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National People's Party (Pakistan)

2026-05-19T03:28:11Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = National People's Party
| native_name = {{lang|ur|نیشنل پیپلز پارٹی}}
| abbr = NPP
| colorcode = {{party color|National Peoples Party (Pakistan)}}
| logo_size = 200px
| chairman = [[Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi]]
| founder = [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
| founded = 1986
| dissolved = 2018
| ideology = [[Secularism]]
| merged = [[Grand Democratic Alliance]]
| headquarters = [[Karachi]]
| student_wing = National People's Students Federation (NPSF)
| national = [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] [[Grand Democratic Alliance]]
| colors = Red, white and green {{color box|red}}{{color box|white}}{{color box|green}}
| symbol = '''''Tractor''''' [[Image:CH-Zusatztafel-Traktor.svg|80px]]
| flag = National Peoples Party Flag.jpg
| country = Pakistan
}}

The '''National People's Party''' ('''NPP''') ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|نیشنل پیپلز پارٹی}}}}) was a [[political party]] located in [[Pakistan]] (most active in the province of [[Sindh]] and southern parts of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]). It was founded in 1986 by [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]] after he had a disagreement with [[Benazir Bhutto]], subsequently leaving the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC113FF930A25752C1A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Election Wednesday; After Zia, Pakistan Takes Well To Politics|work=The New York Times|date=13 November 1988|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219153611/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/weekinreview/the-world-election-wednesday-after-zia-pakistan-takes-well-to-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]s, the party only managed to win one seat in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. Ghulam Mustafa's son Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi won the election in NA-211 [[Naushahro Feroze]]-I, holding the seat won in 2002 elections by Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jemms under the [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] banner. The party also won four provincial seats, all in the Sindh province.

In May 2013, the party merged with the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]].<ref name="et1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/554612/arbab-ghulam-rahims-ppml-merges-with-pml-n/|title=Arbab Ghulam Rahim's PPML merges with PML-N|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608150750/http://tribune.com.pk/story/554612/arbab-ghulam-rahims-ppml-merges-with-pml-n/|archivedate=8 June 2013}}</ref>

It was later merged in [[Grand Democratic Alliance|GDA]] in 2018, when its leader Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi joined GDA before [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018 general elections]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-07-16 |title=Election campaign: GDA holds first power show in Nawabshah |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1759072/election-campaign-gda-holds-first-power-show-nawabshah |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Formation==
The National People's Party was founded in 1986 by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, who brought together a number of political heavyweights from all over Pakistan under its banner. Among them were former Pakistan People's Party stalwarts and Punjab Chief Ministers Ghulam Mustafa Khar and Hanif Ramay, as well as former federal ministers: S.M. Zafar, Hamid Raza Gilani, Malik Hamid Sarfraz, Nawab Ghaus Bux Raisani, Kamal Azfar, Mian Sajid Pervaiz, Nafees Siddiqui, Rana Muhammad Hanif Khan, Akhtar Hussain Shah, Rabbani Khar and Aftab Shah Gilani. A [[manifesto]] was prepared and the party was expected to rise to prominence quickly due to the declining popularity of the People's Party. Now, it is declining due to insufficient leadership. Irfan Abbasi was the media coordinator of the National People's Party He had also worked in the Sukkur Division as an information secretary. Soon after, he was kicked out of the party due to allying with the Pakistan People's Party.

==IJI Coalition==
{{Further information|Jatoi caretaker government}}
In September 1988, the newly formed NPP, the center-right [[Pakistan Muslim League]] headed by [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]], and the religious-political [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] headed by [[Qazi Hussain Ahmad]] along with six other political parties formed an anti-PPP coalition called [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] or simply IJI. It was believed that the [[Pakistan Army]] intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], under Lt Gen [[Hamid Gul]], had a major role in the formation of IJI, as the army was always at odds with the left-leaning PPP.

The 1988 elections were still won by the PPP but with a thin majority. However, only 20 months into office, the PPP government was dismissed by the President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] on corruption charges, and IJI won the next elections comfortably leading [[Nawaz Sharif]] from IJI to be the next prime minister. The coalition ended in 1993 when a major chunk of IJI became PML (Nawaz).

==Founding National Alliance==
For the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general elections]], NPP joined the pro-[[Musharraf]] government's loose political coalition, the [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]]. The other alliance members were the [[Millat Party]], the [[Sindh Democratic Alliance]] and the [[Sindh National Front]]. The alliance won 16 out of 342 seats, mainly in the interior Sindh and lower Punjab region, or 4.78% of the total votes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hasan |last=Mansoor |url=http://www.himalmag.com/2003/february/report_2.htm |title=The pathology of military democracy: Manufacturing a government in Sindh |work=Himal South Asia |date=February 2003 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110130021/http://www.himalmag.com/2003/february/report_2.htm |archivedate=10 January 2008 }}</ref>

==Merger and separation with PML==
In May 2004, various PML factions and other political parties, including the National Alliance, merged with the PML-Q to form a united Pakistan Muslim League (PML).<ref>{{cite news|first=Ashraf|last=Mumtaz|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/359435/parties-to-inform-ec-about-merger-with-pml|title=Parties to inform EC about merger with PML|newspaper=Dawn|date=20 May 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220021856/http://www.dawn.com/2004/05/20/nat1.htm|archive-date=20 February 2008}}</ref> However, the understanding did not last long and NPP separated from the ruling PML and contested the 2008 elections on a its own platform.

The party won three seats in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 elections]] in the Sindh Provincial Assembly and one National Assembly seat.

In May 2013, National People's Party announced its merger with the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]].<ref name="et1">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/550636/partners-in-sindh-npp-merges-with-pml-n/|title=Partners in Sindh: NPP merges with PML-N|work=The Express Tribune|date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314012317/http://tribune.com.pk/story/550636/partners-in-sindh-npp-merges-with-pml-n/|archivedate=14 March 2014}}</ref>

It was later merged in [[Grand Democratic Alliance|GDA]] in 2018, when its leader Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi joined GDA before [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018 general elections]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
* [[Politics of Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistani political parties}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

[[Category:1986 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1986]]
[[Category:Secularism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party breakaway groups]]

Shah Hussain

2026-05-06T10:03:53Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created new article basic info - done

{{short description|Punjabi Sufi poet (1538–1599)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = Shah Hussain
| native_name = {{lang|pa|{{nq|شاہ حسین}}}} {{small| ([[Shahmukhi]])}} {{lang|pa|ਸ਼ਾਹ ਹੁਸੈਨ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]]}})
| birth_date = 1538 [[Common Era|CE]] (945 [[Islamic Calendar|AH]])
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = 1599 [[Common Era|CE]] (1008 [[Islamic Calendar|AH]])
| death_place = near [[Ravi River]], [[Lahore]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], Mughal Empire {{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}}
| resting_place = [[#Shrine|Darbar Shah Hussain]], [[Baghbanpura|Baghbanpura, Lahore]]
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = Painting of the Punjabi Sufi saint Shah Hussain Qalandar, ca.1770.jpg
| era = [[History of Punjab#Mughal Empire|Early Mughal era]]
| other_names = Madho Lal Hussain
| birth_name = Hussain
| embed =
| notable_works = ''Kāfiyā'n Shah Hussain''
| caption = Painting of the Punjabi Sufi saint Shah Hussain Qalandar, ca.1770
| pronunciation = ʃaː(ɦ) ɦʊˈsɛːn
| module = {{Infobox writer |embed=yes
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| genres = {{hlist|[[Sufi literature|Sufism]]|[[tragedy]]}}
}}
}}
'''Shah Hussain'''{{efn|{{langx|pa|{{nq|شاہ حسین}}}} {{small| ([[Shahmukhi]])}}; {{lang|pa|ਸ਼ਾਹ ਹੁਸੈਨ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]]}})}} ({{IPA|pa|ʃaː(ɦ) ɦʊˈsɛːn|lang}}; 1538 – 1599), also known as '''Mādhō Lāl Hussain''',{{efn|{{IPA|pa|maːdʱoː laːl ɦʊˈsɛːn|pron}}}} was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sufi]] [[poet]], who is regarded as a pioneer of the ''[[Kafi]]'' form in [[Punjabi poetry]]; and the first major [[History of Punjab#Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)|early-modern]] poet in the [[Punjab]], living during the 16th century in the early [[Mughal Empire#Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)|Mughal era]], the [[Sher Shah Suri|Mughal interregnum]] with the [[Sur Empire|Sur era]], and the [[Mughal Empire#Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)|Mughal restoration]].<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=DT/>

Shah Hussain was a student of [[Sufi saint]] [[Shaikh Bahlol Daryai]], the founder of the Bahlol Shahi sub-order in the [[Qadiri Order|Qadiriyya]] [[tariqa]]. Before his death, the saint assigned Shah Hussain to be his [[silsila|representative]] in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Z. |date=1994 |title=Contributions of the "Qadiris" to the Folk Poetry of Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143361 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=225–236 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lectures_on_History_Society_and_Culture/gZAMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Lectures on History, Society, and Culture of the Punjab |date=2007 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-302-0085-9 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
Shah Hussain is also often known as '''Shah Hussain Faqir''' - ''[[Fakir|Faqir]]'' denotes a ''[[Dervish]]'' (mendicant) and ''[[Shah]]'' means ''[[King]]''. He is therefore sometimes known as ''The Dervish King''.<ref name=Dawn/>

==Life==
He was born in 945 AH (1538) within the [[Walled City of Lahore|walled city of Lahore]] in what is now [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref name=DT/> His father was Sheikh Usman,<ref name=DT>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2019|title=Shah Hussain — the pioneer of Punjabi kafi|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/363607/shah-hussain-the-pioneer-of-punjabi-kafi/|access-date=17 March 2021|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|language=en-US|author=Tania Qureshi}}</ref> he was a [[Dhudhi Phapra|Dhudhi]] [[Rajput]] (a clan of Rajput), and by occupation, he was a weaver (in some of his poetic rhymes, Shah Hussain used his pen name as Faqir Hussain [[Julaha]] which means "Saint Hussain the weaver").<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403596 |author=Sameer Shafi Warraich |date=24 April 2018 |title='Love needs no guidance': How Shah Hussain and Madhu Laal defied social norms past and present|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> His ancestor Kaljas Rai was a convert of [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumi |first=Raza |date=2009-08-27 |title='I belong to Ranjha' - the syncreticism of Lahore's Shah Hussain |url=https://razarumi.com/i-belong-to-ranjha-the-syncreticism-of-lahores-shah-hussain/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The Friday Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Notable books written on his life include ''Risala Baharia'' (by Bahar Khan on the directions of [[Emperor Jahangir]]), ''Hasanat-ul-Arifin'' (by [[Dara Shikoh|Prince Dara Shiko]] in 1653), ''Haqiqat-ul-Fuqra'' (by Syed Sheikh Mahmood in 1662), ''Miftah-ul-Arifin'' (by Abdul Fatah Naqshbandi Mujadad in 1667), along with others.<ref name=DT/>

[[File:Miniature painting of Sufi saint, Madho Lal Hussain.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting of Shah Hussain (right)]]

== Relationship with Madho Lal ==
Shah Hussain, a 16th-century Punjabi Sufi poet, is also known as Madho Lal Hussain due to his profound and unique bond with Madho Lal, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] boy. Their relationship transcended societal norms and religious boundaries, symbolizing unity and love in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The connection between Shah Hussain and Madho Lal was so deep that their names became inseparable. It is said that Hussain was captivated by Madho's beauty and devoted himself to him in a way that mirrored the Sufi tradition of divine love. Hussain even celebrated [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] like [[Vasant Panchami]] and [[Holi]] to honor Madho. Over time, Madho became Hussain's disciple and spiritual successor. After Hussain's death, Madho carried forward his legacy for 48 years until his own passing, and they were buried side by side at their shrine near Lahore's Shalimar Gardens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=The story of rebellious fakir Shah Hussain and his beloved Madho Lal, buried together in Lahore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/shah-hussain-madho-lal-mela-chiraghan-sufi-queer-9417793/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Warraich |first=Sameer Shafi |date=2018-04-24 |title='Love needs no guidance': How Shah Hussain and Madhu Laal defied social norms past and present |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403596 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

Shah Hussain's decision to place Madho's name before his own was a gesture of eternal remembrance. This fusion of names—Madho Lal Hussain—symbolizes their inseparable bond and serves as a metaphor for harmony between different faiths and communities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

'''Cultural context:''' Shah Hussain's poetry often uses passionate language that could be interpreted as romantic love. Many argue that this relationship should be understood within the context of 16th-century [[Punjabi culture]] and Sufi traditions. Sufi poetry often uses romantic imagery to describe spiritual love, which can lead to different interpretations.<ref>Kaneez Fatima, S. and Hayat, M. (2020) ‘[https://giss.org/jsps_vol_27/13_syeda_hayat.pdf Dyeing the Soul in Red: Mystical Union in the Poetry of Hussain]’. New York, NY: Journal of Sikh & Punjāb Studies.</ref>

== Poetic Diction ==
Shah Hussain often assumed a female persona in their poetry, portraying themselves as brides and God as the male beloved or bridegroom. He used multiple terms for God in his poetry, such as Sajjan, Sāi'yāņ, Şāĥib, and Kant, all referring to husband, beloved, or bridegroom in Punjabi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Anjum |first=Tanvir |date=2017 |title=The Soul-bride of the Divine-groom: Bridal Metaphor in Sufi Poetry of Shah Husayn |url=https://giss.org/jsps_vol_24/tanvir_anjum.pdf |journal=Journal of Sikh & Punjāb Studies |volume=24 |issue=Spring-Fall 2017 |pages=25}}</ref> <blockquote>ਸਜਣ ਦੇ ਹਥਿ ਬਾਂਹ ਅਸਾਡੀ, ਕਿਉਂ ਕਰਿ ਆਖਾਂ ਛਡਿ ਵੇ ਅੜਿਆ

سجن دے ہتھ بانہ اساڈی، کی کر آکھاں چھڈ وے اڑیا</blockquote>The human soul is represented as a bride, with different states of the soul depicted through various female roles; An unmarried girl unaware of her destiny, a bride-to-be waiting for her groom or a married woman in marital bliss or longing for reunion. He wrote in the concept of spiritual marriage or "betrothal to God" to symbolize the soul's union with the Divine.<ref name=":2" /> Thus, he represented soul's relationship with God through marital imagery. He would call a soul that has attained communion with the Divine as ''suhāgan'' (happily married woman), and a soul that fails to achieve divine love as ''duhāgan'' (unlucky or deserted wife). Shah Husayn used items associated with brides, such as the sālo (a red-dyed embroidered cloth), to symbolize spiritual concepts like good deeds and the soul's journey.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Shrine of Maddho Lal Hussein, Lahore.JPG|thumb|The Shrine of Shah Hussain in [[Lahore]]]]

==Shrine==
His tomb and shrine is located at the [[Baghbanpura]] precincts, adjacent to the [[Shalamar Gardens, Lahore]], Punjab, Pakistan. His [[Urs]] is celebrated at his shrine every year during the "[[Mela Chiraghan]]" ("Festival of Lights").<ref name=DT/><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1248883 Annual Mela Chiraghan (Festival of Lights) in Lahore, Pakistan] Dawn (newspaper), Published 4 April 2016, Retrieved 17 March 2021</ref> Madho's tomb lies next to Hussain's in the shrine.<ref name="EIL">Lal, Mohan. (2006) ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature.'' Vol. 5, Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, p. 3940. {{ISBN|81-260-1221-8}}.</ref><ref name=Dawn/>

In the 18th century, during [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780 – 1839) rule of Punjab, the [[maharaja]] himself would lead a procession from his palace in Lahore to Shah Hussain's shrine barefoot during Mela Chiraghan (Festival of Lights), accompanied by thousands of [[Sikhs]], Muslims and Hindus. Shah Hussain's [[urs]] and the [[Melā|mela]] used to happen at two different times but were both combined into one and then called "[[Mela Chiraghan]]" (Festival of Lights) by Ranjit Singh. This mela (festival) is considered to be the biggest festival of Punjab.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=DT/>

==Kafis of Shah Hussain==
Hussain's works of poetry consist entirely of short poems known as Kafis.<ref name="Kafiyan Shah Hussain: Kalaam Aur Urdu Tarjumah">{{cite book
| last = Hussain
| first = Shah
| authorlink =
| title = Kafiyan Shah Hussain: Kalaam Aur Urdu Tarjumah
| publisher =
| year = 1987
| location =
| pages =
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LryJYgEACAAJ&q=shah+hussain}}</ref> A typical 'Hussain Kafi' contains a refrain and some rhymed lines. The number of rhymed lines is usually between four and ten. Only occasionally is a longer form adopted. Hussain's Kafis are also composed for, and the singing of them has been set to music based on [[Punjabi folk music]]. Many of his Kafis are part of the traditional [[Qawwali]] repertoire. His poems have been performed as songs by [[Kaavish]], [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Hamid Ali Bela]], [[Amjad Parvez]], [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]] and [[Noor Jehan]], among others.<ref name=Dawn/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1eo69s_hamid-ali-bela-maaye-ni-main-kino-aakhan-kalam-shah-hussain_music |title = Hamid Ali Bela sings Shah Hussain poem |website = dailymotion.com website|date = 4 March 2014 |access-date =17 March 2021}}</ref>

"It may be asserted that poetry is often written to be sung. And all poetry carries, through manipulation of sound effects, some suggestion of music".<ref name=travel-culture>{{cite web |url = https://www.travel-culture.com/punjabi-poetry/shah-hussain.shtml |title = Profile of 'Shah Hussain' |author=Najm Hosain Syed|website = travel-culture.com website|access-date =17 March 2021}}</ref>

Here are three examples, which draw on the famous love story of [[Heer Ranjha]]:
{{Verse translation|lang=pa-Latn
|Ni Mai menoon Khedeyan di gal naa aakh<ref name=travel-culture/>
Ranjhan mera, main Ranjhan di,
Khedeyan noon koodi jhak
Lok janey Heer kamli hoi,
Heeray da var chak

|Do not talk of the Khedas to me, mother.
I belong to Ranjha and he belongs to me.
And the Khedas dream idle dreams.
Let the people say, "Heer is crazy;
she has given herself to a cowherd."}}

Another Kafi:
{{Verse translation|lang=pa-Latn
|Sajjan bin raatan hoiyan whadiyaan<ref name=travel-culture/>
Ranjha jogi, main jogiani, kamli kar kar sadiyaan
Maas jhurey jhur pinjer hoya, kadken lagiyaan haddiyaan
Main ayani niyoonh ki janan, birhon tannawan gadiyaan
Kahe Husain faqeer sain da, larr tere main lagiyaan

Main vi jaanaan jhok Ranjhan di, naal mere koi challey
Pairan paindi, mintaan kardi, jaanaan tan peya ukkaley
Neen vi dhoonghi, tilla purana, sheehan ney pattan malley
Ranjhan yaar tabeeb sadhendha, main tan dard awalley
Kahe Hussain faqeer namana, sain sunedha ghalley

|The nights are long without my beloved.
Since Ranjha became a jogi, I have scarcely been my old self; people everywhere call me crazy.
My young flesh is all wrinkled, my bones are a creaking skeleton.
I was too young to understand love; and now as the nights swell and merge into each other,
I play host to that unkind guest – separation.

I have to go to Ranjha's hut, will someone go with me?
I have begged many to accompany me, but I had to set out alone.
The river is deep, and the shaky bridge creaks.
I am tortured by my wounds, but Ranjha my beloved is the doctor who can cure them.
Only my beloved can bring me comfort.}}

Two Kafis that are addressed to his Hindu disciple Madhu Lal Hussain<ref name="Hazrat Maadho Laal Hussain">{{cite book
| last = Amin Naqshbandy
| first = Sheikh Parvaiz
| authorlink =
| title = Hazrat Madhu Laal Hussain
| publisher = Umar Publications
| year = 2001
| location = the University of Michigan
| pages = 120
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaljAAAAMAAJ&q=Hazrat+Maadho+Laal+Hussain}}</ref> need a special mention:
{{Verse translation|lang=pa-Latn
|Madho Lal! Piyaare ki parwaasa dam da?
Udeyaa bhor theyaa pardesi aggey raah agam da!
Jinhaan saada shauh rijhaaya tinha nu bhow jam da?
Aakhey Hussain faqeer nimaana chhaddiye sareer bhasam da!

Ve Madhu! Main wadda theyaa badnaam!
Raati pi ke dukh da piyaala tureyaa suwairon shaam!
Ki aakhaan main ki si peeti? Loki dassan haraam!
Kaafar aakhan saarey mainoon laawan sabh ilzaam!
Mukh fairan sabh maidey wallon naal kaddan dushnaam!
Rowey Hussain maidey Saain nu Madho chheti pej salaam!

|Madhu Lal! My dear what is this trust on life?
You fly out in the morning and become a stranger, to take on an unknown road!
Those that have pleased our Master in this life do they have to fear death which is the hereafter?
Says Hussain the pride less mendicant, cast off this body of ashes!

O Madhu! I have been greatly defamed!
After drinking last night from my cup of sorrows, I have wandered from morning till evening.
What can I say that I had drunk of? People say it was the forbidden wine!
All here call me an infidel and accuse me of transgression!
They turn back their faces from me and abuse me!
Wails Hussain O Madhu fast send my prayer to my Master!}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[List of Punjabi language poets]]
*[[Qawwali]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Great Sufi Poets of The Punjab'', by R. M. Chopra, Iran Society, Kolkata, 1999.
* ''Verses of a Lowly Fakir'' poetry of Madho Lal Hussein translated by Naveed Alam 2016. {{ISBN|0670088277}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/shah/shfront.html Complete works of Shah Hussain in Punjabi (Shahmukhi) language, Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website]



{{Sufism}}
{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Shah}}
[[Category:1538 births]]
[[Category:1599 deaths]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufis]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]

National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)

2026-05-03T04:57:24Z

Mir Hashim Ali: put up details

{{short description|Entrance examination for postgraduate medical admissions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox examination
|name=National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)
|acronym=NEET (PG)
|type=[[Computer based test]]
|test_admin=[[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]]
|purpose=Admission to postgraduate medical programmes
|duration=210 minutes
|score_range = -200 to 800
|offered=Once a year
|regions=India
|language=English
|score_validity = 1 year
|fee=₹4000 ₹2500 (SC/ST/PWD)
|year_started=2013
|test_takers={{Increase}} 2,85,000 (2024)
|skills_tested=Subjects as per the Graduate Medical Education Regulations
|prerequisite=MBBS degree as per [[Indian Medical Council Act]]
|score_users=AFMS and ESI Institutions, Medical Educational Institutions of Central and State Govts
|website={{URL|https://nbe.edu.in/}}
|footnotes=As per 2024 information bulletin
}}

The '''National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)''', abbreviated as '''NEET (PG)''' is an [[entrance examination]] in India conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]] (NBEMS) for determining eligibility of candidates for admission to postgraduate medical programmes in government or private medical colleges, such as [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD), [[Master of Surgery]] (MS), PG diploma, [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB), Doctorate of National Board (DrNB), and NBEMS diploma. This exam replaced All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Examination (AIPGMEE).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=NEET PG 2023 result declared on natboard.edu.in, check cutoff here |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/neet-pg-result-2023-declared-on-natboard-edu-in-download-result-pdf-here/articleshow/98637372.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The counselling and seat allotment is conducted by Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMC asked to upload state NEET PG counselling schedules on its website; Check details here |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/nmc-asked-to-upload-state-neet-pg-counselling-schedules-on-its-website-check-details-here/cid/1954837 |access-date= |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Eligibility criteria ==
Candidates studying in India, having [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)]] degree or provisional MBBS pass certificate as per [[Indian Medical Council Act]], and MBBS registration certificate issued by the [[Indian Medical Council|Indian]] or state medical council and have completed one year of internship or will be completing the internship, are eligible to apply for the exam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Information Bulletin for National Eligibility-cum Entrance Test (Post Graduate)|url=https://cdn.digialm.com/per/g01/pub/1258/EForms/image/NBE_NEET_PG_2020.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 August 2020|website=NBE NEET-PG 2020}}</ref>{{rp|15}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=NEET PG 2020 Exam: Counselling, Seat Allotment Result (Out), Cutoff, Dates|url=https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/neet-pg-exam|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=NEET PG 2020 Exam: Last Date of Reporting (Extended), Result, Counselling, Seat Allotment|url=https://medicine.careers360.com/exams/neet-pg|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-13|website=medicine.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref>

The candidates having Indian citizenship, but have graduated from any foreign medical college, should qualify the [[Medical Council of India Screening Test]] (also called [[Foreign Medical Graduate Examination]]). They also need to be registered with Indian or state medical council and have completed one year of internship or will be completing the internship.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|15}}

For foreign nationals, registration is necessary from the country they have obtained basic medical qualification. [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI) registration is not compulsory. Temporary registration might be given on payment of application fees.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|15}}

== Organising body ==
The exam is conducted by [[National Board of Examinations]], an autonomous organisation of [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]. It also conducts exams other National Eligibility cum Entrance Test for Super Specialty courses (SS) and [[Master of Dental Surgery]] (MDS).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Exam pattern and structure ==
The examination is [[Computer Based Test|computer based]], consisting of 200 mcqs [[Multiple choice|multiple choice questions]] (MCQ) with single response. The language is English only. It is held in 162 test centres across India.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|26}} For each correct response, four marks are allotted and for each wrong response one mark (25 percent) is deducted. No marks awarded or deducted for an unattempted question. There will be 5 section of 40 question each with time slot of 42 minutes, then that part will be auto submitted once the time slot is over. It can't be reviewed then, however, this pattern has recently incorporated for NEET-PG 2024. The Time allotted is {{Convert|3.5
|hour|min|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|19–20}}

=== Syllabus ===
The syllabus comprises subjects prescribed by the Graduate Medical Education Regulations issued by Medical Council of India. It includes [[Anatomy]], [[Physiology]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Pathology]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Microbiology]], [[Forensic Medicine]], [[Preventive and Social Medicine]], [[General Medicine]], [[General Surgery]], [[Obstetrics]] & [[Gynaecology]], [[Pediatrics]], [[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Dermatology]], [[Anesthesiology]], [[Radiology]], [[Psychiatry]], [[Orthopaedics]]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|21}}

== Application fees ==
The application fees for General and [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) candidates is {{INRConvert|3500||lk=on|year=2024}} and for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST)]], [[Persons With Disabilities|Person with Disabilities]] (PwD) candidates is {{INRConvert|2500||lk=|year=2024}}. The application process is completely online.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|18}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Advt. NEET PG (English)|url=https://cdn.digialm.com/per/g01/pub/1258/EForms/image/Advt_NEET_PG_English.jpg|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 August 2020|website=}}</ref>

== Cutoff and Results ==
The cutoff marks in the exam is divided into four categories based on the groups of people and castes in India. Cutoffs were reduced in 2020. For General candidates it is 30th percentile, for general but PwD candidates it is 25th percentile, for both SC/ST/OBC and PwD under SC/ST/OBC, it is 20th percentile.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 July 2020|title=Public Notice regarding Reduction of Cut-off Marks for NEET PG, 2020|url=https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Public%20Notice-%20NEET-PG-14.07.2020.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 August 2020|website=mciindia.org}}</ref>

The results of the exam is valid for current admission session, i.e. one year. It can not be carried forward for the next session.<ref name=":0" />

== Seat allotment ==
The whole seat pool for Diploma, MD and MS is divided into half. One for medical institutes under central government (which is the all India 50 percent quota) and the rest half for all the respective state governments. Seat allotment is done through a centralised counselling procedure. For all India quota it is conducted by DGHS. Merit list of qualified students is prepared based on score and percentile.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|40}} Seats are reserved for the SC, ST, PwD and non-creamy layer OBC candidates, which is 15, 7.5, 5 and 27 percent respectively. Wherever Economically Weaker Section (EWS) quota is implemented, 10 percent seats will be reserved for them. Eligibility and other criteria are different in case of Armed Forces Medical Services institutions. There is no reservation in Armed Forces Medical Service Institutions.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|37, 44}}

== Institutes ==
114 medical colleges and institutes, both government and private, take admission through this exam.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|56–61}}

=== Institutes not covered by the exam ===
5 INIs ([[Institute of National Importance]]) are exempted from centralised admission via this exam. They are:<ref name=":0" />

# [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMSs)
# [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER)
# [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]] (JIPMER)
# [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS)
# [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST)
Admission to these institutes is via another entrance test i.e. INI-CET.

== Number of applicants ==
In 2020, 167,102 candidates registered for the exam, 18,389 more than the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 February 2019|title=NEET PG 2019 Result Statistics released by NBE; 79,633 candidates qualified the PG exam {{!}} Careers360|url=https://news.careers360.com/neet-pg-2019-result-statistics-released-nbe-79633-candidates-qualified-pg-exam|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-15|website=news.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref> 166,702 candidates were Indian citizens, 16 were [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident of India]], 130 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Person of Indian Origin]] and 254 foreigners. 160,888 candidates appeared for the exam and, out of which 89,549 qualified. 12 were declared ineligible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NEET PG result 2020: Statistics released by NBE suggest 89,549 qualified the exam|url=https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/articles/neet-pg-result-2020-statistics-released-by-nbe-suggest-89-549-qualified-the-exam-blogId-29943|access-date=2020-08-15|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref>

== DNB courses ==
The exam is also used for admission into various [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB) courses. No other entrance exam is held for it. The eligibility criteria are same as that of PG courses. Reservation in DNB courses is determined by the institution.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|46}}

== Controversies ==

=== NEET (PG) 2021 ===
The exam is generally held in December–January but in 2021 it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was held in September 2021. However, counselling for students who appeared for the exam has not been conducted yet because of cases pending in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] over reservations to the [[Economically Weaker Section|economically weaker section]]. The delay in counselling has resulted in shortage of doctors at hospitals, increasing workload for existing resident doctors. Protests over the delay in counselling began on November 27 with resident doctors boycotting work in out patient departments which gradually escalated to “withdrawal from all service”. The boycott was suspended on December 9 after the doctors were given assurances that the counselling schedule will be released in a week, but they resumed the boycott from December 17 as the government failed to act on those assurances. On 27 December 2021, resident doctors that were marching towards the Supreme Court were stopped and “brutally thrashed, dragged, and detained” by the Delhi Police according to FORDA, an association of resident doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Babu|first=Nikhil|date=2021-12-30|title=The continuing medico malady|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-continuing-medico-malady/article38069108.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230075534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-continuing-medico-malady/article38069108.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=2021-12-30|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-28|title='No country for doctors:' Twitter fumes over police brutality on protesting doctors in Delhi|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/no-country-for-doctors-twitter-fumes-over-police-brutality-on-protesting-doctors-in-delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230081626/https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/no-country-for-doctors-twitter-fumes-over-police-brutality-on-protesting-doctors-in-delhi|archive-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>

=== NEET (PG) 2024 ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
The exam was first announced to be conducted on March 3rd. It was then officially postponed to July 7th due to reasons unknown. Later, NBE made an announcement that the exam is Preponed to June 23rd. Admit cards were released and all arrangements were made for the exam. On June 22nd night at around 10pm, the NBE made an official announcement stating the exam is postponed in view of integrity of the examination. After several weeks, the board finally announced the new date, and conducted the exam in two shifts on August 11th. The students expressed disparity in the level of toughness due to the two shifts. Normalization was undertaken & results were announced. Supreme court cases emerged stating lack of transparency regarding the result, normalization, answer key, etc. This caused a lot of delay in the counselling process.

=== NEET (PG) cutoff revisions ===
In 2023, the [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) had written to [[Union Health Ministry]] seeking reduction in cutoff marks for NEET (PG) 2023 to prevent medical college seats from going vacant. Subsequently, the [[Union Health Ministry]] directed the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) to reduce NEET (PG) qualifying cutoff to zero percentile across all categories, effectively allowing students scoring -13 marks to qualify for counseling which can be as low as -40 for SC/ST category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=13 with negative marks, 14 with zero also qualify |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-with-negative-marks-14-with-zero-also-qualify/articleshow/103823281.cms |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The same pattern of revision of NEET (PG) cutoff criteria was repeated in 2025 but for 7th percentile down from 50th percentile for General and EWS category, 5th percentile down from 45th percentile for PwD category and zero percentile down from 40th percentile for SC/ST/OBC category,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://natboard.edu.in/viewNotice.php?NBE=NlZON01lQnErVzZvRXJoM2s1dHBXZz09 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260113165342/https://natboard.edu.in/viewNotice.php?NBE=NlZON01lQnErVzZvRXJoM2s1dHBXZz09 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=natboard.edu.in}}</ref> after over 9,000 seats of 65,000 - 70,000 PG medical seats remained vacant even after second round of counseling. The [[Indian Medical Association|IMA]], writing again to the [[Union Health Ministry]] warned of doctor shortages, increased workload and its effect on academics and healthcare in the nation. While [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]] officials clarified that the exam is meant to generate a merit list and not reassess competence of doctors already qualifying MBBS and that admissions will remain merit based,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-14 |title=NEET-PG cut-off score now fixed at -40 out of 800 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/neet-pg-cut-off-score-now-fixed-at-40-out-of-800/articleshow/126514156.cms |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the move has seen sharp criticism from doctors questioning the prioritization of interest of stakeholders of medical education over its effect on quality of [[healthcare in India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel,Jahnavi |first=Bharathy |date=2023-09-22 |title=‘It’s just business’: Doctors react to new NEET PG zero percentile rule |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/its-just-business-doctors-react-to-new-neet-pg-zero-percentile-rule |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2023-09-20 |title=NEET-PG, 2023 cut-off reduced to ‘zero’ percentile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/neet-pg-2023-cut-off-reduced-to-zero-experts-say-move-will-dilute-standards/article67327006.ece |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with Dr. Rohan Krishnan, chief patron of a medical fraternity, Federation of All India Medical Association (FAIMA) expressing disappointment in the decision explaining that the move is intended to fill seats in "substandard" private medical colleges that do not fulfill seats due to low interest from higher scoring candidates and also identifying the recently added private medical college seats as a result of confidence in demand due to pattern of lowering of cutoff criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Lowering NEET-PG qualifying percentiles destroys credibility of merit exam," says FAIMA |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lowering-neet-pg-qualifying-percentiles-destroys-credibility-of-merit-exam-says-faima20260114131516/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[Federation of Resident Doctors Association|Federation of Resident Doctor's Association]] (FORDA) also opposed the move, claiming that it “undermines meritocracy, transparency and public trust in the medical education system.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Officials defend cutoff reduction in NEET-PG |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/officials-defend-cutoff-reduction-in-neetpg-101768417115611.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India]] (FOGSI) also expressed serious concern about the cutoff revision's effect on healthcare quality and criticized that transparent algorithm for filling vacant seats already set in NEET PG information bulletin must be strictly followed and exhausted before taking such steps. The association also called for lowering of medical fees which it attributed to causing vacancy of seats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Adity |title=Gynaecologists body urges NMC to review NEET PG 2025 cutoff reduction |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/gynaecologists-body-urges-nmc-to-review-neet-pg-2025-cutoff-reduction-164777 |work=Medical Dialogues}}</ref>

A [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) filed by a lawyer challenging NEET (PG) 2023 cutoff revision reached the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] that while questioning his right to represent the matter, dismissed the plea citing the petitioner for having no [[Standing (law)|locus standi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=2023-09-26 |title=Supreme Court junks plea against NEET-PG 2023 cutoff |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Sep/26/supreme-court-junks-plea-against-neet-pg-2023-cutoff-2618263.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra |first=Barsha |title=NEET PG 2023: SC Refuses to Entertain Plea Challenging 'Zero' Cutoff Percentile |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/neet-pg-2023-sc-refuses-to-entertain-plea-challenging-zero-cutoff-percentile-117961 |work=Medical Dialogues}}</ref> In 2026, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] is hearing petitions challenging the 2025 revisions that it violates [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] and [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21]] of the Constitution, and challenges legality and fairness of altering eligibility conditions after the selection process had already begun. Under affidavit issued by [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]], it claims no role in the cut-off revision and that it merely acted in compliance of orders from the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] while emphasizing that 95,913 additional qualifying candidates will be affected by any interference and referring to a recent [[Delhi High Court]] ruling squashing a public interest litigation challenging the same.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi HC Dismisses PIL Challenging Reduced NEET-PG 2025 Cut-Offs: Check Latest Updates |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/delhi-hc-dismisses-pil-challenging-reduced-neet-pg-2025-cut-off-marks-all-details/cid/2144000 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=NEET PG counselling 2025: Cut-off reduction makes 95,913 more eligible; NBEMS tells SC it had no role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/neet-pg-counselling-2025-cut-off-reduction-makes-95913-more-eligible-nbems-tells-sc-it-had-no-role/articleshow/128492297.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Medical college in India|Medical colleges in India]]
* [[National Board of Examinations]]
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (UG)]]
* [[National Exit Test]]
*{{Annotated link |All India Pre Medical Test}}
== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://nbe.edu.in/ National Board of Examinations]
{{Standardised tests in India}}

[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]

Aner Dam Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-05-01T22:05:56Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made info

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Aner Dam Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Dhule district]], Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = [[Shirpur]] and [[Chopda]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|21|00|N|75|01|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 82.94
| established = 13 November 1986
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Maharashtra State Forest Department
| url =
}}
The '''AnerDam Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in Shirpur talukas of [[Dhule district]], India. The sanctuary is spread over southwestern side of [[Satpura Hills|Satpura hill ranges]]. This sanctuary is spread around the catchment area of Aner river specially above the high flood level around the [[Aner Dam]]. This sanctuary has common boundary with [[Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Jalgaon district]] and forest area of [[Khargone district]] in Madhyapradesh.

==Location==
The nearest rail head is Jalgaon Town of Maharashtra state which is 71 km from the sanctuary. Regular buses are available from Shirpur and lasur Road Bus Stand. The sanctuary is open for visitors from sunrise to sunset. There are many hotels and resorts located near [[Shirpur]] town.<ref name="Dhule district">{{cite web |last1=District Administration, Dhule |title=About District |url=https://dhule.gov.in/about-district/ |website=www.dhule.gov.in |publisher=District Administration, Dhule |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Management==
The AnerDam sanctuary is a part of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Nagar Wildlife Division. The Range Forest Officer (Wildlife) located at Shirpur is in charge of the sanctuary.<ref name="Mahaforest" />

==Flora==
The forest types is Southern moist deciduous forest. Most of the forest area is degraded scrub land with patches of wooded land. The common trees found are [[Acacia catechu]] (Khair), [[Acacia leucophloea]] (Hiwar), Acacia nilotica (Babul), [[Aegle marmelos]] (Bel), [[Albizzia lebbek]], Albizzia procera, Anogeissus latifolia (Dhawda), [[Butea monosperma]] (Palas), [[Boswellia serrata]] (Salaia), Ficus and Terminalia species. The common shrubs include Vites negundo, zizyphus species, Cassia auriculata (tarwad), Carissa carandas, and Helicteres isora (Murudsheng).<ref name="Mahaforest">{{cite web |last1=Maharashtra Forest Dept. |title=Aner Dam, Dhule |url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/index.php/sanctuarydetail/index/19/en# |website=www.mahaforest.gov.in |publisher=Maharashtra Forest Dept. |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

==Fauna==
The animals include [[Leopard]], [[wildcat]], [[Blackbuck|Black Buck]], [[Jackal]], [[wolf]], [[Asian water monitor|monitor lizards]], [[porcupine]], [[Barking deer]], [[Hare|Hares.]]<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sumit |title=Aner dam sanctuary to be an eco-tourism spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/aner-dam-sanctuary-to-be-an-eco-tourism-spot/articleshow/46832016.cms |access-date=18 June 2021 |agency=Times of India |publisher=Times Group |date=7 April 2015}}</ref> The birds include [[peacock]] and water fowls like [[Crane (bird)|cranes]], [[Stork|storks]], [[Brahmany duck|Brahmani duck]] are found.<ref name="Mahaforest" />

==Tourist Places==
The major tourist place is AnerDam. The sanctuary is not accessible specially during rainy season.<ref name="TOI" /> There is PWD rest house at Shirpur and Forest Rest house at Rohini and Chopda.<ref name="ZSI Envis">{{cite web |title=Details of Wildlife Sanctuaries |url=http://www.zsienvis.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadedFile/ENVIS_635862959461208798_Maharastra-WLS.pdf |website=www.zsienvis.nic.in |publisher=ZSI |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
==Threats==
The threats include Illicit cutting, forest fires, encroachment, hunting and trespassing. The spread of shrubby weed [[Lantana camara]] is causing damage to the grasslands.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dhule district]]

Goparaju Ramana

2026-05-01T07:21:46Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Goparaju Ramana
| birth_name = Goparaju Yagneswara Venkata Ramana Murthy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|4|5|df=yes}}<ref name="H">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/actor-sreeramulu-suggesting-me-for-role-of-prakasam-was-biggest-award-says-ramana-654619?infinitescroll=1 | title=Actor Sreeramulu suggesting me for role of Prakasam was biggest award, says Ramana | date=4 November 2020 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolakaluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 1999–present
| spouse = Leela Annapurna Visalakshi
| children = 1 (Goparaju Vijay)
}}

'''Goparaju Yagneswara Venkata Ramana Murthy''' (born 5 April 1952), known popularly as '''Goparaju Ramana''', is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre|theatre]] and television shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Versatile Actors: పాత్ర ఏదైనా.. వీరు దిగనంతవరకే. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/web-stories/versatile-actors-in-south |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref> He made his feature film debut with ''[[Grahanam]]'' (2004), and had his breakthrough with ''[[Middle Class Melodies]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-21 |title='Middle Class Melodies': Goparaju Ramana's Kondal Rao gets critical applause - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/middle-class-melodies-goparaju-ramanas-kondal-rao-gets-critical-applause-telugu-news-274476 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Prior to working in films, he appeared in many theatre [[Play (theatre)|plays]].

== Early and personal life ==
Ramana was born on 5 April 1952 to Hanumantha Rao and Bala Tripurasundaramma in [[Kolakaluru]] village of [[Tenali mandal|Tenali]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="H"/>

He married Leela Annapurna Visalakshi. They have one son, Goparaju Vijay, who is also an actor.

== Career ==
Ramana started his career as actor in theatre. His first appearance was in the play ''Manavuni Adugujadallo'', written by Avula Sambasiva Rao, during his high school. In 1967, he joined the theater company Balanandam where he acted in plays like ''Sakkubai'', ''Strike'' and ''Polish Bhayya''. During the same period, he also participated in several programs on [[All India Radio]].

He then started working in television shows, with notable ones being ''Padmavyuham'', ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]'' and ''Mahalakshmi''. In 2001, Ramana made his feature film debut with ''Maa Aayana Sundarayya'' before appearing in ''[[Grahanam]]'' (2004), directed by [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]. He got breakthrough for playing the role of Kondalrao in the film ''[[Middle Class Melodies]]'' (2020), premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'', in his review about the film, particularly praised Ramana's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20 |title=Middle Class Melodies movie review: Anand Devarakonda fits the bill in a tale that's all heft and heart |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/middle-class-melodies-movie-review-anand-devarakonda-fits-the-bill-in-a-tale-thats-all-heft-and-heart-9034551.html |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Firstpost}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> The same was echoed by other critics including those from ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The News Minute]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-11-20 |title='Middle Class Melodies' movie review: A charming film that rings real |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/middle-class-melodies-movie-review-a-heartwarming-film/article33139014.ece |access-date=2020-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20 |title='Middle Class Melodies' review: A heartfelt comedy brought alive by the supporting cast |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/middle-class-melodies-review-heartfelt-comedy-brought-alive-supporting-cast-138045 |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> He later appeared in numerous notable films like ''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]'' (2022), ''[[Bedurulanka 2012]]'' (2023) and ''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]'' (2024).

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{refh}}
|-
|2001
|''Maa Aayana Sundarayya''
|Property Registrar
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Grahanam]]''
|Subramaniam
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Devi Abhayam''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|[[Maya Bazar (2006 film)|''Maya Bazar'']]
|[[Narada]] in disguise
|
|
|-
|''Sundaraaniki Tondarekkuva''
|
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Ashta Chamma]]''
|Rambabu's adoptive father
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Betting Bangaraju]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|Liaquat Bhai
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Onamalu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Mapalle Repallanta''
|
|
|
|-
|2016
|''Veelaite Premiddam''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|''Gautamiputra Satakarni'']]
|Priest
|
|
|-
|[[Nakshatram (film)|''Nakshatram'']]
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]''
| Government employee
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Middle Class Melodies]]''
|Kondalrao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|[[Police Constable|P.C.]] Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Maha Samudram]]''
|Lakshmipathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|''[[Gangster Gangaraju]]''
|Nagaraju
|
|
|-
|[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|''Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu'']]
|Chiru's uncle
|
|
|-
|''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]''
|Arjun's uncle
|
|
|-
|''[[7 Days 6 Nights]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|''Swathi Muthyam'']]
|Bhagi's uncle
|
|
|-
|''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]''
|Venky's father
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tollywood |date=2021-01-30 |title=Goparaju Ramana: Father of Venkatesh in F3 |url=https://www.tollywood.net/goparaju-ramana-father-of-venkatesh-in-f3/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Tollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sammathame]]''
|Krishna's father
|
|
|-
|''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]''
|Chalapathy
|
|
|-
|''[[18 Pages]]''
|Bus Conductor
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
|[[Hunt (2023 film)|''Hunt'']]
|Moorthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|Head priest
|
|
|-
|''[[Bedurulanka 2012]]''
|Village President
|
|
|-
|[[Bhuvana Vijayam (film)|''Bhuvana Vijayam'']]
|Chalapathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Prema Vimanam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Votu''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rangabali (film)|''Rangabali'']]
|Vishwam
|
|
|-
|''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]''
|Lokendra Kumar
|
|
|-
|[[Custody (2023 film)|''Custody'']]
|Dharmaraju
| Shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|Ranjan's father
|
|
|-
|[[Samajavaragamana (film)|''Samajavaragamana'']]
|Clerk
|
|
|-
|[[Martin Luther King (film)|''Martin Luther King'']]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2024
|''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]''
|Narasimha
|
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Tea seller
|
|
|-
|[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|''Aa Okkati Adakku'']]
|A victim in the accident
|
|
|-
|''[[Gangs of Godavari]]''
|Doraswamy Raju
|
|
|-
|''[[Yevam]]''
|M. Gangadhar
|
|
|-
|''[[Committee Kurrollu]]''
|Venkatrao
|
|
|-
|''[[Uruku Patela]]''
|Rama Raju
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|Radha’s uncle
|
|
|-
|[[Swag (film)|''Swag'']]
|Rajaguru / Maharshi
|Dual roles
|
|-
|''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''
|Prasad's father
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Neelakantha Bhupathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Leela Vinodham]]''
|Leela’s father
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Neelima's father
|
|
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|Suri's uncle
|
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Priest
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|Muhurthala Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Couple Friendly]]''
|Siva’s father
|
|
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|Bommayya
|
|
|-
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
|Sreenu Swami
|
|
|-
|''[[Papam Prathap]]''
|Papa Rao
|
|
|}

=== Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!{{refh}}
|-
|1999{{Ndash}}2000
|''Sangharshana''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| Television Debut
|
|-
|2000{{Ndash}}2002
|''Vidhi''
|
|
|
|-
|2003{{Ndash}}2007
|''Padmavyuham''
|
|
|
|-
|2014{{Ndash}}2019
|''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''
|Paaru's father
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|2015{{Ndash}}2022
|''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu''
|
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Telugu Serials: మూడువేల ఎపిసోడ్‌లు పూర్తి చేసుకున్న సీరియల్స్ ఇవే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-most-popular-serials-which-completed-more-than-3000-episodes-nr-838672.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2018{{Ndash}}2019
|''Mahalakshmi''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]
|
|
|-
|2020{{Ndash}}2021
|''[[Girija Kalyanam]]''
|Lakshmi Narayana
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[3 Roses (TV series)|''3 Roses'']]
|Indu's uncle
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|Web Debut
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Devika & Danny]]''
|Devika's uncle
|[[JioHotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika And Danny OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Ritu Varma's Much-Awaited Web Series |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/when-and-where-to-watch-devika-and-danny-ritu-varma-webseries-article-151680037 |work=Times Now |date=20 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Katha Sudha''
|Vedamurthula Subramanya Sastry
|[[ETV Win]]
|under segment ''Addham lo Chandamama''
|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|name=Goparaju Ramana|id=10573605}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramana, Goparaju}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]

Mahendra Chaudhary

2026-04-23T04:40:47Z

Mir Hashim Ali: put up pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendra Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|06|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nawa, Rajasthan|Maharajpura]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| image = Mahendra Chaudhary in 2022.jpg
| caption = Mahendra Chaudhary in 2022
| office = [[Chief Whip|Deputy Chief Whip]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 15 January 2019
| term_end = 03 December 2023
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Committee on Public Undertakings|Member, Committee on Public Undertakings]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| governor1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| constituency1 = [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2013
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2013
| predecessor3 = Harish Kumawat
| successor3 = Vijay Singh Chaudhary
| term_start2 = 2018
| term_end2 = 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]]
| successor2 = [[Vijay Singh Chaudhary]]
| constituency3 = [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
| parents = Hanuman Singh (father) Gumani Devi (mother)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sunita Chaudhary|10 March 1999}}
| children = 2
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[LLB]], [[Tax law|Diploma in Criminal Law & Taxation]] [[Rajasthan University]]
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Farmer]] [[Lawyer]]
| website =
}}
'''Mahendra Chaudhary''' is an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[13th Rajasthan Assembly|13th Assembly]] and [[15th Rajasthan Assembly|15th Assembly]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|of Rajasthan]] representing the [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4221|title=Mahendra Choudhary(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NAWAN(NAGAUR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rajpcc.com/mahendrachaudhary | title=Indian National Congress Party }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/GovtDeputyChiefWhip.aspx|title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|website=assembly.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mahendra Chaudhary was born in June 1969 in Maharajpura, Nawan. He is the son of Hanuman Singh (Ex-MLA from Nawan) and Gumani Devi. He completed his school education from Government Senior Secondary School, Nawan. Apart from this, he has completed BA from Lal Bhadur Shastri College, Jaipur and LLB from University College of Law, Rajasthan University.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/GovtDeputyChiefWhip.aspx | title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mahendra Chaudhary is born to Advocate Hanuman Singh and Gumani Devi. He hails from political background. His father was MLA from Nawan Assembly constituency which is the same he is from in [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|fifth Rajasthan Legislative assembly]]. His mother was Pradhan from [[Kuchaman city|Kuchaman]] Panchyat Samiti. Mahendra was married to Sunita Chaudhary who was the Zila Pramukh of [[District council (India)|Nagaur Zila Parishad]].<ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/news/raj-oth-mat-latest-nawa-news-045511-1323754-nor.html</ref> The couple have 2 children, one daughter and one son.

== Political career ==
[[File:Mahendra Chaudhary with Ashok Gehlot in May 2023.jpg|thumb|Mahendra Chaudhary with Ashok Gehlot in May 2023]]
Mahendra Chaudhary started his political career as an independent President of Student Union, Lal Bahadur Shastri College, Jaipur (1986–87); He was also a President Student Union, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (1995–96). First time he was elected as a member of legislative assembly in 2008–13 and later in 2018 from Nawan, Nagaur. He was Government Deputy Chief Whip, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and member of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee.
[[File:Mahendra Chaudhary with Rahul Gandhi in Bharat Jodo Yatra.jpg|thumb|Mahendra Chaudhary with Rahul Gandhi in Bharat Jodo Yatra]]

== Positions held ==
=== Membership of Legislature ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Membership of Legislature
|-
|2008–2013
|Member, 13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
|-
|2018-2019
|Member, 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
|}

=== Government Posts Held ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Government Posts Held
|-
|2009–2013
|Member, Committee on Public Undertakings, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
|-
|2019-2023
|Government Deputy Chief Whip, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
|}

=== Party Posts Held ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Party Posts Held
|-
|1985–1998
|Vice President, NSUI, Rajasthan
|-
|1998–2008
|Member, Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee
|-
|1998–2005
|Vice President, Rajasthan Youth Congress
|}

=== Other Posts Held ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Other Posts Held
|-
|1984
|President, Student Union, Govt. Senior Secondary School, Nawan
|-
|1986–1987
|President, Student Union, Lal Bahadur Shastri College, Jaipur
|-
|1992–1993
|President, Student Union, Law College, Jaipur
|-
|1994–1995
|Member, Panchayat Samiti, Kuchaman City, Nagaur
|-
|1995–1996
|President Student Union, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
|}
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/GovtDeputyChiefWhip.aspx | title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]

Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha

2026-04-19T16:27:31Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made entry - done

{{Short description|Tribal rights organization in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Distinguish|All India Adivasi Mahasabha}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha
| full_name = Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha
| image = [[File:Chengara samaram.jpg]]
| caption = Chengara struggle led by Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha
| abbreviation = AGMS
| formation = 2000
| founders = [[C.K. Janu]], [[M. Geethanandan]]
| type = Tribal rights advocacy group
| headquarters = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| region_served = Kerala
| key_people = C.K. Janu (Chairperson), M. Geethanandan (State Coordinator)
| affiliations = Sadhujana Vimochana Samyuktha Vedi (SVSV) [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha (KPMS) [[National Alliance of People's Movements]] (NAPM)
}}
'''Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha''' (AGMS) is a tribal-rights organization based in Kerala, India. It was formed around 2000 by [[Adivasi]] and Dalit activists including [[C.K. Janu]] and [[M. Geethanandan]] to demand land rights and implementation of tribal welfare laws.<ref name="NewIndianExpress2023">{{cite news |last=The New Indian Express |title=Muthanga: Pain, agony of a lost struggle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/feb/13/muthanga-pain-agony-of-a-lost-struggle-2546927.html |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mathrubhumi2023">{{cite news |last=Mathrubhumi |title=Muthanga agitation: How many promises kept? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/wayanad/news/muthanga-agitation-land-rights-1.8312345 |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> The organization is known for leading protests and agitations demanding land redistribution and tribal rights, most notably [[Muthanga Incident|the 2003 occupation of land in the Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="NDTV2003">{{cite news |last=NDTV |title=Muthanga firing: Two killed in tribal eviction clash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/muthanga-firing-two-killed-in-tribal-eviction-clash-494825 |date=19 February 2003 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
===Formation===
Kerala’s tribal communities suffered from acute landlessness during the 1990s and early 2000s, which led to significant distress including starvation deaths among Adivasis in [[Wayanad]] and [[Attappady]].<ref name="IndianExpress2023">{{cite news |last=The Indian Express |title=Kerala tribals still await land rights decades after Muthanga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-tribals-land-rights-muthanga-8392745/ |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> In response, activists like C.K. Janu and M. Geethanandan organized land rights movements, culminating in the formation of the Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha around 2000.<ref name="Frontline2003">{{cite magazine
|title=Adivasi movements in Kerala: The Muthanga agitation
|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30287160.ece
|magazine=Frontline
|date=7 March 2003
|access-date=4 June 2025
}}</ref>
===2001 "Build-A-Hut" Protest===
In late 2001, thousands of tribals under AGMS staged a "Build-A-Hut" protest in front of the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Kerala Secretariat]] demanding land allotments.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2023" /> After 48 days, the Kerala government agreed to allot land to landless tribal families, though implementation remained slow and partial.<ref name="NewIndianExpress2023" />
===Muthanga incident===
On 4 January 2003, AGMS organized an occupation of roughly 5,000 acres in the [[Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Wayanad.<ref name="NDTV2003" /> The protest ended tragically on 19 February 2003 when police attempted eviction, leading to clashes that resulted in the deaths of one tribal protester and one police constable.<ref name="NDTV2003" /><ref name="Frontline2003" /> Leaders C.K. Janu and M. Geethanandan were arrested but later released.<ref name="TheHindu2003">{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Adivasi leaders released on bail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/03/05/stories/2003030504000400.htm |date=5 March 2003 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

Post-incident, the government announced land distribution packages, but AGMS and other observers report that only a small fraction of promised land was allotted.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2023" /><ref name="NewIndianExpress2023" />

In 2003, the Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha (AGMS) announced plans to form a broad front of backward class organizations to fight for tribal rights. Leaders C.K. Janu and M. Geethanandan declared a rally for October 16 and threatened to reoccupy land in Muthanga if the government failed to deliver on promises. They demanded the implementation of the [[Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975|1975 act]] to reclaim alienated tribal land and called for autonomous status for tribal areas.<ref name="TOI2003">{{cite news |title=Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha to form front |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/adivasi-gothra-maha-sabha-to-form-front/articleshow/6536.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2003 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
=== Chengara Struggle (2007–2009) ===
In August 2007, hundreds of landless Adivasi and Dalit families—under the influence of Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha and the Sadhujana Vimochana Samyukta Vedi (SJVSV), led by Laha Gopalan—occupied approximately 145 ha of Harrison Malayalam’s rubber plantation at Chengara, Pathanamthitta district. They demanded five acres of cultivable land per family (later revised to one acre) and ₹50,000 for initial farming expenses.<ref>Radhakrishnan Kuttoor, “A struggle against odds at Chengara”, *The Hindu*, 20 Jan 2020. URL: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-struggle-against-odds-at-chengara/article30604819.ece</ref><ref>“Chengara Land Struggle”, *Ritimo*, Dec 2014. URL: https://www.ritimo.org/The-Promised-Land-Adivasi-Land-Struggles-in-Kerala</ref>

The protest, largely nonviolent, continued for more than two years despite police attempts and court orders. The movement attracted national attention, with notable figures like [[Medha Patkar]] and [[Arundhati Roy]] expressing solidarity.<ref>“Landless people encroach upon private estate in Kerala”, *Down To Earth*, 15 Mar 2008. URL: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/landless-people-encroach-upon-private-estate-in-kerala-4315</ref><ref>“Chengara: the landless seek habitable land”, *The Hindu*, 27 Feb 2018. URL: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chengara-the-landless-seek-habitable-land/article22871094.ece</ref>

In October 2009, the LDF government introduced the “Chengara Package,” a settlement that promised land and cash compensation for eligible beneficiaries. However, most participants rejected the allotments due to poor land quality and distance from their homes.<ref>Indian Express reporter, “Chengara land row resolved as Dalits scale down demand”, *The Indian Express*, 5 Oct 2009. URL: https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chengara-land-row-resolved-as-dalits-scale-down-demand/</ref><ref>Research by Suchitra (2012), *Examining 'Land Occupation Movements' in Corporate Plantations in Kerala*, via ResearchGate. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331628702_Examining_'Land_Occupation_Movements'_in_Corporate_Plantations_in_Kerala_A_Case_Study_of_Chengara</ref>

Although the main occupation ended, hundreds of families remain on-site as semi-permanent settlers without proper titles or basic services.<ref name="KuttoorChengara2020">{{cite news
| last=Kuttoor
| first=Radhakrishnan
| title=A struggle against odds at Chengara
| newspaper=The Hindu
| date=20 January 2020
| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-struggle-against-odds-at-chengara/article30604819.ece
| access-date=20 July 2025
}}</ref> As of 2020, approximately 3,500 people in 573 families still live in the Chengara settlement, many without voter IDs, ration cards, or proper housing.<ref name="KuttoorChengara2020" />

The Chengara struggle cemented the AGMS’s reputation as a prominent grassroots organization championing Adivasi and Dalit land-rights advocacy.

===Sit-in protest===
AGMS continued activism through the 2010s, including a 162-day sit-in protest in 2014 demanding full implementation of tribal welfare promises.<ref name="IndianExpress2023" /> Plans to launch a political front emerged in 2015 but did not result in a formal party.<ref name="TheHindu2016">{{cite news |last=The Hindu |title=Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha plans new political front |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adivasi-gotra-maha-sabha-plans-political-front/article6936847.ece |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
===Aralam encroachment protest===
In 2014, AGMS alleged that over 1,500 acres of [[Aralam|Aralam farm land]], meant for tribal rehabilitation, were encroached upon by private contractors. AGMS leaders accused them of unauthorized pineapple cultivation and warned about the reckless use of insecticides, comparing it to the [[endosulfan]] tragedy in Kasaragod. The group also planned a march to the Parliament to demand the return of the land.<ref name="TOI2014">{{cite news |title=Adivasi gothra sabha alleges encroachment of Aralam farm land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Adivasi-gothra-sabha-alleges-encroachment-of-Aralam-farm-land/articleshow/30420358.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2014 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
==="Nilpu Samaram" (Standing protest)===
In July 2014, the Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha (AGMS) began an indefinite ''Nilpu Samaram'' ("standing protest") at the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|state secretariat]] to demand fulfillment of a 2001 land-allotment package promised to landless Adivasis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suchitra |first=M |title=Kerala tribals stand and protest for land |work=Down To Earth |date=10 September 2014 |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/kerala-tribals-stand-and-protest-for-land-46275 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> After 162 days of continuous protest, the government acceded to the demonstrators’ demands and the agitation was suspended in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=After 162 days of standing outside Kerala secretariat, big victory for tribals |work=The News Minute |date=18 December 2014 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/after-162-days-standing-outside-kerala-secretariat-big-victory-tribals-16986 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

By mid-2015, AGMS leaders charged that the state had failed to implement these pledges. They noted that the Kerala Cabinet had in December 2014 decided ''in principle'' to enforce [[PESA Act|the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act]] in tribal areas and to allot land to Muthanga protestors, but no concrete action had followed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha to relaunch protests |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/Jun/24/adivasi-gotra-maha-sabha-to-relaunch-protests-773888.html |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> In June 2015 the AGMS announced it would relaunch the Nilpu Samaram from January 2016, since the promised PESA notifications had not been issued and the one-acre grants remained unpaid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gotra Maha Sabha to relaunch Nilpu Samaram |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2015 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/nation-current-affairs/article/gotra-maha-sabha-relaunch-nilpu-samaram |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
===Politics===
In parallel, AGMS leaders moved into electoral politics. At a November 2015 convention they announced the formation of a new Adivasi ''Ooru Vikasana Munnani'' (Tribal Hamlet Development Front) party to further tribal interests. In early 2016, long-time AGMS president C.K. Janu formally broke from the Sabha to launch the [[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha]] as a [[National Democratic Alliance|BJP-led NDA]] ally for the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP gets an ally in adivasi leader C.K. Janu |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/BJP-gets-an-ally-in-adivasi-leader-C.K.-Janu/article14224446.ece |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ameerudheen |first=TA |title=Adivasi leader floats a surprise in Kerala by joining BJP alliance |work=Scroll.in |date=7 April 2016 |url=https://scroll.in/article/806298/adivasi-leader-floats-a-surprise-for-keralas-dominant-political-fronts-by-joining-nda |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
===15th anniversary of Muthanga firing===
The AGMS has remained active in highlighting tribal land issues. In 2018, on the 15th anniversary of the Muthanga firing, AGMS leaders (including Janu) observed that “thousands of Adivasi families still live without land” due to successive governments’ inaction on entitlements.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ameerudheen |first=TA |title=In Kerala, Adivasis continue to fight for land rights 15 years after violent agitation |work=Scroll.in |date=19 February 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/article/869166/in-kerala-adivasis-continue-to-fight-for-land-rights-15-years-after-violent-agitation |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

The Sabha also expressed solidarity with other land struggles: for example, Janu criticized the [[Left Democratic Front|Kerala Left Front]] in 2018 for supporting farmers’ protests in one district while opposing a tribal farmers’ agitation in Kannur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kizhattur: 50 held for protesting against highway project |work=Malayala Manorama |date=14 March 2018 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/03/14/vayalkilli-protest-farmers-threaten-to-immolate-themselves.html |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
===2020's===
Into the 2020s, AGMS leaders continued to denounce anti-tribal rhetoric and demand accountability – for instance, in 2020 state coordinator M. Geethanandan publicly demanded an apology after a legislator made derogatory remarks about Adivasis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala activists demand apology from MLA for offensive remarks against Adivasis |work=The News Minute |date=8 November 2020 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-activists-demand-apology-mla-offensive-remarks-against-adivasis-137188 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
=== 2025 Aralam Farm elephant‑attack protest ===
In late February 2025, residents of Block 13 in the Aralam Farm tribal rehabilitation colony in Kannur district—supported by the Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha (AGMS)—staged a protest after wild elephants trampled to death an elderly tribal couple, Velli (80) and Leela (72), while collecting cashew nuts, just 600 m from the [[Kerala Forest Department|Rapid Response Team]] (RRT) office.<ref name="NIE1">Elephant tramples tribal couple to death in Kannur; UDF, BJP call for protest, *New Indian Express*, 24 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/24/elephant-tramples-tribal-couple-to-death-in-kannur-udf-bjp-call-for-protest </ref><ref name="ManoramaCouple">Couple killed in wild elephant attack in Kannur, people stage protest, *Onmanorama*, 23–24 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/23/wild-elephant-kills-tribal-couple-in-kannur.html </ref>

Locals blocked the ambulance transporting the bodies and refused burial until Forest Minister [[A. K. Saseendran]] and officials intervened. The UDF and BJP supported the protest by calling a local hartal.<ref name="ManoramaAmbulance">Aralam wild elephant attack: Protesters block ambulance carrying bodies, *Onmanorama*, 24 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/24/kannur-tribal-couple-killed-elephant-attack-hartal.html </ref><ref name="Lokmat">Elephant Attack In Kerala: UDF and BJP Call For Bandh In Kannur After Wild Animal Kills Elderly Couple, *Lokmat Times*, 24 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/elephant-attack-in-kerala-udf-and-bjp-call-for-protest-in-kannur-after-wild-animal-kills-elderly-couple/ </ref>

Forest Minister A. K. Saseendran convened an all-party meeting, admitted delays in constructing an elephant‑proof wall, and promised ₹20 lakh in compensation (₹10 lakh upfront), temporary solar fencing, additional RRT deployment, tranquilization of rogue elephants, and wall completion within six months.<ref name="ManoramaMinister">Kannur wild elephant attack: Forest minister calls all-party meeting in Aralam, *Onmanorama*, 23 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/23/couple-killed-in-wild-elephant-attack-forest-minister-assures-action.html </ref><ref name="ManoramaAid">Minister announces mission to drive away wild jumbos from Aralam, Rs 10 lakh emergency aid to victims' family, *Onmanorama*, 24 Feb 2025. URL: https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/24/aralam-wild-elephant-attack-minister-announces-exgratia-mission-to-drive-away-elephants.html </ref>

The protest continued into early March, including a sit‑in (hartal) at the RRT office in [[Iritty]], and concluded on 8 March 2025 after assurances—via MLA [[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]—on clearing undergrowth, solar fencing installation, elephant management, and interdepartmental coordination.<ref name="ManoramaConflict">Elephant attacks continue in Aralam Farm, toddy tapper hospitalised, *Onmanorama*, 13 Mar 2025. URL: https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/03/13/elephant-attacks-continue-aralam-farm-toddy-tapper-hospitalised-broken-ribs.html </ref>

This protest marks AGMS’s evolving role in addressing tribal safety, human–wildlife conflict, and habitat governance, extending beyond its historical land-rights campaigns.

== Objectives ==
The primary goals of AGMS include securing land rights for [[Tribals in Kerala|Kerala’s indigenous tribes]], enforcing the [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act]] and the [[PESA Act|Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act]], and ensuring welfare support such as housing and education.<ref name="TheHindu2016" /><ref name="IndianExpress2023" /> The organization demands formal land title deeds rather than mere possession certificates and advocates for greater tribal autonomy.<ref name="Frontline2003" />

== Activities ==
AGMS has primarily used nonviolent methods such as sit-ins, hunger strikes, rallies, and land occupations to pursue its aims.<ref name="NewIndianExpress2023" /> The Muthanga occupation remains its most high-profile action.<ref name="NDTV2003" /> It also participates in state-wide conferences, public awareness campaigns, and press engagements.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2023" />

== Leadership ==
=== C.K. Janu ===

[[File:CK janu.jpg|thumb|right|C.K. Janu, a prominent tribal rights activist and founder of AGMS]]

C.K. Janu is recognized as the Chairperson and most prominent leader of AGMS.<ref name="TheHindu2016" />
=== M. Geethanandan ===
[[File:M Geethanandan.jpg|thumb|right|M. Geethanandan, co-founder and state coordinator of AGMS]]

M. Geethanandan serves as State Coordinator.<ref name="Frontline2003" /> Both leaders have been the public faces during protests and negotiations.<ref name="NewIndianExpress2023" />

== Controversies ==
In 2016, C.K. Janu briefly allied her splinter party Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha (JRS) with the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance, causing division within tribal activists.<ref name="TheHindu2016" /> This alliance ended in 2018 due to unfulfilled promises.<ref name="IndianExpress2023" /> AGMS has faced criticism from political parties wary of its confrontational tactics.<ref name="Frontline2003" />

== Reception ==
The group is widely regarded in Kerala as a leading tribal rights organization.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2023" /> It is praised for self-driven mobilization of tribal communities and raising awareness on land issues.<ref name="NewIndianExpress2023" /> At the same time, some government and political actors view its protests as disruptive.<ref name="Frontline2003" />

Some activists and scholars have credited AGMS with reviving the Adivasi land rights movement in Kerala through grassroots-level organization and sustained campaigns. Media reports have noted its ability to bring national attention to local struggles, particularly after the 2003 Muthanga incident.<ref name="TheHindu2003Muthanga">{{cite news |title=Police action at Muthanga: Five tribals killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2003/02/21/stories/2003022105720100.htm |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2003 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Scroll2023">{{cite news |title=20 years after Muthanga firing, Kerala Adivasis say forest rights still a dream |url=https://scroll.in/article/1043323/20-years-after-muthanga-firing-kerala-adivasis-say-forest-rights-still-a-dream |work=Scroll.in |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> Critics, however, argue that the group’s uncompromising stance has occasionally hindered negotiations with state authorities, leading to prolonged stalemates.<ref name="TimesOfIndia2023">{{cite news |title=Muthanga protest: Officials struggle to balance forest laws and tribal demands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/muthanga-protest-officials-struggle-to-balance-forest-laws-and-tribal-demands/articleshow/97854283.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Muthanga incident]]
* [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act, 2006]]
* [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996]]
* [[C. K. Janu]]
* [[M. Geethanandan]]
* [[Adivasi]]
* [[Dalits]]
* [[Chengara struggle]]

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* Abhilash, T. (2013). *Claiming Land and (Re) Claiming Identity: Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha and Indigenous Modernity in Kerala*. *Artha Vijnana*, 55(2), 210–227. [https://ideas.repec.org/a/gok/arviv1/v55y2013i2p210-227.html Downloadable PDF]
* Steur, Luisa. (2006). *The Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha in Kerala: Resistance and the Reproduction of Political Hegemonies*. *IDPAD Newsletter*, 4(1), 74–78. [https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/403359/full-text PDF]
* "Land agitation, Gothra Maha Sabha & CK Janu’s party." *Onmanorama Magazine*, March 2 2021. [https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/03/02/adivasi-politics-gothra-mahasabha-ck-janu-kk-surendran-interview.html]
* "Homelessness at Home: Call for a Second Land Reform in Kerala." *TIC I Journals* / *Academia.edu*, 2021. [https://www.ticijournals.org/homelessness-at-home-call-for-a-second-land-reform-in-kerala/][https://www.academia.edu/11578031/HOMELESSNESS_AT_HOME_CALL_FOR_A_SECOND_LAND_REFORM_IN_KERALA]

[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations]]
[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Political advocacy groups in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]

Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:05Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made the post more to come

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{for|seat by the same name in Maharashtra|Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Khanapur]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 14
| map_image = 14-Khanapur, Karnataka constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Anjali Nimbalkar]]
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| established = 1956
| electors = {{formatnum:}} *Total : 2,12,664
*Males : 1,09,732
*Females : 1,02,922
*Others : 10
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Khanapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in the state of '''[[Karnataka]]''' in India. It is one of the eight constituencies which make up [[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]]. It has been a stronghold of [[Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti]] (MES) whose candidates tend to contest as independents because it is not officially recognized as a party. In 1962, MES contested the election under its own official name.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Aragavi Basappa Shiddalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Laxman Balaji Birje || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | S. N. Bhagvantrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=9}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sirdesai Nilkanthrao Bhagawantrao
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Vasantrao Parashram Patil
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Chavan Bithalrao Vithalrao
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | Ashok Narayan Patil
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Digambar Yashawantarao Patil
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Pralhad Remani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Arvind Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Anjali Nimbalkar|Dr. Anjali Nimbalkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,834 |percentage = 57.04% |change = {{increase}}36.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Anjali Hemant Nimbalkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,205 |percentage = 23.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagawan Nasir Papulsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,600 |percentage = 9.69% |change = {{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muralidhar Ganapati Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,671 |percentage = 6.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Maruti Sutar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,236 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Pundalik Patil |party = Shivsena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) |votes = 983 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,629 |percentage = 33.93% |change = {{increase}}30.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,043 |percentage = 75.09% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,456 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}33.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anjali Nimbalkar|Dr. Anjali Nimbalkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,649 |percentage = 23.76% |change = {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Halagekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,516 |percentage = 20.44% |change = {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagawan Nasir Papulsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,272 |percentage = 17.68% |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,613 |percentage = 17.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Krishna Belgaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,851 |percentage = 11.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jothiba Pralhad Remani |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,898 |percentage = 3.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Pundalik Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,153 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashavanth Thimanna Nippanikar |party = Indian New Congress Party |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,133 |percentage = 3.33% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,322 |percentage = 74.70% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,219}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,576 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,055 |percentage = 27.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rafique Khatalsab Khanapuri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,903 |percentage = 15.50% |change = {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anjali Nimbalkar|Dr. Anjali Nimbalkar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,686 |percentage = 13.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Kallappa Remani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,021 |percentage = 11.88% |change = {{decrease}}19.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagawan Nasir Papulsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,052 |percentage = 11.16% |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Govind Desai |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 14,502 |percentage = 10.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,087 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rajgopal Irappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,401 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Vittalrao Desai |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,988 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,152 |percentage = 11.97% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,896 |percentage = 72.76% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,890}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,386 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Remani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,288 |percentage = 31.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rafique Khatalsab Khanapuri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,634 |percentage = 21.52% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Yashawantarao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,684 |percentage = 8.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Komal Padmappa Jinagond |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,773 |percentage = 5.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,020 |percentage = 5.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadev P. Maragale |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,424 |percentage = 3.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Gurav |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,054 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mugutsab Kasimsab Dharwadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,878 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagawan Nasir Papulsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,776 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,654 |percentage = 10.18% |change = {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,511 |percentage = 70.32% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,450}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Yashawantarao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,115 |percentage = 18.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vaishali Ashok |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,747 |percentage = 17.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rafique Khatalsab Khanapuri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,734 |percentage = 17.90% |change = {{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Kallappa Remani |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 17,495 |percentage = 16.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muralidhar Ganapati Patil |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 13,317 |percentage = 12.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Riyaz Ahmad Abdulkarim Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,440 |percentage = 4.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Wali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,233 |percentage = 4.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Babu Rao Kusoji |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Shantavali Narvekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,125 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 368 |percentage = 0.35% |change = {{decrease}}17.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,659 |percentage = 68.23% |change = {{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,656}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,398 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}22.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Narayan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,930 |percentage = 40.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Narayan Yeshwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,419 |percentage = 22.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channabasappa Balappa Hosamani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,238 |percentage = 20.99% |change = {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Kallappa Remani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,049 |percentage = 16.42% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,511 |percentage = 18.02% |change = {{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,206 |percentage = 71.86% |change = {{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,636}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 8,570 |percentage = 8.55% |change = {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,451 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Narayan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,619 |percentage = 47.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wali Mallikarjun. B |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 13,010 |percentage = 15.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayant Vasudev Pitre |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,411 |percentage = 12.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Riyaj Ahmad. A. Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 9,347 |percentage = 10.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amboji Chandrashekhar. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,722 |percentage = 8.93% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabbur Shantinath. B |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,527 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appaji Gopal Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,197 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,609 |percentage = 31.94% |change = {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,613 |percentage = 69.90% |change = {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,428}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,174 |percentage = 2.45% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,775 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Bithalrao Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,662 |percentage = 45.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appaji Gopal Patil |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 18,571 |percentage = 25.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alavani Subanna Huvappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,873 |percentage = 16.08% |change = {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Riyaz Ahmad Abdulkarim Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 8,121 |percentage = 11.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tirveer Vasant Ramana |party = Independent politician |votes = 964 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,091 |percentage = 20.44% |change = {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,765 |percentage = 65.97% |change = {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,830}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,935 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,400 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Parashram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,298 |percentage = 53.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalal Ramachandra Narasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,393 |percentage = 26.47% |change = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonoli Dundappa Appojappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,815 |percentage = 13.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattaji Kallappa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,617 |percentage = 4.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amrut Irappa Ravut |party = Independent politician |votes = 521 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basangouda Rudragouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,905 |percentage = 27.35% |change = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,358 |percentage = 63.54% |change = {{decrease}}11.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,156}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,202 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,414 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Parashram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,633 |percentage = 61.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Masnu Fakirappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,501 |percentage = 25.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babshet Krishnaji Ramachandra |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,826 |percentage = 13.38% |change = {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,132 |percentage = 36.59% |change = {{increase}}31.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,770 |percentage = 74.93% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,960}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,810 |percentage = 2.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,449 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}31.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sirdesai Nilkanthrao Bhagawantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,610 |percentage = 29.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babshet Krishnaji Ramachandra |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,595 |percentage = 24.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadagatti Masnu Fakirappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,439 |percentage = 22.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattaji Kallappa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,436 |percentage = 22.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gopal Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 533 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,015 |percentage = 5.42% |change = {{decrease}}24.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,567 |percentage = 72.01% |change = {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,613}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,954 |percentage = 3.39% |change = {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,938 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}25.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Bhagvantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,081 |percentage = 55.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Veerabhadrappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,674 |percentage = 25.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Sulochanan W/o Shripad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,829 |percentage = 18.83% |change = {{decrease}}14.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,407 |percentage = 29.84% |change = {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,091 |percentage = 64.03% |change = {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,584}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,293 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Bhagvantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,281 |percentage = 48.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Ningappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,490 |percentage = 32.87% |change = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Martandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,313 |percentage = 18.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,791 |percentage = 15.40% |change = {{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,725 |percentage = 75.80% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,084}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,640 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |swing = {{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Balaji Birje |party = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |votes = 25,162 |percentage = 63.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rohinibai Pandurang Wagale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,614 |percentage = 36.74% |change = {{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,548 |percentage = 26.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,682 |percentage = 69.23% |change = {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,776}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,208 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Balaji Birje |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,401 |percentage = 67.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aragavi Basappa Shiddalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,822 |percentage = 32.69% |change = {{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,579 |percentage = 34.62% |change = {{increase}}31.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,223 |percentage = 62.16% |change = {{decrease}}13.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,223}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,100 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khanapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Aragavi Basappa Shiddalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,264 |percentage = 44.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Balaji Birje |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,856 |percentage = 41.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yamkanmardi Gadigeppa Golappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 3,433 |percentage = 8.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mallappa Gopal |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,204 |percentage = 5.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,408 |percentage = 3.45% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,757 |percentage = 75.62% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,757}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,899 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Belagavi district]]
*[[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.64|74.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Sadashivrao Bapuji Thakre

2026-04-16T07:11:15Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created new bio first draft - done

{{short description|Indian politician (1925–2020)}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadashivrao Bapuji Thakre
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Yavatmal District]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Yavatmal Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal]]
| term_start = 1971
| term_end = 1977
| predecessor = Deorao Shioram Patil
| successor = Shridharrao Jawade
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| constituency2 = [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1990
| predecessor2 = Bhau[[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]
| successor2 = Jawahar Deshmukh Parvekar alias Annasaheb Parvekar
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Sadashivrao Bapuji Thakre''' (14 June 1925 – 9 June 2020) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yavatmal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]], [[Maharashtra]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* https://marathi.latestly.com/maharashtra/former-mp-sadashivrao-bapuji-thackeray-passes-away-in-yavatmal-140612.html
* https://www.lokmat.com/yavatmal/former-mp-sadashivrao-thackeray-passes-away-a301/

[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Hubli City Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:37Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made basic location and citations...

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hubli
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| division = [[Belgaum division|Belgaum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
| constituency_no = 176
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Hubli City Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dundur Kalmeshwar Basaweshwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Sambrani Dharamappa Yallappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Koppal Rajesab Abdulsab
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. S. Shankarappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sanadi Imam Goususaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Jaratarghar Mahadevsa Govindsa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | A. M. Hindasageri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Ashok Katwe || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Honnalli Jabbarkhan Hayatkhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Honnalli Jabbarkhan Hayatkhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,971 |percentage = 46.08% |change = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Katwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,155 |percentage = 44.09% |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murugesh Eklaspur |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,353 |percentage = 2.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Altaf M. Kittur |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,639 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = David Goni |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shobha D. Ballari |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 945 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelgund Mahaboobsab Davalsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 923 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujya Jagadguru Shri Chandrashekhara Swamiji Guru Shivabasava Swamiji |party = Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,816 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,082 |percentage = 60.94% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,474 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Honnalli Jabbarkhan Hayatkhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,019 |percentage = 40.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Katwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,270 |percentage = 38.69% |change = {{decrease}}13.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgappa Kashappa Bijawad |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,051 |percentage = 9.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Pandurang Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,446 |percentage = 6.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. F. Kittur |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,191 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parashuram Koddaddi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Ummmanasa Dalabanjan |party = Independent politician |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,749 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,837 |percentage = 64.83% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,399}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,431 |percentage = 5.04% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Katwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,244 |percentage = 51.78% |change = {{increase}}24.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Hindasageri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,103 |percentage = 41.80% |change = {{decrease}}9.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asuti. N. S |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 2.19% |change = {{decrease}}16.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. N. Kachi |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,333 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 630 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Asundi |party = Independent politician |votes = 564 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,141 |percentage = 9.98% |change = {{decrease}}14.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,338 |percentage = 70.35% |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,586}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,752 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,454 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Hindasageri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,832 |percentage = 51.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Katwe |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,844 |percentage = 27.16% |change = {{decrease}}13.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhurakar. Y. D |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,972 |percentage = 19.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alagundagi. V. I |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,055 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,988 |percentage = 24.62% |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,305 |percentage = 65.15% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,075}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,230 |percentage = 5.47% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,666 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Hindasageri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,856 |percentage = 53.32% |change = {{increase}}27.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Shettar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,610 |percentage = 41.06% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. J. Mudhol |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,310 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{decrease}}29.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Laxmeshwar |party = Lokdal |votes = 632 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,246 |percentage = 12.26% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,301 |percentage = 69.06% |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,242}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,904 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jaratarghar Mahadevsa Govindsa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,938 |percentage = 40.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mudhol Abdularahiman Janglisab |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 18,424 |percentage = 32.77% |change = {{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanadi Imamsaheb Goususab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,259 |percentage = 25.36% |change = {{increase}}22.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,514 |percentage = 8.03% |change = {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,152 |percentage = 64.08% |change = {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,223}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,929 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,752 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jaratarghar Mahadevsa Govindsa |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,694 |percentage = 47.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mudhol Abdularahiman Janglisab |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 27,438 |percentage = 47.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanadi Imamsaheb Goususab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,501 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}54.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatib Abdulrahim Maktumhusen |party = Independent politician |votes = 599 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mannur Krishnamurthy Gundacharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 352 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 256 |percentage = 0.44% |change = {{decrease}}18.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,314 |percentage = 74.24% |change = {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,846}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 2.47% |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,895 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sanadi Imam Goususaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,741 |percentage = 57.51% |change = {{increase}}28.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Shivamurteppa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,432 |percentage = 38.20% |change = {{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. G. Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,848 |percentage = 4.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,309 |percentage = 19.31% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,157 |percentage = 69.16% |change = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,021}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,852 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing = {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Shankarappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 14,898 |percentage = 43.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Mirasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,830 |percentage = 28.77% |change = {{decrease}}28.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Janglisab |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,012 |percentage = 23.45% |change = {{increase}}21.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. V. Shivasangayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. P. Subbarayalu |party = Independent politician |votes = 417 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Mahadevayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 390 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,068 |percentage = 14.83% |change = {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,239 |percentage = 63.22% |change = {{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,321 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koppal Rajesab Abdulsab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,169 |percentage = 57.28% |change = {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shettar Sadashiva Shankarappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,900 |percentage = 32.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shambhurao Vishwanath Joshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,187 |percentage = 8.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagarsi Abdulrahimansab Janglisab |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 698 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,269 |percentage = 25.08% |change = {{decrease}}22.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,518 |percentage = 65.84% |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,954}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,501 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,609 |percentage = 64.96% |change = {{increase}}19.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaratarghar Mahadevsa Govindsa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,779 |percentage = 17.63% |change = {{increase}}13.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Shankarappa Shiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,067 |percentage = 11.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nambiyar Kannankelu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,653 |percentage = 6.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,830 |percentage = 47.33% |change = {{increase}}41.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,108 |percentage = 55.84% |change = {{decrease}}36.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,548 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}53.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}40.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dundur Kalmeshwar Basaweshwar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,962 |percentage = 24.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sambrani Dharamappa Yallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,653 |percentage = 21.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marigaudar Veeranagauda Rudragauda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 18,533 |percentage = 19.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goodwale, Raziuddin Hatel Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,556 |percentage = 10.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanamantappa Bharamappa Kusnur |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,740 |percentage = 8.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanns Hanmantapa Kapse |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,467 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nijgunaya Basawaya Hiremath |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,365 |percentage = 3.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chhannappagauda Basangauda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,458 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Dattatraya Saraf |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,098 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanteppanavar Renukappa Yallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,225 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,429 |percentage = 5.59% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,170 |percentage = 46.38% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,765 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|15.350282|75.137612|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Purnagiri Temple

2026-04-08T10:06:25Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tanakpur, Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name= Purnagiri Temple
|native_name= पूर्णागिरि मन्दिर
|image=
|alt= Purnagiri Temple
|caption= Purnagiri Temple in Uttarakhand, India
|map_type= India Uttarakhand
|map_caption=
|country= [[India]]
|state= [[Uttarakhand]]
|district= [[Champawat district]]
|location= [[Tanakpur]]
|elevation_m= 910
|deity= Goddess Purnagiri (Durga)
|festivals= [[Navratri]]
|architecture= Hindu temple architecture
|year_completed= Ancient
|creator=
|website=https://www.purnagiritemple.com/index.php}}

'''Maa Purnagiri Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], located near [[Tanakpur]] town in the [[Champawat district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. The temple is situated at a height of 910 meters (3000 feet) above sea level, approximately 20 kilometers from [[Tanakpur]]. The temple can be accessed by road from Tanakpur to Thulligad, and then a 3-kilometer trek through stairs leads to the temple.

== Mythological significance ==
According to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] mythology, the temple is believed to be the site where the naval (Naabhi) of Goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] fell when [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] carried her body after her self-immolation. Sati, the daughter of Daksha Prajapati, was humiliated by her father during a [[Yajna|yagna]] (ritual sacrifice) because she married Lord Shiva against his wishes. In retaliation for the insult towards her husband, Sati jumped into the fire, ending her life. In a fit of rage, Lord Shiva destroyed Daksha's yagna and carried Sati's burning body across the universe, performing the '[[Tandava|tandav]]', the dance of cosmic destruction. The places where parts of her body fell are now known as [[Shakta pithas|Shakti Peeths]], and Purnagiri is one of these sacred spots, with her naval being the part that fell here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Uttarakhand |date=3 April 2019 |title=Purnagiri Temple: Sacred Shakti Peeth on Annapurna Peak |url=https://www.uttarakhandi.com/purnagiri-mela/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Uttarakhandi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Pilgrimage and festivals ==
Every year, thousands of devotees visit the temple, especially during the [[Chaitra Navratri]] in the months of March and April, to offer prayers and fulfill their wishes. Pilgrims trek the steep 3 km path to reach the temple, which is surrounded by lush forests and offers panoramic views of the surrounding hills. Devotees also believe that visiting the Sidha Baba Temple after worshiping Maa Purnagiri is essential for the success of their pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy rush at Purnagiri temple fair |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/heavy-rush-at-purnagiri-temple-fair-377541 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 22 lakh devotees visit Purnagiri temple this year |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/over-22-lakh-devotees-visit-purnagiri-temple-this-year-252610/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accessibility ===
[[Tanakpur]] is well connected by road and rail to major cities in India. The nearest major railway station is Kathgodam, which is 95 kilometers away from Tanakpur. The journey from Delhi to Tanakpur by road takes approximately 8–9 hours (330 km).

== Developments ==
In November 2024, [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Chief Minister]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] laid the foundation for the renovation of the Maa Purnagiri Temple. The government has also announced several initiatives to improve infrastructure around the temple, including the installation of a smart control room, CCTV surveillance, and a multi-purpose administrative building to manage the large crowds that visit the temple during the Purnagiri Mela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand CM Dhami lays foundation stone for renovation of Maa Purnagiri temple in Khatima |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-cm-dhami-lays-foundation-stone-for-renovation-of-maa-purnagiri-temple-in-khatima20241102131115/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=15 March 2025 |title=Uttarakhand CM Pushkar Dhami inaugurates Maa Purnagiri Mela |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2025/03/uttarakhand-cm-pushkar-dhami-inaugurates-maa-purnagiri-mela/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shakta pithas]]
* [[Tanakpur]]
* [[Champawat District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]

Ladies First (2017 film)

2026-04-05T10:23:04Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made basic info initial version

{{short description|2017 Indian documentary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ladies First
| image =
| caption =
| director = Uraaz Bahl Shaana Levy Bahl
| producer =
| writer =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography = John W. Rutland
| editing = Avdhesh Mohla
| studio = Red Ladder
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|07|07|Los Angeles|2018|03|08}}
| runtime = 40 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Ladies First''''' is a 2017 Indian documentary on the life of [[Archery|Archer]] [[Deepika Kumari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gy5jthjBZFQ8DSszfXkwgN/Ladies-First-Going-beyond-the-medal.html|title='Ladies First': Going beyond the medal|last=Janardhan|first=Arun|work=Mint|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> Directed by Uraaz Bahl and Shaana Levy Bahl, it chronicles her journey through living in poverty in Jharkhand, to later getting enrolled in the Tata Archery Academy and representing India at several international tournaments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/why-ladies-first-is-a-documentary-every-indian-needs-to-watch-this-womens-day|title=Why 'Ladies First' is a Documentary Every Indian Needs to Watch This Women's Day|last=Shaikh|first=Sadaf|work=Verve|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> It won an award at the [[London Independent Film Festival]], the Best Documentary award at the New York Film Awards and Best Inspirational Film at the Los Angeles Film Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldarchery.org/news/157469/netflix-releases-ladies-first-documentary-starring-deepika-kumari|title=Netflix Releases Ladies First Documentary Starring Deepika Kumari|last=Wells|first=Chris|publisher=World Archery Federation|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> It was screened at the 2017 [[Evolution Mallorca International Film Festival]].<ref name=vogue>{{cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/archer-deepika-kumaris-inspiring-story-ladies-first-is-now-on-netflix/|title=Archer Deepika Kumari's inspiring story, Ladies First, is now on Netflix|last=Patel|first=Parita|work=Vogue|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref>

It was shot over the course of three years leading up to the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/documentary-ladies-first-traces-archer-deepikas-journey-from-ranchi-to-rio/articleshow/63223041.cms|title=Documentary 'Ladies First' traces archer Deepika's journey from Ranchi to Rio|work=The Times of India|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> ''Ladies First'' was released on 8 March 2018 on the eve of [[International Women's Day]] on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/archer-deepika-kumari-on-ladies-first-5093295/|title=Archer Deepika Kumari on Ladies First: It is a story of things we want to do and can't do|last=Panchal|first=Komal RJ|work=The Indian Express|date=10 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> It was the first Netflix original documentary from India and released with subtitles in 28 different languages. The documentary was also screened for Magic Bus NGO.<ref name=vogue/>

==Production==
The husband wife duo of Uraaz Bahl and Shaana Levy Bahl read an article about [[Deepika Kumari]]. Shaana said that "there was something about her struggle that struck a chord with Uraaz."<ref name=patel>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/this-film-captures-the-inspiring-journey-of-olympic-archer-deepika-kumari/|title=This film captures the inspiring journey of Olympic archer Deepika Kumari|last=Patel|first=Parita|work=Vogue|date=4 March 2019|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> They then decided to make a documentary on her. Kumari was initially not interested in it and said that " [the time] was so close to the Olympics and I was extremely busy and fully focused on my training."<ref name=patel/> The crew travelled with her to Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Delhi where she and other athletes were given an official send-off by the prime minister for the 2016 Olympic Games. The shoot began a few months before the Olympics in August 2016 and was finished in seven months after the games ended.<ref name=patel/>

==Reception==
John Stanley of [[World Archery Federation]] called it a "short, but beautifully-filmed piece which uses Rio as a frame to take the audience through Deepika’s remarkable career so far."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldarchery.org/news/157470/reviewed-ladies-first-documentary-featuring-deepika-kumari|title=Reviewed: Ladies First Documentary Featuring Deepika Kumari|publisher=World Archery Federation|date=9 March 2019|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> Suhani Singh of ''[[India Today]]'' felt that the documentary focused "more on Kumari's origins story than demonstrating her impressive exploits on the field."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180326-ladies-first-archer-deepika-kumari-netflix-documentary-1191052-2018-03-16|title=Ladies first: A Netflix documentary on the life of Jharkhand archer Deepika Kumari|last=Singh|first=Suhani|work=India Today|date=16 March 2018|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> A review carried by the IANS wrote: "We never get to know Deepika's inner feelings as she struggled against gender prejudices and her destiny of poverty. It's like getting vivid glimpses of landscape from a moving train."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/apr/02/ladies-first-review-documentary-on-sharp-shooting-archer-deepika-kumari-falls-short-1795889.html|title='Ladies First' review: Documentary on sharp-shooting archer Deepika Kumari falls short|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2018|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt6896078|Ladies First}}

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women in India]]
[[Category:Documentary films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Netflix original documentary films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Dost (2001 Tamil film)

2026-04-02T05:35:18Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{short description|2001 film by S. A. Chandrasekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dost (2001 Tamil film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekaran]]
| writer = [[Samy (director)|R. Saminathan]] (dialogues)
| story = S. A. Chandrasekaran
| screenplay = S. A. Chandrasekaran
| producer = {{ubl|K. Muralidharan|V.Swaminathan|G. Venugopal}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| cinematography = [[S. D. Vijay Milton]]
| editing = B. S. Vasu Saleem
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|6|29}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dost''''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|oʊ|s|θ}} {{translation|Friend}}) is a 2001 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-crime film]] directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekaran]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], while [[Raghuvaran]], [[Prakash Raj]] and Indu play supporting roles. It was released on 29 June 2001. Dost is an unofficial remake of the 1999 movie [[Double Jeopardy (1999 film)|Double Jeopardy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=தோஸ்த் / Dosth (2001) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/dosth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026113106/https://screen4screen.com/movies/dosth |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Vishwa and Raghu are the closest of friends. However, the former is true, while the latter is merely a mercenary. Nothing matters to Raghu except money. He uses his wealthy friend as a ruse to rise in status. Devoted to his selfish friend, Vishwa is too naive to know that Raghu is an archetypal scheming villain who could ruin him for money. When he does realise the truth, it is too late – he is already a wreck, estranged from his child and lover and behind bars. Now it is time for revenge.

Vishva and Ragu are friends and drink alcohol in a boat at night time. During this time Ragu alleges that Visva loves his wife due to which Visva never marries for a 2nd time. Hearing this, Visva gets angry and beats Ragu and both finally sleep but in the morning, Visva cannot see Ragu inside the boat, and only blood stains are seen. Police arrest visva and in court all proof is against visva ending in an imprisonment for 7 years. But visva escapes jail when he gets a phone call from his daughter now under custody of Ragu who was going to shoot her. Viswa traces Ragu to Goa and finally kills Ragu and saves his daughter.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Vishwanathan
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Anamika
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Raghu
*[[Prakash Raj]] in a [[Dual role|dual role]] as
**ACP Neelakanda Brahmachari
**Vishwanathan (disguised face)
*Indhu as Gowri
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Judge
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Dharmaraj
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Jail Superintendent
*[[Besant Ravi]] as Police Inspector
*[[Mohan Sharma]] as I. G.
*[[Crazy Mohan]] as Astrologer
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Seller
*[[Thalapathi Dinesh]] as Fighter
*[[Saranya Mohan]] as a child in cemetery
*[[Vadivelu]] as Bomb Bakri (special appearance)
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] in a special appearance
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] in a special appearance as boxing referee
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] in a special appearance in "Hey Sal Sal"
}}

== Production ==
[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] had written the film in the late 1990s but shelved the venture as he could not find the correct actor to portray a boxer. After receiving an offer from [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] to direct the film, he reworked the script and cast [[R. Sarathkumar]], alongside [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Raghuvaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2001 |title=Dost— Sarath Kumar - Chandrasekar team |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010622/rtam2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011119131044/http://www.screenindia.com/20010622/rtam2.html |archive-date=19 November 2001 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> A jail set was built at Murugalaya Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friends and fisticuffs |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/friends/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021230105721/http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/friends/ |archive-date=30 December 2002 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dosth (2001) |url=https://mio.to/album/Dosth%2B%282001%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105102508/https://mio.to/album/Dosth+%282001%29 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ethen Thottathu" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Arunmozhi]] || 06:40
|-
| "Hey Sal Sal" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] || 04:58
|-
| "I Am A Bachelor" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 06:11
|-
| "Rendu Angula Roja" || Baby Vaishali, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 05:52
|-
| "Tajmahal" || Anuradha Sriram, [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]] || 06:00
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film has flashes of intelligence, splashes of humour, spurts of sentiment and mounds of melodrama. Yet the cocktail does not offer complete satiety. One reason could be the pace, affected as it is by inevitable appendages", and criticised its conspicuous similarities to the American film ''[[Double Jeopardy (1999 film)|Double Jeopardy]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=6 July 2001 |title=Film Review: Dost |url=http://hindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022i.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710165357/http://hindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022i.htm |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Raghuvaran's villainous performance and Vijay Milton's cinematography, but concluded the film was "average".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விசுவல் |date=15 July 2001 |title=தோஸ்த் |url=https://ibb.co/VWBMrr9 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627083358/https://ibb.co/VWBMrr9 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=16 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2001 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2001 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Abdul Ghani (Indian politician)

2026-04-01T02:35:13Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made stub

{{Short description|Indian politician and former jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2021
| predecessor = [[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
| constituency = [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sujapur]]
| majority = 1,30,163
| majority1 = 24,681
| office1 =
| term1 = 27 May 2016 – 4 May 2021
| constituency1 = [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abul Kasem Molla]]
| successor1 = [[Sitanath Ghosh]]
| office2 = Judge of Calcutta High Court
| term2 = 24 June 2009 – 7 January 2012
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|01|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sujapur, Malda]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = [[Malda College]] [[T.N.B. College, Bhagalpur|Bhagalpur Law College]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Jurist
| education = [[M.A.]] (English); [[L.L.B]]
}}
'''Muhammad Abdul Ghani''' (born 7 January 1950) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and former jurist from West Bengal who has been serving as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur seat]] since 6 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md Abdul Ghani() Of Sujapur (West Bengal) Constituency Election Results 2023 - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/west-bengal/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2021/md-abdul-ghani-25053-1 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref> A member of [[Trinamool Congress]], he represented the [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur constituency]] from 2016 until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2021-05-02 |title=Sujapur West Bengal Election 2021 Final Results LIVE:TMC Candidate Md Abdul Ghani wins from Sujapur, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sujapur-wb-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-53-sujapur-west-bengal-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-2-may-2021-1455777 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Before that, he served as judge of [[Calcutta High Court]] from 2009 until 2012.

==Early life==
Ghani was born on 7 January 1950 in [[Sujapur, Malda|Sujapur city]], Malda. His father was Haji Md. Hossain Mia. He studied at Naimouza High School till 1965. He earned a M.A. degree in English from [[Malda College|Malda college]] in 1972 and an L.L.B. from [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md. Abdul Ghani(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- JAGATBALLAVPUR(HOWRAH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1352 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Judicial career==
Ghani joined Maldah District Court in 1974 as a magistrate. Later he became a [[West Bengal Civil Service]] (Judicial) officer in January 1978 as a P.S.C. candidate. He was assigned to several judicial assignments in different districts of West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Calcutta High Court - Judges |url=https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/99 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

Ghani was appointed by the Left Front Administration as Deputy Secretary and Joint Secretary in the [[Department of Law (West Bengal)|Department of Law]], [[Government of West Bengal]]. He then became District and Sessions Judge in Birbhum in 2003. He was then transferred as a judge in Calcutta Civil Court.<ref name=":0" />

Ghani was elevated to the Bench in the High Court of Calcutta as permanent Judge on 24 June 2009. He retired in 2012.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
He joined Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-21 |title=8 months into politics, AMU alumnus wrests sole zilla parishad seat for Left in Bengal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/eight-months-into-politics-amu-alumni-wrests-sole-zilla-parishad-seat-for-left-in-bengal/story-JHdoIrYDwUVz56KhT5CVjP.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was elected from Howrah's Jagatballavpur seat in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Polls 2021: Trinamul's Abdul Ghani will be taking on Congress's Isha Khan in Malda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-trinamuls-abdul-ghani-will-be-taking-on-the-congresss-isha-khan-in-malda/cid/1813570 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Later he was elected in the Sujapur seat defeating his rival [[Isha Khan Choudhury|Isa Khan Chowdhury]] from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] by 1,30,163 votes, becoming the candidate having largest votes in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Sujapur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: TMC candidate in Sujapur, Malda (considered a Congress fortress), Md Abdul Gani secures victory |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sujapur-election-result-2021-live-updates-sujapur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695294.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He became the chairman of the West Bengal Wakfs Board by the Madrasah Education ministry.<ref>[http://auqafboardwb.org/ Auqaf Board, MINORITY AFFAIRS & MADRASAH EDUCATION DEPTT, GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghani, Abdul}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

A Suitable Boy (TV series)

2026-03-29T10:41:44Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made a info - done

{{short description|BBC Television drama series by Mira Nair}}
{{About|the BBC television series|the novel of the same name by Vikram Seth|A Suitable Boy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = A Suitable Boy Title Card.png
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'' by [[Vikram Seth]]
| writer = [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Mira Nair]] [[Shimit Amin]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
* [[Ishaan Khatter]]
* [[Tanya Maniktala]]
* [[Rasika Dugal]]
* Ahmad Harhash
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* India
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Bengali
* English
* Hindi
* Urdu
}}
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mira Nair]]
* [[Vikram Seth]]
* [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]]
* Faith Penhale
* Laura Lankester
* Will Johnston
* [[Lydia Dean Pilcher]]
* Aradhana Seth
* Mona Qureshi
* Ayela Butt
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lydia Dean Pilcher]]
* Aradhana Seth
}}
| editor = Nick Fenton Tanupriya Sharma
| cinematography = [[Declan Quinn]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Lookout Point TV]]
| budget =
| network = [[BBC One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|7|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|8|24|df=y}}
| composer = '''Score:''' [[Alex Heffes]] [[Anoushka Shankar]] '''Songs:''' [[Kavita Seth]]
}}

'''''A Suitable Boy''''' is a British television [[drama|drama miniseries]] directed by [[Mira Nair]] and adapted by [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]] from [[Vikram Seth]]'s 1993 [[A Suitable Boy|novel of the same name]]. Set in the backdrop of post-independent India, ''A Suitable Boy'' follows four linked families in North India, where the story revolves around Mrs. Rupa Mehra who is in search of a suitable husband for her youngest daughter Lata. Meanwhile, the daughter is torn between her duty towards her mother and the idea of romance with her suitors.<ref name="express ASB 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1165039/A-Suitable-Boy-BBC-start-date-cast-trailer-plot-air-date-series-Tabu-Ishaan-Khatter|title=A Suitable Boy BBC start date, cast, trailer, plot: When does A Suitable Boy air?|first=Fay|last=Watson|newspaper=[[Daily Express]]|date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802071233/https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1165039/A-Suitable-Boy-BBC-start-date-cast-trailer-plot-air-date-series-Tabu-Ishaan-Khatter|archive-date=2020-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series stars [[Tanya Maniktala]] as the main character Lata, with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Rasika Dugal]], Mahira Kakkar, [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Namit Das]], [[Vivaan Shah]], Mikhail Sen, Danesh Rizvi, [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Vijay Varma]] and [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] in prominent roles, as its storyline features more than 110 characters.<ref name="bbc:p3" /> It is the first BBC period-drama series to have a non-white cast.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

The adaptation of the series was officially announced by [[Charlotte Moore (TV executive)|Charlotte Moore]], the BBC's head of content, in May 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feeds|first=P. T. I.|date=2017-05-05|title=Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy' to get series adaptation at BBC|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/vikram-seths-a-suitable-boy-to-get-series-adaptation-at-bbc-2101807/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> with Mira Nair announced as directing the series. The principal shoot of the series took place in September 2019. The series were filmed across [[Lucknow]], as the primary location, and also in [[Maheshwar]] and [[Kanpur]]. The background music for the series was composed by [[Alex Heffes]] and [[Anoushka Shankar]], with [[Kavita Seth]] scoring music for the songs. It was photographed by cinematographer [[Declan Quinn]], with Nick Fenton and Tanupriya Sharma, editing the series.

''A Suitable Boy'' was premiered in the United Kingdom on [[BBC One]], from 26 July to 24 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='A Suitable Boy' trailer: Mira Nair's BBC One adaptation of Vikram Seth's novel out on July 26|url=https://scroll.in/reel/967203/a-suitable-boy-trailer-mira-nairs-bbc-one-adaptation-of-vikram-seths-novel-out-on-july-26|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Scroll.in|date=11 July 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was globally premiered on the streaming platform [[Netflix]] (excluding North America and China), with all six episodes released on 23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Series adaptation of 'A Suitable Boy' to premiere on Netflix on October 23|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/series-adaptation-of-a-suitable-boy-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-october-23/articleshow/78590154.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Mira Nair's A Suitable Boy to stream on Netflix from October 23|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mira-nair-a-suitable-boy-to-stream-on-netflix-from-october-23-6717268/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In the United States and Canada, the series premiered on [[Acorn TV]], on 7 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Manori|date=2020-10-27|title=Mira Nair's 'A Suitable Boy' Heads to Acorn TV in U.S. and Canada (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/global/a-suitable-boy-us-canada-acorn-tv-mira-nair-1234816376/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> The series received a mixed response from critics, who praised the performances of the cast and the settings, but criticised the stereotypical portrayal of India, and the writing and direction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=A Suitable Boy review round-up: Mira Nair's BBC drama series feels 'uncomfortably old school' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-review-round-up-mira-nairs-bbc-drama-series-feels-uncomfortably-old-school-8645221.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''A Suitable Boy'' is set in 1951, a newly [[Indian independence movement|post-independence]], [[Partition of India|post-partition]] India. The novel follows four families during 18 months, and centres on Mrs. Rupa Mehra (Mahira Kakkar) and her efforts over the arrangement of the marriage of her younger daughter, Lata Mehra (Tanya Maniktala), to a "suitable boy". Lata is a 19-year-old university student who refuses to be influenced by her domineering mother or opinionated brother, Arun Mehra (Vivek Gomber). Her story revolves around the choice she is forced to make between her suitors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Anu|title=Book versus series: 'A Suitable Boy' and the journey from 1,349 pages to six episodes|url=https://scroll.in/reel/971722/book-versus-series-a-suitable-boy-and-the-journey-from-1349-pages-to-six-episodes|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Scroll.in|date=30 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
{{cast listing|

* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Saeeda Bai
* [[Ishaan Khatter]] as Maan Kapoor
* [[Tanya Maniktala]] as Lata Mehra
* Mahira Kakkar as Rupa Mehra
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Savita Kapoor née Mehra
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Meenakshi Mehra
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Mahesh Kapoor (State Minister of Revenue), Maan's father
* [[Aamir Bashir]] as Nawab of Baitar
* Danesh Razvi as Kabir Durrani
* [[Vivek Gomber]] as Arun Mehra
* [[Gagan Dev Riar]] as Pran Kapoor
* [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Mrs. Mahesh Kapoor
* [[Shubham Saraf]] as Nawabzada Firoz Khan
* [[Vivaan Shah]] as Varun Mehra

* [[Namit Das]] as Haresh Khanna
* Mikhail Sen as Amit Chatterji
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Rasheed
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Rashid's father
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Waris
* Kuldeep Sareen as Munshi ji
* Shubham Saraf as Firoz Ali Khan
}}

===Recurring===
{{cast listing|
* Thomas Weinhappel as Hans
* Joyeeta Dutta as Tasneem
* Sharvari Deshpande as Malati
* [[Shujaat Khan]] as Ustad Majeed Khan
* [[Randeep Hooda]] as Billy Irani
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Kishen Chand Seth
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as L.N. Agrawal
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Raja Of Marh
* Sadaf Jafar as Bibbo
* Mansi Multani as Kalpana Gaur
* Amrita Dass as the Sweet Lady
* Anshdeep Singh as Sikh Classical music player
* Ahmad Harhash as Veer Malhotra Bibbo Cousin
* Marek Dobes as Novak
* Yusuf Akhtar as Bhaskar Tandon, Mahesh's grandson
* [[Faezeh Jalali]] as Mrs. Sahgal
}}

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|airdateR=<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|title=A Suitable Boy - Listings|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000lbh9/broadcasts/upcoming|website=[[BBC One]]|access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref>|country=UK|viewers=|viewersR=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/four-screen-dashboard/|title=Weekly top programmes on four screens (from Sept 2018)|website=BARB|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|RTitle = Episode 1
|DirectedBy = [[Mira Nair]]
|WrittenBy = [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|7|26|df=y}}
|Viewers = 6.56
|ShortSummary = The episode starts with the marriage of Savita Mehra to Pran Kapoor. The Mehras consist of four siblings: Arun (married to Meenakshi, they have a daughter Aparna and stay in Calcutta), Savita, Varun, Lata and their mother Rupa. During the wedding, Rupa keeps telling Lata that she is next in line for marriage. Lata is a Literature student at Brahmpur University. She is free-spirited and wants to make her own path in life. She meets Kabir Durrani, a history student at the University. After a few meetings with him, she decides that she likes him and arranges to meet him in secret as he is a Muslim and her family would object. In a parallel setting, the story of the Kapoor family is shown. Mahesh Kapoor is a Revenue Minister in the Purva Pradesh Government. He is pushing the very important Zamindari Bill in the state assembly. He lives with his wife and youngest son, Maan, who doesn't want to follow in his father's footsteps. Maan becomes infatuated with Saeeda Bai, a singer and a courtesan who is much older than he is.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|RTitle = Episode 2
|DirectedBy = Mira Nair
|WrittenBy = Andrew Davies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|2|df=y}}
|Viewers = 4.67
|ShortSummary = Lata and Kabir continue to see each other in secret. Maan also visits Saeeda regularly. Rupa finds out about Lata and Kabir and decides that the family will go to Calcutta. Maan returns home drunk and his father throws him out. Saeeda says he should go and stay with her sister’s tutor. Meenakshi takes the Mehras to a party where Lata meets Meenakshi’s brother Amit, a highly regarded poet.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|RTitle = Episode 3
|DirectedBy = Mira Nair
|WrittenBy = Andrew Davies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|9|df=y}}
|Viewers = 4.17
|ShortSummary = Amit shows Lata around the city and they become friends. Rupa visits a friend in Lucknow to find a “suitable boy”. Maan witnesses poverty and abuse by Rasheed’s father. He becomes popular with the villagers but he wants to return to Saeeda. Rupa is introduced to Haresh and they visit his shoe factory. Lata is visited during the night. Firoz is seeing Saeeda’s sister Tasneem in secret. Rupa and Lata return to Calcutta. Pran, Savita and Mrs Mahesh Kapoor are separated from Bhaskar during a stampede.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|RTitle = Episode 4
|DirectedBy = [[Shimit Amin]]
|WrittenBy = Andrew Davies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|16|df=y}}
|Viewers = 4.11
|ShortSummary = Bhaskar is found safe and well. Haresh resigns when his boss doesn’t support him but finds a job with a European company. Savita gives birth. Lata joins the student drama society production of Twelfth Night, meeting Kabir again. Maan upsets Saeeda. Maan and Firoz are confronted by a mob as tensions between Hindus and Muslims rise. Lata isn’t sure a relationship with Kabir would work.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|RTitle = Episode 5
|DirectedBy = Mira Nair
|WrittenBy = Andrew Davies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|23|df=y}}
|Viewers = 3.81
|ShortSummary = Maan goes campaigning with his father. Rupa and Lata are in Calcutta. Haresh invites everyone to a Christmas meal. Lata goes to a New Year’s party but Amit takes her into the city. Haresh goes to see Lata but she upsets him. Maan warns Rasheed off. Saeeda tells Maan not to come again. He sees Firoz at Saeeda’s. Tasneem is not Saeeda's sister but her daughter by Firoz' father. Maan attacks Firoz and seriously wounds him.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|RTitle = Episode 6
|DirectedBy = Mira Nair
|WrittenBy = Andrew Davies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|24|df=y}}
|Viewers = 3.63
|ShortSummary = Maan runs away to Banares then hands himself in. His mother collapses and dies. Firoz didn’t die, though he was seriously injured. Mahesh’s opponents use the incident against him. Lata finds Kabir oppressive and Amit frivolous. Mahesh loses the election. Firoz says it was an accident and Maan is acquitted. Haresh visits Lata to say goodbye. He had been writing to her but her brother threw the letters away. Lata asks Haresh to marry her, and he accepts.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

==Production==
===Origin===
{{Quote box
| quote = "I have carried with me for many years the stories of Lata, her family and the many people they encounter. I look forward to seeing them brought to life for television, and I am particularly happy that the series is to be filmed in India with an entirely Indian cast."
| source = [[Vikram Seth]], on the adaptation of his novel to miniseries, in a press report to ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/vikram-seths-a-suitable-boy-to-be-adapted-on-tv/articleshow/58532230.cms|title=Vikram Seth: Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy to be adapted on TV|website=Times of India|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
In May 2017, [[Charlotte Moore (TV executive)|Charlotte Moore]], head of content for [[BBC Studios]], announced for an adaptation of [[Vikram Seth]]'s 1993 novel ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'', into a mini-television series.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web|date=May 5, 2017|title=Vikram Seth's novel A Suitable Boy to get a non-white, BBC adaptation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/a-suitable-boy-vikram-seth-bbc-adaptation-house-of-cards-lifest-975466-2017-05-05|access-date=2021-01-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The news was disclosed by publisher Aleph Book Company in an official press release on 5 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=2017-05-05|title=Andrew Davies Adapting Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy' For BBC One, Lookout Point|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/andrew-davies-a-suitable-boy-drama-series-vikram-seth-bbc-one-lookout-point-1202084949/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> The makers reportedly finalized screenwriter [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]], to pen the adapted screenplay,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy to be adapted on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/vikram-seths-a-suitable-boy-to-be-adapted-on-tv/articleshow/58532230.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and also decided cast non-white characters for the series, thus becoming BBC's first period drama with a non-white cast.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-05|title=BBC One to adapt Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bbc-one-to-adapt-vikram-seth-a-suitable-boy-4642314/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Piers Wenger]], BBC's head of drama also said to the same publication, “It’s a 20th century classic and it is obviously set outside the UK in a world which is non-white, non-British, and yet which has big universal themes at the heart of it.”<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

Andrew Davies eventually spoke about the main character Lata, in an interview to ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' stating that "Lata’s trials of the heart speak as loudly to me now as when I first read Vikram’s epic novel two decades ago. She is a great literary heroine in the tradition of Jane Austen and George Eliot. But behind her stands a massive supporting cast of striking, funny, irrepressible characters and a vision of India in the 1950s that no reader can ever forget."<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|title=Andrew Davies Adapting Vikram Seth's 'A Suitable Boy' For BBC One, Lookout Point|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/andrew-davies-a-suitable-boy-drama-series-vikram-seth-bbc-one-lookout-point-1202084949/|date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802061609/https://deadline.com/2017/05/andrew-davies-a-suitable-boy-drama-series-vikram-seth-bbc-one-lookout-point-1202084949/|archive-date=2020-08-02|url-status=live|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In May 2019, the six-part series was officially commissioned by [[BBC Studios]], with Indian filmmaker [[Mira Nair]] being brought on board as director.<ref name="business-standard"/> On her inclusion in the project, she stated that "I eventually liked the book, when it was published in late 1993, and tried to get the rights to adapt it into a film. But it was too big and too hard to adapt at that point. So, I created my own microcosmic response to the huge epic by making my own intimate ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' (2001). It is great to be going back to it."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mira Nair's 'A Suitable Boy' all set to roll|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mira-nairs-a-suitable-boy-all-set-to-roll/1538779|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Outlook India}}</ref> Produced on a budget of £16 million, it is one of the most expensive BBC series ever made.<ref name="business-standard">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-all-set-to-roll-119052101013_1.html|title=Mira Nair's 'A Suitable Boy' all set to roll|date=21 May 2019|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802060431/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-all-set-to-roll-119052101013_1.html|archive-date=2020-08-02|url-status=live|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Before becoming an actor, I used to work as a copywriter and I was very happy with it. One day a friend called me and asked me to come for an audition without telling me what it was for. I showed up at the audition and it was for ''A Suitable Boy'', for Lata’s character and I was shocked. A few days before the audition, my friend and I were talking about the novel and about Lata and Malti’s relationship, because we could relate with it. It was sudden but it was the most memorable audition of my life."
| source = Tanya Maniktala, on playing the central character Lata, in the series, in an interview to ''[[Filmfare]]''<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/a-suitable-boy-actresstanya-maniktalashares-her-journey-from-a-copywriter-to-being-an-actress-44490-1.html|title=A Suitable Boy Actress Tanya Maniktala Shares Her Journey From a Copywriter to Being an Actress|website=Filmfare.com|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 50%
}}
Wenger, told ''[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Telegraph UK]]'' that it was "a deliberate gamble" to adapt a drama with no white characters.<ref name="indiatoday"/> In May 2019, when Mira Nair was hired for the film, she stated that 80% of the casting has been finalized, with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Shefali Shah]], Vivek Gomber, [[Rasika Dugal]] and [[Vivaan Shah]] being a part of the cast.<ref name="business-standard"/> However she did not finalize the casting for the main character Lata, with a leading actress was reported to play the role, although Mira did not reveal the details,<ref name="business-standard"/> which later revealed to be [[Tanya Maniktala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Suitable Boy Actress Tanya Maniktala Shares Her Journey From a Copywriter to Being an Actress|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/a-suitable-boy-actresstanya-maniktalashares-her-journey-from-a-copywriter-to-being-an-actress-44490.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> In August 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishaan Khatter joins Tabu in Mira Nair's 'A Suitable Boy'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/08/12/ishaan-khatter-joins-tabu-mira-nair-a-suitable-boy.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> [[Ishaan Khatter]] was reported to play a pivotal role in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2019|title=Tabu, Ishaan Khatter join Mira Nair's A Suitable Boy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tabu-ishaan-khatter-join-mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-1579965-2019-08-12|access-date=2021-01-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title=Ishaan Khatter joins Mira Nair's epic BBC adaptaion [sic] of A Suitable Boy, says 'it's an honour and a pleasure'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ishaan-khatter-joins-mira-nair-s-epic-bbc-adaptaion-of-a-suitable-boy-says-it-s-an-honour-and-a-pleasure/story-ITbxzlLmoMXADoK86sMFuL.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later in September 2019, [[Namit Das]] joined the cast the following month.<ref name="bbc:p3">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast|title=BBC - Cast announced for BBC One's A Suitable Boy, the first screen adaptation of Vikram Seth's classic novel - Media Centre|website=www.bbc.co.uk|date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905014114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast|archive-date=2019-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rasika-dugal-namit-das-join-mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-1604828-2019-09-30|title=Rasika Dugal, Namit Das join Mira Nair's A Suitable Boy|website=[[India Today]]|date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802070151/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rasika-dugal-namit-das-join-mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-1604828-2019-09-30|archive-date=2020-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RT-cast">{{cite web |title=Meet the cast of BBC One's A Suitable Boy |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-26/a-suitable-boy-cast/ |website=[[Radio Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730021710/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-26/a-suitable-boy-cast/|archive-date=2020-07-30|url-status=live }}</ref> There are 110 characters in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Mira Nair on why A Suitable Boy appealed to her, how she cast each part and her upcoming work |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mira-nair-on-why-a-suitable-boy-appealed-to-her-how-she-cast-each-part-and-her-upcoming-work-8953441.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

===Filming===
''A Suitable Boy'' was filmed in various locations across India.<ref name="indiatoday"/> [[Principal photography]] began in [[Lucknow]] in September 2019, with the actors undergone look tests and script reading sessions, before commencing the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 6, 2019|title=Mira Nair to begin shooting for A Suitable Boy from September 7|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/mira-nair-to-begin-shooting-for-a-suitable-boy-from-september-7-1596354-2019-09-06|access-date=2021-01-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Shooting took place in [[King George's Medical University]] in Lucknow, which was shown as Brahmpur University. In December 2019, the makers wrapped up the shooting schedule in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 9, 2019|title=A Suitable Boy: Mira Nair wraps up Lucknow schedule|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/a-suitable-boy-mira-nair-wraps-up-lucknow-schedule-1626750-2019-12-09|access-date=2021-01-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The shooting came to halt after Sadaf Jafar, one of the cast members in the series got arrested by the police, due to her involvement in the protests against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|new citizenship law]] in Lucknow,<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 23, 2019|first=Mohita|last=Tewari|title=Mira Nair tweets for release of actor held for protesting in UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mira-nair-tweets-for-release-of-actor-held-for-protesting-in-up/articleshow/72930819.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> with Nair demanding for her release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Mira Nair demands release of Sadaf Jafar: 'Our SuitableBoy actress beaten and jailed for peaceful protest in Lucknow'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mira-nair-demands-release-of-sadaf-jafar-our-suitableboy-actress-beaten-and-jailed-for-peaceful-protest-in-lucknow/story-nWzJcSjTps490mcLVWgEJK.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The series was followed by sequences being shot in a number of other cities in India, including [[Maheshwar]] and [[Kanpur]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-mira-nairs-bbc-adaptation-of-vikram-seths-book-featuring-ishaan-khatter-tabu-goes-on-floor-7300991.html|title=A Suitable Boy: Mira Nair's BBC adaptation of Vikram Seth's book, featuring Ishaan Khatter, Tabu goes on floor|date=7 September 2019|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802072224/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-mira-nairs-bbc-adaptation-of-vikram-seths-book-featuring-ishaan-khatter-tabu-goes-on-floor-7300991.html|archive-date=2020-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="radiotimes">{{cite web|title=Where is A Suitable Boy filmed? Your location guide to the BBC and Netflix adaptation|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-23/a-suitable-boy-location-guide/|work=[[Radio Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726144912/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-23/a-suitable-boy-location-guide/|archive-date=2020-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers filmed aerial shots of the [[Narmada River|Narmada river]], which is shadowed by the temple complex Ahilya Fort, in the central Indian town of Maheshwar.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ''[[Radio Times|RadioTimes]]'' cited that the river and fort provide the "soul of the series with Lata’s early morning boat rides providing some of the most memorable imagery from both the book and series".<ref name="radiotimes"/>

=== Music ===
{{Main|A Suitable Boy (soundtrack)}}
The original soundtrack for ''A Suitable Boy'', featured instrumental score by British composer [[Alex Heffes]] and [[Anoushka Shankar]], and [[Ghazal|ghazals]] composed and sung by [[Kavita Seth]], who also voiced Saeeda Bai's character (played by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=A suitable song|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/02/a-suitable-song-2218028.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-22|title=DNA Exclusive: Kavita Seth talks about being Tabu's voice in 'A Suitable Boy', working with Mira Nair|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/interview-dna-exclusive-kavita-seth-a-suitable-boy-tabu-voice-mira-nair-2851636|access-date=2021-01-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2020 in digital and physical formats.<ref>{{Citation|title=A Suitable Boy (Original Television Soundtrack)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1E4e1bHJrqgBMYVYobZS4N|language=en|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first look stills of ''A Suitable Boy'' was released on 2 December 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=A Suitable Boy first look: Tabu and Ishaan Khatter share a light moment|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/a-suitable-boy-show-first-look-tabu-ishaan-khatter-mira-nair-bbc-6146816/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> through the social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=A Suitable Boy first look: Ishaan Khatter, Tabu give an insight into Mira Nair series|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/a-suitable-boy-first-look-ishaan-khatter-tabu-give-an-insight-into-mira-nair-series/story-7iDEAURwRB6mDguJNLRk8K.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-02|title=First look of 'A Suitable Boy' features a charming Tabu with Ishaan Khatter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-a-suitable-boy-features-a-charming-tabu-with-ishaan-khatter/article30138610.ece|access-date=2021-01-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 11 July 2020, the official trailer of the series was released through [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 11, 2020|first=Divyanshi|last=Sharma|title=A Suitable Boy trailer out: Tabu and Ishaan Khatter's crackling chemistry powers new web series|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/a-suitable-boy-trailer-out-tabu-and-ishaan-khatter-s-crackling-chemistry-powers-new-web-series-1699483-2020-07-11|access-date=2021-01-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-12|title=A Suitable Boy trailer: Ishaan Khatter, Tabu star in Mira Nair's BBC series adaptation of Vikram Seth book|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-trailer-ishaan-khatter-tabu-star-in-mira-nairs-bbc-series-adaptation-of-vikram-seth-book-8587731.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The series premiered in the [[UK|United Kingdom]] on 26 July 2020 on [[BBC One]],<ref name="UK+IE premier 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1307965/A-Suitable-Boy-release-date-When-is-A-Suitable-Boy-out-BBC-Ishaan-Khatter-Tabu|title=A Suitable Boy release date: When is A Suitable Boy out on BBC One?|first=Fay|last=Watson|newspaper=[[Daily Express]]|date=11 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref> with the first episode being aired on the said date, and was ended on 24 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Anita|date=2020-08-24|title=A Suitable Boy, episode six, review: a Sunday night love letter to India signed off in style|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2020/08/24/suitable-boy-episode-six-review-sunday-night-love-letter-india/|access-date=2021-01-26|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

The global distribution rights for the series (excluding North America and China), were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref name="ROW release 1">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/a-suitable-boy-bbc-netflix-1234708044|title=BBC's 'A Suitable Boy' Vikram Seth Adaptation Heads to Netflix|first=Patrick|last=Frater|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=15 July 2020}}</ref> On 16 July 2020, Netflix announced the release of seventeen Indian originals, along with the Hindi dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-16|title=A Suitable Boy to release on Netflix in India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/a-suitable-boy-to-release-on-netflix-6508204/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The series released on 23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's A Date With A Suitable Boy - October 23 On Netflix|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/its-a-date-with-a-suitable-boy-october-23-on-netflix-2307721|access-date=2021-01-26|website=NDTV.com|date=9 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=A Suitable Boy to premiere on Netflix on 23 October, after BBC telecast in UK, Ireland |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-to-premiere-on-netflix-on-23-october-after-bbc-telecast-in-uk-ireland-8895661.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The series premiered through [[Acorn TV]], which bought the distribution rights for the United States and Canada regions, on 7 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravindran|first=Manori|title=Mira Nair's 'A Suitable Boy' Heads to Acorn TV in U.S. and Canada (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/global/a-suitable-boy-us-canada-acorn-tv-mira-nair-1234816376/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
The show received mixed reactions from critics. Robyn Bahr of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' stated "The potency of Seth's story remains intact; Davies and Nair's stylization nearly clobbers it."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title='A Suitable Boy' Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-suitable-boy-tv-review|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> Judy Berman, chief editor of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, wrote: "''A Suitable Boy'' transcends escapism, it’s because she brought the substance along with the sparkle."<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=BBC Period Drama Meets Postcolonial India in A Suitable Boy|url=https://time.com/5918095/suitable-boy-review-acorn-bbc/|access-date=2021-01-27|magazine=Time|date=7 December 2020 }}</ref> Jude Dry of ''[[IndieWire]]'' wrote: "A Suitable Boy lacks the comedic touch of ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' or the critical lens of ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', languishing somewhere in the middle and coming up short. Without a defined perspective on the class and religious conflict it uses as a narrative backdrop, A Suitable Boy feels like frothy fluff — yummy in the moment but easily forgettable and won’t fill you up."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dry|first=Jude|date=2020-12-07|title='A Suitable Boy' Review: Mira Nair's Period Drama Is Enjoyable but Old Fashioned|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/12/a-suitable-boy-review-mira-nair-bbc-acorn-1234602887/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=IndieWire|language=en}}</ref>

Chitra Ramaswamy of ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated: "It is beautiful, expensive and groundbreaking in its casting, yet Andrew Davies’s adaptation of Vikram Seth’s tome still feels uncomfortably old-school".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=A Suitable Boy review – a very British, Indian period drama|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/jul/26/a-suitable-boy-review-a-very-british-indian-period-drama|access-date=2021-01-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' magazine, chief reporter Ed Cumming wrote "This adaptation of Vikram Seth’s epic, 1300-page novel seemed promising, but we’ll have to keep waiting for an Indian family saga of rugged verisimilitude."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=A Suitable Boy review: Bright and comprehensible, but an orange-filtered fantasy version of India|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/suitable-boy-review-bbc-india-new-show-a9636156.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726211006/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/suitable-boy-review-bbc-india-new-show-a9636156.html |archive-date=2020-07-26 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Times]]'', Carol Midgley stated "a zesty new drama with a slight hint of cheese".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Midgley|first=Carol|title=A Suitable Boy review — a zesty new drama with a slight hint of cheese|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/a-suitable-boy-review-a-zesty-new-drama-with-a-slight-hint-of-cheese-lvzlmv5dp|access-date=2021-01-27|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Rohan Nahhar wrote: "An astonishing cast, led by Ishaan Khatter, Tabu and Tanya Maniktala, struggles to make the most of minimal screentime and a mediocre script in Mira Nair’s unsuitable adaptation of Vikram Seth’s novel."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=A Suitable Boy review: Mira Nair's unsuitable adaptation is partially redeemed by Ishaan Khatter, Tabu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/a-suitable-boy-review-ishaan-khatter-and-tabu-s-forbidden-love-is-the-highlight-of-mira-nair-s-unsuitable-adaptation-out-on-netflix/story-HA9SOAXeO3SBN1XvTdDFvK.html|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]], editor-in-chief of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote: "Mira Nair delivers a visually sumptuous saga which, despite the sizable bumps, is ultimately satisfying."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|date=2020-10-23|title=A Suitable Boy, On Netflix, Is Filmy In The Best Sense Of The Word|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/netflix/a-suitable-boy-on-netflix-is-filmy-in-the-best-sense-of-the-word/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> Pankhuri Shukla of ''[[The Quint]]'', praised the cast members for the acting sequences, but opined that "the English dialogues seem to be a deterrent to the actors' performances, with the occasional Urdu/Punjabi/Hindi dialogues sprinkled here and there are the only saving grace."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Pankhuri|date=2020-10-27|title='A Suitable Boy' Looks Pretty, But What's up With The Dialogues?|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/hot-take/a-suitable-boy-looks-pretty-but-whats-up-with-the-language|access-date=2021-01-27|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Mimi Anthikkad Chibber of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "There is no dearth of stereotypes in this adaptation of Vikram Seth’s 1993 novel, yet the show moves too briskly and looks too lovely to ignore".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chhibber|first=Mini Anthikad|date=2020-10-23|title='A Suitable Boy' review: A lavish, if predictable offering from Mira Nair|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-suitable-boy-review-a-lavish-if-predictable-offering-from-mira-nair/article32927018.ece|access-date=2021-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Seth's book was never celebrated for its plot anyway. Its primary claim to excellence was the language. Neatly and inventively crafted, Seth's words were both transportive and evocative. The translation to visuals achieves only half the job."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=A Suitable Boy review: Mira Nair's marriage of the personal and the political is a patchy road to mild fulfilment |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-review-mira-nairs-marriage-of-the-personal-and-the-political-is-a-patchy-road-to-mild-fulfillment-8935701.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]''<nowiki/>'s Nairita Mukherjee wrote: "A Suitable Boy Review: In 2020, the world is capable of accepting and appreciating non-English content, as long as it has the power of good writing. That's where Mira Nair's adaptation of Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy stumbles."<ref name="indiatoday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/a-suitable-boy-review-bbc-web-series-mira-nair-1735176-2020-10-26|title=A Suitable Boy Review: BBC web series by Mira Nair is beautiful but bland - Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=2020-10-26|author=Nairita Mukherjee|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref> In a positive note, [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "''A Suitable Boy'', does not miss a beat in funnelling a massive novel into an intricately stitched, necessarily pared filmed version. This panoramic portrait of a newly-free nation and fast-changing social segments within it has an easy-flowing quality that belies the sheer magnitude of the exercise."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Suitable Boy Review: Mira Nair's Adaptation Is Replete With Riches|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-suitable-boy-review-mira-nairs-adaptation-is-replete-with-riches-4-stars-out-of-5-2314505|access-date=2021-01-27|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "The book has enough time and more to get into long, languid, eloquent descriptions of locations, characters, situations; in Mira Nair and Andrew Davies hands, the chop-chop eventually overcomes the choppiness, and becomes its own creature."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=A Suitable Boy review: The Mira Nair series is worth your time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/express-at-2020-tiff-a-suitable-boy-6603296/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
The series attracted controversy when [[Madhya Pradesh]] Home Minister [[Narottam Mishra]] objected to a scene in which the characters Lata ([[Tanya Maniktala]]) and Kabir (Danesh Razvi) are shown kissing each other within the premises of a temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP: Home Minister Says Netflix's 'A Suitable Boy' Hurts Religious Sentiments|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-home-minister-legal-action-against-netflix-a-suitable-boy|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Wire}}</ref> His statement came after a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Youth leader, Gaurav Tiwari, filed a complaint against the makers on 22 November 2020 for "allegedly hurting religious sentiments".<ref name="indiatoday3">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/netflix-s-a-suitable-boy-sparks-communal-row-over-kissing-scene-bjp-leaders-seeks-action-1743067-2020-11-22|title=Netflix's 'A Suitable Boy' sparks communal row over kissing scene; BJP leaders seek action - India News|website=India Today|date=2020-11-22|author=Ravish Pal Singh|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref> Tiwari also appealed to people at large on [[Twitter]] to uninstall the platform [[Netflix]] (which bought its global streaming rights) from their phones, as ''#BoycottNetflix'' began to trend on Twitter. It was further criticised for portraying [[Love Jihad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=BBC's A Suitable Boy rankles 'love jihad' conspiracy theorists in India|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/27/netflix-india-version-vikram-seth-novel-stirs-love-jihad-suspicions-rows|access-date=2021-01-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On 25 November, an [[First information report|FIR]] was filed against two executives from Netflix India, in response to the complaint registered by Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title='A Suitable Boy' controversy: Madhya Pradesh police book 2 Netflix officials|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/a-suitable-boy-controversy-madhya-pradesh-police-book-2-netflix-officials-919055.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[British television programmes with Asian leads]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
* {{BBC programmes}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title|10795574}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suitable Boy (TV series), A}}
[[Category:2020 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 British television series endings]]
[[Category:2020s British drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s British television miniseries]]
[[Category:BBC television dramas]]
[[Category:Television shows written by Andrew Davies]]
[[Category:English-language British television shows]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies in television]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Television series by BBC Studios]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:British Indian mass media]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Online obscenity controversies]]

Khiron

2026-03-27T18:50:59Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made first stub added tags...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
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| other_name = Khīron
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
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| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2871|N|80.9239|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Khiron" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.717
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1555
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =229295
| registration_plate = UP-33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khiron''' is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Located on the main [[Raebareli]]-[[Unnao]] road, semari Khiron is an old Muslim town that historically served as the seat of a [[pargana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=185–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, the village has a population of 9,955, in 1,714 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has six primary schools and one medical clinic.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It serves as the headquarters of a [[nyaya panchayat]] that also includes 11 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991" />

Khiron hosts an annual [[mela]] at the Balbhadreshwar Mahadeo temple<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> on [[Phalguna]] Badi 13; the festival is part of [[Shivratri]] and is dedicated to the worship of [[Shiva]].<ref name="Census 1961" /> Vendors bring various everyday items to sell at the fair.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Khiron also hosts markets twice per week, on Mondays and Thursdays; the main items traded are cloth and vegetables.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== History ==
Khiron was fortified and made the seat of a [[pargana]] during the reign of [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]; the headquarters had previously been at [[Satanpur, Raebareli|Satanpur]] since its foundation and fortification by the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] raja Sathna.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Khiron was also historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate belonging to a [[Janwar Rajputs|Janwar]] dynasty, and there were also several [[Kayasth]] [[qanungo]] families, including many descended from Rai Sahib Rai, who had been a [[chakladar]] under the [[Nawabs of Awadh]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Rai Sahib Rai had built a fort at Khiron whose ruins still exist.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> There is also the tomb of Fateh Shahid, a companion of the Muslim folk hero [[Sayyid Salar Masud]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The population of Khiron declined sharply in the late 1800s from 3,408 in 1869 to 2,669 in 1901.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> At the 1901 census, there were 559 Muslims, almost entirely [[Pathan]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Turn-of-the-century Khiron had a large primary school, a cattle pound, a branch post office, and two bazars called Balbhaddarganj and Raghunathganj, holding markets twice per week.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> There was a large tank to the north and east of the town, as well as some [[kankar]] quarries and plenty of orchards.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Khiron as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,939 people (1,474 male and 1,465 female), in 593 households and 593 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 – Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=112–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as {{cvt|1,925|acre}}s.<ref name="Census 1951" /> 338 residents were literate, 295 male and 43 female.<ref name="Census 1951" /> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Khiron and the [[thana]] of [[Gurbakshganj]].<ref name="Census 1951" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Khiron as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 3,210 people (1,679 male and 1,531 female), in 590 households and 536 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=144, 170–1, 175, lxiv-lxv of section "Dalmau Tahsil", cxxiv-cxxvi|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as {{cvt|1,925|acre}}s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" /> There was a [[dispensary]] run by a local body with five male beds and one female bed; It had one [[grain mill]], and four small manufacturers of clothing.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Average attendance of market was 500 and for the festival it was 400.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Khiron as having a population of 5,243 people, in 946 households, and having an area of {{convert|973.76|ha}}.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=126–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Khiron as having a total population of 6,296 people (3,317 male and 2,979 female), in 1,127 households and 1,124 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 146–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as {{convert|57|ha}}.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 1,262, or 20% of the total; this group was 52% male (658) and 48% female (604).<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 2,029, or 32% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 35% (1,581 men and 642 women).<ref name="Census 1991" /> 1,757 people were classified as main workers (1,613 men and 144 women), while 213 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 4,326 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 828 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 290 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 27 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 42 household industry workers; 66 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 12 [[construction worker]]s; 200 employed in trade and commerce; 34 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 258 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991" />

== Villages ==
Khiron CD block has the following 94 villages:<ref name="Census 2011" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Aindhi]] || 377.1 || 2,317
|-
| [[Dandanpur]] || 85.4 || 537
|-
| [[Mustaqim Ganj]] || 117.8 || 500
|-
| [[Shiv Puri]] || 217.2 || 1,354
|-
| [[Jeti, Raebareli|Jeti]] || 484 || 2,108
|-
| [[Chandauli, Khiron|Chandauli]] || 234.5 || 1,286
|-
| [[Gona Mau]] || 161.9 || 1,247
|-
| [[Behta Satanpur]] || 227.5 || 1,408
|-
| [[Tarwa Barwa]] || 82.2 || 598
|-
| [[Dondepur]] || 117.8 || 1,251
|-
| [[Atarhar]] || 350.6 || 3,296
|-
| [[Dumarher]] || 326.8 || 2,577
|-
| [[Nandehari]] || 106.8 || 705
|-
| [[Dhurayee]] || 594.2 || 4,481
|-
| [[Paho]] || 866 || 5,620
|-
| [[Lodipur, Khiron|Lodipur]] || 149.4 || 834
|-
| [[Mohanpur, Khiron|Mohanpur]] || 28.3 || 425
|-
| [[Sadullahpur, Raebareli|Sadullapur]] || 90.8 || 796
|-
| [[Ranapur Urf Pahrauli]] || 350.6 || 2,158
|-
| [[Khajuha]] || 180.6 || 1,260
|-
| [[Kursandi]] || 113.2 || 1,166
|-
| [[Lalpur, Khiron|Lalpur]] || 97.4 || 546
|-
| [[Hardi, Raebareli|Hardi]] || 164.9 || 1,675
|-
| [[Baraundi]] || 201.3 || 1,556
|-
| [[Haripur Mirdaha]] || 193.6 || 2,284
|-
| [[Madanapur, Raebareli|Madanapur]] || 113.2 || 1,031
|-
| [[Saguni, Raebareli|Saguni]] || 162.8 || 1,941
|-
| [[Baraula, Raebareli|Baraula]] || 197.1 || 1,305
|-
| [[Paraspur, Raebareli|Paraspur]] || 24.4 || 37
|-
| '''Khiron''' (block headquarters) || 771.7 || 9,955
|-
| [[Husainabad, Raebareli|Husenabad]] || 59.6 || 862
|-
| [[Rampur Majra]] || 139.4 || 447
|-
| [[Bhitargaon, Raebareli|Bhitargaon]] || 1,318.1 || 10,841
|-
| [[Basigawan]] || 222.2 || 747
|-
| [[Nau Gawn]] || 123.1 || 450
|-
| [[Chande Mau]] || 171.9 || 1,135
|-
| [[Mera Mau]] || 92.5 || 1,057
|-
| [[Jasaumau]] || 363.9 || 2,917
|-
| [[Mendauli]] || 468.3 || 3,345
|-
| [[Hari Ramkhera]] || 46.2 || 290
|-
| [[Akohriya]] || 177 || 1,481
|-
| [[Dokanaha]] || 534.1 || 4,009
|-
| [[Nunera, Raebareli|Nunera]] || 175.6 || 1,717
|-
| [[Sehara Mau]] || 102.1 || 840
|-
| [[Jam Koriyapur]] || 169 || 881
|-
| [[Kamalpur, Khiron|Kamalpur]] || 184.8 || 1,118
|-
| [[Akhaupur]] || 181.1 || 1,338
|-
| [[Dahirapur]] || 52.6 || 386
|-
| [[Barvaliya]] || 159 || 1,459
|-
| [[Tikwamau|Tikwa Mau]] || 156.1 || 1,065
|-
| [[Khanpur Khunti]] || 178.4 || 1,723
|-
| [[Mirjapur, Raebareli|Mirjapur]] || 122.2 || 648
|-
| [[Sarai Mahmood]] || 62.2 || 460
|-
| [[Udwatpur]] || 138.4 || 847
|-
| [[Kishun Khera]] || 155.4 || 1,205
|-
| [[Majhigawan, Khiron|Majhigawan]] || 102.7 || 782
|-
| [[Deogaon, Khiron|Deo Gaon]] || 143.6 || 1,233
|-
| [[Ketanpur]] || 50.2 || 345
|-
| [[Kalupur, Raebareli|Kalupur]] || 61.5 || 470
|-
| [[Mishra Khera]] || 61.1 || 354
|-
| [[Khandepur]] || 91.7 || 647
|-
| [[Sewanpur]] || 356.7 || 1,894
|-
| [[Surajpur Guman Khera]] || 124.5 || 1,206
|-
| [[Ramwapur Dubai]] || 386.1 || 2,537
|-
| [[Baswan Khera]] || 32.4 || 725
|-
| [[Chak Gajraj]] || 19.7 || 429
|-
| [[Chakpher Shah]] || 37.2 || 491
|-
| [[Semari, Raebareli|Semari]] || 626 || 5,715
|-
| [[Lakshipur, Raebareli|Lakshipur]] || 398.2 || 2,524
|-
| [[Dewali, Khiron|Dewali]] || 99.3 || 517
|-
| [[Manpur, Khiron|Manpur]] || 122.2 || 1,188
|-
| [[Keshauli]] || 201.7 || 1,742
|-
| [[Khargapur, Raebareli|Khargapur]] || 195.8 || 2,246
|-
| [[Bhitari]] || 315.4 || 3,221
|-
| [[Bakuliha]] || 499.6 || 4,244
|-
| [[Sidhaur Semari]] || 129.2 || 1,169
|-
| [[Afasari]] || 99.4 || 731
|-
| [[Bijemau Khapura]] || 290.7 || 2,799
|-
| [[Kanha Mau]] || 272 || 886
|-
| [[Malpur, Khiron|Malpur]] || 143.3 || 592
|-
| [[Shyampur, Raebareli|Shyampur]] || 197.2 || 593
|-
| [[Haripur Nihastha]] || 123.7 || 722
|-
| [[Nihastha]] || 446.5 || 2,597
|-
| [[Rampur Nihastha]] || 110.8 || 508
|-
| [[Jagatpur Ramgari]] || 258 || 1,168
|-
| [[Chikhari]] || 273.4 || 555
|-
| [[Satanpur, Raebareli|Satanpur]] || 330.1 || 3,902
|-
| [[Banai Mau]] || 126.8 || 856
|-
| [[Ajitpur]] || 106.4 || 1,264
|-
| [[Raipur, Khiron|Raipur]] || 166.9 || 1,283
|-
| [[Ekauni]] || 168.6 || 1,466
|-
| [[Gaunha]] || 269.9 || 993
|-
| [[Korara]] || 57 || 258
|-
| [[Bari, Raebareli|Bari]] || 180.2 || 779
|-
| [[Merui]] || 506.1 || 2,855
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhairavasimha

2026-03-26T15:58:07Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made post - done

{{Short description|King of Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhairavasimha
| title = King of Mithila
| predecessor = Dhirasimha
| successor = Rupanarayana Ramabhadrasimha
| birth_name = Bhairava
| birth_place = Mithila
| full name = Bhairavasimhadeva
| regnal name = Maharajadhiraja Bhairavasimhadeva
| house = Mithila Kingdom
| house-type = Kingdom
| father = [[King Narasimha]]
| occupation = King of Mithila
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| type = Ruler
| royal house = Tirhut Sarkar
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}
'''Bhairavasimha''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भैरव सिंह) was the fourteenth king of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]]. He ascended the throne of the kingdom around 1475–76 CE after the ''King Dhirasimha''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manish_dutta |url=http://archive.org/details/dandavivekaofvardhamanaupadhyayatrans |title=Dandaviveka Of Vardhamana Upadhyaya ( Trans)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Kameshwar+ |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deo |first=Kamal |date=2006 |title=Society in the Kirtilata of Vidayapati |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147948 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=286–291 |jstor=44147948 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhairavasimha was born in the royal family of the Oiniwar Dynasty in the Mithila Kingdom. He was the son of the ''King Narasimha''. He was a [[Maithil Brahmin]] and belonged to [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] [[Gotra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0f898HDLAYC&q=bhairavasimha |title=A Survey of Maithili Literature |date=1976 |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-36-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rule ==
According to [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]], the King Bhairavasimha shortly after taking the control on the throne of the kingdom, declared the kingdom of Mithila as independent sovereign state. He issued silver coins to declare the independent sovereign status of the Mithila Kingdom. After the King Shivasimha, he was the second king of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila who issued sovereign silver coins of the Mithila Kingdom to declare its independent sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyBmDwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9 |title=Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan |date=2018 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-87889-33-0 |language=hi}}</ref> He established his capital at a village known as ''[[Bhaur Gram|Varuar]]'' in the ''Bachhaur pargana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9 |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=262 |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Silve coin of Bhairavasimha.png|thumb|Image of the '''Silver coins''' issued by the King Bhairavasimha for declaring sovereignty of his kingdom ]]

Bhairavasimha was a politically adept king. He had friendly relations with the king of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]]. There was an exchange of envoys between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of political ideas and institutions in medieval Mithila |date=2004 |publisher=Baseline Publishers & Printers |pages=53 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Patronage to Vedic learning ==
During the reigns of the King Bhairavasimha, a famous Yajna Tank was established at Jarahattiya near the ''Tarsarai railway station'', where 1400 ''Mimansakas'' were living for conducting Yajna and teaching of [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary P. C. Roy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206891 |title=Bihar District Gazetteers Darbhanga |date=1964}}</ref> Similarly, at his court there was the eminent [[Naiyayika]] called as [[Pakshadhara Mishra]]. He was the then head teacher of the Nyaya Shastra in the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Indra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCQaAAAAIAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Social Life of Medieval Mithila, 1350-1750 A.D.: With a Special Reference to Contemporary Literatures |date=1988 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> The famous logicians [[Vasudeva Sarvabhauma]] and [[Raghunatha Siromani]] of [[Nadia district|Nadia]] in [[Bengal]] came to Mithila for learning Nyaya Shastra from the teacher Pakshadhara Mishra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sto6EAAAQBAJ&q=pakshadhara+mishra |title=Sanskrit and the British Empire |date=2021-09-02 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-43553-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakshadhara Mishra {{!}} Indian philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pakshadhara-Mishra |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

During his reign, [[Vardhamana Upadhyaya]] was appointed as the judge of the court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manish_dutta |url=http://archive.org/details/dandavivekaofvardhamanaupadhyayatrans |title=Dandaviveka Of Vardhamana Upadhyaya ( Trans)}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]

Anand Kumar

2026-03-11T03:21:58Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{short description|Indian mathematician and educationalist}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anand Kumar
| image = AnandKumarJI1.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Bihar National College]]|[[Patna University]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Educationalist|[[Mathematician]]}}
| years_active = 2002–Present
| known_for = [[Super 30]] Program
| notable_works =
| spouse = Ritu Rashmi
| parents = {{ubl|Jayanti Devi (Mother)|Rajendra Prasad (Father)}}
| relatives = Pranav Kumar (Brother)
| children = {{ubl|Jagat Kumar (Son)|Suhani Rashmi (Daughter)}}
| awards = * [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
* Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Shiksha Puraskar (2010)<ref name="biharaward"/>

| website = {{URL|http://www.super30.org/|Super 30}}

}}

'''Anand Kumar''' (born 1 January 1973) is an Indian mathematics [[educator]], best known for his [[Super 30]] program, which he started in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] in 2002. He is known for coaching underprivileged students for [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE–Main]] and [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|JEE–Advanced]], the entrance examinations for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] ([[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]]). Kumar was named in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's list of ''Best of Asia 2010''.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1988463_1988996_1988991,00.html | title=The Best of Asia 2010 - TIME | magazine=Time | date=13 May 2010 | last1=Thottam | first1=Jyoti }}</ref> In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian award by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions in the fields of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

By 2018, 422 out of 510 students had made it to the IITs and [[Discovery Channel]] showcased his work in a documentary.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jee-advanced-result-2017-it-is-30-30-for-anand-kumar-s-super-30/story-ZcXXIfQfg20qqHtyXgwERN.html|title=JEE Advanced result 2017: It is 30/30 for Anand Kumar's Super 30|date=12 June 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613154230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jee-advanced-result-2017-it-is-30-30-for-anand-kumar-s-super-30/story-ZcXXIfQfg20qqHtyXgwERN.html|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="di">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/patna/28000386_1_crack-iit-jee-super-30-discovery-communications-india|title=Discovery to showcase Super-30 today|date=14 March 2009|first1=Pranava K|last1=Chaudhary|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630105823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/patna/28000386_1_crack-iit-jee-super-30-discovery-communications-india|archive-date=30 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/frontpage/story_4407084.asp|title=Living the vilayat dream at home – Teacher who failed to study abroad coaches students to do so|date=22 February 2005|work=The Telegraph|access-date=15 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923213719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/frontpage/story_4407084.asp|archive-date=23 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5345100.stm|title=Helping poor Indians crack toughest test|date=21 September 2006|work=BBC News|first=Amarnath|last=Tewary|access-date=15 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529101336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5345100.stm|archive-date=29 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Super 30 does it again: 28 of its students crack JEE Advanced|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/super-30-does-it-again-29-of-its-students-crack-jee-advanced/story-NusjppZ3LFxjZ9EKqWTstO.html|newspaper= Hindustan Times|date= 12 June 2016|access-date= 27 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160622070733/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/super-30-does-it-again-29-of-its-students-crack-jee-advanced/story-NusjppZ3LFxjZ9EKqWTstO.html|archive-date= 22 June 2016|url-status= live}}</ref> His life and work had been portrayed in the 2019 film, ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'', where he was played by the well known actor [[Hrithik Roshan]].

Anand Kumar, the man behind the pioneering Super 30 initiative, has been designated as the honorary ambassador of Korean Tourism for 2024 - a recognition of the transformative impact of his work and an endeavour to foster vibrant cultural and educational exchanges between the youth of India and Korea.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Early life==

Anand Kumar was born in [[Bihar]], India. His father was a clerk<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/15/meet-anand-kumar-of-super-30.htm |title=He trains India's poorest students for the IIT: Rediff.com Get Ahead |access-date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217080621/http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/15/meet-anand-kumar-of-super-30.htm |archive-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the postal department of India. His father could not afford private schooling for his children, and Anand attended a [[Hindi]] medium government school, where he developed his deep interest in mathematics.<ref name="careers360">{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/15/meet-anand-kumar-of-super-30.htm|title=He trains India's poorest students for the IIT|work=Careers360|date=15 December 2009|access-date=15 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217080621/http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/15/meet-anand-kumar-of-super-30.htm|archive-date=17 December 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Super 30 Founder Anand Kumar, a Mathematician on a Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.successstories.co.in/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-a-mathematician-on-a-mission/ |title=Super 30 Founder Anand Kumar, a Mathematician on a Mission |publisher=Success Stories |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107065509/http://www.successstories.co.in/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-a-mathematician-on-a-mission/ |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In his childhood, he studied at Patna High School, in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. During his graduation, Kumar submitted papers on [[number theory]], which were published in the ''[[Mathematical Spectrum]]''.<ref name="appliedProbabilityTrust">{{cite web|url=http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=ms&Page=MS254|title=Letter to the Editor: Happy numbers (page 122 and 123)|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625212902/http://www.appliedprobability.org/content.aspx?Group=ms&Page=MS254|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kumar secured admission to the [[University of Cambridge]], but could not attend because of his father's death and his financial condition.<ref name="careers360"/><ref name="tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090614/spectrum/main2.htm|title=Genius at work|work=The Sunday Tribune|first=Uttam|last=Sengupta|date=14 June 2009|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923144049/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090614/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=23 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hin/>

==Teaching career==
{{Further|Super 30}}
In 1992, Kumar began teaching mathematics.<ref name="careers360"/><ref name="Super 30 Founder Anand Kumar, a Mathematician on a Mission"/> He rented a classroom for Rs. 300 per month, and began his own institute, the [[S. Ramanujan|Ramanujan]] School of Mathematics (RSM).<ref name="careers360"/><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6677/i-am-planning-expansion-super.html|title=I am planning expansion of Super 30|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=6 June 2009|access-date=18 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924013440/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6677/i-am-planning-expansion-super.html|archive-date=24 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Within the span of year, his class grew from two students to thirty-six, and after three years almost 500 students had enrolled.<ref name="careers360"/> Then in early 2000, when a poor student came to him seeking coaching for [[IIT-JEE]], who could not afford the annual admission fee due to poverty, Kumar was motivated to start the [[Super 30]] programme in 2002, for which he is now well-known.<ref name="careers360"/><ref name=hin/>

Since 2002, every May, the Ramanujan School of Mathematics holds a competitive test to select 30 students for the Super 30 program. Many students take the test, and eventually, thirty intelligent students from economically disadvantaged sections are selected. He tutors them, and provides study materials and lodging for a year.<ref name="careers360"/> He prepares them for the [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination]] for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT). His mother, Jayanti Devi, cooks for the students, and his brother Pranav Kumar takes care of the management.<ref name="careers360"/><ref name="tet"/>

During 2003 to 2017, 391 students out of 450 passed the IITs.<ref name="careers360"/><ref name="financialexpress">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jee-advance-result-anand-kumars-super-30-wins-laurels-again-27-out-of-30-qualify-for-iits/1262305 |title=JEE advance result: Anand Kumar's Super 30 wins laurels again, 27 out of 30 qualify for IITs' |last=Patna |first=PTI |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110218/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jee-advance-result-anand-kumar-super-30-wins-laurels-again-27-out-of-30-qualify-for-iits/1262305 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, all the students of Super 30 cleared IIT JEE entrance making it a three in a row for the institution.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Super 30's super record in IIT-JEE | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/article438654.ece | date=26 May 2010 | access-date=25 September 2010 | location=Chennai, India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731181534/http://www.theHindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/article438654.ece | archive-date=31 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Anand Kumar has no financial support for Super 30 from any government as well as private agencies, and manages on the tuition fee he earns from the Ramanujan Institute.<ref name=hin/> After the success of Super 30 and its growing popularity, he received offers from the private sector – both national and international companies – as well as the government for financial help, but he has refused it; Kumar wanted to sustain Super 30 through his own efforts.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Mr. Cent Per Cent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article48693.ece |work=The Hindu|date=14 November 2009 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430012647/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article48693.ece |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tet"/>

From 2006 to 2010, 30 out of 30 students cleared the IIT-JEE. In subsequent years, the pass rates for the 30 students at the IIT-JEE examinations were: 2011 – 24, 2012–27, 2013–28, 2014–27, 2015–25, 2016–28, 2017–30, and 2018–26.<ref name="tet">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/26-students-from-anand-kumars-super-30-academy-crack-iit-jee/articleshow/64529608.cms|title=26 students from Anand Kumar institute Super 30 academy crack IIT-JEE|date=10 June 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323072226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/26-students-from-anand-kumars-super-30-academy-crack-iit-jee/articleshow/64529608.cms|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | publisher=[[NDTV]] | title=JEE Advanced 2017 Results | url=http://www.ndtv.com/education/jee-advanced-2017-result-sarvesh-mehtani-from-chandigarh-all-india-topper-punes-akshat-chugh-second-1710638 | date=17 June 2017 | location=Patna, India | access-date=12 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611103712/http://www.ndtv.com/education/jee-advanced-2017-result-sarvesh-mehtani-from-chandigarh-all-india-topper-punes-akshat-chugh-second-1710638 | archive-date=11 June 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=[[Times of India|TOI]] | title=26 students from Anand Kumar's Super 30 academy crack IIT-JEE | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/26-students-from-anand-kumars-super-30-academy-crack-iit-jee/articleshow/64529602.cms | date=10 June 2018 | location=Patna, India | access-date=11 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611132006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/26-students-from-anand-kumars-super-30-academy-crack-iit-jee/articleshow/64529602.cms | archive-date=11 June 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Kumar revealed that he has been suffering from [[acoustic neuroma]], a rare kind of brain tumor, and has lost 80-90% of the hearing in his right ear due to it. He is under treatment of noted neurosurgeon [[B. K. Misra]] at the [[Hinduja Hospital]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anand-kumar-reveals-he-has-brain-tumour-says-wanted-super-30-to-be-made-while-i-am-alive/story-yv5RllpXGhwgT5H5O30DiP.html|title = Anand Kumar reveals he has brain tumour, says 'wanted Super 30 to be made while I am alive'|date = 11 July 2019}}</ref>

==Recognition==
[[File:Nitish Kumar awarding Anand Kumar.jpg|thumb|Anand Kumar being awarded by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar on the occasion of Bihar Divas in 2023.]]
[[File:Anand Kumar addressing students at the famed Cambridge University, where he once aspired to study.jpg|alt=Anand Kumar addressing students at the famed Cambridge University, where he once aspired to study|thumb|Anand Kumar addressing students at the famed Cambridge University, where he once aspired to study]]
[[File:Anand Kumar receiving the prestigious Padma Shri Award from President Droupadi Murmu at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.jpg|thumb|Anand Kumar receiving the prestigious Padma Shri Award from President Droupadi Murmu at the Rashtrapati Bhawan]]
[[File:PresidentReceivingSuper30Book.jpg|thumb|Presenting the book encapsulating the inspiring journey of Super 30 and the making of Anand Kumar, the teacher, to former President late Pranab Mukherjee at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.]]
In March 2009, [[Discovery Channel]] broadcast a one-hour-long programme on Super 30,<ref name="di"/><ref name="tribune"/><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052655010700.htm|title=100/100 for Super 30 in IIT-JEE|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2009|access-date=11 July 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610060452/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052655010700.htm|archive-date=10 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and half a page was devoted to Kumar in ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="tribune"/> Actress and former [[Miss Japan]] [[Norika Fujiwara]] visited [[Patna]] to make a documentary on Kumar's initiatives.<ref name="deccanherald"/> Kumar has been featured in programmes by the BBC.<ref name="tribune"/> He has spoken about his experiences at various global-level institutes including [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], a number of [[IITs]], [[University of British Columbia]], [[Tokyo University]] and [[Stanford University]].<ref name="tribune"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243580_1_iit-students-anand-kumar-super30|title=Use skills to ensure country's growth: Super30 founder to IIT students|date=26 August 2014|work=Economics Times|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101032835/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243580_1_iit-students-anand-kumar-super30|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141008/jsp/bihar/story_18902551.jsp#.VD3V8-nCWcw|title=Anand focus on teachers for excellence|date=8 October 2014|work=The Telegraph|access-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019123616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141008/jsp/bihar/story_18902551.jsp#.VD3V8-nCWcw|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also inducted in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' (2009) for his contribution in helping poor students pass the [[IIT JEE|IIT-JEE]] by providing them free coaching.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-15/patna/28082404_1_super-30-mathematician-anand-kumar-iit-jee|title=Kumar of Super-30 finds place in Limca Book|date=15 September 2009|access-date=18 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705112757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-15/patna/28082404_1_super-30-mathematician-anand-kumar-iit-jee|archive-date=5 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included [[Super 30]] in the list of Best of Asia 2010.

Super 30 received praise from United States President [[Barack Obama]]'s special envoy, [[Rashad Hussain]], who termed it the "best" institute in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article559325.ece?homepage=true | work=The Hindu| title=Obama's special envoy hails Super 30 | date=8 August 2010 | access-date=25 September 2010 | location=Chennai, India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021071658/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article559325.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=21 October 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Newsweek Magazine]]'' has taken note of the initiative of mathematician Anand Kumar's Super 30 and included his school in the list of four most innovative schools in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-19/patna/28249959_1_super-30-iit-jee-ramanujam-school| title=Super-30-incredible-says-Newsweek| access-date=25 September 2010| date=19 September 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705112754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-19/patna/28249959_1_super-30-iit-jee-ramanujam-school| archive-date=5 July 2013| work=[[The Times of India]]| url-status=dead}}</ref> Kumar was given the top award of [[Government of Bihar|Bihar government]], "Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Shiksha Puraskar", in November 2010.<ref name="biharaward">{{cite news | url=http://biharfoundation.in/bihar-honours-super-30-founder-with-top-award/2010/ | work=The Times of India | title=Bihar honours Super 30 founder with top award | access-date=20 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231054/http://www.biharfoundation.in/bihar-honours-super-30-founder-with-top-award/2010/ | archive-date=18 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was awarded the ''Prof. Yashwantrao Kelkar Yuva Puraskar'' award in 2010 by [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) in [[Bangalore]].

In April 2011, Kumar was selected by Europe's magazine ''Focus'' as "one of the global personalities who have the ability to shape exceptionally talented people."<ref>{{cite news|title=Super 30 founder is Europe journal's global personality|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article1713341.ece|access-date=22 April 2011|newspaper=Hindu Business Line|date=20 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007152757/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article1713341.ece|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar also helped [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in preparing for his role in the film ''[[Aarakshan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big B gets teaching tips from Super 30's Anand|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-31/india/29835189_1_saif-ali-khan-super-30-s-anand-aarakshan|access-date=31 July 2011|date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104212234/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-31/india/29835189_1_saif-ali-khan-super-30-s-anand-aarakshan|archive-date=4 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many people from Bollywood including renowned directors and producers are interested in making a movie on the life of Anand Kumar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood movie on Bihar's Super-30 on cards|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/patna/30432905_1_super-30-anand-kumar-iit-jee|access-date=23 November 2011|date=23 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501132305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/patna/30432905_1_super-30-anand-kumar-iit-jee|archive-date=1 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}.</ref> He was named by UK based magazine ''Monocle'' among the list of 20 pioneering teachers of the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Math wizard Anand Kumar in list of world's 20 top teachers|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/math-wizard-anand-kumar-in-list-of-worlds-20-top-teachers/884028/|newspaper=Indian Express|date=4 December 2011|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101011609/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/math-wizard-anand-kumar-in-list-of-worlds-20-top-teachers/884028|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also honoured by government of British Columbia, Canada.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar's Super 30 coaching idea wins high praise in Canada|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/india/31082619_1_iit-jee-technology-joint-entrance-examination-bihar-s-super|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708100803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/india/31082619_1_iit-jee-technology-joint-entrance-examination-bihar-s-super|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2012}}</ref> Kumar was given the Baroda Sun Life Achievement Award by Bank of Baroda in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Founder of 'Super-30' programme Anand Kumar honoured |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news/32776828_1_anand-kumar-super-30-programme |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517205154/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-21/news/32776828_1_anand-kumar-super-30-programme |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar was conferred with the Ramanujan Mathematics Award at the Eighth National Mathematics Convention at function in Rajkot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anand Kumar, Founder of Super30 Classes, Gets Ramanujan Mathematics Award|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/anand-kumar-founder-of-super30-classes-gets-ramanujan-mathematics-award-125478.html|newspaper=Indiatimes|date=29 January 2014|access-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130034041/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/anand-kumar-founder-of-super30-classes-gets-ramanujan-mathematics-award-125478.html|archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) by Karpagam University, Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honorary doctorate conferred on 'Super 30' founder |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Honorary-doctorate-conferred-on-Super-30-founder/articleshow/45505934.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215153234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Honorary-doctorate-conferred-on-Super-30-founder/articleshow/45505934.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also awarded Maharishi Ved Vyas national award by Madhya Pradesh Government for extraordinary contribution in education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super 30 Founder Anand Kumar Gets Maharshi Ved Vyas Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-gets-maharshi-ved-vyas-award-1207906 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Anand Kumar was honored by ministry of education of Saxony of Germany.<ref>{{cite news|title=Super 30 founding mathematician honoured in Germany|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-01/news/68688152_1_anand-kumar-indian-students-higher-studies|newspaper=Economics Times|date=1 December 2015|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145419/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-01/news/68688152_1_anand-kumar-indian-students-higher-studies|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar presented his biography to then-President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], which was written by Canada-based psychiatrist Biju Mathew.<ref>{{cite news |title= Mukherjee lauds Anand Kumar's work |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mukherjee-lauds-anand-kumar-s-work-116061001187_1.html |newspaper= Business Standard |date= 10 June 2016 |access-date= 27 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160813182425/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mukherjee-lauds-anand-kumar-s-work-116061001187_1.html |archive-date= 13 August 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> Kumar was awarded "Rashtriya Bal Kalyan Award" by president of India [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Rashtriya Bal Kalyan Award presented to Super-30 founder |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rashtriya-bal-kalyan-award-presented-to-super-30-founder/article20447452.ece |newspaper= Hindu |date= 15 November 2017}}</ref> A Canadian MP [[Marc Dalton]] has praised Anand Kumar's "inspiring work" with underprivileged children as a successful model for education in Canadian parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title= Super 30 founder Anand Kumar's 'inspiring work' lauded in Canadian Parliament |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-s-inspiring-work-lauded-in-canadian-parliament-101614093904698.html |newspaper= The Hindustan Times |date= 23 February 2021 }}</ref> Anand Kumar was conferred an honorary PhD by the National Institute of Technology, Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title= Super 30 founder Anand Kumar awarded honorary doctorate by NIT Delhi |url= https://theprint.in/india/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-nit-delhi/ |newspaper= The print |date= 7 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2010, the [[Government of Bihar]] honored Anand Kumar with the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Shiksha Puraskar, the state’s highest award in the field of education.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anand Kumar awarded Bihar's top education honour|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/super-30-anand-kumar-awarded-maulana-azad-shiksha-award-2025-8991224/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

In 2018, Anand Kumar was awarded Mahaveer Awards in Chennai for excellence in human endeavour in the field of Education, presented by Bhagwan Mahaveer Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|title= Super 30 Founder Anand Kumar To Receive Mahaveer Award|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-super-30-founder-anand-kumar-to-receive-mahaveer-award/372311#:~:text=Super%2030%20founder%20Anand%20Kumar%20has%20been%20selected%20for%20the,in%20Chennai%20on%20January%2029|newspaper= Outlook|date= 27 January 2021}}</ref>

On 8 November 2018, Anand Kumar was honoured with the Global Education Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globaleducationawards.com/|title=Home – Prime Time Research Media Global Education Awards, Market Research Company|website=globaleducationawards.com|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173908/http://globaleducationawards.com/|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 2018 by [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds|Malabar Gold & Diamonds]] in [[Dubai]]. His efforts in the field of education are considered "pioneering".

Anand Kumar has been felicitated in the US with "Education Excellence Award 2019 " by the [[Foundation for Excellence in Education|Foundation For Excellence in Education]] ([[Foundation for Excellence in Education|FFE]]) at a function in [[San Jose, California]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Rashtriya Bal Kalyan Award presented to Super-30 founder |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-felicitated-in-us/articleshow/71194746.cms
|newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 19 September 2019}}</ref>
Anand Kumar recently awarded with Bharat Ganit Ratna Award 2022- a special award declared by DASA India - National VO operated from Agartala Tripura on 10 March 2022, which has been handed over by [[Anjan Banik]], National Chairman of DASA India.<ref>{{cite news|title= Anand Kumar awarded as Ganit Ratna|url= http://www.northeastcolors.net//index.php?mod=1&pgnum=3&edcode=90&pagedate=2022-3-12&type=a |newspaper= Northeast Color|date= 12 March 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Bollywood director Vikas Bahl has directed a film titled ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'', with [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Anand Kumar, based on his life and works. The movie was successful at the [[Box office|box]] office and became a great inspiration for many students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-mathematician-anand-kumar-in-vikas-bahl-super-30-confirmed-4859925/|title=Confirmed! Hrithik Roshan is playing mathematician Anand Kumar in Vikas Bahl's Super 30|date=25 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093143/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-mathematician-anand-kumar-in-vikas-bahl-super-30-confirmed-4859925/|archive-date=24 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="it">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/super-30-trailer-out-hrithik-roshan-stuns-as-math-wizard-anand-kumar-in-new-film-1542286-2019-06-04|title=Super 30 trailer out. Hrithik Roshan stuns as math wizard Anand Kumar in new film|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=4 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092114/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/super-30-trailer-out-hrithik-roshan-stuns-as-math-wizard-anand-kumar-in-new-film-1542286-2019-06-04|archive-date=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Anand Kumar at the premiere of biopic on his life ‘Super 30’ in 2019.jpg|alt=Anand Kumar at the premiere of biopic on his life ‘Super 30’ in 2019|thumb|Anand Kumar at the premiere of biopic on his life ‘Super 30’ in 2019]]

==Smear campaign==
On 23 July 2018, an article in [[Dainik Jagran]] cited former Super 30 students who said that only three students from the program had passed the [[IIT JEE|IIT]] JEE exam that year, contrary to Kumar's claim that 26 had passed.<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/patna-super-30-anand-kumar-1293475-2018-07-23|title=Patna's Super 30 mentor Anand Kumar accused of deceit to gain popularity|date=23 July 2018|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063523/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/patna-super-30-anand-kumar-1293475-2018-07-23|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The report also claimed that students who sought to enroll in Super 30 were pushed to enroll in another coaching center called Ramanujan Classes, a for-profit institution, on the pretext that Kumar would coach them if they performed well. Furthermore, the article alleged that by asking IIT aspirants to enroll in Ramanujan Classes, Kumar made over Rs 1 crore annually.<ref name="India Today" />

Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar [[Tejashwi Yadav]] spoke in favour of Anand Kumar and said that "propaganda is being run in media influenced by feudal mindset to discredit and defame Anand Kumar." Union Cabinet Minister and former actor, [[Shatrughan Sinha]], has also spoken in Kumar's favour on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030818/anand-kumar-fighting-a-smear-campaign.html|title=Anand Kumar fighting a smear campaign|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 August 2018|author=Subhash K Jha|access-date=5 June 2019|quote=But ever since the announcement of the project, it seems people are out to discredit Anand’s works.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605154114/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030818/anand-kumar-fighting-a-smear-campaign.html|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/super-30-mentor-anand-kumar-gets-support-from-tejashwi-yadav-shatrughan-sinha-amid-charges-of-fabrication/1264394/|title=Super 30 mentor Anand Kumar gets support from Tejashwi Yadav, Shatrughan Sinha amid charges of&nbsp;fabrication|date=31 July 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=7 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145758/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/super-30-mentor-anand-kumar-gets-support-from-tejashwi-yadav-shatrughan-sinha-amid-charges-of-fabrication/1264394/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, [[The Hindu]] claimed that Kumar and his school are frequently the target of [[smear campaigns]], and identified the potential sources of the stories in question that appeared in the [[Dainik Jagran]] newspaper in July.<ref name="thehindu2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-super-30-founder-faces-smear-campaign/article24754008.ece|title=Bihar Super-30 founder faces smear campaign|author=Amarnath Tewary|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 August 2018|access-date=5 June 2019|quote=When asked who is behind all this, he quipped, "everyone knows in Patna who is he…why should I take his name?” Is he former DGP Abhyanand who was earlier associated with Super-30 for five years?, Mr. Kumar did not respond.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713085252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-super-30-founder-faces-smear-campaign/article24754008.ece|archive-date=13 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/banker-jailed-for-86-days-for-no-crime/articleshow/66141077.cms|title=Banker jailed for 86 days for 'no crime' in Bihar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2018|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301150040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/banker-jailed-for-86-days-for-no-crime/articleshow/66141077.cms|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dainik Jagran later awarded its ‘Editor’s Choice Award’ to Super 30 founder Anand Kumar in 2021 recognising his work in the field of education.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagran Josh Education Awards 2021 |url= https://www.thedailyjagran.com/education/jagran-josh-education-awards-2021-check-complete-list-of-winners-and-awardees-here-10024887|newspaper= Dainik Jagran |date=25 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anand Kumar Designated as the Ambassador of korean Tourism|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/super-30-founder-anand-kumar-receives-warm-welcome-in-seoul-appointed-as-ambassador-of-korean-tourism-for-2024/articleshow/112804006.cms|newspaper= Times of India|date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Portal|Biography|India|Education}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Anand Kumar (educationist)}}
*{{Official website|http://www.super30.org/|name=Super30 website}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Anand}}
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Gour Mohan Dutta

2026-03-08T23:45:06Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made - done

{{Short description |Indian entrepreneur and founder of Boroline}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gour Mohun Dutta
| image = Gour Mohan Dutta.jpg
| caption = Painting of Dutta from 1929
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1909|04|21 }}
| birth_place = Sukhchar, Bengal Presidency, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |1956|07|06|1909|04|21}}
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| known_for = Founder of [[Boroline]]
}}

'''Gour Mohun Dutta''' (21 April 1909 – 6 July 1956) was an Indian [[entrepreneur]] from Bengal best known as the founder of the antiseptic cream brand ''[[Boroline]]''. He established the product in 1929 and is associated with early indigenous manufacturing efforts linked to the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name="boroline_official">{{cite web |title=About Boroline |url=https://boroline.com/about-boroline/ |website=Boroline Official Website |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="finex2023">{{cite web |title=The Bengali's Boroline: How Gour Mohun Dutta started a product as a sign of revolt that is now an essential to every Indian |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-the-bengalis-boroline-how-gour-mohun-dutta-started-a-product-as-a-sign-of-revolt-that-is-now-an-essential-to-every-indian-know-more-about-him-and-his-legacy-3206729/ |website=The Financial Express |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gour Mohun Dutta was born on 21 April 1909 in Sukhchar, near Calcutta (now Kolkata), in the Bengal Presidency of British India. He was born into a Bengali merchant family.<ref name="boroline_official" />

His childhood coincided with the political unrest following the 1905 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] and the subsequent [[Swadeshi movement]], which promoted the boycott of British goods and encouraged indigenous enterprise — a context that later influenced his entrepreneurial aims.<ref name="betterindia2019">{{cite web |title=A Bengali Bizman Defied The British With This Swadeshi Product |url=https://thebetterindia.com/173787/bengal-boroline-gd-pharmaceutical-swadeshi-movement-india/ |website=The Better India |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Influences ===
During this time, a young revolutionary named Radhakanta established an independent school in Sukchar. His aim was to nurture young minds free from colonial servility. Sambhu Dhan enrolled young Gour in this institution. Intelligent and quick to learn, Gour completed his schooling ahead of his age.<ref name="BorolineHistory">{{cite web
|title=The Story of Boroline
|url=https://boroline.com/boroline
|website=Boroline Official Website
|publisher=G.D. Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
|access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

Company narratives further state that From his beloved “Mastarmoshai”, he learnt how the mighty British Empire had been compelled to bow before the Swadeshi movement. These formative years instilled in him a deep belief in self-reliance — the conviction that true strength lay in making indigenous products of superior quality - “Make in India”.<ref name="BorolineHistory" />

== Career ==

=== Seed of the Boroline Formula ===
After completing his education, Gour left Sukchar and began working on his own business in Burrabazar, British Calcutta’s wholesale mandi. Through his firm, '''G. Dutt & Co.''', located in Bonfield Lane, he dealt in imported goods, particularly medicines from Britain.<ref name="BorolineLegacy">{{cite web |url=https://boroline.com/boroline |title=Boroline – The Legacy |website=Boroline Official Website |publisher=G. D. Pharmaceuticals |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

Among the products available in the market at the time was a British petroleum jelly–based ointment containing 10% boric acid, sold under the trade name '''Borofax'''. White petroleum jelly was also available in the open market. Gour saw potential in it — but he envisioned something better. He wanted to create a superior formulation of this cream and offer it to his countrymen at a fraction of the cost of imported creams.<ref name="BorolineLegacy" />

Realising that white petrolatum could be easily melted, he began experimenting at home, carefully blending additional beneficial ingredients to enhance its healing properties..<ref name="BorolineLegacy" />

=== Guidance from Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy ===
Rajabazar Science College was established in 1914. In 1920, under the leadership of Sir Asutosh Mukherjee and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy, India’s first Department of Applied Chemistry for postgraduate research began there.<ref name="BorolineLegacy" />

In 1928, at the age of nineteen, Gour Mohan gathered the courage to approach Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy at Rajabazar Science College, located just two kilometers from his rented residence at Balak Dutta Lane. Lacking formal training or a degree in applied chemistry, he was very sure he will be asked to leave <ref name="BorolineLegacy" />

According to company accounts published by G. D. Pharmaceuticals, To his utter surprise Acharya Prafulla Chandra gave him a patient hearing. Impressed by Gour Mohan’s self- practiced knowledge based product development, resilience and single-minded pursuit of purpose, the Acharya took the 19-year-old under his aegis. He gave him guidance on how to go about with the development.<ref name="BorolineLegacy" />

=== Development of Boroline ===
According to company accounts and independent reports, After another year of dedicated research and refinement, Gour Mohan perfected his formulation. In 1929, he began making the cream at home, assisted by his young wife Kamala Bala. The product was packaged in a distinctive green container.

He called it Boroline — a homegrown remedy born from patriotism, perseverance and scientific guidance. In 1930, Gour Mohan Dutta got patent for '''Boroline''' and another self-developed product '''Asmolin''', registered.<ref name="boroline_official" /><ref name="finex2023" />

Independent coverage and brand profiles note that Boroline was launched within the ideological framework of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and was positioned as a homegrown alternative to foreign creams, helping it gain consumer trust in Bengal and neighbouring regions.<ref name="indiatoday2025">{{cite web |title=How Boroline has managed to remain a cult favourite from the Swadeshi movement to becoming Gen Z’s favourite |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/beauty/story/how-boroline-has-managed-to-remain-a-cult-favourite-from-the-swadeshi-movement-to-becoming-gen-zs-favourite-2689221-2025-03-06 |website=India Today |date=6 March 2025 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Boroline grew into a longstanding consumer healthcare brand in India. Journalistic profiles credit the product with cultural resonance and brand resilience across decades.<ref name="thejuggernaut2024">{{cite web |title=Boroline, the Bengali Miracle Cream |url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/bengali-antiseptic-cream-boroline-swadeshi-movement |website=The Juggernaut |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* "The Bengali’s Boroline" — The Financial Express. 2 September 2023.
* "A Bengali Bizman Defied The British With This Swadeshi Product" — The Better India. 28 February 2019.
* "How Boroline has managed to remain a cult favourite…" — India Today. 6 March 2025.
* Boroline — About page, G. D. Pharmaceuticals (official site).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://boroline.com/about-boroline/ Official Boroline website]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroline Boroline — Wikipedia (overview)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Gour Mohan}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]

Third Vajpayee ministry

2026-03-06T14:23:05Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Short description|Union Council of Ministers headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee ministry
|cabinet_type = ministry
|cabinet_number = 21st
|jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
|image = File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg
|caption =
|date_formed = 13 October 1999
|date_dissolved = 22 May 2004
|government_head = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head = [[L. K. Advani]]
|state_head = [[K. R. Narayanan]] (until 25 July 2002) [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (from 25 July 2002)
|current_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|election = [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|last_election = [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|legislature_term = {{Age in years and days|1999|10|13|2004|05|22}}
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]] ([[1999 Indian general election#Results by alliance|Congress alliance]])
|opposition_leader = [[Sonia Gandhi]] (in Lok Sabha) (13 October 1999 – 6 February 2004) 
[[Manmohan Singh]] (in Rajya Sabha) (till 21 May 2004)
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Second Vajpayee ministry]]
|successor = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]]
|political_parties={{Unbulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|border=darkgray}}'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]''' {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{Color box|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|border=darkgray}}[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}}[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{Color box|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}|border=darkgray}}[[Lok Janshakti Party]] {{Color box|{{party color|Samata Party}}|border=darkgray}}[[Samata Party]] {{Color box|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|border=darkgray}}[[Biju Janata Dal]] {{Color box|{{party color|DMK}}|border=darkgray}}[[Dravida Munnetra Kazagham]] {{Color box|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|border=darkgray}}[[Janata Dal (United)]] {{Color box|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|border=darkgray}}[[All India Trinamool Congress]]}}}}
{{Atal Bihari Vajpayee series}}
[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of India]] for third time on 13 October 1999. Here is the list of ministers in the '''Third Vajpayee Ministry'''. During its tenure, this ministry became the largest [[Union Council of Ministers]] in [[Politics of India|India's history]], comprising around 88 ministers to managing the broad-based [[National Democratic Alliance]] including over two dozen coalition partners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaSpend |date=2014-11-10 |title=Modi Team Still leaner than UPA, Previous NDA |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/modi-team-still-leaner-than-upa-previous-nda |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}</ref>

The cabinet's size was later prompted the 91st Constitutional Amendment in 2003, which capped the number of ministers at 15% of the Lok Sabha strength.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-30 |title=Explained: The making of a Union Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-swearing-in-ceremony-union-cabinet-ministers-5755406/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reshuffles ==
In a reshuffle on 29 September 2000, [[Venkaiah Naidu]] and [[Sushma Swaraj]] were inducted in the ministry as cabinet ministers and [[Shripad Yasso Naik]] ([[Goa]]), [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]] ([[West Bengal]]), [[Kanyakumari]] MP [[P.Radhakrishnan]] and film star-turned-MP [[U V Krishnam Raju]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) as minister of state. Later that year [[Uma Bharti]] was elevated to cabinet rank.[https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/30cab.htm][[File:{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130126070811/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/05/25/stories/2003052503890100.htm]}}]]

In a reshuffle in 2001 Vajpayee inducted [[Karia Munda]], [[Ved Prakash Goyal]], [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]] and [[Tapan Sikdar]] as Cabinet ministers and [[Anna Sahib Patil]], [[Ashok Pradhan]], [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] and [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]] as ministers of state.[http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/btoday/20010930/people.html]

In a reshuffle in 2002 he dropped four ministers and inducted four new cabinet ministers and nine new ministers of state. New cabinet ministers were: [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Sahib Singh Verma]], [[Jana Krishnamurthy]], [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]. The new ministers of state were: [[Basangouda Patil]], [[Sanjay Paswan]], [[Shripad Yasso Naik]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary|Nikhil Chaudhary]], [[S.Thirunavukarasar]], [[Anant Geete]] and [[A. K. Moorthy]] .[http://www.kodava.org/kf/Jul2002/kf070202.htm]

In a reshuffle in 2003 Vajpayee inducted three new cabinet rank ministers and five ministers of state . The new cabinet ministers were :[[Rajnath Singh]], [[B.C. Khanduri]] and [[Subodh Mohite]]. The new ministers of state were : [[Chinmayanand Swami]] (BJP), [[Kailash Meghwal]] (BJP), [[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]] (Rashtriya Janata Dal-Democratic), [[Prahlad Singh Patel]] (BJP) and [[P.C. Thomas]] (Indian Federal Democratic Party).{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130126070811/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/05/25/stories/2003052503890100.htm]}}

==Council of Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and also in-charge of: [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Ministry of Planning]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] And all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| minister1 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Finance and Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 16 March 2001
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 16 March 2001
| minister2_termend = 18 March 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 15 October 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge.}}
| minister4 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister4_termstart = 15 October 2001
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Vikram Verma]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 3 March 2001
| minister2_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 3 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 6 March 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister4_termstart = 6 March 2001
| minister4_termend = 27 May 2001
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister5_termstart = 27 May 2001
| minister5_termend = 22 July 2001
| minister5_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| minister6_termstart = 22 July 2001
| minister6_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister6_party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister7_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister7_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| minister3_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 17 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 July 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 15 January 2004
| minister2_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 15 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 17 January 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 17 January 2004
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 16 March 2001
| minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 16 March 2001
| minister2_termend = 20 March 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister3_termstart = 20 March 2001
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Minister of Surface Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 25 October 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister3_termstart = 25 October 2000
| minister3_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and Ministry of Shipping.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ved Prakash Goyal]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 6 April 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister4_termstart = 6 April 2003
| minister4_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Kashiram Rana]]
| minister5_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 26 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation to form the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation|Minister of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation]]
| minister1 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 26 November 1999
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 November 1999
| minister3_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister3_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister3_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Development to form the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India)|Minister of Works and Estates]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister1_termend = 26 November 1999
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Urban Development.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 12 July 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| minister3_termstart = 12 July 2003
| minister3_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| minister4_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 9 November 2002
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 9 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries (India)|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Manohar Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 9 May 2002
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister2_termstart = 9 May 2002
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = Shiv Sena
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister3_party = Shiv Sena
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Mohite Subodh Baburao|Subodh Mohite]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = Shiv Sena
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Small Scale Industries|Minister of Small Scale Industries, Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Small Scale Industries|Minister of Small Scale Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Agro and Rural Industries|Minister of Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sangh Priya Gautam]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Kashiram Rana]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines and Minerals]]
| minister1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 4 March 2000
| minister1_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 4 March 2000
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam|P. R. Kumaramangalam]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 March 2000
| minister3_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Coal.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 April 2002
| minister3_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 April 2002
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister6_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister6_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister7_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister7_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister8 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister8_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister8_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister8_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister8_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 February 2001
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 February 2001
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 April 2002
| minister3_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 April 2002
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister6_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister6_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister6_ref =  
| minister7 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister7_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister7_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister7_ref =  
| minister8 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister8_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister8_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister8_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister8_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| minister1 = [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam|P. R. Kumaramangalam]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 23 August 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 August 2000
| minister2_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| minister3_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister3_termend = 24 August 2002
| minister3_party = Shiv Sena
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 August 2002
| minister4_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[Anant Geete]]
| minister5_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = Shiv Sena
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]
| minister1 = [[M. Kannappan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 December 2003
| minister1_party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 December 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| minister3_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 23 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Law and Justice and Department of Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Jana Krishnamurthi|K. Jana Krishamurthy]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 December 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Information Technology to form Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 December 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Communications to form Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 2 February 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and Ministry of Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister1_party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister2_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Vikram Verma]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Department of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Uma Bharti]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 2 February 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Department of Culture to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Culture to form Ministry of Tourism and Culture.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism and]] [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Jagmohan]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 November 2001
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 21 December 2003
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 December 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister3_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jual Oram]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Disinvestment in India#1999 to 2004|Minister of Disinvestment]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 December 1999
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister3_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[C. P. Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2002
| minister1_termend = 23 November 2003
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister2_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister2_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel (Independent Charge) of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Dilip Ray]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister2 = [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[I. D. Swami]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Harin Pathak]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Chinmayanand (politician)|Chinmayanand Swami]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister2 = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| minister3_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister3_ref = {{small|Renamed as Finance and Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister1_party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2 = [[Anant Geete]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 26 August 2002
| minister2_party = Shiv Sena
| minister3 = [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
| minister3_termstart = 26 August 2002
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = Shiv Sena
| minister4 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister4_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 16 March 2001
| minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress
| minister2 = [[U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 22 July 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| minister3_termstart = 22 July 2001
| minister3_termend = 23 December 2002
| minister3_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
| minister4 = [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister5 = [[Vinod Khanna]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Harin Pathak]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 14 November 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Harin Pathak]] {{small|(Defence Production and Supplies)}}
| minister3_termstart = 15 November 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| minister4_termstart = 22 July 2001
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| minister6_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister6_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister6_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]] {{small|(Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances)}}
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Harin Pathak]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Planning (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning]]
| minister1 = [[Bangaru Laxman]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 24 July 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister3_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister4_termend = 2 November 2001
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister5_termstart = 2 November 2001
| minister5_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister6_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister6_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister6_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office]]
| minister1 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]]
| minister1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| minister1 = [[Bangaru Laxman]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Arun Shourie]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister3_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister3_termend = 8 February 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Rita Verma]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister4_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Jaskaur Meena]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[Ashok Pradhan]]
| minister6_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister6_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister7 = [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| minister7_termstart = 30 January 2003
| minister7_termend = 9 January 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
| minister8 = [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| minister8_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister8_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister8_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[S. B. P. B. K. Satyanarayana Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]] {{small|(Food Processing Industries)}}
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| minister3_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister3_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister4_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister4_party = Manipur State Congress Party
| minister5 = [[Debendra Pradhan]]
| minister5_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister5_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister6_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister6_termend = 2 November 2001
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister7 = [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| minister7_termstart = 2 November 2001
| minister7_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour]]
| minister1 = [[Muni Lall]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Ashok Pradhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister4_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Bijoya Chakravarty]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Srinivasa Prasad|V. Srinivasa Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 17 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sriram Chauhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 17 July 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Srinivasa Prasad|V. Srinivasa Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 July 2000
| minister1_termend = 6 March 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sriram Chauhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 17 July 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Ashok Pradhan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister4_termend = 29 September 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Subhash Maharia]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Rita Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 21 December 2003
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister3 = [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 December 2003
| minister3_termend = 30 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| minister4_termstart = 9 January 2004
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 July 2001
| minister1_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister2 = [[Bangaru Laxman]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 31 August 2000
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| minister3_termstart = 31 August 2000
| minister3_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 August 2001
| minister4_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister4_party = [[Samata Party|SAP]]
| minister5 = [[A. K. Moorthy]]
| minister5_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister5_termend = 15 January 2004
| minister5_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister6 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| minister6_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister6_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister7 = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]
| minister7_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister7_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister7_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Surface Transport]]
| minister1 = [[Debendra Pradhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister2_termend = 2 November 2001
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister2_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministries of Road Transport and Highways and Shipping.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister1_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Shipping (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 November 2000
| minister1_termend = 2 November 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 November 2001
| minister2_termend = 14 May 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Dilipkumar Gandhi]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 15 March 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2001
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2 = [[Subhash Maharia]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Rita Verma]]
| minister3_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister3_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 14 June 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged into Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation]]
| minister1 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 June 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 July 2001
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
| minister2 = [[Raman Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 22 July 2001
| minister3_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| minister4_termstart = 1 September 2002
| minister4_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister6_termstart = 5 June 2003
| minister6_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister6_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister2_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Small Scale Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Small Scale Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises#Ministers of Agro and Rural Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2 = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| minister4_termstart = 8 September 2003
| minister4_termend = 30 December 2003
| minister4_party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[E. Ponnuswamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 7 February 2001
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister2 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister2_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Chhatrapal Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 16 March 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines and Minerals]]
| minister1 = [[Rita Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Coal.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 1 September 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 September 2001
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]]
| minister1 = [[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Dilip Ray]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 October 1999
| minister1_party = Biju Janata Dal
| minister2 = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| minister2_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister2_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Sriram Chauhan]]
| minister3_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister3_termend = 22 November 1999
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| minister4_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister5_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister5_party = BJP
| minister6 = [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
| minister6_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister6_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister6_party = BJP
| minister7 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister7_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister7_termend = 8 September 2003
| minister7_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Law and Justice and Ministry of Company Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[P. C. Thomas]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = Kerala Congress (M)
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 December 2001
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged to form Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2001
| minister1_termend = 1 July 2002
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| minister3_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 January 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
| minister5 = [[Ashok Pradhan]]
| minister5_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister5_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 2 February 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism and Culture, and Department of Youth Affairs and Sports.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 February 2000
| minister1_termend = 27 May 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_ref = {{small|Became a ministry.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 2000
| minister1_termend = 30 September 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 September 2000
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Vinod Khanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[Babulal Marandi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 October 1999
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2000
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Dilip Singh Judeo]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 17 November 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 July 2002
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2003
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister2_termend = 24 May 2003
| minister2_party = BJP
| minister3 = [[Kailash Meghwal]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister3_party = BJP
| minister4 = [[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 May 2003
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister4_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 November 1999
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table ministry}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Tapan Sikdar]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2003
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2004
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Demographics of the Council of Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Cabinet Ministers
!Ministers of State(Independent Charge)
!Ministers of State
!Total
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|30
|4
|21
|55
|-
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|4
|0
|0
|4
|-
|[[Samta Party]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|3
|0
|1
|4
|-
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|1
|2
|0
|3
|-
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13vaj.htm]
*[http://pib.nic.in/profile/cabinet.html]
*[http://pib.myiris.com/council.php3]
{{Indian federal ministries}}

[[Category:Indian union ministries|Vajpayee III]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1999]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 2004]]
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Samata Party]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United)]]
[[Category:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1999|Vajpayee III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2004|Vajpayee III]]

Yatchan

2026-03-03T03:35:30Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created initial entry basic info - done

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Vishnuvardhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yatchan
| image = Yatchan.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
*Vishnuvardhan
}}
| writer = [[Subha (writers)|Subha]] (story & dialogue)
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*Vishnuvardhan
*Subha
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Yatchan''|[[Subha (writers)|Subha]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*[[Kreshna]]
*[[Deepa Sannidhi]]
*[[Swati Reddy]]
*[[Adil Hussain]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|09|11}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Yatchan''''' ({{Translation|Wizard}})<ref>{{Cite news |title=UTV joins with Vishnuvardhan for 'Yatchan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/UTV-joins-with-Vishnuvardhan-for-Yatchan/articleshow/33902233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005075118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/UTV-joins-with-Vishnuvardhan-for-Yatchan/articleshow/33902233.cms |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=2018-12-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] co written, co-produced and directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]. The film was produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur under UTV Motion Pictures. The film features [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Kreshna]], [[Swati Reddy]], and [[Deepa Sannidhi]] in the lead roles, while [[Adil Hussain]], [[RJ Balaji]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], and [[Ponvannan]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] with cinematography by [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]] and editing by [[Sreekar Prasad]]. The film released on 11 September 2015 to negative reviews and bombed at the box office.

== Plot ==
"Thoothukudi" Chinna is a hooligan who is an ardent fan of [[Ajith Kumar]] and dreams to act with him one day. One day, he gets a call from Thangamani aka Sotta Mani to finish off Shwetha, who can see the future after an incident when she was young.

On the other hand, "Pazhani" Karthik wants to become an actor and loves Deepa, who supports his idea. However, his father does not want him to become one.

Eventually, Chinna and Karthik swap places just by getting into the wrong car. Chinna gets to act in a movie directed by [[S. J. Surya]], in which he had chosen to introduce Karthik as a debutant. Now left with no choice, he chooses to introduce Chinna. The same happens to Karthik, who now has to do Chinna's job.

Meanwhile, Shwetha comes across a politician named Vetri. She heard that rumours were going on that Vetri killed his brother Selvam (also [[Adil Hussain]]). She did not suspect that was what happened until she touched his hand and realized that he actually did. One day, a few men come to attack Shwetha, but she is saved by Karthik. At that moment, a police officer named Devaraj investigates. After realizing Shwetha's ability, Vetri kidnaps her, Karthik, and Chinna. Soon, Durai asks Vetri what is the difference between him and Selvam as he explains that Vetri is doing this just for an MLA post. Vetri says that there is no difference and reveals that he is Selvam and that it was Vetri that died. Selvam explains that he was unhappy with his popularity, and jealous of his brother's. Devaraj also sided with him and covered the murder until Shwetha found out.

Somehow, Chinna and Karthik fight with Selvam. They manage to defeat and then bury him. The movie ends with the two of them going back to their own ways and with Karthik having a conversation with director [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] about another film.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as "Thoothkudi" Chinna
*[[Kreshna]] as "Pazhani" Karthik
*[[Deepa Sannidhi]] as Shwetha
*[[Swati Reddy]] as Deepa
*[[Adil Hussain]] as Selvam/Vetri (dual role)
*[[RJ Balaji]] as Chandru
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Thangamani aka Sotta Mani
*[[Ponvannan]] as Durai
*[[Azhagam Perumal]] as Panjamritham, Karthik's father
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Velraj
*[[Five Star Krishna]] as Logu
*[[Stunt Silva]] as Kailasam
*[[Sendrayan]] as Mark
*[[R. Amarendran]] as Jack (travel fixer)
*Baby Neha as Anitha, Karthik's sister
*[[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Maindhan
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Robo Shankar]]
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Durai's henchman
*Mathew Varghese as Doctor
*[[Amritha Aiyer]] as Kumaran Tours & Travels worker
*Kumar Natarajan as S. J. Surya's assistant
*[[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] ([[item number|guest appearance]] in song "Kaakaponnu")
*[[S. J. Surya]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Venkat Prabhu]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Om Prakash]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Premgi Amaren]] as himself (guest appearance)
*Japan Kumar as himself (guest appearance)
}}

==Production==
In December 2013, Vishnuvardhan announced that he was scripting an action romantic-comedy film featuring his brother [[Kreshna]] along with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in the lead roles.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Vishnuvardhan starts his next project – 'Yatchan' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-starts-his-next-project-yatchan-news-tamil-oepk3jgegbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416075855/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-starts-his-next-project-yatchan-news-tamil-oepk3jgegbb.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="kollyinsider">{{Cite web |title=Vshnuvardhan's next with Arya and Krishna | Tamil Cinema News › KollyInsider |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/12/vshnuvardhans-next-with-arya-and-krishna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012030/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/12/vshnuvardhans-next-with-arya-and-krishna.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014 |publisher=kollyinsider.com}}</ref> The story of the film, written by writer duo [[Subha (writers)|Subha]], is based on a novel of the same name that the pair had written. The film was subsequently launched on 14 April 2014, with the cast and crew of the film announced at the launch event.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |title=Arya – Vishnuvardhan's next, Yatchan launched |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/arya-vishnu-vardhans-next-yatchan-launched.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012344/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/arya-vishnu-vardhans-next-yatchan-launched.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan besides directing, also decided to produce the film in association with [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |title=UTV joins with Vishnuvardhan for 'Yatchan' – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/UTV-joins-with-Vishnuvardhan-for-Yatchan/articleshow/33902233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225065624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/UTV-joins-with-Vishnuvardhan-for-Yatchan/articleshow/33902233.cms |archive-date=25 February 2015 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In May 2014, Kannada actress [[Deepa Sannidhi]] was signed up as the pair of Arya,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Kannada-girl-Deepa-Sannidhi-for-Arya/articleshow/35261587.cms Kannada girl Deepa Sannidhi for Arya – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518212748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Kannada-girl-Deepa-Sannidhi-for-Arya/articleshow/35261587.cms |date=18 May 2014 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (18 May 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> while [[Swathi Reddy]] was chosen as the second female lead,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Swati-to-romance-Kreshna-in-Yatchan/articleshow/37962424.cms Swati to romance Kreshna in 'Yatchan' – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043028/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Swati-to-romance-Kreshna-in-Yatchan/articleshow/37962424.cms |date=27 October 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (8 July 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> with the actress stating that she had "a strong, supportive character".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/swathi-reddy-tells-why-she-has-not-done-more-tamil-films/article6324043.ece Not just a village belle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202161053/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/swathi-reddy-tells-why-she-has-not-done-more-tamil-films/article6324043.ece |date=2 December 2014 }}. The Hindu (16 August 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> [[RJ Balaji]] stated in June that he had shot for the film for two days in Chennai,<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/RJ-actor-Balaji-to-Wait-and-Watch/2014/06/24/article2296078.ece RJ-actor Balaji to Wait and Watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007051635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/RJ-actor-Balaji-to-Wait-and-Watch/2014/06/24/article2296078.ece |date=7 October 2014 }}. The New Indian Express (24 June 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> while director [[S. J. Surya|S J Surya]] too agreed to perform a guest role, shooting for three days in October.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suryah-makes-a-special-appearance-in-Yatchan/articleshow/44924756.cms Suryah makes a special appearance in Yatchan – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028061835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suryah-makes-a-special-appearance-in-Yatchan/articleshow/44924756.cms |date=28 October 2014 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (25 October 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> [[Adil Hussain]] was signed for an important role, making his Tamil film debut, who said his role was "versatile, layered and has a lot of grey shades" while adding that the story was "amazingly complex yet gripping".<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140828/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-would-love-play-krishna%E2%80%99 'I would love to play krishna'] . Deccanchronicle.com (28 August 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref> [[Y. Gee. Mahendra|Y Gee Mahendra]] was given the role of a politician, with the actor stating that his character played an "important role in the unfurling of events in the film".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishnuvardhan-impresses-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45688387.cms Vishnuvardhan impresses Y Gee Mahendra – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708025334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishnuvardhan-impresses-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45688387.cms |date=8 July 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (31 December 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yatchan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 August 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Massu Engira Masilamani]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Madura Veeran]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] has composed five songs with lyrics written by [[Pa. Vijay|Pa Vijay]]. The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Behindwoods rated the album 3 out of 5 stars stating "The Hit combo returns for another winner "

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:04
| title1 = Parapara
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Konjalaai
| lyrics2 = Pa. Vijay
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Tanvi Shah]]
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Kaaka Ponnu
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan|Anthony Dasan]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length3 = 3:05
| title4 = Innum Enna
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length4 = 3:30
| title5 = Champion
| lyrics5 = Pa Vijay
| extra5 = [[Rabbit Mac]], Sheezay from Psycho Unit
| length5 = 2:53
}}

==Critical reception==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Yatchan, a promising scenario in the first half, is a let down in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatchan: Hotchpotch of mistaken identities – New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Yatchan-Review-Hotchpotch-of-Mistaken-Identities/2015/09/14/article3025054.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100617/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Yatchan-Review-Hotchpotch-of-Mistaken-Identities/2015/09/14/article3025054.ece |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Yatchan's failing is that despite moments that click, it fails to come together as a whole. The wildness of the tone makes it hard for us to take things seriously or care for the characters".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yatchan Movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Yatchan/movie-review/48932477.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916050117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Yatchan/movie-review/48932477.cms |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015 |work=Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' rated 2 out of 5 and mentioned "The unexciting screenplay, coupled with the lacklustre performances, make Yatchan an ordinary fare".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Yatchan is monotonous |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-yatchan-is-monotonous/20150911.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120004540/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-yatchan-is-monotonous/20150911.htm |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "Yatchan is not a film that might put a smile on your face when you leave the cinema hall but at the same time it is not a film that would make you regret either. Certainly it has some highpoints. It would have been great if it was consistently entertaining and edgy".<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/yatchan/yatchan-review.html Yatchan (aka) Yatchan review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914005533/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/yatchan/yatchan-review.html |date=14 September 2015 }}. Behindwoods.com (11 September 2015). Retrieved on 2015-09-20.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4328890}}

{{Vishnuvardhan (director)}}
{{UTV Movies}}

[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishnuvardhan (director)]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]

The Film (film)

2026-03-03T02:28:49Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created initial post w/ sources - done

{{Short description|2005 Indian film}}
{{about||the video album by Yoasobi|The Film (video)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Film
| image = TheFilm2005.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/bobby-deol-deols-are-not-ashamed-to-cry-1461.html | title=Jaane Tu Yaa Jaane Naa poster a rip-off! | website=[[Filmfare]] | date=15 October 2012 | accessdate=3 February 2016 | author=Bradley Fernandes}}</ref>
| director = [[Junaid Memon]] 
| producer = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] Junaid Memon
| story = [[Junaid Memon]] 
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mahima Chaudhry]] [[Khalid Siddiqui]]
| music = Samidha-Khalid Siddharth-Suhas
| cinematography = [[Amitabha Singh]] Ayhan Ghanim
| editing = Ajay Kedare
| studio = [[AB Corp]]
| distributor = Nomad Films
| released = {{Film date|2005|11|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Film''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Junaid Memon]], produced by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] & [[Junaid Memon]]. It stars [[Mahima Chaudhry]], [[Khalid Siddiqui]], [[Ananya Khare]], [[Chahat Khanna]], [[Ravi Gossain]], Vaibhav Jhalani and Vivek Madan with [[Sulabha Deshpande]], [[Mukesh Khanna]], Nasser Abdullah and [[Rakesh Bedi]] in important supporting roles with a voice-over by [[Irrfan Khan]]. The film focuses on seven strugglers who, after failing constantly in their attempts to enter the [[Bollywood]] industry, choose the path of crime to achieve this end.

==Plot Summary==
Seven aspiring artists: Sushmita, Nandini, Ankita, Aditya, Vijay, Raman, and Irfan, struggle to break into the [[Bollywood]] industry while living together in a boarding house owned by Mrs. Braganza. Desperate for funds to finance their cinematic dreams, they decide to pose as henchmen for a notorious [[Dubai]]-based Don, Shamim Bhai, to extort ₹100 million from a wealthy financier Sharad Shah.

Their plan quickly unravels when the police track a stolen phone used in the crime. As the group flees with the cash, a series of tragedies strikes, Irfan is murdered by the real gang in a case of mistaken identity. Nandini is killed by an unknown assailant just as she prepares to confess to the police. Mrs. Braganza commits [[suicide]] following a humiliating police interrogation regarding her tenants' crimes. Raman dies from an accidental injury during a heated, drunken confrontation with the survivors, Ankita and Vijay are killed during a final [[gang war|skirmish]] with the police and the real gang.

In the chilling climax, the sole survivor, Aditya, realizes that Sushmita, the aspiring writer, was the mastermind behind the chaos. She intentionally manipulated the events and orchestrated the deaths of her friends to create a "true story" for her screenplay. To complete her masterpiece, she kills Aditya and drags his body away, finally securing the ultimate script for her movie, "The Film."

==Cast==
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Sushmita Banerjee
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Vijay Khatri
* [[Ananya Khare]] as Nandini Shetty
* [[Chahat Khanna]] as Ankita Kulkarni
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Raman Raawal
* Vaibhav Jhalani as Aditya Sharma
* Vivek Madan as Irfan Lucknowi
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] as Police Commissioner of Mumbai
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Mrs. Braganza
* [[Nassar Abdullah]] as Inspector Javed Khan
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Pappi Da (a pun on [[Bappi Lahiri]])
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Filmmaker Kaushik
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as voice-over of Shamim Bhai
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Guruji (Raman's music teacher)
* Kenneth Desai as Filmmaker Dutta

==Critical reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] rated the film 1.5 out 5, writing, "THE FILM is a decent attempt by a first-time director, who has focused more on the story than the stars."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508358 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512044742/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508358 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 May 2012 | title=The Film (2005) review by Taran Adarsh | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=25 November 2005 | accessdate=3 February 2016 | author=Taran Adarsh| author-link=Taran Adarsh }}</ref> Indrani Roy Mitra from [[Rediff.com]] praised the film, describing it as "a laudable effort" from Memon.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/film/20051125.htm | title=The Film: Laudable effort | website=[[Rediff.com]] | date=25 November 2005 | accessdate=3 February 2016 | author=Indrani Roy Mitra}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0466546}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120222224037/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508358 The Film]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* ''[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_film_2006/ The Film]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Film}}
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]

Monsoon Shootout

2026-03-02T09:28:19Z

Mir Hashim Ali: general cleanup intro for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{short description|2013 film written and directed by Amit Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Monsoon Shootout
| image = Monsoon shootout film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| director = Amit Kumar
| producer = [[Guneet Monga]] Trevor Ingman Martijn de Grunt [[Shahnaab Alam]] [[Meraj Shaikh]]
| writer = Amit Kumar
| starring = [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] [[Vijay Varma]] [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] [[Neeraj Kabi]] [[Geetanjali Thapa]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] Viveick-Mayur Chinmay Harshe Vikram-Chetan '''Background score:''' [[Gingger Shankar]] [[Atif Afzal]]
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = Atanu Mukherjee Ewa Lind
| studio = Moving Pictures Yaffle Films [[Sikhya Entertainment]] [[AKFPL]] Fission Features Pardesi Films [[DAR Motion Pictures]] [[Arte]]
| distributor = Fortissimo Films
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|18|Cannes Film Festival|2017|12|15|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Monsoon Shootout''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Amit Kumar and produced by [[Guneet Monga]], Trevor Ingma, Martijn de Grunt, and co-produced by [[Anurag Kashyap]], and Vivek Rangachari, starring [[Vijay Varma]], [[Geetanjali Thapa]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] in the lead roles. The film received positive reviews at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]] in the Official ''Midnight Screenings'' section.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-cannes-nawazuddin-siddiqui-follows-sonam-kapoorvidya-balan-aishwarya-4267618-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225252/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-cannes-nawazuddin-siddiqui-follows-sonam-kapoorvidya-balan-aishwarya-4267618-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Bollywood film Monsoon Shootout premiered at Cannes |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmyguff.com/bollywood/movies/2014/monsoon-shootout |title=Monsoon Shootout Release |publisher=Film Guffy |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907064929/http://www.filmyguff.com/bollywood/movies/2014/monsoon-shootout |archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Belonging to the school of [[Parallel cinema]], Monsoon Shootout was released worldwide four years later on 15 December 2017 to positive reviews.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/monsoon-shootout/movie-review/62053427.cms |title=Monsoon Shootout Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/monsoon-shootout-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-star-rating-4983758/ |title=Monsoon Shootout movie review: This Nawazuddin Siddiqui starrer is inconsistent |date=15 December 2017 }}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/monsoon-shootout-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiquis-noir-thriller-is-absorbing-even-startling-1788041 |title=Monsoon Shootout Movie Review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Noir Thriller Is Absorbing, Even Startling }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-monsoon-shootout-saved-by-its-execution/20171215.htm |title=Review: Monsoon Shootout, saved by its execution }}</ref>

==Plot==
As the raging monsoon lashes [[Mumbai]], the commercial and [[Indian mafia|mafia]] capital of India, the police struggle to keep up with the gangsters who are ever more emboldened. Aditya “Adi”, a principled rookie cop as his first assignment on the force, joins an elite, anti-extortion unit of the Mumbai police led by Khan, a cop in the ‘Dirty Harry’ mold. On his first evening on the job, Adi had planned to meet his ex-lover Anu and to get back with her, but he misses the date when Khan has set up an ambush for a dreaded gangster.

However, the ambush goes wrong, and Adi chases Shiva, a seemingly armed and dangerous criminal, into a dead-end alley. Unsure if Shiva is, indeed, the wanted gangster, Adi has a moment of reckoning; whether to shoot or not to shoot. Whatever his decision is, every decision will take him on a journey that pits him against a system which demands a compromise of his morals. As he lives through the dramatic consequences of each decision, he realizes that every choice has its price.

==Cast==
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Shiva
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Aditya (Adi)
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Rani
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Inspector Khan
* [[Geetanjali Thapa]] as Anu
* [[Sreejita De]] as Geeta
*[[Nalneesh Neel]] as Goon
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Minister
* Farhan Mohammad Hanif Shaikh as Chhotu, Shiva's son
* Surya Mohan Kulshreshtha (Baba) as Tiwari, builder
* Neha Gupta as Tiwari's wife
* R. Balasubramanian as Dagar bhai
* [[Iravati Harshe|Irawati Harshe Mayadev]] as DCP Nishi
* Onkar Das Manikpuri as a taxi driver
* Jayant Gadekar as Patil, constable
* Niranjan N. Asrani as Police Commissioner
* Rohit Nitin Arekar as Pinto
* Pravina Deshpande as Adi's mother
* Shruti Bapna as Jemina Joseph
* Chandrakant Taneja as Magistrate Naik
* Honey Chhaya as Paradise Lodge manager
* Akhilesh Tiwari as paanwala
* Bhagwan Das as a blind beggar
* Mukesh Kumar as a one-armed beggar
* Raj Rao as ox-cart driver
* A. R. Rama as a rider
* Raghuvir as Nepali guard
* Mohit Chauhan as Ali, builder
* Akriti as Ali's wife
* Banwarilal Jhol as a chauffeur
* Adi Vyom as Inspector Khan's son
* Anupama Minz as Khan's wife
* Edith Minz as Khan's mother-in-law
* Tishya Tara as Khan's daughter

==Production and development==
Director Amit Kumar stated that after he saw [[Robert Enrico]]'s [[Academy Awards|Oscar-winning]] short film ''[[An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (film)|An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge]]'', he became interested and fascinated by the idea of human decision-making, and how quickly can one make a very difficult decision when one's life is at stake. This idea came to fruition in the form of ''Monsoon Shootout''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Forde |first=Leon |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reports/amit-kumar-monsoon-shootout/5055995.article?blocktitle=Interviews&contentID=40459 |title=Amit Kumar, Monsoon Shootout | Features | Screen |publisher=Screendaily.com |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

Kumar had previously assisted film director [[Asif Kapadia]] on his [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA-winning]] feature ''[[The Warrior (2001 British film)|The Warrior]]'' where he met Trevor Ingman. Ingman decided to help seek finances for Kumar's film starting in 2008, but was unable to do so because of the closure of the [[UK Film Council]] which was initially supposed to cover half the production costs. Kumar set sights to find an Indian production partner, and in 2010, he ran into [[Guneet Monga]] who had produced [[Michael Winterbottom]]'s ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]''. When Kumar stated his lack of an Indian producer, Monga immediately jumped at the opportunity to fund the film. However, the producers decided that although they loved Kumar's script and idea, they felt he needed to cast a star in the lead role. Kumar worked with [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] in his student short film ''The Bypass'' and decided to cast him in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dearcinema.com/interview/its-important-to-find-the-right-partners-amit-kumar-director-monsoon-shootout/0810 |title=It's important to find the right partners: Amit Kumar, Director, "Monsoon Shootout" |publisher=DearCinema.com |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[The Times of India]]'s Lasyapriya Sundaram rated the film 3/5, praising the cinematography of [[Rajeev Ravi]] and [[Vijay Varma]]'s debut performance in a lead role. She opines that "while the idea hooks the viewer, what fails the film is its execution", also critiquing that "since the actors reprise their roles thrice over, they often don't have enough screen time to flesh out their characters adequately".<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

Saibal Chatterjee writing in [[NDTV]] headlines the review saying, "Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Noir Thriller Is Absorbing, Even Startling". He describes the film as "Shot through with stylistic flourishes and narrative sleights that frequently add up to arresting images and moments, first-time director Amit Kumar's niftily crafted Monsoon Shootout is absorbing, even startling. The propulsive, crisply edited noir thriller set in Mumbai's dark, dank and dangerous underbelly is consistently intriguing on account of its structure. Add to this the film's all-around technical finesse and the near-flawless performances from the principal actors and you have a crime drama that has the feel of a veritable tour de force." He praises the score by Gingger Shankar, defining it as pulsating with the energy that adds a throbbing soundscape to the film. Rating it as 3/5, he recommends the film to viewers saying "Don't prevaricate or duck for cover. Walk right into the path of this slickly staged shootout. You won't regret the decision."<ref name="ndtv.com"/>

Shalini Langer writing in The Indian Express, finds the film somewhat lacking in consistency but overall praises the director, actors and especially the cinematographer Rajeev Ravi for capturing the unglamorous side of Mumbai in all its ambiguity.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

Mint's Uditi Jhunjhunwala finds the film "a technically accomplished, but emotionally wanting, noir thriller".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8LsHmbFl7AOo9A2qUn8zGN/Film-Review-Monsoon-Shootout.html |title=Film Review: Monsoon Shootout |first=Udita |last=Jhunjhunwala |date=15 December 2017 }}</ref>

===Cannes reception===
The film was shown during the French [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]] in the''Midnight Screenings'' section.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> Early [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] reception for the film has been positive with many international critics taking a liking to the film's noir, artistic detailing.

British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'''s [[Peter Bradshaw]] gave a very positive first look review of the film stating that it's "a brash exploitation picture, a violent thriller on the tough streets of Mumbai about rule-breaking, bone-breaking cops" and "an entertaining popcorn movie with a twist, for which commercial success is on the cards." He described the film as "''[[Dirty Harry]]'' meets ''[[Sliding Doors]].''"<ref>{{cite news |author=Peter Bradshaw |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/19/cannes-2013-monsoon-shootout-review |title=Cannes 2013: Monsoon Shootout – first look review |publisher=theguardian.com |access-date=4 October 2013 |location=London |date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'''s Deborah Young described the film as "a ferocious Mumbai cops and gangsters drama, and a satisfyingly arty plot that turns in on itself to examine the outcome of three possible choices a rookie cop might make when he confronts a ruthless killer. Three times the story returns to a key moment: a boy with a gun uncertain whether to pull the trigger." She had major praise for [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]'s performance, stating that "Most memorable of all is Siddiqui, who is every inch an unstoppable force of nature, and lucky we are that so much of the violence he wreaks happens off-camera."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/monsoon-shootout-cannes-review-525250 |title=Monsoon Shootout: Cannes Review |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=19 May 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |first=Deborah |last=Young}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was released by [[Saregama|Saregama Music]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/videos/new-song-arijit-singhs-romantic-song-pal-from-monsoon-shootout-is-out/ |title=New Song: Arijit Singh's Romantic Song Pal From Monsoon Shootout Is Out |website=koimoi.com |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>
{{track_listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length= 23:11
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| title1= Pal
| length1= 4:48
| extra1= [[Arijit Singh]]
| music1= [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics1= Sumant Vadhera
| title2= Andheri Raat
| length2= 3:38
| extra2= [[Neha Bhasin]], Aklesh Sutar, Rajiv Sundaresan
| music2= Viveick Rajagopalan, Mayur Narvekar
| lyrics2= Kartik Krishnan
| title3= Miliyo Re
| extra3= Rochak Kohli, Monali Thakur
| length3=3:22
| music3= Rochak Kohli
| lyrics3=Deepak Ramola
| title4= Miss You Balma
| extra4= [[Akriti Kakar]]
| length4=2:54
| music4= Chinmay Harshe
| lyrics4= Chinmay Harshe
| title5= Maachis Ki Teeli
| length5=4:09
| music5= Vikram-Chetan
| extra5= Bhavya Pandit, Gautam Chatterjee, Neeraj Sharma
| lyrics5= Rohit Bhasy, Neeraj Sharma
| title6=Faislay
| music6= Vikram-Chetan
| length6=4:20
| extra6=Mandar Deshpande, Chetan Rao, Fiona D'Monty
| lyrics6= Rohit Bhasy, Vidhi Gulati, Vinit Gulati, Vikram Shastri
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
| Sumant Vadhera – "Pal"
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2198235}}

{{Anurag Kashyap|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Film noir]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2013 crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Crime action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gingger Shankar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:DAR Motion Pictures films]]

Sahar Biniaz

2026-03-02T01:21:46Z

Mir Hashim Ali: cleanup lead for accuracy and added references

{{short description|Persian-Canadian actress}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Sahar Biniaz
| image = Sahar Biniaz at the Times Of India Film Awards 2013 (TOIFA).jpg
| caption = Sahar Biniaz at the Times Of India Film Awards 2013
| birth_name = Sahar Biniaz
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| height = 1.72 m
| hair_color = Brown
| eye_color = Brown
| title = [[Miss Universe Canada 2012]] Miss Universe Persia 2025
| competitions = [[Miss Universe Canada 2003]] (Unplaced) [[Miss Universe Canada 2008]] (1st Runner-Up) [[Miss Universe Canada 2012]] (Winner) Miss Universe Persia 2025 (Winner) 
}}

'''Sahar Biniaz''' (born November 17, 1986) is a Persian-Canadian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Miss Universe Canada 2012]] and Miss Universe Persia 2025. She had a recurring role on the hit TV show ''[[Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)|Sanctuary]]'' as the Hindu goddess of power [[Kali]]. She was set to represent Iran at [[Miss Universe 2025]] pageant held in [[Thailand]] but later withdrew in solidarity with and out of respect for her national director, Golshan Barazesh — whose unexplained detention in Iran is a serious human rights concern <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKnight |first=Jenni |date= November 11, 2025 |title=Miss Universe 2025 shock exits: the contestants who won't be competing and why |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/866987/miss-universe-2025-shock-exits-contestants-not-competing/ |url-status=live |access-date= November 19, 2025 |website=[[Hello! Magazine]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Biniaz was born in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India to an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] family.<ref name="auto"/> She grew up in [[Iran]], and a few years later, her family moved to [[Vancouver]], Canada, where she became a naturalized Canadian.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sahar-biniaz-crowned-miss-universe-canada-2012-343053 |title=Sahar Biniaz Crowned Miss Universe Canada 2012 [photos] |website=International Business Times |date=20 May 2012 }}</ref> She graduated with honors from the Stella Adler Studio of Acting School in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Pageant history==
Biniaz competed in the Miss Universe Canada 2003 pageant where she did not place. She went on to compete in beauty pageants representing [[Canada]], including winning 1st runner-up in Miss Universe Canada 2008. Four years later, she competed in the same pageant and won the title of Miss Universe Canada 2012. She also won the Revlon Professional Best Hair award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beautymania.biz/2012/05/pageant-updates-miss-universe-canada.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Miss Universe Canada 2012 Results!|publisher=BeautyMania.Biz |date= 2012-05-19|accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref> Biniaz was initially set to represent Canada at [[Miss Universe 2012]] in the United States but was forced to withdraw due to a foot injury and was subsequently replaced by 1st Runner-Up [[Adwoa Yamoah]]. Thirteen years later, On May 31, 2025, she was crowned Miss Universe Persia 2025 in Oberhausen, Germany and was set to represent Iran at [[Miss Universe 2025]] in Thailand but withdrew.

==Personal causes==

At the age of 14, Biniaz was mauled by a family pit bull. "The Richmond resident was the victim of a pit bull attack herself at the age of 14, a year after her family adopted a five-month-old pit bull from a breeder. The pit bull 'came from a really nice environment', she said, but 'then I ended up getting 16 stitches. Biniaz still bears the scars on her chest to this day."<ref name="Nursall, Kim 2012">Nursall, Kim. Miss Universe Canada joins call to restrict pit bulls in BC. Vancouver, BC: The Vancouver Sun. 31 Aug 2012. Page A6, col. 2.</ref>

As a result of being a pit bull victim, in 2012, she decided to join the fight for pit bull controls and "plans to make the effort a major part of her [Miss Universe Canada] reign... noting that with her Miss Universe Canada title she now has a voice to bring more awareness to this issue."<ref name="Nursall, Kim 2012"/>

She consequently became the object of vitriol from pit bull advocates, who lobbied the Miss Universe organization to strip her of her title for speaking out.<ref>Peverley, Lance. Trolls, pit bulls and a universe of misinformation. Peace Arch News. 24 Oct 2012. Accessed 14 June 2022 at https://www.peacearchnews.com/opinion/column-trolls-pit-bulls-and-a-universe-of-misinformation/</ref> Some pit bull advocates accused her of not really being Canadian and not representing Canadian values.<ref>Beyeler, Anne. "Miss Biniaz is not Canadian and does not represent Canadian values." Strip Sahar Biniaz of her title! Accessed 14 June 2022 at www . change . org/p/denis-davila-national-director-of-miss-universe-canada-strip-sahar-biniaz-of-her-title</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Pageant
! Placement
|-
|2003
|[[Miss Universe Canada]]
|Unplaced
|-
| 2003
| Miss Global Beauty Queen
| 1st Runner-up<ref>[http://www.missglobalbeauty.org/keepersofthecrown.htm Miss Global Beauty – Keepers of the Crown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135916/http://www.missglobalbeauty.org/keepersofthecrown.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>{{non-primary source needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| 2008
| Miss Tourism Queen International
| 2nd runner-up{{cn|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[Miss Universe Canada 2008|2008]]
| [[Miss Universe Canada]]
| 1st runner-up{{cn|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[Miss Universe Canada 2012|2012]]
| [[Miss Universe Canada]]
| Winner{{cn|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[Miss Universe Persia 2025|2025]]
| [[Miss Universe Persia]]
| Winner{{cn|date=May 2025}}
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film roles
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]''
| Teacher
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Watchmen (2009 film)|Watchmen]]''
| Foreign Newscaster (as Sahar)
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[2012 (film)|2012]]''
| Showgirl (uncredited)
|
|-
| 2010
| ''The Search for Santa Paws''
| Posh Poodle Woman
| Video
|-
| 2012
| ''Ambrosia''
| Leila
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Tom Dick & Harriet''
| Car Model
| TV movie
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television roles
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Blade: The Series]]''
| Sabine
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Painkiller Jane (TV series)|Painkiller Jane]]''
| Hottie
| 1 episode
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Under One Roof (2008 TV series)|Under One Roof]]''
| Sylvia
| 1 episode
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Blue Mountain State]]''
| Natrina
| 1 episode<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.triskotalent.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169:sahar-biniaz&catid=35:women&Itemid=58 |title=Welcome to Trisko Talent |publisher=Triskotalent.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-18 |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193518/http://www.triskotalent.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169:sahar-biniaz&catid=35:women&Itemid=58 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2010
| ''[[Smallville]]''
| [[Hawkgirl|Shayera Hall]], background roles
| 4 episodes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/08/04/smallville-casts-hawkgirl-and-deadshot|title=Smallville Casts Hawkgirl and Deadshot|website=IGN|date=2010-08-03 |accessdate=2020-06-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)|Sanctuary]]''
| [[Kali]]
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2012
| ''[[True Justice]]''
| Madame
| 1 episode
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124329/http://www.beautiesofcanada.com/muc/ Miss Universe Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100726162228/http://saharbiniaz.com/ Sahar Biniaz Official Site – The Official Sahar Biniaz Website]
* {{IMDb name|2336665}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Ava Vahneshan}}
{{s-ttl|title=Miss Universe Persia
|years=2025}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Chelsae Durocher}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Universe Canada]]
|years=2012}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Adwoa Yamoah]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}
{{Miss Universe 2025 delegates}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Biniaz, Sahar}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss Tourism International delegates]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Canadian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Iranian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Iranian female models]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Canadian actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2025 contestants]]

Anwar Hussain (politician)

2026-03-01T17:49:25Z

Mir Hashim Ali: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1947)}}
{{distinguish|Anwar Hossain (industrialist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwar Hussain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1947|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Bongaigaon]], [[Assam]]
| residence =[[Dhubri]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament]] – [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[Abdul Hamid (Dhubri politician)|Abdul Hamid]]
| successor = [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Syeda Afruza Begum
| children = 3 sons and 4 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 25 September |
| year = 2006 |
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041511/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4030
}}

'''Syed Anwar Hussain''' (born 1 April 1947) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Dhubri 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2004/assam/dhubri/6822/1/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2004/assam/dhubri/6822/1/14 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He represented the [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Assam]] from 2004 to 2009 representing the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhubri Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dhubri-lok-sabha |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DHUBRI Lok Sabha Election: Get DHUBRI Lok Sabha Constituency latest News and Updates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituency/name |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hussainn is from Dhubri, Guwahati, Assam. He is the son of Sayed Ali. He did his Matriculation at Chapar HIgh School, [[Gauhati University]] in 1963, and later completed his BSc from BN College, Dhubri, Gauhati University in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANWAR HUSSAIN(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Dhubri(ASSAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://www.myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=322 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He polled 376,588 and defeated his nearest rival [[Afzalur Rahman]] of [[Asom Gana Parishad|Asom Gan Parishad]], who got 259,966 votes. There were 11 candidates in the fray including Jabeen Borbhuyan of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who polled 90,215 votes.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529042417/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=4030 Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Anwar}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

George Njaralakatt

2026-02-22T20:27:23Z

Mir Hashim Ali: post - done

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archbishop in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = George Njaralakatt {{Script/Mdnh|ܡܪܝ ܓܝܘܪܓܝܣ}}
| honorific-suffix =
| title = Archbishop Emeritus [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Tellicherry]]
| image = archbishop_njaralakatt.jpg
| caption =
| province =
| predecessor = George Valiamattam
| successor = Joseph Pamplany
| ordination = 20 December 1971
| consecration = 7 April 2010
| other_post =
| rank = Metropolitan Archbishop
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|6|23}}
| birth_place = [[Kalayanthani]], Thodupuzha, Idukki District, Kerala, India
| buried =
| residence = Bishop's House, [[Tellicherry]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| archdiocese = Tellicherry
| church = Syro Malabar Catholic Church
| retired = 15 January 2022
| ordained_by = Sebastian Vallopilly
| education = St. Joseph’s Pontifical Seminary, Mangalapuzha University of Mysore Pontifical Salesian University, Rome
| elected = 29 August 2014
| term = 30 October 2014 – 15 January 2022
| previous_post = Bishop of Mandya Vicar General Diosece of Bhadravathy
}}
'''George Njaralakatt''' (born 23 June 1946) is an [[archbishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] who was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Archdiocese of Tellicherry]] from 2014 until his retirement on 15 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-archbishop-installed-114103001443_1.html | title=George Njaralakatt as Archbishop | access-date=30 October 2014| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=30 October 2014 | agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> He was also the first Bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mandya|Diocese of Mandya]].

==Early life==
George Njaralakatt was born to Varkey and Mary Njaralakatt on 23 June 1946 at [[Kalayanthani]] in [[Thodupuzha]] [[Taluk]] in [[Idukki District]]. His LP School studies were at [[Saint Joseph|St. Josephs]] School, [[Arakuzha]] and he completed UP at St. Marys High School near [[Muvattupuzha]]. His family migrated to Malabar in 1960 and settled in [[Nadavayal]], [[Wayanad]], where he completed high school studies at [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] High School, [[Nadavayal]]. After high school he joined St. Joseph's Minor Seminary Thalasserry, Tellicherry, later on he completed his philosophy and theology at [https://www.mangalapuzha.org/ St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Mangalapuzha, Aluva], achieved a BA degree at [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mandyadiocese.org/home/inner/34 | title=Early life of Bishop George | access-date=26 December 2013 | archive-date=14 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214200441/http://www.mandyadiocese.org/home/inner/34 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=21 | title=Early life of Bishop George | access-date=26 December 2013 | archive-date=27 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227103825/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=21 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/mand2.htm | title=Early life of Bishop George | access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> He also holds a Licentiate in Catechetical Theology from [[Salesian Pontifical University|Salesian Pontifical University, Rome]].

==Priesthood==
{{Unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
After completing college studies, he joined St. Joseph's Minor Seminary in [[Thalasserry]] in 1963. He was ordained a priest on 20 December 1971 at [[Thalassery]] and worked in various roles in the archdiocese, including a tenure as Vicar General of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bhadravathi|Diocese of Bhadravathi]]. From 2007 to 2010, he was the Vicar of St. Mary's Forane Church, Arakuzha.

== As a bishop ==

===Bishop of Mandya (2010–2014)===
On 18 January 2010, he was appointed the Bishop of the newly erected [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mandya|Diocese of Mandya]], in [[Karnataka]] and was consecrated on 7 April 2010 at the Infant Jesus Cathedral Church at [[Hinkal]], Mysore.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.diocesemdy.org/home/inner/56 | title=Ordination details | access-date=26 December 2013 }};{{cite web | url=http://www.mandyadiocese.org/home/inner/33 | title=George Njaralakatt appointed as Mandya Bishop | access-date=26 December 2013 | archive-date=14 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214171409/http://www.mandyadiocese.org/home/inner/33 | url-status=dead }};{{cite web |url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/mainnews_details_temp.php?id=158 |title=Appointed as Bishop of Mandya |access-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227064743/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/mainnews_details_temp.php?id=158 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Archbishop of Thalassery (2014–2022)===
On 30 October 2014, he was raised as the Archbishop of Archdiocese of Tellicherry at St. Joseph's Cathedral, Tellicherry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.cyclopaedia.net/wiki/Njaralakatt&prev=/search%3Fq%3DBishop%2BMar%2BGeorge%2BNjaralakatt%2B-school%26start%3D10%26client%3Dfirefox-beta%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D598 | title=Details about Bishop | access-date=26 December 2013 }};{{cite web |url=http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/events.php |title=Archbishop Mar George Njaralakatt Biography |access-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215124936/http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/events.php |archive-date=15 February 2015 |df=dmy }};{{cite web | url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/08/29/pope_approves_appointment_of_archbishop_of_tellicherrypope__/1105484 | title=Pope approves appointment of Archbishop of Tellicherry | access-date=13 February 2015 }};{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/30403/pope-approves-new-bishop-for-syro-malabar-eparchy-in-india | title=Pope approves new archbishop | access-date=13 February 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

*[http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org Official Website of Archdiocese of Tellicherry]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnjaral.html George Njaralakatt on Catholic-Hierarchy.org]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Njaralakatt, George}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar archbishops]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]

Kumbha's invasions of Nagaur

2026-02-22T16:11:19Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made initial details basic info

{{Short description|1455 battle in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Nagaur
| partof = Mewar-Nagaur Sultanate wars
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1455
| place = Nagaur, India
| result = Rajput victory
| territory = [[Nagaur]], [[Khandela]] and [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]] annexed by [[Mewar]].<ref>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) by Satish Chandra pg.223 — Kumbha annexed Sambhar, Nagaur, Ajmer, Ranthambore etc.</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| combatant2 = Nagaur Sultanate
| commander1 = [[Rana Kumbha]]
| commander2 = Shams Khan Anupsingh Manik<ref name="Part I, History of Gujarat">{{cite book |last1=CAMPBELL |first1=JAMES MACNABB. |title=Part I, History of Gujarat |date=2018 |publisher=FORGOTTEN BOOKS |isbn=9781033456804 |pages=234–242}}</ref> Malik Gadai<ref name="Part I, History of Gujarat"/> Mujahid Khan
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
}}
[[File:Hanuman pole gtae.jpg|thumb|Hanuman Pol in [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]]]
The '''Battle of [[Nagaur]]''' was fought between the [[Rajput]]s of [[Mewar]] and the [[Nagaur]] Sultanate. It started within Nagaur as a feud between two brothers, Mujahid Khan and Shams Khan. Shams Khan was defeated and took aid from [[Rana Kumbha]] the ruler of [[Mewar]]. Shams Khan was able to take Nagaur from his brother with the help of the Rana, but he refused to fulfill his promise to demolish a part of the battlements of the fort. This resulted in another war in which Rana Kumbha won and annexed Nagaur.
He took away from the treasury of Shams Khan a large store of precious stones, jowels and other valuable things. The Eklinga Mahatmya composed during Kumbha's lifetime, says that he “defeated the King of the Shakas (Mussalmans), put to flight Mashiti (Mujahid ?), slew the heroes of Nagpur (Nagor), destroyed the fort, filled up the moat round the fort, captured elephants, imprisoned Shaka women and punished countless Mussalmans. He gained a victory over the King of Gujrat, burnt the city (Nagor) with all the mosques therein, liberated twelve lakhs of cows from the Moslems, made the land a pasture for cows and gave Nagor for a time to Brahmans. He carried away the gates of the fort and an image of Hanuman from Nagor, which he placed at the principal gate of the fortress of Kumbhalgarh, calling it the Hanumán Pol.<ref name=":0" />

==Background==
Feroz Khan, Sultan of Nagaur died in 1455.<ref name=ferishta40>Briggs's Ferishta, vol IV, p. 40</ref> He belonged to the family of Kings of [[Gujarat Sultanate]], and was originally a governor of the province of Nagaur, under the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He had however thrown off his allegiance to [[Delhi]] and become independent. On his death, his elder son, Shams Khan, succeeded him, but his younger son, Mujahid Khan, deposed him and prepared to take his life. Shams Khan fled to Maharana Kumbha for shelter and help.<ref>Bayley, 1970, p. 148</ref> rana Kumbha who had long designs on Nagaur, gladly embraced this opportunity of carrying them out, and agreed to place Shams Khan on the throne of [[Nagaur]] on the condition that he acknowledged rana Kumbha's supremacy by demolishing a part of the battlements of the fort of that place.<ref name=ferishta40 /> Shams Khan accepted the terms.<ref name=ferishta41>Briggs's Ferishta, vol IV, p. 41</ref><ref>Sarda, 1917, p. 53</ref>

==Battle==
Rana Kumbha marched with a large army to Nagaur, defeated Mujahid, who fled towards Gujarat, and placed Shams Khan on the throne of Nagaur, and demanded of him the fulfillment of the condition. But Shams Khan humbly prayed to the Maharana to spare the fort, for otherwise his nobles would kill him after the Maharana was gone. He promised to demolish the battlements himself later on. The Maharana granted this prayer and returned to Mewar.

No sooner, however, had Rana Kumbha reached [[Kumbalgarh]] when he got the news that Shams Khan instead of demolishing, began to strengthen the fortification of Nagaur. This brought Kumbha on the scene again with a large army. Shams Khan was driven out of Nagaur, which passed into Kumbha's possession. The Maharana now demolished the fortification of Nagaur and thus carried out his long-cherished design.<ref>Sarda, 1917, p. 54</ref>

==Battle with Ahmad Shah II==
Shams Khan fled to [[Ahmedabad]], taking with him his daughter, whom he married to Sultan Qutb-ud-din [[Ahmad Shah II]].<ref name=bayleyferishta>Bayley, 1970, p. 149 & Briggs's Ferishta, vol IV, p. 41</ref> The Sultan thereupon espoused his cause and sent a large army under Rai Ram Chandra and Malik Gadday to take back Nagaur.<ref name=bayleyferishta /><ref>''Bombay Gazetteer'', vol 1, p. 242</ref> [[Rana Kumbha]] allowed the army to approach Nagaur, when he came out, and after a severe engagement, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Gujarat Sultanate army, annihilating it. Only remnants of it reached [[Ahmedabad]], to carry the news of the disaster to the Sultan.<ref name=ferishta41 /><ref>Sarda, 1917, p. 56</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[Rana Kumbha]] took away the treasury of Shams Khan a large store of precious stones, jewels and other valuable things. He also carried away the gates of the fort and an image of [[Hanuman]] from Nagaur, which he placed at the principal gate of the fortress of [[Kumbalgarh]], calling it the Hanuman Pol.<ref name=":0">Sarda, 1917, p. 55</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Bayley|first=Sir Edward Clive|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxCXtgAACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Chand}}
* Brigg, Col., translation of Ferishta's history of the Mahometan dynasties, 3 vol.
* {{cite book|last=Sarda|first=Har Bilas|title=Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign, Soldier, Scholar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ|year=1917|publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Company}}{{source-attribution}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs|Nagaur]]

Vardhman Academy

2026-02-22T15:38:02Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created some stub w/ infobox - done

{{Primary sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Vardhman Academy
| logo =
| seal_image = Vardhman Academy logo.png
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = [[Learning-by-doing]]
| motto_translation =
| location = Tirthankar Mahavir Marg, Railway Road<ref>{{Cite web|title=STATE BANK OF INDIA VARDHMAN ACADEMY MEERUT,Branch IFSC Code, MICR Code, Address & Phone Number|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-state-bank-of-india,state-uttar-pradesh,district-meerut,branch-vardhman-academy-meerut,ifsccode-SBIN0004397.cms|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>
| city = [[Meerut]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| zipcode = 250002
| country = India
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.9795|77.6858|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| established = {{start date|1981}}
| president = Anil Kumar Jain
| principal = Rupali Chaudhary
| houses = {{color box|yellow}} Shivaji, {{color box|blue}} Jawahar, {{color box|green}} Ashoka, {{color box|red}} Tagore
| mascot = [[Lion]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| website = [http://www.vardhmanacademy.com vardhmanacademy.com]
}}
'''Vardhman Academy''' is a private secondary school run by the '''Jain Boarding House Society''' in [[Meerut]], [[India]]. It is a [[co-educational]] day-cum-boarding school affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/about-us.php|title = Vardhman Academy, an English Medium School}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/2jXvlvjDkFQ| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jXvlvjDkFQ| title = Vardhman Academy {{!}} Sapna Films Cine Eyes {{!}} Best Ad Agency for Cinema Advertising | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==History==
Jain Boarding House Society was founded in 1909 to disseminate the knowledge of [[Jain Philosophy]] and [[Jain Agams|Jain Teachings]] among the pupils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jainworld.com/societies-sanghs/jain-speakersscholars/jain-scholars-in-india/dr-anupam-jain/|title=Jain World|website=www.jainworld.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/our-motto.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/holistic-environment.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref> The Vardhman Academy school was established by the society on 20 July 1981. The current principal of the school is Ms. Poonam Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/principal.php|title = Vardhman Academy, an English Medium School}}</ref> In 2011, the school opened its second campus in [[Ganga Nagar, Meerut|Ganga Nagar]], catering to the students in [[Mawana]]-[[Hastinapur]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademymeerut.com/School-details.htm|title=Vardhman Academy (C-Block, Radha garden, Mawana Road, Meerut)|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405032600/http://vardhmanacademymeerut.com/School-details.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/vardhman-academy/2131821|title = Vardhman Academy School, Meerut - Address, Reviews, Admissions and Fees 2022}}</ref>

==Affiliation and examination==
[[File:Vardhman Academy Campus.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Vardhman Academy, Railway Road Campus]]
The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and offers education up to the [[12th grade]] in the streams of science and commerce.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/|title=CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education|website=www.cbse.gov.in|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP5zCwAAQBAJ&q=vardhman%20academy%20meerut&pg=PA136|title=The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 2, No. 3|last=IJIP.In|date=2016-01-26|publisher=Lulu International Press & RED'SHINE Publication. Inc|isbn=9781329836778|language=en}}</ref> [[Jainism|Jain Dharma]] and [[Moral Science]] education is compulsory for students up to [[8th grade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brainfeedmagazine.com/vardhman-academy-meerut/|title=Vardhman Academy, Meerut|website=brainfeedmagazine.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-26|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621161911/https://brainfeedmagazine.com/vardhman-academy-meerut/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unit tests, Half yearly exam and Annual exam decides the promotion of students to the next higher class. Final examination for [[10th grade|Class X]] and [[12th grade|Class XII]] follows centralized public examination system conducted by [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/Examination.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Meerut-teachers-dont-get-paid-as-per-sixth-pay-commission/articleshow/41369202.cms|title=Meerut teachers don't get paid as per sixth pay commission - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref>

==Sports and co-curricular activities==
The School has facility to support an array of sports activities like [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[cricket]], [[table tennis]], [[chess]], [[carrom]], [[taekwondo]], [[basketball]], [[tchoukball]], [[badminton]] and [[volleyball]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/Extra-co-curricular.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref> The school also has a small stadium known as [[Gyansagar|Gyan Sagar Stadium]] with a seating capacity of around 500 pupils. The students of the school are grouped into four houses, namely [[Tagore]] (Red), [[Shivaji]] (Yellow), [[Ashoka]] (Green) and [[Jawahar]] (Blue). Inter house matches are organized throughout the session and the performance of every house team is recorded for the overall championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/House-System.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref> As a part of co-curricular activities quizzes, debates and cultural functions are organized from time to time providing an opportunity to the students to showcase their talent. The school always encourages the students to participate in various national and inter-school competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Notifications/2015/02_Mathematical%20Olympiad%202014-Merit%20List.pdf|title=Mathematical Olympiad 2014 Result|website=nic.in|access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vardhmanacademy.com/co-circular.php|title=Welcome to Vardhman Academy (An English Medium, Co-educational, Senior Secondary School)|website=www.vardhmanacademy.com|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Meerut]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://facebook.com/vardhmanacademymeerut Facebook Page]

[[Category:Jain education]]
[[Category:Schools in Meerut]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Private schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Meerut]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

2022 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-02-16T22:18:52Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made new stub - done

{{short description|Cricket Franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (8 matches) [[MS Dhoni]] (remaining matches)
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League|Tournament performance]]
| comp1 result =
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (368)
| most wickets = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (16)
| most catches = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (7)
| most dismissals = [[MS Dhoni]] (9)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2021|2021]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2023|2023]]
}}

'''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' (CSK) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They were one of ten teams to compete in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |last=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=5 September 2010 |title=Next three IPL seasons to comprise 74 matches each |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-news-next-three-ipl-seasons-to-comprise-74-matches-each-475828 |access-date=30 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The Super Kings have previously lifted the IPL title four times (in [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] and [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]])<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref> and were the defending champions in 2022.

The season was the first time since the inaugural season of the tournament that [[Suresh Raina]] was not a member of the team as he was not picked in the mega auction. Midway through the season [[Ravindra Jadeja]] resigned as the team's captain, with [[MS Dhoni]], the team's long-term captain, taking over. The change in captaincy slightly improved their form from 2 wins in 8 to an additional 2 wins in 6, although it was a little too late, and turned out to be CSK's lowest league position until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-ravindra-jadeja-hands-over-csk-captaincy-back-to-ms-dhoni-101651326298439.html|title=IPL 2022: Ravindra Jadeja hands over CSK captaincy back to MS Dhoni|work=Hindustantimes|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122076/jadeja-hands-back-csk-captaincy-to-dhoni|title=Jadeja hands back CSK captaincy to Dhoni|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>

==Background==
The team retained four players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=IPL Mega Auction 2022: Chennai Super Kings complete players list, squad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-auction-csk-team-2022-players-list-7764684/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
;Retained: [[MS Dhoni]], [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Moeen Ali]], [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>
;Released: [[Suresh Raina]], [[Faf du Plessis]], [[Mitchell Santner]], [[Lungi Ngidi]], [[Narayan Jagadeesan|Narayan Jagadeeshan]], [[Shardul Thakur]], [[Imran Tahir]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Sam Curran]], [[Josh Hazlewood]], [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]], [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], [[Krishnappa Gowtham]], [[Hari Nishanth]], [[Bhagath Varma]], [[Harishankar Reddy]].
;Acquired during the auction: [[Dwayne Bravo]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Deepak Chahar]], [[KM Asif]], [[Ambati Rayudu]], [[Tushar Deshpande]], [[Devon Conway]], [[Subhranshu Senapati]], [[Chezhian Harinishanth]], [[Shivam Dube]], [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]], [[Dwaine Pretorius]], [[Mitchell Santner]], [[Narayan Jagadeesan]], [[Maheesh Theekshana]], [[Prashant Solanki]], [[Simarjeet Singh]], [[Adam Milne]], [[Mukesh Choudhary (cricketer)|Mukesh Choudhary]], [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]], [[Bhagath Varma]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Auction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/chennai-super-kings-2022-players-list-check-team-updates-and-full-team-squad-in-mega-auction/articleshow/89549720.cms/|access-date=12 February 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Batsmen
|-
|9||'''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|6.75|c|}} ||
|-
| 16 ||[[Chezhian Harinishanth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|8|16|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 30 ||[[Subhranshu Senapati]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|12|30|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|6|c}} ||
|-
|88||'''[[Devon Conway]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|7|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | All-rounders
|-
|8|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" |{{INRConvert|16|c}} || {{Strike|[[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]}}{{efn|name=Captain|Ravindra Jadeja resigned as captain mid-season which led to the reappointment of MS Dhoni.}}
|-
|10|| '''[[Moeen Ali]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|6|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|8|c}} || Overseas
|-
|25||'''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|06|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[medium fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|4|c|}} ||
|-
|29||'''[[Dwaine Pretorius]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|3|29|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
|47||'''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|4.4|c}} || Overseas
|-
|74||'''[[Mitchell Santner]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.9|c}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| 6 ||[[Narayan Jagadeesan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|12|24|df=yes}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|7||'''[[MS Dhoni]]'''
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1981|7|7|df=y}}
| Right-handed
| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]{{efn|name=Captain}}
|-
|77||'''[[Robin Uthappa]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1985|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
|27||[[Bhagath Varma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|09|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|46||[[Prashant Solanki]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|2|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} ||
|-
|61 ||'''[[Maheesh Theekshana]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|8|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|70|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
|20||'''[[Adam Milne]]'''|| {{cr|NZ}} ||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|4|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|1.9|c|year=2022}}|| Overseas
|-
| 24 ||[[KM Asif]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|7|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|33||[[Mukesh Choudhary (cricketer)|Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|07|06|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|34||'''[[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]'''|| {{cr|ENG}} ||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|10|4|df=yes}}||Right-handed|| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|3.6|c|year=2022}}|| Overseas
|-
|42||[[Tushar Deshpande]] ||{{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|5|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|90||'''[[Deepak Chahar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|8|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|14|c}} ||
|-
|98||[[Simarjeet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|1|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|99||[[Matheesha Pathirana]]|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2022||style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|20|L|year=2022}}|| Overseas; Replacement for [[Adam Milne]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-csk-chennai-super-kings-sign-up-matheesha-pathirana-as-replacement-for-adam-milne-1311741|title=CSK sign up Matheesha Pathirana as replacement for Adam Milne|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| Source: [https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2022/auction/teams/58 CSK Players]
|}
{{Notelist}}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| CEO|| Kasinath Viswanathan
|-
|Team manager|| Russell Radhakrishnan
|-
| Head coach|| [[Stephen Fleming]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[DJ Bravo]]
|-
| Fielding coach|| [[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|-
!
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[http://www.chennaisuperkings.com/CSK_WEB/module/news/html/team-page.html CSK Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor (chest)
! Shirt sponsor (back)
! Chest Branding
|-
|[[Seven (brand)|Seven]]
|[[TVS Group|TVS Eurogrip]]
|[[India Cements]]
|[[Gulf Oil]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :<ref name="indiatimes" />
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _yellowborder
| pattern_b = _csk22
| pattern_ra = _yellowborder
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = FFE019
| body = fff100
| rightarm = FFE019
| pants = fff100
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

== Season standings ==

=== Points table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|team=CSK}}

== Group stage ==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}

The schedule for the group stages of [[IPL 2022]] was published 7 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3724/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2022|title=BCCI announce schedule for TATA IPL 2022|website=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League|access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

{{main|2022 Indian Premier League#Group stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 131/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 50[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304047.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]],
[[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 210/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 50 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 211/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 65 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Dwaine Pretorius]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304053.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Evin Lewis]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match7}}'''Match 7'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 180/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 60 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 57 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304057.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Liam Livingstone]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 154/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 48 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/2 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 75 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 1/29 (2.4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304063.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]],
[[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 17'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 216/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 95[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| score2 = 193/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 41 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304068.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shivam Dube]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match22}}'''Match 22'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 169/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 73 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 94[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304075.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match29}}'''Match 29'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 51[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 156/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 40 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Daniel Sams]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304079.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hrithik Shokeen]] (Mumbai Indians) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match33}}'''Match 33'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 187/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 88[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 78 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304084.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match38}}'''Match 38'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 202/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 99 (57)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 64[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 4/46 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304092.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match46}}'''Match 46'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 173/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahipal Lomror]] 42 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 56 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304095.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Harshal Patel]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match49}}'''Match 49'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 208/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 87 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 25 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 91 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304101.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match55}}'''Match 55'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 97 (16 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 36[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Daniel Sams]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103/5 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 34[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304105.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Daniel Sams]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/csk-vs-mi-ipl-2022-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-today-match-101652351482838.html|title=CSK vs MI Highlights IPL 2022: Chennai Super Kings knocked out of playoffs race; Mumbai Indians win by five wickets|work=Hindustantimes|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match59}}'''Match 59'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 133/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 53 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 67[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/24 (3.1 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304108.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match62}}'''Match 62'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 150/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 93 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Obed McCoy]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 151/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 59 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Prashant Solanki]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304114.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122311/jaiswal-ashwin-secure-second-spot-for-rr|title=Jaiswal, Ashwin secure second spot for RR |work=Cricbuzz|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match68}}'''Match 68'''
}}

==Statistics==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || 14 || 14 || 0
! 368
|| 99 || 26.28 || 291 || 126.46 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 33 || 14
|-
| 2 ||[[Shivam Dube]] || 11 || 11 || 1
! 289
|| 95[[Not out|*]] || 28.90 || 185 || 152.97 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 22 || 16
|-
| 3 ||[[Ambati Rayudu]] || 13 || 11 || 0
! 274
|| 78 || 24.90 || 224 || 122.32 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 25 || 15
|-
| 4 ||[[Devon Conway]] || 7 || 7 || 1
! 252
|| 87 || 42.00 || 173 || 145.66 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 22 || 12
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022 Indian Premier League}}
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Super Kings in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons|2022]]

Siddhasenadivākarasuri

2026-02-16T10:17:48Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created a stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Ācārya]] Śrī''
| honorific-suffix =
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| image = Acharya Siddhasena Divakarasuri.jpg
| caption = An idol of Acharya Siddhasenadivākarasuri at a Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
| birth_date = 5th century CE
| death_date = 5th century CE
| works = ''[[Nyāyāvatāra]]'', ''Kalyanmandir'', ''Vardhman Shakrastav''
| initiator = Acharya Vruddhavadisuri
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' ({{langx|pka|सिद्धसेनदिवाकरसूरि}}) was a [[Jain monk]] of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect in the fifth century CE who wrote works on [[Jain philosophy]] and epistemology.{{sfn|Long|2009|p=132}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaina |first=Hīrālāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXnXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22annotations+by+siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Contributions of Jaina Religion to Indian Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Sharadaben Chimanbhai Educational Research Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNYcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Isibhāsiyāiṃ suttāiṃ: R̥ṣibhaṣita sūtra |date=1988 |publisher=Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādemī |language=hi}}</ref> He was like the illuminator of the Jain order and therefore came to be known as ''Divākara'', "Sun". He is credited with the authorship of many books, most of which are not available. ''Sanmatitarka'' ('The Logic of the True Doctrine') is the first major Jain work on logic written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref> Qvarnström, Olle; Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini, page 154.</ref>{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=131}} Among the most popular of his works, the ''Kalyan Mandir Stotra'' is a [[Sanskrit]] hymn dedicated to the 23rd Tirthankara [[Parshvanatha]]. It is one of the 9 holiest recitations (Nav Smaran) in the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujak]] sect of [[Jainism]].

Two references to Siddhasena's Sanmati Tarka and one reference of Siddhasena himself are found in Jinadāsagaṇī Mahattarā's cūrṇi which is believed to have had been written in 676 CE. Therefore, according to Pandit Bechardas Doshi and Pandit Sukhlal Sanghvi's translation of Sanmati Tarka, Siddhasena Divakarasuri was a [[Śvetāmbara]] ascetic in the 5th century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandit Sukhlal Sanghvi |first=Pandit Bechardas Doshi |title=Sanmati Tarka |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001068/20}}</ref>

==Life==
'''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' is said to have lived in fourth or fifth century CE and is said to have flourished in the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Balwant Sinha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjAeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Chittorgarh: The Cradle of Chivalry & Culture |last2=Mehta |first2=Jodh Sinha |date=1966 |publisher=Rajasthan Itihas Parishad |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=64}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Dr Manas Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls0xDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA42 |title=INDIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE |date=2017-08-09 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-04428-3 |language=en}}</ref> He was a Brahmin by birth and a scholar.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=64}} He was initiated by ''Acharya'' ''Vṛddhavadisuri''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=49}} His name at birth was Kumudchandra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&dq=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA1-PA162 |title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-723-2 |language=en}}</ref> He was a proud Brahmin. However, when he lost a debate to Acharya Vruddhavadisuri, he accepted initiation into the Jain sangha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barodia |first=U. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScFKAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA57 |title=History and Literature of Jainism |date=1909 |publisher=Jain Graduates' Association |language=en}}</ref> He came to be known as Acharya Siddhasensuri or Acharya '''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' after he was given the position of an acharya. He is one of the most revered [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharyas]] of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect.

According to the tradition, '''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' once planned to translate all the Jaina works from [[prakrit]] to [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|pp=64-65}} He was asked by his master to visit all the [[Jain temple]]s as a punishment. He thus visited the Jain temples for twelve years.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=65}} He then came upon a [[Linga temple]] in Ujjain. He slept at the temple with his feet towards the [[Linga]], which is a symbol of [[Shiva]]. King [[Vikramaditya]] had him beaten for the sin on request of the devotees. However, with miraculous powers, '''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' made that the King's wife receive the beating instead of him, looking at his miraculous powers he was then set free. King Vikramaditya requested '''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' not to sleep in front of the Linga and should start worshipping him, '''Siddhasenadivākarasuri''' replied to the king's request stating that the Linga would not be able to handle his devotion and bhakti, thus he then started to praise the lord by residing his composition "The Kalyan Mandir Stotra" as he reached the 11th verse, the sky rumbled, the temple bells started ringing and the Linga opened thus emerging the idol of Avanti Parshwanath from within.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gobXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kalyan+mandir+stotra%22+-wikipedia |title=Teerth Darshan |date=2002 |publisher=Shree Jain Prarthana Mandir Trust (Regd.) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi1uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Puratan |date=1989 |publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh |language=en}}</ref> This idol is worshipped by the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect and it is one of the 108 most revered images of the 23rd Tirtankara [[Parshvanatha]] as worshipped by the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujak]] sect. It is believed that the idol of Avanti Parshvanath was created and worshipped by [[Mahakala]] himself.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=126–127}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhasen Diwakarsuri - Jain Stories |url=https://jainknowledge.com/media-information/194/jain_stories/Siddhasen-Diwakarsuri |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=jainknowledge.com |language=en}}</ref>

He is said to have spent the rest of his life in the vicinity of [[Bharuch]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |language=en}}</ref>

==Thought==
Siddhasena's main contribution in the Sanmatitarka is his analysis of the Jaina theory of [[Anekantavada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash 'Babloo' |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmJCEAAAQBAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Comparative Religions and Philosophies |date=2021-09-10 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en}}</ref> According to Jeffery Long, Siddhasena divides the seven classical Jain ''nayas'' (standpoints, viewpoints) into two categories: "those which affirm the substantiality of existence (dravyāstikanayas)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S43XAAAAMAAJ&q=%22siddhasen%22+-wikipedia |title=Illustrated Shri Bhagavati Sutra (Vyakhya Prajnapti) |date=2005 |publisher=Padma Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> and those which affirm the impermanent, changing aspects of existence (paryāyāstikanayas)."{{sfn|Long|2009|p=132}} This view sees the best account of reality as one which includes permanence and impermanence, identity and difference in a complex set of contradictory relations. Siddhasena also argued that the number of possible ''nayas'' or viewpoints of reality is potentially limitless.{{sfn|Long|2009|p=132}} He then goes on to correlate each of the nayas with the positions of Indian philosophical schools, showing how each view is not only partial but also one sided.<ref name=":0" />

==Works==
He is credited with authorship of -

* Sanmati-tarka-prakaraṇa{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=49}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|Mejor|2004|p=313}} - Prākṛta work on logic consisting of 167 verses divided into 3 kāṇḍas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sanghvi |first=Sukhlal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.428305/page/n19/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Sammatitarkaprakarana |publisher=Gujarat Vidyapith |year=1925 |pages=16–17 |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>.
* [[Nyāyāvatāra]] - One of the first Jaina works on Nyāya in Saṃskṛta<ref name=":1" />
* Kalyāṇa-mandira-stotra - 44-versed praise to 23rd Jaina Tīrthaṅkara Pārśvanātha.<ref name=":1" />
* Dvātriṃśad Dvātriṃśikā - Thirty-two-versed compositions in Saṃskṛta. Out of 32 he authored, only 21 are available today.<ref name=":1" />
* Gandhahastivivaraṇa on 1st adhyayana on [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra|ācārāgasūtra]] (not available)<ref name=":1" />
* Gandhahastimahābhāṣya on Tattvārthādhigamasūtra (not available)<ref name=":1" />

==Commentaries on his works==

Lāvaṇyasūri has composed a Saṁskṛta commentary - Kiraṇāvalī on his 21 of 32 Dvātriṁśikā-s available today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visaria |first=Anish |title=Dvātriṁśad Dvātriṁśikā by Siddhasena Divākara with Kiraṇāvalī Commentary by Lāvaṇyasūri |url=https://jainqq.org/pagetext/Dwatrinshad_Dwatrinshika/004300/2}}</ref>

A Sanskrit commentary called Tattvabodhavidhāyinī is composed upon his ''Sanmatitarka'' by [[Abhaydevsuri]] and is edited in modern scholarship.<ref name="SanghaviSanmati">{{cite book |last=Siddhasena Divākara |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/tyVg_sanmati-tark-prakaran-of-siddhasen-divakar-with-tattva-bodha-vidhayini-commentar/page/n23/mode/2up |title=Sanmati-tarka (with Abhayadeva’s commentary) |publisher=Gujarat Vidyapith |editor-last=Sanghavi |editor-first=Sukhlalji |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

A modern Gujarati commentary titled ''Śakrastava: Paramno Shakshātkār'' has been written by Acharya [[Yashovijaysuri]], offering a devotional and philosophical interpretation of the ''Śakrastava'', traditionally attributed to Siddhasena Divākara. The work presents the hymn not merely as a liturgical composition but as a contemplative text, explaining the spiritual meanings of the epithets used for the Arihanta and relating them to inner experience, meditation, and devotional practice within the Jain bhakti tradition. The commentary combines scriptural references, philosophical reflection, and experiential exposition, aiming to make the devotional and contemplative dimensions of the ''Śakrastava'' accessible to contemporary readers while preserving its traditional theological framework.<ref name="Yashovijaysuri2021">{{cite book
|last=Yashovijaysuri
|first=Acharya
|title=Śakrastava: Paramno Shakshātkār
|language=Gujarati
|publisher=Acharya Omkarsuri Jnanmandir
|location=Surat
|year=2021
|isbn=978-81-949353-2-2
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Manatunga|Mānatuṅga]]
*[[Hemachandra|Hemacandra]]
*[[Devardhigani Kshamashraman|Devarddhigaṇi Kṣamāśrama]]
*[[Yashovijaya|Yaśovijaya]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Balcerowicz |editor-first=Piotr |editor-link=Piotr Balcerowicz |editor-last2=Mejor |editor-first2=Marek |editor-link2=Marek Mejor |title=Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qPLswTCSIC |date=2004 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn= 9788120819788|edition=First Indian }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] }}
* {{citation |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84511-625-5 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Orsini |editor-first=Francesca |editor-link=Francesca Orsini |editor-last2=Schofield |editor-first2=Katherine Butler |title=Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0SlCgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Open Book Publishers]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-1-78374-105-2 }}
* Shri Abhidhan Rajendra Kosh Vol 5, written by [[Acharya Rajendrasuri]] (1827–1906)
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=[[Shridhar B. Shrotri]] (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1999 |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1376-6 }}

==Further reading==
*Siddhasena Divākara. ''Dvātriṃśikā'', in A. N. Upadhye (1971).

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divakara, Siddhasena}}
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian Jain writers|Siddhasen Diwakar]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:5th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monks]]

Nilesh Jalamkar

2026-02-12T18:17:20Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, and producer (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nilesh Jalamkar
| image = NileshJalamkar.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Jalamkar in January 2019
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1977|07|06}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashra]], India
| occupation = Film producer, film director, actor, teacher, lyricist
| spouse = Sheetal Nilesh Jalamkar
}}
'''Nilesh Jalamkar''' (born 6 July 1977) is an Indian actor, [[film director]] and producer of [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films. He has worked in Indian cinema and sometimes acted in well-known movies such as ''Aasud''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aasud-trailer-nilesh-jalamkars-realistic-take-on-the-system-will-blow-your-mind/articleshow/67654841.cms | title='Aasud' trailer: Nilesh Jalamkar's realistic take on the system will blow your mind | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 January 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>

He began his directorial career with ''[[Debu (film)|Debu]]'' in 2010, and has since delivered many box office hits. Jalamkar's films are known for their technical nuances and fantasy concepts and he is one of the few Indian filmmakers who have made successful films in the fantasy genre.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nilesh-jalamkars-hit-marathi-films-you-should-not-miss/photostory/73099519.cms | title=Nilesh Jalamkar's hit Marathi films you should not miss | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 January 2020 | accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Jalamkar started his career in Marathi movies with ''Debu'' a biopic on the life of [[Gadge Maharaj]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://marathimovieworld.com/tag/nilesh-jalamkar/ | title='Debu' due for release on 20th August | publisher=Marathi Movie World | date=18 August 2010 | accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref> and ''[[Mahanayak Vasant Tu]]'' a biopic on the life of [[Vasantrao Naik]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/chinmay-mandlekar-must-watch-marathi-movies-of-the-actors/mahanayak-vasant-tu/photostory/64175181.cms | title=Chinmay Mandlekar: Must watch Marathi movies of the actors | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref> He has
worked with [[Anu Malik]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] as a director and a lyricist. His most notable work is the Multi-starrer ''Nagpur Adhiveshan''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/nagpur-adhiveshan/movie-review/55955644.cms|title=Nagpur Adhiveshan Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Nagpur Adhiveshan by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref> with ''Makarand Anaspure'', ''Mohan Joshi'' and ''Chetan Dalvi''. His recent film, ''Aasud'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aasud-39326/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030648/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aasud-39326/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=Aasud (2019) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> was released on 8 February 2019.Jalamkar's 2024 film ''Satyashodhak''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/satyashodhak/movie-review/106577732.cms | title=Satyashodhak Movie Review : A refreshing take on Mahatma Phule's life | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Anub George | date=2024-05-01 | accessdate=10 May 2024}}</ref> is a biographical drama about lives and accomplishments of social reformers [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Savitribai Phule]]. his film Satyashodhak was funded by the Government of Maharashtra <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/satyashodhak-movie-muhurt-1244326/ | title=मुख्यमंत्री आणि नेत्यांच्या उपस्थितीत 'सत्यशोधक'चा मुहूर्त | publisher=[[LokSatta]] | date=30 June 2016 | accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/satyashodhak-sandeep-kulkarni-and-rajshri-deshpande-to-come-together-to-portray-this-iconic-role/articleshow/69409557.cms | title='Satyashodhak': Sandeep Kulkarni and Rajshri Deshpande to come together to portray this iconic role | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Nitesh Poojari | date=20 May 2019 | accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref>

;Directorial credits

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-

! Year !! Title
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Debu (film)|Debu]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mahanayak Vasant Tu]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Nagpur Adhiveshan]]''
|-
| 2019 || ''Aasud''
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Satyashodhak]]''
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !!References
|-
|2024 ||''[[Satyashodhak]]'' || [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] || Marathi || ||<ref>https://www.dhammabharat.com/eng/films-about-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar/</ref><ref>https://en.themooknayak.com/bahujan-nayak/baba-saheb-goes-global-pioneering-indian-films-on-the-iconic-dr-br-ambedkar-ahead-of-hollywood-debut</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|10231764}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalamkar, Nilesh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Singareni Karmika Samakya

2026-02-12T03:12:55Z

Mir Hashim Ali: cleanup article for clarity and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Militant trade union of coal miners}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox union
|name = Sikasa
|location_country= [[India]]
|affiliation =
|members =
|full_name = Singareni Karmika Samakya
|native_name =
|image =
|founded = 1980
|dissolved =
|merged =
|headquarters =
|key_people = [[Vishwanath (trade unionist)|Vishwanath]] (Secretary), [[Rajab Ali (trade unionist)|Rajab Ali]] (President)
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Singareni Karmika Samakya''' ({{langx|te|సింగరేణి కార్మిక సమాఖ్య}}, 'Singareni Workers Federation', abbreviated '''Sikasa''', సికాస) is a militant [[trade union]] of coal miners in the [[Singareni]] coal fields.<ref name="epw"/> Sikasa is allegedly linked to the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050316004030/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112409790400.htm Andhra Pradesh News : Five Singareni unions call strike today]. The Hindu (2004-11-24). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref> [[Vishwanath (trade unionist)|Vishwanath]] is the secretary of Sikasa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120916210009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-09/hyderabad/27267410_1_sccl-management-singareni-workers-singareni-collieries-company-limited Rs 100 cr loss to SCCL from strike – Times Of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2003-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref>

The union was founded in 1980. In 1981, it led a 56-day strike.<ref name="pw">[https://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/archives/2000/may2k/world%20bank.htm World Bank’s Dictate on Singareni]. Bannedthought.net (1997-08-04). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref> [[Rajab Ali (trade unionist)|hussain]] was the founding president of Sikasa.<ref name="pv">[https://www.bannedthought.net/India/Vanguard/1985/VG-1985-06-Jun.doc Red salutes to martyrs]. bannedthought.net. DOC file. 6 June 1985</ref> The union registered on 19 April 1982.<ref>Ram Reddy, R. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh4TOzv2toMC&pg=PA134 Industrial Relations in India: A Study of the Singareni Collieries]''. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications, 1990. p. 134</ref>

Sikasa held its first conference at [[Godavarikhani]] on 10–11 June 1982. 900 delegates and 330 fraternal delegates attended. The conference was preceded by police crackdowns, and the organisers of the conference were prohibited to take out any public procession.<ref name="pv"/>

Sikasa was allegedly connected to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War]], functioning as both a legal and underground organization with linkages to the armed squads (''dalams'') of the party.<ref name="epw">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WOqwAAAAIAAJ Economic and Political Weekly]'', Volume 31. Bombay: Sameeksha Trust, 1996. p. 515</ref> Sikasa took up several causes of concern for the labourers at the coal fields, such as mine safety, improved working conditions and wages, widespread alcoholism, [[goondaism]] and exploitation of miners by contractors.<ref name="id">[http://www.idsa.in/event/MaoistMassOrganisationsandMassMovement_pvramana Maoist Mass Organisations and Mass Movement {{!}} Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]. Idsa.in (2010-04-23). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref>

Between 1988 and 1992, Sikasa led a large number of strikes at the coal fields, paralysing operations at SCCL.<ref>Siddiqui, Moid, and R. H. Khwaja. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-y8sYCVsvWgC&pg=PA230 The Acrobatics of Change: Concepts, Techniques, Strategies and Execution]''. New Delhi: Response Books, 2008. p. 200</ref> As the SCCL came closer to bankruptcy, SIKASA's influence waned as police repression was intensified whilst the company was deferred for restructuring.<ref name="id"/> Sikasa was banned in 1992.<ref name="pw"/>

In 2000, two Sikasa leaders were killed in a gun-fight with police in [[Adilabad district]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130125080002/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/18/stories/04182012.htm Two Sikasa leaders killed]}} hinduonnet.com (2000-04-18). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.</ref>

Sikasa was revived in 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041128161714/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102108310400.htm Andhra Pradesh News : Naxalites on mass recruitment drive]. ''The Hindu'' (2004-10-21). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref> The Andhra Pradesh state government decided to extend the ban on Sikasa in April 2006.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe22d0.pdf Title: India Tamil Nadu RYL Naxalites PWG CPI-ML Tamizhga Rahul Gandhi Peravai]. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-08-14.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Mass organisations of the Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
[[Category:Trade unions of the Singareni coal fields]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1980]]
[[Category:Mining trade unions]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]

Smita Tandi

2026-02-12T02:47:26Z

Mir Hashim Ali: improved article

{{short description|Indian police constable and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Smita Tandi
| image = Smita Tandi, Chattisgarh NSP (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tandi receives the 2016 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| education =
| occupation = Police constable
| employer = [[Indian Police Service]]
| known_for = Facebook activism
}}
'''Smita Tandi''' (born {{circa|1992}}) is an Indian [[police constable]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. She set up a fund to help people unable to pay for medical treatment and received the 2016 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in recognition of her humanitarian efforts.

== Career ==

Smita Tandi works as a police constable.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ritesh |title=With over 7 lakh followers, Chhattisgarh cop makes Facebook platform to help |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/with-over-7-lakh-followers-chhattisgarh-cop-makes-facebook-platform-to-help/story-pv27W34MbBYIYu2ELlZJOP.html |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 November 2016 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828080046/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/with-over-7-lakh-followers-chhattisgarh-cop-makes-facebook-platform-to-help/story-pv27W34MbBYIYu2ELlZJOP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013 her father, who had also worked for the police, became ill and died when her family could not afford to pay for treatment. In his memory, Tandi set up a fund called Jeevandeep for people unable to access medical treatment.<ref name="TO">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sanjay |title=International Women's Day: India's 6 most powerful women who defeated all odds |url=https://techobserver.in/2018/03/07/international-womens-day-indias-6-most-powerful-women-who-defeated-all-odds-to-follow-their-passion/ |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=Tech Observer |date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030072152/https://techobserver.in/2018/03/07/international-womens-day-indias-6-most-powerful-women-who-defeated-all-odds-to-follow-their-passion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She opened a [[Facebook]] account to promote the fund in 2015 and twenty months later had almost 7.2 lakh ({{lakh | 7.2 | r=1 }}) followers.<ref name="HT" /><ref name="IU">{{cite news |title=She is no glam doll, yet she has 7 lakh FB fans: This Chhattisgarh cop deserves a standing ovation |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/smita-tandi-facebook-chhattisgarh-police-crowd-funding/ |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=InUth |date=2 November 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106174049/http://www.inuth.com/india/smita-tandi-facebook-chhattisgarh-police-crowd-funding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When Tandi receives a request for help, she visits the person and if the story is true, she then posts about it on Facebook and makes an appeal for funds.<ref name="HT" />

Tandi received the 2016 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in recognition of her humanitarian efforts.<ref name="HT2">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Moushumi Das |title=Nari Shakti in many forms: ISRO scientists, Sheroes, a driver to get top honours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nari-shakti-in-many-forms-isro-scientists-sheroes-a-driver-to-get-top-honours/story-7iXeBR6fytzBVqqjaNo8iN.html |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 March 2017 |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728074209/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nari-shakti-in-many-forms-isro-scientists-sheroes-a-driver-to-get-top-honours/story-7iXeBR6fytzBVqqjaNo8iN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After her superiors heard about her activism, Tandi was moved to a position dealing with social media complaints on the [[Bhilai]] women’s helpline.<ref name="HT" />

== Personal life ==
Smita Tandi was born {{circa|1992}} and lives in [[Durg]], a city in the [[India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="HT" /> She represents Chhattisgarh at volleyball.<ref name="HT" /> In 2018, Tandi reported an incident of sexual harassment on a train between [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Bhatapara]]. Her assailant was arrested by the [[Railway Protection Force]].<ref name="IN">{{cite news |last1=News Desk |title=President Medal Awardee Inspector Smita Tandi Harassed on Moving Train; Accused Arrested |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/president-medal-awardee-inspector-smita-tandi-harassed-on-moving-train-accused-arrested-after-she-tweets-her-ordeal-2863902/ |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=India News |date=26 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911135807/http://www.india.com/news/india/president-medal-awardee-inspector-smita-tandi-harassed-on-moving-train-accused-arrested-after-she-tweets-her-ordeal-2863902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandi, Smita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Durg]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Activists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ipsita Roy Chakraverti

2026-02-10T14:51:04Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made a info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian Wiccan priestess}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
| image = Ipsita.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt = Picture of a middle-aged Indian woman with sharp features and straight black hair, which is colored brown in some places. Her lips are painted red, and she wears a black cape around her.
| caption = Roy Chakraverti in 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|11|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Ipsita Roy, Ipsita Chakraverti, Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
| known_for = High Priestess of [[Wicca]]
| occupation = Wiccan Priestess, artist, writer, activist
| spouse = Jayanta Roy, deceased
| children = Deepta Roy Chakraverti (daughter)
| parents = {{ubl|Debabrata Chakraverti|Roma Sen}}
| relatives = [[Jamini Sen]], [[Kamini Roy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipsita R. Chakraverti Biography |url=https://www.thewiccanbrigade.com/Biography.html#:~:text=My%20other%20great%20aunt%2C%20Jamini,I%20did%20my%20early%20education. |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=thewiccanbrigade.com}}</ref> (grand-aunts)
| website = {{URL|http://www.thewiccanbrigade.com}}
}}

'''Ipsita Roy Chakraverti''' ({{IPA|bn|ipʃita rae̯ t͡ʃɔkroboɾti}}; born '''Ipsita Chakraverti'''; 3 November 1943) is a Wiccan priestess and religious leader based in India. Born into an elite family in India with a diplomat for a father and royalty for mother, Chakraverti spent her early years in Canada and the US where her father was stationed. There, she was allowed to join a select group of women studying ancient cultures of the world and the old ways. Chakraverti studied with them for three years and finally chose [[Wicca]] as her religion. After coming back to [[India]] and getting married, Chakraverti declared herself as a witch in 1986. Amidst the backlash that followed her declaration, Chakraverti explained to the media the [[Neopaganism|Neo Pagan]] ways of Wicca and its healing power.

Chakraverti started administering Wiccan ways of healing to the people of India, including traveling to remote villages and teaching the Wiccan way to the female population, several of whom were often accused of black magic and "witchcraft" by male folk, and murdered. In 1998, Chakraverti campaigned as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Parliament of India]] in the [[Hooghly district]], but was not elected. She released her autobiography ''Beloved Witch'' in 2003. A second book titled ''[[Sacred Evil: Encounters With the Unknown]]'' was released in 2006, and it chronicled nine case studies during her life as a Wiccan healer and explained why those events happened. Both books received positive critical acclaim.

The book, ''[[Sacred Evil]]'' was made into a motion picture by [[Sahara One]] Pictures. Titled ''[[Sacred Evil – A True Story]]'', the film starred Bollywood actress [[Sarika]] playing Chakraverti. The film was a commercial disappointment but received mixed reviews. Chakraverti started the Wiccan Brigade, a platform for those who wanted to study Wicca. Later, Bengali TV channel [[ETV Bangla]], created two tele-serials based on Chakraverti's life and her experience with the paranormal. Chakraverti, who believes that Wicca is the first feminist movement in history, has been credited with throwing new light on the taboo subject of witchcraft in India, and the rest of the world.

==Biography==

===1943–1972: Early life and introduction to Wicca===
[[File:Laurentides (Parc des Hautes-Gorges, Charlevoix, Quebec).jpg|thumb|The [[Laurentian Mountains]], where Chakraverti studied Wicca, in a chalet atop the mountains.|alt=Picture of a green mountain with snow-clad tops.]]
Chakraverti was born on 3 November 1943, to diplomat Debabrata Chakraverti, and Roma Sen, a descendant of the royals.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 5</ref><ref name="nona"/> Chakraverti spent much of her early life in Montreal, [[Canada]], where her father was stationed. He was a representative from India to the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|Council of ICAO]].<ref name="bio"/> An only child, she shared her father's passion for reading and devoured books on Indian mysticism and traditions partly because people at Montreal were always asking questions about India.<ref name="life">{{cite web|title=Wicca — Craft of the Witch|last=Bhandari|first=Kumkum|date=21 September 1999|access-date=25 May 2010|publisher=LifePositive.com|url=http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/traditional-paths/wicca/ipsita.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603063154/http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/traditional-paths/wicca/ipsita.asp|archive-date=3 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1965, while on vacation in the [[Laurentian Mountains]], Chakraverti was invited to an all woman's party by one of her mother's friends, Carlotta. There, she was introduced to the ''Society for the Study of Ancient Cultures and Civilizations'', founded by Carlotta. The group studied ancient texts, long-forgotten customs and the mystical way of life. Chakraverti was selected to join the group, through a process of initiation, and enrolled for a course with them.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 45</ref> For the next five years, she stayed in a [[chalet]] on the mountains and studied ancient cultures and their long-forgotten rituals with eleven other women, with Carlotta as their teacher. Alcohol, close friendship or anything that distracted them from the prescribed hours of study, solitude and meditation, were taboo. Practical training in witchcraft was the only way; it included learning varied techniques of self-development and understanding the significance of ancient chants, movements, symbols, gestures, invoking energy from the elements, and training in the use of the apparatus integral to the craft.<ref name="life"/> Chakraverti later commented, "It started as an academic curiosity. [...] Wicca includes both scientific facts and old lore. We studied [[Carl Jung]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] because Wicca means studying various layers of the human mind."<ref name="conical"/> In 1972, near the completion of their course, Chakraverti, along with two other women were asked to choose between [[Taoism|Way of Tao]], [[Wicca]] and [[Kabbalah]] as their practiced craft; Chakraverti chose Wicca. She later commented that ancient goddesses like [[Isis]], [[Artemis]], [[Hecate]], [[Kali]] and [[Freya]], played an important role in deciding her future in Wicca.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 51</ref>

===1975–1980: Finishing Wicca study, return to India and marriage===
[[File:Crystal skull british museum random9834672.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A crystal skull, similar to the one that Chakraverti received from Carlotta when she finished studying Wicca.|alt=A crystal skull, shining under the light.]]
While studying in the chalet, Chakraverti came across a number of prophecies left by a fifteenth-century Wiccan, Luciana, who was brought to trial for practicing her craft, but managed to escape to a castle on the Rhine. Chakraverti translated the scrolls and believed that she was the reincarnation of Luciana. She commented in her book ''Beloved Witch'',
<blockquote>
"Even though Wicca does not believe in fortune telling or divination, Luciana left a few quatrains like Nostradamus, prophesying about generations to come. I was the one who sat at a chalet monastery in the Laurentians years ago and translated them from an ancient dialect to English. I knew I had to. That was my purpose. For I was Luciana returned. To take revenge for the wrongs she had suffered, to vindicate all women who are battered and bruised as witches in India till today. I have a purpose – I know that. Through the eyes of Luciana I see this world.
:''I am She – I rise with the storm''
:''I was killed – now I am born''
:''On the winds of revenge''
:''Blood, lust and greed, I will avenge.''<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 90</ref>
</blockquote>

At the end of her study, Carlotta gave each new initiate witch certain implements: symbolic gifts of Mother Goddesses who are worshipped by Wiccans. From [[Athena]], Ipsita received a black cloak, which conferred majesty and regality on her. Among other gifts given to her were a crystal skull of [[Kali]] and a silver bowl from [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] to be filled with water and used in particular rituals. However, she did not receive a certain glowing [[amber]] ball of [[Hecate]], which confers vision and is used for toning up the electro-magnetic system of the body. Carlotta told her, "If you have been and are a true Wiccan, the ball will come to you in some part of your life."<ref name="life"/> That year, Chakraverti was involved in a relationship with singer [[Elvis Presley]], whom she met in Graceland, through a mutual friend.<ref name="nona"/> In 1975, Chakraverti's family decided to come back to India.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 95</ref> She lived for a few years in Delhi, before coming back to their home in Kolkata in 1978. There, while teaching at [[South Point School (India)|South Point High School]], she met Jayanta Roy through some mutual friends and became romantically involved with him.<ref name="ritu"/> Roy is an erstwhile love-child of the king of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], an Indian state. Chakraverti and Roy got married and had a daughter Deepta Roy Chakraverti.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 100</ref>

===1981–1995: Coming out as a witch and social work===
[[File:Jyotibasu.JPG|upright|thumb|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Bengal CPM]] leader [[Jyoti Basu]], who led a protest movement against Chakraverti declaring herself as a witch.|alt=Greyscale image of an old Indian man, wearing a dhoti and kurta, and looking down.]]
After Deepta's birth, Chakraverti decided to start her work of Wicca and help women in the villages of [[West Bengal]], where many used to be accused of witchcraft and killed.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 111</ref> Chakraverti finally declared in front of the media, in 1986, that she was a witch. A backlash followed, including protest movements and boycotts, led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Bengal CPM]] leader [[Jyoti Basu]].<ref name="jyoti">{{cite journal|last=Basu|first=Swati|title=Ek Dienir Kahini|date=9 October 1986|journal=[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|location=Kolkata|language=bn|volume=20|issue=10}}</ref> However, Chakraverti put all allegations to rest and addressed the media at a press conference. There, she spoke about how Wicca is a [[neopaganism|Neo pagan]] religion and a form of modern witchcraft. It is often referred to as Witchcraft or the Craft by its adherents, who are known as Wiccans or Witches. She declared that she wished to start her own healing center and curb the "witch-killings" happening at that time in rural Bengal. The press was impressed by her knowledge and her straightforwardness in addressing such a taboo subject.<ref name="jyoti"/> She later clarified, "I had the social and economic padding and I decided to use it."<ref name="conical"/>

After the incident, Chakraverti started to administer the Wiccan way of healing and held sessions at her home.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 132</ref> She used to advocate different ways of healing the mind and counsel people on their day to day problems suggest solutions for them. Chakraverti used the curative powers of crystals for curing people of backache, pains and spinal injuries.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 140</ref> She also started investigating and bringing to light the plight of women in rural Bengal where many were tortured after being labeled as witches. Chakraverti travelled to such villages in Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum and documented such crimes, sometimes teaching women who were emotionally or physically battered by men to recognize and unleash the power within themselves.<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 143</ref> "Wicca can do that through their empowerment of the goddesses. [...] The village women—simple women accused of witchcraft—would give me stories which were really heartbreaking. It opened my eyes to how much venom there was in these men. [...] I have tried to bring succor to women branded ‘witches' or ‘dayans' who are still today being molested and killed for what they are believed to practice. I have brought their cases before the authorities and the press in an attempt to show up the hypocrisy of their persecutors – mostly men – who are trying to denigrate this ancient branch of learning in order to wreak revenge on these women for some very personal motives."<ref name="bio"/><ref name="jyoti"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,322673,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114120849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,322673,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2007|title=Killing for 'Mother' Kali|last=Atapur|first=Alex Perry|date=22 July 2002|access-date=26 May 2010|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

===1996–2004: Election candidacy, ''Beloved Witch'' and ''Sacred Evil''===
In 1998, Chakraverti campaigned as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Parliament of India]] in the [[Hooghly district]]. She was requested to take up the post on behalf of [[Sonia Gandhi]], but was not elected.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.wiccanbrigade.com/ipsita/bio.htm|title=Biography of Ipsita Roy Chakraverti|access-date=25 May 2010|publisher=WiccanBrigade.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sawnet.org/whoswho/?Chakraverti+Ipsita+Roy|title=SAWNET: Who's Who: Ipsita Roy Chakraverti|publisher=Sawnet.org|access-date=27 October 2009}}</ref> Later, Chakraverti became the Secretary of the West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name="conical"/> She then started working on her biography, titled ''Beloved Witch: An Autobiography''. The book tells how she came to be a Wiccan and how she had carried on the tag of being a "witch" in a society where witches are still feared and hated.<ref name="ranjan">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700230400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118124746/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700230400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2004|title=World of witchcraft |last=Krithika|first=Ranjan|date=17 August 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 May 2010}}</ref> The book, after its release in November 2000, won critical acclaim. Nona Walia of ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented, "Roy Chakraverti knows that it is unusual for well-bred Bengali girls to become witches and acknowledges her gratitude to her mother for allowing her the right to choose. After all, she says, every strong woman can be a witch in her own right, and that is perhaps the truest message that the book holds for the reader. [...] If there is a problem with the book, it is that much is left unsaid and much of it seems hurried, as if an editor said, 'Don't make it too serious, people won't understand,' just enough for people to chatter about at a cocktail party."<ref name="nona">{{cite journal|title=What a witch |date=11 March 2001|journal=[[The Times of India]]|last=Walia|first=Nona|oclc=23379369|volume=330|issue=9|location=Kolkata|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

She released a second book in 2003, titled ''Sacred Evil: Encounters with the Unknown''. The book, which was previously known as ''Good and Evil'',<ref name="nona"/> chronicled nine case studies during her life as a Wiccan healer and gives explanations as to why those events happened. To promote the book, Chakraverti held a healing session at [[Oxford Bookstore and Stationery Company|Oxford Bookstore]] in Kolkata, where she read excerpts from the book, and gave demonstration of her healing skills, holding the hand of a volunteer, tapping her with her [[athame]] (wand) and reciting Egyptian chants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031108/asp/calcutta/story_2542151.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031209141846/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031108/asp/calcutta/story_2542151.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2003|title=Love potions & Pottermania|date=8 November 2003|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref> After its release, the book received positive reaction from critics. Rajdeep Bains from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' commented "Sacred Evil is a very coherent account of the author’s dealings with witchcraft and sorcery. Unfortunately, it could add to superstition, which is already prevalent at an unhealthy level in our country. As a work of fiction it would have been laudable; given the cover of truth it becomes a dangerous piece of writing. [...] But what makes ''Sacred Evil'' so interesting is the juxtaposition of modern thought with the ageless. After every chapter there are notes on the practices described in it along with modern explanations."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030629/spectrum/book2.htm|title=Smooth wine of dark arts|last=Bains|first=Rajdeep|date=29 June 2003|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=26 May 2010}}</ref> Krithika Ranjan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented, "Throughout [''Sacred Evil''] Chakraverti refers to herself as a skeptic. Yet the stories she tells are bound to raise the ire of rationalists. You can almost hear one spluttering about superstition as you read the story ''Those who return''. [...] In the final analysis, the book is a good read — whether you believe in the dark arts or whether you just want to curl up with a spine chiller."<ref name="ranjan"/> Chakraverti started working on her third book, tentatively titled ''Every Strong Woman is a Witch''.<ref name="conical">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500760300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405121749/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500760300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2004|title=No conical hats, no brooms|last=Sharma|first=Bageshree|date=5 February 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 May 2010}}</ref>

===2005–2007: ''Sacred Evil – A True Story'' and The Wiccan Brigade===
{{Quote box|width=300px|align=right|quote="Yes, the book is based on a real life incident. This particular episode on which the film is based is the signature story. It happened to me in the late 80s. I am a psycho therapist. I was in Calcutta at that point of time. A Mother Superior called me and said that she wanted me to heal a nun. Me being a Wicca, I asked her that wasn't it against her principles. I deal with behavioral problems. The young nun was suffering. I was told that no drugs were to be given. A Wicca was to treat her. Her spirit was suffering. I had healing sessions with her. |source=—Chakraverti talking to [[Bollywood Hungama]] regarding the story and the film.<ref name="interview">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/sacred-evil-050606.html|title=Trouble around ''Sacred Evil'' woman oriented|last=Pandey|first=Shreya|date=5 June 2005|access-date=26 May 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223038/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/sacred-evil-050606.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
In 2005, ''The Kolkata Telegraph'' reported that director [[Rituparno Ghosh]] wanted to cast Chakraverti in a film based on a case the Wiccan had encountered while practicing the craft. Ghosh commented, "Till now, I have dealt with relationships and the intricacies of the human mind. With this film, I want to delve into that which lies beyond and observe how this non-conventional spiritualism, Wicca, guides me. [...] It's a story of two time zones, separated by a span of 150 years, two people of different mindsets and different cultures."<ref name="ritu">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4344715.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420042611/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050206/asp/calcutta/story_4344715.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2005|title=To Aunty, with admiration|date=6 February 2005|access-date=26 May 2010|last=Banerjee|first=Sudeshna|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref> However, in 2006, the story ''Sacred Evil'' from ''Sacred Evil: Encounters with the Unknown'' was adapted into [[Sacred Evil – A True Story|a film]] by [[Sahara One]] Motion Pictures; Ipsita served as creative director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://international.zeenews.com/inner1.asp?aid=196328&sid=hel|title=Indian 'witch' making movie on witchcraft|publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=27 October 2009|date=16 February 2005|last=Jha|first=Prakash|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233040/http://international.zeenews.com/inner1.asp?aid=196328&sid=hel|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film, titled as ''Sacred Evil – A True Story'', was a joint venture between Sahara One and [[Percept Picture Company]]. ''Sacred Evil'' was the last story in the book and is about a nun who was hounded by her troubled past and for whom the convent eventually sought counseling from Chakraverti.<ref name="xfactor">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050218/asp/calcutta/story_4390883.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220023750/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050218/asp/calcutta/story_4390883.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2005|title=The X-factor afoot & the healing|date=18 February 2005|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph|last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi}}</ref> Sahara One had approached August 2004 to make a film on ''Sacred Evil'', but she was reluctant to play herself on the big screen when offered the role, and chose, instead to be the creative director. Chakraverti helped pen the script, incorporating a large amount of dialogue from her story. "I told the production team how the protagonist reacted in certain situations, since I had lived the story, and how the dialogue happened. [...] I also insisted that the film be shot in Calcutta, though others had suggested other places, because it's here where I have done most of my therapies." Actress [[Sarika]] was signed to play Chakraverti's part, to which Chakraverti said: "The other and more important task was familiarizing Sarika with the ways of a Wiccan. We had several sittings before going for the shoot. Sarika wanted to imbibe me. So, she came down to Delhi and lived with me for a while. I showed her how the healing took place and how certain rituals had been conducted."<ref name="xfactor"/>

[[File:Sarika.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Sarika]] portrayed Chakraverti in ''Sacred Evil – A True Story ''|alt=A middle aged Indian woman with sharp features and grey colored eyes, wearing a yellow sari. Her hair is bound behind her.]]
However, before its release, ''Sacred Evil – A True Story'' faced a petition which challenged the Censor Board's decision to grant an exhibition certificate to the film. The petition, filed by lawyer Gerry Coelho, contended that granting the certificate to the film, was unethical and indecent on the part of the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board of India]] and constituted total non-application of mind. The objections raised by Coelho were based on the film's posters and promotional advertisements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sacred-evil-lands-censors-in-court_1030939|title=Sacred Evil lands censors in court|last=Mishra|first=Anshika|date=24 May 2006|access-date=26 May 2010|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref> The Censor Board said that they had not been insensitive to Christian sentiments. "We are very careful when we screen sensitive movies [...] But, there is nothing in the movie that is objectionable, or will hurt the sentiments of the community in question." The film was given green signal by the censor board, but was still postponed because of non-availability of theatres.<ref name="xfactor"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sacred-evil-fate-lies-in-hands-of-court_1032635|title=Sacred Evil fate lies in hands of court|date=31 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2010|last=Singhal | first = Manisha|work=DNA}}</ref> It was finally released on 23 June 2006, and was a commercial disappointment but received mixed reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] commented: "Sacred Evil is a pleasant change and a break from the monotony of the regular [[Hindi]] films. However, the subject is one that caters to a niche audience only. However, the fact cannot be denied that the narrative does not go off-track nor does it seem as if some sequences have been incorporated for the sake of it. Despite its slow pacing, Sacred Evil has the knack to hold the interest of its viewer. It's definitely a fine effort by directors Abiyaan Rajhans and Abhigyan Jha. The performances are above average, with Sarika dominating the show."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/reviews/2006/sacred-evil-050606.html|title=Sacred Evil — A True Story: Review|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=5 June 2006|access-date=26 May 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020190841/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/reviews/2006/sacred-evil-050606.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Deepali Singh from ''The Kolkata Telegraph'' gave the film three out of ten, stating "If one hopes to discover the secrets of Wiccan ways in Sacred Evil, directed by Abiyaan Rajhans and Abhigyan Jha, one is in for a major disappointment. Beyond a candlelit session, which doesn't really lead anywhere except to a few flickers of vague shadows in the background, the story just about treads into the Wiccan world. [...] Sarika, as Ipsita, ghost walks through another expressionless comeback."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6326228.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618042648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6326228.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2006|title=Quick Takes: What Craft?|last=Singh|first=Deepali|date=9 June 2006|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref>

Chakraverti announced the launch of the Wiccan Brigade in November 2006. It was a platform for those interested in studying Wicca and using the branch of knowledge to holistic effect. Though Wicca was predominantly practiced by women, Wiccan Brigade welcomed men also. Chakraverti commented, "Close to 100 people, comprising professionals, some housewives and many students, have approached me on the Net to start the group. I think it’s the right time to institutionalize Wicca. [...] Though it wouldn’t be possible to have here the kind of training we had in the Laurentians, there would be sessions on yoga and meditation, and lectures and group discussions." A batch of 25 people were selected through a screening process and they participated in the sessions consisting of social, historical, psychological and gender-related issues of Wicca.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061002/asp/calcutta/story_6807823.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035256/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061002/asp/calcutta/story_6807823.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=A welcome for wiccans |last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi|date=2 October 2006|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/180597/|title=Indian witches to get more 'zap' |date=13 October 2006|access-date=26 May 2010|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> In July 2007, the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) nominated Chakraverti to head a panel tasked with improving the status of young girls in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=126&art_id=nw20070702110710285C252485|title=India turns to Wiccan queen to save girls |date=2 July 2007|access-date=26 May 2010|last=Majumdar|first=Bappa|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> She launched the Wiccan Brigade in London in December 2007and named it Ipsita's Yogini Club. Chakraverti commented, "I’ve always believed the [[yogini]] and the witch are the same, and London seems to me to be a place where various cultures of the world have come together. It has a rich cultural history and an atmosphere in which the spirit of the past lives on. It is the right place for the Yogini Club."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071203/asp/calcutta/story_8619590.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204111631/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071203/asp/calcutta/story_8619590.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2007|title=Club for London yoginis — requests prompt wiccan to start new centre |last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi|date=3 December 2007|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref>

===2008–present: The Konark Project, ''Parapaar'' and ''The Living Doll''===
[[File:Konark Surya Temple.jpg|230px|thumb|The [[Konark Sun Temple]] which has esoteric and mystical powers, claimed by Chakraverti.|alt=Picture of a square-shaped stone temple, with straight walls and a conical top. In front of the temple, stone structures are seen, as well as a green garden.]]
Chakraverti claimed to have cracked the mystic code that shrouds the [[Konark Sun Temple]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and its curative power. After years of research, she made this revelation in a documentary titled ''The Konark Code'', which was premiered at the [[Nehru Centre]] in London in February 2008. Her theory was that the temple at Konark was a healing spot, a cure centre for various diseases. King Narasimha Deva started making the temple in 1253 AD and it took him 12 years to complete it. "Myth says that Samba, the son of [[Krishna]], went to the spot to get himself cured of [[leprosy]]. Till date, hundreds of leprosy patients flock to the temple to cure themselves. There are other factors that add to the temple's existence as a healing centre." According to Chakraverti, solar rays and sound frequency also played an important part in healing. The dance that was part of worship was for a purpose. The vibration of the steps of the dancers energized the temple stones. The sun's rays, because of the particular corner in which the temple was constructed, also played an important part.<ref name="shome">{{cite journal|title=Code Cracked |last=Shome|first=Sudipto|date=19 January 2008|volume=50|issue=13|issn=0971-751X|journal=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref> In August, Chakraverti worked on a tele serial for [[ETV Network (India)|ETV Bangla]] called ''Parapaar''. The show was based on Chakraverti's life-journey and her encounters with the paranormal. A dramatized story, where actress [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] played the part, was aired from Monday to Friday, and on Saturday, Chakraverti herself interacted with audiences through phone-ins related to the story. She commented, "I had reservations when I was approached for ''Parapaar'' because it’s important to convey the philosophy and atmosphere in Wicca in the right way. But I feel it’s time to reach Wicca to the masses, and since Bengal is the place where the Mother Goddess [[Durga]] is worshipped, it’s important that misconceptions about [[Dakini]]vidya are shattered. People should know who a daini is and what she does."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080819/jsp/entertainment/story_9710002.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024074720/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080819/jsp/entertainment/story_9710002.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|title=The edge of reason|last=Ghosh|first=Reshmi|date=19 August 2008|access-date=26 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref>

In June 2009, Chakraverti collaborated with filmmaker [[Anjan Dutt]] and Sarika to make a film called ''The Loving Doll'', with the story taken from ''Sacred Evil'' again. It will be filmed in Hindi with bits of English. Sarika plays the central character of a middle-aged woman obsessed about losing her looks. The story revolves around a married couple beset with personal problems, triggered by a doll owned by the wife. Charaverti said: "After the film ''Sacred Evil'', I have been approached by several directors for another film but the inspiration was not there. This time around there was a synchronicity — Sarika phoned me to ask if I was thinking of another film. She has long wanted to play the woman in ''The Loving Doll'' [...] Then I happened to see ''Madly Bangalee'', and liked Anjan’s work very much. I think he has the touch to be able to handle the subject of ''The Loving Doll''. So I contacted him and he was very interested in the project. Though he works in a very different genre from mine, I think there is empathy between his work and mine."<ref name="livingdoll">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090611/jsp/entertainment/story_11091336.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614062907/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090611/jsp/entertainment/story_11091336.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2009|title=Anjan Dutt will explore the supernatural with a story by Ipsita Roy Chakraverti|date=11 June 2009|access-date=22 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph|last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi}}</ref> Chakraverti also said that she may play the part of a healer in the film, "It’s the director’s prerogative. We will do what is best for the film."<ref name="livingdoll"/> In April 2010, ETV Bangla created a serial called ''Dibaratrir Galpo'', which was based on ''Beloved Witch''. The plot of ''Dibaratrir Galpo'', directed by Tathagata Banerjee, centres around a dispute between two aristocratic Bengali families, but the lead character (played by [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]) was shown as a follower of Wicca who learns to develop her psychic power and uses it to counter the machinations of her enemies. Chakraverti appeared on the commercials for the serial because she felt that her deglamorised presence helped audiences in the suburbs see elderly women, who are often branded as witches, in a positive light. "I felt that the story of ''Dibaratrir Galpo'' would take to esoteric ideas very well. It has a women-oriented theme and it will show how the negative aspects of the esoteric can be countered."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100427/jsp/entertainment/story_12382860.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910131817/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100427/jsp/entertainment/story_12382860.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2011|title=Paranormal activity—Wiccan touch to a family drama |date=11 June 2009|last=Chatterjee|first=Arnab|access-date=22 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Ipsita and deepta.JPG|thumb|Chakraverti (''right'') with her daughter Deepta, holding a crystal star in their hand.|alt=Two women from the left profile. Their heads touch each other's. The woman on the right is wearing a dark cloth, which covers her mouth area. She has brownish hair and with her left hand, holds a crystal star. The woman on the left is wearing a white shirt with a black cape around her and is also holding the star, with her right hand. Both women are looking at the star.]]
Chakraverti's public declaration that she was a witch came at a time, when India still considered the word "witch", taboo. Author Kumkum Bhandari said that "Ipsita was a pioneer. Remember, call someone a 'witch' and you could be in for slander. Legally. But she was easily accepted. Partly because of her packaging and presentation—she is elegant, articulate and poised. People listen when she speaks. [...] Life and magic course through and around her. Being a witch is about ripping away layers of social conditioning, gender limitations and protective shields. It is, in a sense about moving towards being the complete and total woman. There is intensity, conviction and passion in the way Ipsita talks about witchcraft, or Wicca—the Craft of the Wise—and its relevance throughout history."<ref name="life"/> Chakraverti also observes that "If I had come from a different rung of society, or was illiterate, the reaction wouldn't be the same. I have observed that it is always the person they will accept, and then the word Wicca. Witches are not born, they are made. Or perhaps they sculpt themselves."<ref name="life"/> According to her, every strong woman can be considered a witch. "A witch is the total woman. Strong daring women who have dared to live their own life, whatever it is. [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Namita Gokhale]], [[Kiran Bedi]]—all of them could count as witches."<ref name="life"/> Chakraverti has argued that Wicca is the first feminist movement in history and the oldest women-oriented branch of learning.<ref name="conical"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_witchcraft-was-first-feminist-movement-in-history-ipsita_1032786|title=Witchcraft was first feminist movement in history: Ipsita|last=Ansari|first=Shabana|date=21 June 2006|work=DNA}}</ref>

In ''Beloved Witch'', Chakraverti stated that "The witches of olden times were learned women. They were goddess worshippers. They were doctors and wiser than the panchayat men."<ref>Beloved Witch, 2000, p. 212</ref> According to scholar Gary F. Jensen, who wrote the book ''The path of the devil: early modern witch hunts'', Chakraverti's self-confession of being a witch, brought a new light on the taboo subject of witchcraft in India, and the rest of the world. She paralleled the conflict between women as healers and tribal leaders of Indian villages to the conflict between women, accused of witchcraft and the male-dominated society during Medieval Europe. Jensen added, "I think what Chakraverti has done is open up a new door, not only for India, but for the rest of the world, by showing that women can't be held down by norms. She can be anything she wants."<ref name="jen">{{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Gary F.|title=The path of the devil: early modern witch hunts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmFgkpgYeUoC&q=ipsita+roy+chakraverti&pg=PA244|year=2007|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-4697-4|pages=244|access-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> She commented about being a Wiccan as,
<blockquote>
"A Wiccan knows how to live life. There is no negativity no dullness, no pulling back. That effortlessness is there. Before you can draw energy from the elements to rejuvenate yourself, you have to love nature, attune and identify with it. To bring it to more practical and understandable levels, you must have an almost sensuous and sensual relation with what is around you. Attune your senses finely to recognize the sensuous touches of nature. Winter flowers are not fragrant, but there is a smell to them. Identify it. Only as you become finely-honed and centered will you be able to sense and use the presence of earth energy or that of other elements. The more you sensitize yourself, the more Nature reveals her secrets."<ref name="jen"/>
</blockquote>
Chakraverti's greatest influence has been on her daughter Deepta, who was chosen as her successor to helm the task of promoting about Wicca. Chakraverti commented: "There are certain aspects of Wicca that you can't teach; they have to be absorbed. Something that I am not consciously passing on, something that has to be taken from me. I felt Deepta had the potential and I would have never forced her had she not been so keen. This is not necessarily through a mother-daughter bonding, it can be ''guru-shishya'' ([[mentor]]-protégé), or any form of relationship where there is a guiding force." Deepta, was trained by Chakraverti in meditation, physical exercises, studying old religions, and other Wiccan regimen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/calcutta/story_6206236.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630165218/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/calcutta/story_6206236.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2006|title=Daughter dons mother mantle|last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi|date=12 May 2006|access-date=31 May 2010|work=The Kolkata Telegraph}}</ref> Chakraverti has also brought forth similarities between Old Wiccan findings and the discoveries of [[modern physics]] and [[parapsychology]].<ref name="life"/> According to Sudipto Shome of ''[[The Hindu]]'', "You could be called a ''dayan'' and burnt alive, or you could be called an enchantress and enlighten an audience on the art of Wicca. Ipsita is the latter, and she has used her social and economic padding to make others ''listen'' to her."<ref name="shome"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation
| last = Roy Chakraverti
| first = Ipsita
| title = Beloved Witch: An Autobiography
| year = 2000
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| isbn = 81-7223-380-9
| pages = 283
}}
*{{citation
| last = Roy Chakraverti
| first = Ipsita
| title = Sacred Evil: Encounters With the Unknown
| year = 2003
| publisher = HarperCollins
| isbn = 81-7223-452-X
| pages = 200
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website|url=http://www.wiccanbrigade.com/ipsita/index.htm}}

{{WiccaandWitchcraft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraverti, Ipsita Roy}}
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian Wiccans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Wiccan feminists]]
[[Category:Wiccan priestesses]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Wiccan writers]]

S. Anand

2026-02-10T03:10:57Z

Mir Hashim Ali: cleanup

{{short description|Indian author, publisher and journalist}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Anand
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|writer|publisher
}}
| notable_works = {{hlist|Founder of ''[[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]]''|Editor of annotated editions of ''Annihilation of Caste''|[[Bhimayana]]}}
}}

'''S. Anand''' is an Indian author, publisher and journalist. He, along with [[Ravikumar (writer)|D. Ravikumar]], founded the publishing house [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]] in 2003, which is "India's first and only publishing house to focus on the issue of caste from an anticaste perspective."<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://navayana.org/about/|website=Navayana}}</ref>

== Career ==
Navayana won the [[British Council]]–[[London Book Fair]] [[International Young Publisher of the Year|International Young Publisher of the Year award]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pal|first1=Deepanjana|title=I'm an anti-caste junkie: Meet S Anand, the man behind Navayana publishing house|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/im-an-anti-caste-junkie-meet-s-anand-the-man-behind-navayana-publishing-house-737357.html|work=Firstpost|date=Apr 29, 2013}}</ref> In [[Pali language|Pali]], the word ''[[navayana]]'' means {{Gloss|new vehicle}}. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] used the word in 1956 to describe the branch of [[Buddhism]] that would not be mired in the [[Hinayana]]–[[Mahayana]] divide, but would help [[dalit]]s gain equality in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/im-an-anti-caste-junkie-meet-s-anand-the-man-behind-navayana-publishing-house-737357.html|title = I'm an anti-caste junkie: Meet S Anand, the man behind Navayana publishing house|date = 29 April 2013}}</ref>

S. Anand is an [[Ambedkarite]] and a [[Buddhist]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/author/s-anand|title=S. Anand - Read all stories from S. Anand | Author at Outlook India|website=Outlook India}}</ref> S. Anand co-authored, with [[Srividya Natarajan]], and illustrators [[Durgabai Vyam]] and Suresh Vyam, the hugely popular graphic novel ''[[Bhimayana|Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability]]'' on the life of B. R. Ambedkar, Indian polymath, social reformer and the architect of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desai|first1=Prajna|title=Review: Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability|url=http://www.tcj.com/reviews/bhimayana-experiences-of-untouchability/|work=The Comics Journal|date=Apr 18, 2012}}</ref> He has also annotated Ambedkar's classic ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]''; the annotated edition has an introductory essay by [[Arundhati Roy]] titled "The Doctor and the Saint".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naqvi|first1=Saba|title=We Need Ambedkar -- Now|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/we-need-ambedkarnow-urgently/289691|work=Outlook|date=Mar 10, 2014}}</ref> He co-authored ''Finding My Way'' with the Pradhan Gond artist [[Venkat Shyam|Venkat Raman Singh Shyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding My Way |url=https://navayana.org/products/finding-my-way/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Navayana Publishing |language=en}}</ref> He is a student of [[Dhrupad]] with [[Wasifuddin Dagar|Ustad F. Wasifuddin Dagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Malini |title=An Ambedkarite is interweaving Buddha's teachings with dhrupad in a leap of artistic faith |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1020101/an-ambedkarite-is-interweaving-buddhas-teachings-with-dhrupad-in-a-leap-of-artistic-faith |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Scroll.in |date=26 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Before starting Navayana, Anand was a journalist with the news magazines [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] and ''[[Tehelka]]''. He is married to R. Sivapriya who works with [[Bloomsbury India]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/the-doctor-and-the-saint/article5740369.ece Excerpt from Roy's essay, "The Doctor and the Saint"]
*[http://graphicshelf.com/interview-s-anand/ “We didn't think of ourselves as a publishing company which will churn out books for the market”] - in conversation with S. Anand on GraphicShelf
*[https://scroll.in/article/966829/first-person-how-navayana-publisher-of-dalit-literature-was-born-and-where-it-is-going-now How Navayana, publisher of anti-caste literature, was born, and where it is going now: Founder S Anand talks of Navayana's past, present, and post-pandemic future].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, S.}}
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Sadhu Ramchand Murmu

2026-01-26T09:13:31Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sadhu Ramchand Murmu
| image = File:Sadhu Ramchand Murmu.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1897}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Choksi | first=Nishaant | title=Performing Identities | chapter=Charting the Multiple Scripts of Santali | publisher=Routledge | date=2017-07-05 | isbn=978-1-315-08994-2 | doi=10.4324/9781315089942-7 | page=94–108}}</ref>
| birth_place = Kamarbandhi, [[Silda, West Bengal|Silda]], [[Jhargram district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1954|12|15|1897}}
| occupation = Poet
| nationality = Indian
| subject = Santali Poems
}}

'''Sadhu Ramchand Murmu''' (30 April 1897 – 15 December 1954)<ref>{{cite web|title=News regarding Sadhu Ramchand Murmu|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1130501/1med1.html|access-date=26 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023}} was a [[Santali language|Santali]] poet, writer, and educator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadhu Ramchand Murmu |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004439153/BP000013.xml|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> He reshaped the Santali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folk songs by Sadhu Ramchand Murmu |hdl=10603/309747|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/309747|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> He is also known as '''Kobiguru''' or '''Mahakabi''' of Santali literature.<ref>{{cite book |title=Celebrating Indigeneity in Arts|isbn = 9781351554619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUxDwAAQBAJ|access-date=26 August 2021|last1 = Davis|first1 = Geoffreyv|date = 5 July 2017| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> He is one of the great tribal poets from India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadhu Ramchand Murmu in Santal society|url=http://www.allindiaaseca.org/wb-aseca-ed-policy.PDF|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> He is the first Santali poet who combines the high poetic tradition of Sanskrit and Bengali literature with the cadences and aesthetic sensibilities of Santali oral tradition. He encourages the indigenous Santals community and inspired them in education & culture. He also developed the first script named ''MUJ-DANDHE'' (also known as ''Maj Dader Ank'') for the [[Santali language]] in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scripts developed by Sadhu Ramchand Murmu |url=https://prmmch.nic.in/?page_id=918|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=News regarding Sadhu Ramchand Murmu|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1130501/1med1.html|access-date=26 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Culture of Mayurbhanj and Medinipur: A Comperative Study|url=http://oaji.net/articles/2020/9223-1595403633.pdf|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Statue of Sadhu Ramchand Murmu in Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University 02.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of Sadhu Ramchand Murmu in Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University]]
Sadhu Ramchand Murmu was born in 1897 in Kamarbandhi village (near [[Silda, West Bengal|Silda]] town) of [[Midnapore district]] (present [[Jhargram district]]) of the state [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. He is the son of Mohon Murmu (Father) and Kuni Murmu (Mother). He died on 15 December 1954. All of his literary works were published after his death.

==List of works==
*Sari Dhorom Serenj Puthi (Two Parts 1969)<ref>{{cite web |title=Books by Sadhu Ramchand Murmu |url=http://libnet.vidyasagar.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=31323&query_desc=au%3A%22Murmu%20%2C%20Sadhu%20Ramchand%20.%22|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
*Lita Godet (1979)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/publications/book-63.jsp |title=Books by Sadhu Ramchand Murmu|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |accessdate=2020-08-26}}</ref>
*Sansar Phend (Drama)
*Ol Doho Onorhe
*Har re Hesak
*Isror (Verse)

==Legacy==
* [[Sadhu Ramchand Murmu University of Jhargram]], the erstwhile Jhargram University renamed after Murmu in recognition of tribal literatures in 2021.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Megha Akash

2026-01-24T14:34:05Z

Mir Hashim Ali: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Indian name|Megha|Akash}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Megha Akash
| image = Megha Akash (cropped).jpg
| caption = Megha in 2021
| birth_name = Megha Akash
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now Chennai), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]] ([[BSc]])
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Saai Vishnu|15 September 2024}}
}}

'''Megha Akash''' (born 26 October 1995) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]'' (2017). She made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' and Hindi film debut with ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'', both in 2019. She has also appeared in ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' (2021) and ''[[Premadesam]]'' (2023).

== Early life ==
Megha was born on 26 October 1995,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Megha Akash: Celebrate the actress' 24th Birthday with 10 of her best Instagram pics |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-megha-akash-celebrate-the-actress-24th-birthday-with-10-of-her-best-instagram-pics/articleshow/71774089.cms |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111233655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-megha-akash-celebrate-the-actress-24th-birthday-with-10-of-her-best-instagram-pics/articleshow/71774089.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> in Madras (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Interview">{{Cite web |title=Lie Actress Megha Akash Exclusive Interview – Talking Movies With iDream #470 | date=9 August 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CuJ4v1UAss |access-date=22 February 2020 |via=YouTube |quote=Watch at 7:26, she says "I'm born and brought up in Chennai" |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012055237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CuJ4v1UAss |url-status=live}}</ref> to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] father and [[Malayali]] mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=15 Tamil actors with Telugu ancestry/Ethnicity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/15-tamil-actors-with-telugu-ancestry/ethnicity/photostory/98544023.cms |access-date=25 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_Oct2017"/> Both her parents work in the advertising field.<ref name="Hindu_Oct2017">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=25 July 2017 |title=Megha Akash: Sun shines on her |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/megha-akash-interview-sun-shines-upon-her/article19358289.ece |access-date=2 March 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She attended the [[Lady Andal]] School in Chennai and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science|B. Sc.]] degree in Visual Communications from [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=838656879677046784 |user=akash_megha |title=Megha Akash Retweeted Rakesh Yes. I'm from Lady Andal. Thank you. ☺ |author=Megha Akash |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==

Megha made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]] '' opposite [[Nithiin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lie-is-a-smart-blend-of-situational-humour-action-and-a-surprise-socio-fantasy-element/article19472438.ece |title=Lie: Well conceived deceit |date=11 August 2017|work= [[The Hindu]] |language=en|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024050/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lie-is-a-smart-blend-of-situational-humour-action-and-a-surprise-socio-fantasy-element/article19472438.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Sify]]'' stated, "Megha Akash is okay but her role is poorly written."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lie-review-a-thriller-that-lacks-pace-review-telugu-rilq8ojbhchfd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811183314/http://www.sify.com/movies/lie-review-a-thriller-that-lacks-pace-review-telugu-rilq8ojbhchfd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2017|title = LIE review: A thriller that lacks pace|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film earned her nomination for [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2018|title=SIIMA 2018: Baahubali multi-lingual film soars high in the Telugu category|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/siima-2018-baahubali-multi-lingual-film-soars-high-in-the-telugu-category|access-date=22 October 2020|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> The following year, she reunited with Nithiin for ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''. Both films were box office averages.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |title=Film with fun quotient |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/krishna-chaitanya-on-chal-mohan-ranga/article23434118.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204065954/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/krishna-chaitanya-on-chal-mohan-ranga/article23434118.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=10 August 2017 |title=LIE heroine, Megha Akash elated about her Tollywood debut |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lie-heroine-megha-akash-elated-about-her-tollywood-debut/articleshow/60005273.cms |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lie-heroine-megha-akash-elated-about-her-tollywood-debut/articleshow/60005273.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Megha made her Tamil film debut in 2019 with ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' opposite [[Sananth]], though she shot the Tamil film ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'', opposite [[Dhanush]] before.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Megha Akash Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Megha Akash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Megha-Akash/movies |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116232605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Megha-Akash/movies |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=25 July 2017 |title=Megha Akash: Sun shines on her |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/megha-akash-interview-sun-shines-upon-her/article19358289.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020114342/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/megha-akash-interview-sun-shines-upon-her/article19358289.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' was a box office average,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-is-excellent-in-overstretched-action-drama-1623641-2019-11-29|title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota Movie Review|website=India Today|date=29 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130005902/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-is-excellent-in-overstretched-action-drama-1623641-2019-11-29|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> but ''Petta'' became her first commercial success and is one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2019 |title=Rs 1000 crore! That's how much Rajinikanth's three films grossed at the box office in a span of 7 months |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/rs-1000-crore-thats-how-much-rajinikanths-three-films-grossed-at-the-worldwide-box-office-in-a-span-of-7-months/358526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212029/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/rs-1000-crore-thats-how-much-rajinikanths-three-films-grossed-at-the-worldwide-box-office-in-a-span-of-7-months/358526 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Her other 2019 releases were ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' with [[Silambarasan]] and ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' with [[Atharvaa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2018 |title=Teaser of Simbu film Vantha Rajavathan Varuven gets a release date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teaser-of-simbu-film-vantha-rajavathan-varuven-gets-a-release-date-1394673-2018-11-23 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011015259/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teaser-of-simbu-film-vantha-rajavathan-varuven-gets-a-release-date-1394673-2018-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/atharvaa-boomerang-talks-about-inter-linking-of-rivers-news-tamil-tdcm1Pdfcdjfe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302143113/http://www.sify.com/movies/atharvaa-boomerang-talks-about-inter-linking-of-rivers-news-tamil-tdcm1Pdfcdjfe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2019|title=Atharvaa: 'Boomerang' talks about inter-linking of rivers|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> That year, she also expanded to Hindi films with ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'' opposite [[Sooraj Pancholi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/satellite-shankar/box-office/#bh-movie-box- |website=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=23 November 2019|title=Satellite Shankar Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |date=8 November 2019 }}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja noted, "Megha is cute and quirky, and Pancholi and she make for a good onscreen couple with decent chemistry."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/satellite-shankar-movie-review-sooraj-pancholi-starrer-is-four-films-rolled-into-one/story-UJwXgHkjPYlJJZ5DrXdDVO.html |website=Hindustan Times |title=Satellite Shankar movie review: Sooraj Pancholi starrer is four films rolled into one |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref>

Her only release in 2020 was ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'' opposite [[Kalidas Jayaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=25 December 2020 |title=Oru Pakka Kathai on ZEE5: Kalidas Jayaram and Megha Akash In A Story About a Miracle That Has Its Moments |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/oru-pakka-kathai-review-zee5-kalidas-jayaram-megha-akash-tamil-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122063706/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/oru-pakka-kathai-review-zee5-kalidas-jayaram-megha-akash-tamil-movies/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> She has four releases in 2021: Tamil film ''[[Kutty Story]]'', Hindi film ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' and Telugu films ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' opposite [[Sree Vishnu]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=19 August 2021 |title=Sree Vishnu and Megha Akash's 'Raja Raja Chora' steals the show |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sree-vishnus-raja-raja-chora-steals-the-show |work=Telangana Today |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823050755/https://telanganatoday.com/sree-vishnus-raja-raja-chora-steals-the-show |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Dear Megha]]'' opposite [[Adith Arun]] and Arjun Somayajula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2021 |title=Trailer of Dear Megha starring Megha Akash released |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trailer-dear-megha-starring-megha-akash-released-154607 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901051807/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trailer-dear-megha-starring-megha-akash-released-154607 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> Only ''Raja Raja Chora'' emerged a box office success.<ref>{{cite news|title=Glad to see the audience give a thumbs up to Raja Raja Chora|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/glad-to-see-the-audience-give-a-thumbs-up-to-raja-raja-chora-producers/articleshow/85517746.cms|access-date=23 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo noted, "Megha get a well-written character with ample room to assert herself and she does justice to it."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=19 August 2021|title='Raja Raja Chora' movie review: Quirky tale of crime and punishment|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/raja-raja-chora-movie-review-quirky-crime-comedy-by-harshit-goli-starring-sree-vishnu/article35996114.ece|access-date=20 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In ''Dear Megha'', she played the titular role and it was a remake of Kannada film ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From 'Nootokka Jillala Andagadu' to 'Dear Megha,' 5 Telugu movies are set to release this week! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-nootokka-jillala-andagadu-to-dear-megha-5-telugu-movies-are-set-to-release-this-week/articleshow/85791328.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901045151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/from-nootokka-jillala-andagadu-to-dear-megha-5-telugu-movies-are-set-to-release-this-week/articleshow/85791328.cms |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Murali Krishna C H gave the film negative review but stated, "Megha breathes life into her character and her presence in the emotional scenes brightens up the screen."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dear Megha' movie review: A not so efficient remake of Dia|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/sep/04/dear-megha-movie-review-a-not-so-efficient-remake-of-dia-2354001.html|access-date=6 September 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906043322/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/sep/04/dear-megha-movie-review-a-not-so-efficient-remake-of-dia-2354001.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Megha then appeared in the 2022 film ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]'' with [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]], a remake of Kannada film ''[[Love Mocktail]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |title='Gurthunda Seethakalam' movie review: A dull ode to life and romance |date=9 December 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124733/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In the year 2023, Megha had seven film releases. She appeared in ''[[Premadesam]]'' opposite [[Thrigun]], ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]'' opposite [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], ''[[Ravanasura]]'' with [[Ravi Teja]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ravanasura-movie-review-ten-headed-drivel-8543883/ | title=Ravanasura movie review: Ten-headed drivel | date=7 April 2023 | access-date=21 April 2023 | archive-date=15 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415031538/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ravanasura-movie-review-ten-headed-drivel-8543883/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'' opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir Movie Review : A well-intentioned idea let down by clumsy writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/movie-review/100334832.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519072400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/movie-review/100334832.cms |archive-date=19 May 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Manu Charitra]]'' opposite [[Shiva Kandukuri]], ''[[Saba Nayagan]]'' opposite [[Ashok Selvan]], and ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boo Movie Review: When the script is more dead than the ghosts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/may/28/boo-movie-review-when-the-script-is-more-dead-than-the-ghosts-43957.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528094021/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/may/28/boo-movie-review-when-the-script-is-more-dead-than-the-ghosts-43957.html |archive-date=28 May 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Of these only, ''Premadesam'' and ''Saba Nayagan'' were commercial successes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Selvan's Saba Nayagan gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/12/ashok-selvans-saba-nayagan-gets-a-new-release-date-50313.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=CinemaExpress |date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212170611/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/12/ashok-selvans-saba-nayagan-gets-a-new-release-date-50313.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For ''Premadesam'', Paul Nicodemus stated that she "impresses" with her cuteness and acting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/premadesam/movie-review/97584415.cms|title=Premadesam Movie Review : A romantic drama with a peppy first and mellow second half|last=Nicodemus|first=Paul|date=3 February 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Megha first appeared in ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]'' opposite [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vadakkupatti-ramasamy-review-santhanams-silly-comedy-film-fails-to-entertain-2496833-2024-02-02|title='Vadakkupatti Ramasamy' review: Santhanam's silly comedy film fails to entertain|website=India Today|date=2 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202224748/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vadakkupatti-ramasamy-review-santhanams-silly-comedy-film-fails-to-entertain-2496833-2024-02-02|url-status=live}}</ref> She then played the lead in ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]'' opposite [[Vijay Antony]]. Both films were box office failures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mazhai Pidikatha Manithan review: A lacklustre Vijay Antony film that fails to engage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/mazhai-pidikatha-manithan-review-a-lacklustre-vijay-antony-film-that-fails-to-engage-101722591728257-amp.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803154359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/mazhai-pidikatha-manithan-review-a-lacklustre-vijay-antony-film-that-fails-to-engage-101722591728257-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
After a six year relationship,<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Tamil actress Megha Akash's fiancè Saai Vishnu?|quote=Although they had known each other for nine year, they started a relationship six years ago.|url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/who-is-tamil-actress-megha-akashs-fiance-sai-vishnu-rajinikanth-to-attend-their-wedding/articleshow/112805720.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> On 22 August 2024, Megha got engaged to her boyfriend Saai Vishnu, son of the former [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|minister of state for shipping of the Republic of India]] [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside actor Megha Akash and Saai Vishnu's engagement ceremony |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/megha-akash-and-saai-vishnu-are-now-engaged-6400568 |work=NDTV India |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> The couple got married on 15 September 2024, in a traditional wedding ceremony in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Megha Akash marries long-time boyfriend Saai Vishnu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/megha-akash-marries-long-time-boyfriend-saai-vishnu/article68647902.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]] ''
| Chaitra
| rowspan=2 |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Megha Akash: Audience will love to see nithiin and me lie to each other in 'LIE". |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/megha-akash-audience-will-love-to-see-nithiin-and-me-lie-to-each-other-in-lie/articleshow/60022380.cms |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112103913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/megha-akash-audience-will-love-to-see-nithiin-and-me-lie-to-each-other-in-lie/articleshow/60022380.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''
| Megha Subramanyam
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Megha Akash about Chal Mohan Ranga by Maya Nelluri |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/meghaakash-cmr.html |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Idlebrain |date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124130116/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/meghaakash-cmr.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
| ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
| Anu
| rowspan=3 |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Megha Akash: I Was Rajinified on the Sets of Petta Everyday |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/megha-akash-i-was-rajinified-on-the-sets-of-petta-everyday-300439.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116073215/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/megha-akash-i-was-rajinified-on-the-sets-of-petta-everyday-300439.htm |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=In.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''
| Maya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2019 |title=Megha Akash joins Simbu's film with Sundar C |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/megha-akash-joins-simbus-film-with-sundar-c/articleshow/65657620.cms |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404024334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/megha-akash-joins-simbus-film-with-sundar-c/articleshow/65657620.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
| Gigi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2019 |title=Megha Akash, Atharvaa, Director Kannan talk about Boomerang, and Rajinikanth's appreciation |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/megha-akash-atharvaa-director-kannan-talk-about-boomerang-and-rajinikanths-appreciation-6243721.html |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116073217/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/megha-akash-atharvaa-director-kannan-talk-about-boomerang-and-rajinikanths-appreciation-6243721.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Satellite Shankar]]''
| Pramila
| [[Hindi]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=Megha Akash debuts in Bollywood |language=en |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/megha-akash-debuts-in-bollywood-660825 |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209121818/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/megha-akash-debuts-in-bollywood-660825 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
| Lekha
| Rowspan=3| Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2018 |title=Megha Akash recounts her gastronomical adventures in Turkey during 'Enai Noki Paayum Thota' shoot. |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/02/megha-akash-recounts-her-gastronomical-adventures-in-turkey-during-enai-noki-paayum-thota-shoot-1796083.html |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116074958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/02/megha-akash-recounts-her-gastronomical-adventures-in-turkey-during-enai-noki-paayum-thota-shoot-1796083.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]''
| Meera
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Oru Pakka Kathai">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=23 December 2020 |title=Balaji Tharaneetharan thought 'Oru Pakka Kathai' would remain unreleased |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balaji-tharaneetharan-thought-oru-pakka-kathai-would-remain-unreleased/article33400465.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223205758/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balaji-tharaneetharan-thought-oru-pakka-kathai-would-remain-unreleased/article33400465.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021
| ''[[Kutty Story]]''
| Preethi
| Segment: "Avanum Naanum"
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story' |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-amala-paul-part-upcoming-tamil-anthology-kutti-love-story-142638 |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202111007/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-amala-paul-part-upcoming-tamil-anthology-kutti-love-story-142638 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
| Nikisha
| Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2020 |title=Salman Khan is special because of this quality, reveals Megha Akash |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/salman-khan-is-special-because-of-this-quality-reveals-megha-akash/articleshow/76808790.cms |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706224343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/salman-khan-is-special-because-of-this-quality-reveals-megha-akash/articleshow/76808790.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]''
| Sanjana
| rowspan=4|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=''Gaali Sampath'' actor Sree Vishnu thanks for birthday wishes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gaali-sampath-actor-sree-vishnu-thanks-for-birthday-wishes/articleshow/81268082.cms |date=1 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301054435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gaali-sampath-actor-sree-vishnu-thanks-for-birthday-wishes/articleshow/81268082.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dear Megha]]''
| Megha Swaroop
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati unveils Telugu film Dear Megha first look, see poster |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rana-daggubati-unveils-telugu-film-dear-megha-first-look-see-poster-101612430014115.html |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220013236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rana-daggubati-unveils-telugu-film-dear-megha-first-look-see-poster-101612430014115.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]''
| Divya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2020 |title=Megha Akash roped in for a special cameo in Satyadev and Tamannaah's Gurthunda Seethakalam |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/megha-akash-roped-in-for-a-special-cameo-in-satyadev-and-tamannaahs-gurthunda-seethakalam/articleshow/79057672.cms |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208085944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/megha-akash-roped-in-for-a-special-cameo-in-satyadev-and-tamannaahs-gurthunda-seethakalam/articleshow/79057672.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
| ''[[Premadesam]]''
| Aadhya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Prema Desam Glimpse Gets A Massive Response |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/prema-desam-glimpse-gets-massive-response-154751 |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=Sakshi Post |date=7 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508091303/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/prema-desam-glimpse-gets-massive-response-154751 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]''
| Simran
| Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-shivas-single-shankarum-smartphone-simranum/articleshow/91336366.cms |title=First look of Shiva and Megha Akash's Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124122530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-shivas-single-shankarum-smartphone-simranum/articleshow/91336366.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]''
| Harika Talwar
| Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=IASN |date=19 January 2022 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Ravanasura' begins filming; also stars Sushanth, Megha Akash and Anu Emmanuel |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ravi-tejas-ravanasura-begins-filming |work=Telangana Today |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510221613/https://telanganatoday.com/ravi-tejas-ravanasura-begins-filming |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]''
| Matilda
| Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2019 |title=Mohan Raja plays a cameo in Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/22/mohan-raja-plays-a-cameo-in-yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir-15648.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131501/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/22/mohan-raja-plays-a-cameo-in-yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir-15648.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
| Malavika
| Tamil Telugu
| Bilingual film
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rakul Preet Singh's 'Boo' gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakul-preet-singhs-boo-gets-release-date/article66889290.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en-IN |date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527102719/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakul-preet-singhs-boo-gets-release-date/article66889290.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manu Charitra]]''
| Jennifer "Jenny" Joseph
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2019 |title=Kajal Aggarwal presents 'Manu Charitra' starring Shiva Kandukuri and Megha Akash |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-presents-manu-charitra-starring-shiva-kandukuri-and-megha-akash/articleshow/69282189.cms |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516124642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kajal-aggarwal-presents-manu-charitra-starring-shiva-kandukuri-and-megha-akash/articleshow/69282189.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saba Nayagan]]''
| Megha
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]''
|Dr. Kayalvizhi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Santhanam's Vadakkupatti Ramasamy gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/07/santhanams-vadakkupatti-ramasamy-gets-release-date-51030.html |work=Cinema Express |date=7 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]'' || Sowmya || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Milton's Mazhai Pidikatha Manithan will see Megha Akash play the lead opposite Vijay Antony |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/25/vijay-miltons-mazhai-pidikatha-manithan-will-see-megha-akash-play-the-lead-opposite-vijay-antony-28631.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216171352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/25/vijay-miltons-mazhai-pidikatha-manithan-will-see-megha-akash-play-the-lead-opposite-vijay-antony-28631.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
|Sneha
|[[Cameo appearance]]
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
| Siri
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=Saha Kutumbhanaam: Megha Akash celebrates her birthday on sets; makers unveil first look |newspaper=OTT Play |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/saha-kutumbhanaam-megha-akash-celebrates-her-birthday-on-sets-makers-unveil-first-look/536a71fe80199 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112103201/https://www.ottplay.com/news/saha-kutumbhanaam-megha-akash-celebrates-her-birthday-on-sets-makers-unveil-first-look/536a71fe80199 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2024
| |''[[Vikkatakavi]]''
| Dr. Lakshmi
| [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2024 |title=Naresh Agastya and Megha Akash's 'Vikkatakavi' reaches halfway mark |newspaper=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/naresh-agastya-megha-akashs-vikkatakavi-reaches-halfway-mark |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col" | Music
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2020
| ''Oru Chance Kudu''
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2020 |title=Shanthnu, Megha Akash & Kalaiyarasan in Gautham Menon's song 'Oru Chance Kodu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shanthnu-megha-akash-kalaiyarasan-in-gautham-menons-song-oru-chance-kodu/articleshow/76238221.cms |access-date=7 July 2020 |via=YouTube |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609214539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shanthnu-megha-akash-kalaiyarasan-in-gautham-menons-song-oru-chance-kodu/articleshow/76238221.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Thappu Panniten''
| A.K.Priyan
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Simbu's 'Thappu Pannitten' song stars Kalidas Jayaram, Megha Akash |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-simbu-s-thappu-pannitten-song-stars-kalidas-jayaram-megha-akash-152056 |work=The News Minute |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Song
! scope="col"|Composer
! scope="col"|Co-singer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]''
| "Smartphone Senorita"
| [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| Adithya RK
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Smartphone Senorita (From "Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum") [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - Single by Leon James, Adithya RK & Megha Akash |date=20 July 2022 |url=https://music.apple.com/dk/album/smartphone-senorita-from-single-shankarum-smartphone/1635315316 |access-date=20 March 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320045519/https://music.apple.com/dk/album/smartphone-senorita-from-single-shankarum-smartphone/1635315316 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2017 |work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| rowspan="3" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Reigning Princess of Kollywood
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2019 |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108044840/https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| Best Debut Actress
| ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2020 nominations |url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php?page1=1 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Edison Awards |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131528/http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php?page1=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Actress
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Debut - Female
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |location=India |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm8306579}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Megha Akash
|d = yes
|d-search = Q24851854
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Films
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akash, Megha}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Reginald Heber

2026-01-22T11:08:28Z

Mir Hashim Ali: Entry.

{{short description|English clergyman and man of letters}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Reginald Heber
| title = [[Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of North India|Bishop of Calcutta]]
| image = Reginald Heber.jpg
| church = [[Church of England]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Calcutta]]
| enthroned =
| predecessor =
| other_post =
| ordination = {{plainlist |
* 1807 (deacon);
* 1807 (priest)
}}
| consecration = 1 June 1823 (bishop)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1783|4|21}}
| birth_place = [[Malpas, Cheshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1826|4|3|1783|4|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Trichinopoly]], Madras Presidency, British India (now [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu, India)
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| residence =
| spouse = {{marriage|Amelia Shipley|1809|end=d.}}
| children = 3 daughters
| alma_mater =
| coat_of_arms = Reginald Heber Escutcheon.png
}}

'''Reginald Heber''' (21 April 1783 – 3 April 1826) was an English [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] bishop, a man of letters, and hymn-writer. After 16 years as a country parson, he served as [[Anglican Diocese of Calcutta|Bishop of Calcutta]] until his death at the age of 42. The son of a rich landowner and [[Clergy#Christianity|cleric]], Heber gained fame at the [[University of Oxford]] as a poet. After graduation he made an extended tour of Scandinavia, Russia and Central Europe. Ordained in 1807, he took over his father's old parish, [[Hodnet, Shropshire]]. He also wrote hymns and general literature, including a study of the works of the 17th-century [[clergy|cleric]] [[Jeremy Taylor]].

He was consecrated Bishop of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in October 1823. He travelled widely and worked to improve the spiritual and general living conditions of his flock. Arduous duties, a hostile climate and poor health led to his collapse and death after less than three years in [[British India|India]]. Memorials were erected there and in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London. A collection of his hymns appeared soon after his death. "[[Holy, Holy, Holy! Lord God Almighty]]" remains popular for [[Trinity Sunday]], while "[[Brightest and Best]]" is frequently sung during [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]].

==Early life==
===Background and childhood===
[[File:Drayton Road, Hodnet - geograph.org.uk - 1441690.jpg|thumb|left|Hodnet in Shropshire, where Heber spent his early years]]
The surname "Heber" probably derives from "Haybergh", a hill in the [[Craven District|Craven]] district of [[Yorkshire]], where the family originated. The Hebers held the [[Lord of the Manor|lordship of the manor]] of [[Marton, East Riding of Yorkshire|Marton]], and were granted a [[coat of arms]] during the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref name= M9>Montefiore, pp. 9–10</ref> Richard Heber was the son of Thomas Heber and Elizabeth Atherton,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1kBAAAAQAAJ&dq=Descendants+of+Elizabeth+Atherton+of+Hodnet&pg=PA546|title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies|author=Sir John Bernard Burke|year=1838}}</ref> the granddaughter of [[Richard Atherton]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ny_-DwAAQBAJ&q=richard+atherton+liverpool+mp&pg=PA441|title=The Story of Warrington: The Athens of the North|year=2020|author=Cooke, Bill|publisher=Troubador Publishing Limited |isbn=9781838596255}}</ref>

In 1752 Richard Heber received the manor and estate of [[Hodnet Hall]] in Shropshire as a bequest from a cousin of his wife. This included [[advowson|patronage]] of the parish of [[Hodnet, Shropshire|Hodnet]]. On Richard Heber's death in 1766 his brother Reginald, who was co-rector of the parish of [[Malpas, Cheshire|Malpas]] in Cheshire, inherited the Shropshire estate and additionally became rector of Hodnet.<ref>Hughes, p. 7</ref> His first marriage, to Mary Baylie, produced a son, [[Richard Heber]], who became a noted book collector and [[Member of Parliament#United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] for [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford University]].<ref name= Sherbo>{{cite ODNB|last= Sherbo|first= Arthur|title= Heber, Richard (1774–83)|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12854|date= May 2005|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/12854|access-date= 28 June 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> His second marriage to Mary Allanson, after Mary Baylie's death, produced two further sons, the elder, born at Malpas on 21 April 1783, being named Reginald after his father.<ref name= M9/>

At the age of eight the younger Reginald began five years at the local grammar school at [[Whitchurch, Shropshire|Whitchurch]]. In 1796 he was sent to Bristow's, a small private school in [[Neasden]] a few miles north of Central London. This provided intensive learning for around a dozen boys, preparing them for eventual entry to Oxford or Cambridge.<ref name= ODNB>{{cite ODNB|last= Laird|first= Michael|title= Heber, Reginald (1783–1826)|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12853|year= 2004|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/12853|access-date= 28 June 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> At Bristow's he met John Thornton, who became a lifelong friend,<ref>Hughes, pp. 10–11</ref> sharing an interest in church history and beliefs; a lengthy letter from Heber to Thornton is described by Heber's biographer Arthur Montefiore as worthy of a learned theologian.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 15–16.</ref> In October 1800 Heber entered [[Brasenose College, Oxford]];<ref>Montefiore, p. 16 (Hughes, p. 12, gives the date as November 1799).</ref> Thornton's decision to go to Cambridge was a matter for Heber's regret.<ref name= Hughes12>Hughes, pp. 12–13.</ref>

===Oxford===
[[File:Brasenose College from the High Street.jpg|thumb|[[Brasenose College, Oxford]] (modern photograph)]]

There were family connections with Brasenose, Heber's brother Richard being a [[Fellow#Academia|fellow]] at the time and his father was a former fellow. The head of the college was [[William Cleaver]], a friend of Reginald Senior and frequent visitor to Hodnet Hall. In his first year, Heber won the University Prize for Latin Verse,<ref>Montefiore, pp. 16–18.</ref> and began to develop local repute as a [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poet]]. In 1803 he entered a long poem, "[[Palestine (poem)|Palestine]]", for the [[Newdigate Prize]].<ref name= M19/> He had been helped in composing it by [[Walter Scott]], a family friend, before Scott's years of fame.<ref name= Hughes12/> The poem was enthusiastically received when Heber declaimed it at that year's [[Encaenia]] ceremony.<ref name= M19>Montefiore, p. 19 (Hughes, p. 13, wrongly states that the poem was entered for the [[Seatonian Prize]], Cambridge's equivalent to the Newdigate).</ref> It was later published and set to music by [[William Crotch]]<ref name= ODNB/> (who had been professor of music at Oxford since 1797),<ref>{{cite ODNB|last= Olleson|first= Philip|title= Crotch, William (1775–1847)|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6810|year= 2004|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/6810|access-date= 29 June 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> and translated into Welsh by W. Owen Pughe in 1822.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCFcc8Hgz4C can arobryn Heber, etc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205133558/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9fCFcc8Hgz4C&printsec=frontcover |date=5 December 2022 }}, E. Williams, London 1822</ref> Montefiore, in 1902, described it as "the most successful and popular piece of religious verse of the first half of the [19th] century".<ref name= M19/> Heber's later biographer Derrick Hughes finds its contemporary acclaim puzzling: "It is not a good, not even a mediocre poem; it is leaden".<ref>Hughes, p. 14.</ref>

The death of Reginald Senior in February 1804 left the living of [[St Luke's Church, Hodnet|parish of St Luke, Hodnet]] vacant, and may have prompted Heber's decision to seek ordination, though he delayed it for some years.<ref>Hughes, p. 15.</ref> In his degree examinations he did honourably rather than brilliantly; Montefiore quotes a contemporary view that Heber's main contribution to university life was in fields outside formal academic success, particularly as a thinker, a poet and an orator: "Reginald Heber was a star whose lustre was as steady as it was clear."<ref>Montefiore, p. 21.</ref> He took his [[bachelor's degree]] in the summer of 1804 and was elected to a fellowship of [[All Souls College, Oxford]]. He also won the university's Bachelor's Prize for an English prose essay.<ref>Hughes, p. 16.</ref>

===European journey===
Heber and Thornton had planned to follow their graduation with a [[Grand Tour]] of Europe. However, in 1804 the [[Napoleonic Wars]] made much of Europe inaccessible, and so they delayed their departure until the summer of 1805 and took a route through Sweden, Norway and Finland to Russia, instead of the usual journey through France and Italy.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 22–24</ref><ref>Hughes, pp. 19–20</ref> In July 1805, they sailed for [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden, then travelled northward by stage coach, via [[Vänern]] and [[Uddevalla]], to [[Oslo|Kristiania]] (Oslo) in Norway.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 25–29</ref> After a short stay there, they moved through the wild [[Dovre Region]] to [[Trondheim]], where they observed the practice of [[skiing]] for the first time (Heber referred to it as "skating").<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. I, pp. 72–73</ref><ref>Montefiore, pp. 30–33</ref>

They then turned south-east, re-entered Sweden and travelled through [[Uppsala]] to [[Stockholm]]. Towards the end of September they crossed the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] to [[Turku|Åbo]] (Turku), site of Europe's most northerly university, in the part of Finland then under Swedish rule.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 38–40</ref> They proceeded eastwards and reached [[St Petersburg]] at the end of October.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 42–43</ref> They spent two months in the city; through influential British Embassy contacts they visited places generally closed to the public, including [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander]]'s private quarters in the [[Winter Palace]].<ref>Montefiore, pp. 49–50</ref> They experienced Muslim worship at first hand as the city's large Muslim population observed [[Ramadan]]; Heber described the crowds gathered for prayer in an improvised mosque as "the most decent and attentive congregation [he] had seen since leaving England."<ref>Hughes, p. 25</ref>

[[File:Reginaldheberbis00bric 0060.jpg|thumb|left|A depiction of the Kremlin in Moscow]]

Heber and Thornton had meant to remain in St Petersburg until after the New Year, then if possible return home through Germany. This was thwarted by Napoleon's victory at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] on 2 December 1805 and the treaties that followed.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 43 and 47</ref> Instead they extended their stay in Russia, leaving St Petersburg on 31 December 1805 by sledge for the 500-mile journey to Moscow, where they arrived on 3 January.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 50–54</ref> They found it a hospitable city—in a letter home Heber refers to it as an "overgrown village"<ref>Heber and Heber Vol I, p. 150</ref>—and they made friends with many of its leading citizens and clergy. They left by stage coach on 13 March, heading south towards the [[Crimea]] and the [[Black Sea]].<ref>Montefiore, pp. 56–61</ref> This took them through the [[Cossacks|Cossack]] country of the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River Basin]]. Heber sent home a vivid account of the night celebrations for Easter at [[Novocherkassk|Novo Tcherkask]], the Cossack capital: "The soft plaintive chaunt of the choir, and their sudden change at the moment of daybreak to the full chorus of 'Christ is risen' were altogether what a poet or a painter would have studied with delight".<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. I, p. 244</ref>

In the Crimea, Heber observed the manners and practices of the region's large Muslim community. He expressed pleasure at being greeted with the oriental ''salaam''.<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. I, p. 267</ref> The course of the war in Europe had meanwhile shifted to allow Heber and Thornton to pass through Poland, Hungary, Austria and Germany to the port of [[Hamburg]],<ref name= M78/> by way of Austerlitz, where they heard accounts of the recent battle. While making sketches of the scene, Heber was briefly mistaken for a French spy by local farmers.<ref>Hughes, p. 30</ref> At Hamburg the two travellers boarded Lord Morpeth's private yacht and sailed for England, arriving at [[Great Yarmouth]] on 14 October 1806.<ref name= M78>Montefiore, pp. 78–82</ref>

==Rector of Hodnet==
===Parish priest===
[[File:Parish of St Luke, Hodnet - geograph.org.uk - 118295.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[St Luke's Church, Hodnet]], [[Shropshire]], where Heber served as rector from 1807 to 1823]]

On his return to England, Heber prepared for [[Holy Orders]] at Oxford, where he found time for literary pursuits, was active in university politics and led a busy social life.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 84–86</ref> He was ordained as [[deacon]] at the end of February 1807 and received full [[Priest|priest's orders]] from the [[Bishop of Oxford]] on 24 May 1807. He was then inducted into the family living, as rector of Hodnet;<ref>Hughes, pp. 33–34</ref> he was later to describe his role as "a half-way station between a parson and a squire".<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. I, p. 391</ref> At first he divided his time between his parish and Oxford, where he fulfilled duties at All Souls. He had not at this time determined his own doctrinal position; writing to Thornton he admitted that he was still searching: "Pray for me, my dear friend, that I may have my eyes open to the truth ... and if it please God that I persevere in his ministry I may undertake the charge with a quiet mind and a good conscience".<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. I, pp. 336–337</ref> A [[High church]]man by upbringing, Heber was a strong opponent of factional rivalry; he eventually found a place around the midpoint of the Anglican spectrum between the High Church and evangelical wings, with perhaps a slight inclination towards the evangelicals.<ref name= ODNB/>

On 9 April 1809 Heber married Amelia Shipley, the youngest daughter of [[William Davies Shipley]], the [[Dean of St Asaph]]. He withdrew from Oxford, having secured his M.A., and set himself up permanently in the Hodnet rectory; finding this too small for his wife's liking he had the house demolished and a larger replacement built.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 88–93</ref> In September 1813 Heber preached a sermon in [[Shrewsbury]] to the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]], a missionary organisation of which he had been a member since his undergraduate days. The sermon ended with what Hughes describes as Heber's first public declaration in support of the work of overseas missions.<ref>Hughes, p. 44</ref> He refused an appointment as a [[Prebendary|canon]] at [[Durham Cathedral|Durham]], preferring to continue his work in Hodnet in which, after 1814, he was assisted by his younger brother, the Revd Thomas Heber, who served as his curate until his death, at the age of 31, in 1816.<ref>Montefiore, pp. 94–96</ref><ref>Hughes, p. 49</ref> The employment of a curate enabled Heber to devote more time to his literary pursuits, and to accept an invitation, in 1815, to deliver the [[Bampton Lectures]] at Oxford. He chose as his subject "The Personality and the Office of the Christian Comforter"; the series was published in 1822.<ref name= ODNB/>

In 1817 Heber accepted the post of canon at St Asaph, the relative proximity of which enabled the extra duties to be carried out without interfering with his parish work.<ref name= M98/> His main literary task during these years was a biography and critical study of the complete works of the 17th-century cleric [[Jeremy Taylor]]; the works, with Heber's critique, were published in 15 volumes between 1820 and 1822. This period of Heber's life was saddened by the death, on 24 December 1818, of his infant daughter after a short illness.<ref name= M98/> Two more daughters were born later, in 1821 and 1824 respectively; both lived to adulthood.<ref name= ODNB/> In 1822 Heber was elected to the church office of [[Lincoln's Inn#Preachers of Lincoln's Inn|Preacher of Lincoln's Inn]], which would require a regular term of residence in London. He saw this both as an extension of his service to the Church and as a means of renewing contact with old friends.<ref name= M98>Montefiore, pp. 98–01</ref>

===Hymn writer===
[[File:GreenlandsIcyMountains.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Heber's controversial hymn "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" as published in a school hymnal in 1899]]

At the start of the 19th century the Anglican authorities officially disapproved of the singing of hymns in churches, other than [[Metrical psalter|metrical psalms]], although there was considerable informal hymn-singing in parishes.<ref name= Hughes77>Hughes, pp. 77–78</ref> Heber, according to the poet [[John Betjeman]], was a professed admirer of the hymns of [[John Newton]] and [[William Cowper]], and was one of the first High Church Anglicans to write his own. In all he wrote 57, mainly between 1811 and 1821. Heber wished to publish his hymns in a collection, in which he proposed to include some by other writers. In October 1820 he sought help from the [[Bishop of London]], [[William Howley]], in obtaining official recognition of his collection from the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. In a noncommittal reply Howley suggested that Heber should publish the hymns, although he proposed to withhold episcopal approval until public reaction could be gauged. Heber began preparing the publication, but was unable to complete arrangements before his departure for India in 1823. The collection was eventually published in 1827, after Heber's death, as ''Hymns Written and Adapted to the Weekly Church Service of the Year''.<ref name= Hughes77/>

Betjeman characterised Heber's style as consciously literary, with careful choices of adjectives and vivid figures of speech: "poetic imagery was as important as didactic truth".<ref>Betjeman, p. 59</ref> A more recent analysis by J. R. Watson draws attention to Heber's tendency to deliver what he terms "a rather obvious sermon",<ref>Watson 2002, p. 240</ref> and to his mixing of powerful description with "a rather trite moralism".<ref>Watson 1997, p. 323</ref> A handful of Heber's hymns have survived into popular use into the 21st century.<ref name= Betj57>Betjeman, pp. 57–58</ref>
* [[Brightest and Best]]
* [[Holy, Holy, Holy! Lord God Almighty]]

One whose popularity has waned is the missionary hymn "From Greenland's Icy Mountains", written in 1819 as part of a country-wide campaign on behalf of the [[USPG|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]] (SPG). Watson describes this as "a conspicuous example of that fervent belief to convert the world to Christianity which led Heber and others to lay down their lives in the mission field",<ref>Watson 2002, p. 243</ref> and while widely sung until the second half of the 20th century, it was for instance omitted from the [[The Hymnal 1982|1982 revision]] of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] hymnal.<ref name="Hymnal1982">{{cite book|title=[[The Hymnal 1982]]|publisher=Church Hymnal Corporation|chapter=Index of authors, translators, and sources|page=938|year=1985}}</ref> Betjeman felt that in the modern world, the words of this hymn seem patronising and insensitive to other beliefs, with references to "...every prospect pleases and only man is vile", and to "the heathen in his blindness [bowing] down to wood and stone".<ref name= Betj57/> These phrases and the assumptions behind them offended [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]], who drew attention to them in a speech at [[YMCA]] [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (Kolkata) in 1925: "My own experience in my travels throughout India has been to the contrary ... [Man] is not vile. He is as much a seeker after truth as you and I are, possibly more so".<ref>{{cite journal|title= Gandhi's speech to YMCA 28 July 1925|url= http://hindunet.org/hvk/specialrepo/mkg/|journal= [[Young India]]|volume= 27|date= 6 August 1925|pages= 434–39|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160630041216/http://hindunet.org/hvk/specialrepo/mkg/|archive-date= 30 June 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Other Heber texts remain popular, and the ''Dictionary of North American Hymnology'' notes that most of his hymns remain in use.<ref name="DNAH">{{cite web|title=Reginald Heber|url=http://www.hymnary.org/person/Heber_R|publisher=Hymnary.org|work=Dictionary of North American Hymnology|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>

==Bishop of Calcutta==
===Appointment===
The [[Episcopal see|see]] of Calcutta had been established in 1814. It covered much of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], together with [[Australia]] and parts of southern [[Africa]].<ref name= ODNB/> The first bishop, [[Thomas Fanshawe Middleton|Thomas Middleton]], who had been consecrated in 1814, died in office in July 1822.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last= Carson|first= Penelope|editor-first1= Penelope|editor-last1= Carson|title= Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18683?docPos=3|date= January 2008|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/18683|access-date= 8 July 2008}} {{subscription required}}</ref> At the time the head of the Indian [[India Board|Board of Control]] was [[Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850)|Charles Williams-Wynn]], an old Oxford friend of Heber's. In December 1822 Williams-Wynn wrote to Heber, not directly offering his friend the post—the wording appeared to anticipate a refusal—but nevertheless leaving Heber the opportunity to claim the office, should he wish.<ref name= Hughes82>Hughes, pp. 82–84.</ref> Heber had a longstanding interest in the work of overseas missions; he supported not only the SPG but also its more recently formed evangelical sister-body, the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS), and while still at Oxford had helped to found the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] (BFBS).<ref>Hughes, pp. 16–17.</ref>

Heber was attracted to the post, his interest in distant places having been stimulated by his early travels, but his initial response to the implied offer was cautious.<ref name= ODNB/> He first asked Williams-Wynn whether there was a suitable local man for the appointment and he was told there was not. His next concern was whether his wife and infant daughter should be exposed to the rigours of the Indian climate, and also if his own health was adequate. After consultation with doctors and discussion with his family, Heber wrote to Williams-Wynn on 2 January 1823, refusing the post. Within days he had written again, regretting the refusal and asking if the post was still available, at which Williams-Wynn quickly obtained the formal approval of [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]] to the appointment.<ref name= Hughes82/> Heber spent the next few months at Hodnet preparing for his departure; during this period he gave a farewell sermon at Oxford, after which the degree of [[Doctor of Divinity]] (D.D.) was conferred on him.<ref>Montefiore, p. 103.</ref> On 1 June 1823 Heber was formally consecrated as Bishop of Calcutta at [[Lambeth Palace]], by the [[Charles Manners-Sutton|Archbishop of Canterbury]]. Two weeks later he departed for India with Amelia and his daughter Emily.<ref>Hughes, pp. 86–88.</ref>

===In office===
[[File:St. John's Church, Kolkata1.jpg|thumb|St John's, Calcutta, was the cathedral church for the Calcutta see at the time of Heber's episcopate.]]

The new bishop arrived in Calcutta on 10 October 1823. After his ceremonial installation by the Governor General, [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]], Heber preached his first sermon as bishop on Sunday 12 October, in St John's Cathedral Church.<ref>Hughes, pp. 93–95</ref> He faced many challenges arising from tasks unfinished at the time of his predecessor's death and from the long hiatus without a bishop. A major area of concern was Bishop's College, a training school for local clergy founded by Middleton in 1820, the development of which had stalled due to financial and management problems. Heber reinvigorated the project by extensive fundraising, by persuading the government to increase its grant of land, and by restarting the building programme; within a few months the college boasted a library and a new chapel.<ref>Montefiore, p. 129</ref> In June 1824 Heber, using a power provided to him by recent [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom|Act of Parliament]], ordained as deacon the first native Indian to receive Holy Orders.<ref>Hughes, p. 105</ref>

Heber was interested in all aspects of Indian life and quickly made friends, both with the local population and with the representatives of non-Anglican churches.<ref name= ODNB/> Occasionally his easy manner and lavish hospitality clashed with the principles of the more puritan and evangelical of his clergy; one such, Isaac Wilson of the CMS, used a sermon to mount a direct attack on the bishop after what he considered were excessive celebrations following a baptismal service. Wilson was forced to apologise after Heber threatened him with a [[Consistory court]].<ref name= Hughes105>Hughes, pp. 105–106</ref>

===Travels===
[[File:Benares19thC.jpg|thumb|left|An early 19th century depiction of Benares (Varanasi), visited by Heber in August–September 1824]]

On 15 June 1824 Heber set out on a tour of northern India, accompanied by his personal chaplain, Martin Stowe, and [[Daniel Corrie]], the [[Archdeacon]] of Calcutta.<ref name= Hughes105/> Amelia remained in Calcutta; earlier in the year she had given birth to her third daughter, Harriet.<ref>Hughes, p. 104</ref> The general plan was to travel by boat to the upper waters of the River [[Ganges]], then overland into the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] before turning south and west, crossing [[Rajputana]] to reach [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name= ODNB/> The journey was almost aborted near to its beginning when Stowe fell ill in [[Dacca]] (present-day Dhaka, Bangladesh) and died there; after some hesitation, Heber decided that the tour should continue.<ref>Hughes, p. 113</ref> Early in August the party reached [[Varanasi|Benares]] (now Varanasi), the largest of the cities in the Ganges plain, where Heber spent several weeks. It was a wholly Indian city without a European population, sacred to [[Hindu]]s, [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] but with a well-established CMS school and a substantial Christian minority. Heber consecrated a new church, and when he conducted a [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]] service in both English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], a large congregation of Christians and Hindus thronged the church.<ref name= Hughes120>Hughes, pp. 120–124</ref><ref>Montefiore, pp. 138–140</ref>

The party left Benares in mid-September. After reaching [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] they continued overland, accompanied by an armed troop of [[sepoys]].<ref name= Hughes120/> On 28 November they reached their farthest northerly point, at [[Almora]] in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region.<ref>Hughes, p. 136</ref> Their subsequent path southward took them to [[Delhi]], the ancient [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] capital, where Heber was presented to the ageing emperor [[Akbar Shah II]] in his dilapidated palace; Heber wrote of the emperor as "the venerable ruin of a mighty stock".<ref>Hughes, pp. 141–143</ref> In the final stages of the journey to Bombay, at Nadiad, Heber met with [[Sahajanand Swami]], the region's leading Hindu religious leader. Heber had hopes of converting the Swami to Christianity, but was disappointed in the meeting since he failed to do so.<ref>Hughes, pp. 155–156</ref> On 19 April Heber arrived in Bombay, to be greeted a week later by Amelia and his daughters, who had arrived by sea from Calcutta.<ref>Montefiore, p. 147</ref>

Heber remained in Bombay for four months, and then decided that, instead of sailing directly for Calcutta, he would visit Ceylon on the way. He arrived at [[Galle]] on 25 August and spent five weeks touring the main cities before departing for Calcutta where he arrived on 19 October 1825 after an absence of 16 months.<ref>Hughes, pp. 158–166</ref>

===Final months===
[[File:StJohnsChurchTrichinopoly.jpg|thumb|St John's church in Trichinopoly, where Heber preached his last sermon and where he is buried]]

Heber wished to pass on to the Governor General, [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]], much of what he had learned and observed on his long voyage, and on his return to Calcutta busied himself with a series of detailed reports.<ref name= Hughes167/> He also wrote to Williams-Wynn in London, strongly criticising the [[East India Company]]'s stewardship of its Indian territories. He was concerned that few Indians were promoted to senior posts, and noted the "bullying, insolent manner" towards Indians that was widespread amongst the Company authorities.<ref>Hughes, pp. 170–172</ref> Many local matters also demanded Heber's attention: the next phase in the development of Bishop's College, the preparation of a Hindustani dictionary, and a series of ordinations including that of Abdul Masih, an elderly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] whose reception into Anglican orders had earlier been resisted by Bishop Middleton, on unspecified grounds<ref name= Hughes167>Hughes, pp. 167–169</ref><ref>Montefiore, p. 151</ref>

In spite of the pressures on his time, Heber set out again on 30 January 1826, this time heading south for [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], and ultimately [[Travancore]]. One reason for the tour was to examine the issue of [[caste]], which persisted in Southern India.<ref name= ODNB/> In Tanjore on Easter Day, 26 March 1826, Heber preached to more than 1300, and on the following day conducted a [[confirmation]] service for a large [[Tamil people|Tamil]] congregation. On 1 April he moved on to [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]] where, next day, he confirmed 42 people. On 3 April, after attending an early-morning service at which he gave a blessing in the [[Tamil language]], Heber returned to his bungalow for a cold bath. Immediately after plunging into the water he died, possibly from the shock of the cold water in the intense heat.<ref>Hughes, pp. 178–180</ref> Watson records that a contemporary engraving shows his body "being carried from the bath by his servant and chaplain, the latter immaculately attired in a frock coat and top hat".<ref>Watson 2002, p. 239</ref> His funeral was held the next day at St John's church, where he had preached his final sermon; he was buried within the church, on the north side of the altar.<ref name= Hughes181>Hughes, pp. 181–183</ref>

==Memorials and legacy==
[[File:The Death of Bishop Hebar (From an Engraving of Messers. Fisher's) (1848, p. 50) - Copy.jpg|thumb|left|The death of Bishop Heber, from an 1848 engraving]]

Although Heber's episcopate had been brief he had made a considerable impression, and news of his death brought many tributes from around India. [[Charles Edward Grey|Sir Charles Grey]], an old Oxford friend who was serving as Calcutta's Chief Justice, spoke of Heber's cheerfulness, his lack of self-importance, his good humour, patience and kindness.<ref name= Hughes181/> Flags were flown at half-mast in Madras and Calcutta, and the Governor-General ordered a salute of 42 guns—one for each completed year of the bishop's life.<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. II, p. 457</ref> In several cities public subscriptions were opened to raise funds for monuments.<ref>Heber and Heber Vol. II, pp. 458–470 and pp. 474–486</ref> In St John's church in Trichinopoly, initially a simple plaque above the grave recorded the date and place of Heber's death; this was in due course made much more elaborate.<ref name= Hughes181/> In St George's church, Madras, a large sculpture by [[Francis Chantrey]] was erected, depicting Heber ministering to members of his flock.<ref>Montefiore, p. 159</ref> Reflecting Heber's interest in the training of local [[Ordination|ordinands]], further funds were raised to provide Heber scholarships at Bishop's College; in Trichinopoly a school founded by the German missionary [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]] became the [[Bishop Heber College|Heber Memorial School]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Education Plus Tiruchirapalli|url= http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/11/29/stories/2004112900580200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050115223544/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/11/29/stories/2004112900580200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 15 January 2005|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 29 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bishop Heber College: A brief history of the college |url=http://www.bhc.edu.in/linker.php?id=colpro |publisher=Bishop Heber College |access-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090927/http://www.bhc.edu.in/linker.php?id=colpro |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

It took four months for reports of Heber's death to reach England. At Oxford, representatives of Brasenose and All Souls opened a fund for an appropriate memorial; this idea was taken over by Williams-Wynn, who wanted a national rather than an Oxford-based monument. From the large sum collected, Chantrey was paid £3,000 for a huge marble sculpture that was placed in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London.<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 464: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref><ref>Heber and Heber Vol. II, pp. 493–494</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|last= Stevens|first= Timothy|title= Chantrey, Sir Francis Leggatt|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5113?docPos=1|date= January 2008|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/5113|access-date= 13 July 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> More modest memorials were raised in the parish churches at Hodnet and Malpas.<ref name= Hughes181/> At the time of Heber's episcopacy, Australia formed part of the Diocese of Calcutta and, following Heber's death, a schoolhouse was erected at St Paul's, [[Cobbitty, New South Wales]] and named the Heber Chapel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cobbittyanglican.com.au/our-history|title=St Paul's Cobbitty: Our History|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref>Hassall, Roy W P, "Bishop Reginald Heber", ''Journal of the Church of England Historical Society'', Vol 2, No 2, 1957.</ref> During his time in St Asaph, Heber became a good friend of the poet, [[Felicia Hemans]], and in 1826 she published a poetic tribute "To the Memory of Bishop Heber" in ''[[The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies|The Asiatic Journal]]''.<ref> {{cite book|last =Hemans|first=Felicia|title=Asiatic Journal, 1826|year=1826 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=jSpGAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA504&hl=en|section=November|page=505|publisher=The Honourable East-India Company}}</ref> Another tribute was provided by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] with her poetical illustration to an engraving of a painting by H. Melville on the ''Death of Heber'' in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.<ref> {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA70|section=poetical illustration|page=58|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA72|section=picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

{{wikisource|A Poem by Felicia Hemans in The Asiatic Journal, and Monthly Register Volume 22 1826/To the Memory of Bishop Heber|"To the Memory of Bishop Heber", a poem by Felicia Hemans}}
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/The Death of Heber|The Death of Heber, a poetical illustration by L. E. L. to a picture by H. Melville}}

Heber was soon commemorated in print; as well as the publication of his hymns collection in 1827, the journal that he had kept during his northern India tour of 1824–25 was published in 1828 and proved a great commercial success. Less popular was the three-volume biography and letters collection that Amelia published in 1830. In the ensuing years various collections of Heber's poetry appeared. Hughes observes that although some of the lighter verses are neat and amusing, the general quality is such that had Heber been only a poet, he would quickly have been forgotten.<ref name= Hughes185/> He achieved a more lasting niche as a hymn-writer; according to Hughes, among his hymns with enduring appeal are the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] hymn "Brightest and best of the sons of the morning"; "[[The Son of God Goes Forth to War]]", dedicated to the church's saints and martyrs, and the [[Trinity Sunday]] hymn "[[Holy, Holy, Holy|Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty]]".<ref name= Hughes77/> The last one is probably the most widely known of all Trinity hymns and owes a great deal of its popularity to [[John Bacchus Dykes]]'s tune "Nicea": Watson observes that the tune's "magnificent grandeur carries the long lines effortlessly".<ref>Watson 2002, p. 245</ref> Hughes mentions two more Heber hymns that, he says, deserve to be better known: "God that madest earth and heaven" and "By cool Siloam's shady rill".<ref name= Hughes77/>

Heber's pioneering commitment to the mission fields was expressed, half a century after his death, by the author [[Charlotte Mary Yonge]]: "Heber was one of the first English churchmen who perceived that to enlarge her borders and strengthen her stakes was the bounden duty of the living Church".<ref>Yonge, p. 185</ref> He led through example, and through his writings which "did much to spread knowledge of, and therefore interest in, the field of labour in which he died".<ref>Yonge, p. 198</ref> The [[Anglican Church of Canada]] commemorates Heber on 4 April each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forallsaints.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/reginald-heber-bishop-of-calcutta-and-hymnodist-1826/|title=Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta and Hymnodist, 1826|work=For All the Saints|date=5 April 2011 |access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

In July 1830 Amelia Heber married Count Demetrius Valsamachi, a Greek diplomat who became a British subject and was later [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighted]] by [[Queen Victoria]]. Amelia lived until 1870. Her daughter Emily married Algernon Percy, the son of the [[Hugh Percy (bishop)|Bishop of Carlisle]], and the younger daughter Harriet married a son of Heber's friend John Thornton.<ref name= Hughes185>Hughes, pp. 185–188</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Reginald Heber Escutcheon.png
|escutcheon = Per fess Azure and Gules a lion rampant Or in the dexter chief point a mullet Argent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/baz_manning/53683173974/ |title= 1823 Heber R, Bishop of Calcutta. |date= 27 April 2024 |publisher=Baz Manning |accessdate=9 June 2024}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Christianity in India]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|author-link= John Betjeman|last= Betjeman|first= John|title= Sweet Songs of Zion|publisher= Hodder and Stoughton|location = London|year= 2008 | isbn = 978-0-340-96388-3 }}
* {{cite book|last1= Heber|first1= Reginald|last2= Heber|first2=Amelia Shipley|title= The Life of Reginald Heber, D.D., Lord Bishop of Calcutta ''Volumes I and II''|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YNAAAAAcAAJ |publisher= John Murray|location= London|year= 1830|oclc= 643409142}}
* {{cite book|last= Hughes|first= Derrick|title= Bishop Sahib: A Life of Reginald Heber|publisher= Churchman Publishing|location= [[Worthing]], UK|year= 1986 | isbn = 978-1-85093-043-3 }}
* {{cite book|last= Montefiore|first= Arthur|title= Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta|url= https://archive.org/stream/reginaldheberbis00bric#page/n5/mode/2up|publisher= Fleming H. Revell Company|location= New York, Chicago and Toronto|year= 1902|oclc= 155604573 }}; re-printed 2015 by Facsimile Publisher and distributed by Gyan Books, New Delhi.
* {{cite book|last= Watson|first= J.R.|title= An Annotated Anthology of Hymns|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|year= 2002 | isbn = 978-0-19-826973-1 }}
* {{cite book|last= Watson|first= J.R.|title= The English hymn: a critical and historical study (1997)|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|year= 1997|isbn= 978-0-19-826762-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/englishhymncriti0000wats}}
* {{cite book|author-link= Charlotte Mary Yonge|last= Yonge|first= Charlotte M.|title= Pioneers and Founders, or Recent workers in the Mission Field|url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19308/19308-h/19308-h.htm|publisher= Macmillan & Co|location= London|year= 1874|oclc= 3420864}}
* Reginald Heber, Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay 1824–1825 with Notes upon Ceylon; An Account of a Journey to Madras and the Southern Provinces 1826 and Letters written in India, Third Edition in Three Volumes, re-printed by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1995.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Heber|first= Reginald|title= Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay 1824–1825 (with Notes upon Ceylon)|url= https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofjourn01hebe#page/n9/mode/2up|publisher= Carey, Lea & Carey|location= Philadelphia|year= 1825}}
* {{cite journal|title=Review of ''Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay''|journal=The Quarterly Review|volume=37|date=January 1828|pages=100–147}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{DNB Poster|Heber, Reginald}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Reginald Heber}}
* {{Librivox author |id=8404}}
* [https://archive.org/details/poeticalworksre00howegoog ''The Poetical Works of Reginald Heber'']. Published by E.H. Butler, Philadelphia 1858 (ebook version); another version at [https://archive.org/details/poeticalworks00hebeuoft ''Internet archive'']
* [https://archive.org/details/personalityando00hebegoog ''The Personality and Office of the Christian Comforter'']—[[Bampton Lectures]] (1816) online
* [http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/from_greenlands_icy_mountains.htm "From Greenland's Icy Mountains"]—Text of Heber's controversial missionary hymn. From ''The Hymns and Carols of Christmas'', ed. Douglas D. Anderson (online collection)

{{Bishops of Calcutta}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heber, Reginald}}
[[Category:1783 births]]
[[Category:1826 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican bishops in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century English poets]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Anglican writers]]
[[Category:English male poets]]
[[Category:English sermon writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Malpas, Cheshire]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of West Malaysia]]

1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-15T06:21:52Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year = 1967
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1962
| election_date = {{Start date|1967|02|21}}
| next_election = 1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1969
| seats_for_election = 425 seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 213
| opinion_polls =
| registered = 42,148,100
| turnout = 22,989,751 (54.55%) {{increase}}3.11%
| image1 = Chandrabhanu Gupta 2025 stamp of India.jpg
| leader1 = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| colour1 =
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ranikhet Assembly constituency|Ranikhet]]
| last_election1 = 249 seats, 36.33%
| seats1 = 199
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 50
| popular_vote1 = 6,912,104
| percentage1 = 32.20%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 4.13%
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = 
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| after_election = [[Charan Singh]]
| after_party = [[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal|SVD]]
| image2 = Oil lamp.svg
| leader2 =
| leader_since2 =
| colour2 =
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|ABJS]]
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 98
| last_election2 = 49 seats, 16.46%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 49
| popular_vote2 = 4,651,738
| percentage2 = 21.67%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 5.21%
| image3 = {{eppt|Samyukta Socialist Party|height=80|width=80}}
| leader3 =
| party3 = [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
| alliance3 =
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats3 = 44
| last_election3 = 24 seats, 8.21%
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 44
| popular_vote3 = 2,140,924
| percentage3 = 9.97%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 7.41%
}}

1967 Fourth general elections held in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats as well as the largest share of the popular vote. But it could not secure enough seats for a majority and so a coalition of other parties formed the government with [[Charan Singh]] as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=V. K. |date=1999 |title=In Search of a New Balance: Caste, Region and Community in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408335 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=34/35 |pages=2400–2408|jstor=4408335 }}</ref>

==Election results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:UP LA 1967.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=6912104|sw1={{decrease}}4.13%|seats1=199|sc1={{decrease}}50
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=4651738|sw2={{increase}}5.21%|seats2=98|sc2={{increase}}49
|party3=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes3=2140924|sw3={{increase}}7.41%|seats3=44|sc3={{increase}}20
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=692942|sw4={{decrease}}1.85%|seats4=13|sc4={{decrease}}1
|party5=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes5=1016284|sw5={{increase}}0.13%|seats5=12|sc5={{decrease}}3
|party6=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes6=878738|sw6={{decrease}}7.43%|seats6=11|sc6={{decrease}}27
|party7=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes7=889010|sw7={{increase}}0.40%|seats7=10|sc7={{increase}}2
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=272565|sw8=''new party''|seats8=1|sc8=''new party''
|party9=[[Independent politician|Independents]]|votes9=4013661|sw9={{increase}}5.99%|seats9=37|sc9={{increase}}6
|total_sc={{decrease}}5
|valid=21467966
|invalid=1521785
|electorate=42148100
}}

The [[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal]] (SVD) government was formed by the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (98 MLAs), [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (44 MLAs), 21 MLAs from the Congress, [[Communist Party of India]] (13 MLAs), [[Swatantra Party]] (12 MLAs), [[Praja Socialist Party]] (11 MLAs), [[Republican Party of India]] (10 MLAs), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1 MLA) and 22 [[Independent politician|Independent]] MLAs. SVD's total strength was 232 in the 425-member [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Charan Singh]] (leader of a faction that broke away from the Congress) became the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Uttar Kashi || None || Krishna Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tehri || None || T. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoprayag || None || I. Mani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Lansdowne || None || B. D. Dhuliya || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Ekeshwar || None || R. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pauri || None || C. S. Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karanprayag || None || Y. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badri Kedar || None || G. Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Didihat || None || [[Gopal Dutt Ojha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithoragarh || None || [[Narendra Singh Bisht]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Almora || None || R. Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bageshwar || SC || G. R. Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dwarahat || None || H. D. Kardpal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet || None || C. B. Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nainital || None || P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Haldwani || SC || I. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || R. Datt || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Noorpur || None || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhampur || None || G. Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Afzalgarh || SC || C. G. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagina || None || A. Rehman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Najibabad || None || K. D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bijnor || None || K. S. Vir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandpur || None || N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kanth || None || J. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Amroha || None || S. Husain || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Hasanpur || None || R. Uddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gangeshwari || SC || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sambhal || None || M. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bahjoi || None || B.lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandausi || None || I. Mohani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kunderki || SC || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Moradabad City || None || O. Saran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moradabad Rural || None || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Thakurdwara || None || A. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Suar Tanda || None || M. Husain || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Rampur || None || A. A. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bilaspur || None || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Shahabad || SC || B. Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bisauli || None || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Gunnaur || None || J. Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sahaswan || None || A. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ambiapur || SC || S. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Budaun || None || M. A. Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Usehat || None || B. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dataganj || None || H. C. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Binawar || None || G. S. Rathaur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aonla || SC || D. Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Alampur || None || N. Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Faridpur || None || D. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || C. R. Pachpra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bareilly City || None || J. S. Agarwala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || R. Ballabh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhojipura || None || H. K. Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Shergarh || None || M. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Baheri || None || R. Murti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pilibhit || None || B. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Barkhera || SC || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bisalpur || None || M. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Puranpur || None || M. L. Acharya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Powayan || SC || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nigohi || None || R. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tilhar || None || S.vikram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalabad || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dadraul || None || R. M. Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahjahanpur || None || M. R. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohamdi || SC || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Haiderabad || None || R. Rajeshwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lakhimpur || None || C. R. Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bankeyganj || SC || D. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Phoolbeher || None || B. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nighasan || None || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhaurehra || None || J. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Behta || None || G. S. Bhatnagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biswan || None || G. P. Mehrotra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mahmudabad || None || B. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sidhauli || SC || M. Din || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sitapur || None || T. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Laharpur || None || V. Behari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Hargaon || SC || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Misrikh || None || R. Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhrehta || SC || J. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Beniganj || SC || A. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sandila || None || K. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ahirori || SC || M. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hardoi || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bawan || None || G. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Pihani || SC || K. L. Balmiki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || None || R. H. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilgram || None || Kala Rani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mallawan || None || L. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bangarmau || None || S. Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Unnao || None || Z. Rahaman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bichhia || None || R. A. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhagwantnagar || None || B. S. Visharad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Purwa || SC || Lakhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Hasanganj || None || S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Miyanganj || SC || B. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Malihabad || SC || B. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahona || None || R. P. Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow East || None || R. S. Kapoor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lucknow Central || None || S. K. Vidyarthi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lucknow West || None || S. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lucknow Cantonment || None || B. P. Awasthi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sarojini Nagar || None || V. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohanlalganj || SC || N. Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bachhrawan || SC || R. Dularey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tiloi || None || W. Naqvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rae Bareli || None || M. M. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sataon || None || R. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sareni || None || G. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dalmau || None || S. S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salon || None || D. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rokha || SC || R. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kunda || None || N. Hasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bihar || SC || R. Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampur Khas || None || R. Ajore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lachmanpur || None || R. N. Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pratapgarh || None || A. Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Birapur || None || R. Deo || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Patti || SC || R. Kinkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amethi || None || R. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Gauriganj || None || G. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || SC || R. Sewak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Issauli || None || R. B. Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaisinghpur || None || S. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanpur || None || R. P. Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lambhua || None || U. Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kadipur || SC || Sukhdeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katehri || None || R. Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Akbarpur || None || J. R. Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalpur || None || J. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jahangirganj || SC || B. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tanda || None || R. C. Azad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maya || None || Rajbali || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ayodhya || None || B. Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bikapur || None || R. B. Dewedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Milkipur || None || R. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sohawal || SC || J. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudauli || None || C. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Daryabad || None || G. Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siddhaur || SC || G. Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haidergarh || None || J. Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Masauli || None || J. Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || A. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || N. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || R. Asrey || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kaisarganj || None || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Fakharpur || None || K. R. J. B. Rana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mahsi || None || G. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sheopur || None || R. A. S. Sengar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Nanpara || None || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Charda || SC || Gajadhar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhinga || None || K. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bahraich || None || K. B. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Ikauna || SC || Bhagwati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Tulsipur || SC || S. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Gainsari || None || S. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bairampur || None || P. N. Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Utraula || None || R. M. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadullanagar || None || V. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mankapur || None || Kunwar [[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anand Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mujehna || None || R. Dularey || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Gonda || None || I. Saran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katrabazar || None || R. Deo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Colonelganj || None || M. M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tarabganj || None || S. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahadeva || SC || B. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bikramjot || None || R. Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Harraiya || SC || B. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || None || R. L. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basti || None || L. K. K. Pal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Saonghat || SC || S. L. Dhusiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj || None || J. D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhanwapur || None || J. Nand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Banganga || None || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Naugarh || None || D. Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bansi || None || P. Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khesraha || None || R.b. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudhauli || None || A. M. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Menhdawal || None || C. S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Khalilabad || None || D. D. Pande || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hainsarbazar || SC || Santoo || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bansgaon || None || J. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Dhuriapar || SC || Y. Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chillupar || None || K. N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kauriaram || None || A. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Jhangha || SC || R. Pati || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Pipraich || None || M. Dighe || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Gorakhpur || None || U. Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Maniram || None || A. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sahjanwan || None || R. Karan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Paniara || None || B. Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pharenda || None || G. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Lakshmipur || None || Raghuraj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Siswa || None || Y. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahrajganj || SC || Duryodhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shyam Deowra || None || B. Chaturvedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naurangia || SC || Dasharath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramkola || None || Rajdeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hata || None || R. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padrauna || None || Chandradeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Seorahi || None || G. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fazilnagar || None || R. Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kushinagar || None || R. Naresh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Gauri Bazar || None || C. Bali || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Rudrapur || SC || Dr. S. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoria || None || F. Chishti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhatpar Rani || None || A. Pd. Arya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salempur || None || [[Awadhesh Pratap Mall|A. P. Mal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhaj || None || U. Sen || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Nathupur || SC || M. Deo || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || Jharkhande || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sagri || None || Narbdeshwar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || M. N. Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Azamgarh || None || B. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rani Ka Sarai || None || J. N. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Atraulia || None || Markande || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Phulpur || None || R. Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Martinganj || SC || Arjun || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehnagar || SC || Jainu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lalganj || None || Tribeni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mubarakpur || None || Vishwanath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohammadabad Gohna || SC || S. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mau || None || B. M. D. Agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rasra || SC || R. Ratan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siar || None || Shivalal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chilkahar || None || Kamta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sikandarpur || None || R. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bansdih || None || Baijnath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Duaba || None || S. M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ballia || None || R. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kopachit || None || S. Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Qasimabad || None || Raghubir || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || V. S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dildarnagar || None || K . N . Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Zamania || None || R . S . Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ghazipur || None || P . Ram || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Jakhania || SC || D . Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadat || None || Rajnath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saidpur || None || Atma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhanapur || None || Baijnath || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chandauli || None || C . Shekhar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chakia || SC || B . Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mughalsarai || None || S . L . Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi Cantonment || None || V . Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Varanasi North || None || V . Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Varanasi South || None || R.satin || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Araziline || None || B.ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chiraigaon || None || H.bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kolaslah || None || Udal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Aurai || None || N.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gyanpur || None || Muralidhar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bhadohi || SC || H.ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barsathi || None || K.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mariahu || None || R.kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kerakat || SC || R.samjhawan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beyalsi || None || L.bahahur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaunpur || None || K.pati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rari || None || R.bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Shahganj || SC || M.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khutahan || None || L.shankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garwara || None || D.sewak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Machhlishahar || None || M.rauf || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dudhi || SC || A.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Robertsganj || SC || R.narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajgarh || None || Ramnath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chunar || None || R.n.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majhwa || SC || B.ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mirzapur || None || A.kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chhanvey || None || S.brahmashram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Meja || SC || B.vir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karchana || None || S.deen || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bara || None || H.n.bahuguna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || None || R.nath || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Handia || None || A.ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pratappur || None || [[Muzaffar Hasan|M.hasan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Soraon || None || R.d.patel || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kaurihar || None || S.n.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad North || None || R.k.bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad South || None || K.c.mohiley || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Allahabad West || None || C.n.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chail || SC || D.lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majhanpur || SC || N.r.shikshak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sirathu || None || M.p.tewari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khaga || None || C.kishore || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Kishanpur || SC || B.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haswa || None || J.n. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur || None || S.hasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khajuha || None || P.datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindki || None || R.kant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aryanagar || SC || J.jatav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chamanganj || None || B.badre || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Generalganj || None || G.ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kanpur Cantonment || None || D.s. Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Govindnagar || None || P.tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || S.g.datta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsaul || None || S.b.singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ghatampur || None || B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhoganipur || SC || K. Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rajpur || None || R.s. Verma || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sarvankhera || None || R.n.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaubepur || None || R.kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bilhaur || SC || M.l.dehalvi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Derapur || None || N.pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Auraiya || None || C.b.singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ajitmal || SC || D.r.charan || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Lakhana || SC || K.lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Etawah || None || B.bhushan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jaswantnagar || None || [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]|| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bidhuna || None || Ramadhar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bharthana || None || S.singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kannauj || SC || P.ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Umardha || None || H.l.yadav || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chhibramau || None || R.p.tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kamalganj || None || B.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Farukhabad || None || M.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaimganj || None || G.c.tewari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || R.s.yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manikpur || SC || Indrapal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Karwi || None || R.sajiwan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Baberu || None || D.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naraini || None || J.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Banda || None || G.s.saraf || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Hamirpur || None || B.b.brahmachari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Maudaha || None || B.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rath || None || R.s.rajpur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Charkhari || None || J.singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mahoba || SC || Zorawar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mehroni || None || R.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lalitpur || SC || A.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhansi || None || U.narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Babina || None || S.p.goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mauranipur || SC || B.bai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gardutha || None || K.lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Konch || SC || B.lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Orai || None || C.sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalpi || None || C.s.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Madhogarh || None || G.narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhongaon || None || J.n.tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kishni || None || S.r.singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Karhal || SC || M.l.chamar || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Shikohabad || None || R.swarup || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jasrana || None || R.s.verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghiror || None || R.singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Mainpuri || None || M.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Aliganj || None || L.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Paatiali || None || T.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sakit || None || B.singh || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Soron || SC || S.ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kasganj || None || K.charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etah || None || G.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Nidhauli Klan || None || R.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalesar || SC || U.b.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Firozabad || None || R.ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bah || SC || R.das || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Fatehabad || None || H.singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tundla || None || M.singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Dayalbagh || SC || R.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra Cantonment || None || H.h.n.a.a.h.babu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra East || None || R.s.agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Agra West || None || M.singh || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Kheragarh || None || J.p.rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || R.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Goverdhan || SC || Khem || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mathura || None || A.d.chjaran || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chhata || None || T.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mat || None || A.l.raman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gokul || None || G.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadabad || None || A.a.khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hathras || None || R.s.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sasni || SC || R.p. Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandra Rao || None || N.r. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gangiri || None || B.singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Atrauli || None || K.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Aligarh || None || I.p.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Koil || SC || K.l.diler || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Iglas || None || M.l.gautam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khair || None || P.lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandaus || None || K.deo || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jewar || SC || H.singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Khurja || None || B.dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhatari || SC || D.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Debai || None || H.singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Anupshahr || None || D.kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Siana || None || N.singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Agota || None || J.singh || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Bulandshahr || None || S.alam || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Sikandrabad || None || R.c.vikal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dadri || None || T.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghaziabad || None || P.lal || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Muradnagar || None || G.s.chaudhri || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Modinagar || None || S.prasad || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Hapur || SC || D.d.sain || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Garhmukteshwar || None || B.singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kithore || None || M.ahamd || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Hastinapur || SC || R.l.sahayak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sardhana || None || D.v.singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Barnawa || None || J.singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Meerut || None || M.l.kappor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Meerut Cantonment || None || V.tyagi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rohta || SC || H.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khekhra || None || P.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baraut || None || A.dipanker || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Chaprauli || None || C.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kandhla || None || V.verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khatauli || None || S.singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Jansath || SC || S.c.mazdoor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Morna || None || R.dutt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarnagar || None || V.swarup || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Charthawal || SC || H.chandra || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kairana || None || S.jang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhawan || None || R.c.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nakur || None || N.singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sarsawa || None || M.m.a.khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagal || SC || R.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoband || None || P.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harora || SC || Shakuntala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saharanpur || None || A.khaliq || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarabad || None || M.raj || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Roorkee || None || J.n.sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lhaksar || None || S.ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hardwar || None || M.g.giri || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dehra Dun || None || R.swarup || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mussoorie || None || G.singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar]]
[[Category:February 1967 in Asia]]
[[Category:1960s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Reclining Nude (1933)

2026-01-12T03:36:52Z

Mir Hashim Ali: Article.

{{Short description|1933 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Reclining Nude
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Reclining Nude 1933.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1933
| completion_date =
| catalogue =
| medium =
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric =
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial =
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| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation =
| condition =
| museum = [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi
| city =
| coordinates = 
| owner =
| accession =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}

'''''Reclining Nude''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting by [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], completed in 1933 in Budapest.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80>Sundaram, pp. 80-90</ref><ref name=Sundaram2001>{{Cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RRQAQAAIAAJ |title=Re-take of Amrita: Digital Photomontages Based on Photographs by Umrao Singh Sher-Gil (1870-1954) and Photographs from the Sher-Gil Family Archive |last2=Sher-Gil |first2=Umrao Singh |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |isbn=978-81-85229-49-2 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|pages=80–81}}</ref> It depicts Sher-Gil's cousin Viola, sister of her husband Victor Egan.<ref name=Sundaram2010.94>Sundaram, p. 94</ref>{{efn|Dalmia names the nude sent to [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung]] in 1936 as the ''Reclining Nude'', but Sher-Gil's letter to [[Indira Sundaram|Indira]] dated 5 January 1937 says that it was the ''[[Sleep (Sher-Gil)|Nude of Indu]]''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.285>Sundaram, p. 285</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.80>Dalmia, p. 80</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1933 paintings]]
[[Category:Portraits of women]]
[[Category:Nude paintings of women]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]
[[Category:20th-century portraits]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Vellathuval

2025-12-11T21:07:40Z

Mir Hashim Ali:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vellathuval
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14509
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Vellathuval ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Vellathuval had a population of 14509 with 7217 males and 7292 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vellathuval Village Population - Devikulam - Idukki, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628060-vellathuval-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Schools==
* Vellathooval Highschool

==Places of Worship==
* Vellathooval Sree Annapurna Devi Temple
* vellathooval town juma masjid
* St George Forane Church
* St Jude Chappel
* St Alphonsa church
* Sharon Fellowship Church(Pentecostal Church)
* India Pentecostal Church of God
* Bethel Marthoma Church
* Noorul Hudha Juma Masjid Selliampara
* Sreekrishna Swami Temple
* Ayyappan Temple Vellathooval

==Offices ==
* Sengulam Hydro Electric Project
* Panniar Hydro Electric Project
* Vellathooval post office
* Co-operative bank
* SBI Vellathooval
* Vellathooval police Station
* Vellathooval Panchyath office
* Krishi Bhavan Vellathooval
* G.H Vellathooval
* Vellathooval Small Hydro Electric Project

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

Aspidopterys canarensis

2025-10-26T09:39:20Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made a stub

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Aspidopterys canarensis Dalzell (8582427227).jpg
|image_caption = ''Aspidopterys canarensis''
|genus = Aspidopterys
|species = canarensis
|authority = [[Nicol Alexander Dalzell|Dalzell]]
}}
'''''Aspidopterys canarensis''''' commonly known as the '''Kanara climber''' is a liana species endemic to the Western Ghats of India, belonging to the family [[Malpighiaceae]].<ref>Gnanaolivu, S.D., Erinjery, J.J., Campera, M. and Singh, M., 2025. lydekkerianus malabaricus) in the Western Ghats, India.</ref> The species has a restricted natural distribution, occurring only in a few pockets of semi-evergreen forests in Kerala and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sujana, K.A. |author2= George, N. |author3=John, J. |author4=Ragi, P.R. |author5=Kumar, N.A. |title=Phytochemical constituents, proximate analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of an endemic liana (''Aspidopterys canarensis'') |journal=International Journal of Bioassays |year=2014 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=3254–3258 |url=https://www.ijbio.com/articles/phytochemical-constituents-proximate-analysis-antioxidant-and-antimicrobial-properties-ofan-endemic-liana-aspidopterys-c.pdf}}</ref>

== Description ==
Leaves are hairless, ovate to elliptic-lance shaped and long-pointed. Flowers are clustered in slender stalks, borne in leaf axils or leafscars. Bracts and sepals are velvety. Petals are yellow. Samara is nearly circular and papery.

== Phenology ==
Flowering: February-May.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15385536}}

[[Category:Malpighiaceae]]

{{Malpighiaceae-stub}}

Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya

2025-10-06T03:45:33Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created a info needs work

{{Short description|1925 book by Muhammad Shafi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya
| image = Cover of Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya.jpg
| caption = Urdu cover
| author = [[Muhammad Shafi]]
| title_orig = سیرت خاتم الانبیاء
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Sīrah]]
| genre = Classic
| published = 1925
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 978-9695862964
| dewey = 297.09
| oclc = 19546572
}}
'''''Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya''''' ({{langx|ur|سیرت خاتم الانبیاء}}) is a [[Sīrah|prophetic biography]] authored by [[Muhammad Shafi]] in Urdu, initially published in 1925. Originally titled ''Awjazu al-Siyari Li-khairi al-Bashar'', denoting a concise biography due to its thematic focus, the name failed to engage a broad audience. Consequently, in its second edition, the current title was replaced.<ref name=":Jahan">{{Cite thesis |last=Jahan |first=Ibrat |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Seerah literature |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2013 |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/176381 |page=18 |degree=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/176381 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103000108/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/176381 |url-status=live }}</ref> The book is concise yet comprehensive, drawing from [[Hadith terminology|authentic narrations]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alim |first=Fazle |url=https://www.wafilife.com/dorse-nijami/dp/1151829 |title=Exploring Dars-e-Nizami: Key Texts and Their Creators |date=2024 |publisher=Maktabatu Khidmah |location=BanglaBazar, Dhaka |pages=114 |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241204225834/https://www.wafilife.com/dorse-nijami/dp/1151829 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been included in the curriculum of numerous religious institutions in Pakistan and India, including [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Mazahir Uloom]], and [[Madrasa Shahi]].<ref name=":Talib">{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Talib |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364770 |title=Contribution of Aligarh Muslim University to Seerah Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2018 |location=India |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364770 |language=ur |access-date=2023-10-26 |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026175529/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364770 |url-status=live |page=470}}</ref> The foreword of the book is written by [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]].

== Background ==
Muhammad Shafi received requests from friends to compose a prophetic biography for Muslims. In response, he accepted the task, exercising caution and relying on authentic narrations.<ref name=":AU">{{Cite journal |last=Ullah |first=Asad |date=2018 |title=Research Study of the Contribution of Mufti Muhammad Shafi' in Sīrah Studies |url=https://jirs.uoh.edu.pk/index.php/JIRS/article/view/328 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=100 |doi=10.36476/JIRS.3:1.06.2018.07 |issn=2519-7118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023034925/http://jirs.uoh.edu.pk/index.php/JIRS/article/view/328 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=30 January 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He compiled a concise yet comprehensive biography in simple language, addressing diverse issues such as [[Polygyny in Islam|polygyny]], [[jihad]], the [[Isra' and Mi'raj]] incident, and presenting reasoned answers to objections raised by opponents.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Asad |url=https://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/19985/1/asad%20ullah%20islamiat%202019%20federal%20urdu%20uni%20karachi.pdf |title=Mufti Azam Pakistan Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi ki amli, tasneefi, aur milli khidmaton ka ilmi, tahqiqi, aur tanqeedi jaiza. |publisher=[[Federal Urdu University]] |year=2019 |page= |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=203–204 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123053718/https://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/19985/1/asad%20ullah%20islamiat%202019%20federal%20urdu%20uni%20karachi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Completed in 1925, the book emphasizes presenting the entire prophetic biography in accordance with credible historical and Hadith books. It covers events from the Prophet's birth to demise, simplifying important topics concisely.<ref name=":AU" /> Within a year of its publication, it became part of the curriculum in over a hundred schools. [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] was the first to include it in his seminary curriculum, and even today, it remains in the curriculum of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name=":Ishtiaque">{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad Qasmi|first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |page=71 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/338413 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228204525/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/338413 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book's writing style follows the pattern of academic literature.{{Sfn|Ahmad Qasmi|2020|p=71}} In the conclusion, the author added forty hadiths with translations under the title ''Jawame' Al-Kalim''.{{Sfn|Ahmad Qasmi|2020|p=74}}

== Methodology ==
Asad Ullah from [[Federal Urdu University]] noted that the author maintained a balance between comprehensiveness and brevity in this book.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=101}} Within approximately a hundred pages, he covered significant events, battles, travels, miracles, and the morals and qualities of the Prophet from birth to demise. Additionally, the author presented convincing responses to objections and doubts raised by opponents of Islam.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=101}} The book uses simple, fluent, and commonly understood language, drawing from Traditional and Modern Sources of [[sīrah]], such as ''[[Kutub al-Sittah]]'', ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'', ''[[Kanz al-Ummal]]'', ''[[Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra]]'', [[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)|''Siraat-e Ibn Hisham'']], ''[[Al-Isabah fi tamyiz al Sahabah]]'', ''[[Fath al-Bari]]'', [[Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa|''Al-Shifa'']] with ''[[Sharh al-Shifa]]'', ''[[Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah]]'', ''[[Sirat al-Halbiya]]'', ''[[Zad al-Ma'ad]]'', [[History of Damascus (book)|''Tareekh Ibn Asakir'']] and ''[[Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr al-Nabi al-Habib]]''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=101}}

== Reception ==
It has received acclaim from scholars of diverse backgrounds. ''[[Amader Shomoy]]'' regards it as the best resource for one-sitting reading.<ref name=":AS">{{Cite news |last=Maruf |first=Abdullah |date=10 December 2017 |title=9 Perennial Sirah Book in the Bengali Tongue |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/10/397713.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105120816/https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/10/397713.htm |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=[[Amader Shomoy]]}}</ref> Ibrat Jahan, associated with ''[[Aligarh Muslim University]]'', notes its enduring popularity through multiple reprints.<ref name=":Jahan" /> [[Taqi Usmani]] emphasizes its universal appeal, receiving praise across social classes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://archive.org/details/Tabsre_201610 |title=Tabsre |publisher=Maktaba Ma'ariful Quran |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |page=310 |language=ur |author1-link=Taqi Usmani}}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] commends its brevity and comprehensive coverage, while [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] recommends it for a concise yet authentic account.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=101}} Kehkashan Khanam from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] sees practical benefit for those preferring straightforward summaries,<ref name=":Kk">{{Cite thesis |last=Khanam |first=Kehkashan |title=Research Study of the Urdu Books on Seerah in Twentieth Century |publisher=Department Of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2018 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/247655 |page=166 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/247655 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103102414/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/247655 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Ishtiaque Ahmad from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] praises its simplicity in summarizing topics.{{Sfn|Ahmad Qasmi|2020|p=71}} Mohammad Talib Khan from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] underscores its institutional recognition, included in curricula of institutions like [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name=":Talib" />

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi sirah literature|Deobandi sirah literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:SeeratKhatimUlAmbiyaByMuftiMuhammadShafi|''Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (Urdu)
* [[iarchive:sierat/Seerate-khatimul-ambiya|''Seerat Khatam al-Anbiya'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (Bengali)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi sirah literature]]
[[Category:Books by Muhammad Shafi]]
[[Category:Biographies of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Pakistani biographies]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]

KSRTC SWIFT

2025-10-02T16:56:17Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made the info added tags...

{{Short description|Indian transport company}}
{{For|the parent company|Kerala State Road Transport Corporation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = KSRTC SWIFT
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| caption =
| trading_name = K-SWIFT
| native_name =
| type = Owned by the [[Government of Kerala]]
| industry = [[Public transport]]
| key_people = Pramoj Sanker [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|IOFS]] {{small|([[Chairperson|Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2021|11|09|df=yes}}
| dissolved =
| location_city = Anayara, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| areas_served = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Kerala]]|[[Karnataka]]|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|[[Tamil Nadu]]}}
| products =
| services = Bus transport
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| num_employees = 325
| divisions =
| parent = [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]]
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country =
| homepage = {{URL|https://ksrtcswift.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}
{{anchor|Trivia}}

'''Kerala State Road Transport Corporation SWIFT''' ('''KSRTC SWIFT'''), also known as '''K-SWIFT''', is an Indian transport company formed for operating long-distance buses of [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-10 |title=KSRTC-SWIFT to start services from Monday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksrtc-swift-to-start-services-from-monday/article65309396.ece |access-date=2022-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Feb 20, 2021 |title=KSRTC-SWIFT comes into force {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ksrtc-swift-comes-into-force/articleshow/81116673.cms |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The company was formed on 9 November 2021 with an aim to overcome the financial crisis faced by the KSRTC. K-SWIFT functions independently within the KSRTC and the company will be dissolved and the assets merged with the KSRTC in 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K-SWIFT will save ailing KSRTC, says MD Biju Prabhakar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/k-swift-will-save-ailing-ksrtc-says-md-biju-prabhakar-1.5365164 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi|date=17 January 2021 }}</ref>

{{Update|date=August 2025}}

==History==
[[File:Ksrtc sulthan bathery.jpg|thumb|A Swift Bus from TVC to Sulthan Bathery ]]
KSRTC SWIFT was formed on 9 November 2021. The [[Government of Kerala]] set up five temporary posts of senior managers in the newly formed company. Also, KSRTC CMD was entrusted with the task of cooperating with the company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-05 |title=Luxury Volvo bus for KSRTC-SWIFT arrives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/luxury-volvo-bus-for-ksrtc-swift-arrives/article65193312.ece |access-date=2022-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Services ==
'''Deluxe Air Bus'''
 
Premium, low deck, semi sleeper bus comes both in AC and Non-AC, manufactured by [[Ashok Leyland]] with key features of [[Air suspension|rear-air suspension]], mobile charging and large glass panel.
 
 
'''Gajaraj'''
 
Introduced in 2022, Gajaraj is KSRTC Swift's flagship service and is operated using eight [[Volvo]] 9400 B11R 15M AC [[Sleeper bus|sleeper buses]]. These buses are operated on long distance / interstate routes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title='Gajaraja' buses arrive for KSRTC-SWIFT |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=764869 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
 
 
'''Garuda'''
 
AC Seater bus for interstate travel. Commonly operated on routes to [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Kerala}}
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bus companies of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Companies based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]

Economy of India under Company rule

2025-09-07T18:27:53Z

Mir Hashim Ali: Put up the info basic info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
The '''economy of India under Company rule''' involves the economy of those regions that fell under [[Company rule in India | the rule of the British East India Company]] between the years 1757 and 1858. The British [[East India Company]] (EIC) began ruling parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] beginning with the 1757 [[Battle of Plassey]], which led to the conquest of [[Bengal Subah]] and the expansion of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (founded in 1699), before the Company extended its influence or rule across most of the subcontinent up until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The EIC also acquired bases in places like [[Singapore]]<ref>
{{cite book
|author1 = Lee Soo Ann
|editor-last1 = Lim
|editor-first1 = Linda Y. C.
|date = 30 December 2015
|chapter = 2.2: Governance and Economic Change in Singapore. Singapore as Part of the EIC and the India Office
|title = Singapore's Economic Development: Retrospection and Reflections
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WNLACwAAQBAJ
|series = World Scientific series on Singapore's 50 years of nation-building
|publication-place = Singapore
|publisher = World Scientific
|pages = 18, 19
|isbn = 9789814723473
|access-date = 2 August 2025
|quote = Stanford Raffles, an agent of the EIC, signed the agreement with the Sultan of Johor to setup a trading settlement in 1819, initially on a tenancy basis and then through a purchase of the island in 1824. [...] In [...] 1824 [...] [[Malacca]] became British and together with [[Penang]] [...] and Singapore (founded in 1819), constituted the [[Straits Settlements Presidency | Straits Settlements]] as a presidency of the EIC.
}}
</ref>
and [[Qing China | China]].<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Carroll
|first1 = John Mark
|date = 25 May 2007
|chapter = Early Colonial Hong Kong
|title = A Concise History of Hong Kong
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC
|series = Critical issues in history, ISSN 2690-8549
|publication-place = Lanham, Maryland
|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
|page = 11
|isbn = 9780742534223
|access-date = 2 August 2025
|quote = In 1771 the EIC was allowed to open a post in Canton , which in 1759 the Qing government had declared the only legal Chinese port for overseas trade.
}}
</ref>

==Economic impact==
{{Main|Economic history of India}}
{{see also|Economic deindustrialisation of India}}

A number of historians point to the colonization of India as a major factor in both India's [[deindustrialization]] and Britain's [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="tong">{{cite book |author=Junie T. Tong |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press|page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite book |author1=John L. Esposito |author-link=John L. Esposito |year=2004 |title=The Islamic World: Abba - Hist. 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=174 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3}}</ref><ref name="ray">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref> The capital amassed from [[Bengal]] following its 1757 conquest helped to invest in British industries such as [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]] as well as increase British wealth, while contributing to deindustrialization in Bengal.<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="ray"/> British colonization forced open the large Indian [[Market (economics)|market]] to British goods, which could be sold in India without any [[tariff]]s or [[Duty (economics)|duties]], compared to local Indian producers who were heavily [[tax]]ed, while in Britain [[protectionist]] policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian [[textile]]s from being sold there, whereas raw [[cotton]] was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which [[Textile manufacturing|manufactured textiles]] from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market. British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.<ref name="Cypher">{{cite book|title=The Process of Economic Development|author=James Cypher|year=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|isbn=9781136168284}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600-1850|year=2005|url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf|website=International Institute of Social History|publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bairoch">{{cite book|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|author=Paul Bairoch|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1995|page=89|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|author-link=Paul Bairoch|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060209/https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|url-status=dead}}</ref> India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large [[captive market]] for British manufactured goods.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|author=[[Henry Yule]], [[A. C. Burnell]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|isbn=9781317252931}}</ref>

Indian textiles had maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century, when Britain eventually overtook India as the world's largest cotton textile manufacturer.<ref name="gupta"/> In 1811, Bengal was still a major exporter of cotton cloth to the [[Americas]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]. However, Bengali exports declined over the course of the early 19th century, as British imports to Bengal increased, from 25% in 1811 to 93% in 1840.<ref>{{cite book|title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850|author=Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2009|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|isbn=9789047429975}}</ref> India, which was previously the world's largest economy under the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1700, had by 1820 fallen to become the second largest economy, behind [[Qing China]].<ref name="madison1">{{cite book|last=Madison|first=Angus|title=The world economy, Volumes 1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NKSC0cgNroC&pg=PA638|access-date=1 November 2011|year=2006|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-02261-4|page=638|doi=10.1787/456125276116}}</ref>

==Land revenue==
In the remnant of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] revenue system existing in pre-1765 Bengal, [[zamindar]]s, or "land holders," collected revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor, whose representative, or [[diwan (title)|diwan]] supervised their activities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=20}}</ref> In this system, the assortment of rights associated with land were not possessed by a "land owner," but rather shared by the several parties with stake in the land, including the peasant cultivator, the ''zamindar'', and the state.<ref name=metcalf-78>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=78}}</ref> The ''zamindar'' served as an intermediary who procured [[economic rent]] from the cultivator, and after withholding a percentage for his own expenses, made available the rest, as [[revenue]] to the state.<ref name=metcalf-78/> Under the Mughal system, the land itself belonged to the state and not to the ''zamindar'', who could transfer only his right to collect rent.<ref name=metcalf-78/> On being awarded the ''diwani'' or overlordship of Bengal following the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764, the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law; tax collection was consequently left in the hands of the existing hereditary collectors. This uncertain foray into land taxation by the Company, may have gravely worsened the impact of a famine that struck Bengal in 1769–70 in which between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the presidency's population—may have died.<ref name=peers-metcalf-famine>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|p=47}}, {{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=78}}</ref> However, the company provided little relief either through reduced taxation or by relief efforts,<ref name=peers-47>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|p=47}}</ref> and the economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s novel ''[[Anandamath]]''.<ref name=peers-metcalf-famine/>

In 1772, under [[Warren Hastings]], the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the [[Bengal Presidency]] (then [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and [[Patna]], and moving the existing Mughal revenue records from [[Murshidabad]] to Calcutta.<ref name=robb-revenue>{{Harvnb|Robb|2004|pp=126–129}}</ref>
In 1773, after [[Awadh|Oudh]] ceded the tributary state of [[Benaras]], the revenue collection system was extended to the territory with a Company [[Resident (title)#Residents in (British) Asia|Resident]] in charge.<ref name=robb-revenue/> The following year—with a view to preventing corruption—Company ''district collectors'', who were then responsible for revenue collection for an entire district, were replaced with provincial councils at Patna, Murshidabad and Calcutta and with Indian collectors working within each district.<ref name=robb-revenue/> The title, "collector," reflected "the centrality of land revenue collection to government in India: it was the government's primary function and it moulded the institutions and patterns of administration."<ref>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|p=55}}</ref>

{{Gallery|width=140 |lines=
|File:Company rule riverside scene2 bengal1860.jpg|A riverside scene in rural east Bengal (present-day [[Bangladesh]]), 1860|File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], the Governor-General who established the [[Permanent Settlement]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]|File:Company rule kochh mandai2 woman1860.jpg|A Kochh Mandai woman of east Bengal (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) shown with a broad-bladed agricultural knife and carrying a freshly harvested [[jackfruit]] (1860)|File:Company rule paddy fields madras2.jpg|Paddy fields in the [[Madras Presidency]], {{circa|1880}}. Two-thirds of the presidency fell under the ''[[Ryotwari]]'' system.
|align=center}}

The Company inherited a revenue collection system from the Mughals in which the heaviest proportion of the tax burden fell on the cultivators, with one-third of the production reserved for imperial entitlement; this pre-colonial system became the Company revenue policy's baseline.<ref name = peers-p45-47>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|pp=45–47}}</ref> There was vast variation across India in the methods by which the revenues were collected; with this complication in mind, a Committee of Circuit toured the districts of expanded Bengal presidency in order to make a five-year settlement, consisting of five-yearly inspections and temporary [[tax farming]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|pp=45–47}}, {{Harvnb|Robb|2004|pp=126–129}}</ref> In their overall approach to revenue policy, Company officials were guided by two goals: preserving as much as possible the balance of rights and obligations that were traditionally claimed by the farmers who cultivated the land and the various intermediaries who collected tax on the state's behalf and who reserved a cut for themselves and identifying those sectors of the rural economy that would maximize both revenue and security.<ref name = peers-p45-47/> Although their first revenue settlement turned out to be essentially the same as the more informal previous Mughal one, the Company had created a foundation for the growth of both information and bureaucracy.<ref name=peers-p45-47/>

In 1793, the new Governor-General, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], promulgated the [[Permanent Settlement|permanent settlement]] of land revenues in the presidency, the first socio-economic regulation in colonial India.<ref name=robb-revenue/> It was named ''permanent'' because it fixed the land tax in perpetuity in return for landed property rights for [[zamindars]]; it simultaneously defined the nature of land ownership in the presidency and gave individuals and families separate property rights in occupied land. Since the revenue was fixed in perpetuity, it was fixed at a high level, which in Bengal amounted to £3 million at 1789–90 prices.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=82}}</ref> According to one estimate,<ref>{{Harvnb|Marshall|1987|pp=141–144}}</ref> this was 20% higher than the revenue demand before 1757. Over the next century, partly as a result of land surveys, court rulings and property sales, the change was given practical dimension.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robb|2004|p=127}}</ref> An influence on the development of this revenue policy were economic theories which regarded agriculture as the engine of economic development and consequently stressed the fixing of revenue demands in order to encourage growth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|1995}}</ref> The expectation behind the permanent settlement was that knowledge of a fixed government demand would encourage the zamindars to increase both their average outcrop and the land under cultivation, since they would be able to retain the profits from the increased output; in addition, it was envisaged that land would become a marketable form of property that could be purchased, sold or mortgaged.<ref name=peers-p45-47/> A feature of this economic rationale was the additional expectation that the zamindars, recognizing their own best interest, would not make unreasonable demands on the peasantry.<ref name=bose-ps>{{Harvnb|Bose|1993}}</ref>

However, these expectations were not realised in practice and in many regions of Bengal, the peasants bore the brunt of the increased demand, there being little protection for their traditional rights in the new legislation.<ref name=bose-ps/> Forced labor of the peasants by the zamindars became more prevalent as cash crops were cultivated to meet the Company revenue demands.<ref name=peers-p45-47/> Although commercialized cultivation was not new to the region, it had now penetrated deeper into village society and made it more vulnerable to market forces.<ref name=peers-p45-47/> The zamindars themselves were often unable to meet the increased demands that the Company had placed on them; consequently, many defaulted, and by one estimate, up to one-third of their lands were auctioned during the first three decades following the permanent settlement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1993|p=43}}</ref> The new owners were often [[Brahmin]] and [[Kayastha]] employees of the Company who had a good grasp of the new system, and in many cases, had prospered under it.<ref name=metcalf-revenue>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=79}}</ref>

Since the zamindars were never able to undertake costly improvements to the land envisaged under the Permanent Settlement, some of which required the removal of the existing farmers, they soon became rentiers who lived off the rent from their tenant farmers.<ref name=metcalf-revenue/> In many areas, especially northern Bengal, they had to increasingly share the revenue with intermediate tenure holders, called [[Jotedar]], who supervised farming in the villages.<ref name=metcalf-revenue/> Consequently, unlike the contemporaneous [[Enclosure movement]] in Britain, agriculture in Bengal remained the province of the subsistence farming of innumerable small [[paddy field]]s.<ref name=metcalf-revenue/>

The zamindari system was one of two principal revenue settlements undertaken by the Company in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2000|pp=37–42}}</ref> In southern India, [[Thomas Munro]], who would later become Governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], promoted the ''[[ryotwari]]'' system, in which the government settled land-revenue directly with the peasant farmers, or ''ryots''.<ref name="peers-47"/> This was, in part, a consequence of the turmoil of the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], which had prevented the emergence of a class of large landowners; in addition, Munro and others felt that ''ryotwari'' was closer to traditional practice in the region and ideologically more progressive, allowing the benefits of Company rule to reach the lowest levels of rural society.<ref name="peers-47"/> At the heart of the ''ryotwari'' system was a particular theory of [[economic rent]]—and based on [[David Ricardo]]'s [[Law of Rent]]—promoted by [[utilitarian]] [[James Mill]] who formulated the Indian revenue policy between 1819 and 1830. "He believed that the government was the ultimate lord of the soil and should not renounce its right to 'rent', ''i.e.'' the profit left over on richer soil when wages and other working expenses had been settled."<ref name=brown-p66>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|p=66}}</ref> Another keystone of the new system of temporary settlements was the classification of agricultural fields according to soil type and produce, with average rent rates fixed for the period of the settlement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robb|2004|p=128}}</ref> According to Mill, taxation of land rent would promote efficient agriculture and simultaneously prevent the emergence of a "parasitic landlord class."<ref name=brown-p66/> Mill advocated ''ryotwari'' settlements which consisted of government measurement and assessment of each plot (valid for 20 or 30 years) and subsequent taxation which was dependent on the fertility of the soil.<ref name=brown-p66/> The taxed amount was nine-tenths of the "rent" in the early 19th century and gradually fell afterwards.<ref name=brown-p66/> However, in spite of the appeal of the ''ryotwari'' system's abstract principles, class hierarchies in southern Indian villages had not entirely disappeared—for example village headmen continued to hold sway—and peasant cultivators sometimes came to experience revenue demands they could not meet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|p=47}}, {{Harvnb|Brown|1994|p=65}}</ref> In the 1850s, a scandal erupted when it was discovered that some Indian revenue agents of the Company were using torture to meet the Company's revenue demands.<ref name="peers-47"/>

Land revenue settlements constituted a major administrative activity of the various governments in India under Company rule.<ref name=brown-p67>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|p=67}}</ref> In all areas other than the [[Bengal Presidency]], land settlement work involved a continually repetitive process of surveying and measuring plots, assessing their quality, and recording landed rights, and constituted a large proportion of the work of [[Indian Civil Service]] officers working for the government.<ref name=brown-p67/> After the Company lost its trading rights, it became the single most important source of government revenue, roughly half of overall revenue in the middle of the 19th century;<ref name=brown-p67/> even so, between the years 1814 and 1859, the government of India ran debts in 33 years.<ref name=brown-p67/> With expanded dominion, even during non-deficit years, there was just enough money to pay the salaries of a threadbare administration, a skeleton police force, and the army.<ref name=brown-p67/>

==Trade==
{{Quote box
| quote = "It was stated in evidence (in 1813) that the cotton and silk goods of India, up to this period, could be sold for a profit in the British market at a price from 50 to 60 per cent. lower than those fabricated in England. It consequently became necessary to protect the latter by duties of 70 or 80 per cent. on their value, or by positive prohibition. Had this not been the case, had not such prohibitory duties and decrees existed, the mills of Paisley and of Manchester would have been stopped in their outset, and could hardly have been again set in motion, even by the powers of steam. They were created by the sacrifice of the Indian manufactures. Had India been independent, she would have retaliated; would have imposed preventive duties upon British goods, and would thus have preserved her own productive industry from annihilation. This act of self-defence was not permitted her; she was at the mercy of the stranger. British goods were forced upon her without paying any duty; and the foreign manufacturer employed the arm of political injustice to keep down and ultimately strangle a competitor with whom he could not contend on equal terms."
| width = 33%
| align = right
| source =  — H.H. Wilson footnote in [[The History of British India]] by [[James Mill]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Mill|Wilson|1845|p=539}}{{Harvnb|Jayapalan|2008|p=207}}</ref>
}}
From the first voyages of the Company in the early 1600s it had traditionally imported bullion to both hire local Indian employees, across its network of factories, and for the purchase of Indian trade goods, either to be bartered on for Slaves,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kobayashi |first=Kazuo |date=November 2011 |title=Indian cotton textiles in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2013/06/27/indian-cotton-textiles-in-the-eighteenth-century-atlantic-economy/ |website=LSE}}</ref> or sold in the European and American colonies. Prasannan Parthasarathi estimates that 28,000 tonnes of bullion (mainly from the New World) flowed into the Indian subcontinent between 1600 and 1800, equating to 30% of the world's production in the period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathi |first=Prasannan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA45 |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |date=2011-08-11 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |language=en}}</ref> Studies have also shown approximately 5% of these voyages failed, Company records showing of the 2,171 voyages, between the mid 18th century, and 1813, 105 were lost to enemy action, foundering, or wrecking, resulting in the loss of treasure and goods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowen |first=H.V. |date=May 2020 |title=The shipping losses of the British East India Company, 1750–1813 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0843871420920963 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=323–336 |doi=10.1177/0843871420920963 |issn=0843-8714|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Export of Bullion to India, by EIC (1708–1810)<ref name="Sivramkrishna2016">{{cite book|author=Sashi Sivramkrishna|title=In Search of Stability: Economics of Money, History of the Rupee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99749-2|pages=91–}}</ref>
|-
! Years
!Bullion (£)
!Average per Annum
|-
|1708/9-1733/4 || 12,189,147 || 420,315
|-
|1734/5-1759/60 || 15,239,115 || 586,119
|-
|1760/1-1765/6 || 842,381 || 140,396
|-
|1766/7-1771/2 || 968,289 || 161,381
|-
|1772/3-1775/6 || 72,911 || 18,227
|-
|1776/7-1784/5 || 156,106 || 17,345
|-
|1785/6-1792/3 || 4,476,207 || 559,525
|-
|1793/4-1809/10 || 8,988,165 || 528,715
|}
After gaining the right to collect revenue in Bengal in 1765, the [[East India Company]] temporarily decreased the volume of [[Bullion#Bullion|gold and silver]] it was importing annually into India.<ref name="robb-131-134">{{Harvnb|Robb|2004|pp=131–134}}</ref>

In addition, as under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]], land revenue collected in the [[Bengal Presidency]] helped finance the Company's wars in other parts of India.<ref name="robb-131-134" /> Consequently, in the period 1760–1800, Bengal's [[money supply]] was greatly diminished; furthermore, the closing of some local mints and close supervision of the rest, the fixing of exchange rates, and the standardization of [[coin]]age, paradoxically, added to the economic downturn.<ref name="robb-131-134" /> During the period, 1780–1860, India changed from being an exporter of processed goods for which it received payment in [[bullion]], to being an exporter of [[raw materials]] and a buyer of [[manufactured goods]].<ref name="robb-131-134" /> More specifically, in the 1750s, mostly fine cotton and silk was exported from India to markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa; by the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports.<ref name="peers-48-49">{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|pp=48–49}}</ref> Also, from the late 18th century British cotton mill industry began to lobby the government to both tax Indian imports and allow them access to markets in India.<ref name="peers-48-49" /> Starting in the 1830s, British textiles began to appear in—and soon to inundate—the Indian markets, with the value of the textile imports growing from £5.2 million in 1850 to £18.4 million in 1896.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farnie|1979|p=33}}</ref> The [[American Civil War]] too would have a major impact on India's cotton economy: with the outbreak of the war, American cotton was no longer available to British manufacturers; consequently, demand for Indian cotton soared, and the prices soon quadrupled.<ref>{{Harvnb|Misra|1999|p=18}}</ref> This led many farmers in India to switch to cultivating cotton as a quick cash crop; however, with the end of the war in 1865, the demand plummeted again, creating another downturn in the agricultural economy.<ref name="peers-48-49" />

At this time, the East India Company's trade with China began to grow as well. In the early 19th century demand for Chinese tea had greatly increased in Britain; since the money supply in India was restricted and the Company was indisposed to shipping bullion from Britain, it decided upon [[opium]], which had a large underground market in China and which was grown in many parts of India, as the most profitable form of payment.<ref name=peers-49>{{Harvnb|Peers|2006|p=49}}</ref> However, since the Chinese authorities had banned the importation and consumption of opium, the Company engaged them in the [[First Opium War]], and at its conclusion, under the [[Treaty of Nanjing]], gained access to five Chinese ports, [[Guangzhou]], [[Xiamen]], [[Fuzhou]], Shanghai, and [[Ningbo]]; in addition, Hong Kong was ceded to the [[British Crown]].<ref name=peers-49/> Towards the end of the second quarter of the 19th century, opium export constituted 40% of India's exports.<ref>{{Harvnb|Washbrook|2001|p=403}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:East india company factory sonargaon2.jpg|Photograph of East India Company factory in Painam, [[Sonargaon]], Bangladesh, a major producer of the celebrated [[Dhaka]] [[muslin]]s
File:West view mellor muslin mill2.jpg|"Mellor Mill" in [[Marple, Greater Manchester]], England, was constructed in 1790–93 for manufacturing muslin cloth.
File:Opium godown store patna2.jpg|Opium ''Godown'' (Storehouse) in [[Patna]], Bihar (c. 1814). Patna was the centre of the Company opium industry.
File:Indigo factory bengal2.jpg|[[Indigo dye]] factory in [[Bengal]]. Bengal was the world's largest producer of [[Indigofera tinctoria|natural indigo]] in the 19th century.
</gallery>

Another major, though erratic, export item was [[indigo dye]], which was extracted from [[Indigofera tinctoria|natural indigo]], and which came to be grown in Bengal and northern [[Bihar]].<ref name=metcalf-metcalf-76>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=76}}</ref> In 1788, the East India Company offered advances to ten British planters to grow indigo; however, since the new (landed) property rights defined in the [[Permanent Settlement]], didn't allow them, as Europeans, to buy agricultural land, they had to in turn offer cash advances to local peasants, and sometimes coerce them, to grow the crop.<ref name=bando-125>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=125}}</ref> In early 19th century Europe, blue apparel was favoured as a fashion, particularly amongst African Slavers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Nov 2011 |title=Indigo: The Indelible Color That Ruled The World |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/07/142094103/indigo-the-indelible-color-that-ruled-the-world |website=NPR}}</ref> North American Colonists, and for some military uniforms; consequently, the demand for the dye was high.<ref name=bose-jalal-57>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2004|p=57}}</ref> The European demand for the dye, however, proved to be unstable, and both creditors and cultivators bore the risk of the market crashes in 1827 and 1847.<ref name=metcalf-metcalf-76/> The peasant discontent in Bengal eventually led to the ''Indigo rebellion'' in 1859–60 and to the end of indigo production there.<ref name="bando-125"/><ref name=bose-jalal-57 /> In Bihar, however, indigo production continued well into the 20th century; a centre of indigo production there, [[Champaran]] district, became an early testing ground, in 1917, for [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]'s strategy of [[non-violent resistance]] against the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2004|pp=57, 110}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)#Indian|GDP of India (1–1947 CE)]]
* [[Economy of India under the British Raj]]
* [[Exploitation colonialism]]
* [[Economy of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Muslin trade in Bengal]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
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{{refend}}

{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of India Under Company Rule}}
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:Economy of British India]]

Padmaja Naidu

2025-08-17T05:46:27Z

Mir Hashim Ali: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Padmaja Naidu
| image =
| office = 4th [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 3 November 1956
| term_end = 1 June 1967
| predecessor = [[Phani Bhusan Chakravartti]] ''(acting)''
| successor = [[Dharma Vira]]
| birth_date = 17 November 1900
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, British India
| death_date = 2 May 1975 (aged 74)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| parents = Mutyala Govindrajulu Naidu [[Sarojini Naidu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Remembering Padmaja Naidu: From freedom fighter to Governor of West Bengal | date=13 August 2017 | url=https://www.inuth.com/india/women-freedom-fighters-of-india/remembering-padmaja-naidu-from-freedom-struggle-to-governor-of-west-bengal/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Sarojini Naidu: A lyrical voice of women's empowerment and nationalism | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/sarojini-naidu-a-lyrical-voice-of-womens-empowerment-and-nationalism-9832548/ }}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Padmaja Naidu''' (17 November 1900 – 2 May 1975) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician who was the 4th Governor of West Bengal from 3 November 1956 to 1 June 1967. She was the daughter of [[Sarojini Naidu]].

==Early life==
Padmaja Naidu was born in [[Hyderabad]] to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Balija]] father and a [[Bengali Brahmin]] mother.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Roger D. Long |author2=|title=Charisma and Commitment in South Asian History: Essays Presented to Stanley Wolpert
|volume= |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004|page=275|isbn=9788125026419|quote=Sarojini was a Brahmin and a Bengali, while Dr Naidu was from the Balija community and a Telugu| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUAVk84xBGUC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sri G. D. Kameswara Rao |author2=|title=Sarojini Naidu The Nightingale Of India
|volume=23 |publisher=Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh |year=1978|page=8|isbn=|quote=Kumari Sarojini chattopadhyaya at 19 years, married Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu of Hyderabad, a non brahmin who belonged to Balija community.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBJWAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sheela Reddy |author2=|title= Mr and Mrs Jinnah: The Marriage that Shook India
|volume= |publisher=Random House India |year=2017|page=77|isbn=9780143439660 |quote=Sarojini's marriage to Dr naidu did not create an uproar among either the Telugu Balija clan to which Dr Naidu belonged or among the Bengali subcaste of Kulin Brahmins to which Sarojini's family belonged.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWslDgAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India
|volume=92 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |year=1971|page=12|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fpjlfhIf6EC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Padmini Sengupta |author2=|title= Sarojini Naidu: A Biography
|volume= |publisher=Asia Publishing House for the |year=1966|page=34|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXodAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Mrs. Marcus B. Fuller |author2=|title=The Wrongs of Indian Womanhood
|volume= |publisher=Revell |year=1900|page=220|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD-3AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=G.A. Natesan |author2=|title=The Indian Review
|volume=67 |publisher=G.A. Natesan & Company |year=1972|page=18|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUDjAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Her mother was the poet and Indian freedom fighter, [[Sarojini Naidu]]. Her father Mutyala Govindrajulu Naidu was a physician.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/padmaja-naidu/biography-354750.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191146/http://www.in.com/padmaja-naidu/biography-354750.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-29 |title=Biography }}</ref> She had four siblings, Jayasurya, Leelamani, Nilawar and Randheer.<ref name="Paranjape2012">{{cite book|author=Makarand R. Paranjape|title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC&pg=PA164|date=3 September 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-4661-9|pages=164–167}}</ref>

==Political career==

At the age of 21, she co-founded the [[Indian National Congress]] in the Nizam ruled [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]]. She was jailed for taking part in the "[[Quit India]]" movement in 1942. After Independence, she was elected to the Indian Parliament in 1950. In 1956 she was appointed the Governor of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Padmaja Naidu Dies at 75; ExWest Bengal Governor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/03/archives/padmaja-naidu-dies-at-75-exwest-bengal-governor.html |access-date=1 June 2018 |issue=May 3 |work=New York Times |date=1975}}</ref> She was also associated with the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and was the chairperson of the [[Indian Red Cross Society|Indian Red Cross]] from 1971 to 1972.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=cwB7ebB8TK8C |page=18 }} |title=Two Alone, Two Together |first=Sonia |last=Gandhi |year=2004 |page=18 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=0-14-303245-3 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Early in her life, Padmaja was a close friend of [[Rattanbai Jinnah|Ruttie Petit]] who married [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], later the founder of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Hajari2015">{{cite book|author=Nisid Hajari|title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2015|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-66921-2|pages=32–34}}</ref>
Padmaja Naidu had a close relationship with the Nehru family, including with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his sister, [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].<ref name="Mehta2008">{{cite book|author=Chandralekha Mehta|title=Freedom's Child: Growing Up During Satyagraha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|date=25 August 2008|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-966-2}}</ref> Pandit later told [[Pupul Jayakar]], [[Indira Gandhi]]'s friend and biographer, that Padmaja Naidu and Nehru lived together for many years. Nehru did not marry Padmaja because he did not want to hurt his daughter, Indira.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayakar|first1=Pupul|title=Indira Gandhi, a biography|date=1995|publisher=Penguin|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0140114621|pages=90–92|edition=Rev.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5JGkb2rhkC&q=padmaja&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Mihir|title=Raj, secrets, revolution : a life of Subhas Chandra Bose|date=2004|publisher=Grice Chapman|location=Norwich|isbn=9780954572648|pages=137, 160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Rh7DAdsK0gC&q=naidu&pg=PA137}}</ref> However, Padmaja never married Nehru in the hope that he would propose one day.<ref name="Tunzelmann2007">{{cite book|author=Alex Von Tunzelmann|title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansummersecr00vont|url-access=registration|date=7 August 2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-8073-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiansummersecr00vont/page/95 95], 109, 308}}</ref><ref name="Hajari2015"/>
After retiring, Padmaja lived until her death in 1975 in a bungalow on the [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] estate, Prime Minister Nehru's official residence and later a museum dedicated to his memory.<ref name="Paranjape2012"/>
{{clear}}

==Legacy==
The [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] in [[Darjeeling]] was named after her death.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |pages=65–68 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Governors of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Padmaja}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Women in Andhra Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Telangana]]

Lakshmikant Pandey

2025-06-26T03:11:33Z

Mir Hashim Ali: put up details

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Lakshmikant Pandey
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1936}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games|British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games#Wrestling|1958 Cardiff]] | -73 kg}}
}}

'''Lakshmikant Pandey''' (born 1936) is an Indian [[amateur wrestling|wrestler]]. He competed in the [[Wrestling at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle lightweight|men's freestyle lightweight]] at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/lakhshmi-kant-pandey-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418092327/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/lakhshmi-kant-pandey-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Lakshmikant Pandey Olympic Results |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Lakshmikant}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wrestling]]

{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

2015 Rajasthan Royals season

2025-06-13T23:39:41Z

Mir Hashim Ali: made a info - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Rajasthan Royals]]
| season =2015
| coach = [[Paddy Upton]]
| captain = [[Shane Watson]]
| ground = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| comp1 = [[2015 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 4th
| most runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (540)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/westindiesdomestic/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=9657;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2015/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Dhawal Kulkarni]] (13)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=9657;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2015/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2014|2014]]
| nextseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2018|2018]]
}}

[[Rajasthan Royals]] (RR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Jaipur]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2015 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Shane Watson]]. Rajasthan Royals finished 4th in the IPL and qualified for the champions league T20.

==IPL==
===Standings===
Rajasthan Royals finished 4th in the league stage of IPL 2015.
{{:2015 Indian Premier League|team=RR}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Man of the match
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=10}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Pune]] || Won by 26 runs || [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] 46(33) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/current/match/829709.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=12}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Ferozshah Kotla|Delhi]] ||Won by 3 wickets || [[Deepak Hooda]] 54(25) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/current/match/829715.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=14}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] ||Won by 7 wickets || [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steven Smith]] 79* (53) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829721.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=16}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] || Won by 6 wickets || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 62 (56) || [http://www.iplt20.com/match/2015/11 Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=19}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Won by 8 wickets|| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 76* (55) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/current/match/829735.html?version=iframe Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=21}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Match Tied, Lost Super Over || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829741.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=24}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Lost by 9 wickets|| || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829749.html Scorecard]
|-
| 8 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=26}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || "No Toss" Match abandoned without a ball bowled || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829755.html Scorecard]
|-
| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=4|3=29}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || No Result || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829763.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=1}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 9 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829769.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=3}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 14 runs || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 91*(54) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829777.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=7}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 8 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829787.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=10}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 13 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829797.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=16}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 9 runs|| [[Shane Watson]] 104*(59) & 2/38(4 Overs)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829811.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 15 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2015|2=5|3=20}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (Eliminator)|| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Pune]] || Lost by 72 runs || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829819.html Scorecard]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan Royals}}

[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]
[[Category:2015 Indian Premier League]]

Sthanam Narasimha Rao

2025-05-26T06:45:13Z

Mir Hashim Ali: created some bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sthanam Narasimha Rao
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 23 September 1902
| birth_place = [[Bapatla]], India
| death_date = 21 February 1971
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| othername = Sthanam
| website =
| known_for = ''[[Satyabhama]]''
| awards =[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1961) [[Padma Shri]] (1956)
}}
'''Sthanam Narasimha Rao''', popularly known as '''Sthanam''' (23 September 1902 – 21 February 1971), was an Indian actor known for his works in [[Telugu theatre]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. He was known for playing female characters and was a recipient of a [[Padma Sri]] Award.
His depiction of the [[Sringara]] rasa as Satyabhama in ''Srikrishna tulabharam'' kept audiences spellbound. Equally enchanting performances in ''Roshanara'', Deva Devi in ''Vipranarayana'' and the eponymous ''Chintamani'' made his place in Telugu theater permanent. His most memorable acting, however, was as Madhuravani in [[Gurajada Appa Rao]]'s comedy ''[[Kanyasulkam]]''.

Sthanam had over 1,500 performances to his credit. His productions of classics on [[All India Radio]] include ''Kanyasulkam'' and ''Ganapati''. He acted in Telugu films such as (''[[Radhakrishna]]'' in 1939 and ''[[Satyabhama]]'' in 1941) and authored a book about his vast acting experience entitled, ''Natasthanam''. He wrote the song 'Meerajalagalada' in the movie 'Sri Krishna Tulabharam'.
He was felicitated in [[Rangoon]] and gifted golden crown in 1938. His ''[[Shashthipurti]]'' was grandly celebrated in 1962 at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

==Early life==
He was born in 1902 at [[Bapatla]] of [[Bapatla district]] to Hanumantha Rao and Ademma. He entered the theatre in 1920 and, rigorously trained by Veeraraghava Swamy, played for the [[Rama Vilasa Sabha]] of nearby Tenali. For nearly four decades (1924–60).

==Death==
He died in 1971.

==Awards==
* He was recipient of [[Padma Shri]] from Government of India in 1956.
* He received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Acting in 1961.
* He received Gajarohanam in Chennai

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Nata Ratnalu, Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy, Second edition, 2002.
* Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0829951}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sthanam Narasimha}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]

Phani Sarma

2025-04-30T08:02:16Z

Mir Hashim Ali: minor edit

{{Short description|Assamese actor and director}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Phani Sarma
| image = PhaniSarma.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1970
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = stage actor, theatre actor, film actor, director
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Phani Sarma''' (1910–1970) was an Indian theatre actor, playwright, film actor and director. Beginning as a stage actor, he appeared in the first film ever made in [[Assamese cinema]], ''[[Joymoti (1935 film)|Joymati]]'', in 1935. Sarma was conferred with the title "Natasurya" for his contribution towards Assamese drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/46/natasurya-phani-sarma.htm|title=Natasurya Phani Sarma| website=assaminfo.com| accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref>

He acted in and directed ''Siraj'' in 1948 and ''Piyoli Phukan'' in 1955.

[[Image:Chitwan dugout.jpg|thumb|200px|The Kohinoor Opera would often perform outside along the banks of the [[Brahmaputra River]]|center]]

==Film career==
In 1933 Phani Sarma starred in the first Assamese film, ''[[Joymoti (1935 film)|Joymati]],'' directed by [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]]. Sarma went on the star in Agarwalla's second picture ''[[Indramalati]]''.

In 1955 he directed and starred in ''[[Piyoli Phukan]]'', also playing the film's protagonist Pioli Phukan. His last film was ''[[Ito Sito Bahuto]]'' in 1963 where he appeared as an actor rather than taking the director's helm.

[[File:Statue of Kalaguru, Rupkonwar and Natasurjya at Guwahati (Side view).JPG|thumb|Statue of Kalaguru, Rupkonwar and Natasurjya at Guwahati (Side view)]]

==Playwright work==
Inspired by his own experiences as an actor and the death of his son whilst stage acting, Phani Sarma wrote the social drama ''Kiya'', a tale of an artist entertained other people with very little [[Remuneration|compensation]] from society. Sarma again addressed issues of [[Isolationism|isolation]] and corruption in his later drama Nag-Pas. However he often incorporated humour into such dramas, and the drama Kola-Bazar, he incorporated elements of comedy with more serious issues of social injustice and inequality.

Sarma also translated [[J. B. Priestley]]'s famous drama ''[[An Inspector Calls]]'' into the [[Assamese language]].

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year!! Film!! Role(s)
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Joymoti (1935 film)|Joymati]]'' || Gathi Hazarika
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Devdas (1937 film)|Devdas]]'' || Devdas
|-
| 1939 || ''[[Indramalati]]'' || Lalit
|-
| 1948 || ''Siraj'' || Siraj
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Piyoli Phukan (1955 film)|Piyoli Phukan]]'' || Piyoli Phukan
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Era Bator Sur]]'' || Haran
|-
| 1961 || ''Lachit Borphukan'' || Rashid Khan
|-
| 1963 || ''Ito Sito Bahuto'' || Retired Major
|-
| 1964 || ''Maniram Dewan'' || [[Maniram Dewan]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardeva]]
* [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]]
* [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah]]
* [[Krishna Kanta Handique]]
* [[Bhabananda Deka]]
* [[Music of Assam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm0765346}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Phani}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language actors]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Assamese actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]