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Anthony Gilchrist McCall

2026-05-07T00:46:53Z

MishaelNab: Created A Data

{{Short description|Indian Civil Service officer and military officer (1895-1978)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Distinguish|text = New York artist [[Anthony McCall]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent of the Lushai Hills]]
| term_start = 1931
| term_end = May 1943
| governor_general =
| prime_minister =
| predecessor = G.G.G. Heime
| successor = [[Arthur Ronald Hume Macdonald]]
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Anthony Gilchrist McCall
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}}
| image = [[File:Anthony Gilchrist McCall.jpg|250px]]
| image_upright =
| alt = Portrait of Anthony Gilchrist McCall ({{circa|1950s}})
| caption = Portrait of Anthony Gilchrist McCall ({{circa|1950s}})
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Conisbrough]], South Yorkshire, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|5|8|1895|1|7}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=NL%2ByMMs4djNCKhPJA0ce7Q&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=24 December 2024|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Sandbanks]], Poole Unitary Authority, Dorset, England
| death_cause =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Jean Chisholm McCall|1924|1978}};
| children = Mary Elliot Scott
| relations = Dr Anthony McCall (Father) Mary Greer Gilchrist McCall (Mother) Elizabeth Marion Gilchrist McCall Gough (Sister)
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| burial_place = Bournemouth Crematorium and North Cemetery
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = U9/27
| other_work = Lushai Chrysalis
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[British Army]]
| branch_label = 
| service_years = 1915-1931
| service_years_label =
| rank = Major
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit = 54th Bridgade Royal Field Artillery
| commands =
| known_for = Superintendent of [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills District]]
| battles = [[Balkan Front (World War I)|Balkans theatre]], [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
}}
}}
Major '''Anthony Gilchrist McCall''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (7 January 1895-8 May 1978) was an Indian Civil Service officer and an officer of the British military. He was the superintendent of the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills District]] from 1931 to 1943.

==Early life==
Anthony McCall was born in Yorkshire on 7 January 1895 to Dr Anthony McCall and Mary Greer McCall (b. Gilchrist). He had one sister. He was educated at [[Cheltenham College]] before going to Woolwich to train as an officer in the [[Royal Artillery]]. He was commissioned in the early summer of 1914. McCall was on leave in Germany on the outbreak of [[World War I]] and escaped detention by German authorities. He served with the Royal Artillery and participated in the [[Balkan Front (World War I)|Balkans theatre]], particularly on special duty in the [[Serbian campaign]]. His ranks include being a Lieutenant and a Captain Temporary Major. He ended his service with the rank of Major.{{sfn|The Times|1978}}

==Indian civil service==
In 1921, McCall joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] as the only regular soldier in his year to be accepted. He was posted to Bengal where he received further training. He was then posted to the [[Colonial Assam|Government of Assam]].{{sfn|The Times|1978}}{{sfn|Alexander|2019}}

In 1928, McCall was appointed President of the Durbar in [[Manipur State]]. He held this position until 1931, when he was transferred as the Superintendent of the [[Lushai Hills District]].{{sfn|The Times|1978}}

==Superintendent of the Lushai Hills district==
The Lushai Hills was described as a pleasant backwater that was underdeveloped and underinvested by the Government of Assam. Little had been done to modernize the region. Due to the inner line and excluded areas designation, outside contacts were also limited. McCall took on a modernisation policy for the Lushai Hills to prepare them for their place as a wider community. McCall designated policies for the Lushai Hills while preserving Lushai customs and traditions. Efforts were made in education, health, hygiene, agriculture and social activities. Due to this, the Assam Government permitted McCall to remain as superintendent for a term far longer than average.{{sfn|The Times|1978}} McCall's efforts in the Lushai Hills were ambitious, as he even attempted to convince the British to establish electricity.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=603}}

===Response to the Kelkang Revival===
{{main|Kelkang Revival}}

As Superintendent McCall presided over the unfolding the [[Kelkang Revival]]. A Mizo preacher, Thanghnuaia who was illiterate began to get individuals to read out verses he pointed and claim communion with the Holy Spirit. Thanghnuaia's influence grew through his preaching and constant prayer. His influence became diluted over two more men known as Thanzinga and Pasina according to Chief Liannawla.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=387}} Pasina who was literate presided over the meetings and handled biblical discussion.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=388}} McCall claimed that the three men succeeded in wielding considerable spiritual influence over the people of Kelkang.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}}

Thanzinga claimed to have had a holy vision, and the message spread across Kelkang. Revivalists began to sing and dance and stopped cultivating their crops. Individuals began to sacrifice animals in feasts for God as a result.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=388}} McCall analyses the revival of individuals inhibiting the spirit of the Holy Ghost in their hearts. McCall recorded instances of hysteria such as a naked woman in Church during the revival celebrations who went insane. He criticised the missions for the failure to police the behaviour of revivalists and lack of worship etiquette.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}}

Eventually the Kelkang Revival spread to neighbouring villages.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=390}} McCall left with an escort of Gurkha riflemen of the First Battalion of the [[Assam Rifles]] on 4 September towards Kelkang.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}} McCall uncovered a plan that the revivalists planned to ambush him by slapping him and trampling him. He claimed this plan was made so that no one killer would be identified in his attempted intervention. Pasina was alleged to have devised a plan to prompt McCall to say "damn" in order to trigger the ambush.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=222}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}} McCall thus made a surprise visit to the village and surrounded the houses of the ringleaders and arrested the three men.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=222}}

Pasina was taken to the camp and spoke in tongues.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=403}} McCall gave an ultimatum to Pasina to persist in worship and not be fed, or revoke the behaviour and allow his family to feed him and visit him. He conducted an investigation and trial over a span of ten days.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}} McCall stacked several allegations against the ringleaders. Thangngnuaia was accused of disrupting food cultivation after an end-of-the-world revelation was announced.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=393}} McCall charged them with false witness and prophecy. The ringleaders also defamed sexual relations without proof. McCall further charged the revival movement with challenging authority.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=394}} McCall sentenced the three men, Thanghnuaia, Pasina and Thangzinga to three years in Sylhet. The men were soon granted clemency on condition of refraining from public worship. McCall exacted heavy fines and increased impressed coolie labour to six days of unpaid labour.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=399}}

===McCall's reforms===
====Chief's Durbar====
McCall established the chief's durbar in the Lushai Hills. Using the pre-established circle system, the chiefs of each circle would record votes under a secret ballot system to appoint a chief spokesperson for the circle. This position would be held for term of three years. An appointed chief would be required to sign a document to hand to the district officer or superintendent.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=246}} The document would require allegiance to the British monarch and faithful duty to advance the standards for all lushais. The office would also place chiefs in charge of all grievances and subjects within the circle to encourage leadership cultivation and cooperation. The document further outlines an anti-corruption clause to not place material and personal ambitions by reaching an office as a circle chief.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=247}} Chiefs would be required to learn all the principles of administration and accept necessary changes in traditional Lushai customs regarding [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]]. Lastly, the document states that all chiefs in office are equal.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=248}} McCall implemented this clause to prevent conflicts of clan precedence and history from justifying inequality and conflict. McCall's intention of the durbar policy was to encourage chiefs to become able administrators who could maintain foresight for the wellbeing of their people as opposed to their traditional privileges.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=249}}

The Durbar would meet twice a year and last 7-10 days with the superintendent. Apart from policy negotiations, the superintendent would become responsible for teaching administrative policy on certain topics such as legal procedure, soil and forest conservation, agriculture, public works and politics. The functions of the durbar were established to consider changes to the Lushai District Cover, which codified customary Lushai laws. The durbar would also encourage chiefs to raise grievances on the implemented policies of the British government or other sources which are not indigenous.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=249}} Overall the durbar would maintain the policy of [[indirect rule]] while simultaneously granting a machinery for fully examining and debating policies relating to the Lushai people.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=252}}

However the durbar also led to failure. The chiefs at one point allocated funds to an agitator who wished to start a highschool and become educated into a headmaster for the future high school. However, he failed to gain a degree from Calcutta before becoming embroiled in a cotton deal scandal. In another durbar, the chiefs opposed supplying rice to schoolteachers on account of no high school being established despite the British funding over 200 schools.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=253}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+October 1940 Chief's Durbar elections{{sfn|Chaltuahkhuma|1987|p=76}}
|-
! Circle
! name
! clan
! village
|-
! colspan=4|Aizawl subdivision
|-
| Circle I
| Lalsailova
| Sailo
| Kelseih
|-
| Circle I
| Kamlaiana
| Sailo
| Tachhip
|-
| Circle II
| Khawkunga
| Chenkual
| Pukpui
|-
| Circle II
| Ngurliana
| Sailo
| Kolasib
|-
| Circle III
| Hrangtinaia
| Hmar
| Vaitin
|-
| Circle III
| Laltinkhuma
| Sailo
| Lailak
|-
| Circle IV
| Awksarala
| Sailo
| Phullen
|-
| Circle IV
| Hrangchhuma
| Sailo
| Khawdungsei
|-
| Circle V
| Thlahthiauva
| Hualngo
| Khuangleng
|-
| Circle V
| Thanglianga
| Sailo
| Tlangsam
|-
| Circle VI
| Thangchuanga
| Sailo
| Biate
|-
| Circle VII
| Lalzuala
| Sailo
| Baktawng
|-
| Circle VIII
| Saihnuna
| Sailo
| Mualcheng
|-
| Circle IX
| Ngurchhina
| Sailo
| Thenzawl
|-
| Circle X
| Lalbuanga
| Sailo
| Kanghmun
|-
| Circle XI
| Lalluaia
| Sailo
| Reiek
|-
!colspan=4|Lunglei Subdivision
|-
| Circle XII
| Laldula
| Sailo
| Buarpui
|-
| Circle XIII
| Thanzama
| Sailo
| Thiltlang
|-
| Circle XIV
| Sena
| Sailo
| Sekhum
|-
| Circle XIV
| Taikhuma
| Ralte
| Pukpui
|-
| Circle XV
| Khuahupa
| Pawi
| Cheural
|-
| Circle XV
| Lalsailova
| Fanai
| Lungleng
|-
| Circle XVI
| Achhuma
| Fanai
| Tawipui
|-
| Circle XVII
| Chungmunga
| Lakher
| Serkawr
|-
| Circle XVIII
| Lianhnuna
| Palian
| Tiante
|}

====Welfare Committee System====
On account of only 3% of te population in permanent contact with amenities, the village welfare committees were inaugurated in response. The policy was established in the interest of the public health and living conditions of all villages. The final authority of the system was the civil surgeon of the Lushai Hills. The welfare committees were largely under the guidance of the Red Cross District Committee in Aizawl. It employed both Lushais and Europeans in this endeavour. Only unanimous decisions are enacted by the committee. This was to ensure that policies were not enforced without amending Lushai conditions or technical approval of the civil surgeon. Furthermore, the committee was bipartisan in religion, education, and politics, making it easy to implement.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=255}}
[[File:Lushai village welfare meeting.jpg|thumb|Lushai village welfare meeting.]]
Welfare committees were required to comply with district rules. The rules were that committees must be formed with the chief as president who will be assisted by heads of the village church and school along with pensioners and two ordinary men and women. This structure ensured unity and kept checks of power on all individuals among the Lushai hierarchy. The formation of a committee by a chief is not compulsory but must follow the rules if chosen.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=256}} Upon advice or new health alerts from the headquarter committee of the chief surgeon, the chief will call the committee members to his house for local consultation and gain a unanimous acceptance to apply the new advice. Advice would range from hygiene, diet pamphlets, pregnancy etc. If the committee is not unanimous the matter is dropped until it can be brought up again favourably. Once the advice is accepted by consensus a meeting is held for the village. The villagers are called together once a month and the advice is read out with a short discussion. To limit long debates, villagers are told the advice beforehand and encouraged to bring up question during the monthly meeting. During the meeting a vote will be held in which a majority of villagers would have to support the advice to implement it as a custom. There is no penalty or enforcement of the new rule apart from public opinion.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=257}}
[[File:Lushai early dispensary.jpg|thumb|An early Lushai dispensary.]]
McCall established the village welfare committees to encourage choice-making among the Lushai people and take responsibility for their wellbeing.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=258}} The policy was also cost-effective as there were no expenses apart from the printing fees of the pamphlets and advice. The pamphlets educated the Lushais on epidemics, Lushai cuisine and nutrition which were handed out free of cost.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=259}}

====Ten Point Code====
Another reform under McCall was the ten point code. This was established as a policy of forming a national identity that would resist becoming absorbed into the spheres of Indian or Burmese domination. McCall states that "this will sow the seeds of a temperate nationhood". The ten point code would be learnt by children in school to the point of being recited beginning to end without fault.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=260}} The code was translated into Lushai verses by the poet and Chief Saihnuna, a Fanai of the Leng village in the Eastern lushai Hills. It was largely used as a choir song and used for the village welfare meetings at the beginning and end. The code was developed with full consultation of the missionaries to ensure no disagreement was reached.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=261}}

The code also considered [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]'s notes which listed the vices of the Lushais. The first is of a want of manly independence, in which there is a lack of effort to trouble themselves to their own improvement of best interest unless they are bestowed a favour. The second is described as a tendency to intrigue which should not be indulged. A third vice was listed as a tendency to rush orders or requests.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=261}} The fourth vice is a love of litigation. Without double jeopardy, the Lushais continue to bring up previous cases when a new administrator comes. Shakespear also terms laziness as a vice and advocates to maintain the impressment of labour as coolies. As a result of this insight, McCall formulated the code to encourage the Lushais to remedy the vices. McCall argues that cures by order and edict have a lasting effect while dictatorial action is better reserved for emergencies.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=261}}

#We desire to maintain a wholesome respect for all that is best in our indigenous culture, which bears the stamp of the hardly learned experience of our brave forefathers, over time immemorial.
#We desire to inspire in our people an ambition to maintain a true sense of proportion as to what wants and desires are reasonable in relation to our own natural resources and industry.
#We desire to maintain strict loyalty to our chief in all things lawful, and in all his efforts on behalf of the welfare of his people, in return for which the Chief will serve the interests of his people so that he may continue to rule.
#We desire to inculcate into one and all that we should display the same sense of loyalty to our whole village community as we desire to practise towards our own families.
#We desire to do all in our power to foster the indigenous spirit of [[Tlawmngaihna|{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna|cat=no}}]] in our midst.
#We desire to integrate into our daily village lives, within the indigenous framework of our social system what modern science and knowledge have discovered, by strengthening and safeguarding our characters and health, home, crops, industry and possessions.
#We desire to seek all useful channels for the greater use of our leisure time so that by our industry we may bring advantages to our families and to our villages as a whole, making increasingly sincere efforts to arrange our lives that we may relieve our womenfolk of some of the harder work, that we may spare them in the hope and belief that they will, in their turn, take increased trouble to rear finer children, and make better food, clothes and happier and more united homes.
#We desire to unite all in contesting our common tendency to be 'Mi hlem hle' while retaining our pride in the sinere achievement of all manly and courageous feats, especially those undertaken for the protection of our community, as well as in the industrious successes of our wives and families in their homes and in their schools.
#Those of us who are Christians agree to recognise that we should bow to the authority of those who introduced us to Christianity, and that we shall be disloyal to them if we do not submit to the discipline, which it is their prerogative to demand.
#We desire to inculcate into all our community the need for self-control and the avoidance of all excesses — a fault to which so many of us are subject, and in all the achievement of this self-control, we desire further to inculcate a true spirit of willing service and discipline into the young men, who are the nation of the future, recognising that without such proper and temperate discipline we cannot hope to be of any use to our clans, our families, or to any employers, or even to the faith which we may profess.

====Lushai Hills Cotton Industries====
[[File:Cotton bazaar at Aizawl.jpg|thumb|A Cotton bazaar situated in Aizawl for the Lushai Cotton Industries.]][[File:Lushai made rugs from cotton industries.jpg|thumb|White rugs produced from the Lushai Cotton Industries Program.]]
McCall and his wife recognised that the Lushais possessed significant talent in cotton weaving on hand looms, which had traditionally been used in pre-colonial times.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=270}} After McCall's term was extended as superintendent, he endeavoured to open up the Lushai Hills to the markets of the plains. This was done with consideration for granting economic capacity for the Lushai people in the situation of self rule or strife in harvest failure. McCall privately financed the venture and established the Lushai Hills Cotton Industries. The organisation was privately funded as the possibility of failure of the endeavour after central government funding would negatively reflect on McCall's administratorship. Another reason for the expansion of the cotton industry was to curb the influence of [[Christian revivalism]] that the Welsh mission had caused. Jean McCall took on a full time position to managing the operation and organisation. She would aid them in understanding and educating the Lushais on cotton enterprise.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=270}}
[[File:Lushai labourers in the reid house.jpg|thumb|Lushai workers in the Reid House storage building.]]
The first article built under the Lushai Hills Cotton Industry was a rug of rough unspun white tufted locally grown cotton. They were accepted as production and sent off as samples. However the first consignment as the market was not up to standard in a wire to McCall and refused to accept more. This was demoralising especially for many individuals who were looming during the leisure months of March. Notices were sent out to all workers that only rugs up to a certain date could be accepted as an only batch. Each rug was stored on the veranda of McCall's residence. They were measured, checked for standard and paid for.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=271}} Experiments were put on different lines. As a result, one of the lines led to success. The product was accepted for delivery to the markets in Calcutta. As a result, volunteers from the villages were called to learn the preparation of cotton and its method of introduction into the warp. Afterwards, the volunteers spread their skills by teaching others in their villages who were eager. Each rug completed to standard were paid for at a standard rate. Only 20% of rugs were marketable however.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=272}} As a result, a lowered market price was introduced to low quality rugs unless a high quality rug were to replace it in which the price for both would be compensated. To transport the rugs, R.G. Baker of the [[Imperial Tobacco Company]] of India offered assistance. Over time, the quality of rugs improved along with the marketability rate of rugs. Demand increased as coloured rugs were requested.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=273}}
[[File:Ms McCall organising Lushai cottage industriues.jpg|thumb|Mrs McCall organizing the Lushai Hills Cotton Industries Program.]]
The Lushais were sent to Calcutta and trained in dyes under the Havero Trading Company General Manager, Dr. Boege. The Lushais learnt how to make synthetic dyes. However, the increase in production led to [[Robert Niel Reid]] to patronise the venture. The Reid House was constructed to house the stock of rugs and other capital in cotton production. The patron of Robert Reid supplied dyes free of cost to the Lushais, who previously could not produce them on a mass scale.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=274}}

===World War Two===
[[File:Gift giving to Lushai recruits in ww2.jpg|thumb|Jean McCall giving gifts to Lushai recruits in World War II.]]
In 1942 at the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]], McCall gathered all the Lushai chiefs and asked them to join a voluntary bond to the British crown and sign a promise to join the Total Defense Scheme for the Lushai Hills. After successful negotiations with the chiefs and their ''upas'', the 300 delegates linked arms around the flag pole with McCall, his wife and two civil officers and sung "God save the King" before the Union Jack.{{sfn|Alexander|2019}} McCall furthermore made a speech at the chiefs durbar which would show support for the future crown colony scheme of the Chin-Lushais:
[[File:Lushai chiefs allegience to the Union Jack.jpg|thumb|Lushai chiefs pledge allegiance to the Union Jack during World War II.]]
{{blockquote
|text=You will remember that in 1935 the British peoples enacted an Act which had for its purpose the inauguration of Dominion Status for India. The British peoples could have included the destiny of the Lushai straight away with that of the Indian peoples. But they did not. They made Lushai what is now known as an ‘Excluded Area’ and they retain the right to protect Lushai from subjection to any other majority control. Was that not an Act which gave proof that the British peoples’ wish was to protect Lushai land, and to ensure that the destiny of Lushai passes to no other hands without the consent of the Lushai peoples? . . . If Lushai land were handed over to India or to Burma what chance would we, who are Lushais, have of entering into the social and cultural framework of either power, at this late stage, bearing in mind the fact the geographically or culturally we never have been a part of either?’

The Superintendent, Lushai Hills, created certain avenues by which the Lushai peoples could prove themselves worthy. The Village Welfare Committee was a great encouragement to a much needed unity. It brought Christians and non-Christians nearer, lessened the gap between Chiefs and people, the Chiefs and the Church, the men and the women. The 10 point code created a means for unity in our senses of what was expected of any good Lushai citizen. The Lushai Hills Cottage Industries created the means by which the skill of the Lushai might spread far and wide and by which of skill handed down from our forefathers. Lushai themselves write from Cairo and from Quetta and from elsewhere, proud to see Lushai products being used by the Army institutions and others, while even now Lushai articles have been specially sent by the Government of India to Johannesburg, city of Gold, in Africa, as an example of our ancient and contemporary art.

Then in 1938 you, who keep in touch with world affairs, will remember the Munich Agreement of 1938, by which Mr. Chamberlain managed to put off war with Germany for one more precious year. The Superintendent, Lushai Hills, then intensified the above avenues to create our national strength and unity and intensified Circle Conferences among Chiefs, culminating in October 1941 in a full district Durbar of Circle Representative Chiefs from the North and the South Lushai Hills. Such a body is the initial personification of Lushai national life. It would be difficult to aspire to nationhood without such institutions as the above.
|source=McCall Papers, Administering Colonialism and War: The Political Life of Sir Andrew Clow of the Indian Civil Service
|author=Anthony G. McCall
}}
[[File:Lushai recruits departing for enlistment.jpg|thumb|Lushai recruits making a journey to enlist for World War II.]]
McCall established twelve tactics that would comprise the Total Defense Scheme. Beyond the total defence scheme, other considerations were also undertaken. The first aspect is stimulating discussion among the people to support their chiefs to side with the British. Secondly, McCall was determined to counter the defeatist teachings of the [[Indian National Congress]], who claimed the Japanese would become another colonial master. Countering this was important to stimulate the sacrifice needed to defend the Indian territories. McCall was also wary of the influence of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and the [[Azad Hind]] movement of exiled regiments surrendered to the Japanese in Malaya, Java and Burma. Furthermore, unlike other British administrators and merchants, such as the tea estate owners, McCall and his wife remained in India among the Lushais. Both of them carried a capsule of potassium cyanide from Calcutta to be used in the event of capture.{{sfn|Alexander|2019}}

During the war, McCall would be recalled as superintendent of the Lushai Hills and placed in Shillong. In protest of the decision, McCall claimed that "he represent(ed) the personification of British integrity" to the region's people. [[Andrew Clow]] was responsible and replaced McCall with the political officer of Shillong instead. In his memoirs, McCall wrote of the event as Black May of 1943. Lushai chiefs would contact him and his wife to question why he would leave during such a crucial moment. In a letter from [[Andrew Clow]] on 10 November 1944, McCall was accredited with implementing the Total Defense Scheme and his far-seeing and accurate judgement. Clow's decision has been explained primarily due to his private secretary's relationship with McCall and his status as a civilian. James P. Mill and McCall were both experts on the tribal regions but had vastly differing views on it. Due to this, it has been argued that Mills influenced Clow's decision to some extent as a power struggle. A more prominent reason was that the Total Defense Scheme required a military officer within the chain of command rather than a civilian. This was to avoid turning the Total Defense Scheme into a rogue mechanism. In his diary, McCall criticized the decision of the military commanders who had never set foot in the tribal areas.{{sfn|Alexander|2019}}

Three months after his dismissal in August, McCall wrote to Mills about Mill's sabotage of the Total Defense Scheme and his role as superintendent. McCall's letter to Mills outlined ten reasons to reinstate the Total Defense Scheme. One of the reasons were that the Army Commander should recognise the integrity of the Lushai Hills cannot be defended solely by their own troops.{{sfn|Alexander|2019}}

However, Mills' opinions were backed by L.L. Peters, the administrative officer of the South Lushai Hills subdivision of the district. Peters did not believe all chiefs held the mettle and leadership to implement the Total Defense Scheme. Furthermore, Peters did not believe that a married civilian officer had a duty to engage in combat involuntarily along with his wife. Furthermore, he did not believe the division of the Lushais and Chins could lead to further animosity or conflict.{{sfn|Alexander|2019}}

==Later life==
McCall's services were recognised by being made [[O.B.E]]. He retired from the Indian Civil Service and participated in some businesses in [[Rhodesia]]. McCall would return to England and reside in [[Poole]]. His other commitments were described as photography and writing, including the publishing of his book, ''Lushai Chrysalis,'' in 1949. Towards his final days, McCall developed blindness and partial paralysis. He died on 8 May 1978 and was buried in Bournemouth Crematorium and North Cemetery.{{sfn|The Times|1978}}

==Family==
McCall married Jean Chrisholm Elliot Scott, who was widowed (formerly Culbard), on 17 October 1924 in Calcutta, India. He had one daughter.

==Selected works==
* {{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}{{source-attribution}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Chaltuahkhuma |title=History of Mizoram |date=1987 |publisher=M.D.C and Sons |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467312/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=11 February 2025}}
*{{cite document |last=My Heritage Ltd. |title=India, Marriages, 1792-1948 |location=Online Database |publisher=MyHeritage.com}}
*{{cite news |last=The Times |date=13 June 1940 |title=Prayer in Assam |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS119092941/TTDA?u=auclib&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=78ec20db |work=The Times |location=London, England |access-date=25 December 2024|issue=48641|page=7|type=Letter to the Editor|url-access=registration}}

*{{cite news |last=The Times |date=12 May 1978 |title=Major A.G. McCall |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS304841388/TTDA?u=auclib&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=26e1834e |work=The Times |location=London, England |access-date=25 December 2024|issue=60299|page=18|type=obituary|url-access=registration}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

*{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Colin R |date=August 2019 |title=Administering Colonialism and War: The Political Life of Sir Andrew Clow of the Indian Civil Service |url= |location=New Delhi |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=158 |isbn=9780199096954}}

*{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Culture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCall, Anthony Gilchrist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Conisbrough]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Superintendents of Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century English non-fiction writers]]

Maharaja's College, Ernakulam

2026-04-30T13:47:46Z

MishaelNab: formatting fix

{{Short description|Degree College in Kochi, Kerala, India}}
{{Distinguish|Maharaja's College, Mysore}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Advert|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maharaja's College, Ernakulam
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| logo = Maharaja's College, Ernakulam logo.png
| image = Maharajas college, Ernakulam 2023.jpg
| caption = Maharaja's college main gate in 2023
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|1875}}
| closed =
| type = Government
| principal = V. S. Joy
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 2082
| postgrad = 600
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Kochi, Kerala]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|9.971|76.281|type:edu_region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| former_names = Cochin Raja's Elementary School
|athletics_affiliations =
| colours =
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| website = {{url|https://www.maharajas.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
| colors =
}}

'''Maharaja's College''' is a [[Public university|government college]] located in [[Ernakulam]], in the city of [[Kochi]] in Kerala, India. It was established in 1875, the college campus is spread over {{convert|25|acres|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharajas College Ernakulam. |url=https://maharajas.ac.in/index.php/content/index/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504070230/https://maharajas.ac.in/index.php/content/index/about-us |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=maharajas.ac.in |url-status=live }}</ref> on the banks of [[Vembanad Lake]]. The infrastructure of the campus is a mix of old and modern architecture.

The college is ranked 53rd among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Campus ==
{{unsourced section|date=August 2023}}
=== Library ===
[[File:Maharajas Malayalam.JPG|thumb|The view from the oldest part of the college.]]

The college library is 135 years old and has a collection of nearly one [[lakh]] (hundred thousand) books, including a collection of rare literature books. The reference section itself has 2000 books.

=== Sport facilities ===

The university has {{Convert|18|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of land specifically dedicated to sports, including a 400-meter [[running track|synthetic track]], [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]] grounds, courts for [[field hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[kho-kho]], [[kabaddi]] and [[badminton]], [[futsal]], [[table tennis]], [[carrom]], [[chess]], [[wrestling]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[judo]], [[powerlifting]] etc.

== Hostels ==
[[File:Principal's Office.JPG|thumb|Old building that houses the Principal's Office at Maharaja's College]]
The Maharaja's College [[Sir Sri Rama Varma|Rama Varma]] hostels include the new hostel for men and the ladies' hostel. The former has 90 rooms with a capacity of 240 students and two tutors; the latter has facilities for only 104 students and one tutor. Nowadays, the demand for accommodation in the ladies' hostel is greater than the availability due to the increase in the number of girl students. To remedy this situation, a concrete proposal for a women's hostel has been submitted to UGC during the IX plan.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

[[File:Maharajas Entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the college.]]
[[File:OSA Meeting 2023 (1).jpg|thumb|OSA meeting 2023]]

== Milestones ==
{{unsourced section|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Rear Gate Maharajas.jpg|thumb|A panoramic view of the rear entrance of the college.]]
* 1875 - The Cochin Rajas Elementary school started by Cochin Sarkar is upgraded into a college. Mr. [[Alfred Forbes Sealy]], M.A. took charge as the first principal. It was Mr. Sealy who had designed the building and hence the name Sealy block. F.A. (First examination in Arts) course started.
* 1908 - Intermediate course started
* 1909 - Two separate hostels started - one for Hindu students and another for Christian students
* 1910 - First college magazine published - on the occasion of the 60th birthday of the Cochin Maharaja, [[Sir Sri Rama Varma]].
* 1925 - Golden Jubilee. Sir C.V. Raman and Dr. S. Radhakrishnan visited the college. The college got its present name - "Maharajas College". The college was raised to a first grade college providing instructions in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, History and Economics affiliated to [[Madras University]]. Old Students Association formed.
* 1930 - Three new blocks added to the college. {{convert|15|acre|m2|adj=on}} plot donated to the college - Maharajas ground established.
* 1935 - Diamond Jubily. B.Sc. Courses in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Zoology started.
* 1947 - B.Sc. Botany started. Year of India's independence. Students' political activities reached new peaks. Student activists hoisted Indian national flag in the Campus and got brutally beaten up by the royal police.
* 1948 - The department of Chemistry that already had research facility started the first P.G. course.
* 1949 - Following the integration of Travancore and Cochin states, the college is transferred from [[Madras University]] to Travancore University.
* 1951 - New courses - B.A. (Hons.), M.A. Economics, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc. Mathematics.
* 1954 - New course - M.Sc. Applied Chemistry.
* 1956 - Pre University course started. M.A. Malayalam and M.A. English started.
* 1957 - The college comes under Kerala University. M.Sc. Physics started.
* 1959 - New courses - B.A.Sanskrit, M.A. History, M.A. Hindi, M.Sc. Zoology.
* 1960 - First Ph.D. work completed by P S Raman (Department of Chemistry)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/Dec/06/celebrating-with-a-rare-get-together-at-ernakulam-maharajas-college-1720526.html | title=Celebrating with a rare get-together at Ernakulam Maharajas College | date=7 December 2017 }}</ref>
* 1964 - Pre University Course metamorphed into Pre Degree course. New courses - B.A. Politics, B.A. Philosophy
* 1968 - New courses - B.A.English, B.A. Islamic History, B.A. Arabic
* 1971 - New courses - M.A. Philosophy, M.A. politics, M.A. Sanskrit
* 1975 - Centennial - completed 100 years - celebrations in great style with science exhibitions, seminars, symposia etc.
* 1977 - New Centenary Auditorium inaugurated.
* 1979 - New course - M.A. Arabic.
* 1981 - New courses - M.A. Islamic History.
* 1983 - Affiliation changed to newly formed Mahatma Gandhi University.
* 1990 - Maharaja's College declared Centre of Excellence. Departments of Chemistry, Hindi, Malayalam and Physics recognised as research centres for research towards Ph.D., under Mahatma Gandhi University.
* 1993 - Maharaja's won overall championship of the Mahatma Gandhi University youth festival. A feat to be repeated in 1994, 1995, 1998 and 2000.
* 1995 - New course - M.Sc. Statistics.
* 1996 - New courses - B.Sc. Physics - Instrumentation and B.Sc. Environment and Water Management.
* 1997 - R. Shankar Award for the best Government College presented to Maharajas.
* 1998 - New course - B. A. Music
* 1999 - New course - B.Com. with Computer Applications.
* 2000 - Completes 125 glorious years. Accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council. Maharajas goes online.
* 2006 - Re-accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council at A - level.
* 2007 - Maharaja's College Ground gets synthetic tracks for conducting international athletic events. Students of the college win overall championship of the Mahatma Gandhi University Silver Jubilee youth festival.
* 2009 - Edusat facility installed. Becomes part of Ernakulam cluster of colleges.
* 2010 - Maharaja's wins overall championship of the Mahatma Gandhi University youth festival. College selected as a "College with Potential for Excellence" by the University Grants Commission.
* 2012 - New course - M.Com. with Finance.
* 2013 - Re-accredited (Third cycle) by National Assessment and Accreditation Council at A - level.
* 2013 - New course - B.A. Honors in Economics
*2014 - Berlin Bench - the friend shade in memory of Berlin Babu was established
* 2017 - Mridula Gopi became first woman chairperson in 70 years
* 2020 - Integrated MA Archaeology 5 year course was added
* 2024 - Maharaja's wins overall championship of the Mahatma Gandhi University youth festival which took place in Kottayam.

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=April 2018}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}



* [[A. K. Antony]], former Chief Minister of Kerala and Former Defence Minister of India
* [[Aashiq Abu]], film director, producer
* [[Amal Neerad]], film director, cinematographer
* [[Anju Joseph]], singer
* [[Antony Varghese]], actor
* [[Anu Sivaraman]], judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[Anwar Rasheed]], film director, producer
* [[Ashitha (writer)|Ashitha]], author
* [[Babu Namboothiri]], film actor
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], film actor
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]], poet, film actor, lyricist, screenplay writer
* [[Bibin George]], actor and writer
* [[Biju Narayanan]], playback singer
* [[Binoy Viswam]], Former Member of Parliament
* [[C. V. Subramanian]], mycologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
* [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai|Changampuzha]], poet
* [[Chinmayananda Saraswati]], founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]] & [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]
* [[Chitharesh Natesan]], Mr. Universe, 2019
* [[Dileep]], film actor
* [[Jibin George Sebastian]], music composer, lyricist and entrepreneur
* [[John Paul (screenwriter)|John Paul]], Indian scriptwriter, producer, author and actor.
* [[Jyothirmayi]], film actress
* [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], former [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[K. K. Kochu]], Dalit activist and writer
* [[K. K. Usha|Justice K. K. Usha]], former Chief Justice of Kerala
* [[K. P. Appan]], literary critic
* [[K. P. Thomas (artist)]], Indian contemporary artist
* [[K. R. Gowri Amma]], former minister of Kerala
* [[K. S. Manilal]], taxonomist
* [[K. Satchidanandan]], poet
* [[K. Sukumaran (judge)|K. Sukumaran]], former judge of Bombay and Kerala High Courts
* [[K. V. Ramanadhan]], writer
* [[Kalabhavan Abi]], actor
* [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]], former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation
* [[M. Achuthan]], orator
* [[M. Leelavathy]], writer, academic
* [[M. N. Vijayan]], writer
* [[Mammootty]], film actor
* [[Mary Verghese]], physician
* [[Mercy Ravi]], writer, senior Mahila Congress leader and former MLA
* [[N. S. Madhavan]], author, civil servant
* [[Nadirshah]], actor, director
* [[O. Chandrashekar]], Olympian and Asian Games Gold Medal winner in football
* [[P. K. Chathan Master]], former minister of Kerala
* [[P. T. Thomas]], MLA
* [[Priya A. S.]], writer
* [[R. Ramachandran (poet)|R. Ramachandran]], poet
* [[Radha Vinod Raju]], IPS
* [[Rajeev Ravi]], film director, cinematographer, producer
* [[S. D. Shibulal]], co-founder and former CEO of [[Infosys]]
* [[Sabareesh Prabhaker]], violinist
* [[Salim Kumar]], film actor, comedian
* [[Sameer Thahir]], film director, cinematographer
* [[Sankaradi]], film actor
* [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]], actress
* [[Sebastian Paul]], politician, former Member of Parliament
* [[Seethi Sahib]], legislative assembly speaker, community leader
* [[Shaji P. Chaly|Justice Shaji P. Chaly]], Judge of [[Kerala High Court]]
* [[Shibu Chakravarthy]], poet, lyricist
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]], actress, classical dancer
* [[Subhash Chandran]], writer
* [[Sujatha Mohan]], singer
* [[Sunil P. Ilayidom]], critic
* [[T. A. Venkitasubramanian]], biochemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
* [[T. V. R. Shenoy]], journalist, columnist
* [[T.M. Thomas Isaac]] (1956), Finance Minister of Kerala<ref name=get-together/>
* [[Tini Tom]], film actor, comedian
* [[Vaikom Viswan]], former LDF Convenor
* [[Vaisakhan]] (1956), writer, playwright, and screenwriter<ref name=get-together>{{cite news|title=A special get-together at Maharaja's college|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-special-gettogether-at-maharajas-college/article3034932.ece|access-date=2 April 2018|work=The Hindu|date=17 December 2006|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Vayalar Ravi]], former Cabinet Minister for Overseas and Civil Aviation Affairs of India and Senior Congress Leader
* [[Venu Rajamony]] I.F.S, Diplomat and Ambassador of India to the Kingdom of Netherlands
* [[Vijayalakshmi (poet)|Vijayalakshmi]], Malayalam poet
* [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]], poet
* [[K. N. Ninan (scientist)|K.N. Ninan]], Space Scientist, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
{{Div col end}}
==Notable faculty==
* [[Thuravoor Viswambharan]]
* [[M. Thomas Mathew]]
* [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]]
* [[George Irumbayam]]
==In Popular Culture==
* [[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]
* [[Seniors (film)]]
* [[Poomaram]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Maharaja's College}}
* {{Official website|http://www.maharajas.ac.in}}

{{Kochi (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1875]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam| ]]

Femina Miss India 2026

2026-04-27T11:17:21Z

MishaelNab: starting a details

{{short description|Indian beauty pageant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| theme =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 18 April 2026
| presenters = {{Hlist|[[Maniesh Paul]]|[[Sarah-Jane Dias]]}}
| acts = {{Hlist|[[Ishaan Khatter]]|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]|[[Lauren Gottlieb]]|[[Saswat Joshi]]}}
| venue = [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology|KIIT]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| broadcaster = {{Hlist|[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]|[[ZEE5]]|Times Play}}
| entrants = 30
| placements = 15
| winner = [[Sadhvi Satish Sail]]
| represented = [[Goa]]
| photogenic = Ramya Kailasa [[Telangana]]
| congeniality =
| before = [[Femina Miss India 2024|2024]]
| next =
}}
'''Femina Miss India 2026''' was the 61st edition of the [[Femina Miss India]] pageant. It was held on 18 April 2026 at the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] campus in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/fashion/the-61st-femina-miss-india-grand-finale-comes-to-kiit-bhubaneswar-article-153801493 | title=The 61st Femina Miss India Grand Finale Comes to KIIT, Bhubaneswar | publisher=[[Times Now]] | date=10 March 2026 | accessdate=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/kiit-signs-mou-for-grand-finale-of-kiit-presents-61st-femina-miss-india/ | title=KIIT signs MoU for grand finale of KIIT Presents 61st Femina Miss India | publisher=[[Kalinga TV]] | work=Subadh Nayak | date=10 March 2026 | accessdate=10 March 2026}}</ref> A total of 30 contestants participated, representing the 29 states of India, including the National Capital Territory of Delhi, along with one combined representative for the Union Territories. The complete show is scheduled to air on [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] on 8 May 2026, and will also stream on the [[ZEE5]] and Times Play OTT platforms from the same date.

This edition marked the second time the pageant was held following a break in its annual continuity. A similar interruption in the regular schedule had previously occurred in 2021.

At the end of the event, [[Nikita Porwal]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] crowned [[Sadhvi Satish Sail]] of [[Goa]] as Femina Miss India 2026. Rajnandini Pawar of Maharashtra was crowned first runner-up, while Sree Advaita of the [[Union Territory]] was crowned second runner-up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/61st-femina-miss-india-grand-finale-2026-sadhvi-sail-crowned-winner-article-154110120 | title=61st Femina Miss India Grand Finale 2026: Sadhvi Sail Crowned Winner | publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] | work=Risha Ganguly | date=19 April 2026 | accessdate=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/miss-india-2026-who-is-rajnandini-pawar-from-maharashtra-meet-the-first-runner-up-who-impressed-at-the-grand-finale-3038821 | title=Miss India 2026: Who is Rajnandini Pawar from Maharashtra? Meet the FIRST runner-up who impressed at the grand finale | publisher=[[Zee News]] | work=Ahana Tiwari | date=19 April 2026 | accessdate=19 April 2026}}</ref>
== Results ==
=== Final Result ===
{|
|-
|colspan=2|For regional group:||colspan=2|For international placement:
|-
|width=200px|{{legend|Yellow|East Zone|text=E}}|| ||{{legend|gold|The contestant won in an international pageant.}}
|-
|width=200px|{{legend|HotPink|North East Zone|text=NE}}|| ||{{legend|#FFFF66|The contestant was a runner-up in an international pageant.}}
|-
|{{legend|DarkOrange|North Zone|text=N}}|| ||{{legend|#FFFACD|The contestant was a semi-finalist in an international pageant.}}
|-
|{{legend|Green|South Zone|text=S}}|| ||{{legend|#fadadd|Unplaced}}
|-
|{{legend|Blue|West Zone|text=W}}
|-
|{{legend|SkyBlue|Union Territory|text=UT}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="width:280px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Placement
! style="width:320px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Contestant
! style="width:200px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International Placement
|-align="center"
| Femina Miss India World 2026
|
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Goa]] – [[Sadhvi Satish Sail]]}}
|
* [[Miss World 2027]] – {{tableTBA}}
|-align="center"
| 1st Runner-Up
|
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Maharashtra]] – Rajnandini Pawar}}
|-align="center"
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
* {{legend|SkyBlue|text=UT|[[Union Territory]] – Sree Advaita G}}
|-
|-align="center"
| Top 8
|
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Gujarat]] – Parinaaz Cooper ∆}}
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Himachal Pradesh]] – Shreya Thakur}}
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Madhya Pradesh]] – Dhanushree Chauhan}}
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Punjab]] – Yashika Sharma}}
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Rajasthan]] – Tarushee Rai}}
|-align="center"
| Top 15
|
* {{legend|Green|text=S|[[Andhra Pradesh]] – Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni}}
* {{legend|HotPink|text=NE|[[Assam]] – Bagmita Saikia}}
* {{legend|Yellow|text=E|[[Chhattisgarh]] – Anushka Sone}}
* {{legend|Green|text=S|[[Karnataka]] – Khushi Ramesh Kalakeri}}
* {{legend|Yellow|text=E|[[Odisha]] – Ayushi Panda}}
* {{legend|HotPink|text=NE|[[Sikkim]] – Deekila Sherpa §}}
* {{legend|Green|text=S|[[Telangana]] – Ramya Kailasa}}
|}
{{Small|§ – Winner of Miss Multimedia ∆ – Winner of Beauty with a Purpose Award}}

=== Zonal Titleholders ===
The Zonal titles were given to delegates who placed highest in the final, aside from the main crown.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Zonal Titles
! Contestant
|-
| East
|
* Chhattisgarh – Anushka Sone
|-
| North East
|
* Sikkim – Deekila Sherpa
|-
| North
|
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
|-
| South
|
* Andhra Pradesh – Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni
|-
| West
|
* Maharashtra – Rajnandini Pawar
|}

=== Sub-title Awards ===
==== Miss Body Beautiful ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Gujarat – Parinaaz Cooper
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Arunachal Pradesh – Mariam Longri
* Goa – Sadhvi Satish Sail
* Meghalaya – Ridamaya Passah
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
|}

==== Miss Fashion Icon ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Gujarat – Parinaaz Cooper
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Maharashtra – Rajnandini Pawar
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
* Telangana – Ramya Kailasa
* West Bengal – Mohana Panday
|}

==== Miss Goodness Ambassador ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Arunachal Pradesh – Mariam Longri
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Andhra Pradesh – Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni
* Bihar – Anjali Nandi
* Haryana – Debasmita Gaur
* Kerala – Medhavi Saboo
|}

==== Miss IQ ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Kerala – Medhavi Saboo
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Haryana – Debasmita Gaur
* Himachal Pradesh – Shreya Thakur
* Odisha – Ayushi Panda
* Union Territory – Sree Advaita G
|}

==== Miss Lifestyle ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* West Bengal – Mohana Panday
|-
| rowspan=5| Top 5
|
* Goa – Sadhvi Satish Sail
* Madhya Pradesh – Dhanushree Chauhan
* Maharashtra – Rajnandini Pawar
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
|}

==== Miss Photogenic ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Telangana – Ramya Kailasa
|-
| rowspan=5| Top 5
|
* Andhra Pradesh – Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni
* Maharashtra – Rajnandini Pawar
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
* Rajasthan – Tarushee Rai
|}

==== Miss Radiant Personality ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Manipur – Chanchui Khayi
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Chhattisgarh – Anushka Sone
* Gujarat – Parinaz Cooper
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
* Union Territory – Sree Advaita G
|}

==== Miss Rampwalk ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Punjab – Yashika Sharma
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Andhra Pradesh – Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni
* Himachal Pradesh – Shreya Thakur
* Kerala – Medhavi Saboo
* Meghalaya – Ridamaya Passah
|}

==== Miss Sudoku ====
{|class="wikitable"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| Winner
|
* Madhya Pradesh – Dhanushree Chauhan
|-
| rowspan=5 | Top 5
|
* Chhattisgarh – Anushka Sone
* Sikkim – Deekila Sherpa
* Tamil Nadu – Tejashvee Arunprassad
* Uttar Pradesh – Sania Mukherjee
|}

== Format ==
For the first time in the history of the pageant, Femina Miss India granted state-level franchises to multiple states to independently organize their respective state competitions. Winners of these state pageants will advance to represent their states at the national competition.

In addition to the state franchise format, the traditional zonal audition system will continue to be implemented in regions where independent state pageants are not conducted. Contestants from those states will participate in zonal auditions, after which shortlisted candidates will be selected.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/the-journey-begins-meet-the-23-state-winners-of-61st-femina-miss-india/eventshow/153896133.cms | title=The Journey Begins: Meet the 23 State Winners of 61st Femina Miss India | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Shruthi Singh | date=26 March 2026 | accessdate=9 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Event schedule ===
The following is the list of the schedules of all the events of Femina Miss India 2026:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/61st-femina-miss-india-announces-zonal-audition-dates-the-final-call-begins/articleshow/153606595.cms|title=61st Femina Miss India Announces Zonal Audition Dates: The Final Call Begins|website=femina.in|date=13 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pragativadi.com/femina-miss-india-2026-contestants-explore-odishas-heritage-ahead-of-grand-finale/ | title=Femina Miss India 2026 Contestants Explore Odisha's Heritage Ahead of Grand Finale | publisher=[[Pragativadi]] | work=Ananya Pattnaik | date=15 April 2026 | accessdate=17 April 2026}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! width=150px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Event
! width=120px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Date
! width=120px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Location
! width=500px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Jury
! width=320px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Presenter
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| East Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 20 February 2026
| [[Kolkata]]
|
* Abhishek Dutta – Fashion Designer
* Blossom Kochhar – Happiness Coach
* Kaustav Saika – Fashion Photographer
* Naina More – Author, Motivational Speaker
* Shreya Poonja – [[Femina Miss India 2023]] 1st Runner-up
|
* Shaswati Bala – FMI West Bengal 2023
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| North East Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 22 February 2026
| [[Guwahati]]
|
* Amrita Baruva Sawyan – Director, The Guwahati Address Hotel
* Bhaskar Saika – Hair and Fashion Stylist
* Blossom Kochhar – Happiness Coach
* Imlibenla Wati Nienu – Miss Nagaland 2012
* Nandini Baruva – Fashion Designer
* Payal Chadha – Fashion Designer
* Rekha Pandey – [[Femina Miss India 2024]] 1st Runner-up
|
* Anushka Lekharu – FMI Assam 2023
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| South Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 13 March 2026
| [[Bangalore]]
|
* [[Gokul Ganesan]] – [[Mr India 2024|Mister India World 2024]]
* Natasha Grover – Brand & Operations Head of the Miss India Organization
* Prasad Bidapa – Show director
* Sushruthi Krishna – [[Femina Miss India 2016]] 1st Runner-up
* Waseem Khan – Fashion photographer
|
* Prakruthi Kambam – FMI Telangana 2024
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| North Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 15 March 2026
| [[Noida]]
|
* Bhawana Rao – Fashion designer
* Blossom Kochhar – Happiness Coach
* [[Nandini Gupta]] – [[Femina Miss India 2023|Femina Miss India World 2023]]
* Natasha Grover – Brand & Operations Head of the Miss India Organization
* Prbhjiit Maniktala – Founder, Vazaneh by Prbhjiit - Cicle of Luxe
* Rishi Raj – Fashion director
|
* None
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| West Zone & Union Territory Auditions, North Zone Final Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 19 March 2026
| [[Mumbai]]
|
* Altamash Faraz – [[Mr India 2017|Mister India Supranational 2017]]
* Blossom Kochhar – Happiness Coach
* [[Gokul Ganesan]] – [[Mr India 2024|Mister India World 2024]]
* Natasha Grover – Brand & Operations Head of the Miss India Organization
* [[Nikita Porwal]] – [[Femina Miss India 2024|Femina Miss India World 2024]]
* Sachin Kumbhaar – Television presenter
* Sandip Soparrkar – Dance choreographer
|
* Riya Nandini – FMI Jharkhand 2024
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| South & East Zone Final Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 20 March 2026
| [[Mumbai]]
|
* Blossom Kochhar – Happiness Coach
* [[Gokul Ganesan]] – [[Mr India 2024|Mister India World 2024]]
* [[Nandini Gupta]] – [[Femina Miss India 2023|Femina Miss India World 2023]]
* Natasha Grover – Brand & Operations Head of the Miss India Organization
* [[Nikita Porwal]] – [[Femina Miss India 2024|Femina Miss India World 2024]]
* Sachin Kumbhaar – Television presenter
|
* Riya Nandini – FMI Jharkhand 2024
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| Award Night
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 9 April 2026
| [[Mumbai]]
|
''None''
|
* Pooja Bhamrrah
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| Grand Finale
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 18 April 2026
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|
* [[Amaal Mallik]] – Singer and music director
* [[Celina Jaitly]] – Femina Miss India 2001
* [[Dutee Chand]] – Indian track and field athlete
* [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] – Indian film director and screenwriter
* [[Neha Dhupia]] – Actress, Femina Miss India 2002
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] – Actress
* [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] – Dancer and choreographer
* [[Vartika Singh]] – [[Miss Diva 2019]]
* [[Zeenat Aman]] – Actress, [[Miss Asia Pacific International|Miss Asia Pacific International 1970]] from India
|
* [[Maniesh Paul]]
* [[Sarah-Jane Dias]]
* Sreetama Basu (Red carpet)
|}

==Contestants==
The following is the list of the official delegates of Femina Miss India 2026 representing 29 states +1 common winner from all Union territories of the country:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/unveiling-the-state-winners-of-femina-miss-india-2024-the-journey-begins/eventshow/112591589.cms|title=Unveiling the state winners of Femina Miss India 2024: The journey begins!|website=femina.in}}</ref>
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFFF33|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the finalists/semi-finalists
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Zone
! width=150px |State
! width=150px |Delegate
|-
! rowspan=5| East
| [[Bihar]]
| Anjali Nandi
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| Anushka Sone
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| Shreya Agrawal
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Odisha]]
| Ayushi Panda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/ayushi-panda-crowned-miss-odisha-india-2025-will-represent-state-at-femina-miss-india|title=Ayushi Panda Crowned Miss Odisha India 2025, Will Represent State at Femina Miss India|website=mycitylinks.in|date=23 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| Mohana Panday
|-
! rowspan=8| North East
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Mariam Longri
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Assam]]
| Bagmita Saikia
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| Chanchui Khayi
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| Ridamaya Passah
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| BC Lalmuankimi
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| Nikali K Shohe
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Sikkim]]
| Deekila Sherpa
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| Shreeya Debbarma
|-
! rowspan=7| North
| [[Delhi]]
| Devanshi Paliwal
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| Debasmita Gaur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/debasmita-gaur-wins-the-crown-at-femina-miss-india-haryana-2026/articleshow/153628666.cms|title=Debasmita Gaur Wins the Crown at Femina Miss India Haryana 2026|website=femina.in|date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Shreya Thakur
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Dhanushree Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-news-21-year-old-seoni-girl-dhanushree-chauhan-crowned-femina-miss-india-mp-2026-video4|title=21-Year-Old Seoni Girl Dhanushree Chauhan Crowned Femina Miss India MP 2026|website=freepressjournal.in|date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| Yashika Sharma
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| Anchal Farswan
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Sania Mukherjee<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tvindialive.in/state/sania-mukherjee-crowned-as-femina-miss-india-uttar-pradesh-2026 | title=Sania Mukherjee Crowned as Femina Miss India Uttar Pradesh 2026 | publisher=TV India Live | date=27 February 2026 | accessdate=10 March 2026}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
! rowspan=5| [[Femina Miss India South|South]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Chilakalapudi Indu Phalguni
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Karnataka]]
| Khushi Ramesh Kalakeri<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Khushi Kalakeri: Femina Miss India Karnataka 2026 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-khushi-kalakeri-61st-femina-miss-india-karnataka/articleshow/153998789.cms |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| Medhavi Saboo
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Tejashvee Arunprassad
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Telangana]]
| Ramya Kailasa
|-style="background-color:gold"
! rowspan=5| West & Union Territory
| [[Goa]]
| Sadhvi Satish Sail
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Gujarat]]
| Parinaaz Cooper{{refn|GUJARAT — Parinaaz Cooper replaced Shivangi Desai, Femina Miss India Gujarat 2026, who withdrew due to unforeseen reason. Appointed by the Femina Miss India Gujarat organization, Parinaaz competed in the Femina Miss India Gujarat 2026 pageant.}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33"
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Rajnandini Pawar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jaipurtimes.org/spotlight/rajnandini-pawar-wins-miss-india-maharashtra-2026|title=Rajnandini Pawar Wins Miss India Maharashtra 2026|website=jaipurtimes.org|date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Tarushee Rai
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33"
| [[Union Territory]]
| Sree Advaita G
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.missindia.in/ Miss India Official Website]

{{Femina Miss India}}

[[Category:Femina Miss India|2024]]
[[Category:2026 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]

Padmavathi Malladi

2026-04-23T13:24:47Z

MishaelNab: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmavathi Malladi
| image = PadmavathiMalladiDP.jpg
| caption = Padmavathi Malladi at a promotional event for Gandhi Tatha Chettu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|05|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| alma_mater = {{Ubl
| [[Villa Marie Degree College]]
}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Director|Screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2013 – present
| notable_works = {{Ubl
| [[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]] (As Director)
| [[Mahanati]] (As Screenwriter)
| [[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]] (As Screenwriter)
}}
}}

'''Padmavathi Malladi''' (born 14 May 1985) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] feature films and web series. Known for her forthright dialogues and slice-of-life storytelling, she garnered critical acclaim for her work as a screenwriter for ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018), ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]'' (2022) and ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]'' (2024) for which she was nominated at the 2025 Critics' Choice Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-07-31 |title=Trisha Krishnan shares why she chose to make OTT series debut with 'Brinda' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/trisha-krishnan-shares-why-she-chose-to-make-ott-series-debut-with-brinda-797587 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Harsh">{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-22 |title=Padmavathi Malladi: We shouldn't be hesitant to make women-centric films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Jan/22/padmavathi-malladi-we-shouldnt-be-hesitant-to-make-women-centric-films |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2022-10-19 |title='Ammu' review: A gripping tale of a domestic abuse victim's journey to the light |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1035312/ammu-review-a-gripping-tale-of-a-domestic-abuse-victims-journey-to-the-light |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2025 full list of nominees: Diljit Dosanjh, Abhishek Bachchan get Best Actor nods |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-awards-2025-full-list-of-nominees-diljit-dosanjh-abhishek-bachchan-get-best-actor-nods-101741235839723.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Padmavathi made her directorial debut with ''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-24 |title='Gandhi Tatha Chettu' movie review: A heartfelt tribute to Gandhian principles and rural innocence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhi-tatha-chettu-movie-review-a-heartfelt-tribute-to-gandhian-principles/article69131186.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film garnered critical acclaim for its production and the performance of its lead actor, Sukriti Veni Bandreddi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2024-05-01 |title=Sukumar's daughter Sukriti Veni Bandreddi wins Dadasaheb Phalke Award {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sukumars-daughter-sukriti-veni-bandreddi-wins-dadasaheb-phalke-award.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The film received numerous accolades nationally and globally, including the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist Award]] for Sukriti at the [[71st National Film Awards]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-02 |title=71st National Film Awards: Sukumar's daughter, Sukriti Veni, wins Best Child Artist title for 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/71st-national-film-awards-sukumars-daughter-sukriti-veni-wins-best-child-artist-title-for-gandhi-tatha-chettu/articleshow/123054825.cms |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Best Film at the 30th Minsk International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-22 |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi on the making of 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu', a crowdsourced Telugu indie film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-gandhi-tatha-chettu-a-crowdsourced-telugu-indie-film-came-to-be/article69118383.ece#:~:text=At%20the%20Minsk%20International%20Film,it%20was%20a%20surreal%20moment. |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> & the 2024 Noida International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2025-01-01 |title=Sukumar's Daughter Sukriti Veni's Gandhi Tatha Chettu Set for January 24 Release |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/sukumars-daughters-gandhi-tatha-chettu-set-for-jan-24-release-143129 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

Born to academicians in a mixed culture family, Padmavathi developed a fondness for languages and built a strong vocabulary in Telugu at an early age. She started her film career with [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] as a writer for ''[[Manamantha]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Citation |last=Yeleti |first=Chandra Sekhar |title=Manamantha |date=2016-08-05 |type=Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5948916/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_7 |access-date=2025-02-21 |others=Mohanlal, Gautami, Viswant Duddumpudi |publisher=Vaarahi Chalana Chitram}}</ref> starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Gautami|Gauthami]], before collaborating with [[Radha Krishna Kumar]] for ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' starring [[Prabhas]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] which was ultimately released in 2022 having been in production for six years.<ref name="Parvathaneni">{{Cite web |last=Parvathaneni |first=RamBabu |date=2025-01-20 |title=Director Padmavati Malladi Interview |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/115575/director-padmavati-malladi-interview.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Padmavathi was born to Ravoori Saroja and Malladi Jayakrishnan in Hyderabad in May 1985. Born into a family that established and ran many educational institutions in the Greater Hyderabad area, Padmavathi grew up in an extremely disciplined environment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmavathi Malladi about Gandhi Tatha Chettu - idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/gandhitathachettu-padmavathimalladi.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> She and her younger sister grew up with her uncle and aunt, as her parents traveled regularly for their jobs.<ref name="KARTHIK">{{Cite web |last=KARTHIK |date=2021-04-23 |title=Padmavathi Malladi, a writer weaving the best stories for entertainment |url=https://untoldstoryof.com/padmavathi-malladi/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Padmavathi's family's roots come from [[Thanjavur]] and [[Chittoor]], giving rise to a spoken language that was an eclectic mix of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. However, in school, Padmavathi found herself getting increasingly attracted to classical [[Telugu literature]]. Padmavathi has acknowledged her high school Telugu teacher for playing a significant role in developing her writing and speaking skills in Telugu.

Padmavathi completed her bachelor's degree in biotechnology from [[Villa Marie Degree College|Villa Marie College]], in Hyderabad, and her MBA in Human Resources from Malla Reddy College.<ref name="KARTHIK"/> Upon graduation, Padmavathi began her career as an HR lecturer at a management college in Hyderabad. Shortly thereafter, she started her own training institute focusing on Spoken English and certification courses such as Six Sigma and Total Quality Management. She took up writing film reviews for a website, one of which caught the attention of a crew member working on Siraj Kalla's ''[[D for Dopidi]]'' (2013). He asked Padmavathi to write a few dialogues for the film, and that's how she was introduced to the grammar of dialogue and screenplay writing.

== Film career ==

=== Early beginnings (2014–2016) ===
Padmavathi started writing short stories, one of which reached [[Radha Krishna Kumar]] - who at the time was directing ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' (2015) starring [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] and [[Raashii Khanna|Raashi Khanna]]. He approached Padmavathi to translate the script from Telugu to English, and in the process, Padmavathi provided some storyline inputs.<ref name="KARTHIK"/> Padmavathi's work also caught the attention of [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]], under whom Radha Krishna Kumar worked as an assistant director and the director of ''[[Manamantha]]'' (2016), who subsequently referred her to the project. She was offered a role as a writer for the film and received significant guidance in screenwriting from Yeleti, whom she regards as her mentor in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pynr.in |date=2025-01-21 |title=I want to show non-violence thru my film: Padmavathi Malladi {{!}} The Pioneer |url=https://pynr.in/i-want-to-show-non-violence-thru-my-film-padmavathi-malladi/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> The screenplay of ''Manamantha'' was widely praised and became one of the more positively-reviewed films of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manamantha Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manamantha/movie-review/53570963.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Padmavathi joined forces with Radha Krishna Kumar again in 2016 as he announced ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' with [[Prabhas]], produced by UV Creations. The story of the film evolved over the course of many iterations, with Padmavathi growing in experience along with the story.<ref name="Parvathaneni"/>

Around this time, Padmavathi became a part of a filmmakers’ collective being mentored and guided by [[Aparna Malladi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-04 |title=Filmmaker Aparna Malladi passes away at 54 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/filmmaker-aparna-malladi-passes-away-at-54/articleshow/116945729.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During this time, Padmavathi was introduced to several individuals, including [[Venkatesh Maha]], Sesha Sindhu Rao, Vamsi Patchipulusu, and Santosh ‘Santo’ Mohan Veeranki, among others. These individuals later made significant contributions to the Telugu film industry in the following years.

==== ''Mahanati (2018)'' ====
In late 2016, a [[Mahanati|biopic on the yesteryear superstar Savitri]] was announced, and was being helmed by [[Nag Ashwin]] - fresh off the success of his directorial debut, ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015). On the lookout for writers, he came across Padma's work, and tasked her with bringing out the personal life of the [[Savitri (actress)|most celebrated actress in Telugu Cinema]]. Padmavathi chanced upon the eponymously titled book "Savitri", and presented a draft of her story and scenes to Nag Ashwin who immediately inducted her into his team.

Padmavathi recalls a moment when Nagi praised her by stating that she has "a unique voice,"<ref name="iDream Media">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXbFq_DvZgM |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi Exclusive Interview {{!}} Gandhi Thatha Chettu {{!}} Sukumar {{!}} iDream Media |date=2025-01-21 |last=iDream Media |access-date=2025-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> a commendation she considers a turning point in her writing career. Mahanati, starring [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], and [[Vijay Deverakonda]], became a significant success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2018-05-10 |title='Mahanati' Review: Epic Biopic|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/mahanati-review-epic-biopic-89334 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref> both critically and commercially. The film won 3 National Awards, 4 [[Filmfare Awards]], [[List of accolades received by Mahanati|and 26 other awards across various platforms regionally, nationally, and internationally.]]

==== Wider recognition (2018–2020) ====
While writing for ''Mahanati'', Padmavathi became part of a team led by [[Teja (director)|Teja]]. Produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]], starring [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], and being written by [[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Brothers]] and Diamond Rathnambabu, the untitled project garnered a lot of attention,<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2017-12-04 |title=Venky's new film launched {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/venkys-new-film-launched.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref> but ultimately did not see a release. Padmavathi considers this experience to be one of the most enlightening of her career, as it provided valuable lessons not only on writing but also on navigating and surviving in the film industry.<ref name="iDream Media"/>

In September 2018, Padmavathi collaborated with Sesha Sindhu Rao on the latter's directorial debut, ''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]'', a breezy romantic comedy and coming of age film starring debutant [[Shiva Kandukuri]] and [[Varsha Bollamma]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Rao |first=Sesha Sindhu |title=Choosi Choodangaane |date=2020-01-31 |type=Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11301882/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |others=Ashmitha, Srinivas Avasarala, Bhanu |publisher=Dharmapath Creations}}</ref> Credited as the writer of the film, Padmavathi took the opportunity to also gain significant on-set experience working alongside Sesha Sindhu Rao. She interacted with the actors and the crew, and garnered lessons in filmmaking, crew management and artist management. As part of workshops designed to familiarize actors with the story and their characters, Padmavathi spent extensive time understanding the actors and building rapport with them. This experience played a significant role in shaping her own filmmaking style.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM1DmdXEeDA |title=Writer Padmavathi Speech {{!}}{{!}} Choosi Choodangane Movie Thanks Meet {{!}}{{!}} Shiva Kandukuri {{!}}{{!}} Varsha Bollam |date=2020-02-01 |last=BhavaniHD Movies |access-date=2025-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Upon its OTT release on [[Amazon Prime Video]] during the first [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] in [[India]], ''Choosi Choodangaane'' received praise, particularly for its treatment of characters and its modern storyline that challenged traditional stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Choosi Choodangaane Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/choosi-choodangaane/movie-review/73803481.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== ''Ammu'' (2022) and ''Brinda'' (2024) ====
In late 2021, Padmavathi was approached by [[Karthik Subbaraj]]’s production house - [[Stone Bench Creations]] - to work on a film about a domestic abuse victim and her resolve to create a better life for herself. Initially slated to release in Tamil, Prime Video decided to release it in Telugu, and Padmavathi was chosen to write for the same.<ref name="Parvathaneni"/> Aware of the subtle yet conspicuous differences between Tamil and Telugu content, Padmavathi wrote the dialogue draft of the film, and it went on the floors. Recalling her interaction with lead actress [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] regarding the monologue, Padmavathi stated that it was the hardest thing she had ever written - not just from the subject’s point of view, but also from the point of view of the language. The monologue delivered by Aishwarya Lekshmi’s character, apart from the overall dialogues of the film,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5DHII5aGH8 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi About Telugu Dialogues In Ammu Movie {{!}} TFPC |date=2022-10-15 |last=TFPC |access-date=2025-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> garnered immense appreciation from viewers and critics alike, and [[Ammu (2022 film)|''Ammu'']] emerged as one of the "most important films of the year".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2022-10-19 |title='Ammu' movie review: Aishwarya Lekshmi shines in poignant, yet unconvincing tale of domestic abuse |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ammu-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-shines-in-poignant-yet-unconvincing-tale-of-domestic-abuse/article66031261.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ammu Review : This drama brings forth a relevant and recurring issue of domestic abuse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ammu/ottmoviereview/94969831.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2021, Surya Manoj Vangala approached Padmavathi with a story about a police officer battling injustice and crime in the face of longstanding societal beliefs and rituals. Intrigued by the possibilities, Padmavathi and Surya wrote and developed the story into a web-series - [[Brinda (TV series)|''Brinda'']] - starring [[Trisha Krishnan]] - which released on [[SonyLIV]] in August 2024.<ref name="Harsh"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-08-20 |title=I am still juggling with ambition, passion and detachment: Surya Manoj Vangala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Aug/20/i-am-still-juggling-with-ambition-passion-and-detachment-surya-manoj-vangala |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Trisha Krishnan's portrayal of the titular role, and the nuanced writing that dealt with sensitive topics such as religious crimes was widely lauded. Brinda is credited with being one of the best web-series ushering in the era of Telugu Originals on online platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-08-02 |title='Brinda' web series review: Trisha, Ravindra Vijay sparkle in this brooding, taut crime drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brinda-web-series-review-trisha-ravindra-vijay-sparkle-in-this-brooding-taut-crime-drama/article68472106.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2025, Padmavathi, along with the show's director - Surya Manoj Vangala - was nominated for the Best Writing award for ''Brinda'' at the 2025 Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards, but lost out to their counterparts who wrote the series ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2025 full list of nominees: Diljit Dosanjh, Abhishek Bachchan get Best Actor nods |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-awards-2025-full-list-of-nominees-diljit-dosanjh-abhishek-bachchan-get-best-actor-nods-101741235839723.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2025-03-26 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: Diljit Dosanjh wins Best Actor, All We Imagine as Light shines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/critics-choice-awards-2025-diljit-dosanjh-all-we-imagine-win-top-honours-2699336-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough - directorial debut ===
In early 2021, Padmavathi developed a story about a young boy who plants a tree. Though the initial suggestions came from her good friend, Venkat Karnati, she was instantly enamored with the story, and developed it until it ultimately became the story of a 15 year old girl who uses Gandhian principles to rally her village, and save them and her grandfather’s tree from being chopped off by corporate entities looking to further their greed.<ref name="Dundoo">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-22 |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi on the making of 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu', a crowdsourced Telugu indie film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-gandhi-tatha-chettu-a-crowdsourced-telugu-indie-film-came-to-be/article69118383.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Entitling it as "''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]''", Padmavathi began narrating the story to producers across the industry. Unwilling to take the risk of having a child actor as the lead of the film, most producers passed it off.<ref name="iDream Media"/>

Padma's frequent collaborator, Sesha Sindhu Rao agreed to produce the film, and in an unconventional, but ultimately fruitful, move, decided to finance the film through an online funding platform - Cinema Stock Exchange - raising $114,000 (INR 85 Lakhs) to get the film on the floors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-04-14 |title=Telugu film 'Gandhi Thata Chettu' looks for crowd investment through Cinema Stock Exchange |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-gandhi-thata-chettu-takes-the-crowd-investment-route/article65320187.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sindhu also led Padmavathi to cast Sukriti Bandreddi - daughter of celebrated Telugu Film Director, [[Sukumar]] in the leading role. Upon hearing the film's story, Sukumar agreed to have his daughter Sukriti be cast in the main role.<ref name="Dundoo"/> Sukriti proved to be a revelation as the film went on to receive numerous accolades all over the world at Film Festivals, especially garnering immense praise for her portrayal of a young girl putting Gandhian values into practice.

Padmavathi Malladi's directorial debut - ''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]'' - released theatrically on 24 January 2025, and received widespread acclaim for its writing, direction and acting. The film was subsequently released on Amazon Prime Video in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2025-03-24 |title=Gandhi Tatha Chettu OTT Release Update: Where Can You Watch The Telugu Drama? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/gandhi-tatha-chettu-ott-release-update-where-can-you-watch-the-telugu-drama/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2025, the film was honoured with the "Bronze Knight" Award at the prestigious Zolotoy Vityaz Film Festival in Moscow, Russia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Лауреаты Международного Кинофорума «Золотой Витязь» |url=https://zolotoyvityaz.ru/winners-filmforum |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Международный Форум «Золотой Витязь» |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Закрытие XXXIV Международного кинофорума «Золотой витязь» в Севастополе май 2025 г - смотреть видео онлайн от «Сергей Бинали» в хорошем качестве, опубликованное 4 июня 2025 года в 14:19:16 01:53:06. |url=https://rutube.ru/video/675cd1e1eb105658c54b426651d217af/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=rutube.ru |language=ru}}</ref> On August 1, 2025, Sukriti Veni Bandreddi was bestowed upon with the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] at the [[71st National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan wins maiden honour, '12th Fail' adjudged Best Film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/71st-national-film-awards-shah-rukh-khan-wins-maiden-honour-12th-fail-adjudged-best-film/article69883037.ece |access-date=2025-09-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Other Appearances ==
Padmavathi has appeared as a guest on Telugu Film Industry based podcasts such as "Kathala Kacheri"<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEqeE6zNP7I |title=CHIVARI PAATHAM {{!}} Kathala Kacheri - EP11 {{!}} Padmavathi Malladi |date=2025-02-21 |last=KathalaKacheri |access-date=2025-09-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and "The Unscripted Podcast (TUP)".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mtvyafkl-c |title=From Pen to Camera: Padmavathi Malladi Shares Her Film Journey! {{!}} TUP 02 |date=2025-05-05 |last=Chitralahari Entertainments |access-date=2025-09-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Style of writing and direction ==
As a writer, Padmavathi Malladi is recognized for her impactful dialogues in serious societal and social topics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=VoxTalks With Padmavathi Visweswar - On Co-Writing 'Mahanati' And Bringing A World Alive |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2018/05/25/padmavathi-visweswar/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=VoxSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> At the same time, she is also known for her comical style of writing which plays to her advantage in [[slice of life]] films as evidenced in ''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]'' and ''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp_nt4laVI0 |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi {{!}} Gandhi Tatha Chettu's Rachabanda With Media {{!}} Sukriti Veni Bandreddi |date=2025-01-16 |last=Mythri Movie Makers |access-date=2025-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

As a director, Padmavathi is known to be a hands-on guide, and has stated that for the best version of the story to come out, it is crucial for directors to get on the same page and get the actors to emote, since the actors are the vehicle to get the writers’ and directors’ ideas out in the open.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2xiYUIlaFs |title=Writer Padmavathi Speech @ Choosi Choodangaane Pre Release Event {{!}} NTV ENT |date=2020-01-28 |last=NTV Entertainment |access-date=2025-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-22 |title=Director Padmavathi Malladi on the making of 'Gandhi Tatha Chettu', a crowdsourced Telugu indie film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-gandhi-tatha-chettu-a-crowdsourced-telugu-indie-film-came-to-be/article69118383.ece#:~:text=She%20perfectly%20reflected%20the%20essence,Rangampet,%20Kamareddy%20district,%20Telangana. |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Screenwriter
!Dialogues
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Manamantha]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|First Film as Screenwriter
|-
|2018
|''[[Mahanati]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[List of accolades received by Mahanati|See List of Accolades Received by Mahanati]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]], [[71st National Film Awards]]<ref name=":1" />
Bronze Knight, Zolotoy Vityaz Film Festival 2025<ref name=":2" />

Best Film, 30th Minsk International Film Festival 2024
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Screenwriter
!Dialogues
!Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-written with Surya Mohan Vangala
Nominated for Best Writing at the 2025 Critics Choice Shorts and Series Awards<ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=13046761|name=Padmavathi Malladi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malladi, Padmavathi}}
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]

Triplicane Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T03:35:28Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Triplicane
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| electors= 132,523 (2006)
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Triplicane''' was the legislative assembly constituency, that included the city of [[Triplicane]]. Triplicane Assembly constituency was part of [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency]], India. After the constituency delimitation of 2008, this constituency has been merged into the newly-formed [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| 1952
| [[A. M. Sambandam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1957
| [[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1962
| [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1967
| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]

| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]

| [[M. Aranganathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]

| [[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]

| [[A. K. A. Abdul Samad|Abdul Samad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]

| [[K. Nanjil Manoharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]

| [[Mohammad Asif (Tamil Nadu minister)|Mohammad Asif]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]

| K. Nanjil Manoharan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]

| [[S. A. M. Hussain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]

| [[Bader Sayeed]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bader Sayeed]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,404 |percentage=47.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Naganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,628 |percentage=44.01% |change=-5.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shivakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,834 |percentage=5.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathish Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,631 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vivekanandan |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saravanan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=181 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sasikumar |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,776 |percentage=3.25% |change=-1.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,504 |percentage=64.52% |change= 21.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,523 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. A. M. Hussain]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,943 |percentage=49.79% |change=-20.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajakumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,267 |percentage=44.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijaya Dhayanban |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,034 |percentage=2.90% |change=0.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mu. Krishnaparayanar |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sreeram |party=Independent politician |votes=356 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Venkatesh |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Noor Mohamed |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=156 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Dharmalingam |party=Thaayaga Makkal Katchi |votes=141 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Maragatha Valli |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivagnanasambandan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=96 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,676 |percentage=5.24% |change=-43.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,179 |percentage=43.10% |change= -17.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,839 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,401 |percentage=70.10% |change=32.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Wahab |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,390 |percentage=21.41% |change=-33.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. E. Balraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,597 |percentage=3.61% |change=-0.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Sundaram |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,986 |percentage=2.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karunamurthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=915 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venugopal |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Maragathavalli |party=Independent politician |votes=61 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=58 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=58 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Marisamy Kurumans |party=Independent politician |votes=56 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,011 |percentage=48.70% |change=31.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,898 |percentage=60.41% |change= 4.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,322 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mohammad Asif (Politician)|Mohammad Asif]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,028 |percentage=55.07% |change=21.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,576 |percentage=37.50% |change=-8.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Azhagumani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,841 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthasarathi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,481 |percentage=2.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan |party=Janata Party |votes=478 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayalakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathiavathi Gnanadas |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ragavendra Rao |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=72 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vaithinathan |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Deenan |party=Independent politician |votes=32 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,452 |percentage=17.57% |change=5.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,872 |percentage=55.58% |change= -14.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,453 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,414 |percentage=45.86% |change=-4.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. V. Hande]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,442 |percentage=33.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rama Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,531 |percentage=15.78% |change=-26.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gajanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,878 |percentage=3.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamad Ali Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Mohideen |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jainuddin |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=142 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Yousup |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. D. Panneenselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Maragathavalli |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,972 |percentage=12.56% |change=4.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,401 |percentage=69.92% |change= 7.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,258 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,410 |percentage=50.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,302 |percentage=42.05% |change=-10.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasamy Alias Kailal Mannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,871 |percentage=2.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. T. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,298 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Selvamani |party=Independent politician |votes=814 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. C. Kannappan |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramakrishnan Sathyalaya |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jagannathan |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jayalakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kalingamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,108 |percentage=8.48% |change=-2.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,065 |percentage=62.54% |change= 5.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,445 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,664 |percentage=52.77% |change=39.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Sridharan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=26,786 |percentage=41.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramaswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,811 |percentage=2.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gopalakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=567 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Lakshmaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=485 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jayalakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Era. Chandramohan |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,878 |percentage=10.78% |change=7.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,798 |percentage=56.81% |change= 6.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,394 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Aranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,154 |percentage=35.16% |change=-15.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Noorjahan Razack |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,027 |percentage=31.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Narayanan |party=Janata Party |votes=12,401 |percentage=18.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Veeraragaghavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,027 |percentage=13.71% |change=-35.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,127 |percentage=3.23% |change=1.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,856 |percentage=50.05% |change= -20.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,743 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,237 |percentage=50.40% |change=-9.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vinayakam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,198 |percentage=48.95% |change=9.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Noorg Ehan Mamadi |party=Independent politician |votes=340 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Zaman |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,039 |percentage=1.45% |change=-18.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,902 |percentage=70.66% |change= -4.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,278 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,721 |percentage=59.41% |change=8.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Sammandappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,027 |percentage=39.93% |change=4.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Rao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=431 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,694 |percentage=19.48% |change=3.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,179 |percentage=75.61% |change= 3.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,580 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,273 |percentage=51.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivanesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,903 |percentage=35.31% |change=-0.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Varadachary |party=Swatantra Party |votes=7,418 |percentage=11.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Natrajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,276 |percentage=1.97% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,370 |percentage=15.99% |change=13.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,870 |percentage=72.50% |change= 32.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,042 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.38% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,990 |percentage=35.91% |change=0.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=11,975 |percentage=33.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=10,278 |percentage=28.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppuswami |party=Independent politician |votes=446 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Moova Rammia Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Chengalvaroya Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,015 |percentage=2.81% |change=-4.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,175 |percentage=40.01% |change= -15.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,420 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Triplicane<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Sambandam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,168 |percentage=35.68% |change=35.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Abdul Majeed |party=Independent politician |votes=11,290 |percentage=28.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jagadisa Ayyar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,850 |percentage=9.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Doraikannu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,714 |percentage=9.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ekambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,954 |percentage=7.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,764 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nadamurthi Narasimhan |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthasarathy Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=348 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jagalakshmi |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=330 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Dalavai |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirupurasundari Ammal |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,878 |percentage=7.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,709 |percentage=55.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,594 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.059|80.276|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

West Bengal Day

2026-04-15T08:09:01Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|Festival celebrated in the Indian state of West Bengal}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Paschimbanga Dibas<hr/>{{small|West Bengal Day}}
| image = West Bengal map for WLM-IN.svg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| type = local
| longtype = Public (West Bengal)
| nickname =
| scheduling =
| frequency = annual
| observedby = People of [[West Bengal]]
| date = 20 June
| celebrations =
| significance =
}}
'''West Bengal Day''' (also known as '''Paschim Banga Dibas''') is the official state day of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Observed annually on 20 June, the day commemorates the adoption of a resolution by the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1947 that led to the creation of West Bengal as a separate state following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]]. The occasion highlights the cultural heritage, history, and achievements of the state. Various events are organised to celebrate the social, literary, and artistic contributions of West Bengal, with cultural programmes, exhibitions, and public addresses by government officials and community leaders. Although not a public holiday, West Bengal Day is marked by festivities and observances across the state in recognition of its distinct identity and historical significance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-06-21 |title=Raj Bhavan Telangana organizes West Bengal Foundation Day : Governor Shri Jishnu Dev Varma felicitates Bengali Pride in Hyderabad: Abhijeeth Bhattacharjee |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/raj-bhavan-telangana-organizes-west-bengal-foundation-day-governor-shri-jishnu-dev-varma-felicitates-bengali-pride-in-hyderabad-abhijeeth-bhattacharjee/2665738/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal day, 20 june |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/june-25-is-a-black-day-west-bengal-lop-suvendu-adhikari-on-samvidhan-hatya-diwas20250619220526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20th June, why important for Bengal? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/west-bengal/bjp-marks-june-20-for-power-saffron-camp-observes-west-bengal-day-remembers-syama-prasad-prnt/cid/2108970}}</ref><ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=সরকারি ‘পশ্চিমবঙ্গ দিবস’ পাবে বাংলা, একই দিনে জোড়া উৎসবের সুপারিশ, সিলমোহর দেবেন মমতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/committee-recommended-celebrating-1-baisakh-as-west-bengal-day-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-will-give-the-final-approval-dgtl/cid/1453875 |website=Anandabazar |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=22 August 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821221502/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/committee-recommended-celebrating-1-baisakh-as-west-bengal-day-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-will-give-the-final-approval-dgtl/cid/1453875 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost1">{{cite web |title=Committee to determine celebration day of Paschimbanga Divas |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/committee-to-determine-celebration-day-of-paschimbanga-divas-529842 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |access-date=22 August 2023 |location=Kolkata |date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822160449/https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/committee-to-determine-celebration-day-of-paschimbanga-divas-529842 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1"/>

==History==

On 18 August 2023, [[Biman Banerjee]], the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, has officially created the ''West Bengal Day Determination Committee''.<ref name="anandabazar3">{{cite web |title=রাজ্যের ‘প্রতিষ্ঠা দিবসে’র খোঁজে এ বার শাসকও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/the-search-for-the-west-bengals-foundation-day-has-been-started-by-the-state-government/cid/1453305 |website=Anandabazar |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=22 August 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822062500/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/the-search-for-the-west-bengals-foundation-day-has-been-started-by-the-state-government/cid/1453305 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bangla-hindustantimes1">{{cite web |author1=Apromeya Datta Gupta |title=‘‌পশ্চিমবঙ্গ দিবস’ কবে পালন করা হবে?‌ তৃণমূলের বিকল্প তারিখ, কমিটি গড়লেন অধ্যক্ষ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/assembly-tmc-gives-alternative-date-for-celebrate-paschimbango-diwas-and-speaker-formed-committee-31692435553740.html |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times - Bangla |access-date=22 August 2023 |language=bn |date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822175609/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/assembly-tmc-gives-alternative-date-for-celebrate-paschimbango-diwas-and-speaker-formed-committee-31692435553740.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A proposal to officially designate West Bengal Day was tabled in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in August 2023.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |title=Bengal government picks Poila Baisakh as state day to counter BJP's June 20 commemoration |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-government-picks-poila-baisakh-as-state-day-to-counter-bjps-june-20-commemoration/cid/1960645 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822152446/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-government-picks-poila-baisakh-as-state-day-to-counter-bjps-june-20-commemoration/cid/1960645 |url-status=live }}</ref> After much deliberation, it was decided on August 22 to adopt the date 1st [[Boishakh]] or [[Pohela Boishakh]] (April 14/15) of the Bengal calendar (original version) as the official West Bengal Day.

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]

Mulbagal Srinivasapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:49Z

MishaelNab: details - done

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mulbagal Srinivasapur
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Mulbagal Srinivasapur Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] seats in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Reservation
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Mysore, 1951 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4098-mysore-1951/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|align="center"|General
|[[G. Narayana Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|align="center"|SC
|[[T. Channaiah]]
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" |1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Mulbagal Assembly constituency|Mulbagal]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]: Malbagal Srinivasapur<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4098-mysore-1951/ |title=Statistical Data of Mysore Legislative Assembly election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = T. Channiah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = G. Narayana Gowda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21225
|percentage = 52.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. L. Narayana Swamy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 13789
|percentage = 34.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = G. K. Venkataramaiah
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5545
|percentage = 13.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 40559
|percentage = 47.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.163811|78.393653|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Kolar-geo-stub}}

Konidela–Allu family

2026-04-12T11:58:23Z

MishaelNab: new

{{short description|Indian film family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Konidela–Allu family
| other_names = Mega family
| type = Family
| alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = India
| region = [[Jubilee Hills]], Hyderabad, India
| origin = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| founder =
| current_head =
| members = {{ubl|[[Allu Ramalingaiah]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[Nagendra Babu]], [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Ram Charan]], [[Varun Tej]], [[Sai Dharam Tej]], [[Niharika Konidela|Niharika]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Allu Sirish]], [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]]}}
| other_families =
| distinctions =
| traditions = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Hindu
| motto =
| heirlooms = [[Geetha Arts]], [[Anjana Productions]], Pawan Kalyan Creative Works,
[[Konidela Production Company]], Allu Studios, [[Aha (streaming service)| Aha]]
| estate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Konidela–Allu family''' is a prominent Indian film family known for their work in [[Telugu cinema]]. The family, spanning at least three generations, is involved in films, business ventures, and politics. The heads of the family have included actor [[Chiranjeevi]] and his father-in-law, the comedian [[Allu Ramalingaiah]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nitin|first=B|date=2017-09-03|title=Tollywood's first families: The kings and queens who rule the Telugu film industry|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tollywoods-first-families-kings-and-queens-who-rule-telugu-film-industry-67805|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194946/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tollywoods-first-families-kings-and-queens-who-rule-telugu-film-industry-67805 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The family is colloquially known as '''Mega family''' in reference to the moniker of Chiranjeevi{{Em dash}}Mega Star.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=The Year 2022 Belongs To The Mega Family For These 12 Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-year-2022-belongs-to-the-mega-family-for-these-12-films-4803200.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
Konidela–Allu is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family with their origins in [[Mogalthur]]u and [[Palakollu]] villages of [[West Godavari district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are one of the most prominent families in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-25 |title=Chiranjeevi: The die is cast(e) in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/aug/25chiru.htm |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=Kapu card may cast(e) Chiranjeevi in the CM's role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/chiranjeevi-kapu-praja-rajyam-card-caste-182770-2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=How Tollywood's Two 'Rival' Castes Work Together to Maintain Political, Industry Power |url=https://theswaddle.com/how-tollywoods-two-rival-castes-work-together-to-maintain-political-industry-power/ |website=The Swaddle |language=en}}</ref>

== Family members ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Allu Ramalingaiah 2013 stamp of India.jpg|[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
</gallery>

[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] was a prominent actor and comedian in Telugu cinema. He and his wife, Kanaka Ratnam, had five children: [[Allu Aravind|Aravind]], Rajesh, Surekha, Vasantha and Bharathi. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI2qHkfUHPI]. Producer Allu Aravind tells about his mother & his siblings from Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2025-12-29. </ref> Allu Aravind, with his wife Nirmala, has three children ― Venkatesh, [[Allu Arjun|Arjun]], and [[Allu Sirish|Sirish]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Meet Allu Arjun's family of stars: From dad Allu Aravind, brother Allu Sirish, cousin Ram Charan to uncle Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-meet-allu-arjun-family-dad-allu-aravind-brother-allu-sirish-cousin-ram-charan-uncle-chiranjeevi-2931705 |access-date= |website=DNA India}}</ref> The latter two are actors in Telugu cinema. Arjun is among the highest-paid actors in [[Telugu cinema]]. Arjun is married to Sneha Reddy, and the couple has two children, Ayaan and Arha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=25 December 2021 |title=Here is how Allu Arjun, kids Ayaan and Arha celebrated Christmas at home. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/here-is-how-allu-arjun-kids-ayaan-and-arha-celebrated-christmas-at-home-watch-1892094-2021-12-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225115630/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/here-is-how-allu-arjun-kids-ayaan-and-arha-celebrated-christmas-at-home-watch-1892094-2021-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:Chiranjeevi at ANR Awards 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Chiranjeevi]]
File:SYM9482 (cropped).jpg|[[Allu Aravind]] [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]'s son
</gallery>
[[Chiranjeevi]] is an Indian actor, film producer and former politician who works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is regarded as one of the most successful and influential actors in the history of Indian cinema. He is married to Surekha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=Clans in Indian Cinema: The Allu-Konidela Family of Telugu Superstars and Film Producers|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/clans-in-indian-cinema-the-allu-konidela-family-of-telugu-superstars-and-film-producers-3655646.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The couple has three children: two daughters, Sushmitha and Sreeja, and a son, [[Ram Charan]]. Ram Charan is one of the highest paid actors of [[Telugu cinema|Indian cinema]]. He is married to Upasana Kamineni, grand-daughter of businessman [[Prathap C. Reddy]] and the couple has three children.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-06-15|title=Dream wedding for Charan, Upasna|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dream-wedding-for-charan-upasna/article3531165.ece|access-date=2020-08-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Charan, Upasana Konidela welcome baby girl |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-upasana-konidela-welcome-baby-girl-101687226298154.html |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Charan on naming twins Shivram and Anveera Devi; Upasana Konidela calls second-time motherhood 'calmer and more conscious' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-says-naming-twins-shivram-and-anveera-devi-was-a-deeply-personal-and-spiritual-decision-upasana-calls-second-time-motherhood-calmer-and-more-conscious/articleshow/128275673.cms |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213035229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-says-naming-twins-shivram-and-anveera-devi-was-a-deeply-personal-and-spiritual-decision-upasana-calls-second-time-motherhood-calmer-and-more-conscious/articleshow/128275673.cms |archive-date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Sushmitha is married to L. V. Vishnu Prasad and they are the parents of two daughters. Sreeja has been married twice ― first, to Sirish Bharadwaj, and then to actor [[Kalyaan Dhev]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-28|title=Sreeja wedding: Chiranjeevi's daughter marries Kalyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/regional-movies/sreeja-wedding-chiranjeevi-s-daughter-readies-for-a-second-innings/photo-QBApafnttJvWkR7ZJlqqMK.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> ― and has two daughters: one with Sirish, and one with Kalyaan.

Chiranjeevi has two younger brothers, [[Nagendra Babu]], and actor-politician [[Pawan Kalyan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-20|title=Chiranjeevi's Pic with Siblings Pawan Kalyan and Naga Babu Goes Viral on Social Media|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chiranjeevis-pic-with-siblings-pawan-kalyan-and-naga-babu-goes-viral-on-social-media-2584441.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=News18}}</ref> Nagendra Babu's children are [[Varun Tej]] and [[Niharika Konidela|Niharika]], both of whom are actors. Varun Tej is married to actress [[Lavanya Tripathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 31, 2019|title=Varun Tej and Niharika host lavish birthday party for dad Naga Babu: Allu Arjun, Ram Charan celebrate in style|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varun-tej-and-niharika-host-lavish-birthday-party-for-dad-naga-babu-allu-arjun-ram-charan-celebrate-in-style-1614453-2019-10-31|access-date=2020-07-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Kalyan has four children ― Akira Nandan and Adya with [[Renu Desai]]― and Polena Anjana Pawanova and Mark Shankar Pawanovich with Anna Lezhneva.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan Kalyan's family - Tollywood stars and their adorable kids|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/tollywood-stars-and-their-adorable-kids/Pawan-Kalyans-family/photostory/65564542.cms|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Chiranjeevi has two sisters, Madhavi Rao and Vijaya Durga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-08|title=Sai Dharam Tej refutes reports about 'upcoming marriage' to Niharika Konidela |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sai-dharam-tej-niharika-konidela-to-tie-the-knot-speculation-over-telugu-actors-nuptials-3431196.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Durga has two sons, [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]], both of whom are actors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2019-01-21|title=Sai Dharma Tej Introduces Panja Vaisshnav Tej|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-01-21/Sai-Dharma-Tej-Introduces-Panja-Vaisshnav-Tej/479174|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-13|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508054136/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-01-21/Sai-Dharma-Tej-Introduces-Panja-Vaisshnav-Tej/479174 |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Pawan2.jpg|[[Pawan Kalyan]] Chiranjeevi's younger brother
File:Allu Arjun at Pushpa 2 The Rule meet.jpg|[[Allu Arjun]] [[Allu Aravind]]'s son
File:Ram Charan 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Ram Charan]] Chiranjeevi's son
File:Varun Tej snapped promoting Operation-Valentine.jpg|[[Varun Tej]] [[Nagendra Babu]]'s son
File:Sai 6.jpg|[[Sai Dharam Tej|Sai Durgha Tej]] Vijaya Durga's son
</gallery>

== Family tree ==
[[File:Detailed Mega Family Tree.jpg|thumb|left|958x958px|Detailed Mega Family Tree]]
{{clear}}
{{chart top|align=left|Family tree of Konidela–Allu}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Konidela–Allu family tree}}
{{Tree chart|| |ARL |y| AK | | | |||||KVR|y|AD||ARL=[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]|AK=Kanakaratnam|KVR=Konidela Venkat Rao|AD=Anjana Devi|RG=Rahul Gandhi}}
{{Tree chart|| | | | |`|v|-|-|-|.||| |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|| |N|y|AV| |SR|y|CJ| | |NB|y|PM|| | |PK| | |VD|y|SP||N= Muttamsetty Nirmala|AV=[[Allu Aravind]]|SR=Surekha|CJ=[[Chiranjeevi]]|NB=[[Nagendra Babu]]|PM=Padmaja|PK=[[Pawan Kalyan]]|VD=Vijaya Durga|SP=Siva Prasad|MR=Madhavi Rao}}
{{Tree chart||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.||| | |!| | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart||AA| ||| AS| | |RC| | | | |VT||NK|||| | | | ||SDT||PVT| AV=Allu Venkatesh|AA=[[Allu Arjun]]|AS=[[Allu Sirish]]|RC=[[Ram Charan]]|SK=[[Sushmitha Konidela]]|SKK=[[Sreeja Konidela Kanuganti]]|VT=[[Varun Tej]]|NK=[[Niharika Konidela]]|SDT=[[Sai Dharam Tej]]|PVT=[[Panja Vaishnav Tej]]|s=[[Upasana Kamineni Konidela]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Akkineni–Daggubati family]]
* [[Nandamuri–Nara family]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Ram Charan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allu-Konidela family}}
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Konidela–Allu family| ]]
[[Category:Telugu families]]
[[Category:Telugu film families]]
[[Category:Families of Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Muktodhara

2026-04-08T21:49:04Z

MishaelNab: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muktodhara<ref name="MuktodharaReview1">{{cite news|title=Muktodhara review and premiere|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/muktodhara-review-and-premiere/cid/388862#.U_GkEaP_3QI|date=6 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta|accessdate=26 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101216/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/muktodhara-review-and-premiere/cid/388862#.U_GkEaP_3QI|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image = Muktodhara poster.png

| alt = Film poster
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]
| producer = Bachchu Biswas & Atanu Raychaudhuri
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Nandita Roy]]
| story = Nandita Roy
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Nigel Akkara]] [[Debshankar Haldar]] [[Bratya Basu]]
| music = [[Joy Sarkar]] and Surojit Chatterjee
| cinematography = Anil Singh
| editing = Malay Laha
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|03|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Muktodhara''''' is a 2012 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Prison film]] directed by [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]].<ref name="Muktodhara movie">{{cite web|title=Muktodhara movie|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Muktodhara-book-online-movie-tickets/4946/Movies.html|publisher=movies.nomorequeue.com|accessdate=20 August 2012|archive-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808222100/http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Muktodhara-book-online-movie-tickets/4946/Movies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="'Muktodhara' team gets together for a photo shoot">{{cite news|title='Muktodhara' team gets together for a photo shoot|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-interviews/31711218_1_photo-rituparna-sengupta-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012034909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-interviews/31711218_1_photo-rituparna-sengupta-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|accessdate=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2012}}</ref> This is a story about the prisoners of a correctional home ‒ Presidency jail who all have a dark past life but here they are being reformed day by day.<ref name="Woman of substance">{{cite news|title=Woman of substance|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111123/jsp/entertainment/story_14785205.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022459/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111123/jsp/entertainment/story_14785205.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|accessdate=20 August 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=23 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Special Screening for President">{{cite web|title=Rituparna Sengupta organizes special screening of her film Muktodhara for President|url=http://hinditvlinks4u.ch/bollywood-news-gossips-review/100051-rituparna-sengupta-organizes-special-screening-her-film-muktodhara-president.html|publisher=Hindi TV|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023033155/http://hinditvlinks4u.ch/bollywood-news-gossips-review/100051-rituparna-sengupta-organizes-special-screening-her-film-muktodhara-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bratya Basu">{{cite web|title=Minister Bratya Basu as a Lawyer in Muktodhara|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIKM/2011/11/28/30/Ar03000.xml&CollName=TOI_KoLKATA_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=403707&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emuktodhara%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821141058/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIKM/2011/11/28/30/Ar03000.xml&CollName=TOI_KoLKATA_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=403707&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emuktodhara%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Niharika Chatterjee is the wife of public prosecutor Arindam Chatterjee. Arindam is a dominating husband and a male chauvinist. Niharika is unhappy with her married life. They both have a sweet little child who is deaf and dumb. Niharika organises a party for girls who are physically challenged like her own daughter. There, she meets the new Inspector General of correctional cells of West Bengal, Mr. Brij Narayan Dutta. The latter informs Niharika of his plans and ideas of reforming convicts of the correctional cells. Being aware of Niharika's talent and skills, he requests Niharika to help him organize an event with the prisoners. Niharika agrees to the proposal with a condition that her husband needs to be kept in the dark. One day, while they were having a rehearsal, Niharika wishes to stage Rabindranath Tagore's Valmiki-Pratibha involving the inmates of the correctional cells. Niharika informs Mr. Brij Narayan Dutta about it, who likes the idea and approves the proposal. In the cellular jail, Yusuf Mohammad is a very well-known criminal. He is accused of murder, kidnapping, et al. Mr. Brij Narayan Dutta wants him to be in the play. He succeeds in convincing Yusuf Mohammad. It is he who later becomes Niharika's main protagonist in the stage play. Yusuf Mohammad gradually changes as Niharika keeps training them. They plan to escape from the correctional home on the day of the play. But, the feeling of guilt engulfs Yusuf Mohammad and though they get out of the correctional home through a tunnel, they return and complete the play.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windowsproductions.com/ |title=Home |website=windowsproductions.com |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623220449/http://www.windowsproductions.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Niharika Chatterjee
* [[Nigel Akkara]] as Yusuf Mohd Khan
* [[Bratya Basu]] as Arindam Chatterjee
* [[Debshankar Haldar]] as Brij Narayan Dutta
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Lakhan Panda
* Suchitra Chakraborty as Spriha
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] as Happy Singh
* Shambhunath Shaw as Nagen
* Arjun Sharma as Firdous
* Sarit Shekhar Banerjee as shyamal
* Milan kundu as Babu

== Crew ==
* Banner: Progressive Films
* Producers: Bachchu Biswas & Atanu Raychaudhuri
* Directors: Nandita Roy & Shiboprosad Mukherjee
* Story: [[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
* Screenplay: Nandita Roy & Shiboprosad Mukherjee
* Director of Photography: Anil Singh
* Music Director: Joy Sarkar & Surojit Chatterjee
* Choreographer: Alokananda Roy
* Editor: Malay Laha
* Production Designer: Nitish Roy
* Art Director: Arup Ghosh & Tuntun
* Stage Designers: Piyali-Saumik
* Sound Designer: Anup Mukherjee
* Costume Designer: Radhika Singhi

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
|extra_column=Singer(s)
| all_writing = Surojit Chatterjee & Kamolini Chatterjee
| all_lyrics = Surojit Chatterjee & Kamolini Chatterjee
| all_music =

| title1 = Gunti
| extra1 = Silajit Majumdar, Raghav Chatterjee, [[Mir Afsar Ali]]

| title2 = Alo
| extra2 = Surajit Chatterjee

| title3 = Dour Dour
| extra3 = [[Rupam Islam]] and Surajit Chatterjee

| title4 = Muktodhara theme song
| extra4 = Surajit Chatterjee

| title5 = National anthem
| extra5 = Inmates of Dumdum correctional home
}}

== Direction ==
Nandita Roy is an Indian filmmaker, screenplay writer and producer. She has been working in the film industry for the past 30 years. She has worked in many television serials and National Award-winning films. Shiboprosad Mukherjee is an Indian filmmaker, actor and producer. He started his acting career by joining the Theatre in Education Project and was a regular theatre artiste at Nandikar. He learnt his art from celebrated thespians like Rudraprasad Sengupta and Ibrahim Alkazi.
The director duo ventured into cinema in 2011, with their first film, Icche. From then on, they have co-directed films like Accident (2012), Muktodhara (2012), Alik Sukh (2013), Ramdhanu (2014), Belaseshe (2015), Praktan (2016) Posto (2017), Haami (2018), Konttho (2019), Gotro (2019), which have been critically acclaimed and commercially successful. Their films have been appreciated for their socially relevant content and entertaining narrative structure.

== Making ==
Nigel Akkara was a hardened criminal, who had resisted all attempts of reformation till a renowned dancer visited the Presidency Correctional Home and began a therapy session. He delivered a powerful performance in Muktodhara, a film loosely based on his life and transformation.
Alokananda Ray decided to stage the dance drama, Valmiki Pratibha, by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. The actors were selected from among jailbirds and Nigel played the lead role of dacoit Ratnakar, who transforms into sage Valmiki.
That play transformed Nigel in real life. It also helped in opening new avenues for him following his release from prison in 2009 after serving a nine-year term.
“I was mesmerized by the acceptance that I got after Valmiki Pratibha. Sometimes, looking at my past, I have wondered whether I deserve such love and affection,” said Nigel, who now owns a cleaning and security agency and employs several former convicts.
Nigel's big break came when he got the chance to play the lead role opposite Rituparna Sengupta in Muktodhara.
<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.news18.com/news/india/muktodhara-how-a-criminal-turned-into-an-actor-501907.html|title = Muktodhara: How a criminal turned into an actor|date = 26 August 2012|access-date = 28 June 2021|archive-date = 28 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628110324/https://www.news18.com/news/india/muktodhara-how-a-criminal-turned-into-an-actor-501907.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Background ==
Culture therapy is a tiny streak of hope and positivity amidst the gloom that inmates find themselves in. The therapy, known to bring about a complete metamorphosis in the convicts and enable them to alter their lives, is the most crucial part of the film. Culture therapy was initially started by the then IPS BD Sharma in West Bengal. Dancer Alokananda Roy assisted him. They successfully instilled change in many convicts. Later, the court released the convicts on the grounds of goodwill and conduct. Muktodhara is the first film in the history of Indian cinema to be made on culture therapy.
<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/8-years-of-muktodhara-how-culture-therapy-became-a-hit-with-its-reel-moments/articleshow/77345530.cms?from=mdr|title = 8 years of 'Muktodhara': How 'culture therapy' became a hit with its reel moments - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 28 June 2021|archive-date = 28 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628231547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/8-years-of-muktodhara-how-culture-therapy-became-a-hit-with-its-reel-moments/articleshow/77345530.cms?from=mdr|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Release ==
Muktodhara was released on 3 August 2012. The premiere of the movie was the first-ever theme premiere in Bengal. The entire movie hall was made to look like a correctional home and every artiste came in like a convict.
The movie created history and was a huge hit; it set a new benchmark receiving an overwhelming response from the audience.

== See also ==
* ''[[Icche]]''
* ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]''
* ''[[Alik Sukh]]''
* ''[[Ramdhanu]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.muktodhara.in/}}
* {{IMDb title|2909140}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]

Hansdiha railway station

2026-03-29T16:17:41Z

MishaelNab:

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|HANSDIHA JUNCTION}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Hdiha.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Hansdiha railway station building
| address = Hansdiha–[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] Road, Kasba, [[Hansdiha]], [[Dumka district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.614194|N|87.08498|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|189|m|ft}}
| line = [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]] Jasidih–Pirpainti line (under construction)
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = 2012
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HSDA
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Jharkhand#
| map_dot_label = '''Hansdiha Junction'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Hansdiha]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Hansdiha Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| route_map =
| map_state = collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Kurmahat|right=Kumradol|type=[[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]}}
}}
{{Dumka–Bhagalpur line|collapse=y}}

'''Hansdiha Junction railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]] of [[Sahibganj loop]] under [[Malda railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HSDA / Hansdiha Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Hansdiha|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/hsda/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Total Train Info}}</ref> The station is situated beside Hansdiha-[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] Road, Kasba, [[Hansdiha]] in [[Dumka district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BhartiyaRailFan|title=Hansdiha Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/hansdiha-hsda/10029|access-date=2020-10-13|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
The metre-gauge railway track from [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station]] to [[Mandar Hill railway station]] branch was opened in 1907. The branch was converted to broad gauge. A new railway line from Mandar Hill to Hansdiha became operational on 23 December 2012 and Dumka to Barapalasi route was reconstructed in June 2014 and finally the full track became operational in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagalpur to Dumka train link in 2015 | publisher=RailNews Media India |url=http://www.railnews.in/bhagalpur-to-dumka-train-link-in-2015/|access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=11 Feb 2014|title=Dumka–Jasidih passenger train flagged off {{!}} Ranchi News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Further extension==
The {{convert|97|km||adj=on|abbr=}}-long Jasidih–Hansdiha–Pirpainti line is under construction. As of 2021, work is under progress on Mohanpur–Hansdiha and Godda–Pirpainti sections. The {{convert|32|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Hansdiha–Godda section was inaugurated on 8 April 2021 and a [[Humsafar Express]] runs weekly from Godda to New Delhi. This line is considered important to connect the [[Godda district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]] with the rest of India. The {{convert|80|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Godda–Pakur line is also planned.[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-new-train-start-for-godda-on-poreyahat-hansdiha-railway-root-of-indian-railways-19588779.html]

== Trains ==
===Godda-Hansdiha===
The Following trains are famously serving this route.
* [[Godda-Daurai Weekly Express]]
* [[Mumbai LTT-Godda SF Express]]
* [[Godda-Rajendra Nagar Terminal Weekly Express]]
* [[Godda-Delhi Weekly Express]]
* [[Godda-Ranchi Express]]
* [[Godda Gomti Nagar Weekly Express]]
* [[New Delhi-Delhi Humsafar Express]]
* [[Godda-Tatanagar Weekly Express]]
* [[Ranchi-Godda Intercity Express]]

While There are also a lot of Passenger and Express trains that serves this section.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2012]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dumka district]]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Sargam (1979 film)

2026-03-29T10:22:57Z

MishaelNab:

{{short description|1979 film by Kasinathuni Viswanath}}
{{About||musical [[Swara|notes]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Indian music]]|Sargam (music) }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sargam
| image = Sargam 1979 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Viswanath]]
| producer = N. N. Sippy
| writer = K. Viswanath [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]
| narrator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]''|K. Viswanath}}
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Jaya Prada]]
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = K. H. Kapadia
| editing = [[Waman Bhonsle]] Gurudutt Shirali
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|01|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Sargam''''' is a 1979 [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Viswanath]]. It was the Hindi version of his earlier [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1976), which also starred [[Jaya Prada]] and made her a star in South India. She made her Hindi film debut with this film, repeating her role of a mute dancer.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news | title = Sargam (1979) |work= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-column-sargam/article6594777.ece |author=Ziya Us Salam|date=13 November 2014| accessdate = 2014-11-15 }}</ref>

The film stars [[Rishi Kapoor]] as her partner, [[Shashikala]] as her stepmother, [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as her father, with [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Asrani]], [[Vijay Arora]] and [[Om Shivpuri]]. [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] composed the memorable songs, which won the only [[Filmfare Award]] for the film. [[Anand Bakshi]] wrote the lyrics. [[Mohammed Rafi]] has sung all seven songs, three of them were duets with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], including the famous song, "Dafli Wale Dafli Baja", "Koyal Boli Duniya Doli" and "Parbat Ke Us Paar". The song "Koyal Boli" was shot on the banks of the [[Godavari River]] in [[Rajahmundry]], "Parbat Ke Us Par" in [[Ooty]] and "Dafli Wale" in Kashmir,and song Hum to chale Pardes pardesi ho gye sung by Mohd Rafi filmed at Wai Maharashtra near Krishna river .<ref name=hindu/>

The film became a blockbuster and took 3rd spot at the box office in 1979, behind ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' and ''[[Jaani Dushman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6050|title=The Best Films Of Rishi Kapoor - Bobby Has Historic Numbers|date=1 May 2020}}</ref> It made Jaya Prada a sensation and a star overnight in [[Hindi Cinema]] and she also earned her first [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Actress in Hindi cinema.<ref>[http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress BoxOffice India.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Hema is a mute young girl who lives with her father, Chintamani Pradhan, stepmother Savitri and stepsister Champa. Savitri dreams about her daughter becoming a star and arranges for her classical dance lessons. Hema also joins her and quickly shows her superior talent. Intolerant Savitri forbids Hema from learning dance anymore. Her father, who is a schoolteacher, was visited by his old student Raju who plays Dafli. Raju tries to cheer Hema up from time to time. One night, Raju finds a woman struggling to get rid of a man and Raju helps her. Later, the woman, Kusum tells him that her husband, Prakash forced her to spend the night with another man. Hema's father passes away, and she is thrown out of the house by Savitri. She is supported by Raju, and they leave the village. Savitri and Champa go to the city to find work, but they realize that they have been conned, and they come back. Prakash still holds grudge against Raju and attacks him in the end when he is rescued by police. Raju and Hema reunite, and Savitri finds the goodness in her heart and accepts Hema as her daughter too.

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Raju
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Hema Pradhan
* [[Shashikala]] as Savitri Pradhan, stepmother
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]] as Suresh
* Rajni Sharma as Champa Pradhan
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Mausi
* [[Jankidas]] as Landlord
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Tushar Babu Ghosh / Chatterjee
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Masterji Chintamani Pradhan
* [[Trilok Kapoor]] as Dinu Chacha
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Pandit
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Prakash
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Kusum
* [[Asrani]] as Gopi
* [[Vijay Arora]] as Dr. Babu (Guest appearance)
*Kamaldeep as Rapist

==Soundtrack==
All the songs were composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/laxmikant-pyarelal-anand-bakshi-a-friendship-forever-1059616.html|title=Laxmikant-Pyarelal & Anand Bakshi: A friendship forever|date=10 December 2021}}</ref> The song “Dafli Wale Dafli Baja” was used as an interlude by [[Vishal-Shekhar]], in the film version of the song, Radha, from [[Student of the Year]], which also starred Kapoor. ''Sargam'' was also one of the best-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack|Hindi film albums]] of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-05|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ram Ji Ki Nikli Sawaari"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Mujhe Mat Roko, Mujhe Gaane Do"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Kahan Tera Insaaf Hai, Kahan Tera Dastoor Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Hum To Chale Pardes, Hum Pardesi Ho Gaye"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Parbat Ke Us Paar, Parbat Ke Is Paar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Koyal Boli, Duniya Doli, Samjho Dil Ki Boli"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Dafliwale Dafli Baja"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|}

==Awards==
;[[27th Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1980/101|title=27th Filmfare Awards}}</ref>
;Won
* [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] — [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
;Nominated
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] — N. N. Sippy
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] — [[Rishi Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] — [[Jaya Prada]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] — [[Asrani]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] — [[Anand Bakshi]]
*[[Filmfare Best Story Award|Best Story]] — [[K. Viswanath]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246914|Sargam}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]

Panchapandava Cave Temple

2026-03-28T23:54:03Z

MishaelNab: Made...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Panchapandava Cave Temple
| image = Pandava Cave Temple, Mahabalipuram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pandava Cave Temple, 1860
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6167|80.1917|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| native_name = Pancha Pandava Temples Mandapa of the Five Pavadas
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district]]
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian Architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 5
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = UNESCO Inscription as a World Heritage Site in 1984 titled [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]<ref name="UNESCO 1"/>
| year_completed = {{circa}} 7th-century
| creator = [[Narasimhavarman I]] [[Mamalla]] of [[Pallava Dynasty]]
| website =
}}

'''Panchapandava Cave Temple''' (also known as '''Pancha Pandava Temples''' and '''Mandapa of the Five Pandavas''') is a monument at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The [[mandapa]] (rock sanctuary) is part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]].<ref name="UNESCO 1">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249 |title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram |publisher=[[World Heritage Convention]] |accessdate=24 February 2013 }}</ref> It is the largest cave temple in Mahabalipuram.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} It is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] dating from the late 7th century. The temple is one of the finest testimonial to the ancient [[Vishwakarma]] [[Hindu temple architecture|Sthapathi]]s, of rock-cut cave architecture, out of many such caves also called [[mandapa]]s. Part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], the temple is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] as inscribed in 1984 under criteria i, ii, iii and iv.<ref name="UNESCO report">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf|title=UNESCO Site 249 – Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]|date=1983-10-15|accessdate=2009-05-18}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
The Panchapandava Mandapa or Pancha Pandava Cave Temple, is near the open-air [[bas-relief]] of [[Arjuna]]’s Penance, in Mahablaipuram town.<ref name=Panch>{{Cite web|url= http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|title= Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part II|work= Pancha-Pandava Mandapa|accessdate= 23 February 2013|publisher= Puratattva.in|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120421061449/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|archive-date= 21 April 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is situated on the top of a hill range along with other caves in Mahabalipuram, on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]] of the [[Indian Ocean]]. Now in the [[Kanchipuram district]], it is approximately {{convert|58|km}} from Chennai city (previously, Madras) and about {{convert|20|miles}} from [[Chengelpet]].<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:General view of the entrance to the Pancha Pandava Mandapa, Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumbnail|left|General view of the entrance to the Panchapandava Cave Temple, 1885]]
The columns of the verandah, which have lion bases are a typical style of Pallava architecture. From the architectural features carved in the cave it is conjectured that this style could be assigned to Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla period) to Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) during the mid-7th century.<ref name=Panch/><ref name=Brit>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02211000.html|title=General view of the entrance to the Pancha Pandava Mandapa, Mahabalipuram|publisher=British Library|accessdate=25 February 2013|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101625/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02211000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Pandava Cave Temple, Mahabalipuram.jpg|right|thumb|Another view of the Pancha Pandava Cave Temple]]
The cave temple is unfinished. The entrance is east facing. The temple has the longest cavern, {{convert|50|ft}} long, among [[Mahabalipuram Cave Temples]]. The length of the opening is indicative of creating a [[Circumambulation|circumambulatory]] passage within the cave to go round the main shrine.<ref name=Panch/>

==Architecture==
The entrance to the cave has columns resting on seated lions, which is a typical Pallava style of rock-cut architecture.<ref name=Brit/>
There are six lion based pillars on the front façade of the cave, apart from two pilasters at both ends abutting the rock. As compared to other caves there is an improvement in the layout and the architectural elements that have been carved in the cave. One is the circumambulatory passage around regular structural temples in [[South India]] and the other feature is provision of brackets with lion [[caryatids]] over the pillars forming the facade; each caryatid consists of three lions one facing to the front and the other two facing to the sides without a lion on the backside.<ref name=Panch/> The brackets above the capitals of the pillars have decorations of [[griffins]] with human riders also, in addition to the lions. The pillars and [[pilasters]] with ''[[Yyala]]'' base of the pillars and Pilasters are cut out over a square ''[[pitha]]'' bass plate.<ref name=Pandavacave>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_caves.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Cave Temples|work=Pandava Caves|accessdate=25 February 2013|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312100855/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_caves.asp|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Within the cave, there is long chamber with a second row of four pillars and two pilasters. To the back of this second veranda there is small chamber cut in an octagonal shape flanked by two niches; it is inferred from this that the intended purpose was to carve this chamber to a square plan and making a passage behind it for circumambulation. Only a small chamber has been carved at the centre, which has remained attached to the main rock. At the entrance, the curved [[cornice]] has a series of shrines with the four central shrines projecting out. The vaulted roofs of the shrines are carved with ''[[gavaksha|kudu]]'' horseshoe-arch [[dormer]]-like projections and each shrine houses another smaller shrine. The niche below the ''kudu'' has a carved deity. Ferocious looking lions are also carved.<ref name=Panch/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Panchapandava Cave Temple}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion|Architecture}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-28T11:35:10Z

MishaelNab: corrected references additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_mps =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_image = File:1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = 1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|INC(R)]]
| posttitle = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]
| elected_mps =
| next_mps =
| Opinion_poll =
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1972
| outgoing_members =
| elected_members =
| election_date = {{Start date|1978|02|25|df=yes}}
| next_election = 1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1983
| seats_for_election = All 294 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 148
| registered = 28,386,334
| turnout = 20,698,706 (72.92%) {{increase}} 13.21%
| opinion_polls =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]
| leader1 = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| leader_since1 = 1978
| leaders_seat1 = [[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]] (''won'')
| last_election1 = ''Party did not exist''
| seats_needed1 = 148
| seats1 = '''175'''
| popular_vote1 = '''7,908,220'''
| percentage1 = '''39.25%'''
| swing1 = ''New party''
| seat_change1 = ''New party''

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gouthu Lachchanna (cropped).png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party2 = Janata Party
| leader2 = [[Gouthu Latchanna]]
| leader_since2 = 1977
| leaders_seat2 = [[Sompeta Assembly constituency|Sompeta]] (''won'')
| last_election2 = ''Party did not exist''
| seats_needed2 = 148
| seats2 = 60
| popular_vote2 = 5,812,532
| percentage2 = 28.85%
| swing2 = ''New party''
| seat_change2 = ''New party''
}}

The '''1978''' '''Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election''' was held in 1978.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Election Results, 1978, Andhra Pradesh|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060714/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> It was the sixth election. Indira Gandhi formed new party INC(I). [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]] won 175 seats out of 294 seats. While, [[Janata Party|JP]] won 60 seats and Independent candidates won 15 seats.

== Election results ==

=== Constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Constituency
! Gen
! SC
! ST
! Total
|-
|'''No. of Constituencies'''
|240
|39
|15
|294
|}
<ref name=":0" />

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. of Contestants in a Constituency
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6-10
! 11-15
! Above15
|-
|'''No. of Such Constituencies'''
|0
|3
|52
|60
|69
|102
|7
|1
|}
<ref name=":0" />

Total contestants in fray: 1,548

Average contestants per constituency<nowiki>:</nowiki> 5

Minimum contestants in a constituency: 2

Maximum contestants in a constituency: 16 in 207 - Himayatnagar

=== Performance of women candidates vis-a-vis men candidates ===
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''Men'''
|'''Women'''
|'''Total'''
|-
|i. '''No. of Contestants'''
|1486
|62
|1548
|-
|ii. '''Elected'''
|284
|10
|294
|-
|iii. '''Forfeited Deposits'''
|786
|30
|816
|}
<ref name=":0" />

== Results ==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:1978 AP Assembly.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]|INC(I)]]|votes1=7908220|sw1=''new party''|seats1=175|sc1=''new party''
|party2=[[Janata Party]]|votes2=5812532|sw2=''new party''|seats2=60|sc2=''new party''
|party3=[[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|INC]]|votes3=3426850|sw3={{decrease}}35.24%|seats3=30|sc3={{decrease}}189
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|votes4=546262|sw4={{decrease}}0.47%|seats4=8|sc4={{increase}}7
|party5=[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|votes5=501452|sw5={{decrease}}3.49%|seats5=6|sc5={{decrease}}1
|party6=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes6=53997|sw6={{increase}}0.12%|seats6=0|sc6={{nochange}}
|party12=[[Independent politician|Independents]]|votes12=1852808|sw12={{decrease}}23.02%|seats12=15|sc12={{decrease}}42
|total_sc={{increase}}7
|valid=20150093
|invalid=548613
|electorate=28386334

|Source: ECI<ref name=election1978>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1978 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023}}</ref>
}}

== List of Assembly constituencies and winners ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Ichapuram || None || Bendalam Venkatesam Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sompeta Assembly constituency|Sompeta]]|| None || [[Gouthu Latchanna]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]|| None || Bammaidi Narayanaswami || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandra]]|| None || Appalanarasimha Bugata Kennapalli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]|| None || Dola Seetaramulu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Patapatnam]]|| None || Kalamata Mohanarao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Kothuru Assembly constituency|Kothuru]]|| ST || Viswasarai Narasimharao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Naguru Assembly constituency|Naguru]]|| ST || Satrucharala Vijaya Rama Raju || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]|| None || Parasuramnaidu Chikati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]]|| ST || S. R. T. P. S. Veerapa Raju || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]|| None || Kolli Venkata Kurmi Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Therlam Assembly constituency|Therlam]]|| None || Vasireddi Varada Ramarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vunukuru || None || Babu Parankusam Mudili || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Palakonda || SC || Kambala Rajaratnam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Amadalavalasa || None || Srinamamurthy Pydi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Srikakulam || None || Challa Lakshminarayana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Etcherla || SC || Kothapalli Narasayya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Cheepurupalli || None || Chigilipalli Syamalarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gajapathinagaram || None || Vangapandu Narayanappala Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]|| None || Shree Ashok Gajapathi Raju Poosapati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]]|| None || [[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhogapuram Assembly constituency|Bhogapuram]]|| None || Appadudora Kommuru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bheemunipatnam Assembly constituency|Bheemunipatnam]]|| None || Datla Jagannadha Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Visakhapatnam-i || None || Sunkari Alwar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Visakhapatnam-ii || None || N. S. N. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Pendurthi || None || Gudivada Appanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Uttarapalli Assembly constituency|Uttarapalli]]|| None || Vijaya Raghava Satyanarayana Padmanabha Raju Kakarlapudi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]|| ST || Sanyasidora Duru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]]|| ST || Giddi Appalanaidu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Madugula || None || Kuracha Ramunaidu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chodavaram || None || Seetharama Sastri Emani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Anakapalli || None || Koduganti Govindrao || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Paravada || None || Bhattam Sri Rama Murty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]|| None || Veesamu Sanyasinayudu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta]]|| SC || Maruthi Adeyya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Narsipatnam || None || Gopatrudu Bolem || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chintapalli || ST || Kondalarao Depuru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Yellavaram || ST || Gorrela Prakasa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Burugupudi || None || Padma Raju Varrey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Rajahmundry || None || Tadavarthi Satyavathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kadiam || None || Ammiraju Patamsetti || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jaggampeta || None || Pantham Padamanabham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Peddapuram || None || Vundavalli Narayanamurthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Prathipadu || None || Mudragada Padmanabham || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Tuni || None || Vijayalakshmidevi Meerrja Nallaparaju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithapuram || None || Koppana Venkata Chandra Mohanarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Sampara || None || Venkatramana Matta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kakinada || None || Malladi Swamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tallarevu || None || Suryanarayana Biruda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Anaparthy || None || [[Padala Ammi Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ramachandrapuram || None || Apparao Pilli || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Alamuru || None || S. Venkata Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mummidivaram || SC || Moka Sri Vishnu Prasada Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Allavaram || SC || Venkatapathi Devarapalli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Amalapuram || None || Venkata Sri Rama Rao Palacholla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kothapeta || None || Manthena Venkata Surya Subharaju || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Nagaram || SC || Ganapathi Rao Neethipudi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Razole || None || Rudraraju Ramalingaraju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narasapur || None || Sheshavataram Parakala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Palacole || None || Vardhineedi Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Achanta || SC || Kota Dhana Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Bhimavaram || None || Kalidindi Vijayayanarasimha Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Undi || None || Gottumukkala Rama Chandraraju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Penugonda || None || Jakkamsetti Venkateswararao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tanuku || None || Kantioydu Appa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Attili || None || Indukuri Ramakrishanam Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tadepalligudem || None || Chintalapati Seeta Rama Chandra Vara Prasada Murty Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Ungutur || None || Kadiyala Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Dendulur || None || Neelam Charles || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Eluru || None || Surya Prakasa Rao Nalabati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gopalpuram || SC || Desari Sarojini Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kovvur || None || Munshi Abdul Aziz || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Polavaram || ST || Nagabhushanam Rasaputra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Chintalapudi || None || Gadde Venkateswara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Jaggayyapet || None || Ramarao Bodduluru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nandigama || None || Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Vijayawada West || None || Pothina Chinna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Vijayawada East || None || Nadendla Bhaskar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kankipadu || None || Koneru Ranga Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mylavaram || None || Chanamolu Venkata Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tiruvuru || SC || Vakkalagadda Adamu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nuzvid || None || Paladag Venkata Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gannavaram || None || Puchalapalli Sindarayya || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Vuyyur || None || Vadde Sohanadreeswara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gudivada || None || Katari Satyanarayanarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mudinepalli || None || Pinnamaneni Koteswara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaikalur || None || Kanumuru Bapiraju || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Malleswaram || None || Buragadda Niranjana Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bandar || None || Vaddi Ranga Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Nidumolu || SC || Guturu Bapanayya || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Avanigadda || None || Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kuchinapudi || None || Evuru Subba Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Repalle || None || Koratala Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Vemur || None || Yadalapati Venkatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Duggirala || None || G.vedantha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tenali || None || Indira Doddapaneni || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ponnur || None || Nageswara Rao Gogineni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Bapatla || None || Kona Prabhakara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Prathipad || None || Lakshinarayana Reddy Karumuru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Guntur-i || None || Eswara Rao Lingamsetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Guntur-ii || None || Gada Veeranjaneya Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mangalagiri || None || G.v.pathaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Tadikonda || SC || Amrutha Rao T. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Sattenapalli || None || Ravela Venkatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Peddakurapadu || None || Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gurzala || None || Gadipudi Mallikarjunarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Macherla || None || Challa Narapa Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Vinukonda || None || Avudari Venkateswarlu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Narasaraopet || None || Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chilakaluripet || None || Sambaiah Somepalli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Chirala || None || Mutte Vinkateswarlu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Parchur || None || Maddukuri Narayana Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Martur || None || Jagarlamudi Chandramouli || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Addanki || None || Karanam Balaramakrishna Murthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Ongole || None || Srungarapu Jeevaratnam Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Santhanuthalapadu || SC || Yellaiah Vema || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kandukur || None || Devi Kondaiah Chudary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kanigiri || None || Buthalapalli Ramasubba Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kondepi || None || Gundapaneni Pattabhi Ramaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Cumbum || None || Kandula Obul Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Darsi || None || Gnana Prakasam Berre || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Markapur || None || Poola Subbaiah || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]|| None || Ranga Reddi Pidpthala || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]|| None || [[Venkaiah Naidu]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]|| None || Kaliki Yanadi Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Allur Assembly constituency|Allur]]|| None || Giddaluru Sundara Ramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]|| None || Pellakuru Ramacandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Atmakur || None || Bommireddy Sudararami Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Rapur || None || Navvula Venkataratnam Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nellore || None || Koonam Venkata Subba Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]|| None || Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gudur || SC || Patra Prakasa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Sulurpet || SC || Pitla Venkatasubbaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Venkatagiri || None || Nallapareddi Sreenivasulu Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]|| None || Vunnam Subramanyam Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]]|| SC || C.doss || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]|| None || Chenga Reddy Reddivari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Puttur || None || K.b. Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Vepanjeri || SC || Bangala Arumugam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Chittoor || None || N.p.venkateswara Choudary || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Palmaner || SC || A.ratnam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kuppam || None || B.r.doraswamy Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Punganur || None || K.v.pathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]|| None || Gangarapu Venkata Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]|| None || A. mohan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Vayalpad || None || Amarnatha Reddy Nallari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]|| None || Mogal Sufulla Baig || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Chandragiri || None || Chandrababu Naidu Nara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tirupathi || None || Agarala Easwara Reddi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]]|| SC || Nidiganti Venkatasubbaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Rajampet || None || Konduru Prabhavathamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rayachoty || None || Sugavasi Palakondrayudu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lakkireddipalli || None || Gadikota Rama Subba Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Cuddapah || None || Gajjala Ranga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Badvel || None || Vaddamani Sivaramekrishan Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Mydukur || None || [[D. L Ravindra Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]|| None || Chandra Obulreddy Rami Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]|| None || Chavva Morammagari Ramanatha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kamalapuram || None || Perla Siva Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]|| None || Y.s. Rajasekhar Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]|| None || Nizam Vali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nallamada || None || Asigam Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gorantla || None || P.bayapa Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]|| None || K.thippeswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Madakasira || None || Y.thimma Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Penukonda || None || Somandepalli Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kalyandrug || SC || Hindi Narasappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadrug]]|| None || K.b.chennamllappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]|| None || R.vemanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gooty || None || K.venkataramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Singanamala || SC || B. Rukmani Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Anantapur || None || B.t.l.n. Chowary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]|| None || Ananathareddy Gonuguntla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Tadpatri || None || Diddekunta Venkata Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]|| SC || Eranna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Adoni || None || H. Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Yemmiganur || None || Hanumantha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kodumur || SC || D. Muniswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]|| None || Md. Ibrahim Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Pattikonda || None || K.v. Narasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Dhone || None || Krishna Moorthy K. E. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Koilkuntla || None || K. Anki Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Allagadda || None || Gangula Thimma Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Panyam || None || Erasu Ayyapu Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]]|| None || Byreddy Seshasayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nandyal || None || Bojja Ventatareddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]|| None || A.vengal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Achampet || SC || R.m.manohar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nagarkurnool || None || Srinivasa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kalwakurthi || None || S.jaipal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Shadnagar || SC || Kistaiah Bheeshva || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]|| None || N.narasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mahbubnagar || None || M.ram Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]|| None || Jaya Ramula || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kollapur || None || Kotha Venkateshwar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alampur || None || Ram Bhupal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gadwal || None || D.k.sqatya Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Amarchinta || None || Veera Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]|| None || Narsimlu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kodangal || None || Gurunath Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tandur || None || M. Manik Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Vicarabad || SC || V. B. Thirmalayya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Pargi || None || Ahmed Shareef || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Chevella || None || Chirag Pratap Lingam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]|| SC || Sumitra Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Musheerabad || None || Narsimha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Himayatnagar || None || Lakshmi Kantama || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]|| None || Ramdass S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Secunderabad || None || L. Narayana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Khairatabad || None || Janardhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]|| SC || B. Machinder Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Malakpet || None || Kandala Prabhakar Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Asafnagar || None || B. Krishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Maharajgunj || None || Shiv Pershad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Karwan || None || Shiv Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Yakutpura || None || Baqerr Agha || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]|| None || Mohd. Amanullah Khan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Charminar || None || Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Medchal || None || M. Channa Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Siddipet || None || Ananthula Madan Mohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Dommat || None || Aireni Lingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Gajwel || SC || Gajwel Saidiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]|| None || Chilumula Vithal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sangareddy || None || Narsimha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Zahirabad || None || M. Baga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Narayankhed || None || Shivarao Settkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Medak || None || Seri Lakshma Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Ramayampet || None || Rajaiahgari Muthyam Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Andole || SC || Rajanarsimha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balkonda || None || Gaddam Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Armoor || None || Santosh Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kamareddy || None || B. Balaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Yellareddy || None || Tadur Bala Gond || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Jukkal || SC || Gangaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Banswada || None || M. Sreenivasa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Bodhan || None || Gulam Samdhani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nizamabad || None || A. Kishan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Dichpalli || None || Anthareddy Balreddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mudhole || None || Gaddanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nirmal || None || P. Ganga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Boath || ST || T. Amar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Adilabad || None || Chilkuri Ramachandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khanapur || ST || Ambajee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Asifabad || SC || Dasari Narsaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Luxettipet || None || Chunchu Lakshmaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sirpur || None || K. V. Keshavulu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chinnur || SC || C. Narayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Manthani || None || C. Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Peddapalli || None || G. Raji Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mydaram || SC || G. Eshwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Huzurabad || None || Duggirala Venkat Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamalapur || None || Janardhan Reddy P. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Indurthi || None || Deshini Chinna Mallaiah || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Karimnagar || None || Kondaiah Nalumachu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Choppadandi || None || Nayalao Konda Sripathi Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Jagtial || None || Surender Rao Deevakonda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Buggaram || None || Amballa Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Metpalli || None || V. Venkateshwar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Sircilla || None || Chennamneni Rajeshwar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Narella || SC || Pati Rajam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Cheriyal || None || G. Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Jangaon || None || Kodur Vardha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Chennur || None || Neramugomula Yethiraja Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dornakal || None || Surendra Reddy Ramasahayam* || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahbubabad || None || Jannareddi Janardhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narsampet || None || Omkar Maddikayala || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Wardhannapet || None || Jagannadham Macherla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ghanpur || SC || Goka Ramaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Warangal || None || Arelli Buchaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Hanamkonda || None || T. Hayagriva Chary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Shyampet || None || Janga Reddi Chandupatla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Parkal || SC || Bochu Sammaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mulug || ST || P. Jagan Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhadrachalam || ST || Yerraiah Reddy Murla || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Burgampahad || ST || Punem Ramachandraiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kothagudem || None || Kasaiah Chekuri || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sathupalli || None || Jalagam Vengala Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhira || None || Bandaru Prasada Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Palair || SC || Hassainu Potta Pinjara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Khammam || None || Kesara Anantha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Shujatnagar || None || Buggarapu Sitaramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Yellandu || ST || Yerraiah Chapala || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tungaturthi || None || Swarayam Mallu || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Suryapet || SC || Annumulapuri Paradamulu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Kodad || None || Akkiraju Vasudeva Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Miryalguda || None || Aribandi Laxminarayana || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Chalakurthi || None || Ramulu Nimmala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Nakrekal || None || Narra Ragava Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Nalgonda || None || Gutha Mohan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Ramannapet || None || Papaiah Komu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Alair || SC || Salluri Pochaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Bhongir || None || Kommidi Narsimna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| Mungode || None || Goverdhan Reddy Palvai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deverkonda || ST || D. Ravindra Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1978 State Assembly elections in India|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Batalik

2026-03-26T16:06:18Z

MishaelNab: correct content and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Batalik
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village and military base
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.6558|76.3394|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kargil]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194103<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Batalik+194103/@34.6516723,76.3363551,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38e33199e6e32325:0xa0e7da3027121191!8m2!3d34.6537381!4d76.3434679?hl=en&authuser=0|title=Batalik (Google Maps)|work=Google Maps|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref>
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Batalik''' is a village and military base in [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]] [[Union territory]] in [[India]],{{sfn|Bhan|2013|p=38}} located in a narrow section of the [[Indus River]] valley in [[Himalayas]], close to the [[Line of Control]] with India–Pakistan wars and conflicts|Pakistan-administered [[Baltistan]].<ref name=hst1>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/kargil-anniversary/story/kargil-anniv-10-years-later-the-war-is-drass-versus-batalik-52907-2009-07-26 |title=Kargil anniv: 10 years later the war is Drass versus Batalik |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2009-07-27 |access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100710/saturday/main1.htm |title=BATTLE FOR BATALIK |work=The Tribune |date= |accessdate=2017-09-30}}</ref> Batalik is 56 km northeast of Kargil.<ref name=an1/> Administratively, it is a hamlet of the [[Silmo]] village (8 km south of Batalik) [[Patwari|patwar]],<ref>[https://www.dseokargil.ladakh.gov.in/hamlet.html Village wise Hamlet detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227154101/https://www.dseokargil.ladakh.gov.in/hamlet.html |date=27 December 2022 }}, Kargil district, District Statistics & Evaluation Office, retrieved 15 January 2023.</ref> which falls under the Kargil [[tehsil]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Setup: Sub-divisions, Tehsils, and Niabats of District Kargil |url=https://kargil.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |website=District Kargil, Union Territory of Ladakh |access-date=March 26, 2026 |date=March 9, 2026}}</ref> and Sodh [[Community development block|block]] (44 km south of Batalik).<ref>{{cite web |title=Blocks - Kargil |url=https://igod.gov.in/district/njg3tXQBW7DqAzx4Vryt/blocks |website=Integrated Government Online Directory (IGOD) |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref>

Batalik is located adjacent to the touristic [[Dah Hanu]] region, also known as the "[[Aryan Valley]]", populated by the [[Brokpa]] people.<ref name=an1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-go-for-a-vacation-to-kargil-war-battlefield-batalik-1388703 |title=Now, go for a vacation to Kargil war battlefield Batalik |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2010-05-28 |accessdate=2017-09-30}}</ref> There is demand to upgrade Batalik and Aryan valley area to a [[List_of_districts_of_Ladakh#Demand|new district]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-raises-important-issues-in-the-parliament/ | title=MP Ladakh raises important issues in the Parliament | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>

==History==
{{see also | History of Ladakh}}
[[File:Sodh Khar (Fort) Kargil.jpg|thumb|Fort at Sodh, burnt and destroyed during the 19th century [[Dogra invasion of Ladakh]].]]
[[File:Ancient fort at Sodh Apati Kargil.jpg|thumb|Fort at Sodh, another view of the ruins 44 km south of Batalik.]]

Historically, Batalik served as a [[Silk Road sites in India|critical junction]] on the [[Silk Road |ancient trade routes]] connecting Ladakh with Baltistan and the Gilgit region along the Indus River with the route through the [[Dah Hanu|Hanu Valley]] and the [[Chorbat_Valley#History|Chorbat La]] pass facilitating movement between the two regions. The sector was a primary transit point for salt, wool, and apricots between Ladakh and Baltistan.<ref>[https://zenodo.org/records/2518965/files/article.pdf?download=1 Baltistan and Ladakh], Zenodo, 4 March 2023.</ref>

Prior to the [[Partition of India|1947 partition of India]], the Batalik sector was part of the Ladakh Wazarat within the [[princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], maintaining deep cultural and commercial ties with [[Skardu]].<ref>[https://theacademic.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/40.pdf Ladakh Under the Dogra Administration from 1846-1947: A Retrospective], The Academic, 15 February 2025.</ref> The area was historically part of the [[Ladakh Wazarat]], where the administrative capital alternated between Leh and [[Skardu]], reflecting the deep integration of Batalik into the broader trans-Himalayan commercial network.<ref>[https://zenodo.org/records/2518965/files/article.pdf?download=1 Baltistan and Ladakh], Zenodo, 4 March 2023.</ref>

In modern history, as a [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts|disputed area]] administered by India and also claimed by Pakistan, it was a focal point of the 1999 [[Kargil War]] because of its strategic location between [[Kargil]], [[Leh]] and [[Baltistan]].<ref name=hst1/> In early May 1999, local shepherds reported the presence of unauthorized armed groups, leading to the discovery of large-scale infiltration by Pakistani forces into the ridgelines overlooking the Indus.<ref>[https://honourpoint.in/kargil-vijay-diwas-1999-war/ Kargil Vijay Diwas - 1999 War], Honourpoint, 11 July 2016.</ref> The Batalik sector became one of the most difficult theaters of the conflict due to its jagged, high-altitude terrain and its proximity to the Line of Control (LoC).<ref>[https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_99chb05.html Strategic Analysis: Pakistan's Compulsions for the Kargil Misadventure], Columbia University Press (CIAO), 9 September 1999.</ref> During [[Operation Vijay]], [[Indian Army|Indian forces]] engaged in fierce hand-to-hand combat to recapture strategic peaks such as Jubar, Point 5203, and Khalubar, successfully restoring the status quo ante by July 1999.<ref>[https://ignited.in/index.php/jasrae/article/view/6993/13789 Analysis of Kargil War: Some Reflections], Ignited Minds Journals, 15 October 2017.</ref> Captain [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]] (The Hero of Batalik), was posthumously awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|military decoration]], for his ''"conspicuous bravery and leadership"'' during the capture of ''Juber Top'' and ''Khalubar'' in the Batalik sector.<ref>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1579844 Param Vir Chakra: Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey], Press Information Bureau (PIB), 15 August 1999.</ref> As part of the [[11th Gorkha Rifles|1/11 Gorkha Rifles]], he led a daring daylight assault on a series of enemy bunkers that dominated the narrow valley approach to Batalik.<ref>[https://honourpoint.in/profile/captain-manoj-kumar-pandey-pvc/ Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey PVC], Honourpoint, 3 July 1999.</ref>

== Development ==

Development in the Batalik sector has accelerated significantly since 2024, driven by the Union Government's [[India–China_border_infrastructure#VVP|Vibrant Villages Programme]] (VVP), which aims to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in border areas to mitigate migration.<ref>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1901235 Cabinet approves Vibrant Villages Programme for Northern Borders], Press Information Bureau (PIB), 15 February 2023.</ref>

===Economy===

To support the local economy, the administration has established Common Facility Centers (CFCs) for the processing and packaging of high-quality apricots and [[buckwheat]], which are the primary cash crops of the Sod block.<ref>[https://kargil.nic.in/department/agriculture/ Development of Apricot Value Chain in Sod Block], Department of Agriculture, Kargil, 14 January 2026.</ref>

===Electricity===

For energy security, the Sod Valley Solar Project was initiated in early 2026, integrating decentralized solar micro-grids to provide 24/7 electricity to remote hamlets, reducing dependency on diesel generators.<ref>[https://www.recindia.nic.in/solar-electrification-in-border-villages Solar Electrification in Border Villages of Kargil], REC Limited, 20 February 2026.</ref>

===Telecommunications===

In early 2025 under the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), the Batalik sector has seen the installation of high-speed public 4G/5G mobile towers with internet connectivity in villages such as Silmo and Garkon, which previously had limited or no cellular coverage.<ref name=contt1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/troops-in-ladakh-get-4g-5g-connectivity-at-high-altitude-posts-even-up-to-siachen-glacier/articleshow/120434416.cms
लद्दाख में सैनिकों को ऊंचाई वाली चौकियों पर मिली 4जी/5जी कनेक्टिविटी, सियाचिन ग्लेशियर तक सिग्नल], navbharattimes, 19 Apr 2025.</ref><ref>[https://ladakh.gov.in/department/information-technology/ 4G/5G Saturation Project in Ladakh Border Areas], Department of IT, UT Ladakh, 5 March 2026.</ref>

==Transport==

===Road===
{{see also | Tourism in Ladakh#Roads | l1= Touristic roads in Ladakh }}
[[File:Hamboting La.jpg|thumb|Hamboting La, 22 km southwest of Batalik on Kargil-Batalik Road, for which a road tunnel has been planned.]]

Travelers typically reach Batalik from Leh or [[Srinagar]] via hired taxis or [[Jammu_and_Kashmir_State_Road_Transport_Corporation#SIDCO|SIDCO]] and/or [[Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation|JKSRTC buses]], with the journey from Leh taking roughly 5–6 hours depending on road conditions near the '''Hamboting La''' pass (elevation {{convert|4024|m|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Leh Airport to Kargil via Batalik - 11D Itinerary |url=https://www.overlandescape.com/cab/sightseeing/leh-airport-sham-valley-kargil-via-batalik-leh-nubra-valley-pangong-lake-hanle-tsomoriri-leh-local-leh-airport-10n-11d |website=Overland Escape |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref><ref name=pa1/>

Batalik is connected by road to other places in Kargil and Leh via the Kargil–Batalik–Khaltse Road<ref>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/bro-to-seek-nh-status-for-kargil-batalik-road <bdi>BRO to seek NH status for Kargil-Batalik road</bdi>]<bdi>, Greater Kashmir, 11 May 2019</bdi></ref> which forms a "detour" from the [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]] between Kargil and [[Khalatse]]. '''Hamboting La Tunnel''', to be built by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) under the Project Vijayak as one of the [[India–China Border Roads]] (ICBR) for which DPR (detailed project report) was ready in early 2026,<ref name="GK2019">"BRO to seek NH status for Kargil-Batalik road". ''Greater Kashmir''. May 11, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2026.</ref><ref name="NewsNow2026">"BRO puts onus on Ladakh UT for delay in Khardung La tunnel work; turns to defence budget". ''The News Now''. March 22, 2026. Retrieved March 26, 2026.</ref><ref name="IBTimes2026">Manhotra, Dinesh. "Khardung La tunnel delayed: BRO cites lack of funds from Ladakh UT, plans defence budget execution". ''IBTimes India''. March 24, 2026. Retrieved March 26, 2026.</ref> is a planned a strategic road tunnel to bypass the ''Hamboting La'' pass to ensure all-weather connectivity on this route.<ref name=pa1>{{cite news |title=BRO puts onus on Ladakh UT for delay in Khardung La tunnel work |url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/bro-puts-onus-on-ladakh-ut-for-delay-in-khardung-la-tunnel-work-turns-to-defence-budget/ |work=The News Now |date=March 22, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref> The tunnel, approximately 31 km (19 mi) east of Kargil town between Kargil and Batalik, is designed to circumvent the steep gradients and [[avalanche]]-prone [[Hairpin turn|hairpin bends]] of the existing high-altitude pass.<ref>{{cite news |last=Manhotra |first=Dinesh |title=Khardung La tunnel delayed: BRO cites lack of funds from Ladakh UT |url=https://amp.ibtimes.co.in/khardung-la-tunnel-delayed-bro-cites-lack-funds-ladakh-ut-plans-defence-budget-execution-899901 |work=IBTimes India |date=March 24, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ladakh/tunnel-proposed-for-hamboting-la-to-ensure-all-weather-connectivity-789211 Tunnel proposed for Hamboting La to ensure all-weather connectivity], The Tribune, 12 November 2025.</ref> The proposed all-weather tunnel under Hamboting La aims to mitigate the strategic vulnerability, as the current pass is directly visible from Pakistani military's [[Force Command Northern Areas]] (FCNA) observation posts (especially the [[Shangruti]] and [[Chorbat Valley|Chorbat]] posts at higher altitude than Hamboting La) in Skardu Sector along the India-Pakistan Line of Control.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2023-05-15 |title=BRO to construct strategic tunnel under Hamboting La to bypass LoC visibility |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> In 2025, the Border Roads Organization (BRO) completed the widening of the Kargil-Batalik Road and Hamboting La pass section to allow all-weather heavy vehicle movement, significantly reducing travel time for both military logistics and local trade.<ref>[https://bro.gov.in/index2.asp?slid=5481&lang=1 Project Yojak: Connectivity in High Altitude Sectors], Border Roads Organization, 10 January 2026.</ref>

===Rail===

The nearest major railway stations to Batalik are [[Sopore railway station]] and [[Srinagar railway station]] located approximately 271 km (168 mi) and 277 km (172 mi) away respectively via the NH1 and the Batalik–Kargil road.<ref name="Indiarail2026">[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/srinagar-kashmir-snxr/4397 Srinagar to Batalik: Train and Road Connectivity Guide"], India Rail Info, 12 March 2026.</ref> Travelers typically arrive at these stations and proceed by road via the [[Zoji La]] pass to reach the Kargil district, or utilize the [[Udhampur railway station]] (located approximately 470 km (292 mi) away) for a more established connection to the rest of the [[Indian Railways]] network<ref name="GreaterKashmirRail2025">[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/usbrl-completion-to-boost-ladakh-logistics/ Impact of USBRL Completion on Ladakh Connectivity], Greater Kashmir, 18 October 2025.</ref>

The proposed [[Jammu railway division#SKLL|Srinagar-Kargil-Leh line]], which will also connect to the under-construction [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] at [[Leh]], will have a railway station at Kargil.<ref name="abn1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=New Rail Lines for Leh-Pathankot, Leh-Kargil-Srinagar Shelved Due to Low Traffic Projections |url=https://www.news18.com/india/new-rail-lines-for-leh-pathankot-leh-kargil-srinagar-shelved-due-to-low-traffic-projections-railways-8448973.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/27/srinagar-part-of-railways-skill-dev-program-18.asp |title=Srinagar part of Railways skill program |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |access-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716034343/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/27/srinagar-part-of-railways-skill-dev-program-18.asp |archive-date=16 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/when-men-defies-his-limits-living-in-the-altitude/783488 |title=When men defies his limits: Living in the altitude |work=Summit Post |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903054217/http://www.summitpost.org/when-men-defies-his-limits-living-in-the-altitude/783488 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air===

[[Kargil Airport]] is the nearest airfield, located approximately 60 km (37 mi) from Batalik. As of March 2026, the airport remains primarily a military facility and does not host regular commercial civil flights, although infrastructure upgrades for night landings and runway expansion have been completed to facilitate future regional connectivity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Secretary Ashish Kundra Visits Kargil Airport and Darchik Village |url=https://ladakh.gov.in/chief-secretary-ashish-kundra-visits-kargil-airport-and-darchik-village/ |publisher=Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh |date=January 14, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref> During the winter months (typically December to April), the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) operates a dedicated AN-32 Kargil Courier Service between Kargil, Srinagar, and Jammu to assist stranded residents and medical emergencies while the [[Zoji La]] pass is closed.<ref>{{cite news |title=AN-32 Kargil Courier Service Commences for Winter Season |url=https://ladakh.gov.in/an-32-kargil-courier-service-commences-for-winter-season-82-passengers-air-lifted-on-day-one/ |work=The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh |date=February 9, 2026 |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref>

For standard commercial travel, the next-nearest major airport is [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh Airport]], located at a road distance of approximately 205–216 km (127–134 mi) via the Kargil–Batalik–Khaltse Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leh Airport (IXL) to Kargil |url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Leh-Airport-IXL/Kargil |website=Rome2Rio |access-date=March 26, 2026}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{see also| Tourism in Ladakh }}

All non-local visitors, including foreign and domestic Indian tourists, are mandatorily required to obtain the valid [[Inner Line Permit]] (ILP), obtainable via the official Ladakh administration portal.<ref name=vil1>[https://www.lahdclehpermit.in/ Inner Line Permit (ILP) for Ladakh], LAHDC Leh, 14 January 2026.</ref>

{{anchor| BWM}}
'''Batalik War Memorial''' and a dedicated ''"Victory Trail"'' trek to Khalubar Ridge, aimed at promoting military tourism<ref>[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ladakh-inaugurates-victory-trail-at-batalik/ LG Ladakh inaugurates Victory Trail at Batalik], Daily Excelsior, 22 March 2026.</ref> to educate visitors on the strategic maneuvers of the 1999 conflict and the heroic actions at Khalubar Ridge, has been developed.<ref>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1943021 Infrastructure Development in Border Villages of Ladakh], Press Information Bureau (PIB), 10 February 2026.</ref>

'''Adventure tourism''' in the region is focused on high-altitude trekking and the Kargil-Batalik-Khaltse cycling circuit, which offers views of the Indus River gorge and the rugged topography of the LoC-adjacent peaks.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ladakh/ladakh-administration-to-boost-border-tourism-in-batalik-sector-809221 Ladakh Administration to boost border tourism in Batalik sector], The Tribune, 5 March 2026.</ref> To support sustainable growth, several Homestay initiatives have been launched in Silmo and Garkon villages, allowing tourists to experience local cuisine and the traditional architecture of the Sod Valley.<ref>[https://kargil.nic.in/scheme/homestay-policy-ladakh/ Homestay Policy and Sustainable Tourism in Kargil], District Administration Kargil, 20 February 2026.</ref>

'''Aryan Circuit''': The primary attraction in the Batalik sector is the Aryan Circuit, which showcases the unique Indo-Aryan customs, traditional attire, and the harvest festival of Bona-na, celebrated every three years to mark the agricultural cycle.<ref>[https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/culture/the-aryan-valley-of-ladakh The Aryan Valley of Ladakh: A Cultural Journey], Outlook Traveller, 22 November 2025.</ref> The tourism sector in Batalik and the surrounding Aryan Valley has seen a strategic expansion under the "Vibrant Villages Programme" to promote border tourism while preserving the distinct cultural heritage of the Brokpa community.<ref>[https://tourism.ladakh.gov.in/destination/kargil/ Batalik and the Aryan Valley - Kargil], Department of Tourism, UT Ladakh, 12 March 2026.</ref> Foreign and domestic tourists are permitted to visit specific villages including Dah, Hanu, Garkon, and [[Darchik]].<ref name=vil1/> The region is inhabited by the Brokpa (or Drokpa) people, an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] believed to be among the earliest settlers of the lower Indus valley, with local oral traditions tracing their lineage to the army of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Kargil-War Kargil War (1999) | Significance, Outcome, Kashmir, Pakistan, & India], Britannica, 7 February 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.outlooktraveller.com/celebrating-people/all-about-the-brokpa-tribe-of-india All About The Brokpa Tribe Of India], Outlook Traveller, 15 October 2025.</ref>

The Batalik sector is the heartland of the Brokpa (or Minaro) people, an Indo-Aryan group that has preserved a distinct Dardic culture and language known as [[Brokskat language|Brokskat]] for over a millennium.<ref>[https://www.outlooktraveller.com/celebrating-people/all-about-the-brokpa-tribe-of-india All About The Brokpa Tribe Of India], Outlook Traveller, 17 February 2025.</ref> While the inhabitants of Batalik and Silmo villages primarily follow [[Islam]], they share common linguistic and ancestral roots with the [[Buddhist]] Brokpas of the neighboring Aryan Valley.<ref>[https://www.reachladakh.com/news/oped-page/aryan-race-a-unique-culture-in-lower-ladakh Aryan Race: A unique culture in Lower Ladakh], Reach Ladakh, 28 May 2015.</ref> A defining feature of the region's cultural calendar is the ''[[Bono-na]] festival'', a harvest celebration held to thank local deities for agricultural prosperity. The festival follows a unique three-year rotational cycle between the villages of Dah, Garkon, and Ganokh; significantly, the third year of the cycle is traditionally "skipped" or observed in absentia because Ganokh is located across the [[Line of Control]] in Pakistan-administered territory.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDBRmmHdLDE Inside India's 'Most Mysterious Tribal Festival' - BONONAH], YouTube, 13 December 2025.</ref> Other significant local observances include ''Chhopo Shrubla'' and ''Mentog Stanmo'', which celebrates the seasonal blooming of apricot blossoms across the valley.<ref>[https://www.outlooktraveller.com/celebrating-people/all-about-the-brokpa-tribe-of-india All About The Brokpa Tribe Of India], Outlook Traveller, 17 February 2025.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yaldor Sub Sector]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
; Sources
* {{citation |last=Bhan |first=Mona |title=Counterinsurgency, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity in India: From Warfare to Welfare? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTDAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-50983-6}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Kargil district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kargil tehsil]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Indian Christian Day

2026-03-17T21:50:59Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|Christian Event}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{disputed|date=January 2024}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2021}}
}}

[[File:Declaration of July 3rd as Indian Christian Day.jpg|thumb]]
'''Indian Christian Day / Yeshu Bhakti Divas''' is an annual day of celebration on July 3 in [[India]] to celebrate the person and message of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], which was brought to India in 52 [[Anno Domini|AD]] by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]]. This day of remembrance commemorates the nearly 2,000 years<ref>{{cite book |last1=David Hugh |first1=Farmer |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |page=418 |edition=5th Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC&pg=PA418}}</ref> of rich [[Christians|Christian]] history, and the contributions of the Christian faith to India's culture, society, and nation-building.
General Secretary: Pas. N. Enosh Raj

==The declaration==

The declaration of 3 July 2021 as Indian Christian Day / Yeshu Bhakti Divas as an annual day of remembrance, is for [[Christianity in India|Indian followers of Jesus]] to celebrate the person and message of Christ which was brought to India in 52 AD by his disciple, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]].

This day, historically observed as St. Thomas Day, commemorates the [[martyrdom]] of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostle]] in 72 AD near [[Chennai]], India. In marking it in 2021 and every year henceforth, followers of Jesus intend to preserve identity within the [[Culture of India|Indian cultural heritage]], while uniting with all who wish to celebrate, irrespective of language, custom, [[creed]], [[region]] or [[religion]].

The celebration of Indian Christian Day / Yeshu Bhakti Divas on 3 July 2021, launched a decade of celebration (2021–2030) to honor the 2000th anniversary of the earthly ministry of Jesus Christ, whose teaching and life principles have helped to shape and transform India and the world.

==History==

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
Historical records indicate that each of the eleven remaining [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles of Jesus]] chose to go to different regions of the known world after the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension of Christ]] to tell the [[Jewish diaspora]] about Jesus. [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas traveled to the region of India]]. He is first believed to have reached the kingdom of [[Parthia]], an Indo-Persian kingdom with [[Taxila]] as the capital.

Since the original mandate of the Lord Jesus Christ to the Apostles was to tell the entire world (Matt 28:19,20 Mark 16:15,16 Luke 24:46,47 Acts 1:8) - not just the Jewish diaspora - about salvation through the Lord Jesus Christ, Thomas the Apostle obeyed by teaching Christ to non-Jewish populations in the region of far east Asia.

Records indicate that one of those who accepted the teachings of Thomas during his first visit was an [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthian]] King called [[Gondophares]] I (19 - 46 AD).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Medleycott |first1=A.E. |title=India and the Apostle Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaandapostle00unkngoog |website=Archive.org |publisher=David Nutt Long Acre London |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Because of political instability and the constant threat of wars against Gondophares, Thomas decided to return to [[Damascus]] soon after.

A few years later in 52 AD, Thomas hitched a ride on a merchant boat that sailed to [[Muziris]] possibly from one of ports in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. [[Muziris]] used to be a major port in the [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] on the West Coast of India. It was located in the modern Indian state of [[Kerala]]. This region was known as Tamilagam during the 1st century AD.

In addition to evangelizing the Jewish traders across the region,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Slapak |first1=Orpa |title=The Jews of India |date=1995 |publisher=University Press of England, London |location=Israel Museum, Jerusalem |isbn=978-965-278-179-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&pg=PA27 |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Thomas had gained a great following among the native people across Tamilagam. He had established several communities of followers among local [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] people there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milic; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav |title=Encyclopedia of Christianity Volume 5 |date=2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |pages=285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA285}}</ref>

A few years later, Thomas reached the Eastern shores of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson (W. W) |title=The Indian Empire |date=1886 |publisher=Trubner & Co., London |page=31 |edition=Second |url=https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich}}</ref> There too, he established large communities of followers though those communities have disappeared from that region for reasons yet to be documented.

Thomas was finally killed in 72 AD in a location now known as [[St. Thomas Mount|Saint Thomas Mount]] near the modern-day city of [[Chennai]], India. His body was buried in a small church a few miles away at a place called [[Mylapore]]. This location of Mylapore later came to be known as [[Santhome]].

Historical records show that a request was received during the 3rd century AD from the [[Patriarchate]] of Edessa to re-locate the remains of Apostle Thomas from Mylapore. The request came through a Guishuang king. The name of the king is given as Bazodeos I (190 - 230 AD). King Bozodeos-I was referred to as [[Mazdai]] in Syriac text. In coins found to be from this period, his name is written as [[Misdeos]] or [[Misdeus]] or Bazodeo Koshano using Greek script.

Guishuang Empire was known across the [[Indus River|Indus regions]] as the [[Kushan Empire]] and the King Bazodeos I was known as King [[Vasudeva I]] (190 - 230).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wikipedia |title=Vasudeva I |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva_I |website=Wikipedia}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2021}}

Records show that, the remains of the [[Thomas the Apostle|Apostle Thomas]] were brought in person by King Bozodeos I to [[Edessa]] as a mark of his respect for the Apostle. The church celebrates a feast on July 3, in honor of the Apostle and the family of the King Bazdeo I, who brought the remains to Edessa. Some records indicate that this event took place in 232 AD. However, there is some confusion about the year. If it was 232 AD, it must have been just two years after the king stepped down from the throne in favor of his successor, [[Kanishka|King Kanishka]] II.

==The Celebration==

Both Christians of all denominations and non-Christians joined millions of people around the world to celebrate July 3, 2021 as Indian Christian Day for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=TNT Bureau |title=Christians in India to observe July 3 as Indian Christian Day |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/meghalaya/christians-in-india-to-observe-july-3-as-indian-christian/cid3473027.htm |agency=The Northeast Today |date=June 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff Writer |title="Indian Christian Day" on the feast of St. Thomas the Apostle |url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/70427-ASIA_INDIA_Indian_Christian_Day_on_the_feast_of_St_Thomas_the_Apostle |agency=Agenzia Fides |publisher=Agenzia Fides |date=July 2, 2021}}</ref>

All major denominations and independent church leaders in India along with millions of Christians and non-Christians joined the call to mark July 3, as Indian Christian Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anugrah |title=Christians celebrate first Indian Christian Day, feast of St. Thomas |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-observe-first-indian-christian-day-feast-of-saint-thomas.html |agency=The Christian Post |date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> [[Oswald Gracias|Cardinal Oswald Gracias]], the President of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|Catholic Bishops Conference of India]], called the faithful across the denomination divides, through a video message, to join him in the inaugural celebration. The [[Bishop]]s of the National Council of Churches of India, across the country joined the leaders of the Evangelical Fellowship of India, the Synod of the Indian Pentecostal Pastors, [[Church of North India]], [[Church of South India]], [[Syro-Malabar Church]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Mar Thoma Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara Church]], [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India|St. Thomas Evangelical Church]], Baptist, Orthodox and Jacobite churches along with independent church organizations, to mark the day with speeches and prayers. The events were held using online platforms due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] restrictions.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

'''Additional References'''

1. [[Jews|Jewish]] Background of Indian people, by Abraham Benhur, Jeevanist Books, India, 2011

2. Massive 6-Volume History of Christianity in India, by Church History Association of India (1984)

3. Introduction to Commemoration Volume: Cochin Synagogue Celebration, 1968

4.Introduction to Christian Church History, Senate of Serampore College, by C B Firth, 1998

5. The Syrian Christians of Kerala, by SG Pothan, Asia publishing House, 1963

6. A History of Christianity in India, by George Moraes, Manaktals, 1964

7 Indian Church History Classics (3 volumes) by George Menacherry, Saras, India, 1998

8. Social and Cultural History of Kerala, by Sreedhara Menon, Sterling Publishing, 1979

9. A History of South India, by Nilakanta Sastri, [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford, 1955, 1976

10 Church History of Travancore, by C M Agur, Asian Education Society, 1993

11. India in the Dark Wood, by Nicol Macnicol, The Cargate press, London, 1930

12. History of Christianity in India, Source Materials by M K Kuriakose, UTC, [[Bangalore]]

13. Builders of Indian Church, by Stephen Neill, The Cargate press, London 1934

14. Christians and Christianity in India, Pakistan, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1954

16. Church and Society in Kerala, Antony Kariyil, Intercultural Pub, 1995

17.. The Church of North India by Dhirendra Kumar Sahu, Peter Lang, [[Frankfurt]], 1974

18. History of Christian Missions in South India, by B Shohanan, Historical Society, Trivandrum1996

19. Protestant Christianity and Peoples Movements in [[Kerala]], Seminary Publications, [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], 1984

20. The Christian Conquest of India, by J James M Thoburn, People Missionary Movement, New York, 1906

21. The Apostles of India, Hodder & Stoughton, [[London]], 1915

{{Christian denominations in India}}

[[Category:Christian festivals and holy days]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Saints' days]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Keonthal

2026-03-17T02:41:33Z

MishaelNab: clean up

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = क्योंथल रियासत
|conventional_long_name =Keonthal State
|common_name =Keonthal
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|capital = [[Junga, Himachal Pradesh|Junga]]
|era =
|year_start = Late 18th century
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 = 482
|stat_year1 = 1931
|stat_pop1 = 25560
|footnotes =
}}
'''Keonthal State''', covering an area of 482 km2, was one of the [[Princely state]]s of India during the period of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y|wstitle=Keonthal |volume=15 |page=749}}</ref> Its capital was [[Junga, Himachal Pradesh|Junga]]. Keonthal acceded to India on 15 April 1948. Currently, it is part of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

==History==
According to tradition there was a predecessor state founded around 765 AD.
The state of Keonthal was founded before the 19th century. It was ruled by Rana Raghunath Sen until its occupation by Nepal under General Amar Singh Thapa from 1803 to 1814. After the occupation, Sansar Sen ruled as the Rana from 1814 until 24 July 1858 when he took the title of Raja.

After the Gurkha War in 1815, a portion of Keonthal, which had been occupied by the Gurkhas, was sold to the maharaja of Patiala, the remainder being restored to its hereditary chief.<ref name=EB1911/>

Keonthal's first capital was Koti, 9 kilometres from the hill station of [[Chail, Himachal Pradesh|Chail]] after which the capital was shifted to Junga.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rulers.org/indstat2.html |title=Indian states before 1947: K-W |first=B. |last=Schemmel |work=rulers.org |year=2013 |accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref>

===Rulers===
The heads of the state bore the title '[[Rana (title)|Rana]]' until 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html|title=Indian Princely States K-Z|website=worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>

====Ranas====
*.... – .... Bhup Sen
*1801–1803 Raghunath Sen (1st time) (d. 1831)
*1803–1814 occupied by Nepal
*1814–1831 Raghunath Sen (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1831 – 24 July 1858 Sansar Sen (died 1862)

====Rajas====
*24 July 1858 – 1862 Sansar Sen
*1862–1882 Mahendra Sen
*1882–1901 Balbir Sen
*1901–1916 Bije Sen
*2 February 1916 – 15 August 1947 Hemendra Sen (born 1905)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/keonthal.html Keonthal Princely State]
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}

{{coord|31|02|N|77|18|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

Vamsi

2026-03-16T05:30:51Z

MishaelNab: started new data - done

'''Vamshi''', '''Vamsi''' or '''Vamsy''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}
==People==
===Given name===
* [[Vamsi Krishna]], Indian actor
* [[Vamsi Mootha]], Indian-American physician-scientist
* [[Vamshi Paidipally]] (born 1979), Indian actor
* [[Vamsy]] (born 1956), Indian film director, writer and music director

===Surname===
* [[Krishna Vamsi]], Indian film director
* [[Vakkantham Vamsi]], Indian actor and screenwriter

==Other uses==
* [[Bamboo flute]] (Sanscrit: vāṃśī)
** [[Bansuri]], an ancient side blown flute originating from India and Nepal
* [[Vamsi (film)|''Vamsi'' (film)]], a 2000 Indian Telugu-language film
* [[Vamshi (film)|''Vamshi'' (film)]], a 2008 Indian Kannada-language action drama film

==See also==
{{srt}}
*[[Bansi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Panduvamshi (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Bansuri: The Flute]]'', a 2021 Indian film
*The dictionary definition of {{Linktext|pref=wikt:sa|वंशी}} at Sanskrit Wiktionary

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Telugu names]]

Khandail

2026-03-14T16:24:23Z

MishaelNab: added!

{{Short description|Village in Gaya district, Bihar, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandail
| native_name = खंडैल / کھنڈیل
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6548|N|84.8607|E|region:IN-BR_type:village|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sherghati]]
| area_total_km2 = 2.19
| population_total = 3040
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 824237
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
}}

'''Khandail''' ([[Hindi]]: खंडैल; [[Urdu]]: کھنڈیل) is a village in the [[Sherghati]] block of [[Gaya district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Administered under the Cherki [[gram panchayat]], the village had a population of 3,040 in 484 households as of the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="CensusDCHB" /> It is situated in the transition zone between the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], within the Morhar River basin.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> The village's literacy rate of 73.91% and gender ratio of 1,074 females per 1,000 males both exceed the state averages.<ref name="Census2011" />

== Geography ==
Khandail covers a geographical area of {{convert|219|ha}} in the [[Sherghati]] block, in the southern part of [[Gaya district]].<ref name="CensusDCHB" /> The terrain lies in the transition between the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to the north and the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] to the south, within the basin of the Morhar River, a waterway that flows through the Sherghati area and affects seasonal connectivity for surrounding villages.<ref name="Gazetteer" /><ref name="Bhaskar_Morhar" /> The broader Sherghati area historically served as a postal and military station on the [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref name="Gazetteer" />

The village is situated approximately {{convert|10|km}} from [[Sherghati]], the block headquarters, and approximately {{convert|40|km}} from the district headquarters at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name="CensusDirectory" /> Khandail was included among the survey sites in a 2019 agricultural landscape diagnostic study conducted across the Eastern Gangetic Plains by the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia.<ref name="CSISA_Study" />

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}}, Khandail had a population of 3,040, comprising 1,466 males and 1,574 females across 484 households. Children in the 0–6 age group numbered 510, constituting 16.78% of the population.<ref name="CensusDCHB" />

The village's [[sex ratio|gender ratio]] of 1,074 females per 1,000 males was notably higher than the Bihar state average of 918. The child gender ratio of 1,090 also exceeded the state average of 935.<ref name="Census2011" />

The [[literacy rate]] was 73.91%, with male literacy at 75.61% and female literacy at 72.32%, both above the state average of 61.80%.<ref name="CensusDCHB" />

[[Scheduled Castes]] constituted 29.47% of the population (896 individuals). No [[Scheduled Tribes]] population was recorded.<ref name="Census2011" />

=== Employment ===
Of the total population, 843 individuals were engaged in work activities. Main workers (employed for six months or more per year) numbered 649 (76.99%), while 194 (23.01%) were marginal workers. Among the workforce, 93 were cultivators and 383 were agricultural labourers.<ref name="CensusDCHB" />

== Administration ==
Khandail is one of nine villages administered under the Cherki [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="CensusDirectory" /> It falls within the [[Sherghati Assembly constituency]] and the [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.<ref name="Sherghati_Constituency" />

== Education ==
The village has the Banat Model School, established in 1986, and a computer training centre accredited by the [[National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology]] (NIELIT).<ref name="Govt_Nielit" />

== Transport ==
Khandail is connected to [[Sherghati]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] by road, with public bus service available in the village. The nearest railway station is located more than {{convert|10|km}} away.<ref name="CensusDirectory" />

== See also ==
* [[Sherghati]]
* [[Gaya district]]
* [[List of villages in Gaya district]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="CensusDCHB">
{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook: Gaya |author=Directorate of Census Operations Bihar |year=2011 |publisher=Government of India |series=Series-11, Part XII-B |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32691 |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Census2011">
{{cite web |title=Khandail Village Population – Gaya, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/256296-khandail-bihar.html |website=Census of India 2011 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Gazetteer">
{{cite book |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Gaya |first=L.S.S. |last=O'Malley |year=1906 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69905 |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="CensusDirectory">
{{cite web |title=Village Amenities Directory: Khandail (Village Code 256296) |url=https://www.data.gov.in/catalog/village-amenities-census-2011 |website=Open Government Data Platform India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2011 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="CSISA_Study">
{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=S.B. |title=New Frontiers in Agricultural Extension |volume=II |chapter=Results and Discussion: Landscape Diagnostic Survey |publisher=Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) / CIMMYT |year=2019 |location=New Delhi |page=335 |url=https://csisa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/12/New-Frontiers-in-Agricultural-Extension_14-9-2019.pdf |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Govt_Nielit">
{{cite web |title=List of CABA-MDTP Centres (Bihar) |publisher=National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) |url=https://www.nielit.gov.in/sites/default/files/Chandigarh/Addresses%20of%20NCPUL%20Centres_0.pdf |access-date=16 January 2026 |page=2 |quote=Centre Code 1378: Khandail Sub Division, Sherghati, Gaya – 824237}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar_Morhar">
{{cite news |title=8,000 people remain cut-off from cities for months in Gayaji: No bridge on Morhar River in 77 years |first=Deepesh |last=Kumar |newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |date=2025 |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/bihar/news/people-remain-cut-off-from-cities-for-months-in-gayaji-no-bridge-morhar-river-77-years-villagers-struggle-to-access-medical-aid-education-135363698.html |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sherghati_Constituency">
{{cite web |title=Sherghati Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sherghati.html |website=Elections.in |access-date=19 February 2026}}
</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/256296-khandail-bihar.html Khandail population data] at Census of India 2011

[[Category:Villages in Gaya district]]

Krishnapuram Palace

2026-03-05T15:23:09Z

MishaelNab: added

{{Short description|Palace in South kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Krishnapuram Palace കൃഷ്ണപുരം കൊട്ടാരം
| image = Krishnapuram_Palace_in_2021.jpeg
| caption = Krishnapuram Palace in 2021, front
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9.1503|76.5086|region:IN-KR|display=inline}}
| location_town = [[Kayamkulam]] and [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]] in [[Alappuzha district]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| architect =
| client = Originally by Veera Ravi Varma and rebuilt in the 18th century by [[Martanda Varma|Anizham Thirunal Martanda Varma]] (1729–1758 CE) and now Archaeology Department of the [[Government of Kerala]]
| engineer = Initially by ramayyan Dalava later by Ayyappan Marthan
da Pillai
| construction_start_date = 1700–1775 CE; rebuilt in the 18th century
| completion_date = Recent renovation in the 1950s
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = [[Laterite]] stone, rubble, teak, [[rosewood]] and [[Angili]] wood
| architectural_style = Pathinerakettu [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architectural style]]
| size = Originally {{Convert|56|acre}} now {{Convert|2.55|acre}}
}}

The '''Krishnapuram Palace''' is a palace and museum located in [[Kayamkulam]] near [[Alappuzha]] in [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]] in southwestern [[India]]. It was built in the 18th century by [[Marthanda Varma|Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] (1729–1758 [[Common Era|CE]]), the [[Travancore]] kingdom. It is built in the [[Architecture of Kerala|architectural style of Kerala]] with [[Gable|gabled roof]], narrow corridor and [[Dormer|dormer windows]], near the Krishnaswamy Temple at [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]].<ref name=Archaeology>{{Cite web|url=http://archaeology.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23&Itemid=18 |title=Krishnapuram Palace |access-date=20 March 2011 |publisher=Archaeology Department of Government of Kerala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122174506/http://archaeology.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23&Itemid=18 |archive-date=22 January 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Palace>[[: File:Gajendramoksham.jpg]]: Official plaque at the Palace Complex</ref><ref name=palace>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alappuzhaonline.com/krishnapurampalace-kerala.htm|title=Krishnapuram Palace and Archeological Museum, Kayamkulam, Alappuzha (Alleppey) Kerala, India|access-date=19 March 2011|publisher= alappuzhaonline.com}}</ref><ref name=krishnapuram>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralafreelisting.com/info/krishnapuram-palace-alappuzha|title=Krishnapuram Palace Alappuzha|access-date=19 March 2011|publisher=keralafreelisting.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144209/http://www.keralafreelisting.com/info/krishnapuram-palace-alappuzha|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/10/21/stories/2006102100930300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012305/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/10/21/stories/2006102100930300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|title= A monument from a glorious past|access-date=20 March 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 October 2006}}</ref>

The palace is maintained by the [[Kerala State Department of Archaeology]] and contains exhibits that belonged to the Palace and its former occupant, the Travancore Maharaja Marthanda Varma. It is also famous for a large pond within the palace complex.<ref name=Archaeology/> It is also said that an underground escape route runs from the bottom of the pond as a possible escape route from enemies.<ref name=Palace/><ref name=Hindu/>

Among the many Kerala-style paintings seen in the palace, a distinctly placed [[mural]] painting is titled "[[Gajendra Moksha]]m" of {{Convert|154|ft2}} size, which is said to be the largest such find in Kerala. It is placed on the western end of the ground floor of the palace.<ref name=Palace/><ref name="BhattacharyaŚrīkumāra1974">{{cite book|author1=Asok K. Bhattacharya|author2=Śrīkumāra|title=Citralakṣaṇa : a treatise on Indian painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2IlAAAAMAAJ|page=23|access-date=20 March 2011|year=1974|publisher=Saraswat Library}}</ref>

The double edged ''[[Kayamkulam vaal|Kayamkulam Vaal]]'' (sword) is also on display here. The palace houses, in its courtyard, one of the four statues of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] found in [[Alappuzha]] District.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&pg=PA4093|access-date=20 March 2011|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-270-6|pages=4093–}}</ref><ref name="Sadasivan2000">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=A social history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA131|access-date=20 March 2011|date=October 2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0|pages=131–132}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Krishnapuram Palace named after the Krishnaswamy Temple at Krishnapuram, a serene village, is situated about {{Convert|2|km}} south of Kayamkulam town... It is situated on the top of a small hillock encircled by terraced garden with fountains, ponds and lawns. Its location is to the left of the [[National Highway 66 (India)]] ([[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]]) between [[Ochira]] and [[Kayamkulam]] in the Alapuzha District. It is {{Convert|47|km}} away from Alleppey (Alappuzha district) on the way to [[Kollam]].<ref name=Archaeology/><ref name=Hindu/><ref name="S">{{cite book|author=Nayanthara S|title=Indian Murals and Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVe7pZ6GEIC&pg=PT64|access-date=20 March 2011|publisher=Chillibreeze|isbn=978-81-904055-1-5|pages=64–}}</ref><ref name=Tourism>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/198/krishnapuram-palace-gajendramoksham.php?issueid=198|title=Krishnapuram Palace|access-date=20 March 2011|publisher=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>

==History==
The palace was built by [[King of Travancore|King]] [[Marthanda Varma]] of [[Travancore]] after defeating and annexing [[Odanad]] in the Odanad–Travancore War of 1746. Before the construction of the palace, the King demolished an earlier palace at the site, which had been built by the King Veera Ravi Varma of Odanad (reign 1700–1775 CE).<ref name=Hindu/> Initially, a small palace of a single story, known locally as ''Ettukettu'', was built in the traditional style with an adjacent pond, temple and ''urappura'' under the management of [[Prime Minister of Travancore|Prime Minister]] [[Ramayyan Dalawa]], which was later enlarged by Prime Minister Ayyappan Marthanada Pillai. The palace complex has many other buildings, which are a combination of [[Keralite architecture|traditional]] and Western architecture. The present building, a three-storied structure within the complex, was renovated in the 1950s by the [[Archaeological Department of Kerala]] in modern style conforming to the scientific techniques prescribed for the protection of heritage buildings. As a protected monument, it houses the Archaeological Museum and its offices.<ref name=Archaeology/><ref name=Palace/><ref name=Hindu/>

==Architecture==
The Krishnapuram Palace, as one of the finest and rarest examples of a typical Keralite-style architecture, known in the local language as ''Pathinarukettu'', is complete with gabled roofs, narrow corridors and dormer windows. It is a miniature replica of [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]], which was the headquarters of Travancore Rajas.<ref name=Archaeology/><ref name=Palace/>

The palace complex originally encompassed a total land area of {{Convert|56|acre}}. However, over the years, as the monarchic rule ended, the palace was completely neglected and fell to disuse, and was dilapidated. Many of the buildings surrounding the main palace of the Maharaja got demolished or destroyed and the palace complex got reduced to a mere {{Convert|2.55|acre}} enclosed within a {{Convert|10|ft}} high compound wall. The main palace, which was run down, was rebuilt to its original state as a two storied monument by the Archaeological Department of Kerala in the 1950s. The rare documents and artefacts which were kept at other locations were brought back, restored and eventually exhibited in the palace that has been converted into a Museum.<ref name=Hindu/>

The palace restored to its originally built plans, conforming to [[Vastu Shastra]] norms, has 16 blocks or ''Kettus'' with four ''Nadumuttam'' or open area in the centre or courtyards. The windows, doors and ventilators were placed in such a way as to ensure fresh air circulation and natural lighting in all the rooms. There are 22 rooms (which open into the shady internal courtyards) with ornamental wooden partitions with carvings. Additional openings were provided to prevent any negative effects of "Murmavedham." (Secret effects). The building is set with verandas (passages) all round to protect the outer walls getting damaged due to rains. The materials used in its construction consisted of [[laterite]] stones, rubble, teak, [[rosewood]] and [[Angili]] wood. Roofing (red-tiled gabled<ref name=Sntach>{{Cite web|url=http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Krishnapuram-Palace-Museum---An-Ancient-Abode-Of-Kings/1568108|title=Krishnapuram Palace Museum – An Ancient Abode Of Kings|access-date=20 March 2011|publisher=articlesnatch.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004184448/http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Krishnapuram-Palace-Museum---An-Ancient-Abode-Of-Kings/1568108|archive-date=4 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is steep and tiled with [[Mangalore tiles]], which accentuates the beauty of the structure. A special feature of the carpentry adopted in building the palace consisted of wooden hinges and locks for doors and windows, instead of metallic fittings and fixtures. The flooring consists of polished wood and also of black and red oxide-coated concrete. The steps are made of polished [[granite]] blocks. Aesthetic beauty of the palace has been further enhanced by the special designs of straight, curved and spiral staircases and sunshades.<ref name=Hindu/>

A small stream was created to flow close to the southern vicinity of the palace which also functioned as a secret escape route in times of emergency.<ref name=Hindu/>

An underground tank or pond that stretches to the centre of the building was part of the palace; it provided air-conditioning effect of moderate temperature in all interior rooms.<ref name=Hindu/>

The palace compound has many ''Padippuras'', particularly at the main entrance, which are significators of status.<ref name=Hindu/>

==Collection==
The palace complex, which now functions as an archaeological museum, is a treasure house of ancient paintings and inscriptions, coins, megalithic remains, artefacts made of wood, brass and stone sculptures. Some of the prominent displays in the complex are: The mural of Gajendra Moksham, Kayamkulam Val (sword), Buddha's statue of the 10th century and ceremonial utensils and many other artefacts.<ref name=Archaeology/><ref name=Palace/><ref name="BhattacharyaŚrīkumāra1974"/><ref name="Sadasivan2000"/>

;Gajendra Moksham
[[File:Gajendramoksham.jpg|right|thumb|Mural of [[Gajendra Moksha]]m.]]
Within the palace is the archaeological museum which has an exhibit of the [[Gajendra Moksha]]m a {{Convert|3|m}} high mural,<ref name="(Firm).1998">{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet Publications (Firm).|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pEckKuKbLoC&pg=PA277|access-date=20 March 2011|year=1998|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-165-1|pages=277–}}</ref> which is the largest single piece of mural painting so far discovered in Kerala. The literal meaning of 'Gajendra Moksham' is the "salvation or ''[[Moksha]]'' of the elephant king ''[[Gajendra]].''" The theme of the mural is mythological and depicts an elephant saluting Lord Vishnu in devotion while the other minor Gods, Goddesses and saints look on. Lord Vishnu was the family deity of the Kayamkulam Kings. This mural, in a fusion of colours and expressions, was placed prominently at the entrance to the palace from the pond to enable the kings to worship the deity after their daily ablutions.<ref name=Archaeology/><ref name=Palace/><ref name="BhattacharyaŚrīkumāra1974"/><ref name="S"/><ref name=Nature>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturemagics.com/india-kerala-travel/krishnapurampalace-kayamkulam-kerala.shtm|title=Krishnapuram Palace Kayamkulam Kerala|access-date=20 March 2011|publisher= naturemagics.com}}</ref>

The mythological legend narrated on the Gajendra Moksham ([[Gajendra]] means the King of elephants) is contained in the 10th century Sanskrit [[Bhagavata Purana]]. According to this legend, the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan King]] [[Indradyumna]], a devotee of [[Lord Vishnu]], was given a curse by the [[List of types of spiritual teachers|sage]] [[Agastya]], to be reborn as an elephant. Gajendra or the Elephant King, while on a pleasure trip to a lake with his wives, was seized by a crocodile that caught hold of his leg with a firm grip and thus Gajendra was held captive for many years. Finally the hapless Gajendra appealed to Lord Vishnu, his chosen deity, to rescue him from his predicament. Vishnu made his presence soon after, riding on his [[Vahana]] (vehicle), the [[Garuda]] (the celestial half man half bird form). Garuda killed the crocodile. The entire sequence is vividly painted, with vegetable colours, on the mural with a dynamic portrayal of Garuda at the centre, about to land with "huge spread wings and a facial expression raudra (form of fury), in stark contrast to the compassionate features of the multi-armed Vishnu". The mural also shows a smaller figure of Gajendra in mid-trumpet, and of the crocodile on the right side. The mural truly represents the Kerala style of painting on every available space on it. Apart from the main characters of the legend, saints, animals, mythical beasts and forest plants are also depicted. The outer edges of the mural are decorated with Floriate borders. At the bottom, there is an exclusive "triptych-like panel which depicts [[Balakrishna]], the child [[Krishna]] surrounded by doting females.<ref name="Abram(Firm)2003"/>

;Kayamkulam Vaal (Sword)
[[File:Kayamkulam Sword.JPG|right|thumb|The Double edged sword – Kayamkulam Val]]
The Kayamkulam Vaal ('Vaal' means "sword") is an important exhibit in the museum. The significance of the sword is that its both sides are sharpened and thus it is more dangerous than any other martial weapon. It is said to have been used by the Kayamkulam Rajas in the 18th century and hence was of special attraction to the king.<ref name=Archaeology/>

;Buddha mandapam (hall)
Buddha [[mandapa]]m (hall) is where an attractive statue of one of the four antique Buddhas of the 10th century, which were recovered in recent times in ponds and fields in Alappuzha district is displayed. The Buddha mandapam (Buddha statue installed here predates the building of the palace<ref name=Sntach/>) is located in the finely landscaped and tended garden with profusion of flower plants (endemic to Kerala) that surrounds the palace complex.<ref name="Kapoor2002"/><ref name=Nature/>

The four Buddha statues found in recent years in the Alappuzha district testify the prevalence of [[Hinayana Buddhism]] in Odanadu in the Maveli kingdom of Kerala several. The four Buddha images are in meditating posture with ''Ushnisha'' (cap) and ''Upavita'' (upper garment). These had been thrown into fields and ponds during the anti-Buddhism campaign in Kerala. The idol was found in a pool or tank called ''Puthenkula'' (Pond of Buddha) in Maruturkulangara in [[Karunagappalli]]. This idol, cut out of a single piece of rock, was first installed in Karunagappalli town and after many years reinstalled in the compound of Krishnapuram Palace which is now a monument in the Buddha Mantapam. This idol has a skull cap adorned with lines of pearls or diamonds that represents the highest wisdom attained by Buddha.

;Other exhibits
[[File:SanskritBible.jpg|thumb|[[Bible]] in Sanskrit language printed in [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata) in 1886, kept in the Palace museum]]
The museum in the Krishnapuram Palace also has a copy of the [[Bible]] in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] printed in [[Calcutta]] ([[Kolkata]]) in 1886.<ref name=Tourism/> Ceremonial utensils are also on display in a display case, which consists of oil lamps, fine miniature figures, and small stone columns carved with serpent deities (collected from various local houses). Some of these are arranged in an arc form known as ''prabhu'' and placed behind a temple deity to provide a "hallow of light". Fine miniature ''[[Panchaloha]]'' (five metals of bronze alloy with gold also as an ingredient) figures on display are of the [[Varuna]] (water god), many [[Vishnu]]s and a minuscule devotee in worship mode.<ref name="Kapoor2002"/><ref name="Abram(Firm)2003">{{cite book|author1=David Abram|author2=Rough Guides (Firm)|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA336|access-date=20 March 2011|date=27 November 2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-103-6|pages=336–}}</ref>

== Postal Service ==
[[File:Travacore Anchal Post.jpeg|thumb|Anchal Post box at Krishnapuram Palace.]]
[[Anchal Post]] was the postal service of Krishnapuram Palace. '''It''' was the early postal service started in the kingdom of Travancore and Cochin before Independence of India. It was started in [[Kingdom of Travancore|Travancore]] in 1729 by Anizham thirunal Marthandavarma and later in [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] in 1770s.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Krishnapuram durbar.jpg|The Durbar Hall in the palace
File:KrishnapuramPalace Desc.JPG|Plaque at the Krishnapuram Palace Complex
File:Nairs with European Army.png|[[Nair]] soldiers with European army – A wall-painting at Krishnapuram Palace
File:Krishnapuram palace rear view.jpg|The backside of the Krishnapuram palace, with the pond in its foreground.
</gallery>

== Transport ==
Nearest KSRTC bus stations -

1. Kayamkulam (4 km)

2. [[Oachira]] (4 km)

3. [[Karunagappalli]] (11 km)

Nearest railway stations -

1. [[Ochira railway station|Oachira]] (ocr) (4 km)

2. [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]] (kyj) (5 km)

3. [[Karunagappally railway station|Karunagappally]] (kpy) (12 km),

==See also==
* [[Architecture of Kerala]]
* [[Tourism in Kerala]]
* [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]
* [[Kowdiar Palace]]
* [[Kuthira Malika]]
* [[Eraniel Palace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|9|9|0|N|76|30|31|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Krishnapuram Palace}}
* [http://www.krishnapurampalace.com '''www.krishnapurampalace.com'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128003009/http://www.krishnapurampalace.com/ |date=28 January 2020 }}
* [https://www.facebook.com/krishnapurampalace krishnapuram palace] on [https://www.facebook.com/krishnapurampalace facebook]

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Palaces in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Museums in Kerala]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 18th century]]

Octopus (2015 film)

2026-03-04T04:37:33Z

MishaelNab: Entry...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Octopus
| image = Octopus (2015 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Annaiah P.
| writer = K. Lakshman (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = Annaiah P.
| based_on = 
| producer = D. C. Prasanna Kumar Doddabele
| starring = [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Yagna Shetty]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = A. K. Rishal Sai
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|11|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Octopus''''' is a 2015 Indian Kannada-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Octopus' to be a mystery thriller |url= http://www.sify.com/movies/octopus-to-be-a-mystery-thriller-news-kannada-ojfmB8ggejibh.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140906124139/http://www.sify.com/movies/octopus-to-be-a-mystery-thriller-news-kannada-ojfmB8ggejibh.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]|date= 5 September 2014 |access-date= 30 March 2015}}</ref> directed by Annaiah P. and starring [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Yagna Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kishore-and-yagna-together-again/articleshow/40916900.cms|title=Kishore and Yagna together again|date=27 August 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204010528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kishore-and-yagna-together-again/articleshow/40916900.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Yashwanth
*[[Yagna Shetty]] as Danya
*[[Tilak Shekar|Tilak]]
*Ashwini
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*Trishul
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as Dinakar
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Sampath Ram]]
*Master Charanth
*Master Tushar
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
*Ramesh Pandit
}}

== Production ==
The film was reported to be a bilingual also made in Tamil but that version was never released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Tilak-to-make-his-Tamil-debut/articleshow/41598092.cms|title=Actor's Tamil debut|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2014 |access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204012654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Tilak-to-make-his-Tamil-debut/articleshow/41598092.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by A. K. Rishal Sai. The audio release function was held at Chamundeshwari Studio in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/kishore-at-the-audio-release-of-octopus-at-chamundeshwari-studio-in-bengaluru/articleshow/48721820.cms|title=Kishore at the audio release of Octopus at Chamundeshwari Studio in Bengaluru|date=29 August 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204010432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/kishore-at-the-audio-release-of-octopus-at-chamundeshwari-studio-in-bengaluru/articleshow/48721820.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sogase Sogase
| length1 = 4:57
| all_lyrics = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
| title2 = Neenendhu Smarttu
| length2 = 2:18
| extra2 = Mohan
| title3 = Neeyaro Ninagyaro
| length3 = 4:51
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title4 = Ok Ok Ella Ok
| length4 = 4:34
| extra4 = Sunitha
| total_length = 16:40
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "This could have been a nice medical thriller, but the trivial treatment makes it fall way short of the finish line".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/octopus/movie-review/49878813.cms|title=Octopus Movie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204010843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/octopus/movie-review/49878813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The title has no relevance too. Subjects like Octopus needs the makers to discuss and not just guess, else they just make a mess and miss the bus".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/nov/21/there-is-no-plus-in-octopus-845898.html|title=There is no Plus in Octopus|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2015 |access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109141310/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/nov/21/There-is-no-Plus-in-Octopus-845898.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Sadly, instead of a deft medical thriller, all one gets to see is a personal revenge drama with a medical discovery as pretext. Kishore does justice to his role while Tilak matches him. Yagna is just a pretty prop".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tentacles-medical-mafia-2162272|title=The tentacles of medical mafia|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204011331/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tentacles-medical-mafia-2162272|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12053122}}

[[Category:2015 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]

Yogesh Pratap Singh (academic)

2026-02-27T08:34:36Z

MishaelNab: adding new bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian legal scholar (born 1978)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof. (Dr.)
| name = Yogesh Pratap Singh
| image = Prof. (Dr.) Yogesh Pratap Singh.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1978|8|8}}
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist| Academic | author | educational administrator }}
| title = Vice Chancellor, NLU, [[Tripura]]
| employer = NLU
| education = B.A., M.A. & LL.B. (University of Allahabad) LL.M. (NLSIU Bangalore), Ph.D. (NLUO)
| years_active =
| known_for = Constitutional law teacher
}}

'''Yogesh Pratap Singh''' (born 8 August 1978) is an academician, academic administrator, and Indian scholar of constitutional law. He is currently serving as the founding Vice-Chancellor of National Law University Tripura, [[Agartala]] (on lien).<ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr Yogesh Pratap Singh |url= https://nlutripura.ac.in/faculty/prof-dr-yogesh-pratap-singh | website= NLU Tripura |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> Previously, he worked as Professor of Law and Registrar at National Law University, [[Odisha]]. Singh also served as Vice-Chancellor In-charge of the National Law University, Odisha, from 28 September 2020 to 20 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr. Yogesh Pratap Singh |url=https://nluo.ac.in/faculty/singh-yogesh-pratap-prof-dr | website= NLU Odisha |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref>

== Education ==

Prof. Singh graduated from the [[University of Allahabad]] in History and completed his Master's in Ancient Indian History (AIH). He earned his Legum Baccalaureus (LL.B.) from the prestigious Faculty of Law at the [[University of Allahabad]]. Later, he joined the [[National Law School of India University]] (NLSIU) Bengaluru and completed his LL.M. with specialization in Human Rights Law. His doctoral work (Ph.D.) was on the Contribution of Dissenting Opinions of Indian Supreme Court Judges. He also participated in 39th Annual Session of the [[International Institute of Human Rights]], Strasbourg, France, and completed his human rights training. Singh was also part of one-month training programme "Ciedhu" on Human Rights Teaching. Dr. Singh participated in the South Asia Regional Leadership Program (2024) of [[Johns Hopkins University]], US.<ref>{{cite web |title= Tripura: National Law University's Founding VC Prof Yogesh Pratap Singh appointed |url= https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/tripura-national-law-universitys-founding-vc-prof-yogesh-pratap-singh-appointed | website= NorthEast Today |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Profile Dr. Yogesh Pratap Singh |url= https://nluo.ac.in/faculty/singh-yogesh-pratap-prof-dr | website= NLU Odisha |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==

Before assuming charge as the founding Vice-Chancellor of National Law University Tripura (NLU Tripura) on 30 September 2022, he was the Registrar, National Law University Odisha (NLUO), the NLU which he joined since its inception in 2009. He also worked as Head, School of Law, Glocal University, Saharanpur. Dr. Singh served as Deputy Registrar, Research in the Supreme Court of India (on deputation) from May 2016 to October 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof Yogesh Pratap Singh appointed as founding Vice-Chancellor of National Law University, Tripura |url= https://www.barandbench.com/Law-School/national-law-university-tripura-gets-prof-yogesh-pratap-singh-as-founding-vice-chancellor| website= Bar and Bench |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> Besides teaching and research, Prof. Singh has published numerous papers and books. Prof. Yogesh also explored new areas such as public health law, especially in tobacco control. Dr. Singh's articles appear in newspapers such as The New Indian Express,<ref>{{cite web |title= Plug loopholes in personal data protection bill|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2020/Feb/10/plug-loopholes-in-personal-data-protection-bill--2101305.html| website= New Indian Express |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> Deccan Herald,<ref>{{cite web |title= Amended rules have chilling effect on freedom of speech |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/amended-rules-have-chilling-effect-on-freedom-of-speech-1222848.html| website= Deccan Herald |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= President Droupadi Murmu must refuse to be a rubber stamp|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/president-droupadi-murmu-must-refuse-to-be-a-rubber-stamp-1130394.html| website= Deccan Herald |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> DNA India,<ref>{{cite web |title= Yogesh Pratap Singh|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/authors/yogesh-pratap-singh| website= DNA India |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> Indian Express, The Wire, Hindustan Times, The Statesman,<ref>{{cite web |title= Wings to Dissent |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/wings-to-dissent-1503364955.html| website= The Statesman |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= 1975 Emergency Declared in India |url= https://epaper.thestatesman.com/c/75424013| website= The Statesman |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> The Tribune, Livelaw, and other legal magazines.

== Contributions ==

He contributed to research in areas of constitutional law, judicial process, and legal education.' Besides contributing chapters to several books. Singh has authored six books including ''Judicial Dissent: Enriching Constitutional Discourse'', published by Thomson Reuters. The foreword of the book was written by D. Y. Chandrachud, the Chief Justice of India. He was part of the editorial team of the Supreme Court of India that prepared the report "Subordinates Courts of India: A Report on Access to Justice (2016)", which was referred to by Chief Justice T.S. Thakur, Justice Dr. D. Y. Chandrachud, Justice L. Nageswara Rao in Imtiyaz Ahmad vs. State of U.P. & Ors. decided on 2 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title= Doc. 44403361 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/44403361| website= Indian Kanoon |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref> He has worked on several projects including "Supporting stronger and evidence based tobacco control initiatives through capacity building and strengthening laws, policies and institutional mechanism with multi-stakeholder engagement towards tobacco-free India" granted by The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Rue Jean Lantier, 75001, Paris France, and Third Party line compliance monitoring to assess compliance level with enforcement of Sections 4 and 6 of COTPA.' He has organized various events, including the ICSSR-sponsored Ten-day Research Methodology Workshop for M.Phil./Ph.D./PDF Scholars. Singh has participated and presented papers in several National and International Conferences/ Seminar/ Webinars/ Conclaves. He has been a resource person for the National Judicial Academy, Bhopal, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya National Academy of Social Security, [[New Delhi]], National Academy of Custom, Excise and Narcotics (NACEN), Faridabad, State Judicial Academies, Police Academy, Prison Academy, etc. He has also been a visiting professor in several National Law Universities, reputed public and private institutions of legal education. Singh delivered Justice V R Krishna Iyer Memorial Public Lecture on "How Concurring Opinion Matter" organized by Ronald Dworkin Study Circle.<ref>{{cite web |title= National Law University Tripura Founding Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.livelaw.in/lawschool/news/national-law-university-tripura-founding-vice-chancellor-208868| website= Live Law |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Interview: Prof. (Dr.) Yogesh Pratap Singh {{!}} Vice-Chancellor, National Law University Tripura |url=https://www.legalbites.in/topics/interviews/interview-prof-dr-yogesh-pratap-singh-943631| website= Legal Bites |access-date= January 1, 2026}}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''Institutional Decline in Neo-Liberal Regime: A Note From India'', published by Thomson Reuters Publications, 2022. ISBN 978-93-92630-23-1
* ''Judicial Dissent and Indian Supreme Court: Enriching Constitutional Discourse'' published by Thomson Reuters Publication. ISBN No. 978-93-86374-50-9.
* ''The Supreme Court and the Constitution'' along with Mr. Salman Khurshid and Dr. Lokendra Malik and published by Wolter Kluwer Publications, 2020. ISBN 9789389859713
* ''Tribal Justice: Seventy Years of Working of Indian Constitution'' published by Eastern Book Company Lucknow.
* ''Kumar Kartikeya's Article 12'' published by Eastern Book Company Lucknow, [[Uttar Pradesh]] 2020. ISBN 9789389656749
* ''Animal and Environmental Jurisprudence: Wildlife Perspective'' published by Satyam Law International Publishers New Delhi, 2020. ISBN 9789387839618
* ''Protection of Refugee Women in Present International Legal Regime: A Study'' published by Lambert Academic Publishing House, Germany. ISBN 978-3-8383-7408-6

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://yogeshpratap.com Personal Website]
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-7271 ORCID]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Singh, Yogesh}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:National Law School of India University]]

W. G. Archer

2026-02-25T10:46:07Z

MishaelNab: adding a entry initial version

{{Short description|British civil servant and art historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = William George Archer
| honorific_suffix = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|02|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|03|06|1907|02|01|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education = [[School of Oriental Studies]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Plainlist|
* [[Civil servant]]
**[[District Collector (India)|District Magistrate]]
** Superintendent of the Census
* [[Museum curator]]
* [[Art critic]]
* [[Television presenter]]
}}
| years_active =
| employer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (1931-1947)
* [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] (1949-1959)
}}
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| television = ''[[Monitor (UK TV series)|Monitor]]''
| spouse = [[Mildred Archer|Mildred Agnes Bell]]
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''William George Archer''', [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1907-1979) was a British [[civil servant]] and art historian, and later museum curator.

== Career ==

Archer was born on 1 February 1907,<ref name="OU">{{cite web |title=William Archer |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/william-archer |publisher=[[Open University]] |access-date=4 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and studied first history at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]],<ref name="Skelton">{{cite journal |last1=Skelton |first1=Robert |title=Obituary: William George Archer |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=111 |date=1979 |issue=2 |pages=186–188|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135798 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and then [[Hindi]], Indian history and law at the [[School of Oriental Studies]] in London.<ref name="TI">{{cite web |title=Mildred Archer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mildred-archer-745579.html |website=The Independent |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> He subsequently served in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], in [[Bihar]], from 1931 until around 1947, when [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India gained independence]].<ref name="DiasporaArtists" /> His roles included [[District Collector (India)|District Magistrate]] and Superintendent of the Census.He ordered to shoot 7 unarmed students who were trying to put the Indian flag on Patna secretariat during Quit India movement.<ref name="OU" /> He was also Additional Deputy Commissioner in the [[Naga Hills]] from 1946 to 1948.<ref name="OU" /> While in India, he developed a love and knowledge of Indian culture, including poetry and art,<ref name="DiasporaArtists" /> and of the [[Santal people]].<ref name="OU" /> In the summer of 1934, while home from India on sick leave, he married the sister of one of his friends, [[Mildred Archer|Mildred Agnes Bell]], who returned to India with him (she later worked as curator of prints and drawings at the [[India Office]]).<ref name="TI" /> The couple, who had two children while in India, shared socialist politics and a belief that India should be granted independence.<ref name="OU" /><ref name="TI" />

After the family's return to England, they lived on Provost Road, north of London's [[Primrose Hill]],<ref name="TI" /> and Archer served as Keeper of the Indian Section, at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] from 1949-1959,<ref name="DiasporaArtists">{{cite web |title=Diaspora-artists: View details |url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=38&table=artists |publisher=Diaspora Artists |access-date=4 August 2018 |language=en-UK |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201142/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=38&table=artists |url-status=dead }}</ref> and afterwards ''Keeper Emeritus''.<ref name="Skelton" />

In the 1950s and 60s, he presented arts programmes on [[BBC Television]], as part of the series ''[[Monitor (UK TV series)|Monitor]]''.<ref name="TNA">{{cite web |title= Correspondence about the making of the BBC Monitor film on Avinash Chandra |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/6e2c5723-12a6-4615-b001-819a567ba4fd |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Genome">{{cite web |title=W.G. Archer |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=1&q=W.G.+Archer&media=all&yf=1923&yt=2009&mf=1&mt=12&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00#search |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201940/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=1&q=W.G.+Archer&media=all&yf=1923&yt=2009&mf=1&mt=12&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00#search |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2018 |publisher=[[BBC Genome]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> He was a champion of the Indian artist [[Avinash Chandra]].<ref name="DiasporaArtists" />

== Recognition and legacy ==

Archer was appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the [[1948 New Year Honours]],<ref>British Empire: {{London Gazette |issue=38161 |supp=y |page=26 |date=30 December 1947}}</ref> and was awarded [[honorary doctorate]]s by [[Panjab University]] in 1968 and [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] in 1976.<ref name="Skelton" /> In 1978, he received the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]'s [[Burton Memorial Medal]].<ref name="Skelton" />

He died on 6 March 1979.<ref name="OU" />

His papers, together with those of his wife, are held by the [[British Library]].<ref name="TNA2">{{cite web |title= Papers of W G Archer, Indian Civil Service, Bihar 1931-47, and of his wife Mildred Archer, experts on Indian poetry and art |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/bf9039b5-32b9-4142-82c5-182983d53231 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

== Works ==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=4135 |name=W. G. Archer}}

=== Books ===

* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=The Blue Grove; The Poetry Of The Uraons |url=https://archive.org/details/bluegrovepoetryo0000unse |url-access=registration |year=1940}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=The Vertical Man |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281129 |date=1947}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Kangra Painting |date=1952}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Bazaar Paintings of Calcutta: The Style of Kalighat |date=1953}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Garhwal painting |date=1954}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Indian paintings from Rajasthan |date=1957}}
* {{cite book |last=Archer |first=W. G. |author-mask=0 |title=The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry |url={{Google books|TwIOAQAAIAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1957 |place=New York |publisher=Allen and Unwin |series=Ethical and religious classics of East and West, 18}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Central Indian Painting |url=https://archive.org/details/centralindianpai0000arch |url-access=registration |date=1958}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |last2=Paranavitana |first2=S. |title=Ceylon: Paintings from Temple Shrine and Rock |date=1958}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=India and Modern Art |date=1959}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Indian Painting in Bundi and Kotah |date=1959}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Indian Miniatures |date=1960}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Kalighat Drawings |date=1962}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Paintings of the Sikhs |date=1966}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Kalighat Paintings: A Catalogue and Introduction |date=1971 |publisher=HMSO |isbn=9780112900290}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=W.G. |author-mask=0 |title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills |location=London |date=1973 |isbn=9780856670022}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=W. G. |author-mask=0 |title=The Hill Of Flutes: Life, Love And Poetry In Tribal India: A Portrait Of The Santals |date=1974 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |location=London |isbn=9780045720217}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |author-mask=0 |title=Songs for the Bride: Wedding Rites of Rural India |date=1985 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231059183 |oclc=11372032}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=William |last2=Archer |first2=Mildred |author-link2=Mildred Archer |title=India Served and Observed |date=1994 |publisher=BACSA |location=London |isbn=978-0907799535}}

=== Papers ===

* [[Mildred Archer|Archer, Mildred]] & W.G. Archer (1955) Natural history paintings. In Indian painting for the British 1770–1880, pp. 91–98. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archer, W. G.}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People associated with the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:British art critics]]
[[Category:BBC television presenters]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:British art historians]]
[[Category:British curators]]
[[Category:People from the London Borough of Camden]]

Jalgaon District Council

2026-02-24T03:57:41Z

MishaelNab: place!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Zilla Parishad Jalgaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo_pic =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| foundation = 1962
| leader1_type = President
| leader1 = Miss Ranjanabai Pralhad Patil<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/bjp-chairman-vice-chairman-wins-at-jalgaon-jilha-parishad/articleshow/57759721.cms | title=Ravindra Patil elected as chairman of Jalgaon Zilla Parishad | work=Maharashtra Times | accessdate=2017-02-21}}</ref>
|party1=
|election1 = 3 January 2020
| leader2_type = Vice-president
| leader2 = Mr.Lalchand Patil
| party2=

| leader3_type = Chief Executive Officer
| leader3 = Ankit
| party3= ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
|election3= 2023
| members = 67 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/maharashtra/244-live-updates-zila-parishad-election-result-2012.html | title=District Wise Zilla Parishad Election Result | publisher=infoelections.com | accessdate=2017-02-21}}</ref>
{{legend|#FF9900|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 33 }}
{{legend|#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 16 }}
{{legend|#CC5500|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]: 14 }}
{{legend|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 04 }}
{{legend|#EBEBEB|Independent: 0 }}
{{legend|#8B008B|Registered Alliance: 00 }}
| voting_system1 = [[First pass the post]]
|last_election1= 2017
|next_election1= 2022
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =Zilla Parishad Building, [[Jalgaon]].
| website = {{URL|http://www.zpjalgaon.gov.in/}}
| motto =
}}

'''Zilla Parishad Jalgaon''' or '''District Council Jalgaon''' is a [[District Councils of India|district council]] having jurisdiction over [[Jalgaon district]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/maharashtra-zilla-parishad-elections-phase-1-voting-begins-across-15-districts-1843972/ | title=Zilla Parishad First Phase Voting | publisher=India.com | accessdate=2017-02-21}}</ref>

==History==
Zilla Parishad Jalgaon was established in 1962.

==Zilla Parishad Constituencies==
Zilla Parishad Jalgaon has 67 district council constituencies in the [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.in/zillaparishad.html | title=Zilla Parishad and member details | publisher=maharashtrapoliticalparties.in | accessdate=2017-02-21 | archive-date=12 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212180311/http://maharashtrapoliticalparties.in/zillaparishad.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Zilla Parishad Elections 2017===
The election results of all the 25 Zilla Parishads and 118 Panchayat Samitis were declared on 23 February 2017. Jalgaon ZP Election result is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=21&newsid=18767772 |title=Jalgaon ZP Election Result|accessdate=2017-02-23}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Alliance !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Members
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] || || 33
|-
| 02 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] || 16
|-
| 03 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] ||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]]|| 14
|-
| 04 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] || || 04
|-
| 05 || [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) || || [[File:CPI-banner.svg|75px]] || 00
|-
|06 || Registered Alliance || || || 00
|-
|}

==Panchayat Samiti==
There are fifteen [[Panchayat Samiti]]s under jurisdiction of Zilla Parishad Jalgaon.

1) Panchayat Samiti Jalgaon 
2) Panchayat Samiti Chalisgaon 
3) Panchayat Samiti Bhadgaon 
4) Panchayat Samiti Parola 
5) Panchayat Samiti Amalner 
6) Panchayat Samiti Chopada 
7) Panchayat Samiti Erandol 
8) Panchayat Samiti Pachora 
9) Panchayat Samiti Jamner 
10) Panchayat Samiti Bhusaval 
11) Panchayat Samiti Yaval 
12) Panchayat Samiti Raver 
13) Panchayat Samiti Muktainagar 
14) Panchayat Samiti Bodwad 
15) Panchayat Samiti Dharangaon

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Local government in Maharashtra]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Garvita Gulhati

2026-02-16T23:53:18Z

MishaelNab: starting a details.

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur and engineer}}
'''Garvita Gulhati''' (born 1999/2000)<ref name=":4" /> is an Indian social entrepreneur, engineer, and the founder of the organization Why Waste?. She currently works as an investment analyst at WestBridge Capital. Gulhati was recognized by [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] Asia 2021 for her work on water conservation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/garvita-gulhati/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Gulhati is known as the "water girl of India."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Explorer Home |url=https://explorers.nationalgeographic.org/directory/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=explorers.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Humanitarian work ==
At the age of 15, Gulhati learned that nearly 14 million liters of water was being wasted, specifically at restaurants. At the same time there were millions of homes lacking access to water. Gulhati began her initiative, Why Waste?, to combat this problem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspiring Changemaker: Garvita Gulhati - The Mulvaney Center for Community, Awareness and Social Action - University of San Diego |url=https://www.sandiego.edu/mccasa/changemaking-center/inspiring-changemaker.php |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.sandiego.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Why Waste? was launched in 2015, and the first project was coined #GlassHalfFull. Gulhati and other volunteers shared stories of those who did not have access to water. They visited restaurants and spoke on the importance of water conservation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=PMI Future 50: Rising leaders changing our world |url=https://www.pmi.org/future-50/2022-honorees/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.pmi.org |language=en}}</ref>

The initiative received support from the [[National Restaurant Association of India]] in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Why Waste? is now an international youth-led organization. According to Gulhati in 2021, its work had impacted over 10 million individuals and over 500,000 restaurants and led to the conservation of nearly 6 million liters of water.<ref name=":0" /> Why Waste? has built partnerships with several organizations, including Facebook, Google, and the [[IKEA|Ikea]] Foundation.<ref name=":3" />

In 2021, Gulhati launched the Why Waste? app to help users manage their water usage and footprint.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati: The changemaker on a mission to save water |url=https://www.globalindian.com/youth/story/global-indian/garvita-gulhati-the-changemaker-on-a-mission-to-save-water/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Global Indian Youth |language=en-US}}</ref> In partnership with [[CNN]], the app is creating a movement to motivate people to take action through the campaign, "Mission Paani" (Mission Water).<ref name=":5" />

Gulhati, alongside her team, published the book Sustainability Stories to inspire youth to take action.<ref name=":4" /> Sustainability Stories was published in collaboration with India's largest non-profit publisher, Pratham, and in collaboration with [[UNICEF]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet India’s Water girl Garvita Gulhati, a young changemaker working towards saving water |url=https://www.sociostory.org/impact-stories/meet-indias-water-girl-garvita-gulhati-a-young-changemaker-working-towards-saving-water |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.sociostory.org |language=en}}</ref>

Gulhati is also engaged with We the Change, a United Nations climate campaign in India.<ref name=":3" />

Gulhati has also worked on establishing the Lead Young at Schools movement, involving over 800 schools and inspiring more than 2.5 million students in India to take action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garvita {{!}} Ashoka |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/changemaker/garvita |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Education ==
Gulhati graduated in 2021 with a degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering from [[PES University]] in Bengaluru. She is a [[Wharton School|Wharton]] Moelis Fellow.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Vidya |date=2020-07-08 |title=Saving water, half glass at a time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Jul/08/saving-water-half-glass-at-a-time-2166747.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
After two years of experience in FinTech, Gulhati joined Westbridge Capital in [[Bengaluru]] as an Investment Analyst.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati - WestBridge Capital • Westbridge Capital |url=https://westbridgeadvisors.com/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=westbridgeadvisors.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gulhati enjoys painting and playing badminton in her spare time. She is trained in [[kathak]], a classical Indian dance genre.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Gulhati was the youngest to be recognized by Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021 for her work with Why Waste?.<ref name=":0" /> She was also the recipient of the [[Diana Award]] for her humanitarian work.<ref name=":1" /> Gulhati was recognized by the [[Project Management Institute]] as part of Future 50, a cohort of leaders innovating for the future.<ref name=":3" /> She has been honored as a Global Ashoka Young Changemaker by [[Ashoka Innovators for the Public|Ashoka Innovators]].<ref name=":1" /> Gulhati is the only Indian to be endowed with [[Shawn Mendes Foundation]]'s Wonder Grant.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
*[[Water scarcity in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulhati, Garvita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Indian climate activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

V. P. Balagangadharan

2026-02-12T10:20:15Z

MishaelNab: quick enhance layout further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian science communicator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. P. Balagangadharan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vannadil Puthiyaveettil Balagangadharan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|01|20}}
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = [[Master of Science]] in [[Chemistry]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]], [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| organization = [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
| years_active = 1971–present
| awards = Kerala Science Literature Award, 2015
}}
'''Vannadil Puthiyaveettil "V. P." Balagangadharan''' (born 20 January 1950) is a space scientist, author, and speaker from [[India]], known for his contributions to propellant research,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kas.org.in/index.php/membership/fellows|title=Fellows|website=www.kas.org.in|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> technology transfer,<ref name="Workshop on IPR at Cusat">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Workshop-on-IPR-at-Cusat/article14707375.ece|title=Workshop on IPR at Cusat|date=2007-01-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and science communication. He has worked with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] for over four decades in various roles.

== Education ==
After finishing his schooling at AV Smaraka Govt. Higher Secondary School, [[Karivellur]], and [[Pre-Degree course|Pre-Degree]] from Payyanur College, Balagangadharan joined [[Malabar Christian College]], [[Kozhikode]] in 1967, from where he completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Chemistry]] in 1970. While working at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], he completed his [[Master of Science]] in [[Chemistry]] from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]] in 1989.

== Career ==
Balagangadharan started his career as an Analytical Chemist at [[Bombay Oil Industries]], [[Angamaly]] in 1971. In 1972, he joined [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] as a Scientific Assistant in its Propellant Engineering Division, later Analytical & Spectroscopy Division. After almost four decades of service, in 2010, he superannuated as the Group Head, Technology Transfer and Documentation Division at the centre. Post superannuation, he held the emeritus role as Prof. [[Brahm Prakash]] Scientist<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.patentcentre.kerala.gov.in/pdf/bulletin_third.pdf | title=National Seminar on Intellectual Property Rights at Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>—two stints, separated by a one year role as Consultant and Advisor (Media & Communications)—till 2014.<ref name=":0" />

He was formerly the Chairman<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kscste-recasts-advisory-panel-on-ipr/article7060633.ece|title=KSCSTE recasts advisory panel on IPR|date=2015-04-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of the Patent Advisory Committee of the [[Government of Kerala]].

== Science communication ==
He has over 30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=VP+Balagangadharan&btnG=&oq=balag|title=Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.co.in|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> research publications<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/83957644_V_P_Balagangadharan|title=V. P. Balagangadharan's research works {{!}} Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram and other places|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36LfBwAAQBAJ&q=balagangadharan+vp&pg=PA595|title=Frontiers of Polymer Research|last1=Nigam|first1=Jai K.|last2=Prasad|first2=Paras N.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461538561}}</ref><ref name="Ninan 1993 255–260">{{Cite journal|last1=Ninan|first1=K. N.|last2=Balagangadharan|first2=V. P.|last3=Ambikadevi|first3=K.|last4=Catherine|first4=K. B.|date=1993|title=Functionality distribution and crosslink density of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|journal=Polymer International|volume=31|issue=3|pages=255–260|doi=10.1002/pi.4990310307|issn=0959-8103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ninan|first1=K.N.|last2=Balagangadharan|first2=V.P.|last3=Catherine|first3=Korah Bina|date=January 1991|title=Studies on the functionality distribution of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and correlation with mechanical properties|url=https://www.mendeley.com/papers/studies-functionality-distribution-hydroxylterminated-polybutadiene-correlation-mechanical-propertie/|journal=Polymer|volume=32|issue=4|pages=628–635|doi=10.1016/0032-3861(91)90474-W|issn=0032-3861|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ninan|first1=K.N|last2=Balagangadharan|first2=V.P|last3=Ramasubramanian|first3=T.S|date=1986-01-01|title=Detection and determination of formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone in mixtures with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine|journal=Analytica Chimica Acta|volume=185|pages=377–380|doi=10.1016/0003-2670(86)80070-8|issn=0003-2670}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Ninan|first1=K. N.|title=Influence of Hydroxyl Content on the Functionality Distribution and Gumstock Properties of Polybutadiene|date=1991|work=Frontiers of Polymer Research|pages=595–599|publisher=Springer US|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-3856-1_67|isbn=9781461367215|last2=Balagangadharan|first2=V. P.|last3=Devi|first3=K. Ambika|last4=Catherine|first4=Korah Bina}}</ref> in the area of [[Analytical chemistry]]. He has delivered over three hundred talks, and shows on [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=asianetnews|title=Dr: APJ Abdul Kalam{{!}} Tribute to Dr: APJ Abdul Kalam|date=2015-07-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF6-Cfd23xo|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> He has lectured across India on India's space history and [[Intellectual Property Rights]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kv-pattom-hosts-seminar-on-ipr-420898.html|title=KV Pattom hosts seminar on IPR|work=News18|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rajagiritech.ac.in/Home/Magazine/pdf/RSETNEWS2013.pdf#page=14 | title=CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS & TRAINING | access-date=2024-01-16 | page=14}}</ref><ref name="Workshop on IPR at Cusat"/> He has also written many articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balagangadharan.com/2014/12/film-illaaththa-photo-mathrubhumi.html|title=Film Illaaththa Photo - Mathrubhumi|website=www.balagangadharan.com|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balagangadharan.com/2014/11/article-on-nike-apace-and-isro.html|title=Article on Nike Apace and ISRO|website=www.balagangadharan.com|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balagangadharan.com/2014/11/article-on-intellectual-property-rights.html|title=Article on Intellectual Property Rights - Manorama Padhippura|website=www.balagangadharan.com|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> in the print media on popular science, space research and [[Intellectual Property Rights|IPR]].

== Books ==

* ''Rockets and Beyond'', 2012, Vigyan Prasar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vigyanprasar.gov.in/product/rockets-and-beyond/|title=Rockets and Beyond {{!}} Home|website=vigyanprasar.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/book-on-space-science-for-children/article3699476.ece|title=Book on space science for children|date=2012-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* ''Mangalyaan:Oru Shastragnante Kurippukal'', 2015, Jnaneswari Publications<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-Science-literature-awards-announcedKerala-Science-Literature-Awards-announcedKerala-Science-Literature-Awards-announced/articleshow/55151004.cms|title=Kerala Science literature awards announcedKerala Science Literature Awards announcedKerala Science Literature Awards announced - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref>
* ''[[From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet]]'', 2016, [[HarperCollins]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/fishing-hamlet-to-red-planet-download-e-book|title=Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet-Download the E-book - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-09|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308184429/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/fishing-hamlet-to-red-planet-download-e-book|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Indian Bahirakasa Gaveshana Charithram'', 2018, [[DC Books]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/chandrayaan-2|title=Chandrayaan 2|access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref>
*''Chandrayaan-2'', 2019, [[DC Books]]<ref name=":2" />
*''[[Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images]]'', 2019, Orient Blackswan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientblackswan.com/BookDescription?isbn=978-93-89211-13-9&id=11&t=c|title=Orient Blackswan Pvt.Ltd.|website=orientblackswan.com|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>
*''Panthranduper Chandranil'', 2021, Priyatha Books
*''Kuttikalude Rocket Pusthakam'', 2021, Jnaneswari Publications<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nikhil|title=[New Book] Kuttikalude Rocket Pusthakam {{!}} കുട്ടികളുടെ റോക്കറ്റ് പുസ്തകം|url=https://www.balagangadharan.com/2022/01/new-book-kuttikalude-rocket-pusthakam.html|access-date=2022-01-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=#കുട്ടികളുടെ_റോക്കറ്റ്_പുസ്തകം - Explore|url=https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/കുട്ടികളുടെ_റോക്കറ്റ്_പുസ്തകം/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref>
*''Chinnalu Kanda Rocket'', 2022, GV Books<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gvbooksonline.com/product-page/%E0%B4%9A-%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3-%E0%B4%9F-%E0%B4%B1-%E0%B4%95-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1-%E0%B4%B1 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=gvbooksonline.com |title=ചിന്നാളു കണ്ട റോക്കറ്റ്‌ }}</ref>
*''Vikram Sarabhai Rocketil Oru Jeevitham'', 2022, GV Books<ref>{{Cite web|title=വിക്രംസാരാഭായി റോക്കറ്റിൽ ഒരു ജീവിതം – Official Website :: GV Books|url=https://gvbooksonline.com/product/vikramsarabhai/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=gvbooksonline.com}}</ref>
*''Indian Rocketinte Shilpikal'', 2024, DC Books<ref>{{Cite web |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/indian-rocketinte-shilpikal |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=dcbookstore.com}}</ref>
*''Sunita Williams-inte Bahirakasha Yathrakal'', 2025, Jnaneswari Publications
*''Bahirakasa Jeevitham,'' 2025, Kerala Bhasha Institute

== Awards and honours ==
Kerala State Science Literature Award, 2015, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment<ref name=":1" /> Fellow, Kerala Academy of Sciences<ref name=":0" />

HEMSI-MR Kurup Endowment Award, 2021 for contributions to the area of solid propellants <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clipping of Deshabhimani - Kannur |url=https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/c/76327022 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=epaper.deshabhimani.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balagangadharan, V. P.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian science communicators]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]

Komaram Bheem Asifabad district

2026-02-10T06:50:08Z

MishaelNab:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumuram Bheem Asifabad district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name = 
| image_skyline = Kumuram Bheem statue.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Statue of Komaram Bheem at Jodeghat
| image_map =
| image_map1 = Kumaram Bheem Asifabad in Telangana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Kumaram Bheem Asifabad, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Komaram Bheem]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 15
| area_total_km2 = 4878
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5,15,812
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 86984(16.86%)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 56.72
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 998
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Venkatesh Dhotre, I.A.S
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Telangana (17)|Parliament Constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Asifabad (Assembly constituency)|Asifabad]], [[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Godam Nagesh]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG 20
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH 63
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://asifabad.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Kumuram Bheem Asifabad district''' is a [[district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. The town of [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]] is its district headquarters and [[Kagaznagar, Telengana|kagaznagar]] as its largest town.<ref>{{cite news|title=Names of 6 new districts changed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/names-of-6-new-districts-changed/article9253888.ece|access-date=4 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> It is named after [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribal leader [[Komaram Bheem|Kumuram Bheem]].<ref name="district"/>Kumuram bheem asifabad district is located northern parts of state.The district share boundaries with [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]] districts and with the state boundary of [[Maharashtra]]. It is the second most backward district in India, according to the 2018 [[NITI Aayog]] ranking.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Singh|first=Mahendra K.|date=29 March 2018|title=Part of NCR, Mewat is most backward district|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/part-of-ncr-mewat-is-most-backward-district/articleshow/63524304.cms|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The predominantly tribal region around the town of [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]] was ruled by many dynasties like the [[Kakatiyas]], [[Mauryas]], [[Satavahanas]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Qutub Shahis]], [[Asaf Jahis]] and [[Gond kingdom|Gonds]]. In the early 20th century, the district was known as '''Jangam''' and Asifabad served as its headquarters. In 1905, the district was merged into the neighbouring [[Adilabad district]]. In 1913, Asifabad was made as headquarters of the district prior to the status being lost to [[Adilabad]] town in 1941. Following the creation of [[Telangana]] state, the districts were re-organized in 2016. As a result, Asifabad district was again carved from [[Adilabad district]] and was renamed after the [[Gondi people|Gond]] martyr [[Komaram Bheem]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Komaram Bheem district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130010480224.Komarambheem.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221546/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130010480224.Komarambheem.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=S. Harpal|title=Asifabad to become a district again after 75 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/asifabad-to-become-a-district-again-after-75-years/article9200208.ece|access-date=8 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The district is spread over an area of {{convert|4300|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hills dominate the western part of the district and [[Pranhita]] river runs parallel to the east.

It is home to endangered species of [[vultures]] which have made Palarapu rocks their home in the forests of [[Bejjur]]. The [[Sirpur (T)|Sirpur]] forest is also home to [[tigers]] and other wild animals. Cotton and Paddy are the major crops grown in this area.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Komaram Bheem district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website = censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float = left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|8.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.44}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.82}}
}}

As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the district has a population of 515,812. Komaram Bheem district has a sex ratio of 998 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 56.72%. 66,206 (12.84%) were under 6 years of age. 428,828 (83.14%) lived in rural areas. 86,984 (16.86%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 81,596 (15.82%) and 133,627 (25.91%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography {{!}} Kumuram Bheem Asifabad District {{!}} India|url=https://asifabad.telangana.gov.in/demography/|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Komaram Bheem Asifabad |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/11-Komaram%20Bheem-Asifabad.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Komaram Bheem district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 37.36 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 27.85 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value3 = 12.48 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 7.27 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Lambadi]] |value5 = 3.73 |color5 = khaki
|label6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value6 = 3.51 |color6 = orchid
|label7 = [[Kolami language|Kolami]] |value7 = 3.05 |color7 = deepskyblue
|label8 = [[Koya language|Koya]] |value8 = 2.53 |color8 = royalblue
|label9 = [[Hindi]] |value9 = 1.46 |color9 = orange
|label10 = Others |value10 = 0.76 |color10 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 37.36% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 27.85% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 12.48% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 7.27% [[Urdu]], 3.73% [[Lambadi]], 3.51% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 3.05% [[Kolami language|Kolami]], 2.53% [[Koya language|Koya]] and 1.46% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Divisions ==
This district has two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]]; Asifabad and Kagaznagar and is sub-divided into 15 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="newdist" /><ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=Clipping of Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily – Hyderabad|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|website=Andhra Jyothy|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185052/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|url-status=dead}}</ref> Present MLA of Asifabad constituency is kova laxmi and Sirpur-T is P harish babu

=== Mandals ===
[[File: Komaram Bheem District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|Komaram Bheem district revenue divisions|left]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Asifabad revenue division !! Kagaznagar revenue division
|-
|1 || [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]] || [[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Kagaznagar]]
|-
|2 || Lingapur || Penchicalpet
|-
|3 || [[Jainoor]] || [[Bejjur]]
|-
|4 || [[Tiryani]] || [[Kouthala]]
|-
|5 || [[Wankidi]] || Chintalamanepally
|-
|6 || [[Kerameri]] || [[Dahegaon, Komaram Bheem|Dahegaon]]
|-
|7 || [[Sirpur (U)]] || [[Sirpur (T)]]
|-
|8 || [[Rebbena]] ||
|-
|
|}
'''Asifabad Road railway station(ASAF): is in Rebbena'''

Sirpur kagaznagar railway station(SKZR): kagaznagar

sirpur town railway station(SRUR) : sirpur

==Notable people==
* [[Komaram Bheem]], freedom fighter
* [[Konda Laxman Bapuji]], freedom fighter

== Places of interest ==
* Jode ghat
* Komaram Bheem reservoir
* Komaram Bheem waterfalls
* Vattivagu reservoir
* Gangapur temple, Rebbena
* Jodeghat, Kerameri
* Kadamba forest reserve, a tiger reserve
* Kerameri ghats
* Komaram Bheem irrigational project
* Palarapuguttalu, a vulture reserve
* [[Savatula Gundam Waterfalls]]
* Shiva Mallana temple
* Shivakeshava temple, Wankidi
* Sirpur forest reserve
* Thrishul Pahad
* Tonkini Hanuman temple, Sirpur-T

== See also ==
*[[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Komaram Bheem district}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Komaram Bheem district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Mohini Sharma

2026-02-07T19:09:23Z

MishaelNab: new - done

{{Short description|Indian educationist, social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Mohini Satyendra Sharma interviewed by Yogendra Singh Rathore.png
| caption = In a 2024 interview
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| alma_mater = [[Middlesex University London]]
| occupation = Social entrepreneur, and beauty pageant director
| years_active = 2016–present
| organization = [[Mrs. India Inc]]
| notable_works = [[Mrs. World]] (2016)
| title = Mrs. India World (2016)
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://mohinisharma.in/}}
}}

'''Mohini Satyendra Sharma''' is an Indian educationist, social entrepreneur, and beauty pageant director, known as the founder and national director of [[Mrs. India Inc]]., a national beauty pageant for married women. She represented India at [[Mrs. World]] 2016 pageant.

Sharma is also a [[TED speaker|TEDx speaker]] and trustee of the Udaan Trust, advocating for women's rights and environmental causes.

== Early life and education ==
Mohini Satyendra Sharma was born to Satyendra Sharma in [[Mumbai]], India. She holds a [[Bachelor's degree]] in banking and insurance, and an [[MBA]] in business strategy and social welfare from [[Middlesex University London]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs India 2025 {{!}} Beauty Pageant For Married Women {{!}} Mrs India Inc |url=https://www.mrsindiainc.org/Mohini_Sharma |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.mrsindiainc.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2024-10-09 |title=Mrs India winner Shherryi Singh barred from participating in other pageants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/mrs-india-winner-shherryi-singh-barred-participating-beauty-pageants-case-against-her-2613738-2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to her pageantry career, she managed secondary schools and preschools in [[Mumbai]] and its outskirts for nine years, establishing her foundation as an educationist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Mrs India Inc |url=https://www.mrsindiainc.org/About#:~:text=Mohini%20Sharma&text=She%20is%20an%20educationist%20with,this%20country%20through%20this%20Project. |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.mrsindiainc.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Sharma began her career in the beauty pageant industry after winning the Mrs. India World 2016 title, representing India at the [[Mrs. World]] pageant held in [[Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Sharma to Represent India at Mrs World 2016 in Korea |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/mohini-sharma-to-represent-india-at-mrs-world-2016-in-korea-1307904.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women need a platform to showcase beauty: Ex-Mrs India |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2018/09/10/women-need-a-platform-to-showcase-beauty-ex-mrs-india.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Women need a platform to showcase beauty: Ex-Mrs India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2016-11-03 |title=Mohini Sharma to represent India at Mrs World 2016 in Korea |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mohini-sharma-to-represent-india-at-mrs-world-2016-in-korea/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

Inspired by her experience, she founded [[Mrs. India Inc]]. in 2016 to create a platform for married women to showcase their beauty, intelligence, and talents while challenging societal stereotypes. The pageant is affiliated with international competitions such as [[Mrs. World]], [[Mrs. Globe]], and Mrs. Galaxy, Mrs. International Summit, and Mrs. International World, and has produced notable winners like [[Sargam Koushal]] (Mrs. World 2022).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Mrs India Inc |url=https://www.mrsindiainc.org/About |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.mrsindiainc.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Outdoing Expectations with Mohini Sharma Mane: From Entrepreneur to Mrs. India - Jam with Sam |url=https://jamwithsam.com/outdoing-expectations-with-mohini-sharma-mane-from-entrepreneur-to-mrs-india-2/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under Sharma's leadership, Mrs. India Inc. has expanded to include initiatives like Indian Femme, aimed at further women’s empowerment. In 2021, she became the first Indian to serve on the judging panel for the Mrs. Sri Lanka World pageant.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=thepostadmin |date=2022-04-29 |title=Meet the Founder ~ Mohini Sharma of Mrs. India Inc and Indian Femme – The Post India |url=https://thepostindia.co.in/meet-the-founder-mohini-sharma-of-mrs-india-inc-and-indian-femme/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a social entrepreneur, Sharma serves as president of the Inner Wheel Club and is involved with NGOs focusing on health, sanitation, cancer care for children, and education for underprivileged girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Sharma {{!}} Owner of Mrs India Inc {{!}} Philanthropist {{!}} Queen Maker of India |url=https://mohinisharma.in/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=mohinisharma.in}}</ref>

In 2025, she collaborated with [[Greenpeace India]] and [[Greenpeace Southeast Asia|Greenpeace South Asia]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] to advocate for climate justice, partnering with Juhi Vyas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Cannes with a Cause: Not Just a Dress, Not Just a Red Carpet |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/southasia/story/1924/cannes-with-a-cause-not-just-a-dress-not-just-a-red-carpet/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Greenpeace South Asia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-05-16 |title=Indian voices take climate justice to Cannes |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/indian-voices-take-climate-justice-to-cannes-610969 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-21 |title=Juhi Vyas and Mohini Sharma spotlight climate crisis at Cannes Festival |url=https://mediaindia.eu/cinema/juhi-vyas-and-mohini-sharma-spotlight-climate-crisis-at-cannes-festival/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma is also a [[TED speaker|TEDx speaker]] and has been featured in publications for her entrepreneurial journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxIIMSambalpur {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/61021 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Mrs. India World 2016<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Mohini |title=Mohini Sharma - Author Biography {{!}} Entrepreneur |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/author/mohini-sharma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428065155/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/author/mohini-sharma |archive-date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Leading Women Empowerment Organization - Shekunj.com |url=https://www.shekunj.com/success-stories/shepreneurs/mohini-sharma |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Shekunj |language=en}}</ref>
* First Indian judge for Mrs. Sri Lanka World 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-10 |title=Mrs. India Inc founder, Mohini Sharma becomes the first Indian to join the judging panel of Mrs Sri Lanka World 2020 pageant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mrs-india-inc-founder-mohini-sharma-becomes-the-first-indian-to-join-the-judging-panel-of-mrs-sri-lanka-world-2020-pageant/articleshow/82000948.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mohini}}
[[Category:Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Mrs. World]]
[[Category:Alumni of Middlesex University]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Robert Clark (missionary)

2026-02-05T14:25:42Z

MishaelNab: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Short description|British missionary}}
'''Robert Clark''' (1825–1900), and his colleague [[Thomas Henry Fitzpatrick]],<ref>[http://bartonhistory.wikispaces.com/Rev.+Thomas+Henry+Fitzpatrick+(d.1866) Rev. Thomas Henry Fitzpatrick (d.1866)], Barton Family history</ref> were the first [[English people|English]] [[Church Mission Society]] (CMS) missionaries in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Clark was the first missionary to the [[Afghanistan|Afghans]], and was the first agent of the Church to enter the city of [[Leh]].<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last=Dawson |first= E.C. |chapter=Mrs Robert Clark : A missionary pioneer of the Punjab |title= Heroines Of Missionary Adventure |publisher= Kessinger Publishing |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x4FbgSBa7IkC&pg=PA26 |date=March 2005 |pages=26–40 |isbn= 9781417958979}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Gerald H. |title= Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |page=136 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA136 |date=September 1999 |isbn= 9780802846808}}</ref>

He was the founder of the CMS mission station in [[Amritsar]], the CMS [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] mission station in [[Peshawar]], and the [[Kashmir]] mission – especially Medical missionary work to open a [[dispensary]] in [[Srinagar]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

==Early life==
Clark was born on 4 July at [[Harmston]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]. He was reared in an [[evangelical]] home, and trained in [[commerce]] in [[Germany]]. He served with a [[Liverpool]]-merchant firm before his call to the ministry in 1844. He was educated at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]. Having decided to prepare for the [[Ordination|ministry]], he studied at the [[University of Cambridge]]; he was amongst the [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wranglers]] of 1850. He was ordained by the CMS and sent to India at the age of twenty-six, when [[United States|American]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] at [[Ludhiana]] urged the CMS to join the work. In 1851 he sailed to [[Calcutta]] (present [[Kolkata]]), and from there went to Punjab.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="lyle">{{cite book |last= Vander Werff|first= Lyle L.|title= Christian Mission to Muslims |publisher= William Carey Library |url=https://archive.org/details/christianmission0000vand |url-access= registration|year= 1977 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/christianmission0000vand/page/52 52]–73 |isbn=9780878083206}}</ref>

==Career==
===Punjab (1851–1854)===
As there were no dictionaries and grammars existing in Punjab when Clark arrived, everything had been made from the beginning to assist in missionary and administrative activities. Accordingly, a school was opened up for [[Sikhs]], [[Hindu]]s, and [[Muslim]]s. He founded the first CMS mission station in Amritsar in 1852, and the first preaching of the [[Gospel]] was undertaken in the Amritsar bazaar on 20 October 1852.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

As an [[Evangelism|evangelist]], he pioneered in Punjab and left an impressive record. His foremost principle was that the [[evangelism]] was best carried out by national workers. By 1854, he [[Baptism|baptised]] almost twenty-three, who were soon utilised in the field of evangelism. Accordingly, Amritsar's School founded in 1852, Amristar's College founded in 1862, and Christian Girl's Boarding School did graduate adequate number of qualified [[Christianity|Christian]] workers for that purpose. He knew well, how to train the [[Pastor]]'s and then to step back while delegating responsibilities to them.<ref name="lyle"/>

Clark founded the first Christian village in Punjab, and obtained 1,900 acres (760 hectares) of land from the Government. The village was named "[[Clarkabad]]" in his honour.<ref>[http://www.maplandia.com/pakistan/punjab/kasur/clarkabad/ Clarkabad Map], www.maplandia.com</ref>

===Peshawar (1854–1864)===
In 1854 he founded the CMS Afghan mission, the first European mission to the Afghans, in Peshawar—the doorway to [[Kabul]] and [[Central Asia]]. To achieve this, he crossed the [[Indus River]], explored [[Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], and penetrated some way into the [[Himalayas]] and western [[Tibet]]. At Peshawar, he worked with [[Karl Gottlieb Pfander]], a [[Basel Mission]] missionary in Central Asia. He was sent back to England before the outbreak of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the Sepoy Mutiny.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="lyle"/>

While in [[London]], he married Elizabeth Mary Browne, daughter of a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] doctor who retired on 14 May 1858 after forty-four years of service in Calcutta. Elizabeth had corresponded with Clark as a "Collector" for the Peshawar mission. She was a linguist with experience in the [[Sanskrit]], [[Urdu]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Italian language]]s. She also worked as a ''Sister of St. John'' at the [[King's College Hospital]]. Both sailed back to India and joined in Peshawar station in 1858.<ref name="R1"/> In Peshawar they adopted an orphan baby [[Henry Martyn Clark]] born 1857, adopted 1859, later to study medicine at Edinburgh University and become a medical missionary in Kashmir.{{fact|date=February 2022}}

In 1863 at the Punjab missionary conference, Clark advocated the formation of the Punjab Medical Missionary Society. It was subsequently formed at [[Lahore]] on 24 January 1864, to work with the [[Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society]],<ref>[http://www.emms.org/about-us/origins-and-background The Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210024846/http://www.emms.org/about-us/origins-and-background |date=10 December 2012 }}, Origins and Background, www.emms.org</ref> especially in the valley of Kashmir.<ref name="lyle"/>

===Kashmir (1864–1868)===
Accordingly, Clark and his wife ventured into Kashmir and opened a dispensary. Elizabeth started as a doctor, though she was not a qualified doctor as such, only having worked as a ''Sister'' before; however, she knew more than the native [[Unani|hakims]] - [[Herbalist]]s. Crowds, as many as hundreds of women, who would have died of simple illness, came to consult her, and Clark started his career as a teacher. Clark started the Kashmir mission in 1864. The first attempt at ''Medical Mission'' work had met with great opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ladakhstudies.org/resources/News/JMB111.pdf |title= Arthur Neve (1859 – 1919) and a Mission Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmi |quote= In 1864 Robert Clark (1825– 1900) of the senior Christian Missionary Society in the Punjab with his wife crossed the mountain passes into the far-famed valley of Kashmir during the hot season and with characteristic energy and without seeking anybody’s help in 1865 quietly opened a dispensary to be run in Srinagar by his wife on her own |publisher= ladakhstudies.org/ |access-date= April 23, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064420/http://ladakhstudies.org/resources/News/JMB111.pdf |archive-date= March 5, 2016 }}</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2022}}

Elizabeth's success as a doctor in Kashmir provided a "key" to Clark to unlock the minds of natives; subsequently he initiated the movement that resulted in the wide establishment of "Medical missions" throughout India. According to Clark:<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ladakhstudies.org/resources/News/JMB111.pdf |title= Arthur Neve (1859 – 1919) and a Mission Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmi |quote= In 1864 Robert Clark (1825– 1900) of the senior Christian Missionary Society in the Punjab with his wife crossed the mountain passes into the far-famed valley of Kashmir during the hot season and with characteristic energy and without seeking anybody’s help in 1865 quietly opened a dispensary to be run in Srinagar by his wife on her own. She was not a qualified doctor but she seemed to know more than the native Hakims and soon a hundred patients were attending each day. |publisher= NY Times Co. |access-date= April 22, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064420/http://ladakhstudies.org/resources/News/JMB111.pdf |archive-date= March 5, 2016 }}</ref>{{Cquote|Medical Missions are amongst the most important means of evangelising India; and the attention of all Societies should be more distinctly drawn that has hitherto been the case to the opportunities which they afford.<ref name="lyle"/>
}}

===England (1868–1876)===
Clark and his wife returned to England in 1868.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

===Punjab (1876–1900)===
They both returned to India in 1876, this time landing in [[Bombay]] (present [[Mumbai]]).<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/>

He became the first chairman of the Punjab Native Church council when the "[[Lahore]] Diocese" was established in 1877. He also served as the first secretary of the CMS mission between 1878 and 1898. He served as the first secretary of the [[Church of England]] [[Zenana]] Missionary Society between 1878 and 1900.

Clark died on 16 May 1900 at [[Kasauli]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], at the age of seventy-seven.<ref name="R2"/>

==Publications==
* ''The missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society in the Punjab and Sindh'', edited and revised and by Robert Maconachie, Published London: Church Missionary Society, 1904.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/cms-3-13/contents-of-reels.aspx |title=REEL 168 |work=Section III: Central Records, Part 13: CMS Collection of Lives of Missionaries held at the Church Missionary Society Library |quote=REEL 168 refers to ''The missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society in the Punjab and Sindh'', by the late Rev. Robert Clark, edited and revised by Robert Maconachie. vii, 280p |publisher= CMS Archive, www.ampltd.co.uk |access-date= 22 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles201104.html |title= Blind and Sighted Pioneer Teachers in 19th Century China and India (revised edition) |author = M. Miles |quote= Footnote [224] refers to: Robert Clark (1904) ''The Missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society in the Punjab and Sindh'', edited and revised by Robert Maconachie, London: Church Missionary Society. |access-date= 22 April 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Zenana#Zenana missions|Zenana Mission]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Jul04-Print-Edition/163107200455.htm Christian mission in Kashmir], Book Review by Yoginder Sikand, The Milli Gazette
* [http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/cms_section_vi_part_6/contents-of-reels.aspx Rev Robert Clark 1853-1878], Letters, journals and papers of individual missionaries, catechists and others, CMS Archive, Section VI, Part 6, REEL 120, Ref: C I 1 O 69
* [http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/cms-6-06/highlights.aspx Rev Robert Clark], CMS Archive, Section VI, Part 6
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/12.html Chapter XII. The First Medical Missions], [http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/ "Beginnings in India"] by Eugene Stock. Originally published 1917. Project Canterbury, anglicanhistory.org

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Robert}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:English Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century English people]]
[[Category:People from North Kesteven District]]
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Maharani Girls' High School

2026-01-23T19:24:37Z

MishaelNab: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Maharani Girls High School
| image =
| caption =
| address =
| city =
| district = [[Darjeeling]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.0372835|N|88.2619141|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|1908}}
| category = [[Higher Secondary]]
| campus = Urban
| founder = [[Suniti Devi|Maharani Suniti Devi]] & [[Sucharu Devi|Maharani Sucharu Devi]]
| headmaster =
| affiliations = [[WBBSE]] & [[WBCHSE]]
| website =
}}

'''Maharani Girls High School''' is a [[Higher Secondary]] school for girls located at [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
The school was founded in 1908 through the efforts of Hemlata Sarkar, daughter of [[Sivanath Sastri]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Worlds of Sarala Devi / The Tagores and Sartorial Styles By Sukhendu Ray, Malavika Karlekar, Bharati Ray|year=2010|pages=8|isbn=9788187358312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pDxinD28AC&dq=maharani+school+darjeeling&pg=PA8|last1=Chaudhurani|first1=Sarala Devi|last2=Ray|first2=Sukhendu}}</ref> who was a [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]] reformist. Hemlata was aided by [[Suniti Devi]], the queen or Maharani of the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], and her sister, the [[Sucharu Devi|Maharani Sucharu Devi]] of [[Mayurbhanj State]], both daughters of another Brahmo reformist [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]. The maharanis funded the school and it was, therefore, was named Maharani Girls School.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Princes and Their States, Volume 3 By Barbara N. Ramusack|year=2004|pages=144|isbn=9781139449083|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=suniti+devi+cooch+behar&pg=PA144|last1=Ramusack|first1=Barbara N.}}</ref> It was upgraded to a High School in 1911.<ref>{{cite book|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjeeling|year=1980|publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers|pages=503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isJFAQAAIAAJ&q=maharani+}}</ref>

The school is affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and teaching is in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and English; [[Sanskrit]] is also taught as a subject.<ref>Darjeeling, a favoured retreat, 1989 pp:90</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Private schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Education in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1908]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in British India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

List of mandals in Telangana

2026-01-21T10:25:10Z

MishaelNab: new - done

{{short description|None}}
{{incomplete list|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandals of Telangana
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil|Mandal]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = Mandals
| subdivision_name4 = 614
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| governing_body =Mandal Parishad
| government_type = Mandal Revenue
}}

The table lists all the [[mandal]]s in the [[List of districts in Telangana|33 districts]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Part-I State Administrative Divisions 2001–2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part1.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=4,8–18}}</ref> The state comprises 612 mandals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=Telangana State Statistical Abstract (ATLAS) 2022 |url=https://telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Telangana-State-Statistical-Abstract-2022-1.pdf |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Telangana state portal |publisher=Government of Telangana |pages=3 |language=English}}</ref>

Each mandal is administered by a ''mandal revenue officer'', and consists several revenue villages.

==List of Mandals in Telangana==
{| class="sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+
|-
! class="unsortable" |Mandal Name
! District
|-
|
* Adilabad Rural
* Adilabad Urban
* Bazarhatnoor
* Bela
* [[Boath mandal|Boath]]
* Bheempoor
* Gudihathnur
* Ichoda
* [[Jainad mandal|Jainad]]
* Mavala
* [[Neradigonda mandal|Neradigonda]]
* Sirikonda
* Talamadagu
* [[Tamsi mandal|Tamsi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
|
* Gadiguda
* [[Indervelly, Adilabad|Inderavelly]]
* [[Narnoor]]
* [[Utnoor]]
|-
|
* Allapalli
* Annapureddypally
* [[Aswaraopeta]]
* Chandrugonda
* Chunchupally
* [[Dammapeta]]
* [[Gundala, Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Gundala]]
* [[Julurpadu|Julurpad]]
* Kothagudem
* Laxmidevipalli
* [[Mulakalapalli|Mulakalapalle]]
* Palvancha
* Sujathanagar
* [[Tekulapalli|Tekulapalle]]
* Yellandu
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhadradri district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|-
|
* Aswapuram
* Bhadrachalam
* [[Cherla mandal|Cherla]]
* Burgampahad
* Dummugudem
* [[Karakagudem]]
* Manuguru
* [[Pinapaka]]
|-
|
* Bheemadevarapalle
* [[Dharmasagar, India|Dharmasagar]]
* [[Elkathurthy]]
* [[Hanamkonda mandal|Hanamkonda]]
* [[Hasanparthy]]
* Inavole
* [[Kamalapur, Warangal (urban) district|Kamalapur]]
* [[Kazipet]]
* Velair
| rowspan="2" | [[Warangal (urban) district|Hanamkonda]]<ref name="Warangal Urban district">{{cite web|title=Warangal Urban district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130220055231.Warangal%20U.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223505/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130220055231.Warangal%20U.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Atmakur, Warangal (rural) district|Atmakur]]
* Damera
* Nadikuda
* [[Parkal]]
* [[Shyampet|Shayampet]]
|-
|
* [[Amberpet]]
* [[Asif Nagar]]
* Bahadurpura
* Bandlaguda
* Charminar
* Golkonda
* [[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayathnagar]]
* [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]]
* [[Saidabad]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
|-
|
* [[Ameerpet]]
* [[Khairatabad|Khairtabad]]
* [[Marredpally|Maredpally]]
* [[Musheerabad]]
* [[Secunderabad]]
* [[Shaikpet]]
* [[Tirumalagiri|Tirumalgiri]]
|-
|
* Beerpur
* Buggaram
* [[Dharmapuri, Telangana|Dharmapuri]]
* [[Gollapally, Jagtial district|Gollapalle]]
* [[Jagtial]]
* Jagtial Rural
* [[Kodimial]]
* [[Mallial]]
* [[Pegadapally|Pegadapalle]]
* [[Raikal]]
* [[Sarangapur, Jagtial district|Sarangapur]]
* [[Velgatoor]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
|-
|
* Ibrahimpatnam
* [[Mallapur, Jagtial district|Mallapur]]
* [[Metpally|Metpalli]]
|-
|
* [[Kathlapur]]
* [[Korutla]]
* [[Medipalle mandal|Medipalle]]
|-
|
* [[Bachannapet]]a
* [[Devaruppula|Devaruppala]]
* [[Jangaon, Telangana|Jangaon]]
* [[Lingalaghanpur]]
* [[Narmetta]]
* [[Raghunathpalle|Raghunathapalle]]
* Tharigoppula
| rowspan="2" | [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]<ref name="Jangoan district">{{cite web|title=Jangoan district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130297766234.Jangoan.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012152825/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130297766234.Jangoan.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
* Chilpur
* [[Kodakandla]]
* [[Palakurthi]]
* [[Ghanpur (Station)|Station Ghanpur]]
* [[Zaffergadh]]
|-
|
* [[Bhupalpalle]]
* [[Chityal, Warangal|Chityal]]
* [[Ghanpur (Mulug)|Ghanpur]]
* [[Kataram]]
* [[Mahadevpur]]
* [[Maha Mutharam]]
* [[Malharrao]]
* [[Mogullapalle]]
* Palimela
* [[Regonda]]
* [[Tekumatla]]
| [[Jayashankar district|Jayashankar Bhupalapally]]<ref name="Jayashankar district">{{cite web|title=Jayashankar district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130276325233.Jayashankar.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141212/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130276325233.Jayashankar.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
* Kaloor_Timmanadoddi
* Dharur
* Gadwal
* Itikyal
* Maldakal
* Ghattu
* Aiza
* Rajoli
* Waddepalle
* Manopad
* Undavelli
* Alampur
|[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
|-
|
* Banswada
* Bichkunda
* Birkoor
* Jukkal
* Madnur
* Nasurullabad
* Nizamsagar
* Pedda Kodapgal
* Pitlam
* Dongli
| rowspan="3" |[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
|-
|
* Bhiknoor
* Bibipet
* Domakonda
* Kamareddy
* Machareddy
* Rajampet
* Ramareddy
* Sadasivanagar
* Tadwai
* Palvancha
|-
|
* Gandhari
* Lingampet
* Naga Reddipet
* Yellareddy
|-
|
* Chigurumamidi
* Choppadandi
* Gangadhara
* Ganneruvaram
* Karimnagar
* Karimnagar (Rural-I)
* Karimnagar (Rural-II)
* Manakondur
* Ramadugu
* Thimmapur
| rowspan="2" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
|
* Ellandakunta
* Huzurabad
* Jammikunta
* Shankarapatnam
* V_Saidapur
* Veenavanka
|-
|
* Enkuru
* Kalluru
* Penuballi
* [[Sathupalli mandal|Sathupalli]]
* Thallada
* Vemsoor
| rowspan="2" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|-
|
* Bonakal
* Chinthakani
* Kamepalle
* Khammam_Rural
* Khammam_Urban
* Konijerla
* Kusumanchi
* [[Madhira mandal|Madhira]]
* Mudigonda
* Nelakondapalle
* Raghunadhapalem
* Singareni
* Thirumalayapalem
* Wyra
* [[Yerrupalem mandal|Yerrupalem]]
|-
|
* Asifabad
* Jainoor
* Kerameri
* Lingapur
* Rebbena
* Sirpur_U
* Tiryani
* Wankidi
| rowspan="2" |[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Kumuram Bheem Asifabad]]
|-
|
* Bejjur
* Chintalamanepally
* Dahegaon
* Kagaznagar
* Kouthala
* Penchikalpet
* Sirpur_T
|-
|
* Bayyaram
* Dornakal
* Ganagavaram
* Garla
* Gudur
* Kesamudram
* Kothaguda
* Kuravi
* Mahabubabad
* Seerole
* Inugurthy
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
|-
|
* Chinnagudur
* Danthalapalle
* Maripeda
* Narsimhulapet
* Nellikudur
* Peddavangara
* Thorrur
|-
|
* Addakal
* Balanagar
* Bhoothpur
* Chinna_Chintha_Kunta
* Devarkadara
* Gandeed
* Hanwada
* Jadcherla
* Koilkonda
* Mahabubnagar_Rural
* Mahabubnagar_Urban
* Midjil
* Mohammadabad
* Musapet
* Nawabpet
* Rajapur
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
|
* Bheemaram
* Chennur
* Dandepally
* Hajipur
* Jaipur
* Jannaram
* Kotapally
* Luxettipet
* [[Mancherial]]
* Mandamarri
* [[Naspur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|-
|
* Bellampally Mandal
* Bheemini
* Kannepally
* Kasipet
* Nennel
* Tandur
* Vempally
|-
|
* Alladurg
* Havelighanpur
* Medak
* Nizampet
* Papannapet
* Ramayampet
* Regode
* Shankarampet_A
* Shankarampet_R
* Tekmal
| rowspan="3" |[[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
|
* Chilipched
* Kowdipalle
* Kulcharam
* Narsapur
* Shivampet
|-
|
* Chegunta
* Manoharabad
* Masaipet
* Narsingi
* Tupran
* Yeldurthy
|-
|
* [[Alwal]]
* [[Bachupally]]
* [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy district|Balanagar]]
* [[Dundigal Gandimaisamma]]
* [[Kukatpally]]
* [[Malkajgiri]]
* [[Quthbullapur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]<ref name="Medchal district">{{cite web |title=Medchal-Malkajgiri district |url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125523/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf |archivedate=30 November 2016 |accessdate=11 October 2016 |website=New Districts Formation Portal}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Ghatkesar]]
* [[Kapra]]
* [[Keesara]]
* [[Medchal]]
* [[Medipally, Telangana]]
* Muduchintalpalli
* [[Shamirpet]]
* [[Uppal Village|Uppal]]
|-
|
* Eturnagaram
* Govindaraopet
* Kannaigudem
* Mangapet
* Mulugu
* Sammakka Saralamma Tadvai
* Venkatapur
* Venkatapuram
* Wazeed
|[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|-
|
* Achampet
* Amrabad
* Balmoor
* Lingal
* Padra
* Uppunuthala
| rowspan="4" |[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarukurnool]]
|-
|
* Charakonda
* Kalwakurthy
* Urkonda
* Vangoor
* Veldanda
|-
|
* Kodair
* Kollapur
* Peddakothapalle
* Pentlavelli
|-
|
* Bijinapalle
* Nagarkurnool
* Tadoor
* Telkapalle
* Thimmajipeta
|-
|
* Chandampet
* Chinthapalle
* Devarakonda
* Gundlapalle
* Gurrampode
* Kondamallapally
* Marriguda
* Nampalle
* Neredugommu
* Pedda_adiserlapalle
| rowspan="3" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
|
* Adavi devula palli
* Anumula_Haliya
* Damaracherla
* Madugulapally
* Miryalaguda
* Nidamanur
* Peddavoora
* Thripuraram
* Tirumalagiri_Sagar
* Vemulapalle
|-
|
* Chandur
* Chityala
* Kangal
* Kattangoor
* Kethepalle
* Munugode
* Nakrekal
* Narketpalle
* Nalgonda
* Saligouraram
* Thipparthi
|-
|
* Damaragidda
* Dhanwada
* Gundumal
* Kosgi
* Krishna
* Kottha pally
* Maddur
* Maganoor
* Makthal
* Marikal
* Narayanpet
* Narva
* Utkoor
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|-
|
* Basar
* Bhainsa
* Kubeer
* Kuntala
* Lokeshwaram
* Mudhole
* Tanoor
| rowspan="2" |[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|-
|
* Dastuarabad
* Dilawarpur
* Kaddampeddur
* Khanapur
* Laxmanchanda
* Mamada
* Narsapur_G
* Nirmal Rural
* Nirmal Urban
* Pembi
* Sarangapur
* Soan
|-
|
* Aloor
* Armur
* Balkonda
* Bheemgal
* Donkeshwar
* Jakranpalle
* Kammarpalle
* Mendora
* Mortad
* Mupkal
* Nandipet
* Vailpur
* Yergatla
| rowspan="3" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|-
|
* Bodhan
* Chandur
* Kotgiri
* Pothangal
* Mosra
* Ranjal
* Rudrur
* Saloora
* Varni
* Yedapalle
|-
|
* [[Dharpalle]]
* Dharpalle
* Dichpalle
* Indalwai
* Makloor
* Mugpal
* Navipet
* Nizamabad_North
* Nizamabad_Rural
* Nizamabad_South
* Sirkonda
|-
|
* Kamanpur
* Manthani
* Mutharam
* Ramagiri
| rowspan="2" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|-
|
* Anthergoan
* Dharmaram
* Elgaid
* Julapalle
* Palakurthy
* Peddapalli
* Ramagundam
* Srirampur
* Sultanabad
* Odela
|-
|
* Ellanthakunta
* Gambhiraopeta
* Mustabad
* Sircilla
* Thangallapalle
* Veernapalle
* Yellareddypeta
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
|
* Boinpalle
* Chandurthi
* [[Konaraopeta mandal|Konaraopeta]]
* Rudrangi
* Vemulawada
* Vemulawada_Rural
|-
|
* [[Chevella Mandal|Chevella]]
* [[Moinabad mandal|Moinabad]]
* [[Shabad, Telangana|Shabad]]
* [[Shankarpalli mandal|Shankarpalle]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Rangareddy]]
|-
|
* Abdullapurmet
* Hayathnagar
* [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]]
* [[Madgul]]
* [[Manchal (mandal)|Manchal]]
* Yacharam
|-
|
* Amangal
* Balapur
* Kadthal
* Kandukur
* Maheshwaram
* Saroornagar
* Talakonapally
|-
|
* Gandipet
* Rajendranagar
* Serilingampally
* Shamshabad
|-
|
* Farooqnagar
* Jilled Chowdergudem
* Keshampeta
* Kondurg
* Kothur
* Nandigam
* Shadnagar
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* [[Kalher]]
* [[Kangti]]
* [[Manoor, Medak|Manoor]]
* Nagilgidda
* [[Narayankhed]]
* Sirgapoor
| rowspan="3" style="background: #F0F8FF" | [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* Ameenpur
* Andole
* Gummadidala
* Hathnoora
* Jinnaram
* Kandi
* Kondapur
* Munipally
*[[Patancheru]]
* Pulkal
* [[Ramchandrapuram]]
* [[Sadasivpet]]
* [[Sangareddy]]
* Vatpally
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* Jharasangam
* Kohir
* Mogudampally
* Nyalkal
* Raikode
* Zaheerabad
|-
|
* [[Dubbaka|Dubbak]]
* Siddipet (Rural)
* [[Chinna Kodur|Chinnakodur]]
* Nangnoor
* Siddipet (Urban)
* Thoguta
* Mirdoddi
* [[Doultabad, Siddipet district|Doulthabad]]
* Komuravelli
* [[Cheriyal|Cherial]]
* Narayanaraopet
* Akberpet Bhoompally
| rowspan="3" | [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|-
|
* [[Raipole]]
* Wargal
* [[Mulug, Siddipet district|Mulug]]<nowiki/>u
* [[Markook, Telangana|Markook]]
* Jagdevpur
* [[Gajwel]]
* [[Kondapak]]
* [[Kukunoorpally]]
|-
|
* Akkannapet
* [[Bejjanki]]
* Dhoolmitta
* [[Husnabad]]
* [[Koheda, Siddipet district|Koheda]]
* Maddur
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* [[Athmakur (S) mandal|Atmakur(s)]]
* [[Chivvemla mandal|Chivvemla]]
* [[Jajireddygudem mandal|Jajireddygudem]]
* [[Maddirala mandal|Maddirala]]
* [[Mothey mandal|Mothey]]
* [[Nagaram mandal|Nagaram]]
* [[Nuthankal mandal|Nuthankal]]
* [[Penpahad mandal|Penpahad]]
* [[Thirumalagiri mandal|Thirumalagiri]]
* [[Thungathurthy mandal|Thungathurthy]]
* [[Suryapet mandal|Suryapet]]
| rowspan="3" style="background: #F0F8FF" | [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]<ref name="Suryapet district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* [[Ananthagiri mandal|Ananthagiri]]
* [[Chilkur mandal|Chilkur]]
* [[Kodad mandal|Kodad]]
* [[Munagala mandal|Munagala]]
* [[Nadigudem mandal|Nadigudem]]
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* [[Garidepally mandal|Garidepally]]
* [[Huzurnagar mandal|Huzurnagar]]
* [[Mallareddygudem mandal|Mallareddygudem]]
* [[Mattampally mandal|Mattampally]]
* [[Mellachervu mandal|Mellachervu]]
* [[Neredcherla mandal|Neredcherla]]
* [[Palakeedu mandal|Palakeedu]]
|-
|
* [[Basheerabad]]
* [[Bomraspeta|Bommaraspet]]
* [[Doulatabad, Mahbubnagar|Doulthabad]]
* [[Kodangal]]
* [[Peddemul]]
* [[Tandur]]
* [[Yalal|Yelal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]<ref name="Vikarabad district">{{cite web|title=Vikarabad district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075154/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=12 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Bantwaram]]
* [[Domah|Doma]]
* [[Dharur, Vikarabad district|Dharur]]
* [[Kotepally]]
* [[Kulkacherla]]
* [[Marpalle]]
* [[Mominpet]]
* [[Nawabpet, Vikarabad district|Nawabpet]]
* [[Parigi, Vikarabad district|Pargi]]
* [[Pudur, Vikarabad district|Pudur]]
* [[Vikarabad]]
|-
| style="background: #F0F8FF" |
* [[Amarchinta]]
* [[Atmakur, Wanaparthy|Atmakur]]
* [[Chinnambavi]]
* [[Ghanpur (Khilla)]]
* [[Gopalpeta]]
* [[Kothakota]]
* Madanapur
* [[Pangal, Wanaparthy|Pangal]]
* [[Pebbair]]
* [[Peddamandadi]]
* Revally
* Srirangapur
* [[Veepanagandla]]
* [[Wanaparthy]]
| rowspan="1" style="background: #F0F8FF" | [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]<ref name="Wanaparthy district">{{cite web|title=Wanaparthy district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130513358242.Wanaparthy.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222904/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130513358242.Wanaparthy.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Geesugonda]]
* Khila Warangal
* [[Parvathagiri]]
* [[Rayaparthy]]
* [[Wardhannapet]]
* [[Warangal mandal|Warangal]]
* Sangem
| rowspan="2" | [[Warangal (rural) district|Warangal]]<ref name="Warangal Rural district">{{cite web|title=Warangal Rural district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130244647232.Warangal%20R.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141630/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130244647232.Warangal%20R.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Chennaraopet]]
* [[Duggondi]]
* Khanapur
* [[Nallabelly]]
* [[Narsampet]]
* [[Nekkonda]]
|-
|
* Addaguduru
* [[Aler, Nalgonda district|Alair]]
* [[Atmakur (M), Nalgonda district|Atmakur (M)]]
* [[Bibinagar]]
* [[Bhongir, Telangana|Bhongir]]
* [[Bommalaramaram]]
* [[Gundala, Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Gundala]]
* [[Motakondur]]
* [[Mothkur]]
* [[Rajapet]]
* [[Turkapally]]
* [[Yadagirigutta, Telangana|Yadagirigutta]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]<ref name="Yadadri district">{{cite web|title=Yadadri district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130666005247.Yadadri.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012074915/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130666005247.Yadadri.pdf|archivedate=12 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Bhoodan Pochampally]]
* [[Choutuppal]]
* Narayanpur
* [[Ramannapeta|Ramannapet]]
* [[Valigonda]]
|}

''Note'': Bhurgampadu, Chintoor, Kukunoor, Kunavaram, Nellipaka, Vara Ramachandra Puram and Velerupadu mandals of the district were transferred to [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh takes control of seven mandals in Khammam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-takes-control-seven-mandals-khammam|access-date=27 February 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 September 2014|location=Khammam}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of districts of Telangana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandals in Telangana, List of}}
[[Category:Mandals in Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Telangana]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Telangana]]

List of most expensive buildings

2026-01-13T15:07:14Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{List_dispute|The_scope_of_this_list_is_unclear}}

In the following, a building is defined as a structure with a roof and walls that stands permanently in one place. Airports are excluded as their construction cost includes runways and systems; however, terminal buildings are included in the list.

{{legend|#c6f2dc|Indicates buildings still under construction that have been architecturally topped out but not yet fully opened|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
!Building
!City
!Country
!width=200|Architect/designer
!Current owner(s)
!Completed/ will complete
!data-sort-type="number" | Nominal cost ([[United States dollar|$US]]<nowiki>billion</nowiki>)
!Inflation-adjusted cost, 2021 ([[United States dollar|$US]]<nowiki>billion</nowiki>)
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[Masjid al-Haram|The Great Mosque of Mecca or Masjid al-Haram]] (Expansion Project)
|[[Mecca]]
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|[[Saudi Arabia|KSA]]
|[[Government of Saudi Arabia]]
|2025
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahy |first=Michael |date=2017-07-21 |title=King Salman launches five projects at Grand Mosque in Mecca |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/property/king-salman-launches-five-projects-at-grand-mosque-in-mecca-1.612283 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
|120
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[Hinkley Point C nuclear power station]]
|[[Somerset]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|[[EDF Energy]]
|2027
|40.0<ref name=feb23cost >{{cite news|title=EDF faces shouldering more of soaring bill for Hinkley Point |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ae5fb399-08ce-4045-bb70-45a6531ac5f2 | url-access = subscription |date=17 February 2023 |work=Financial Times |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Plant Vogtle]] (Units 3 & 4)
|[[Waynesboro, Georgia]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|[[Georgia Power]], [[Southern Company]]
|2023
|30.00
|{{Void}}
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[ITER]]
|[[Saint-Paul-lès-Durance]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Bernard Bigot]]
|[[ITER]]
|2025
|25.00
|{{Void}}
|-
|[[Flamanville 3]]
|[[Flamanville, Manche|Flamanville]]
|{{flag|France}}
|
|
|2023
|21.93
|
|-
|[[Akkuyu Nuclear Plant]]
|[[Mersin]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Denis Sezemin]]
|[[Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant]]
|2023
|20.00
|{{Void}}
|-
|[[Abraj Al Bait]]
|[[Mecca]]
|{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
|[[Saudi Binladin Group]]
|[[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Government of Saudi Arabia]]
|2012
|16.00
|{{Inflation|US|16.00|2012|2021|r=2}}
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]]
|[[Pabna]]
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|
|[[Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission]]
|2025
|12.65
|{{Void}}
|-
|[[Olkiluoto 3]]
|[[Eurajoki]]
|{{flag|Finland}}
|[[Areva]]
|[[Teollisuuden Voima]]
|2023<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2021/theradiationandnuclearsafetyauthorityhasgivenafuelloadingpermitfortheol3plantunit.html | title=TVO - the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority has given a fuel loading permit for the OL3 plant unit }}</ref>
|12.4<ref>{{Cite web| title=The World Nuclear Industry - Status Report 2019 | url=https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/wnisr2019-v2-hr.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215182900/https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/wnisr2019-v2-hr.pdf | archive-date=2019-12-15}}</ref>
|12.4
|-
|[[Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant]] (block 3 & 4)
|[[Mochovce]]
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|[[Slovenské elektrárne]]
|[[Slovenské elektrárne]]
|2023
|7.61<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mochovce new-build project receives loan boost : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Mochovce-new-build-project-receives-loan-boost|access-date=2021-01-05|website=www.world-nuclear-news.org}}</ref>
|46.75
|-
| [[International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)|International Finance Centre]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
| {{flag|Hong Kong|name=Hong Kong SAR}}
| [[Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects]]
| [[Sun Hung Kai Properties]], [[Henderson Land Development]], [[The Hong Kong and China Gas Company|Towngas]]
| 2003
| 6.4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/453114/ifc-land-deal-sets-new-record |title=IFC land deal sets new record |website=South China Morning Post |date=2003}}</ref>
| {{Inflation|US|6.4|2003|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[SoFi Stadium]]
|[[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[HKS, Inc.]]
|[[Kroenke Sports & Entertainment]]
|2020
|5.5<ref>{{cite news|last=Brinson|first=Will|title=NFL Reportedly Raising Debt Limit on Rams Stadium after L.A. Project nears $5B Price Tag|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/nfl-reportedly-raising-debt-limit-on-rams-stadium-after-l-a-project-nears-5b-price-tag|date=27 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|5.5|2018|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Marina Bay Sands]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Moshe Safdie]]
|[[Las Vegas Sands]]
|2010
|5.5<ref>[https://www.constructionglobal.com/top-10/10-most-expensive-buildings-world The 10 most expensive buildings in the world]</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|5.50|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Marina One]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Ingenhoven Architects]]
|[[Khazanah Nasional Berhad]], [[Temasek Holdings]]
|2017
|5.32<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pm-lee-najib-open-marina-one-and-duo-integrated-developments|title=PM Lee, Najib open Marina One and Duo integrated developments|date=15 January 2018|website=Today Online}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|5.32|2017|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Apple Park]]
|[[Cupertino, California]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Foster and Partners]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/15/norman-foster-apple-hq-mothership-spaceship-architecture|title=All hail the mothership: Norman Foster's $5bn Apple HQ revealed|first=Oliver|last=Wainwright|date=15 November 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
|[[Apple Inc.]]
|2017
|5.0<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-04/inside-apples-plans-for-its-futuristic-5-billion-headquarters - Apple Campus 2 cost 5 billion] Projects: Foster and Partners</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|5.00|2015|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Resorts World Sentosa]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Michael Graves]]
|[[Genting Group]]
|2010
|4.93<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-architect.co.uk/singapore/sentosa_resort.htm|title=Resorts World Sentosa: Singapore Buildings - e-architect|date=20 July 2010}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|4.93|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Wynn Palace]]
|[[Cotai]]
|{{Flag|Macau}}
|Butler/Ashworth Architects and Wong & Ouyang
|[[Wynn Resorts]]
|2016
|4.2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/muhammadcohen/2016/09/25/stylish-new-wynn-palace-pretends-its-still-2013/|title=Wynn Opens Extravagant $4.2B Palace In Slumping Macau|last=Cohen|first=Muhammad|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|4.2|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas|The Cosmopolitan]]
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Brad Friedmutter|Friedmutter Group]] with [[Arquitectonica]]
|[[The Blackstone Group]]
|2010
|4.1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arquitectonica.com/blog/portfolio/hospitality/cosmopolitan-grand-hyatt-resort-casino/|title=The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - Arquitectonica|date=25 October 2010}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|4.1|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Asia Square]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Denton Corker Marshall]] with Architects61
|[[CapitaLand|CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust]], Qatar Investment Authority
|2013
|4.06<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/finance/blackrock-confirms-sale-of-asia-square-tower-1-for-s3-4bil/|title=Blackrock confirms sale of Asia Square Tower 1 for S$3.4bil|date=6 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/business/property/blackrock-sells-singapore-office-tower-s21-billion-capitaland|title=CCT buys Asia Square Tower 2 for S$2.09b|date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|4.06|2017|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[One Bangkok]]
|[[Bangkok]]
|[[Thailand]]
|[[SOM (architectural firm)|SOM]], A49, [[Kohn Pedersen Fox|KPF]], Lead8
|TCC Assets(Thailand), [[Frasers Property]](Thailand)
|2030
|3.9
|
|-
|[[Suntec City]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[I. M. Pei]] with [[DP Architects]] and [[Tsao & McKown Architects]]
|Suntec REIT
|1997
|3.81<ref>{{cite web|url=https://suntecreit.listedcompany.com/newsroom/20220727_072821_T82U_7EZMZOKV4IANMW6D.4.pdf|title=Suntec City valued at S$5.3bn as of 30 June 2022 (Page 54) after completion of expansion and renovation works|date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
|3.81
|-
|[[One World Trade Center]]
|[[New York City]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]
|The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
|2012
|3.8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/31/one-world-trade-center-will-cost-38-billion-dollars-expensive-building-in-the-world_n_1243917.html|title=One World Trade Center Will Cost $3.8 Billion, Making It The Most Expensive Building In The World|date=31 January 2012|via=Huff Post}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|3.80|2012|2021|r=2}}
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[New Commanders Stadium]]
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|TBD
|[[Events DC]]
|2030
|3.7<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gathright |first1=Jenny |last2=Flynn |first2=Meagan |title=The Washington Commanders stadium is coming to D.C. Here's what to expect. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/09/18/washington-commanders-stadium-approved-dc/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 22, 2025 |date=September 18, 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[One Vanderbilt]]
|[[New York City]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Kohn Pedersen Fox]]
|[[SL Green Realty]], [[National Pension Service|National Pension Service of Korea]], [[Hines Interests Limited Partnership]], [[Mori Building Company]]
|2020
|3.31<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 30, 2018 |orig-date= |title=Third Quarter 2018 Supplemental Data |url=https://slgreen.gcs-web.com/static-files/6b6c9783-99d0-4c3f-86dd-c77210c25c36 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=SL Green}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Marina Bay Financial Centre]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] with DCA Architects
|[[Hongkong Land]], [[Keppel Corporation|Keppel REIT]], [[Suntec City|Suntec REIT]], [[DBS Bank]]
|2012
|3.21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keppelreit.com/file/investor-relations/publications/circulars-and-statements/k-reit-asia-circular-mbfc-phase-1-8-november-2010.pdf|title=MBFC valued at S$4,280.4 million in Sep 2010 (Page E-16)|date=2010|website=Forbes}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|3.21|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Lotte World Tower]]
|[[Seoul]]
|{{flag|Republic of Korea}}
|[[James von Klemperer]]
|[[Lotte Corporation]]
|2016
|3.11
|{{Inflation|US|3.11|2005|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Emirates Palace]]
|[[Abu Dhabi]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|[[John Elliott (architect)|John Elliott]]
|[[Abu Dhabi#Government|Abu Dhabi Government]]
|2005
|3.00
|{{Inflation|US|3.00|2005|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Palace of the Parliament]]
|[[Bucharest]]
|{{flag|Romania}}
|[[Anca Petrescu]]
|[[Romanian Government]]
|1997
|3.00
|{{Inflation|US|3.00|1997|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Wynn Resort]]
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|Butler/Ashworth Architects and [[Jon Jerde|Jerde Partnership]]
|[[Wynn Resorts Limited|Wynn Resorts]]
|2005
|2.70
|{{Inflation|US|3.70|2005|2021|r=2}}
|-
|Central Boulevard Towers
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[CallisonRTKL]] with Architects61
|[[IOI Group]]
|2023
|2.52<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/property/2020/09/621449/ioi-propertiescentral-boulevard-singapore-complete-only-2023|title=IOI Properties' Central Boulevard in Singapore to complete only in 2023|date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|2.52|2020|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Venetian Macau]]
|[[Macau]]
|{{flag|Macau}}
|[[Aedas]]
|[[Las Vegas Sands]]
|2005
|2.4<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aedas.com/Venetian-Macao-Resort-Hotel |title=The Venetian® Macao-Resort-Hotel {{!}} Aedas {{!}} Architecture {{!}} Hotel & Resort {{!}} Cotai Strip®, Macau |website=www.aedas.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312005356/http://www.aedas.com/Venetian-Macao-Resort-Hotel |archive-date=2011-03-12}} </ref>
|{{Inflation|US|2.40|2005|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[City of Dreams (casino)|City of Dreams]]
|[[Macau]]
|{{flag|Macau}}
|[[Arquitectonica]]
|[[Melco Resorts & Entertainment|Melco Crown Entertainment]]
|2009
|2.40
|{{Inflation|US|2.40|2009|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Antilia (building)|Antilia]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|{{flag|India}}
|[[Perkins and Will]] and [[Hirsch Bedner Associates]]
|[[Mukesh Ambani]]
|2010
|2.6
|{{Inflation|US|2.6|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Raffles City Singapore|Raffles City]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[I. M. Pei]], Architects61
|[[CapitaLand]]
|1986
|2.35<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitaland.com/content/dam/capitaland-newsroom/International/2020/september/cmt-cct-to-seek-unitholder-approval/04_CMT_Circular_20200904.pdf|title=Raffles City valued at S$3.266bn as of 30 June 2020 (page 85 & 88) after completion of renovation works|date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|2.35|2020|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Guoco Tower]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] with Architects61
|[[Guoco Group]]
|2016
|2.27<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guocoland.com.sg/Documents/PressReleases/2016/TPC-MediaRelease.pdf|title=GuocoLand Celebrates Topping Out Milestone for Tanjong Pagar Centre|date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|2.27|2016|2021|r=2}}
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[National Children's Hospital Ireland|National Children's Hospital]]
|[[Dublin]]
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|Benedict Zucchi
|[[Children's Health Ireland]]
|2026
|2.2<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Colin|date=2025-01-31|title=National Children’s Hospital not world’s most expensive healthcare facility, report finds|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/health/2025/01/31/national-childrens-hospital-not-worlds-most-expensive-healthcare-facility-report-finds/|access-date=2025-10-19|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref>
|
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[Comcentre]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Kohn Pedersen Fox]]
|[[Singtel]]
|2028
|2.19<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.singtel.com/about-us/media-centre/news-releases/singtel-partners-lendlease-to-transform-comcentre-into-s-3-billi|title=Singtel partners Lendlease to transform Comcentre into S$3 billion next-generation landmark development for Singapore|date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
|2.19
|-
|[[Marina Square]] Complex
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|John Portman & Associates
|[[UOL Group]], [[Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group]]
|1986
|2.17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uol.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/uol-reports/files/UOL_Annual_Report_2021.pdf|title=Construction cost unknown. Total valuation of Marina Square Shopping Mall, Parkroyal Collection Marina Bay and Pan Pacific Singapore stands at S$2.59bn as at 31 Dec 2021 (page 77–79)|date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://photos.mandarinoriental.com/is/content/MandarinOriental/corporate-21arMOIL|title=Mandarin Oriental Singapore valued at US$252 milion as at 31 Dec 2021 (page 53)|date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|2.17
|-
|[[Royal Adelaide Hospital]]
|[[Adelaide]]
|{{flag|Australia}}
|Silver Thomas Hanley & DesignInc
|[[Government of South Australia]]
|2017
|2.1<ref name="Emporis-Most-Expensive">{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-expensive-buildings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315011511/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-expensive-buildings |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 March 2015 |title=The Most Expensive Buildings in the World |publisher=[[Emporis]] |access-date=December 30, 2024 }}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Taipei 101]]
|[[Taipei]]
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|[[Chu-Yuan Lee|C.Y. Lee & Partners]]
|[[Taipei Financial Center Corporation]]
|2004
|1.80
|{{Inflation|US|1.80|2004|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[The Palazzo]]
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[HKS, Inc.]]
|[[Las Vegas Sands]]
|2007
|1.80
|{{Inflation|US|1.80|2007|2021|r=2}}
|-
|Guoco Midtown
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Denton Corker Marshall]]
|[[Guoco Group]]
|2024
|1.77<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edgeprop.sg/property-news/guoco-midtown-poised-become-beach-roads-new-landmark|title=Guoco Midtown poised to become Beach Road's new landmark|date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.77|2019|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Lakhta Center]]
|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[RMJM]] (until 2011), Gorproject
|[[Gazprom Neft]]
|2018
|1.77<ref>{{Cite news|title=Газпром» раскрыл стоимость строительства самого высокого здания Европы|url=https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5bed46bd9a794728d6707196|access-date=2020-12-25|newspaper=Рбк Недвижимость|language=ru}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.77|2012|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[South Beach Tower|South Beach]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Foster and Partners|Foster + Partners]]
|[[Allianz|Allianz Real Estate]], [[Gaw Capital]], Hoi Hup Realty
|2016
|1.75<ref>{{cite web|url=http://propertyhighlights.blogspot.com/2007/09/citydev-says-its-investment-in-south.html|title=Original article on Channel NewsAsia deleted; CityDev Says Its Investment In South Beach Project Will Hit S$2.73b|date=11 September 2007}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.75|2007|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Camp Nou]]
|[[Barcelona]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|Francesc Mitjans and Josep Soteras
|[[FC Barcelona]]
|2018
|1.73
|{{Inflation|US|1.73|2018|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Karolinska University Hospital|Nya Karolinska Hospital]]
|[[Stockholm]]
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|Whitearkitekter & White Tengbom team
|[[Stockholm County Council|Region Stockholm]]
|2018
|2.4 (23 B SEK<ref>{{cite news|title=Nya Karolinska tio miljarder kronor dyrare att bygga|url=https://www.svd.se/nya-karolinska-tio-miljarder-kronor-dyrare-att-bygga|website=[[Svenska Dagbladet]]|date=5 May 2015|last1=Ennart|first1=Henrik}}</ref>)
|2.42
|-
|[[Crown Sydney]]
|[[Sydney]]
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[WilkinsonEyre]]
|[[Crown Resorts]]
|2020
|1.68
|1.72
|-
|-
|[[Kemi Bio Product Factory]] (Kemin biotuotetehdas)
|[[Kemi]]
|{{flag|Finland}}
|[[Metsä Group]]
|[[Metsä Fibre]]
|2023
|1.68
|1.72
|-
|[[Queensland Children's Hospital]]
|[[Brisbane]]
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Conrad Gargett]]
|[[Queensland Government]]
|2014
|1.59 (2.2 AU$)
|{{Inflation|US|1.59|2014|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Bellagio (resort)|Bellagio]]
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|DeRuyter Butler and Atlandia Design
|[[Bellagio LLC|Bellagio]] ([[MGM Resorts International]] is the owner of the company)
|1998
|1.60
|{{Inflation|US|1.60|1998|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Seat of the European Central Bank|Seat of the ECB]]
|[[Frankfurt]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Coop Himmelb(l)au]]
|[[European Central Bank]]
|2013
|1.57<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/ecb-eurozone-bank.ig9|title=ECB's new building to cost more than expected, says official — EUbusiness.com - EU news, business and politics|last=eub2}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.57|2013|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Ocean Financial Centre]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[César Pelli]]
|[[Keppel Corporation|Keppel REIT]]
|2011
|1.53<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keppelreit.com/property-portfolio/portfolio-statistics/|title=Ocean Financial Centre valued at S$2.0662bn as of 31 Dec 2021|date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|1.53
|-
|[[DUO]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Ole Scheeren]]
|[[Allianz|Allianz Real Estate]], [[Gaw Capital]], Hoi Hup Realty
|2018
|1.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/property/ms-sell-andaz-hotel-duo-s475m-hoi-hup-realty|title=M+S to sell Andaz hotel at Duo for S$475m to Hoi Hup Realty|date=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/property/temasek-khazanah-jv-confirms-s158-billion-duo-sale|title=Temasek-Khazanah JV confirms S$1.58 billion Duo sale|date=30 July 2019}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.50|2019|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Wembley Stadium]]
|[[London]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Foster and Partners]]
|[[The Football Association]]
|2006
|1.50
|{{Inflation|US|1.50|2006|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Yankee Stadium]]
|[[New York City]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Populous (company)|Populous]]
|[[New York City Economic Development Corporation|New York City Industrial Development Agency]]
|2009
|1.50
|{{Inflation|US|1.50|2009|2021|r=2}}
|-
|Termoelektrarna Šoštanj blok 6<ref>[[:sl:Termoelektrarna Šoštanj blok 6]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}}
|[[Šoštanj]]
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|n.a.
|[[Government of Slovenia]]
|2014
|1.6
|{{Inflation|US|1.6|2014|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Burj Khalifa]]
|[[Dubai]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|[[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill|Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill]]
|[[Emaar Properties]]
|2010
|1.5<ref>[https://www.arabianbusiness.com/burj-dubai-cost-1-5bn-build-27430.html Burj Dubai cost $1.5bn to build]</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.5|2010|2021|r=2}}
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[The One (Toronto)|The One]]
|[[Toronto]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Foster and Partners]], Core Architects
|Mizrahi Developments
|2027
|1.4<ref name="BNNReceiver">{{cite news |last1=Altstedter |first1=Ari |date=19 October 2023 |title=Toronto skyscraper with $1.7 billion of debt has been put in receivership |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/toronto-skyscraper-with-1-7-billion-of-debt-has-been-put-in-receivership-1.1987048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020144616/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/toronto-skyscraper-with-1-7-billion-of-debt-has-been-put-in-receivership-1.1987048 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |publisher=BNN Bloomberg}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[CapitaSpring]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Bjarke Ingels Group]], [[Carlo Ratti]]
|[[CapitaLand]]
|2021
|1.35<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edgeprop.sg/property-news/capitaspring-banks-‘back-office’-recovery-premium-office-space|title=CapitaSpring banks on 'back to office', recovery in premium office space|date=25 February 2022}}</ref>
|1.35
|-
|- style{{=}}"background:#c6f2dc;"
|[[Skywaters Residences]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]
|Perennial Holdings
|2028
|1.24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theedgesingapore.com/news/property/chip-eng-seng-acquire-minority-interest-8-shenton-way-213-mil|title=Chip Eng Seng to acquire minority interest in 8 Shenton Way for $2.13 mil|date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
|1.24
|-
|Frasers Tower
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[DP Architects]]
|[[Frasers Property]], [[National Pension Service]]
|2018
|1.45<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/finance/frasers-sells-50-stake-in-s2b-sg-tower-to-koreas-nps/|title=Frasers Property selling 50% stake in S$2B Singapore tower to Korea's NPS|date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.45|2019|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Gigafactory 1]]
|[[Storey County, Nevada]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|HOK, Bennett Wagner & Grody Architects, RMH Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, [[M.A. Mortenson Company|Mortenson Construction]], and CH2M HILL
|[[Tesla Inc.|Tesla, Inc.]]
|2020
|1.31<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.buildzoom.com/property-info/electric-ave-mccarran-nv | title=Building Permits at Electric Avenue, McCarran, NV, 89434}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.31|2015|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Äänekoski Bio Product Factory]] (Äänekosken biotuotetehdas)
|[[Äänekoski]]
|{{flag|Finland}}
|
|[[Metsä Group]]
|2017
|1.33 (1.2B€)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/tama-sinetoi-aanekosken-investointipaatoksen/29ddd814-449f-3b32-9b85-1e1b6f05c684 | title=Tämä sinetöi Äänekosken investointipäätöksen | date=9 June 2023 }}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.33|2017|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Mall of Tripla]]
|[[Helsinki]]
|{{flag|Finland}}
|[[Arkkitehdit Soini & Horto]]
|[[YIT]], [[Ilmarinen Mutual Pension Insurance Company|Ilmarinen]]
|2019
|1.33 (1.1 B€)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2019-02-25|title=A new development in Helsinki|url=https://europa.eu/investeu/projects/new-development-helsinki_en|access-date=2020-12-25|website=investEU - European Commission|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mall of Tripla, Pasila - Home|url=https://malloftripla.fi/en|access-date=2020-12-25|website=malloftripla.fi|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.33|2020|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[181 Mercer Street]]
|[[New York City|New York]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Davis Brody Bond]]
|[[New York University]]
|2023
|1.285<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/university-initiatives/academic-space-projects/181-mercer-street/background/faqs.html#:~:text=How%20much%20will%20181%20Mercer,is%20projected%20at%20%241.285%20billion.|date=12 April 2019|website=New York University|access-date=3 March 2021|title=FAQs }}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.285|2016|2021|r=2}}
|-
|-
|[[Jewel Changi Airport]] (mixed-use building)
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Moshe Safdie]]
|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Changi Airport]] Group
|2019
|1.26<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90332110/singapores-1-3-billion-airport-expansion-is-half-botanical-garden-half-mega-mall|title=Singapore's $1.3 billion airport expansion is half botanical garden, half mega-mall|date=12 April 2019|website=Fast Company|access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.26|2016|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Comcast Technology Center]]
|[[Philadelphia]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Foster and Partners]]
|[[Comcast]]
|2018
|1.5<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2018/05/15/cost-overruns-such-as-the-67m-at-comcast.html|title=Cost overruns, such as the $67M at Comcast Technology Center, not uncommon|date=15 May 2018|website=Philadelphia Business Journal|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.5|2018|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Merdeka 118]]
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
| [[Fender Katsalidis Architects|Fender Katsalidis]] in association with RSP KL
|[[Permodalan Nasional Berhad|PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd]]
|2023
|1.21
|
|-
|[[Cinnamon Life Integrated Resort]]
|[[Colombo]]
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Cecil Balmond]]
|[[John Keells Holdings]]
|2024
|1.2<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Keells Group unveils $ 1.2 b Cinnamon Life at City of Dreams Sri Lanka today {{!}} Daily FT |url=https://www.ft.lk/front-page/John-Keells-Group-unveils-1-2-b-Cinnamon-Life-at-City-of-Dreams-Sri-Lanka-today/44-767989 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref>
|1.2
|-
|[[Petronas Twin Towers]]
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[César Pelli]]
|[[KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd|KLCC Holdings]]
|1999
|1.16
|{{Inflation|US|1.16|1999|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[CapitaGreen]]
|[[Singapore]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Toyo Ito]]
|[[CapitaLand]]
|2014
|1.11<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cct-trust.listedcompany.com/newsroom/20120206_114553_C61U_33986B12D4333B9B4825799C000BE94B.1.pdf|title=CapitaGreen at 138 Market Street, a new business address in Singapore's CBD|date=6 February 2012}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.11|2012|2021|r=2}}
|-
|[[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]
|[[Canberra]]
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Romaldo Giurgola]]
|[[Parliament of Australia]]
|1988
|0.848<ref>[[Parliament House, Canberra]]</ref>
|1.7
|-
|[[Bełchatów Power Station]] 858 MW unit
|[[Bełchatów]]
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|
|[[PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna|Pge]]
|2011
|1.29<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blok 858 MW w Bełchatowie uruchomiony - SERWIS INFORMACYJNY CIRE 24 |url=https://www.cire.pl/artykuly/serwis-informacyjny-cire-24/65392-blok-858-mw-w-belchatowie-uruchomiony |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.cire.pl}}</ref>
|{{Inflation|US|1.29|2011|2021|r=2}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Megaproject]]
*[[List of megaprojects]]
*[[List of largest buildings]]
*[[List of tallest buildings]]
*[[List of largest hotels]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.maaseuduntulevaisuus.fi/talous/artikkeli-1.225844|title=Fennovoiman hinta noussut jo 6,5–7 miljardiin euroon|website=Maaseudun Tulevaisuus|language=fi|access-date=13 January 2019}}

{{TBSW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Most Expensive Buildings In The World, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of construction records|Expensive Buildings In The World, List Of Most]]
[[Category:Lists of most expensive things|buildings]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures]]

Progressive Muslim League

2026-01-03T07:39:19Z

MishaelNab: Done...

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
The '''Progressive Muslim League''' was a [[political party]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UW4YAQAAIAAJ|volume=22|year=1970|publisher=Siddhartha Publications|page=62}}</ref><ref name="Singh1993">{{cite book|author=S. Nihal Singh|title=The rocky road of Indian democracy: Nehru to Narasimha Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tO1AAAAIAAJ|date=1 March 1993|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-1526-4|page=49}}</ref> The party emerged ahead of the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Roychoudhury1977">{{cite book|author=Profulla Roychoudhury|title=West Bengal--a Decade, 1965-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujluAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Boipatra|page=130}}</ref> The party won three seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]; Nasiruddin Khan in [[Naoda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoda]], Ahammad Aktabuddin in [[Hariharpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hariharpara]] and Harun-or-Rashid in [[Deganga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deganga]].<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |publisher= Election Commission |accessdate = 3 December 2016}}</ref> The party had contested 40 out of 280 seats in the election, obtaining 208,574 votes (1.56% of the state-wide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> The party supported the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government in the state, without joining it.<ref name="Roychoudhury1985">{{cite book|author=Profulla Roychoudhury|title=Left Experiment in West Bengal|url=https://archive.org/details/leftexperimentin0000royc|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=Patriot Publishers|page=[https://archive.org/details/leftexperimentin0000royc/page/92 92]}}</ref>

In the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the PML fielded two candidates, none of whom was elected.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 6 February 2015}}</ref> The party obtained 13,821 votes (0.11%).<ref name=vidhansabha1971/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-party-stub}}
{{WestBengal-stub}}

Blesson Thomas

2025-12-27T08:50:40Z

MishaelNab: starting article

{{Short description|Indian music and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Blesson Thomas
| image = Blesson Thomas.jpg
| caption = At London,Oxford in 2023
| birth_place = [[Iritty]], Kerala, India
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]|[[world music]]}}
| instrument =
| occupation = {{hlist|composer|Instrumentalist|Film director|Writer}}
| years_active =
| label =
| website = {{URL|www.blessonthomas.com}}| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Blesson Thomas''' is an Indian music director, film director, music producer and writer. He has composed music for [[Malayalam films]], advertising films and television commercial [[jingle]]s in different languages.

He started his music career assisting music directors [[Tony Joseph Pallivathukal]] and [[Jubair Muhammed]] in Kochi. As a music producer, he has collaborated with several music directors in the South Indian music industry. He made his debut as a film score composer in 2024 with the movie ''L'' directed by Shoji Sebastian.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shoji-sebastian-l-movie-releases-on-friday-1.9459457 |trans-title=Shoji Sebastian's 'L' hits theaters on Friday |language=ml |date=5 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=ഷോജി സെബാസ്റ്റ്യന്റെ 'എല്‍' വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/shoji-sebastian-movie-l-official-teaser-out-1194306 |trans-title=Excited Shoji Sebastian film 'L'! Teaser |date=20 Aug 2023 |newspaper=[[Madhyamam]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=ആകാംഷയുണർത്തി ഷോജി സെബാസ്റ്റ്യൻ ചിത്രം 'എല്‍'! ടീസർ |language=ml}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Blesson Thomas, the youngest son of Thomas P.T. and Mini John, was born in [[Iritty]], located in the [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]], India.He attended the Government Higher Secondary School in [[Meenangadi]], [[Wayanad]], and earned a bachelor's degree in Music from [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]] in [[Thripunithura]], [[Kochi]]. From a very young age, he received training in [[Carnatic Music]] and Piano.

== Career ==
=== Music ===
Blesson Thomas began his career by composing music for television and commercials, amassing nearly a thousand [[jingles]] to his credit. The song ''Pularumbo Thotte'' from the movie [[Kunddala Puranam|''Kundalapuranam'']], sung by [[Abhaya Hiranmayi]], was a hit.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/01/pularumbo-thotte-song-from-the-movie-kunddala-puranam.html |trans-title=A song from 'Kundala Puranam' sung by Abhaya Hiranmayi; Remarkable |language=ml |date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=അഭയ ഹിരൺമയിയുടെ സ്വരഭംഗിയിൽ 'കുണ്ഡല പുരാണ'ത്തിലെ പാട്ട്; ശ്രദ്ധേയം}}</ref> Following this, the song ''Thattikko Thattare'', sung by Sarath Chettan, also captured the hearts of the audience.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/14/thattikko-thattare-song-from-the-movie-kunddala-puranam.html |trans-title=Thattikko Thattare;Again with the song 'Kundala Puranam', the audience took over... |language=ml |date=14 June 2024 |newspaper=[[Manorama Online]] |title=തട്ടിക്കൊ തട്ടാരെ...; വീണ്ടും പാട്ടുമായി 'കുണ്ഡല പുരാണം', ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് പ്രേക്ഷകർ |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The song Yaamam from the movie 'L'sung by [[Najim Arshad]] was notable

=== Film Direction ===
Blesson expanded his creative endeavors to filmmaking, producing and directing short films on YouTube. His directorial debut, a science fiction short film titled ''Spyware'', won the Best Science Fiction Award at the Alternative Film Festival in Toronto in September 2021, making it the first Indian short film to achieve this accolade.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/spyware-a-short-film-on-cyberworld-dangers-bags-global-recognition/article36806868.ece | title='Spyware,' a short film on cyberworld dangers, bags global recognition |date=3 October 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |first=John L. |last=Paul}}</ref> ''Spyware'' has also been shortlisted for over 20 international awards. Additionally, he created two prequel short films, ''Locked in George'' and ''Burnt Offering'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/01/pularumbo-thotte-song-from-the-movie-kunddala-puranam.html |trans-title=Burnt Offering;A short film with universal story and characters |language=ml |date=4 September 2023 |newspaper=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=അഭയ ഹിരൺമയിയുടെ സ്വരഭംഗിയിൽ 'കുണ്ഡല പുരാണ'ത്തിലെ പാട്ട്; ശ്രദ്ധേയം}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/entertainment/the-burnt-offering-a-short-film-with-a-universal-story-and-charachters-405297.html |trans-title=Burnt Offering;An international story telling from Kerala |language=ml |date=18 September 2023 |work=[[One India]] |author=Ajmal Mk |access-date=28 June 2024 |title='ദി ബേൺഡ് ഓഫറിങ്': യൂണിവേഴ്സൽ കഥയും കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളുമായി ഒരു ഷോർട്ട് ഫിലിം}}</ref> both of which received significant appreciation from audiences.In 2024, Blesson Thomas directed the short film ‘Thottotte,’ a project celebrated for its unique storytelling and fresh cinematic approach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsmalayalam.com/article/movie/thottotte-short-film-talks-about-todays-story |trans-title=Story of today: Blesson Thomas with 'Thottote' |language=ml |date=4 September 2023 |newspaper= [[News Tamil 24×7|News malayalam]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=ഇന്നത്തെ കാലഘട്ടത്തിന്റെ കഥ: 'തൊട്ടോട്ടെ'യുമായി ബ്ലെസണ്‍ തോമസ്}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-short-film-thottotte-1.10243677|trans-title=Short film 'Thottote' won the hearts of the people |language=ml |date=11 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi.com]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |title=ജനഹൃദയങ്ങള്‍ കീഴടക്കി ഷോര്‍ട്ട് ഫിലിം 'തൊട്ടോട്ടെ'}}</ref>
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Remarks
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Peace (2021 film)|Peace]]''
| rowspan=6| Malayalam
| rowspan="3" |Music Programmer
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Vichithram]]''
|-
| 2023
| ''Abhyuham''
|-
| 2024
| L<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/l-movie-teaser-out-now-228154 |trans-title=L movie teaser out now |language=ml |date=19 Aug 2023 |work=[[Media One]] Online |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=ആകാംഷയുണർത്തി ഷോജി സെബാസ്റ്റ്യൻ ചിത്രം 'എൽ'; ടീസർ}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Music Director
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kunddala Puranam]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/28/mayathen-tharame-song-from-the-movie-kunddala-puranam.html |trans-title=Mayathen Tharame out now |language=ml |date=28 June 2024 |work=[[Media One]] Online |access-date=28 June 2024 |title=അച്ഛൻ–മകൾ സ്നേഹം വരച്ചിട്ട് 'മായാതെൻ താരമേ'; ശ്രദ്ധേയം...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/06/28/kunddala-puranam-indrans-remya-suresh-malayalam-cinema-review.html |title=‘Kunddala Puranam’ Review|date=29 October 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/kundala-puranam-malayalam-movie-song-sfqvhd |title=ബ്ലെസൺ തോമസിന്‍റെ സംഗീതം; 'കുണ്ഡല പുരാണ'ത്തിലെ ഗാനമെത്തി|date=27 October 2024 |work=[[Asianet News|Asianetnews]] |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Uyirin Uyire''
| rowspan=3 |Sound designer
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm12987112}}

[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Kannur]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Blesson}}

Ramayan (1987 TV series)

2025-12-23T15:00:14Z

MishaelNab: fixed structure based on references

{{Short description|Indian epic television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ramayan poster.jpg
| caption = ''Ramayan'' promotional poster
| runtime = 35 minutes
| creator = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| genre = [[Epic film|Epic]]
| based_on = ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Ramcharit Manas]]''
| executive_producer = Subhash Sagar
| writer = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| director = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| producer = [[Ramanand Sagar]] [[Anand Sagar]] Moti Sagar
| location = [[Umbergaon]], [[Valsad]], [[Gujarat]]
| cinematography = Ajit Naik
| open_theme = ''Sita Ram Charit Ati Pawan'' by [[Jaidev]]
| composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| editor = Subhash Sehgal
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| company = [[Sagar Arts]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arun Govil]]
*[[Dipika Chikhlia]]
*[[Sunil Lahri]]
*[[Arvind Trivedi]]
*[[Dara Singh]]}}
| narrator = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1987|01|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1988|07|31|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 78
| list_episodes =
| related = [[Luv Kush]]
}}

'''''Ramayan''''' (''also known as'' '''''Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan''''') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language epic television series based on ancient Indian [[Sanskrit epic|Sanskrit Epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''. The show was created, written, and directed by [[Ramanand Sagar]].<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Behind the scenes: Dress designers to actors & deities |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/main5.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= 20 April 2003 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> It originally aired between 1987 and 1988 on [[DD National]] and it was narrated by [[Ashok Kumar]] and the director [[Ramanand Sagar]]. The music was composed by [[Ravindra Jain]]. During its run, the show became the most watched television series in the world,<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayan-sets-world-record-becomes-most-viewed-entertainment-programme-globally/article61662060.ece | title='Ramayan' sets world record, becomes most viewed entertainment programme globally | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 May 2020 }}</ref> garnering a viewership of 82 percent.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200504-the-ramayan-why-indians-are-turning-to-nostalgic-tv | title=The Ramayan: Why Indians are turning to nostalgic TV }}</ref> The repeat telecast was aired on 20 different channels in 17 countries on all the five continents at different times. The success of the series was documented well by the media. According to [[BBC]], the serial has been viewed by over 650 million viewers.<ref>[https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/july/july154.html Unknown]{{Dead link | date=March 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Each episode of the series reportedly earned DD National {{INR}}40 [[lakh]].<ref name="ie1988">{{cite news|last1=Bajpai|first1=Shailaja|title=Is There Life After Ramayana?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880807&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=14 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=7 August 1988|page=17}}</ref>

The show is primarily based on [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayan]]'' and [[Tulsidas]]' ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Other sources used were: Tamil [[Ramavataram|''Kamba Ramayanam'']], Marathi [[Bhavarth Ramayan|''Bhavartha Ramayana'']], Bengali [[Krittivasi Ramayan|''Krutivas Ramayan'']], Telugu [[Ranganatha Ramayanamu|''Ranganatha Ramayanam'']], Kannada [[Bhavarth Ramayan|''Ramachandra Charita Purana'']], Malayalam [[Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu|''Adhyatma Ramayanam'']], Urdu Ramayan by [[Brij Narayan Chakbast|Chakbast]]. ''Ramayan'' was the most expensive Indian TV show produced at the time with a budget of ₹9 lakh per episode.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan-is-the-most-expensive-mythological-show-of-its-time-1659941-2020-03-26|title=Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is the most expensive mythological show of its time|website=India Today|date=13 April 2019 }}</ref>

When the series was telecast every Sunday morning, [[BBC]] recalled, "streets would be deserted, shops would be closed and people would bathe and garland their TV sets before the serial began."<ref name="Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy">{{cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Soutik|title=Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15363181|publisher=BBC|access-date=15 February 2018|date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The series was re-aired during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2020 coronavirus lockdown]] and broke several viewership records globally; the show became the [[List of most watched television broadcasts|most watched TV show in the world]] with 77 million viewership on 16 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ramayana-beats-game-of-thrones-to-become-the-worlds-most-watched-show-296162|title='Ramayana' beats 'Game of Thrones' to become the world's most watched show|date=May 2020 |publisher=WION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/blockbuster-ramayana-scripts-history-with-highest-viewership-on-single-day---77-crore/story/402592.html|title=Blockbuster! Ramayana scripts history with highest viewership on single day - 7.7 crore|website=businesstoday.in|date=May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ramayan-becomes-most-viewed-program-globally-beats-game-of-thrones-by-a-record-margin-11588400958695.html|title=Ramayan becomes most viewed program globally, beats GoT by a record margin|date=2 May 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayan-sets-world-record-becomes-most-viewed-entertainment-programme-globally/article31487220.ece|title='Ramayan' sets world record, becomes most viewed entertainment programme globally|date=2 May 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aired-again-after-33-years-ramayan-sets-world-record-see-doordarshans-tweet-2221443|title=Aired Again After 33 Years, Ramayan Sets World Record. See Doordarshan's Tweet|website=NDTV.com|date=12 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Premise==
Adapted and based on the ancient Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], the series follows the journey of Ram who goes to an exile of 14 years along with Sita and Lakshman.

Lord Vishnu decides to incarnate on earth as Ram, the son of King Dasharath and Queen Kaushalya of Ayodhya to kill Ravan, the evil king of Lanka and establish dharma whereas Goddess Lakshmi would incarnate as his wife Sita. In Ayodhya, a childless Dashrath conducts a putrakameshthi yagna for children and as a result, his three wives gives birth to 4 sons. Kaushalya to Ram, Kaikeyi to Bharat and Sumitra to Lakshman and Shatrughan. The 4 boys grow up to be excellent warriors under Guru Vashista's training. Shri Ram is an ideal and perfect son and brother and is a role model to his three younger brothers and always respects his parents and their affection towards him.

After the brothers return after completing their education, Rishi Vishvamitra arrives at Ayodhya for help as his yagna is disturbed by some demons and asks Dashrath to send Shree Ram to him to kill those demons. Dashrath reluctantly agrees and Lakshman also accompanies Ram. Shri Ram succeeds in killing Taraka and her son Subahu and also protects the yagnas. Rishi Vishvamitra later teaches him about many things required for future.

Later, he takes the two brothers to Mithila to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva's bow at the [[Sita Swayamvara|swayamvar]] of Princess Sita. Rishi Vishvamitra tells them about the birth of Sita from earth. On their way Ram frees Ahalya of her curse by her husband Rishi Gautama. They reach Mithila where preparation for the swayamvar was in full swing. Ram and Sita meet at [[Phulhar|Pushp vatika]] and fall in love at first sight. Sita prays to Goddess Gauri for Ram to be her husband. Next day, Shri Ram wins the swayamvar by breaking Lord Shiva's bow and marriage is fixed. His family at Ayodhya is also informed of the same and Dashrath, along with Bharat and Shatrughna arrive Mithila and Lakshman's marriage is fixed with Urmila, Sita's younger sister whereas Bharat and Shatrughna are married to Mandavi and Shrutakirti, Sita's cousins. King Janak and his family bid a tearful goodbye to their daughters and here ends the Bala Kanda.

In due time, Bharat and Shatrughna leave for Kekeya to meet their grandfather and meanwhile, Dashrath decides to announce Ram as his heir. This decision is happily accepted by all the family members as well as the citizens. However, Kaikeyi's maid Manthara is not happy with the coronation and manipulates Kaikeyi to make Bharat as king. Kaikeyi asks two boons from Dashrath about which he promised years ago. She asks the throne for Bharat and 14 years exile for Ram much to the latter's shock. However, he is compelled to keep his promise.

Ram readily agrees and everyone, including the citizens, are shocked with the turn of events. Sita and Lakshman decides to accompany him. Urmila also wanted to accompany them but Lakshman stops her to take care of the family. Later, the three leave for vanvas after taking the blessings of elders, much to the dismay of Dashrath who breaks all ties with Kaikeyi for what she did. He asks his trusted minister Sumant to accompany Ram. The citizens also does not want to leave him. Ram is helped by his childhood friend Nishad Raj on the first day of vanvas and crosses Sarayu River with his help and decides to reside in Chitrakoot.

Meanwhile, in Ayodhya, everyone starts blaming Kaikeyi and Manthara and even Bharat as they doubt him to be involved in the conspiracy. Unable to bear the pain of separation from his son, Dashrath dies of grief due to a curse he got earlier. Ram in Chitrakoot and Bharat in Kekeya sense bad omen concurrently much to their worry. Bharat and Shatrughna return to Ayodhya and are shattered on hearing about their father's death and their brother's exile. Bharat despises Kaikeyi and decides to get back Ram. Kaikeyi later starts regretting her deeds. Bharat completes his father's final rites and along with whole Ayodhya, leaves to bring back Shri Ram and Sita.

At Chitrakoot, Lakshman sees Bharat approaching them and doubts him, ready to kill him but is stopped by Shree Ram. Later, Bharat arrives and the brothers share a reunion. Lakshman feels guilty for doubting Bharat. They are informed of Dashrath's death and feel depressed about it and reconcile with their mothers. Bharat tries to persuade Ram to return but he refuses owing to his father's promise. Janak arrives and suggests that Bharat rule Ayodhya on Ram's behalf. Everyone agrees to the decision. Bharat asks for Shri Ram's sandals and places it on the throne and leaves for Nandigram to live the life of an ascetic for 14 years. He rules the kingdom from there with Guru Vashisht's help. Everyone supports his decision. Ayodhya Kand ends at this moment and begins Aranya Kand.

Meanwhile, Shri Ram decides to move from Chitrakoot to fulfill his purpose. On their way, they meet Mata Anasuya who give Sita lessons on wife's duty and also gifts her a divine saree whose colour never fades and some jewellery which she got from Gods as a result of her devotion towards her husband. In the vanvas period the trio comes across many demons which are killed by Shri Ram and Lakshman. They meet Rishi Agastya who give them never-ending arrows for future purpose.Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman decides to stay in Panchvati for the last year of exile. They also meet a vulture, Jatayu, an old acquaintance of their father who guides them.

One day, Shurpnakha, Ravan's sister comes to their hut with a marriage proposal which is rejected by both Shri Ram and Lakshman. Furious at the rejection, she attacks Sita in an attempt to kill her but Lakshman cuts her nose while defending his sister in law. Insulted, she seeks help from her cousins Khara and Dushan whom she lies about her actual intentions of approaching the trio. They go to Panchvati with their army and in the battle that follows, Shri Ram kills the whole army along with the demon brothers. Shurpnakha then decides to approach Ravan, the king of Lanka and convince him into killing the two brothers for Sita.

Ravan plots to kidnap Sita with the help of Mareech disguised as a deer and lure Shri Ram and Lakshman into going out of the hut leaving Sita alone.The vicious plan is successful and Ravan kidnaps Sita but is seen by Jatayu who loses his life while saving her. On his deathbed, he informs Shri Ram of Ravan's deeds.

Shree Ram completes Jatayu's final rites and leaves Panchvati with determination to search for Sita. Later, he comes across his devotee Shabri who guides him towards Rishyamukh Parvat to meet Sugriva and Hanuman, Shri Ram's devotee. Kishkindha Kand begins from here.

The brothers meet Hanuman who is in disguise to ensure they are not a threat to Sugriva and is overwhelmed on the revelation of Shri Ram's true identity and takes them to Sugriva where they are also introduced to Jambvant, Nal and Neel. Shri Ram kills Vali, Sugriv's brother who betrayed him. Later, they plan to send Kishkindha army in search of Sita and from here begins Sundar Kand.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
*[[Arun Govil]] as [[Rama|Ram]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Lord Vishnu]]'s 7th incarnation of the [[Dashavatara|Dashavatar]]; [[Dasharatha]] and [[Kaushalya]]'s son; Sita's husband; Bharat, Lakshman And Shatrughan's elder brother; Lav and Kush's father.
*[[Deepika Chikhalia]] as [[Sita]], [[Lakshmi]], Goddess [[Lakshmi]]'s incarnation; [[Janaka|Janak]] and Sunaina's elder adoptive daughter; [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi Devi]]'s daughter; Urmila, Mandavi, Shrutkirti 's elder sister; Ram's wife; Lav and Kush's mother.
*[[Sunil Lahri]] as [[Lakshman]], [[Lord Vishnu]] [[Sheshnaag]]'s incarnation; Dasharatha And [[Sumitra]]'s elder twin son; Urmila's husband; Ram And Bharat's younger brother And Shatrughan's elder twin
*[[Arvind Trivedi]] as [[Ravana]], [[Vishrava]], Vishrava and [[Kaikesi]]'s eldest son; [[Kumbhakarna]], [[Vibhishan]] and [[Surpanakha]]'s elder brother, [[Indrajit]]'s father, [[Mandodari]]'s husband.
*[[Dara Singh]] as [[Hanuman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-became-of-the-ramayan-cast/story-e7B9J0JhzZRdnrj16knnqM.html|title=33 years on, what became of the cast of Ramayana?|date=27 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Lord Shiva]]'s incarnation; Lord Rama's devotee, [[Añjanā|Anjani]] and Kesari's son, [[Vayu]]'s son.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sanjay Jog]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]], the incarnation of [[Panchajanya]], the conch held by Lord Vishnu'; Dasharatha and Kaikeyi's son; Mandavi's husband; Ram's younger brother, and Lakshman and Shatrughan's elder brother
*[[Sameer Rajda]] as [[Shatrughna]], the incarnation of Lord Vishnu's [[Sudarshana]]; Dasharatha and Sumitra's younger twin son; Shrutakirti's husband, and Ram, and Bharat's younger brother, Lakshman's younger twin
*[[Bal Dhuri]] as [[Dasharatha]], King Aja and Queen Indumati's son; Kausalya, Kaikeyi, and Sumitra's husband; Ram, Bharat, Laxman and Shatrughan's father, King of [[Kosala]]
*[[Jayshree Gadkar]] as [[Kausalya]], Dasharatha's first wife; Ram's mother, Lakshman, Bharat and Shatrughna's foster mother
*[[Padma Khanna]] as [[Kaikeyi]],<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayana-from-arun-govil-to-deepika-chikhalia-what-actors-of-hit-mythological-serial-are-doing-now/story-ceKL0Zl3Y3WLtVwPfrRpMO.html|title=Ramayana: From Arun Govil to Deepika Chikhalia, what actors of hit mythological serial are doing now|date=5 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Dasharatha's second wife; Bharat's mother, Ram, Lakshman and Shatrughan's foster Mother
*Rajnibala as [[Sumitra]], Dasharatha's third wife; Lakshman and Shatrughan's mother, Ram and Bharat's foster mother
*Anjali Vyas as [[Urmila]],<ref name=":32" /> Goddess Naga Lakshmi's incarnation; Janak and Sunaina's younger daughter; Sita and Mandavi's younger and Shrutkirti's elder sister; Lakshmana's wife
*[[Sulakshana Khatri]] as [[Mandavi]], Goddess Lakshmi's flower avatar; Kushadhwaja and Chandrabhaga's elder daughter; Sita's younger and Urmila & Shrutakirti's elder sister; Bharat's wife
*Poonam Shetty as [[Shrutakirti]], Goddess Lakshmi's flower; Kushadhwaja and Chandrabhaga's younger daughter; Sita, Urmila, Mandavi's younger sister; Shatrughan's wife
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as [[Manthara]],<ref name="auto2" /> Kaikeyi's evil maid
*[[Vijay Arora]] as [[Indrajit]],<ref name="auto2" /> Ravan and Mandodari's first son; Sulochana's husband; slain by Lakshman.
*Nalin Dave as [[Kumbhakarna]], Vishrava and Kaikesi's second son; Ravana, Vibhishan and Surpanakha brother; slain by Ram.
*[[Mukesh Rawal]] as [[Vibhishana]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ramayan-actor-Mukesh-Rawal-found-dead-on-Railway-tracks/articleshow/55459900.cms|title=Ramayan actor Mukesh Rawal found dead on Railway tracks - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2016 }}</ref> Vishrava and Kaikesi's third son; Ravana, Kumbhakaran and Surpanakha's brother; King of Lanka.
*Aparajita Bhushan as [[Mandodari]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Ramanand Sagar Ramayan Mandodari Aparajita Bhushan on Ramayan Re Telecast_Covid 19_Corona Lockdown.| date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srSoUoxwvog |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/srSoUoxwvog |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ravan's first wife; Mayasura and Apsara Hema's daughter; Mayavi and Dundubhi's sister; Meghanaad, and Akshayakumara's mother.
*[[Mulraj Rajda]] as [[Janaka]], Kushadhwaja's brother; Sunaina's husband; Sita and Urmila's father, Mandavi and Shrutkirti's uncle King of Mithila
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]], Janak's wife; Sita and Urmila's mother, Mandavi and Shrutkirti's aunt, Queen of Mithila
*Shyam Sundar Kalani as [[Sugriva]] Sugriva-Vali's brother; Ruma's husband. Also Vali, Sugriva's brother and also played role of Yamraj God of death.
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as [[Vasishtha]], Raghukul brothers' teacher
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar Vaidya]] as [[Sumantra]], Dasharatha's minister
*Renu Dhariwal as [[Shurpanakha]], Vishrava and Kaikesi's daughter; Ravana, Kumbhakaran and Vibhishan's sister. Her nose was cut off by Lakshman.
*Radha Yadav as Tara, Vali's wife and Angad's mother
*Rajshekar Upadhyay as [[Jambavan|Jambvanta]]<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Ramayana cast and characters: A full list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/ramayana-cast-and-characters-a-full-list/579445|website=[[Times Now]]|date=17 April 2020 }}</ref>
*Bashir Khan as [[Angada|Angad]],<ref name=":32" /> Tara and Vali's son / Vajramushti (Lankan General)
*Vijay Kavish as [[Shiva]], Parvati's husband
*[[Mayasura]], Mandodari's father, Ravan's father in law
*[[Maharshi Valmiki]], author of Ramayan<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-actor-vijay-kavish-played-three-roles-in-ramanand-sagar-ramayan-610107|title=Actor Vijay Kavish played three roles in Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan. Can you identify?|website=[[India TV News]]|date=22 April 2020 }}</ref>
*Pushpa Verma as [[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]], Meghanaad's wife, Sheshnaag and Nagalakshmi's daughter
*Ramesh Chapaneri as [[Malyavan]] and [[Agastya]]<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aksharnaad.com/2020/04/12/ramayan-serial/|title=રામાયણ ધારાવાહિકમાં ઋષિ અગત્સ્ય અને માલ્યવાન જેવી ભૂમિકાઓ ભજવનાર રમેશભાઈ ચાંપાનેરીના અનુભવો.|website=[[Aksharnaad]]}}</ref>
*Chandrakant Pandey as Nishad
*Girish Seth as [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nal]],<ref name=":32"/> Neel's brother, Gandharva
*Giriraj Shukla as Neel, Nal's brother, Prahasta
*Vibhuti Dave as [[Trijata]], Sita's caretaker
*Sarita Devi as [[Shabari]], Ram's devotee
*Aslam Khan as Samudra Dev and various roles
*Bandini Mishra as [[Parvati]], Shiva's wife
*Murari Lal Gupta as [[Akampana]].
*Mahesh Bhatt as Shatanand, Ahilya Devi & Gauatam Rishi's son, priest of Janak
*Shrikant Soni as [[Vishwamitra]]
*Kaustubh Trivedi as [[Kewat]]
*Bhushan Lakandari as [[Vishnu]]
*Sunil Verma as [[Garuda]]/[[Indra]]/[[Jatayu]]/[[Narantak]]
*[[Ramesh Goyal]] as [[Maarich]]
*Kapil Kumar as [[Akshayakumara]], Ravan and Mandodari's Second son; Meghnath's brother
*Madhu Priya as Apsara Avtar of Shurpanakha
*Rajendra Jain as [[Kalanemi]]
*Mayuresh Kshetramhade as [[Luv Kush|Luv]], Ram and Sita's younger son; Kush's twin
*[[Swapnil Joshi]] as [[Luv Kush|Kush]], Ram and Sita's elder son; Luv's twin
*Randhir Singh as [[Viradha|Viradh]], [[Rakshasa|Rakshas]], [[Surasa|Sursa]], [[Atikaya|Atikaye]]
*Dinesh Anand as Maharshi [[Durvasa]]

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable"
! Episode No.
! Title
! Air Date
|-
| 1
| Birth and childhood of Lord Ram
| 25 January 1987
|-
| 2
| Ram going to Gurukul
| 1 February 1987
|-
| 3
| Continuing Gurukul
| 8 February 1987
|-
| 4
| Vishwamitra comes to Ayodhya and Ram kills Taraka Rakshasi
| 15 February 1987
|-
| 5
| Ganga Redemption of Ahilya
| 22 February 1987
|-
| 6
| Ram meets Sita
| 1 March 1987
|-
| 7
| Sita's Swayamvara
| 8 March 1987
|-
| 8
| Sita's Swayamvara and Parashuram
| 15 March 1987
|-
| 9
| Marriage Preparations
| 22 March 1987
|-
| 10
| Ram and Sita's Marriage
| 29 March 1987
|-
| 11
| Sita's arrival at Ayodhya
| 5 April 1987
|-
| 12
| Discussion on Dasharatha's heir
| 12 April 1987
|-
| 13
| Manthra poisons Kaikeyi's mind
| 19 April 1987
|-
| 14
| Kaikeyi Demands Her Boons from Dasharatha
| 26 April 1987
|-
| 15
| Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman preparing for the Journey to the Forest
| 3 May 1987
|-
| 16
| Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman leave Ayodhya
| 10 May 1987
|-
| 17
| Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman meet Nishadraj Guha
| 17 May 1987
|-
| 18
| Bharadwaja's Ashram
| 24 May 1987
|-
| 19
| Valmiki's Ashram and Chitrakoot
| 31 May 1987
|-
| 20
| King Dasharath's Death and story of Shravan Kumar
| 7 June 1987
|-
| 21
| Bharath Returns to Ayodhya
| 14 June 1987
|-
| 22
| Bharath rejects to become King
| 21 June 1987
|-
| 23
| Bharat vows to bring back Shri Ram
| 28 June 1987
|-
| 24
| Reunion of Ram and Bharat
| 5 July 1987
|-
| 25
| Bharath returns to Ayodhya with Shri Ram's sandals
| 12 July 1987
|-
| 26
| Shri Ram's sandals installed on the throne of Ayodhya
| 19 July 1987
|-
| 27
| Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman meet Sage Atri & Mother Anusuya
| 26 July 1987
|-
| 28
| Shri Ram vows to destroy demons, meets Sage Agastya
| 2 August 1987
|-
| 29
| First meeting with Jatayu
| 9 August 1987
|-
| 30
| Shurpanaka Encounter
| 16 August 1987
|-
| 31
| Sita Kidnap Plan by Raavan
| 23 August 1987
|-
| 32
| Sita Haran and Ravana kills Jatayu
| 30 August 1987
|-
| 33
| Shri Ram & Lakshman meet wounded Jatayu
| 6 September 1987
|-
| 34
| Shri Ram & Lakshman encounter Kabandh and reach Shabari's ashram
| 13 September 1987
|-
| 35
| Hanuman meets Shri Ram
| 20 September 1987
|-
| 36
| Friendship between Shri Ram & Sugriv
| 27 September 1987
|-
| 37
| Sugriv tells Shri Ram about Bali
| 4 October 1987
|-
| 38
| Shri Ram kills Bali
| 11 October 1987
|-
| 39
| Sugriv becomes king
| 18 October 1987
|-
| 40
| Sugriv and Angad come to Shri Ram for his blessings
| 25 October 1987
|-
| 41
| Lakshman enters Kishikindha in a fury
| 1 November 1987
|-
| 42
| Search for Sita begins
| 8 November 1987
|-
| 43
| Jambubant reminds Hanuman of his dormant strength. Hanuman flies to Lanka
| 15 November 1987
|-
| 44
| Hanuman meets Sita in Ashok Vatika
| 22 November 1987
|-
| 45
| Hanuman ravages Ashok Vatika and kills Akshay Kumara
| 29 November 1987
|-
| 46
| Hanuman meets Ravana and Lanka Dahan
| 6 December 1987
|-
| 47
| Hanuman takes leave of Sita
| 13 December 1987
|-
| 48
| Hanuman returns and tells Shri Ram about Sita
| 20 December 1987
|-
| 49
| Vibhishana is expelled from Lanka
| 27 December 1987
|-
| 50
| Vibhishana meets Shri Ram
| 3 January 1988
|-
| 51
| Sukh meets Sugriv
| 10 January 1988
|-
| 52
| Ram Setu bandhan
| 17 January 1988
|-
| 53
| The construction of the bridge is completed
| 24 January 1988
|-
| 54
| Shri Ram's arrow fells Ravan's crown
| 31 January 1988
|-
| 55
| Ravana and Sugriv duel against each other
| 7 February 1988
|-
| 56
| Shri Ram sends Angad as a peace ambassador to Ravan's court
| 14 February 1988
|-
| 57
| Angad's challenge
| 21 February 1988
|-
| 58
| Mandodari appeals to Ravan to listen to the advice of his elders
| 28 February 1988
|-
| 59
| Battle Starts
| 6 March 1988
|-
| 60
| Ravan comes to the battlefield
| 13 March 1988
|-
| 61
| Kumbhakaran is woken up
| 20 March 1988
|-
| 62
| Kumbhakaran vadh
| 27 March 1988
|-
| 63
| Devantak, Narantak, Trishira and other warriors are killed
| 3 April 1988
|-
| 64
| Lakshman fights and kills Atikaya
| 10 April 1988
|-
| 65
| Shri Ram & Lakshman are bound by Indrajit's Nagapasha
| 17 April 1988
|-
| 66
| Garuda frees Shri Ram and Lakshman from Nagapasha
| 24 April 1988
|-
| 67
| Lakshman get injured by Indrajit's 'shakti' weapon
| 1 May 1988
|-
| 68
| Hanuman brings Sushen Vaidya
| 8 May 1988
|-
| 69
| Hanuman brings Sanjeevani mountain from Himalayas and Lakshman is cured
| 15 May 1988
|-
| 70
| Indrajit goes to perform a tantrik yajna
| 22 May 1988
|-
| 71
| Indrajit Vadh
| 29 May 1988
|-
| 72
| Ravana enters battlefield and fights Shri Ram
| 5 June 1988
|-
| 73
| Ravan attacks Shri Ram
| 12 June 1988
|-
| 74
| Indra sends his chariot for Shri Ram
| 19 June 1988
|-
| 75
| Ravan vadh and end of battle
| 26 June 1988
|-
| 76
| Sita Agni-pariksha
| 3 July 1988
|-
| 77
| Shri Ram heads for Ayodhya
| 10 July 1988
|-
| 78
| The coronation of Shri Ram
| 31 July 1988
|}

==Production==

=== Background ===
For centuries, the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' had been performed in northern India through ''pāṭh'' (ritualized recitation), ''kathā'' (oral exposition), and [[Ramlila]] (seasonal dramatic renactments). Religious films had previously enjoyed success in India; in contrast for decades Doordarshan, India's state-owned public television broadcaster, generally aired dull programming meant to serve as a service to the nation rather than personal entertainment. In the 1980s, the advent of commercials (deliberately designed to attract viewer attention) and the commission of serialized dramas attracted greater viewership. Ramanand Sagar had previously produced ''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]'' for Doordarshan, a series based on folktales from ''[[Vetala Panchavimshati]]''.{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=128-134}}

===Development===
Ramayan was regarded as the most expensive TV show produced during the time with a budget ₹9 lakhs per episode.<ref name=":1" />

Writing for the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' upon completion of the airing of the series' final episode, former bureaucrat S. S. Gill wrote that it was during his tenure as the secretary with the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in September 1985 that he contacted [[Ramanand Sagar]] in association with the project. He added that in a letter to Sagar, he had written about the Ramayana as a subject for the television series was ideal in that it was "a repository of moral and social values" and that its message was "secular and universal". He further wrote that he had noted in the letter that Sagar's "real challenge would lie in seeing the epic "with the eyes of a modern man and relating its message to the spiritual and emotional needs of our age". Gill recalled that he had written a similar letter to [[B. R. Chopra]] over the production of the series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' based on [[Mahabharata|another epic of the same name]], and mentioned that both Sagar and he accepted his suggestions and constituted panels of experts and scholars to conceptualize the production.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gill|first1=S. S.|title=Why Ramayan on Doordarshan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYNlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2790%2C1541209|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 February 2018|page=8|date=8 August 1988}}</ref>

The series was initially conceptualized to run for 52 episodes of 45 minutes each. But, owing to popular demand it had to be extended thrice, eventually ending after 78 episodes.<ref name="Lutgendorf">{{cite book|editor1-last=Babb|editor1-first=Lawrence A.|editor2-last=Wadley|editor2-first=Susan S.|last1=Lutgendorf|first1=Philip|author-link1=Philip Lutgendorf|title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia|chapter=All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context|date=1998|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass#Publications|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|page=217|isbn=9788120814530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>

Initially, Both ''Ramayan'' and ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' was planned to air together, but later it was decided to air ''Ramayan'' first which was followed by ''Mahabharat'' after its end.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mukesh-khanna-the-reruns-of-ramayan-and-mahabharat-will-help-people-like-sonakshi-sinha-who-dont-know-anything-about-mythology/photostory/74977826.cms?picid=74977893|title=Exclusive - Mukesh Khanna: The reruns of Ramayan and Mahabharat will help people like Sonakshi Sinha, who don't know anything about mythology|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Casting===

{{cquote
| author = [[Arun Govil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/arun-govil-after-ramayan-my-film-career-was-almost-over-1661202-2020-03-30|title=Arun Govil: After Ramayan, my film career was almost over|website=India Today|date=30 March 2020|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
| I remember I had given an audition for Ram and I failed initially. I don’t know what happened. The photoshoot happened with the look and make-up but I wasn’t looking like Lord Ram... Then we thought of adding a smile and then everything got sorted.
}}

Govil expressed his desire to play [[Rama]] and appeared for a screen test. Initially, he was considered to be inappropriate for the role. He then appeared for the screen test again wearing a smile on his face and got finalized for the role.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/people-dont-call-me-arun-govil-they-call-me-ram-says-ramayan-star/1912686/|title=People don't call me Arun Govil, they call me Ram, says 'Ramayan' star|date=29 March 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Since Govil's collaboration with [[Debashree Roy]] in Kanak Mishra's ''[[Jiyo To Aise Jiyo]]'' (1981) was adulated, the actress was approached to play [[Sita]] but due to her hectic schedule in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], she failed to appear for the screen test.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/features/tara-jilmil/42453/কলকাতায়-সফল-বাংলাদেশি-শিল্পী-ও-নির্মাতারা|title=কলকাতায় সফল বাংলাদেশি শিল্পী ও নির্মাতারা|date=26 April 2018|work=Jugantor|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

Several other famous actresses were approached as well but all of them backed off due to the prevalent premonition that playing the role of Lady Sita would blemish their romantic appeal resulting doom to their on-screen career. [[Deepika Chikhalia]] was then summoned to appear for the screen test. She had to undergo rigorous screen tests and was finalized then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bollyfry.in/television-news/ramayan-deepika-got-sitas-role-after-4-screen-tests/|title=Ramayan: Deepika got Sita's role after 4 screen tests|date=28 March 2020|website=Bolly Fry|language=en-US|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

Sanjay Jog was originally approached for the role of [[Lakshmana]] but he refused since he was unable to give bulk dates. Sagar then urged him to play [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] since the role would not require bulk dates. The role of Lakshmana then went to Sunil Lahiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/ramayan-bharat-aka-sanjay-jog-wanted-to-become-airforce-pilot-unknown-facts-career-sudden-sc90-nu904-ta904-ta277-1085603-1.html|title=Bharat of Ramayana said goodbye to world at the age of 40|date=17 April 2020|website=News Track|language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Arvind Trivedi]] went to audition for the role of a boatman where Ramanand Sagar chose him as Ravan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-arvind-trivedi-did-not-audition-for-raavans-role-ramayan-a-look-at-other-lesser-known-facts/photostory/75255557.cms?picid=75255591|title=Did you know Arvind Trivedi did not audition for Raavan's role in Ramayan? A look at other lesser-known facts|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, when Trivedi rejected the offer, [[Paresh Rawal]] convinced him for playing the role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayan-raavan-actor-arvind-trivedi-originally-turned-down-role-but-paresh-rawal-convinced-him-to-change-his-mind/story-cnlgR9cPzZ4rSg1ksK1HfM.html|title=Ramayan: Raavan actor Arvind Trivedi originally turned down role, but Paresh Rawal convinced him to change his mind|website=Hindustan Times|date=21 April 2020 }}</ref> Vijay Kavish played three roles in the series which were [[Shiva]], [[Valmiki]] and [[Mayasura]].<ref name=":2" />

==Broadcast==

=== Original run ===
In India, the series was originally broadcast on [[DD National]] from 25 January 1987 to 31 July 1988. Viewership rose steadily in the first view months, and soon was earning advertising revenues greater than any show had previously done, earning roughly Rs. 2,800,000-3,000,000 a week. It is estimated the maximum viewership reached 80 to 100 million, nearly an eighth of India's population, a large proportion at a time when television access was greatly limited in India. Its massive popularity was termed "Ramayana Fever", with streets being emptied and business coming to a halt every Sunday when an episode premiered at 9:30 AM.{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=135-137}}

=== Rereleases ===
Reruns of the series aired on [[Star Plus]] and [[Star Utsav]] in 2000s.<ref name="archive.org11">{{cite web|url=http://app.indya.com:80/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321070310/http://app.indya.com:80/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archive-date=2008-03-21|title=Star - Programme Guide|date=21 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starplus.indya.com/serials/sr/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403184856/http://starplus.indya.com/serials/sr/index.html|archive-date=2004-04-03|title=Indya.com - Star Plus|date=3 April 2004}}</ref> It was re-telecast again between March and April 2020 during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India]] on [[DD National]] and broke all records for viewership globally for any TV show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddnational/blogs/ramayan-world-record|title=Ramayan rerun on DD during lockdown creates a world record, becomes most watched show globally|website=[[Doordarshan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/by-public-demand-ramayan-will-air-on-doordarshan-again-2201456|title=On Public Demand, "Ramayan" Will Air on Doordarshan Again|website=NDTV.com|date=3 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=February 2023}} Hundreds of millions of viewers have watched the series during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808|title=Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for '80s Show|newspaper=WSJ |date=28 April 2020|via=www.wsj.com |last1=Bellman |first1=Eric }}</ref>

DD National said on 16 April 2020 the show created a world record: 77 million people watched the show in one day. It was again telecasted on [[StarPlus]] from 4 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayan to air again from tonight, this time on Star Plus|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayan-to-air-again-from-tonight-this-time-on-star-plus/story-I8oazLlUK8o3xo066i0aiN.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 May 2020 }}</ref> The show is dubbed in Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil which aired on [[Star Suvarna]], [[Star Pravah]], [[Star Jalsha]], [[Star Maa]] and [[Star Vijay]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|title=From Ramayan to Malgudi Days: A look at popular dubbed shows on Kannada TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-ramayan-to-malgudi-days-a-look-at-popular-dubbed-shows-on-kannada-tv/photostory/76395048.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan now to be dubbed and telecast in Bengali and Marathi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan-now-to-be-dubbed-and-telecast-in-bengali-and-marathi-1682084-2020-05-26|website=[[India Today]]|date=26 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Telugu dubbed version of Ramanand Sagar's 'Ramayan' to premiere on June 15|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-dubbed-version-of-ramanand-sagars-ramayan-to-premiere-on-june-15/articleshow/76324230.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay TV to retelecast Ramayanam serial|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-vijay-tv-to-retelecast-ramayanam-serial-193905/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> BBC recorded that it had a viewership of 82 percent, highest viewership in the world.<ref name="bbc.com" /><ref name="thehindu.com" />

== Reception and legacy ==
He added, “Starting at around 50 percent the 80 percent figure was reached within a few months and never went down. The viewership was more than 50 percent even in the predominantly non-Hindi speaking southern Indian States of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. The show's popularity spanned across religions and people of the [[Islam]] faith watched in high numbers as well. It was common among people threatening to burn down the local electricity board headquarters during a [[power outage]].<ref name="ie1988" />"

The success of the series was documented well by the media. Soutik Biswas of [[BBC]] recalled that when the series was telecast every Sunday morning, "streets would be deserted, shops would be closed and people would bathe and garland their TV sets before the serial began."<ref name="Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy"/>

Writing for ''[[The Daily Telegraph|the Telegraph]]'', [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] noted, "In villages across south Asia, hundreds of people would gather around a single set to watch the gods and demons play out their destinies. In the noisiest and most bustling cities, trains, buses and cars came to a sudden halt, and a strange hush fell over the bazaars. In Delhi, government meetings had to be rescheduled after the entire cabinet failed to turn up for an urgent briefing."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|author-link1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archive-date=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The series was generally criticised in the English-language press for an exceedingly slow narrative, certain choices regarding costume and set design, and poor special effects. English-language critics frequently viewed Sagar as crudely commercialising the "literary treasure" that was the ''Ramayana''. Lutgendorf notes that such critics were often culturally disconnected from traditional renactments of the ''Ramayana'' from which Sagar took inspiration, and who rather were accustomed to the conventions of Western film. Hindi-language critics were less critical regarding the pacing.{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=135, 141-147}}

=== Political ===
Regarding initial apprehensions about the series being aired by a government-owned broadcaster, its hitherto producer Sharad Dutt said that "a lot of people within the channel's office weren't supportive of the idea, to begin with. But it had no motivation with what was going on politically. The Congress was in power and it had no agenda of the sort.".<ref name="ht1"/> Sharma noted that the political clout the series held could be adjudged by the fact that Sagar and [[Arun Govil]] (who played Rama) "were repeatedly courted by both the Congress and the BJP to campaign for them." Arun Govil, [[Deepika Chikhalia]] (Sita), and [[Arvind Trivedi]] (Ravana) all went on to become [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="ht1"/>

Arvind Rajagopal in his book ''Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India'' (2000) wrote that with the series, the government "violated a decades-old taboo on religious partisanship, and Hindu nationalists made the most of the opportunity." It confirmed to the idea of Hindu awakening and the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] capitalizing on this.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=5–18 August 2000|volume=17|issue=16|title=Hindutva at play|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17160760.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214161744/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17160760.htm|archive-date=14 February 2018|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>"

Manik Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' voiced similar views in that the series "played in the backdrop of a Hindutva shift in Indian politics, under the aegis of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and its political outfit, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). While the media and cultural commentators struggled to consider Sagar's epic one way or the other, there were some who saw it as a catalyst, even if unintended, to the turmoil that the movement resulted in."<ref name="ht1" />

In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], there were sporiadic instances of [[Sikh terrorism]] against audiences of ''Ramayan.''{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=138}}

The series was set to end with the coronation of Ram and thus omit the contents of the [[Uttarakanda|''Uttarakāṇḍa'']], which feature [[Valmiki]] educating Ram's sons. Sanitation workers, who belonged to traditionally untouchable communities that call themselves Balmiks and claim descent from Valmiki, went on strike to agitate for the extension of the serial. The movement was successful, leading to the production of [[Luv Kush]].{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=139-140}}

The series was re-telecast from 28 March 2020 with one hour episode during the morning and one hour episode during the night during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|lockdown of 21 days due to coronavirus]] on [[DD National]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-prasar-bharati-to-re-telecast-ramayan-from-march-28-on-public-demand-during-lockdown/349524|title=Prasar Bharati To Re-Telecast 'Ramayan' From 28 March On 'Public Demand' During Lockdown|website=outlookindia.com|date=27 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/good-news-iconic-show-ramayana-to-re-telecast-starting-tomorrow/articleshow/74840124.cms|title=Good News! Iconic show 'Ramayana' to re-telecast starting tomorrow|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Scholarly ===
Sagar innovated many story elements in the serial that hitherto had not existed in any ''Ramayana'' or had only received cursory treatment. This includes a fleshed out coverage of Ram's childhood and education, new story elements on Kaikeyi and her redemption, and humanized rakshasas who are depicted as "majestic but flawed". Lutgendorf states such innovations were developed in accordance with Sagar's and his modern audience's sensibilities but remained within the limits of traditional themes.{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=147-157}}

=== Religious ===
The serial elicited a strong religious response from its audience in what has been termed "video-latry"; viewers performed ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' of their television sets and prostrated before Govil and Chikhlia. English-language critics derided such practices as a backwards "embarrasment", but such practices were rooted in the pre-existing customs of ''puja'' worship of modern mechanical devices, sanctification rites surrounding the performance of religious drama, and the traditional identification of actors with their roles. Indian intellectuals regarded the serial as promoting the intellectual passivity of its audience, but according to Lutgendorf the audience actively engaged with the show via religious rites and critical discussion. Indian intellectuals also bemoaned that the ''Ramayan'' serial would spell a death knell for folk recensions as the serial would be considered a standard authoritative edition. According to Lutgendorf, such worries may be overstated, and notes the irony in that urban intellectuals were among the least likely to appreciate and patronise folk performances.{{Sfn|Lutgendorf|1990|p=160-170}}

== Ratings ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Week and year
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership (Hindi GEC overall)
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership (Hindi GEC free)
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership (Hindi GEC pay)
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership (Hindi GEC rural)
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership (Hindi GEC urban)
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
!Impressions (millions)
!Ranking
!Impressions (millions)
!Ranking
!Impressions (millions)
!Ranking
!Impressions (millions)
!Ranking
!Impressions (millions)
!Ranking
|-
|Week 14 of 2020
|61397
|1
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" {{N/A}}
|27169
|1
|34228
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/doordarshans-ramayan-tops-all-categories-in-barc-ratings-for-march-2020-1689884.html|title=Doordarshan's Ramayan Tops All Categories In BARC Ratings For March 2020 | 📺 LatestLY|date=17 April 2020|website=LatestLY}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15 of 2020
|67473
|1
|30619
|1
|36854
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iconic TV shows Ramayan, Mahabharat rule the TRP charts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iconic-tv-shows-ramayan-mahabharat-rule-the-trp-charts/articleshow/75326110.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|Week 16 of 2020
|68687
|1
|17693
|1
|50994
|1
|30887
|1
|37800
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayan & Mahabharat Rule TRP Chart|date=2 May 2020 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/television/news/2020/latest-trp-ratings-ramayan-mahabharat-rule-trp-chart-sony-tv-star-plus-enter-top-5-slot-298378.html}}</ref>
|}
''Ramayan'' notably broke viewership for any Indian television series during that time. It was telecast in 55 countries and at a total viewership of 650 million and re-telecast (24 March - 18 April 2020) nearly 2500 million viewership alone in 25 days, it became the highest watched Indian television series by a distance, and one of top watched television series in world.<ref name="ht1">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Manik|title=30 years of DD's Ramayana:The back story of the show that changed Indian TV forever|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/30-years-of-dd-s-ramayana-the-back-story-of-the-show-that-changed-indian-tv-forever/story-og0vbfSYwK75Zl7mQmdsjN.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215133830/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/30-years-of-dd-s-ramayana-the-back-story-of-the-show-that-changed-indian-tv-forever/story-og0vbfSYwK75Zl7mQmdsjN.html|archive-date=15 February 2018|date=13 January 2018}}</ref> It entered in the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the most watched historical series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/siya-ke-ram-better-or-worse-than-ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan/story-wXplgFmD16Zj7BM8Lzq3WM.html|title=Siya Ke Ram or Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan? Here's a test by fire|website=Hindustan Times|date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> On its first telecast (1987), it had 40 million viewership in India. That brought [[₹]]23 crore revenue for the channel.<ref name=":1" />

The viewership during lockdown garnered record highest ratings for a Hindi GEC ([[general entertainment channel]]) show since 2015 making DD National as the most watched Indian channel since its premiere.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/popularity-of-ramayan-mahabharat-serials-prompts-review-of-dd-programme-selection-process/article31395874.ece|title=Popularity of 'Ramayan', 'Mahabharat' serials prompts review of DD programme selection process|website=The Hindu|date=21 April 2020 }}</ref>

Ramayan garnered a total of 170 million viewers in first 4 shows during which DD National became the most watched Indian television channel after many years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/ramayan-170-million-viewers-in-4-shows-since-re-launch-on-saturday/articleshow/74952762.cms|title=Ramayana: 170 million viewers in 4 shows since re-launch on Saturday|date=April 2, 2020|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310140558/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/ramayan-170-million-viewers-in-4-shows-since-re-launch-on-saturday/articleshow/74952762.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/god-makes-an-epic-comeback-on-television/58611/1|title=God Makes An Epic Comeback on Television|website=Forbes India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-ramayan-has-garnered-the-highest-ever-trp-rating-for-a-hindi-gec-show-since-2015-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-20159300.html|title=Coronavirus Lockdown: रामायण ने तोड़े टीआरपी के सारे रिकॉर्ड, 2015 तक का कोई शो नहीं दे सका टक्कर|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> The following week it garnered 580 million impressions in morning slot and 835 million impressions in night slot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/ramayan-shaktimaan-byomkesh-bakshi-make-dd-national-most-watched-channel-across-genres/398610/|title=Reruns of 1980-90s classics Ramayan, Shaktimaan, Byomkesh make DD most-watched channel|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=9 April 2020 }}</ref>

During week 14 of 2020, it garnered 61.397 million impressions and the following week it got 67.4 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/doordarshan-with-its-classics-like-ramayan-driving-growth-for-hindi-gecs-5173981.html|title=Doordarshan with its classics like Ramayan driving growth for Hindi GECs|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=21 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ramayan-mahabharat-continue-to-rule-get-massive-viewership-for-doordarshan-third-week-in-a-row-1670180-2020-04-23|title=Ramayan, Mahabharat continue to rule, get massive viewership for Doordarshan third week in a row|website=India Today|date=23 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808|title=Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for '80s Show,'Ramayan,' a 78-part telling of an epic Hindu tale airing on Indian public television, is all the rage again|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2020-04-28 |last1=Bellman |first1=Eric }}
</ref>

==Sequel and remake==
{{Main|Luv Kush}}
A follow-up series ''[[Luv Kush]]'' based on the last chapter of Ramayana ''Uttara Kanda'', aired in October 1988 on [[DD National]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/looking-back-at-ramanand-sagar-ramayana-6334251/|title=Looking back at Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan|date=2020-03-28|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/ramayan-director-ramanand-sagar-had-to-make-luv-kush-episode-after-receiving-a-call-from-pmo-610055|title=Ramayan director Ramanand Sagar had to make Luv Kush episode after receiving a call from PMO|website=[[India TV News]]|date=22 April 2020 }}</ref> A remake series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' produced by Sagar Arts aired on [[NDTV Imagine]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/ramayan-to-be-back-on-small-screen-626715| title= Ramayan to be back on small screen
| work= Movie ndtv }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-imagine-to-recreate-ramayan-magic| title=NDTV Imagine to recreate 'Ramayan' magic| work=Media 247| access-date=27 July 2015| archive-date=16 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316164205/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-imagine-to-recreate-ramayan-magic| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Footnotes==
* Karp, Jonathan and Williams, Michael. "Reigning Hindu TV Gods of India Have Viewers Glued to Their Sets." ''The Wall Street Journal'', 22 April 1998
* {{cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0-520-06690-1 }}
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2307/1146030
| issn = 1054-2043
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages =
| last = Lutgendorf
| first = Philip
| title = Ramayan: The Video
| journal = [[TDR (journal)|TDR/The Drama Review]]
| date = Summer 1990
| publisher = The MIT Press
| jstor = 1146030
}}
* {{cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |editor1-first=John Stratton |editor1-last=Hawley |editor2-first=Vasudha |editor2-last=Narayanan |title=The Life of Hinduism |series=The Life of Religion |year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24913-4 |pages=140–157 |chapter=All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context}}
* National Endowment for the Humanities. "Lessons of the Epics: The ''Ramayana''". ''EdSITEment Lesson Plans''. Available online from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205233230/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=599 Lessons of the Indian Epics: The Ramayana: Showing your Dharma] (18 January 2006).
* {{cite book|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Arvind|title=Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India|date=2001|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521648394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbgW2jTESKEC}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Sagar Arts}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on poems]]
[[Category:1987 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1988 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]

India Abroad

2025-12-20T10:56:44Z

MishaelNab: stub!

{{Short description|Indian newspaper in New York City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = India Abroad
| image = India Abroad March 30 2020.png
| caption =
| type = Weekly [[newspaper]]
| format =
| price =
| founded = 1970
| owners = [[8K Miles Media Group, Inc.]]
| political_position =
| headquarters = [[New York City]], [[United States of America|USA]]
| editor =
| website = {{URL|http://www.indiaabroad.com}}
| circulation = 30,415 (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp |title=eCirc for Newspapers |date=September 30, 2011 |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (North America)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027085243/http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp |archive-date=October 27, 2012 }}</ref>
}}
'''''India Abroad''''' was a weekly [[newspaper]] published from [[New York City]], which focused on Indian news meant for an [[Indian American]], [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] and [[expatriate]] audience. The publication was known for its annual award ceremony for the "India Abroad Person of the Year."

''India Abroad'' was founded by [[Indian American]] [[publisher]] [[Gopal Raju]] in 1970.<ref name=ia>{{cite news |title=Pioneering publisher Gopal Raju passes away
|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/10mrraju.htm |work= India Abroad |date=2008-04-10|access-date=2008-05-04}}</ref> ''India Abroad'' calls itself "the oldest Indian newspaper published in [[North America]]."<ref name=iht>{{cite news |title=Obituaries in the news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/12/america/Deaths.php |agency= [[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=2008-04-12 |access-date=2008-05-03}}</ref> Under Raju's guidance, ''India Abroad'' quickly gained a reputation as one of the most credible, well-researched voices for the [[Indian American]] community.<ref name=ti>{{cite news |title=Gopal Raju, pioneer of ethnic Indian media in US, is no more |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/gopal-raju-pioneer-of-ethnic-indian-media-in-us-is-no-more_10036485.html |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |publisher=Thaindian News |date=2008-04-10 |access-date=2008-05-04 |archive-date=2008-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202132226/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/gopal-raju-pioneer-of-ethnic-indian-media-in-us-is-no-more_10036485.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The Economist]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] weekly [[international relations|international affairs]] [[magazine]], referred to ''India Abroad'' as a daily publication of “unusually high quality”.<ref name=ti/><ref name=iw>{{cite news|first=Michel W. |last=Potts |title=Pioneer Publisher Gopal Raju Dies |url=http://www.indiawest.com/view.php?subaction=showfull&id=1208385444&archive=&start_from=&ucat=11 |work=India-West |access-date=2008-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629051357/http://www.indiawest.com/view.php?subaction=showfull&id=1208385444&archive=&start_from=&ucat=11 |archive-date=2008-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since 2002, the publication has been honoring Indian-American achievers at the annual India Abroad Person of the Year award ceremony. The following are the list of winners.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Year
!
!
!
|-
| 2002
| [[Swati Dandekar]]
| politician
| [http://specials.rediff.com/us/iapoy08.html]
|-
| 2003
| [[Sonal Shah (economist)|Sonal Shah]]
| founder, Indicorps
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/iapoy2003.htm]
|-
| 2004
| [[Mohini Bhardwaj]]
| Olympic gymnast and silver medalist
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/04iapoy.htm]
|-
| 2005
| [[Bobby Jindal]]
| politician
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/10iapoy.htm]
|-
| 2006
| [[Indra Nooyi]]
| CEO, PepsiCo
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/23iapoy.htm]
|-
| 2007
| [[Mira Nair]]
| filmmaker
| [http://specials.rediff.com/us/iapoy08.html]
|-
| 2008
| [[Fareed Zakaria]]
| journalist, author, and television host
| [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/21slide1-fareed-zakaria-is-the-india-abroad-person-of-the-year.htm]
|-
| 2009
| [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]]
| scientist, [[Nobel Prize]] winner in Chemistry for 2009
| [https://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/06/slide-show-1-india-abroad-person-of-the-year-ceremony.htm]
|-
| 2010
| [[Nikki Haley]]
| politician
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/report/nikki-haley-is-india-abroad-person-of-the-year-2010/20110625.htm]
|-
| 2011
| [[Preet Bharara]]
| United States Attorney
| [https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-preet-bharara-is-india-abroad-person-of-the-year-2011/20120630.htm]
|-
|}

Raju sold ''India Abroad'' to [[Rediff.com]] in April 2001, which as of 2009 owns and operates the paper.<ref name=ia/><ref name=th>{{cite news |title=Veteran journalist Gopal Raju passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200804102001.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2008-04-10 |access-date=2008-05-03 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007214352/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200804102001.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gopal Raju died in [[New York City]] on April 10, 2008.<ref name=th/>

In late 2016, Rediff.com sold its venture to 8K Miles Media, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/8k-miles-software-tanks-5-on-rumours-of-forgery-at-a-promoter-entity-2989031.html|title=8k Miles issued a clarification stating that 8K Miles Media is not a subsidiary or holding company|date=Sep 26, 2018|website=Money Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/Community-newspaper-India-Abroad-in-US-sold-by-Rediff/articleshow/55832392.cms|title=Community newspaper 'India Abroad' in US sold by Rediff|date=2016-12-06|work=Times of India|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

On March 27, 2020, chairman and publisher Suresh Venkatachari informed readers via his Publisher's Note that "India Abroad will cease its print publication at the end of March 2020. The last issue of India Abroad will be dated March 30."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiaabroad.com/ ''India Abroad''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503185247/https://www.indiaabroad.com/ |date=2023-05-03 }}

[[Category:Asian-American press]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in New York City]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1970]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora mass media]]

Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari

2025-12-17T05:39:50Z

MishaelNab: refine structure further for accuracy

{{Distinguish|Shilaidaha}}

{{Infobox historic site
| name = Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari
| native_name = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি
| native_language = bn
| other_name =
| image = Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibadi. 5.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Main building of Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari
| coordinates = {{coord|23.919641|N|89.219961|E|region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| type = Complex
| etymology =
| location = [[Shilaidaha]], [[Kumarkhali Upazila]], [[Kushtia District]]
| nearest_city = [[Kushtia]]
| area = 11 acre
| elevation =
| height =
| beginning_label =
| beginning_date =
| formed =
| founded =
| founder = Ramlochan Tagore
| built =
| built_for = Residence
| original_use =
| demolished =
| rebuilt =
| restored =
| restored_by =
| current_use = Tourist attraction
| architect =
| sculptor =
| architecture =
| visitors_num =
| visitors_year =
| visitors_ref =
| governing_body =
| owner = [[Government of Bangladesh]]
| website = 
| designation2_number =
| designation2_free1name =
| designation2_free1value =
}}
'''Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari''', in short '''Shilaidah Kuthibari''', is one of the major tourist places in [[Bangladesh]]. It is located seven kilometers north of [[Kushtia]] on the banks of [[Padma River|Padma]] in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]].

==History==
[[File:1.শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of Shilaidaha Kuthibari]]
This Kuthi bari was built by an indigo-planter named Shelly which was later owned by Ramlochan Tagore. In 1807, [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] got the ownership of this kuthibari with the inheritance of estate. In 1892,<ref name=i/> due to the erosion of the river caused by the flood, the Kuthibari was likely to disappear, so it was demolished and a new building was constructed elsewhere in the next year. Dwarkanath Tagore's grandson [[Rabindranath Tagore]] came to [[Shilaidaha]] several times to look after the estate. He had the opportunity to stay in this cottage. He wrote many literatures during his stay at Shilaidah Kuthibari. During his stay here in 1912, he began the work of translating the ''[[Gitanjali]]'' into English.<ref name=bpd>{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Shilaidaha Kuthibadi |author=Nazimuddin Ahmed and Ahmed Rafique}}</ref> During his stay in this building in 1905, he wrote a song which is now the [[national anthem of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ps/>

[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee visits Kuthibari, ancestral house of Guru Ravindra Nath Tagore in Bangladesh on March 05, 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]] in Kuthibari, 2013]]

Before its acquisition to the [[Government of East Bengal]] after passing of [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950]], the ownership of this Kuthibari was transferred from the Tagore family to another landlord.<ref name=i/> In 1958 it came under the Department of Archeology of Pakistan. In 1969, the provincial government planned to preserve it as an archaeological site.<ref name=j/> Since the [[independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, it has been under the [[Department of Archaeology (Bangladesh)|Department of Archeology]] of Bangladesh.<ref name=ps/> In 2013, then President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] visited Shilaidah Kuthibari. He then told the government that he wanted to provide financial assistance to build a complex at the Kuthibari site. After four years, the decision was finalized between the two countries and the construction of the complex was completed by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city/174464/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|title=আরও দৃষ্টিনন্দন হচ্ছে রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি|language=bn|first=Haque Farukh|last=Ahmed|date=6 May 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[Jugantor]]|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033204/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/city/174464/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, a dam was constructed to protect Shilaidah Rabindra Kuthibari, but a part of it collapsed in the same year. Later in 2022, another part of the dam collapsed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/150883/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|title=কুঠিবাড়ি রক্ষাবাঁধে আবারও ধস, আতঙ্কে পদ্মাপাড়ের মানুষ|language=bn|first=Mizanur Rahman|last=Nayan|date=6 March 2022|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[Ajker Patrika]]|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310181559/https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/150883/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Shilidaha Kuthibari was built on 11 acre land of the village. This walled building is three storey museum that has 18 rooms with a central hall.<ref name=bpd/><ref name=i>{{cite news|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/52021/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|title=রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও শিলাইদহের কুঠিবাড়ি|language=bn|date=7 May 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033202/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/52021/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a total of 17 doors for entering and exiting the 18 rooms. The building has a total of 30 windows to let in sunlight.<ref name=ps>{{cite web|url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/todays-newspaper/5-mishali/369907|title=রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি ও আমাদের জাতীয় সংগীত|language=bn|first=Azaharul|last=Islam|date=12 December 2022|access-date=1 March 2023|website=Protidiner Sangbad|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033156/https://www.protidinersangbad.com/todays-newspaper/5-mishali/369907|url-status=live}}</ref> The building has an area of 273.87 square meters. Built in [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], this building is 8.71 meters high.<ref name=j>{{cite news|url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/homeland/122229/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95|title=শাহজাদপুরের রবীন্দ্র স্মৃতি জাদুঘর সৃষ্টিশীলতার এক জীবন্ত প্রতীক|language=bn|date=25 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[Jaijaidin]]|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033152/https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/homeland/122229/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
===Layout===
[[File:Front gate, Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia.jpg|thumb|Front gate of Rabindra Kuthibari]]
There are two buildings near the gate of Kuthibari. The two buildings are named Gitanjali and Sonar Tori. There is a library, two ponds, a mango orchard, a garden and an auditorium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/feature/article/2208124871/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|title=ঘুরে আসুন কুঠিবাড়ি|language=bn|first=Anik|last=Ahmed|date=3 August 2022|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[Samakal]]|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803133718/https://samakal.com/feature/article/2208124871/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Museum===
[[File:রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি, শিলাইদহ, কুমারখালী, কুষ্টিয়া। 1.jpg|thumb|Inside of the museum]]
In 1986,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://observerbd.com/details.php?id=89062|title=Shilaidaha Kuthibari, a tourist attraction|date=11 August 2017|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033158/https://observerbd.com/details.php?id=89062|url-status=live}}</ref> it became a museum.<ref name=bpd/> The [[Department of Archaeology (Bangladesh)|Department of Archaeology]] has preserved at least 80 photographs of Rabindranath Tagore as well as items used by Rabindranath Tagore at Shilaidah Kuthibari.<ref name=i/>

==Tourism==
[[File:Musical gathering on the outside of Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia 2.jpg|thumb|Musical gathering on the outside of Shilaidaha Kuthibari]]
It is a tourist attraction for Bangladeshi as well as foreign tourists. A three-day event is organized every year on the occasion of Rabindranath Tagore's birth anniversary.<ref name=i/> In the fiscal year 2017-18, the Bangladeshi government earned {{BDT|46 lakh}} by selling entry tickets to the Kuthibari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/Rabindranath%E2%80%99s-renovating-Kuthibari-to-attract|title=Rabindranath’s renovating Kuthibari to attract more visitors|date=9 May 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033202/https://en.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/Rabindranath%E2%80%99s-renovating-Kuthibari-to-attract|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the government refrained from organizing events here in 2020 and 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/arts-and-literature/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-1062681|title=কুষ্টিয়ায় বিশ্বকবির জন্মদিন পালনে প্রস্তুত কুঠিবাড়ি|language=bn|first=Sabina|last=Yasmin|date=7 May 2022|access-date=1 March 2023|website=Ntvbd.com|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627121619/https://www.ntvbd.com/arts-and-literature/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-1062681|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The stall of the Department of Archeology set up at the 2022 [[Ekushey Book Fair]] was modeled after Rabindra Kuthibari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakaprokash24.com/art-culture/news/9468|title=বইমেলায় রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি|language=bn|first=Mahmudul|last=Alam|date=2 March 2022|access-date=1 March 2023|website=Dhakaprokash.com|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303153216/https://www.dhakaprokash24.com/art-culture/news/9468|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Amphitheatre, Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia 2.jpg|Amphitheatre
Side of Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia.jpg|Kuthibari
Open field at Shilaidaha Kuthibadi.jpg|Open field at Shilaidaha Kuthibadi
Backside stairs of Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia.jpg|Backside stairs
শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg|Kuthibari building
Shilaidaha Kuthibadi.ruhan4.jpg|Museum gallery
An interior door of Rabindra Kuthibari,Shelaidaha,Kushtia.jpg|An interior door of Rabindra Kuthibari
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/loc/khulna/66#:~:text=Shilaidaha%20Kuthibari%20is%20a%20place,memorable%20poems%20while%20living%20here. Shilaidaha Kuthibari] – BeautifulBangladesh.gov.bd

{{Kushtia District}}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[Category:Kumarkhali Upazila]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Biographical museums in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Museums in Kushtia District]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kushtia District]]

Pashupatinath Temple shooting

2025-12-14T09:51:41Z

MishaelNab: New

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Pashupatinath Temple shooting
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Mandsaur]], [[India]]
| target = Pashupatinath Temple
| coordinates =
| date = 23 July 1983
| time = 7:30 p.m. – 8:20 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone = [[UTC+05:30]]
| type = [[Mass murder]], [[spree shooting]]
| fatalities = 15 (including the perpetrator)
| injuries = 9
| perp = Ramesh Sharma
| weapons = [[Lee–Enfield|Lee-Enfield bolt-action rifle]]
}}

The '''Pashupatinath Temple shooting''' was a [[mass murder]] that occurred at the [[Pashupatinath Temple, Mandsaur|Pashupatinath Temple]] and its surrounding area in [[Mandsaur]], [[India]] on 23 July 1983. Ramesh Sharma, a 28-year-old police constable killed 14 people and wounded nine others, before he was shot and killed by police.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DgoUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LJQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6686,4542052&dq= Policeman kills 13 in rampage], ''[[The Age]]'' (25 July 1983)</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=plEfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PdIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3411,4078560&dq= Berserk cop kills 11 in temple], ''[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal|The Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal]]'' (24 July 1983)</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gtEyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B-8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1916,1778591&dq= Policeman goes berserk, kills 13 people], ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'' (25 July 1983)</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q8NAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A6YMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4672,4708854&dq= Foreign Digest - New Delhi], ''[[The Glasgow Herald]]'' (25 July 1983)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=T5QiUMWTDqGB4ATv7oHABg&hl=de&id=VH5DAAAAYAAJ&dq= Law and Order - Cop guns down 13 in temple], ''[[Data India]]''; Press Institute of India, 1983.</ref>

==Events==
===Preceding===
On 23 July 1983, Ramesh Sharma was on guard duty at Pashupatinath temple on a round-the-clock vigil with four colleagues. He was said to have been acting normally during the day. 15 minutes before the shooting occurred, Sharma casually entered the tea shop adjacent to the temple, drank tea and shared photos of the temple.<ref name="india1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=T2KZAAAAIAAJ The Killer Constable], ''[[India Today]]'' (Volume 8)</ref>

===Shooting===
At about 7:30 p.m., Sharma entered a tea shop adjacent to the temple, armed with a [[Lee–Enfield]] rifle and his pockets filled with cartridges. He aimed his rifle at the shop owner's nephew, Pradeep, and asked him "Should I shoot you?", before killing him.

Sharma next shot at Rakesh Jain, owner of an idol shop at the temple, hitting him in the shoulder. While Jain stumbled into the nearby Hanuman temple, Motia Bai, owner of another shop in the area, started shouting at Sharma angrily. Sharma shot dead both Motia and her son Hari while he ate dinner, before turning his attention back to Jain. After taking off his shoes he entered the temple and shot Jain at point-blank range through his abdomen. Sharma then put his shoes back on and left.

Outside he was approached by another policeman posted at the temple that evening, Kanhaiyalal Dube, who wanted to calm him down. Before Dube could intervene, Sharma shot him dead. The gunman then entered the Pashupatinath temple where an [[aarti]], attended by about 60 people, had just begun. Sharma fired a few shots at the [[pilgrim]]s, wounding several of them, before shouting to halt the aarti, though the priest, Ramachandra Shukla, apparently unaware of what was going on, raised his hand to silence him. Sharma killed the priest by shooting him in his arm and head.

At around 7:45 p.m. Sharma left the temple area and headed towards the town, where he killed another seven people in the streets. Police by then had already been notified, but it took them another 40 minutes to stop the gunman. At about 8:20 p.m. Sharma was engaged by policeman Mewa Lai. He fired a shot at the officer that missed its target and killed an 18-year-old woman named Sakina. Mewa Lai then returned fire and killed Sharma with a shot in the chest.

Within 50 minutes Sharma had fired 34 rounds, killing 14 people and injuring nine others; one cartridge remained in the chamber of his rifle, while another 35 were found in his pockets.<ref name="india1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:1983 mass murders]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in India]]
[[Category:Mandsaur]]
[[Category:Crime in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:July 1983 in India]]
[[Category:1983 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1983 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1983]]
[[Category:Murders by law enforcement officers]]
[[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]

Kashiya

2025-11-27T04:07:47Z

MishaelNab: further improve page per sources also and added references

{{short description|Proposed town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{update|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kashia East, Uttar Pradesh
| native_name = Kashia Poorab
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kashia Sadat
| nickname = Kashia East
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.32|N|81.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 82
| population_total = 10000
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 212201
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kashia East''', also known as'''Kashia poorab''', is a proposed town area [[nagar panchayat]]. It would include Muratganj in [[Kaushambi district]].

== History ==

Kashiya East was earlier known as Kashiya Sadat in Pargana Chail for being one of eight villages inhabited by Naqvi Bukhari Syeds, the descendants of Syed Hussam uddin Hasan Bukhari, great-grandson of Hazrat [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] of Ucch Bukharan (Bahawalpur) [[Multan]] province <ref>{{cite web|author=Khalid Bin Umar |url=http://parganachail.blogspot.in/2011/08/kashia-pargana-chail.html |title=Kashia - Pargana Chail |publisher=Pargana Chail |date=2011-08-03 |accessdate=2014-05-23}}{{better source needed|date=August 2025}}</ref> in the Southern Punjab of Pakistan.

== Public amenities ==
Kashia is Kasiya (CT), where CT stands for Census Town as per India Census 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vlist.in/village/160728.html |title=Kasiya (CT) Village|website=vlist.in}}</ref>
Kashia East is a village in the [[Murat Ganj]] block in [[Chail Tehsil]], near [[Bharwari]]. Amenities include two government Primary Health Clinics (PHC), one Veterinary hospital, one Primary high school and one Junior High school, Kanya Pathsala.

== Hamlets ==

Kashia East comprises many hamlets, including Shergarh, ChikwanPura, Nadirganj and Bazar ka Bagh.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = "Census of India 2011"
| website = Census of India
| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/160120-kashiya-uttar-pradesh.html
| date = 2011
| access-date = 2025-11-26
}}</ref> Kashiya East{{cn|date=August 2025}} had a population of 7,050. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Kashiya East has an average literacy rate of 56.18%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 71% and female literacy of 40%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kaushambi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kaushambi district]]

{{Kaushambi-geo-stub}}

Belgadia Palace

2025-11-18T02:05:46Z

MishaelNab: Created New Entry

{{short description|18th-century Victorian-era styled hill-top palace in Odisha, India}}
{{distinguish|Mayurbhanj Palace}}
The '''Belgadia Palace''' is an 18th-century Victorian-era styled hill-top palace located in [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] district, [[Odisha]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/bhubaneswar+buzz-epaper-bunesbuz/exclusive+peek+into+belgadia+palace+mayurbhanj+200+year+old+renovated+palace+in+odisha+opening+january+2019+as+a+heritage+boutique+homestay-newsid-103693376|title=Exclusive peek into Belgadia Palace Mayurbhanj : 200 year old renovated palace in Odisha opening January 2019 as a heritage boutique homestay - Bhubaneswar Buzz|website=DailyHunt|language=en|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/luxe/a-royal-renaissance/article22816266.ece|title=A royal renaissance|last=Lobo|first=Joanna|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20190318-passage-royale-1473157-2019-03-08|title=Passage royale|date=March 8, 2019|first=Chumki|last=Bharadwaj|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/Heritage-Luxury-Stay-in-an-Unfathomed-Odisha/15-07-2019-173396|title=Heritage Luxury Stay in an Unfathomed Odisha|website=BW Hotelier|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>

== History ==
Maharani Sumitra Devi Bhanj Deo, who ruled the state from 1796 to 1810, gave the orders to construct the palace in 1804. Her descendants used the palace as a royal guest house. The present interiors were built during the rule of [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo|Maharajah Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (1882-1912), the most famous of the rulers in the Mayurbhanj region, preceded by Maharajah Krushna Chandra Bhanj Deo (1868-1882) and succeeded by Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo (1928-1948).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111015/1851002.html|title=Mayurbhanj palace in shambles|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2018-12-29|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172154/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111015/1851002.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-royals-of-odishas-belgadia-palace-open-doors-for-tourists/as68218977.cms|title=The royals of Odisha's Belgadia Palace open doors for tourists|last=Dey|first=Panchali|website=Times of India Travel|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> The overall construction is a melange of Victorian and Greek style of architecture, and replicated the style of the [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/articles/188/277006/5ae1ce8a62c34|title="I Am Able To Check In With Myself" Mrinalika Bhanj Deo|website=magzter.com|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref>

The Belgadia Palace is the residence of the current [[Maharaja]]h Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo (47th ruler of the [[Bhanj dynasty]]), the queen of Mayurbhanj Rashmi Rajyalaxmi Bhanj Deo from the royal family of [[Jaisalmer]], the queen mother Bharati Rajya Lakshmi Devi (daughter of [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|king Tribhuvan]] of Nepal), and daughters Mrinalika M Bhanj Deo and Akshita M Bhanj Deo<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2019/07/12/Heritage-tourism-at-Belgadia-Palace-A-chance-to-experience-a-bygone-era.html|title=Heritage trail at Belgadia palace: An offbeat taste of royalty|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref>

A portion of the palace has been converted into a heritage hotel since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/odisha-belgadia-palace-restored-luxury-hotel/|title=Odisha: Live your own Princess Diaries dream at Belgadia Palace Hotel|date=2019-04-12|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69336/the-belgadia-palace-odishas-hidden-jewel|title=The Belgadia Palace: Odisha's Hidden Jewel|website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
The palace is located between the [[Simlipal National Park|Simlipal]] and [[Baripada]] forest reserves of Orissa, which is part of the UNESCO [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/hotels/2021/11/04/a-living-museum-indian-royal-sisters-transform-family-palace-into-a-hotel/ "Indian royal princesses transform family palace into hotel dubbed 'a living museum'. The Belgadia Palace is located in the princely province of Mayurbhanj, in the country's eastern Odisha state". By Neeta Lal, "The National", Nov. 4, 2021]
* [https://www.thebelgadiapalace.com The Belgadia Palace]
* Sarda, Shalbha. [https://www.admiddleeast.com/story/meet-the-indian-princesses-behind-the-revival-of-the-200-years-old-belgadia-palace-in-odisha Meet the Indian Princesses Behind the Revival of the 200-Years-Old Belgadia Palace in Odisha], ''AD Middle East'', October 18, 2024. Accessed November 17, 2025.

{{coord|21.943|86.724|display=title}}

[[Category:Palaces in Odisha]]
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]

Warangal Metro

2025-11-18T01:14:04Z

MishaelNab: adding initial info from scratch

{{Short description|Proposed metro system in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Public transit
|name = Warangal Metro
|native_name = {{lang|te|వరంగల్‌ మెట్రో}}
|color =
|box_width = 275px
|logo =
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|image2 =
|imagesize2 =
|image3 =
|imagesize3 =
|locale = [[Warangal]], Telangana, India
|transit_type = Rapid transit
|operator =
|owner =
|began_operation =
|website =
|system_length = 15 km
|track_gauge =
|map_name =
|map =
|alt=|caption=|area served=|line_number=|start=|end=|stations=|weekly_ridership=|annual_ridership=|chief_executive=|character=|vehicles=|map_state=}}

'''Warangal Metro''' is a proposed [[Rapid transit|metro]] system to serve the city of [[Warangal]], Telangana, India with a stretch of 15 kilometers, from [[Kazipet railway station]] to [[Warangal railway station]] through its suburbs. The system is proposed to reduce traffic congestion as well as providing a modern and efficient public transport system in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/green-signal-for-metro-rail-project-in-warangal/|title=Proposed Metro rail for Warangal|date=24 December 2019|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/warangal-metroneo-maha-metro-to-prepare-dpr/articleshow/72463924.cms|title=Warangal MetroNeo: Maharashtra Metro to prepare detailed project report|date=11 December 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=10 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/state-proposes-metro-monorail-metroneo-and-airport-for-warangal-city/|title=Telangana: Warangal to get metro services soon|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Detailed Project Report (DPR) is being prepared by [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|Maha Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/warangal-metro-maha-metro-to-prepare-dpr-for-the-project-11576037856132.html|title=DPR being prepared|publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Warangal topics}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Warangal]]

Al-Daie

2025-11-06T04:44:58Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|Indian Arabic magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Al-Daie
| logo = Logo of Al-Daie.png
| logo_size = 120px
| image_file = Cover of AL-DAIE, December, 2021 issue.gif
| image_alt = Colorful cover
| image_caption = December 2021 cover
| editor = [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]]
| category = [[Theology]], [[Culture]], [[Dawah]], [[Literature]], [[Deobandi movement]]
| frequency = Monthly
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| founded = {{start date|1976|7|10|df=y}}
| firstdate = July 1976
| country = India
| based = [[Deoband]]
| language = Arabic
| ISSN = 2347-8950
| oclc = 32364703
| website = [https://darululoom-deoband.com/arabicmagazine/ darululoom-deoband.com]
}}
'''''Al-Daie''''' ({{langx|ar|{{nq|الداعي}}}}) is a monthly Arabic magazine that began as a biweekly newspaper in 1976, succeeding ''[[Da'watul Haq]]'' from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. It was initially edited by [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]] under the supervision of [[Qari Muhammad Tayyib]]. In 1993, during the tenure of [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]] as editor, it transitioned into a monthly magazine, with Amini's nearly four-decade-long leadership shaping its expanded scope. The magazine primarily serves to highlight the role of Deoband's scholars and [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni|graduates]], reflecting the perspectives of the [[Deobandi movement]].<ref name=":Ahmed" /><ref name="Nayab" /> [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]] is the current editor, with [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] overseeing its publication.

== Birth and rise ==
Darul Uloom Deoband launched this magazine on 10 July 1976 (11 Rajab 1396 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]) following the cessation of the institution's first Arabic magazine, ''Da'watul Haq''.<ref name=":ZA">{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Mohsin Atiq |date=8 June 2018 |title=A look at the history of the emergence of Arabic magazines in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/6/8/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]] |language=ar}}</ref> Initially edited by Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, who had also served as the editor of ''Da'watul Haq'', his tenure was brief, and he was succeeded by his student [[Badrul Hasan Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=118}} Under Qasmi, the magazine published special editions, including one commemorating the centenary of Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=118}} The magazine faced a temporary suspension after the [[Centenary Celebration of Darul Uloom Deoband|1980 celebrations]] due to disruptions within the institution.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377 |language=en |page=241 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/536377 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103013013/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1982, [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]], a former student of Kairanawi and a journalist from [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], was appointed as editor-in-chief.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=242}} Under Amini, the magazine transitioned from an 8-page biweekly newspaper to a 50-page monthly magazine by August 1993, adopting the Quranic verse from ''[[An-Nahl]]'' (16:125) as its slogan.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=138}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nadwi |first=Sarwar Alam |title=Development Of Arabic Journalism In India After Independence |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |language=ar |pages=269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024641/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2000 |location=India |hdl=10603/57825 |url-status=live}}</ref> Amini's editorship included changes in content, style, and printing quality.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=139}} After Amini's passing, the advisory committee appointed [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]] as the new editor in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2021 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Appoints Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri to Lead Al-Daie |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-arif-jameel-mubarakpuri-al-dai-k-mudeere-ala-banaye-gaye/ |work=Qindeel |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813002549/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-arif-jameel-mubarakpuri-al-dai-k-mudeere-ala-banaye-gaye/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Al-Daie'' continues to be available online via the institution's official website.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=139}}

== Focus and framework ==
The magazine focuses on raising awareness of Islamic principles, addressing challenges faced by Muslims worldwide, and promoting mutual understanding between [[Arabs|Arab]] and non-Arab communities.<ref name=":AA">{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |language=ar |page=163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/30548 |url-status=live}}</ref> It emphasizes the promotion of the Arabic language, the dissemination of Islamic teachings, and discussions on religious texts while addressing misconceptions and contemporary issues.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=139}} The magazine also highlights the relevance of Islamic traditions and their continuity through early generations of Muslims.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=164}} Its content includes sections such as the ''Editor's Note'', which covers current issues affecting Muslim societies, and the ''Feature Article'', which discusses Islamic values and ethics.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=141}} Other sections include ''Islamic Thought'' and ''Islamic Studies'', which present translations, theology, and Islamic beliefs, while ''Islamic Literature'' focuses on efforts to Islamic literary traditions. Additionally, the magazine features reflective articles in ''Spotlight'' and provides updates on local events and activities in Islamic educational institutions.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=142}}

== Researchers' views ==
Researchers from various academic institutions have commented on the magazine. Zikrullah Arabi from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] referred to it as a significant publication in the Indian subcontinent and noted its focus on addressing intellectual challenges.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=139}} Habib Shahidul Islam and Hafizur Rahman from [[Gauhati University]] discussed its role in promoting the Arabic language,<ref name=":HSI">{{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Habib Shahidul |title=The Role Of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema In The Field Of Arabic Journalism In India A Study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |language=en |page=89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050739/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/114360 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Rahman mentioning its continuation of work previously undertaken by ''[[Da'watul Haq]]''.<ref name=":HR">{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Hafizur |title=Arabic journalism in India with special reference to Sayed Muhammad Al Hasani : a study |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |language=en |pages=207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217145140/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> Farid Uddin Ahmed of [[Cotton University]] commented on its role in Islamic and literary fields,<ref name=":Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Farid Uddin |date=2019 |title=Arabic Journalism in India: its growth and development |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Echo |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=312 |issn=2278-5264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044358/https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> while Obaidur Rahman from [[Banaras Hindu University]] observed its adherence to the legacy of Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=242}} [[Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi]], historiographer of Darul Uloom Deoband, and Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama'', noted its position among Arabic magazines,<ref name=":Qasmi">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://archive.org/download/dar-al-aloom-deoband-ki-jame-aor-mukhtasar-tareekh/Dar%20al%20aloom%20deoband%20ki%20jame%20aor%20mukhtasar%20tareekh%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86.pdf |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |date=2020 |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd |location=India |page=399 |language=ur |oclc=1345466013}}</ref> with Hasan referencing its engagement with media discourse and its connection between Arab and non-Arab Muslim communities.<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband |year=2013 |edition= |location=India |pages=129 |language=ur |trans-title=Journalistic Scenario Of Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref> Qamruzzaman from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] described it as a reflection of Darul Uloom Deoband's outlook.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |first= |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |degree=PhD |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |language=ar |page=127 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/HindustanMainArbiZubanAdabKayFaroghMainMaulanaWaheeduzamanKiranviKaKirdar |archive-date=30 March 2019 |year=2001 |location=India |hdl=10603/57789}}</ref> Anees Alangadan from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]], highlighted its content's focus on Islamic themes.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=164}} Sarwar Alam Nadwi from Aligarh Muslim University remarked on its writing style and its reception in different communities.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=271}} Abdur Rahman from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] referred to its style, objectives, and coverage of Arab issues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdur |date=2018 |title=Contributions Of The Scholars Of Darul Uloom Deoband To The Development Of Arabic Journalism In India |url=https://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |url-status=live |journal=Aldebal |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=80 |issn=2415-5500 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907204130/http://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

== Worldwide reach ==
It has been acknowledged across the [[Muslim world]] for its focus on Islamic scholarship, cultural exchange, and developing connections among Muslim communities. [[Ziyauddinkhan ibn Ishan Babakhan]], former president of the [[Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan]], recognized its efforts in promoting understanding and solidarity among Muslims globally.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=268}} Ahmed Abdul Qadir, Dean at [[King Abdulaziz University]], noted its focus on Islamic principles and its analysis of issues within the Muslim world.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=142}} Abd al-Fattah Sa'id of ''Manar al-Islam'', published by the [[General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments]], highlighted its role in Islamic propagation and the promotion of the Arabic language in the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=268}} {{ill|Abdulaziz Bin Abdullah Al-Khwaiter|ar|عبد العزيز بن عبد الله الخويطر}}, a member of Saudi Arabia's [[Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia|Council of Ministers]], referred to its quality and the presence of esteemed writers.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=143}} Bahraini scholar Qasim Yusuf al-Shaykh observed its engagement with the spirit of Islam and intellectual discussions.<ref name=":Ahmed" />

== See also ==
* [[Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}

[[Category:Deobandi Arabic magazines]]
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Arabic-language magazines]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1976]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]

Blambangan Kingdom

2025-10-28T12:20:41Z

MishaelNab:

{{Short description|Javanese Hindu kingdom (c. 13th-18th centuries CE)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox Former Country
| name = '''Blambangan Kingdom''' ꦑꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦨ꧀ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀
| common_name = Blambangan
| continent =
| region =
| image_map = Map of Blambangan.png
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Blambangan on the eastern tip of Java Island in the 16th century during the [[Mataram Sultanate]] era in Java
| country =
| religion = [[Hinduism]] (official) [[Buddhism]] [[Islam]]
| image_flag = 
| image_coat = 
| symbol_type =
| p1 = Majapahit
| s1 = Dutch East Indies
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 =
| year_start = 1478
| year_end = 1768{{efn|''De jure''}}/1777{{efn|''De facto''}}
| event_start = [[Demak–Majapahit conflicts|Dissolution]] of [[Majapahit]] led to an independent Blambangan
| event_end = Absorbed into the territory of [[Dutch East Indies]]
| event1 = Blambangan was attacked by Balinese kingdom
| date_event1 = 1501
| event2 = Batara Wijaya Girindrawardhana Ranawijaya fled to Panarukan{{efn|Blambangan region}} after [[Kediri (city) |Daha]] was controlled by [[Demak Sultanate]]
| date_event2 = 1527
| event3 = Blambangan lost Pasuruan and Pajarakan because it was taken by Demak
| date_event3 = 1545–1546
| event4 = Blambangan became the vassal of [[Mataram Sultanate]] [[:id:Perang Mataram–Blambangan I|aftermath of the war]]
| date_event4 = 1635–1639
| event5 = Civil wars in Blambangan
| date_event5 = 1691–1697
| capital = *[[Semboro, Jember|Semboro]] (1478–1489)
*[[Lumajang|Lamajang]] (1489–1501)
*[[Kedawung, Jember|Kedawung]] (Menak Lumpat until Wilabrata period)
*[[Macanputih, Kabat, Banyuwangi|Macanputih]] (Tawang Alun II period)
*[[Balambangan, Muncar, Banyuwangi|Muncar]] (Prabu Danurejo until Pangeran Agung Wilis period)
*[[:id:Gladag, Rogojampi, Banyuwangi|Lateng]] (IGNK Dewa Kabakaba period)
| common_languages = [[Old Javanese]], [[Osing language|Osing]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = Menak/Gusti/Susuhunan/Prabu
| leader1 = Mas Sembar
| year_leader1 = 1478–1489 (first)
| leader2 = Bima Koncar
| year_leader2 = 1489–1501
| leader3 = Menak Pentor
| year_leader3 = 1501–1531
| leader4 = Menak Pangseng
| year_leader4 = 1531–1546
| leader5 = Menak Pati
| year_leader5 = 1546–1601
| leader6 = Menak Lumpat
| year_leader6 = 1601–1633
| leader7 = Menak Seruyu / Tawang Alun I
| year_leader7 = 1633–1647
| leader8 = [[Wong Agung Wilis]]
| year_leader8 = 1763–1764 (First period) 1767–1768 (Second period)
| today = [[Indonesia]]
* [[East Java]]
}}
The '''Blambangan Kingdom''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Kerajaan Blambangan'', [[Javanese language|Javanese]]: ꦑꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦨ꧀ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀ ) was the last [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Indonesian Hinduism|Hindu]] kingdom that flourished between the 15th and 18th centuries, based in [[Eastern salient of Java|the eastern corner of Java]].<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan">{{cite news | title = Menjejaki Sejarah Keagungan Kerajaan Blambangan | work = Tempo.co | date = 31 May 2010 | language = id | url = https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2010/05/31/180251395/menjejaki-sejarah-keagungan-kerajaan-blambangan}}</ref> The capital was at [[Banyuwangi (city)|Banyuwangi]].<ref name="Editors,2014">{{cite book|title=Java Adventure Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM7ZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT429|date=15 April 2014|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0927-8|page=429}}</ref> It had a long history of its own, developing contemporaneously with the largest Hindu kingdom in Java, [[Majapahit]] (1293–1527). At the time of the collapse of [[Majapahit]] in the late fifteenth century, Blambangan stood on its own as the one solitary [[Hindu]] state left in Java,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andaya |first1=Barbara Watson |last2=Andaya |first2=Leonard Y |date=2015 |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ |access-date=2 April 2022 |page=154|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521889926 }}</ref> controlling the larger part of [[Java’s Oosthoek]].<ref name="Kalyanaraman2011">{{cite book|author=S. Kalyanaraman|title=Rastram: Hindu History in United Indian Ocean States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJYlMwf-rXgC&pg=PA404|year=2011|publisher=Sarasvati Research Center|isbn=978-0-9828971-1-9|page=404}}</ref>

The historical record and the study of the Blambangan Kingdom are scarce, which contributed to the obscurity of its history. Contemporary Javanese mostly know the kingdom through its link to the popular epic folklore, the legend of [[Damarwulan|Damarwulan and Menak Jingga]]. The fictional story which is set in the Majapahit period, told that the rebellious King of Blambangan named Menak Jingga desired the hand of Majapahit Queen Kencanawungu.<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/>

==History==
===Background===
During the Majapahit period c. 13th century, the [[Eastern salient of Java|eastern realm]] was regarded as a peripheral area of the Javanese kingdom, which centered in [[Trowulan]], Majapahit, and surrounding [[Brantas River|Brantas River basin]], whereas the eastern salient areas such as [[Lumajang]] were regarded as outlying provinces.<ref>{{cite book | title = Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |author = Theodore G.Th. Pigeaud | publisher = Springer | year = 2013 | isbn = 9789401771337 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cH_vCAAAQBAJ&q=Lumajang+Blambangan+Majapahit+province | page = 419}}</ref>

The Majapahit kingdom was established in 1293 by [[Raden Wijaya]] with the help of the cunning and able [[Arya Wiraraja]], the Regent of [[Madura]]. As a reward of Wiraraja's support, in 1295, Raden Wijaya agreed to give the eastern salient of Java, which includes Blambangan areas with [[Lumajang]] as its capital.

The ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', composed in 1365, mentioned that the central part of the eastern corner of Java was visited by King [[Hayam Wuruk]] in his royal tour in 1359. The poem contains interesting information about the region.<ref name="Pigeaud-Islamic States in Java 1500–1700">{{cite book | title = Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H.J. de Graaf, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | author = Theodore Gauthier Th. Pigeaud | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | year = 2013 | isbn = 9789401571876 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVJCAAAQBAJ&q=Blambangan&pg=PA19}}</ref>

=== Formation and growth ===
The eastern realm becomes a vassal or ''mancanagara'' (provinces) of Majapahit. Over time the Eastern realm steadily becomes more autonomous and where an Eastern court is situated, rivalling the Majapahit central authority. The rivalry erupted in the [[Regreg war]] (1404–1406), which was fought as a contest of succession between the [[Trowulan|Western court]] led by [[Wikramawardhana]], against the Eastern court (which would become the Blambangan Kingdom) led by [[Bhre Wirabhumi]]. In 1406 the Western troops led by Bhre Tumapel, the son of Wikramawardhana, penetrated the eastern palace and defeated Bhre Wirabhumi.<ref name="Victor">{{cite book | title = From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri | author = Victor M Fic | publisher = Abhinav Publications | date = 2 Jan 2014 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gnh2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | page = 104 | access-date = 2017-07-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221002101/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnh2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq= | archive-date = 2014-12-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

After the collapse of Majapahit in the late 15th century, Blambangan stood alone as the sole Javanese Hindu polity in Java. The kingdom subsequently was contested and harassed by successive expansive Javanese Islamic states to the west, from [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] to [[Pajang]] and [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]].<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/> On the eastern side across the strait, the [[Bali Kingdom|Balinese courts]] of [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]] and [[Mengwi]] also have invested their political interest in the region, as the Balinese regarded Blambangan as a buffer state to ward off Islamic expansive influences.<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/>

In the first decades of the 16th century, [[Tomé Pires]]' informants reported that the "heathen" Blambangan kingdom was the most powerful Javanese kingdom east of Surabaya.<ref name="Pigeaud-Islamic States in Java 1500–1700"/> At that time, the port of [[Panarukan]] was the commercial as well as the political center of the kingdom.

For almost three centuries, Blambangan was situated between two different political factions, the Islamic state of Mataram in the west, and various Hindu realms in Bali (Gelgel, Buleleng, and Mengwi) in the east. Both neighbouring powers simultaneously contested the territory of Blambangan to appease their own political and religious ambitions.

===Decline===
[[File:Mataram_Sultanate_in_Sultan_Agung_Reign_id.svg|thumb|Blambangan borders right at the eastern tip of the island of Java with the Mataram sultanate who is at war with Blambangan, also shows Blambangan's strong relationship with the [[Bali Kingdom|kingdoms in Bali]] who always supply weapons against Mataram.]]
The [[Bali Kingdom|Balinese]] kingdoms used Blambangan as a vassal and buffer against the Islamic expansion initiated by Mataram from the west and also found it useful to bolster the economy of Bali which was heavily overshadowed by endemic warfare.

In the second half of the 16th century, a few Roman Catholic missionaries from the [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese colony in Malacca]] arrived in East Java to try to convert the local people. They visited Panarukan and Blambangan and reported that the port of Panarukan was contested between the Muslim rulers of Pasuruan allied with Surabaya, against the Hindu King of Blambangan and Panarukan.<ref name="Pigeaud-Islamic States in Java 1500–1700"/> The Balinese chronicle ''Babad Gumi'', which was first composed around the early 18th century, ascribed the fall of Blambangan around this period in the year 1520 [[saka year|śaka]] or 1598 AD. This is one of the first dates within the [[babad]] that can be positively proved to be correct by comparison with European materials of the same period. When the Dutch visited Bali in February 1597 a large expedition was being collected by the king of Gelgel in Bali to help the lord of Blambangan from the Pasuruan attack. The expedition must have been a failure, as another Dutch report from early 1601 mentioned that the Pasuruan army had taken Blambangan some years ago and exterminated the royal family therein.<ref name="Hägerdal">{{cite book | title = Candrasangkala: The Balinese Art of Dating Events | author = Hans Hägerdal | publisher = Department of Humanities, University of Växjö, Sweden | year = 2006 | url = http://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A206791&dswid=-6016}}</ref>

Other accounts asserted that the conquest of Blambangan by the forces of [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] took place in 1639, which was also the end of Panarukan's independence.<ref name="Pigeaud-Islamic States in Java 1500–1700"/> With the loss of its important port, Panarukan, the center of the Blambangan kingdom was reduced to inland south to present day Blambangan area, with its port in [[Banyuwangi (city)|Banyuwangi]]. In 1665, Tawang Alun II Danureja, the 8th king of Blambangan, opened the forest of Sudiamara and established a new capital in Macan Putih, Kabat district (''Kecamatan Kabat'') located about 10 kilometres from Banyuwangi.<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/>

Of the nine rulers who once ruled Blambangan, Tawang Alun II (1665–1691) is considered one of the greatest kings of Blambangan. During his reign, Blambangan's territory reached [[Jember]], [[Lumajang]], [[Situbondo]], and [[Bali]]. Blambangan society at that time lived peacefully and prosperous, after all time engaged in various warfare against the expansionist neighboring kingdoms to the west and east.<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/> The [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] archive mentioned the spectacular ''[[ngaben]]'' (cremation) ceremony of Tawang Alun II, that among his 400 wives, 271 of them performed ''[[Sati (practice)|suttee]]'' (self-immolation).<ref name="Tempo-Blambangan"/>

In 1697, the Balinese Kingdom of Buleleng sent its expedition to Blambangan, which established Balinese influence in the region.<ref name="Nordholt">{{cite book | title = The Spell of Power: A History of Balinese Politics, 1650-1940, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | author = H.G.C. Schulte Nordholt | publisher = BRILL | year = 2010 | isbn = 9789004253759 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUVlAAAAQBAJ&q=Blambangan+Buleleng&pg=PA28}}</ref>

In the early 18th century, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[British people|British]] contested each other’s political and economic power in the region. Internal disputes about the succession at the court of Blambangan impaired the kingdom, making it vulnerable to foreign intervention.

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
*[[Hinduism in Java]]
*[[Javanese Kshatriya]]
*[[List of monarchs of Java]]
*[[Majapahit]]
*[[Osing people]]
*[[Blambangan Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
# {{cite book|last=Margana|first=Sri|title=Java's last frontier : the struggle for hegemony of Blambangan, c. 1763-1813|year=2007|publisher=CNWS/TANAP, Faculty of Arts, Leiden University|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12547}}

{{Precolonial states in Indonesia}}

[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia]]
[[Category:History of East Java]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1777]]

Ayyana Mane

2025-10-22T20:30:13Z

MishaelNab: Created A Entry!

{{Short description|2025 Indian crime thriller series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ayyana Mane.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = Crime thriller
| creator = Shruti Naidu
| writer = 
| director = Ramesh Indira
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kushee Ravi]]|Manasi Sudhir|Hitha Chandrashekar|Archana Kottige|Ramesh Indira}}
| music = L.V. Muthu Ganesh
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 
| executive_producer = 
| producer = Shruti Naidu
| cinematography = Rahul Roy
| editor = Rajendra Urs
| runtime = 18-20 minutes
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
}}
'''''Ayyana Mane''''' is a 2025 [[Kannada]]-language crime thriller series directed by Ramesh Indira and produced by [[Shruti Naidu|Shruthi Naidu Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Times |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-web-series-ayyana-mane-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-kannada-original-crime-drama-series-pcp-181744385325147.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ಭಯಗೊಳಿಸೋ ವೆಬ್‌ ಸೀರೀಸ್‌: ಶ್ರುತಿ ನಾಯ್ಡು ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ಅಯ್ಯನ ಮನೆ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/tv-talk/ramesh-indira-shruti-naidu-kushee-ravi-ayyana-mane-web-series-to-release-on-april-25-on-zee5-gvd-sul7tc |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Ayyana Mane’, an ambitious web series |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ayyana-mane-an-ambitious-web-series-3500396 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Kushee Ravi]], Akshya Nayak, Manasi Sudhir, Vijay Shobraj, and Ramesh Indira himself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyana Mane OTT release date: When and where to watch Kannada original crime drama series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayyana-mane-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-kannada-original-crime-drama-series/3e27b4c46f262 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Rohan |date=2025-04-12 |title=Ayyana Mane OTT Release Update: When & Where To Stream The Kannada Crime Drama Online? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/ayyana-mane-ott-release-update-when-where-to-stream-the-kannada-crime-drama-online/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> The storyline revolves around a newly married woman who enters her husband’s ancestral house, only to uncover a chilling pattern of unexplained deaths and deep-rooted family secrets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-11 |title=‘Ayyana Mane’ is a gripping crime drama with a supernatural twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayyana-mane-is-a-gripping-crime-drama-with-a-supernatural-twist/articleshow/120200518.cms |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2025-04-11 |title=Supernatural Kannada thriller Ayyana Mane starring Kushee Ravi to premiere on April 25 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Apr/11/supernatural-kannada-thriller-ayyana-mane-starring-kushee-ravi-to-premiere-on-april-25 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The story follows Jaji (played by Kushee Ravi), a young woman who marries into a family haunted by a dark past. Three of the family’s daughters-in-law have mysteriously died under suspicious circumstances in the same ancestral mansion. As Jaji settles into her new life, she begins to uncover the unsettling history tied to the house. With the help of a loyal housekeeper and a determined police officer, Jaji begins to investigate the deaths. The family believes the deaths are the result of a curse tied to their deity, but Jaji starts to suspect there may be something far more sinister at play. The series explores themes of power, betrayal, and survival as Jaji races against time to uncover the truth while dealing with the social pressures of her new life.

== Cast ==

* [[Kushee Ravi]] as Jaji<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-04-23 |title=Kushee Ravi Interview: Medium may change, but an actor’s commitment remains constant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/23/kushee-ravi-interview-medium-may-change-but-an-actors-commitment-remains-constant |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Manasi Sudhir as Nagamma a.k.a. Nagalambike
* [[Hitha Chandrashekar]] as Pushpavthi
* [[Archana Kottige]] as Charulatha
* Ramesh Indira as Lakshman Jaagidhar
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]

== Release ==
''Ayyana Mane'' began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Ayyana Mane OTT release date: When and where to watch this Kannada crime thriller web series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/ayyana-mane-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-kannada-crime-thriller-web-series-656695.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-04-12 |title=ZEE5 debuts first mini-series Ayyana Mane |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Apr/12/zee5-debuts-first-mini-series-ayyana-mane |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=OTT releases this week: Jewel Thief to Ayyana Mane - Movies and series to watch on Netflix, Prime Video and more |url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/ott-releases-this-week-jewel-thief-to-ayyana-mane-movies-and-series-to-watch-on-netflix-prime-video-and-more-article-151473123 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Jaaji Enters Ayyana Mane
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Jaaji arrives at her new home after her wedding, only to witness a sudden tragedy that shakes the entire family. As she begins to settle in, eerie secrets buried in the house begin to surface.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Whispers From The Well
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Jaaji uncovers disturbing details about a mysterious death linked to the family. As she delves deeper, she faces a dilemma — to walk away or to pursue the truth hiding behind closed doors.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Woman Before Me
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Revelations about Dushyantha’s past haunt Jaaji, forcing her to question her family's role in the marriage. The deeper she digs, the more she realizes the extent of the deception.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Blood Money
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = A shocking financial revelation and a new death in the family push Jaaji to confide in a friend within the police. The mystery grows darker with every discovery.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Root Cause
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = As the investigation progresses, suspicions fall on Tayavva. Jaaji begins to piece together connections between the recent events and long-hidden secrets.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = I'm The Princess
|DirectedBy = Ramesh Indira
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In an effort to restore peace, the family visits a sacred temple. Meanwhile, tensions rise back at home between Jaaji and Nagalambike. Will the family’s curse finally come to an end?
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=36507686}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/ayyana-mane/0-6-4z5735048 Ayyana MAne]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayyana-mane-series-review-khushee-ravi-zee5-kannada-web-series-ramesh-indira/article69490514.ece Ayyana Mane series review]

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]

Sarathi

2025-10-05T19:06:24Z

MishaelNab: improved intro and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Wikt|sa:सारथि}}

'''Sarathi''', '''Saarathi''' or '''Sarathy''' may refer to:
== People with the name ==
* [[Sarathi (comedian)]] (1942–2022), Indian actor and producer
* [[Sarathi Baba]], self-proclaimed Indian guru
* [[Brinda Sarathy]], Indian film director
* [[M. P. Sarathy]], politician from Tamil Nadu, India
* [[M.S. Partha Sarathi]] (born 1961), politician from Andhra Pradesh, Indian
* [[Sanjana Sarathy]], Indian actress
* [[Sarathy Korwar]], Indian musician
* [[Sunitha Sarathy]], Indian singer

== Other uses ==
* [[Sarathi (name of Krishna)]], a name for the Hindu god Krishna, meaning "charioteer"
* ''[[Saarathi]]'', a 2011 Indian film
* [[Sarathi, Karnataka]], a settlement in [[Davanagere district]], Karnataka, India
* [[Sarathi Studios]], a film studio in Hyderabad, India
* [[Sarathi Socio Cultural Trust]], an NGO in Bangalore, India

==See also==
*[[Parthasarathy (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Gandheswari

2025-10-02T19:33:00Z

MishaelNab: basic corrected information based on references and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Aspect of goddess Durga}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Gandheswari.png
| caption = Gandheswari, the deity worshipped by the Gandhabanik community.
| name = Gandheswari
| affiliation = [[Durga]], [[Shakti]], [[Adi Parashakti]], [[Parvati]],
| mantra = Gandheswari mantra
| weapon = [[Conch]], [[Sacred lotus in religious art|Lotus]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| mount = [[Lion]]
| planet =
}}

'''Gandheswari''' (IAST: Gandēśvarī;) is a goddess worshipped by [[Gandhabanik]] community. She is an incarnation of the goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatawire.com/gandheswari-goddess-of-fragrance/|title=Gandheswari – The Goddess of Fragrance Merchants|first=Dalia|last=Mukherjee|date=April 30, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She is worshiped on Buddha Purnima by the [[Gandhabanik]] community. [[Gandhabanik]] community worships her for their development in their business.

Bengali merchants used to travel by boat along the rivers in order to conduct business. They had to deal with robbers, wild animals, floods, storms, and heavy rains, among other hazards. The merchants worshipped the goddess Gandheshwari in the hopes that she would protect them from all dangers and misfortunes in order to defend themselves against these threats.<ref name="w526">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=বৈশাখ মাসেই পুজো হয় মা গন্ধেশ্বরীর (Goddess Gandheshwari is worshipped in the month of Baishakh.)|website=Drishtibhongi দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি|date=2023-04-26|url=https://drishtibhongi.in/2023/04/26/gandheswari-puja-on-baisakhi-purnima/|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref>

==Legends==
According to Hindu scriptures, the primary mythological narrative surrounding Goddess Gandheswari involves her battle against the demon Gandhasura.

One day, while the sage Kashyapa, one of the seven great sages, was meditating, he heard the voice of a small child coming from the forest. His meditation was interrupted, so he followed the sound and found a little girl in the forest. Since her parents could not be found, the sage took her in and named her Gandhavati.<ref name="z794">{{cite web|title=Gandhavati: Significance and symbolism|website=Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...|date=2024-09-21|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/gandhavati|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref>

Gandhavati grew up in the ashram, helping the sage Kashyapa, during a time when the world was troubled by a demon named Gandhasura. This demon caused a lot of problems for the merchants. When Gandhavati became a young woman, Gandhasura attacked her and set her on fire while she was doing her prayers. To protect her devotees, the goddess came in the form of Gandhesvari. She fought and killed Gandhasura and threw his body into the ocean. From this, an island called Gandhadweepa was formed. Since then, Goddess Gandhesvari has been the family goddess of the Gandhabhani merchant community.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Statistical Series|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSkfAQAAMAAJ&q=gandheswari+puja|access-date=2025-08-24|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Education|title=Cultural Forum|publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs.|issue=v. 12|year=1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK0fAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2025-08-24|page=}}</ref>

==Rituals==
Gandheswari Puja is celebrated on Buddha Purnima, the full moon day of the Bengali month of Vaishakh-Joiyshto (April–May).<ref name="w526"/>

{{Cquote|
Durgā durgatihāriṇī bhavatu naḥ 
Durgatihāriṇī durgā svarūpā 
Duḥkha vināśinī trailokyeśvarī।।}}

Before the Puja day, the old murti is immersed in a pond or river on any day within the week leading up to the festival. On the Puja day or the day before, the new murti is brought home with the sound of dhak and kashor. The Puja begins, when the pandit arrives to perform the rituals and yagya, and family members observe a fast until they offer anjali.<ref name="m205">{{cite web|title=Gandheswari Puja:The Fragrant Festival of Bengal|website=Hindu Temple Talk|date=2023-10-15|url=https://hindutempletalk.org/2023/10/15/gandheswari-pujathe-fragrant-festival-of-bengal/|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref>

The puja involves a variety of offerings and rituals. The items required for worship include an idol of the goddess, sindur (vermilion), panchagavya (five products from a cow, such as milk, butter, ghee, yogurt, etc.), panchasasya (five types of crops), pancharatna (five types of gems), panchapallab (five types of leaves), ghat (a small round-shaped earthen pot), darpan (mirror), green coconut with its stem, atap (sunned) rice, dhoti of Lord Shiva, Narayana, and Asura, sweetmeats, bilwapatramalya (garland of wood apple leaves), sesame, haritaki (yellow myrobalan), panchapuspa (five types of flowers), a conch, a piece of iron, naivedya (sacred offering for God), sandalwood, betel leaf, and nut, and others.<ref name="m205"/>

One unique thing about Gandheswari Puja is that it includes a ceremonial blessing of business tools and activities. Account books, weighing scales, and measuring tools are set up in a pyramid shape in front of the goddess. Modern practitioners also offer calculators and computers.<ref name="n466">{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Shramana|title=Gandheswari Puja,বৈশাখী পূর্ণিমাতেই পূজিতা হন গন্ধেশ্বরী, জেনে নিন দূর্গার এই রূপের কথা|website=Eisamay Online|date=2021-05-26|url=https://eisamay.com/astrology/dharma-karma/rituals-and-festivals/hindu/gandheswari-puja-on-baisakhi-purnima-the-goddess-of-fragrance-merchants/articleshow/82968750.cms?utm_source=perplexity|language=bn|access-date=2025-08-24}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
According to Hindu religious tradition, the Gandhabanik community considers Goddess Gandheswari as their kuladevi (family goddess).

Gandheswari’s influence extends beyond the boundaries of India. In Bangladesh, a statue of Gandheswari, alongside other Hindu deities, adorns the Buddhist monastery of Paharpur.<ref name="m205"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Forms of Durga]]
[[Category:Fortune goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]

S. M. Ziauddin

2025-09-06T15:18:16Z

MishaelNab: New...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''S. M. Ziauddin''' is a politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He served as a member of the legislative assembly of [[Guntur East (Assembly constituency)|Guntur East]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He recently joined [[YSR Congress Party]]. Currently, he is serving as an Advisor to the Government (Minorities welfare department, Andhra Pradesh) .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=349|title=Minorities Welfare – AP State Portal}}</ref>

His elder brother [[S. M. Laljan Basha]] is a former [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]], he died in a road accident in 2013. [[Jinnah Tower]] in Guntur was built by Lal Jan Basha<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-02-02 |title=Explained: Why Jinnah Tower in Andhra’s Guntur has been painted in national colours |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/explained-why-jinnah-tower-andhra-s-guntur-has-been-painted-national-colours-160504 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> (grandfather of S.M.Laljan Basha and S.M.Ziauddin).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziauddin, S.M.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Education in Telangana

2025-09-04T12:55:36Z

MishaelNab: slightly improve references based on references additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
[[Telangana]] has multiple institutes of higher education universities along with numerous primary and secondary schools.

==System of Telangana==
The regional and official language of the [[Telangana]] is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Other linguistic groups in the include speakers of Urdu and Hindi. Telangana Education is offered through a number of institutes spread across the state. In Telangana the education system is of 10+2 system before joining under graduation. First standard to Tenth standard classes are conducted by the School Education under the administration of the School Education Department and finally the Tenth Class (S.S.C.) Public examination at the state level is conducted by the Board of Secondary Education. After this two year Intermediate Education under the administration of the Board of Intermediate Education. The state would provide reservation in higher education to weaker sections of society on the pattern of [[Tamil Nadu]], bypassing the 50% limit .<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana to provide 85% Reservations to Weaker Sections|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/telangana-to-provide-85-reservations-to-weaker-sections/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref>

==Schools==
The Telangana has a number of public and private schools and these are either affiliated to the Board of Secondary Education Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), ICSE, IB, IGCSE. [[Government of Telangana]] is working towards building the excellent school system. Telangana is the 5th place for education passing percentage of 2018. Telangana has implemented various skill set in education system to make improvement on all the areas.

The Telangana State Government established the Telangana Minorities Residential Educational Institutions Society in 2015 to provide residential education for children from minority populations.<ref name=tmreis>{{Cite web |url=http://tmreis.telangana.gov.in/ |title="Telangana Minority Residential Educational Institutions Society (TMREIS), April 24, 2017" |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305214443/http://tmreis.telangana.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Universities==
Universities include:

*[[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]], Hyderabad
*[[English and Foreign Languages University]], Hyderabad
*[[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]], Hyderabad
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]], Hyderabad
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]], Hyderabad
*[[Kakatiya University]], Warangal
*[[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]], Warangal
*[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda|Mahatma Gandhi University]], Nalgonda
*[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad
*[[NALSAR University of Law]], Hyderabad
*[[Osmania University]], Hyderabad
*[[Palamuru University]], Mahbubnagar
*[[Potti Sriramulu Telugu University]], Hyderabad
*[[Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University]], Hyderabad
*[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies]], Adilabad
*[[Satavahana University]], Godavarikhani, Karimnagar
*[[Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University]], Hyderabad
*[[Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Sciences]], Hyderabad
*[[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis International (Deemed) University]]
*[[Telangana University]], Nizamabad
*[[University of Hyderabad]], Hyderabad
*[https://easyadmissions.org/telangana-open-school-admission-2022-23-last-date-call-8801045488/ Telangana Open School Society (TOSS) SSC & Open Inter Admission 2023-2024]

==Institutes==
Institutes include:

*[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Hyderabad|Birla Institute of Technology and Science]], Hyderabad
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad|Indian Institute of Technology]], Hyderabad
*[[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|International Institute of Information Technology]], Hyderabad
*[[Indian School of Business]], Hyderabad
*[[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Hyderabad
*[[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|National Institute of Technology]], Warangal
*[[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], Hyderabad
*[[School of Planning and Architecture]], Hyderabad

==Research Institutes==
Research Institutes include:

* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]]
* [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]], Hyderabad
* [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad]]
* [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad]]
* [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]]
* [[Central Institute of Tool Design]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Institute of Tool Design |url=http://www.citdindia.org/}}</ref>
* [[Central Power Research Institute]]
* [[Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture]] (CRIDA), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.crida.in |url=http://www.crida.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), Hyderabad
* [[Centre for Economic and Social Studies|Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad]]
* [[Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)]], Hyderabad
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]
* [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD), Hyderabad
* [[CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science]]
* [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL), Hyderabad
* [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)]]
* [[Defence Research Development Organization]] (DRDO), Hyderabad
** [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]]
** [[Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group]]
** [[Research Centre Imarat]]
* Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.pdonpoultry.org |url=http://www.pdonpoultry.org/pdpnew/ |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Directorate of Rice Research]] (DRR), ICAR, Hyderabad
* [[Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Telangana]]
* [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL), [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=www.ecil.co.in |url=http://www.ecil.co.in |accessdate=3 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]]
* [[Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad|Forest College and Research Institute (FCRI)]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.fcrits.in |url=https://www.fcrits.in/}}</ref>
* [[Genome Valley]]
* [[Hyderabad Pharma City]]
* [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]]
* [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT), Hyderabad
* [[Indian Institute of Millets Research]] (IIMR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.sorghum.res.in |url=http://www.sorghum.res.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101002048/http://www.sorghum.res.in/ |archive-date=1 January 2011 |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (DOR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=icar- iior.org.in/ |url=http://icar-iior.org.in/ |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* Indian Institute of Packaging, Hyderabad
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2011 |title=www.iith.ac.in |url=http://www.iith.ac.in |accessdate=7 March 2011 |publisher=www.iith.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[INCOIS|Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESSO-INCOIS-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services |url=http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/index.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426232356/http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/index.jsp |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-26 |website=www.incois.gov.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[Indian School of Business]] (ISB), Hyderabad
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[International School of Engineering]]
* [[Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology]]
* [[Institute of Forest Biodiversity]]
* [[Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases]]
* [[Institute of Public Enterprise]]
* [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] ([[ICRISAT]]), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |year=1972 |title=icrisat.org |url=http://www.icrisat.org/ |accessdate=3 June 2014 |publisher=icrisat.org}}</ref>
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=www.iiit.net |url=http://www.iiit.net/themes/iiit-july-1/homePage/images/mImg1.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305172831/http://iiit.net/themes/iiit-july-1/homePage/images/mImg1.jpg# |archive-date=5 March 2011 |accessdate=7 March 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[National Academy of Agricultural Research Management]] (NAARM), ICAR, Hyderabad
* [[National Academy of Construction]], Hyderabad
* [[National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research]]
* [[National Balloon Facility]]
* National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nbpgr.ernet.in |url=http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] (NGRI), Hyderabad
* [[National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management]] (MANAGE), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.manage.gov.in |url=http://www.manage.gov.in// |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Animal Biotechnology]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Hyderabad
* National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage[https://niimh.nic.in/#/about_us]
* [[National Institute of Nutrition]] (NIN), [[Tarnaka]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.ninindia.org |url=http://www.ninindia.org/ |accessdate=15 October 2012 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042408/http://ninindia.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], Hyderabad
* [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad]]
* National Institute of Plant Health Management (NIPHM), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=niphm.gov.in |url=http://niphm.gov.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Rural Development]] (NIRD)<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nird.org.in |url=http://www.nird.org.in/index.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404085647/http://www.nird.org.in/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]] ([[Warangal]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=NIT Warangal |url=http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416223619/http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitw/ |archive-date=16 April 2013 |accessdate=1 August 2012 |publisher=[[NIT Warangal]]}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]]
* [[National Remote Sensing Agency, India|National Remote Sensing Agency]]
* National Research Centre on Meat (NRCM), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nrcmeat.org.in |url=http://www.nrcmeat.org.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[National Small Industries Corporation]]
* [[NIPER Hyderabad]]
* [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC)
* Programme Air Defence (PGAD)
* [[Research Centre Imarat|Research Centre Imarat (RCI)]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About TIFR |url=http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2014/about/about.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232952/http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2014/about/about.htm# |archive-date=6 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014 |website=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Tata Institute of Social Sciences |url=http://www.tiss.edu |website=www.tiss.edu}}</ref>
* ''TCS Innovation Lab, Hyderabad''
* The Indian Institute of Cosmetology, Aesthetics, and Nutrition (I2CAN)

==See also==
* [[Dreams Choked]] (''documentary film'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telangana}}
{{Education in India}}

[[Venugopal]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education In Telangana}}
[[Category:Education in Telangana| ]]

Madan Kalita

2025-07-26T13:25:19Z

MishaelNab: stub

{{Short description|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly (1952–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

:

{{infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Kalita
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| constituency1 = [[Nalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalbari]]
| predecessor1 = [[Alaka Sarma]]
| successor1 = [[Alaka Sarma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Madan Kalita''' (1952 - 2022) was an Indian politician hailing from [[Nalbari]], [[Assam]]. Kalita was elected as a legislator of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nalbari Assembly constituency]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Jyoti |date=23 January 2022 |title=असम: कांग्रेस के पूर्व विधायक मदन कलिता का निधन, 69 वर्ष की आयु में ली अंतिम सांस; सीएम हिमंता व्यक्त किया शोक |language=hi |work=Daily News 360 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |url=https://dailynews360.patrika.com/assam/assam-former-congress-mla-madan-kalita-passed-away-breathed-his-last-at-the-age-of-69-99481.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525231504/https://dailynews360.patrika.com/assam/assam-former-congress-mla-madan-kalita-passed-away-breathed-his-last-at-the-age-of-69-99481.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Abu Nasar Saied |title=Election Politics in Assam : Issues, Trends, and People's Mandate |last2=Baruah |first2=Joydeep |last3=Bhuyan |first3=Ratna |publisher=Akansha Pub. House |year=2006 |isbn=9788183700573 |location=New Delhi |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref>

Kalita was denied as a candidate by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2006, and unsuccessfully contested the Assam assembly elections in 2006 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=News |first1=Ne Now |title=Assam: Former Congress MLA Madan Kalita dies of cardiac arrest |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/former-congress-mla-dies-of-cardiac-arrest.html |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=22 January 2022}}</ref>

Kalita died on 21 January 2022 following a cardiac arrest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tribune |first1=The Assam |title=Former Congress MLA Madan Kalita passes away; CM condoles demise |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/former-congress-mla-madan-kalita-passes-away-cm-condoles-demise-1350300 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Assam Tribune |publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=22 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalita, Madan}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Bhaskaracharya Tripathi

2025-07-11T23:30:42Z

MishaelNab:

{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Bhaskaracharya Tripathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Poet
| language = Sanskrit
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = Indian
| education = M.A., D.Phil.
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| notableworks = Nirjharini
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]]
| portaldisp = yes
}}
'''Bhaskaracharya Tripathi''', ({{langx|hi|भास्कराचार्य त्रिपाठी}}), is a [[Sanskrit]] poet who was the recipient of the 2003 [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit|Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit]] for his work Nirjharini.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/37952/|title= Akademi Awards for Kamleshwar, Prafulla Roy, Sara Joseph|accessdate= 29 September 2011|date= 25 December 2003|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=sahitya>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm#sanskrit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234109/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm#sanskrit |archivedate=31 March 2009 |title=Sanskrit Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dprmp">{{cite news|url= http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/newsarch/2004/0204/24/n10.asp|title= Bhaskaracharya Tripathi from M.P. receives with Sahitya Akademi Award|publisher= The Department of Public Relations ( DPR ) of Madhya Pradesh|location= New Delhi|date= 24 February 2004|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044058/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/newsarch/2004/0204/24/n10.asp|archivedate= 15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = General Knowledge Digest
| date = September 2010
| publisher = Pratiyogita Darpan
| isbn = 978-81-7482-094-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=65UOYgqftfAC&dq=Bhaskaracharya+Tripathi&pg=PA106
| accessdate = 28 September 2011
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 1 July 1942 in Pandar, Jasra, [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="dprmp"/><ref name="kkbirlafoundation">{{cite web|url= http://www.kkbirlafoundation.com/downloads/pdf/vach-2006.pdf|title= वाचस्पति पुरस्कार: 2006|year= 2006|publisher= KK Birla Foundation|language= Hindi|trans-title= Vachaspati Award: 2006|accessdate= 22 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027142543/http://www.kkbirlafoundation.com/downloads/pdf/vach-2006.pdf|archive-date= 27 October 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="rashtriyasanskritsansthan">{{cite web|url= http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/Award-07,%20Revised%20on%2010.7.200...pdf|page= 10|title= Honoured Scholar|publisher= Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan|accessdate= 28 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111112022448/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/Award-07,%20Revised%20on%2010.7.200...pdf|archive-date= 12 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> He completed his M.A. and [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil]]. in Sanskrit at [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="kkbirlafoundation"/><ref name="rashtriyasanskritsansthan"/>

==Career==
He was a Sanskrit professor in the Government Ramanand Sanskrit College in [[Bhopal]] and later became Chairman of the Shri Ekrasanand Adarsh Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya at [[Mainpuri]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="kkbirlafoundation"/><ref name="thehindu"/> He started writing in 1958.<ref name="kkbirlafoundation"/> He retired from the Dept. of Higher Education of Madhya Pradesh in 2004.<ref name="rashtriyasanskritsansthan"/> He has been the founder Secretary of Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy. He has more than 12 books to his credit and has delivered scholarly lectures in 24 seminars and conferences. He was the editor of Sanskrit literary magazine ''Durva'', and presently edits ''Sanskrit Pratibha'' of Sahitya Academy, New Delhi. He was a part of the 13th World Sanskrit Conference held in Edinburgh, Scotland, and participated in the ''Kavisammelana''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/sanskrit/13thWSC/3participants.html|title= PARTICIPANTS AND PAPERS (a provisional list)|publisher= University of Edinburgh|accessdate= 29 September 2011|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110926231406/http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/sanskrit/13thWSC/3participants.html|archivedate= 26 September 2011}}</ref> He was also a part of the 2005 All India Sanskrit Convention.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/newsarch/2005/0105/27/n2.asp|title= Governor Dr. Jakhar to inaugurate fourth all India Sanskrit Mahotsava on 29 Jan.|publisher= Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh|accessdate= 29 September 2011|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111001180015/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/newsarch/2005/0105/27/n2.asp|archivedate= 1 October 2011}}</ref> He was the member of the first Academic council of the [[Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindivishwa.org/pdf/ac1.pdf|title= FIRST ACADEMIC COUNCIL|publisher= Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University|accessdate= 29 September 2011}}</ref>

==Works==
Bhaskaracharya Tripathi has written 12 books.<ref name="rashtriyasanskritsansthan"/> Some of them are listed below.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

*Ajaasati (Hindi Rupantaryukta Jantukathaamayam Sanskritkavy am) Nilimpkaavyam 4 Spandah
*Arinaashaka-Durgaasatakam (Pranetaa – Aachaarya Raamgulaam)
*Laghu-Raghu (Prathamaavatirna Sarvalaghu Sanskritakaavya Hindi Rupaantarasamanvitam)
*Saaketasaurabham (Mahaakaavyam)
*Akshara (Bhaskar Bharti)
*Baalaraamaayana (Rajasekhara Virachita Mahaanaataka) (2 Vols.)
*Nilimpa-Kaavyam (5 Vols.)
*Sanskrit ki Pahachaan

==Awards==
He has received many awards, including the Nirjhariṇī Award by the Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Academy for his work ''Mṛtkūṭam kāvyaśatam'', the Paṃ jagannātha Award by the Delhi Sanskrit Academy, the Cārūdeva śāstrī award for his work ''Saṃskṛta jīvanam'', Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy's Bhoj Award for ''Bāla rāmāyaṇam'' and the Vachaspati Award by the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]] for Sāketa saurabham.<ref name="kkbirlafoundation"/><ref name="rashtriyasanskritsansthan"/><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121911410400.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070106164802/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121911410400.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 6 January 2007|title= Vachaspati Puraskar for Sanskrit scholar|date= 19 December 2006|work= [[The Hindu]]|accessdate= 29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bhaskaracharya-gets-Birla-award/Article1-194505.aspx|title= Bhaskaracharya gets Birla award|first= Sidhartha|last= Roy|date= 18 December 2006|work= Hindustan Times|accessdate= 29 September 2011|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111001181939/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bhaskaracharya-gets-Birla-award/Article1-194505.aspx|archivedate= 1 October 2011}}</ref> He was also awarded the "Certificate of Honour" by the President of India [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] on 10 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40250|title= President Awards the Certificate of Honour to the Scholars of Sanskrit, Pali/Prakrit, Arabi and Persian|publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India|accessdate= 29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/president_awardees/presi_2007.htm|title= List of Recipients of President's Certificate of Honour – 2007|publisher= Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan|accessdate= 29 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111001205915/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/president_awardees/presi_2007.htm|archive-date= 1 October 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry}}
*[[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit]] – List of Sanskrit language writers who have won the Sahitya Akademi Award.

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = Kashinath Mishra}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit|Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sanskrit]] | years = 2003}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Kala Nath Shastry]]}}
{{s-bef | before = Acharya Ramyatanshukla}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[K. K. Birla Foundation|Vachaspati Award]] | years = 2006}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Rambhadracharya|Swami Rambhadracharya]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Bhaskaracharya}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]

Kathleen Gough

2025-06-15T20:28:51Z

MishaelNab: brief refine formatting and updated info for consistency

{{short description|British anthropologist}}
{{use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox academic
| education = [[Cambridge University]]
| discipline = Anthropologist
| birth_date = 16 August 1925
| death_date = 8 September 1990
}}

'''Eleanor Kathleen Gough Aberle''' (16 August 1925 – 8 September 1990) was a British [[anthropologist]] and [[feminist]] who was known for her work in South Asia and South-East Asia. As a part of her doctorate work, she did [[field research]] in [[Malabar district]] from 1947 to 1949. She did further research in [[Tanjore district]] from 1950 to 1953 and again in 1976, and in [[Vietnam]] in 1976 and 1982. In addition, some of her work included campaigning for: nuclear disarmament, the civil rights movement, women's rights, the third world and the end of the Vietnam War. She was known for her [[Marxist]] leanings and was on an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] watchlist.

==Early life and education==
Kathleen Gough was born on 16 August 1925 in [[Hunsingore]], a village near [[Wetherby]] in Yorkshire, England, that then had a population of 100, no electricity and no piped water. She had a brother and a half-sister. Her father, Albert, was a [[blacksmith]] who became involved in the introduction of agricultural machinery to the area and has been described by [[David Price (anthropologist)|David Price]] as being a "working-class radical".<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB |first=Ronald |last=Frankenberg |chapter=Gough, (Eleanor) Kathleen (1925–1990) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/60257 |chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60257 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Price2004" />

She was educated at the church school in Hunsingore, from where she obtained a scholarship to [[King James's School, Knaresborough|King James's Grammar School]], [[Knaresborough]] and then, in 1943, to [[Girton College, Cambridge]]. She excelled in anthropology at Girton and pursued postgraduate research there, receiving her degree in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Richard|last2=Sacks|first2=Karen|title=Anthropology, Imperialism, and Resistance: The Work of Kathleen Gough|website=ProQuest}}</ref> In July 1947, while undertaking that research, she married Eric John Miller, who was also a student. The couple undertook anthropological fieldwork in Kerala. Gough initially was supervised by [[John Henry Hutton|J. H. Hutton]], whose work on caste in India was informed by early twentieth-century anthropological concerns about the origins of social institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klass |first=Morton |title=Caste: the emergence of the South Asian social system |date=1980 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |others=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |isbn=978-0-915980-97-0 |location=Philadelphia}}</ref> After Hutton's retirement, British social anthropologist, [[Meyer Fortes]], whose theoretical interests emphasized social structure, oversaw her work. Gough and Miller found the strain of fieldwork impacted on their marriage and they divorced amicably in 1950.<ref name="odnb" /> She completed her doctorate in anthropology from Cambridge University in the same year and returned to India alone to pursue further fieldwork.<ref name="bio_bcun">{{cite web |title=Biography of Kathleen Gough at the University of British Columbia Archives |url=http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/u_arch/gough.html |publisher=University of British Columbia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321231032/http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/u_arch/gough.html |archive-date=21 March 2008}}</ref> She later, married fellow anthropologist [[David Aberle]] in 1955.<ref name="odnb" />

==Career==
Gough's research in India were primarily in the Malabar district from 1947 to 1949 and in the Tanjore district from 1950 to 1953.<ref name="bio_bcun" /> Her efforts were groundbreaking and she published five papers in the 1950s. She contributed over half of the content published as ''Matrilineal Kinship'' in 1961, of which Heike Moser and Paul Younger say that "Her analysis is a brilliant example of the structural-functionalist anthropology associated with Britain in her day, and everyone since has begun from her explanations or matriliny of ''marumukatayam'' as descent through the female line.... The debates that raged about matriliny, marriage ceremonies, hypergamy, and polyandry after these definitive studies were complex."<ref name="Moser2013">{{cite book |title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Berger |editor2-first=Frank |editor2-last=Heidemann |chapter=Kerala: Plurality and Consensus |first1=Heike |last1=Moser |first2=Paul |last2=Younger |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-06111-2 |page=141 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA141}}</ref>

She returned to India in 1976 and it was after this visit that most of her research work on India was published. She visited Vietnam in the same year and again in 1982.<ref name="bio_bcun" />

Gough was employed in teaching positions at [[Brandeis University]] from 1961 to 1963, the [[University of Oregon]] from 1963 to 1967 and [[Simon Fraser University]] from 1967 to 1970. She was an [[research associate|Honorary Research Associate]] at the [[University of British Columbia]] from 1974 until her death. Gough also taught and conducted research at Harvard, Manchester, Berkeley, University of Michigan, Wayne State, Toronto, and British Columbia.<ref name="bio_bcun" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Richard|last2=Sacks|first2=Karen|title=Anthropology, Imperialism and Resistance: The Work of Kathleen Gough|website=ProQuest}}</ref>

==Politics==
Gough was a Marxist and the responses of some university administrations to her leftist leanings sometimes landed her in trouble. She supported [[Cuba]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] and was outspoken in her condemnation of police brutalities. As a result, most of the stipulated pay hikes during her teaching career were cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Kathleen Aberle |publisher=Minnesota State University |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/aberle_kathleen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603172509/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/aberle_kathleen.html |archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> Moreover, Gough's membership in the [[Johnson-Forest Tendency]] and her work for civil rights and against the war in Vietnam triggered the interest of the FBI, who placed her and her husband on their watchlist.<ref name="Price2004">{{cite book |title=Threatening anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's surveillance of activist anthropologists |pages=307–325 |first=David H. |last=Price |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8223-3338-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Luz4MPHb6qYC&pg=PA307}}</ref> In addition, Gough was active in peace movements within Brandeis campus, specifically from 1961 to 1963.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Gough promoted the welfare of lower castes in India, hoping to bring them closer to the principles of Communism. Gough also strongly opposed upper castes who generally supported right-wing politics and anti-Marxism.<ref name="Price2004" />

==Works==
Some of Gough's more important works include ''Ten More Beautiful: The Rebuilding of Vietnam'' (1978), ''Rural Society in Southeast India'' (1981), ''Rural Change in Southeast India, 1950s–1980s'' (1989) and ''Political Economy in Vietnam'' (1990).<ref name="bio_bcun" />

* {{Cite book|title=The Traditional Kinship System of the Nayars of Malabar|year=1954|publisher=Harvard University}}
*"The Social Structure of a Tanjore Village," In ''Village India: Studies in the Little Community,'' ed. by McKim Marriott. American Anthropological Association Memoir No. 843, pp. 36–52.
*"Brahman Kinship in a Tamil Village," ''American Anthropologist'' vol. 58: 826-53.
* {{Cite book|title=Cult of the dead among the Nayars|year=1958}}
* {{Cite book|title=Anthropology and Imperialism|publisher=Radical Education Project|year=1960}}
* {{Cite book|title=Nayar: Central Kerala|year=1961|publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{Cite book|title=Matrilineal Kinship|author1=David Murray Schneider |author2=Kathleen Gough |year=1961|publisher=University of California}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Decline of the State and the Coming of World Society: An Optimist's View of the Future|year=1962|publisher=Correspondence Publishing Company}}
* "Caste in a Tanjore Village." In ''Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan.'' ed. by E. R. Leach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–60.
* {{Cite book|title=Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast|year=1965}}
*
* {{Cite book|title=Literacy in Traditional Societies|editor1=John Rankin Goody|publisher=University Press|year=1968}}
* "Anthropology and Imperialism." ''Monthly Review'' 12:12-27.
* {{Cite book|title=Caste in a Tanjore Village|year=1969|publisher=Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University Press}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Struggle at Simon Fraser University|publisher=Thurston Taylor|year=1970}}
* {{Cite book|title=Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia|editor1=Kathleen Gough |editor2=Hari P. Sharma|year=1973|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=978-0-85345-273-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialismrevol0000goug}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Origin of the Family|year=1973|publisher=New Hogtown Press}}
* {{Cite book|title=Class developments in South India|year=1975|publisher=Centre for Developing-Area Studies, McGill University}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ten times more beautiful:The Rebuilding of Vietnam|year=1978|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=978-0-85345-464-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tentimesmorebeau00gougrich}}
* {{Cite book|title=Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production|publisher=Indian Council of Social Science Research|year=1978}}
* {{Cite book|title=Rural Society in Southeast India|year=1981|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-0-521-04019-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: Facing the Challenge of Socialist Construction|publisher=Synthesis Publications|year=1986}}
* {{Cite book|title=Rural Change in Southeast India: 1950s to 1980s|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-562276-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Political Economy in Vietnam|publisher=Folklore Institute|year=1990}}
* {{Cite book|title=Class and Power in a Punjabi Village (Introduction)|author=Saghir Ahmed |isbn=978-0-85345-385-7|year=1977|publisher=Monthly Review Press |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/classpowerinpunj0000ahma}}

== Death ==
She died from cancer in [[Vancouver]] on 8 September 1990 after a four-month illness. She was buried on 13 September 1990 at Capilano View cemetery.<ref name="odnb" />

==Further reading==
*Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1993). "Kathleen Gough's Fight against the Consequences of Class and Imperialism on Campus". ''Anthropologica'', 35 (2): 227-234.
*{{cite journal |title=Kathleen Gough and Research in Kerala |first=Joan |last=Mencher |journal=Anthropologica |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=195–201 |publisher=Canadian Anthropology Society |jstor=25605731|year=1993 |doi=10.2307/25605731 }} {{subscription required}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gough, Kathleen}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Borough of Harrogate]]
[[Category:British women Marxists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Brandeis University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Oregon faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Simon Fraser University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in British Columbia]]
[[Category:British feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century British anthropologists]]
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]