977
|-
| [[Kangthokchao]]
| 2162
| 69.66%
| 994
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269978
|-
| [[Kangyambem]]
| 3090
| 75.19%
| 1059
| 0.1%
| 0.13%
| 269979
|-
| [[Heirok Part I]] (part)
| 9574
| 64.73%
| 925
| 0.04%
| 0.02%
| 269981
|-
| [[Heirok Part II]] (part)
| 6205
| 70.74%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269982
|-
| [[Chingdompok]]
| 1146
| 75.49%
| 1028
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269983
|-
| [[Kangdabi]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269984
|-
| [[Purnaheitupokpi]] (Purna Heituppokpi)
| 1131
| 80.66%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269980
|}

==== Yairipok SDC Circle ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Charangpat Mamang]]
| 2834
| 77.67%
| 999
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269968
|-
| [[Wangkhem]]
| 5235
| 81.73%
| 1010
| 0.0%
| 0.02%
| 269969
|-
| [[Pechi]]
| 830
| 87.06%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269970
|-
| [[Khoirom]]
| 4037
| 76.71%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269971
|-
| [[Leirongthel]]
| 2038
| 70.53%
| 971
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269964
|-
| [[Chandrakhong]]
| 1162
| 62.03%
| 1082
| 0.0%
| 1.46%
| 269962
|-
| [[Phanjangkhong]]
| 235
| 54.95%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269961
|-
| [[Ningel]]
| 338
| 84.62%
| 1112
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269963
|-
| [[Kakmayai]] (Kak Mayai)
| 657
| 68.69%
| 1003
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269965
|-
| [[Lourembam]]
| 1050
| 90.76%
| 920
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269966
|-
| [[Langmeithel]] (Langmeithet)
| 931
| 77.19%
| 904
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269967
|-
| [[Bumpa Khullen]] (Bumpa Khullen)
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269960
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

* Keirambi
* Bishnunaha
* Bamon Lekai
* Kekru
* Sekmaikumbi
* Shikhong
* Ukhongsang

=== Other ===

The following villages of Thoubal block, listed in the 2011 census, no longer appear on the district website:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Thoubal Khunou]]
| 179
| 77.92%
| 827
| 58.1%
| 0.0%
| 269938
|-
| [[Wangjing, Manipur|Wangjing]] (village, distinct from town of the same name)
| 2960
| 69.79%
| 1034
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269949
|-
| [[Ingourok]]
| 593
| 68.9%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269972
|-
| [[Poirou Tangkhul]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269973
|-
| [[Saram Tangkhul]]
| 75
| 72.86%
| 974
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269985
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Thoubal]]