Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Lok Bhavan, Raipur

2026-05-05T06:56:47Z

Miquel41G60448: Started Some Info W/ Sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|21.242307|81.645209|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|current_tenants = Ramen Daka
|references =
}}

'''Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Chhattisgarh|governor of Chhattisgarh]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh to shift its secretariat to new capital, Naya Raipur|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-to-shift-its-secretariat-to-new-capital-naya-raipur-1746524|website=dna|accessdate=26 April 2016|language=en-US|date=28 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rajbhavancg.gov.in/ | title=Unknown | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702180107/http://www.rajbhavancg.gov.in/ | archive-date=2 July 2017 }}</ref> Current Tenant is [[Ramen Deka]].

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Raipur]]
[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chhattisgarh]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Veer Singh Dhillon

2026-05-03T18:20:41Z

Miquel41G60448: started a bio...

{{Short description|Sikh general (c. 1792–1842)}}
{{About|the Sikh Empire warrior|the poet, scholar and theologian|Bhai Vir Singh}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Veer Singh Jallaha
|image=
|caption=
|birth_date= c. 1792
|death_date={{death year and age|1842|1792}}
|birth_place=[[Gurdaspore]]
|death_place=[[Gurdaspore]]
|nickname=
|allegiance=
|branch=
|service_years=
|rank=General
|unit=
|commands=
|battles= [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]
|awards=Jallaha of Gurdaspore
|relations=
|other_work=
}}

'''Veer Singh Dhillon''' (c. 1792–1842) was a [[Sikh]] who was born in [[Gurdaspore]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. He was a general in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], army of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], and was the founder of one of the most highly honoured Sikh warrior families.

Veer Singh was awarded the title ''Jallaha'' (Duke) of Gurdaspore after his army single-handedly won the eastern areas of Punjab for the Maharaja. Later when the Sikh Empire fell to the British forces, the armies of the Jallaha of Gurdaspore (then under the son of Veer Singh) were not defeated due to their strong defenses. But later the British signed a treaty with the ruler in which his areas would come under the British Empire but the Jallaha would still remain the supreme commander of the military forces and also the chief administrator of the area.

==Early life==
Veer Singh was born in a Dhillon Jat family, and was raised a [[Nihang]]. He was a master in the art of [[Gatka]] a Sikh martial art. At an early age his family was forced out of Gurdaspore (now Gurdaspur a district in Punjab) after the Raja of Kapurthala attacked the rather peaceful town. Later Veer Singh led his armies against the Raja, and won back Gurdaspore.

==Military career==
Dhillon participated in the following conquests: [[Sialkot]], [[Kasur]] (1807), [[Multan]] (1818), [[Kashmir]] (1819), [[Pakhli]] & [[Damtaur]] (1821–2), and finally Gurdapore (1831). He served as the governor of Peshawar for a short period and was later Jallaha (duke) of Gurdaspore.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Autar Singh|title=General Hari Singh Nalwa: builder of the Sikh Empire|publisher=Uppal Pub. House |year=1987 |edition=reprint |pages=140 |isbn=9788185024301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIMeAAAAMAAJ}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Veer Singh}}
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]
[[Category:Sikh generals]]
[[Category:1790s births]]
[[Category:1842 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]

Mast Gul

2026-04-30T04:40:54Z

Miquel41G60448: Started The Stub Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Pakistani militant (born c. 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mast Gul
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Haroon Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Charar-e-Sharief]] siege
| occupation = [[Militant]]
| years_active =
| organization = [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] (until 2001) [[Tehreek-e-Taliban]]
}}

'''Haroon Khan''' (born {{circa|1966}}<ref name="r123">{{cite web | title=Hizbul commander Mast Gul resurfaces in Peshawar | website=India TV News | date=6 Feb 2014 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/latest-news-hizbul-commander-mast-gul-resurfaces-peshawar-16066.html | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>), better known by his [[nom-de-guerre]] as '''Mast Gul''' or '''Major Mast Gul''',{{refn|name="mmg"|<ref>{{cite web | title=Jammu & Kashmir | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=13 Oct 2003 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031015/j&k.htm | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Naqash | first=Tariq | title=Hizbul Mujahideen says Mast Gul no more its member | website=DAWN.COM | date=26 Feb 2014 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1089487 | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>}} is a Pakistani militant and the former member of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. He is [[#Escape|best known]] for his role in the [[Charar-e-Sharief]] siege in 1995, one of the prominent events during the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="b347">{{cite web | title=Once a poster boy of Kashmir militancy, Mast Gul declared villain by Hizbul | website=Hindustan Times | date=27 Feb 2014 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/once-a-poster-boy-of-kashmir-militancy-mast-gul-declared-villain-by-hizbul/story-c3OAie2h2mK0F0oHlgNZiM.html | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref> He was also associated with the militant group [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]], which was active in Kashmir during the 1990s.<ref name="l175">{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=Charar After Mast Gul | website=Kashmir Life | date=17 May 2016 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/charar-after-mast-gul-issue-09-vol-08-105467/ | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gul was born in 1966<ref name="r123"/> in [[Kurram District]], Pakistan.<ref name="b347"/> Little is known about his early life.

== Charar-e-Sharief siege ==
Gul was also accused of involvement in the Hazratbal siege in 1993. He, according to Alpana Kishore, a ''[[Newslaundry]]'' journalist, was the "first Pakistani militant to be captured on camera in Kashmir", following the 1993 [[Hazratbal siege]]" in [[Srinagar]].<ref name="j195">{{cite web | title=Reporting from Kashmir, 1989 to 1994 (Part 3) | website=Newslaundry | date=3 Oct 2019 | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/10/03/reporting-from-kashmir-1989-to-1994-part-3 | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

In December 1994, Gul and his group of militants entered the town of [[Charari Sharief]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. They established a [[Retreat (survivalism)|retreat]] near the [[Charar-e-Sharief shrine]]. The group fortified their positions, with Gul presenting himself as a protector of the shrine.<ref name="l175"/> The situation escalated into a 66-day standoff with [[Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir|Indian security forces]] in early 1995. Intelligence reports indicated the presence of heavily armed militants in the town. Indian authorities reportedly attempted to offer safe passage to the militants.<ref name="l175"/>

On 11 May 1995, the siege ended with a fire that engulfed the 14th-century shrine and much of the surrounding town in [[Budgam district]]. Over 1,300 homes were reportedly destroyed, and thousands of residents were displaced. Indian security forces claimed to have killed 25 [[militant]]s during the [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|operation]], though some reports suggest that civilians were among the casualties. Gul escaped during the chaos, with conflicting accounts on how he evaded capture.<ref name="l175"/> Later, [[rumour]]s circulated about a potential agreement between the Indian security agencies and militants during the Charar-e-Sharief stand-off. However, officials, such as [[CD Sahay]], the former head of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), declined the claims.<ref name="b347"/>

=== Escape ===
During the intervening night of 11 and 12 May 1995, the Charar-e-Sharief shrine and [[khanqah]] mysteriously caught fire, forcing militants who had been holed up inside to emerge into the open.<ref name="l175"/> Gul's escape contributed to his prominence in the [[Kashmir Valley]], with posters of him appearing on walls in the region. His cap, hairstyle, and attire became widely popular among his supporters, influencing the appearance of militants for years.<ref name="b347"/> Local media and conservative Muslim public intellectuals portrayed him as a [[war hero]].<ref name="c764">{{cite web | last=Farooq | first=Umer | title=The Mast Gul Factor | website=Herald Magazine | date=20 Feb 2016 | url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153348 | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

He returned to Pakistan following the Charar-e-Sharief siege.<ref name="c764"/> Former union minister [[Jaswant Singh]] presented an alternative account of Gul's escape, stating that he was escorted to the [[Line of Control]], where he was met by large crowds as he crossed into [[Muzaffarabad]] from [[Chakothi]] on 2 August 1995, three months after the arson.<ref name="z400">{{cite web | last=Online | first=India Today | title=Charar-e-Sharif militant resurfaces in Pakistan, this time to kill own countrymen | website=India Today | date=24 Feb 2014 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/major-mast-gul-charar-e-sharif-hizb-ul-mujahideen-jaswant-singh-182466-2014-02-24 | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

== Activities in Pakistan ==
In February 2014 after a period of inactivity, he was accused of carrying out a series of attacks in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province]]. He has reportedly been associated with the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) and the [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] after returning to Pakistan.<ref name="n843">{{cite web | title="Legendary Kashmiri Militant Mast Gul Reemerges after Long Hibernation", Militant Leadership Monitor, June 2014 | website=Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict | url=https://sspconline.org/index.php/sspcinmedia/MastGulReemerges_afterLongHibernation | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref> He was disassociated from Hizbul Mujahideen in 2001 due to his association with [[Tehreek-e-Taliban]] under which he reportedly carried out the 2014 Peshawar Hotel attack. He, according to the Indian newspaper such as ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', was declared by Pakistani authorities as a "most wanted terrorist" following his involvement in activities within the country.<ref name="b347"/><ref name="v225">{{cite web | title=Charar-e-Sharief militant Mast Gul resurfaces with Pakistani Taliban | website=The Indian Express | date=7 Feb 2014 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/charar-e-sharief-militant-mast-gul-resurfaces-with-pakistani-taliban-2/ | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

After the [[9/11]] attacks, rumors circulated that Gul had lost a leg in a [[landmine]] explosion while engaging against [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|foreign troops in Afghanistan]]. Prior to his involvement with the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in the following years, he had owned a car showroom in [[Peshawar]] and was a businessman in the area.<ref name="b347"/>

== Attempted assassination ==
In August 2003, Gul escaped an [[assassination attempt]] when his car was [[ambush]]ed by a group of armed men near his home in Khwaja town, Peshawar. While traveling with his security team, 10 attackers opened fire on his vehicle. Gul suffered facial injuries.<ref name="r483">{{cite web | title=Former Mujahideen commander attacked | website=DAWN.COM | date=1 Sep 2003 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/113251/former-mujahideen-commander-attacked | access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

His brother, Ismail Khan, accused [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) for the attack and accused former Afghan officials Haji Zaman and Haji Aman of being involved.<ref name="r483"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gul, Mast}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:People from Peshawar]]
[[Category:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chiefs of Staff Committee (India)

2026-04-28T04:12:23Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding page.

{{Short description|Triumvirate staff organization in the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Chiefs of Staff Committee
| native_name =
| image = Seal of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Crest of the Chairman-Chiefs of Staff Committee.
| start_date = 15 August 1947<ref name="Mehra_relinquishes">{{cite web|title=Mehra Relinquishes Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairmanship|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-01-31_041.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 January 1976|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| branch = [[Armed forces]]
| type = [[Staff (military)|Military staff]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure = [[Indian Armed Forces]]
| garrison = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| website = {{Url|https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/chiefs-armed-forces|www.india.gov.in}}

| commander1 = [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}
| commander1_label = Chairman
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Subroto Mukerjee]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}} 
[[Field Marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|MC}} 
[[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}

| identification_symbol = COSC
| identification_symbol_label = Abbreviation
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
}}

The '''Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC)''' is an administrative forum of the senior-most military leaders of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], which advises the [[Government of India]] on all military and strategic matters deemed privy to [[Jointness|military coordination]], [[Military strategy|direction]] and [[Military policy|policy]] between the country's three armed services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/chiefs-armed-forces|title=Chiefs of Armed Forces|
website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> By organization, the COSC is comprised several key members, namely, [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] - who acts as the Committee's ''Permanent Chairman'',
along with the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] and the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] - all of whom are also additionally supported by the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]].<ref name="Composition">{{Cite web|url=https://optimizeias.com/chiefs-of-staff-committee-cosc/|title=Chiefs of Staff Committee|website=optimizeias.com|date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

By function, the COSC has two principal responsibilities: one, to inculcate and implement jointness through integration of, ''inter alia'', the doctrine, logistics, and operations of the three armed services; two, to apprise to the nation's [[Civil control of the military|civilian leadership]] i.e., the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of
Defence]], on all matters related to the nation's security.<ref name="IDSA_1">{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/Monograph6.pdf|title=A Call for Change:Higher Defence Management in India|website=idsa.in|date= July 2012}}</ref> As such, it exists primarily as an advisory body, endowed with no executive command authority.<ref name="CAPS_1">{{Cite web|url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/JASJIT-SINGH.pdf|title=MANAGEMENT OF OUR DEFENCE: ROLE OF THE COSC|website=capsindia.org|date=April 2006}}</ref>

To execute its mandate, the COSC is closely supported by the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS) and other inter-service bodies under its patronage that specialize in facets such as intelligence, personnel, operations and training.<ref name="R_32"/> Comparably, the forum is identical to the [[British Armed Forces|United Kingdom's]] [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] and [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan's]] [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2131622/indian-armys-first-chief-defence-staff|title=The Indian army's first Chief of Defence Staff|website=tribune.com.pk|date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

From 1947 to 2019, and briefly from 2021 to 2022 - the leadership of the COSC was rotated amongst the service chiefs (''or'' Chiefs of Staff) of the three armed services, with the senior-most chief serving as Chairman-COSC with no fixed tenure; however, since 2020, the mantle of the COSC's chairmanship is held by the Chief of the Defence Staff, a separate office that functions independent of the service chiefs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cabinet-committee-on-security-clears-creation-of-chief-of-defence-staff-post/articleshow/72951813.cms?from=mdr|title=Cabinet Committee on Security clears Chief of Defence Staff post: Here are all the details|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122847/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cabinet-committee-on-security-clears-creation-of-chief-of-defence-staff-post/articleshow/72951813.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

==Functioning==
The current membership of the Chiefs of Staff Committee:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! Office !! Photograph !! Incumbent
!Incumbent since!! Service !! Command Flag
|-
|[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] 
(''Permanent Chairman'')
| [[File:Anil_Chauhan_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(CDS).jpg|border|frameless|119x119px]]|| [[General (India)|General]]
'''[[Anil Chauhan]]'''

{{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|sep=|size=100%}}
|30 September 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1863755|title=General Anil Chauhan takes over as Chief of Defence Staff; Vows to fulfil the hopes of the Nation & deal with challenges together|website=pib.gov.in|date=30 September 2022}}</ref>|| {{army|IND|size=30px}} || [[File:Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg|border|75px|center]]
|-
|[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] || [[File:Gen_Upendra_Dwivedi_COAS.jpg|border|frameless|119x119px]]|| [[General (India)|General]]
'''[[Upendra Dwivedi]]'''

{{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|sep=|size=100%}}
|30 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2029664|title=GENERAL UPENDRA DWIVEDI TAKES OVER AS THE CHIEF OF THE ARMY STAFF|website=pib.gov.in|date=30 June 2024}}</ref>|| {{army|IND|size=30px}} || [[File:Flag COAS.svg|border|75px|center]]
|-
|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] || [[File:Air_Chief_Marshal_Amar_Preet_Singh_-_2024.jpg|frameless|121x121px]]|| [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
'''[[Amar Preet Singh]]'''

{{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|sep=|size=100%}}
|30 September 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2057269|title=Vice Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Amar Preet Singh appointed as next Chief of the Air Staff|website=pib.gov.in|date=21 September 2024}}</ref>|| {{air force|IND|size=30px}} || [[File: Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg|border|75px|center]]
|-
|[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] || [[File:Admiral_Dinesh_Kumar_Tripathi,_PVSM,_AVSM,_NM.jpg|border|frameless|124x124px]]|| [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
'''[[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]]'''

{{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|NM|sep=|size=100%}}
|30 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2019166|title=ADMIRAL DINESH K TRIPATHI PVSM, AVSM, NM ASSUMES COMMAND OF THE INDIAN NAVY AS 26th CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF|website=pib.gov.in|date=30 April 2024}}</ref>|| {{navy|IND|size=30px}} || [[File:Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|border|75px|center]]
|-
|[[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (''Non-voting member'') || [[File:Air_Marshal_Ashutosh_Dixit.jpg|frameless|122x122px]]|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
'''[[Ashutosh Dixit]]'''

[[AVSM]] [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
|1 May 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-01 |title=Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit assumes charge as CISC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/air-marshal-ashutosh-dixit-assumes-charge-as-cisc/articleshow/120792324.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>|| {{air force|IND|size=30px}}|| [[File:Flag_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff.svg|border|75px|center]]
|}

===Chief of Defence Staff===
The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is the [[Chief of defence|principal military authority]] and [[Military star ranking|senior-most appointment]] of the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/chiefs-armed-forces|title=Chiefs of Armed Forces|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
Introduced in 2019, the CDS operates on a status of ''[[primus inter pares]]'' i.e., ''first among equals'' with the Chiefs of Staff and functions as the COSC's ''Permanent Chairman'', independent of the Chiefs of Staff.<ref name="ORF_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/cds-the-long-and-arduous-road-ahead-59717|title=CDS: The long and arduous road ahead|website=www.orfonline.org|date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

As Permanent Chairman-COSC, the CDS maintains the following responsibilities within the forum: 
* Acting as the principal military advisor to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] on all affairs related to inter-service integration, coherence and functioning.<ref name="PIB_1">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=198899|title=Functions of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)|website=pib.gov.in|date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
* Participating as a member of the Defence Acquisition Council chaired by Minister of Defence and Defence Planning Committee chaired by [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]].<ref name="PIB_2"/>
* Exercising command authority over specific inter-service organizations/agencies/commands, namely, the [[Defence Cyber Agency]] (DCyA), the [[Defence Space Agency]] and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]] vis-à-vis the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS).<ref name="DPG_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/institution-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff-evaluating-the-first-year.html|title=Institution of the Chief of Defence Staff: Evaluating the First Year|website=www.delhipolicygroup.org|date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
* Functioning as the Military Adviser to the [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Nuclear Command Authority]].<ref name="PIB_2">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425|title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General|website=pib.gov.in|date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

===Chiefs of Staff===
[[File:Ceremonial handing over of Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee baton from Arup Raha to Sunil Lanba (1).jpg|thumb|right|From left to right: the Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]], the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff, in 2016.]]

The service chiefs (''also'' referred to as the Chiefs of Staff) of the three services are, namely, the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS), the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS) and [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS) - all of whom are customarily [[Military star ranking|four-star officers]].<ref name="CISC_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/13-3-2019-integrated-defence-staff-in-national-security.pdf|
title=HQ Integrated Defence Staff in the National Security Structure|website=www.idsa.in|date=September 2019}}</ref>

As voting members of the COSC, the Chiefs of Staff function in the undermentioned manner:
* Functioning with the [[Dual mandate|dual role]] of leadership as the service's statutory ''chief of staff'' and activity as its ''ex-officio commander'' i.e., in the former role, overseeing the staff-cum-administrative duties of the services; in the latter role, overseeing the service's operational duties.<ref name="Research_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233278549|title=FACING FUTURE CHALLENGESDEFENCE REFORM IN INDIA|website=www.researchgate.net|date=November 2011}}</ref>
* Advising the COSC and the civilian leadership on matters privy to their respective services; this is in contrast to the CDS, whose advice reflects a comprehensive nature involving multiple, rather than concerned inputs.<ref name="CENJOWS_2">{{Cite web|url=https://cenjows.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Layouut_-Synergy-2.pdf|title=SYNERGY - JOURNAL OF THE CENTRE FOR JOINT WARFARE STUDIES|website=cenjows.in|date=February 2017}}</ref>
* Deliberating inter-service issues to foster joint-realization of the country's national security objectives.<ref name="CISC_2" />

However, their mandate of the Chiefs of Staff are not formally defined by statute, and are obfuscated by the undermentioned: 
* The ''Organisation, Functions, Powers and Procedure of Defence Headquarters, 1952'' defines the Service Headquarters (SHQ) i.e., the administrative centers of the three services as ''attached offices'', which by statute, excludes them from the departmental structure of the Ministry of Defence (MoD).<ref name="Brookings_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/book-defence-reform-3.pdf|title=DEFENCE REFORMS A National Imperative|website=www.brookings.edu|date=February 2018}}</ref>
* The ''(Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961'', which defines the authority, responsibility and obligations of government departments, prescribes that the responsibility for the ''defence of India thereof'' is placed with the Defence Secretary; there is no mention of the Chiefs of Staffs or their respective SHQs.<ref name="Brookings_1"/>

===Chief of Integrated Defence Staff===
In addition to its aforementioned core members, the COSC's functioning is supported by the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS), which functions as the COSC's principal arm and secretariat.<ref name="CISC_1">{{Cite web|url=https://cgda.nic.in/audit/manuals/OFFICE%20MANUAL%20CDA%20(IDS).pdf|title=DEFENCE ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT OFFICE MANUAL PART – XVI|website=cgda.nic.in|date=2014}}</ref> The IDS, which by role also acts as an inter-service interface for coordinating the armed services, is led by the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (CISC) - a [[Military star ranking|three-star]] officer, who is a non-voting member of the COSC.<ref name="Composition"/> Functionally, the CISC operates with the unofficial role of ''vice-CDS'', to act as an adjudicator towards fostering inter-service coordination between the Service Headquarters (SHQ) of the three services.<ref name="CENJOWS_HDO"/><ref name="CISC_1"/>

To support the Chairman-COSC, the CISC undertakes the following roles:
* Chair the Defence Crisis Management Group.<ref name="R_32">{{Cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/62703/1/14_Defence_32.pdf|title=STANDING COMMITTEE ON DEFENCE (2008-2009) THIRTY-SECOND REPORT|website=eparlib.nic.in|date=18 December 2008}}</ref>
* Supervise the co-ordination of Long Range Plans, Five Years Plans and annual budgetary proposals for the three services and presenting coordinated set of proposals to Minister of Defence after discussion with Chiefs of Staff in COSC and Defence Secretary.<ref name="R_32"/>
* Coordinating and analyzing critical deficiencies in force capabilities, assessing the impact of such deficiencies on national military objectives.<ref name="R_32"/>

==History==
===Creation (1947)===
[[File:The Lord Ismay.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Lord Ismay]], the principal architect of the COSC.]]

Before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's attainment of independence]] in 1947, the military organization in the then-[[British Raj]] had been constituted as a [[Theater (warfare)|theatre of operations]], wherein the policymaking for the colony's defence affairs emanated from the [[Committee of Imperial Defence]] (CID), which oversaw the formulation of military strategy for the overall [[British Empire]].<ref name="CAPS_1"/> Following the dissolution of the Raj, India's inaugural [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], [[Lord Mountbatten]], sought to establish an administrative structure for the management of the armed forces of the new country.<ref name="CAPS_1"/> Consequently, Mountbatten selected his chief of staff, [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Lord Ismay]], to execute the task.<ref name="CAPS_1"/>

Ismay, in his own stead, had spent a significant portion of his military career as a [[Staff (military)|staff officer]]: he had served in the CID in a secretarial role during the 1920s-1930s with the responsibility of [[Military operation plan|military planning]], and had later served on the British [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] during the [[Second World War]]; these postings thus allowed him to gain rich expertise in defence administration and subsequently, Mountbatten's choice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/man-who-brought-news-war|title=The man who brought news of war|website=www.keymilitary.co|date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

As such, Ismay formulated a practical model for India's higher defence management, comprising a three-tier higher defence organization:
* Defence Committee of the Cabinet (DCC), chaired by the Prime Minister.<ref name="CENJOWS_HDO">{{Cite web|url=https://cenjows.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Reforming-and-Restructuring-Higher_.pdf|title=REFORMING AND RESTRUCTURING : HIGHER DEFENCE ORGANIZATION OF INDIA|website=cenjows.in|date=August 2016}}</ref>
* Defence Minister's Committee (DMC), chaired by the Defence Minister.<ref name="CENJOWS_HDO"/>
* Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), as part of the Military Wing of the Cabinet Secretariat.<ref name="CENJOWS_HDO"/>

The COSC, which formed the third-tier of Ismay's formula, consisted of three Chiefs of Staff, who would serve as professional advisors to the civilian government wherein their mandate was to render guidance on military planning and operational matters. The COSC, which would come to be a part of the Military Wing of the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], was thus to be led by the Chiefs of Staff on a rotational basis, with the senior-most Chief serving as Chairman-COSC.<ref name="IDSA_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds_1_1_aprakash.pdf|title=India's Higher Defence Organisation: Implications for National Security and Jointness|website=www.idsa.in}}</ref>

Additionally, Ismay formulated a series of several sub-committees that would address the functioning of the COSC and coordination between the three services, staff both by civil servants and uniformed officers; some of them were:
* Joint Operation Committee (JOCOM).<ref name="IDSA_2"/>
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC).<ref name="IDSA_2"/>
* Joint Training Committee (JTC).<ref name="IDSA_2"/>
* Joint Planning Committee (JPC).<ref name="IDSA_2"/>

==Chairmen==
† Died in office.
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = y
| showref = y
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = General Sir Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Rob Lockhart|Sir Robert Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CIE|MC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Lockhart, Rob
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1893
| died_year = 1981
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 31 December 1947
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1947|08|15|1947|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Mehra_relinquishes"/><ref name="Chatterji_takes">{{cite web|title=Admiral Chatterji Takes Over|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-17_030.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=17 July 1969|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image =
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Thomas Elmhirst|Sir Thomas Elmhirst]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KBE|CB|AFC|DL}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Elmhirst, Thomas
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1982
| term_start = 31 December 1947
| term_end = 22 February 1950
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1947|12|31|1950|02|22}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Chatterji_takes"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Note|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-02-22_092.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 February 1950|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 3
| image = Edward_Parry_of_HMS_Achilles.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)|Sir William Edward Parry]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCB}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Parry, Edward
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1893
| died_year = 1970
| term_start = 22 February 1950
| term_end = 13 October 1951
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1950|02|22|1951|10|13}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Chatterji_takes"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 4
| image = General_K._M._Cariappa.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[K. M. Cariappa|Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Cariappa, K M
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 14 October 1951
| term_end = 14 January 1953
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1951|10|14|1953|01|14}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Mehra_relinquishes"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 5
| image =
| military_rank = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Charles Pizey|Sir Charles Thomas Mark Pizey]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=GBR|KBE|CB|DSO*}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Pizey, Charles
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 14 January 1953
| term_end = 22 July 1955
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1953|01|14|1955|07|22}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref =
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 6
| image = SubrotoMukherjee.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Subroto Mukerjee]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Mukerjee, Subroto
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1911
| died_year = 1960
| term_start = 22 July 1955
| term_end = 8 November 1960†
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1955|07|22|1960|11|08}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Most Distinguished Air Force Officer|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1960-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1960-11-09_165.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 November 1960|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 7
| image = General_Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Thimayya, K S
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1906
| died_year = 1965
| term_start = 9 November 1960
| term_end = 7 May 1961
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1960|11|09|1961|05|07}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Manekshaw"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 8
| image = Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari.jpg
| military_rank = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Ram Dass Katari]]
| officeholder_sort = Katari, Ram Dass
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1911
| died_year = 1983
| term_start = 7 May 1961
| term_end = 4 June 1962
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1961|05|07|1962|06|04}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite book |last1=Katari |first1=Ram Dass |title=A sailor remembers |year=1982 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0706920642 |pages=105}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 9
| image = Air_Marshal_Aspy_Engineer.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Aspy Engineer|Aspy Marwan Engineer]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DFC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Engineer, Aspy
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1912
| died_year = 2002
| term_start = 4 June 1962
| term_end = 24 July 1964
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1962|06|04|1964|07|24}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Air_Chief">{{cite web|title=Air Chief Hands Over Chairmanship To Naval Chief|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-07-24_038.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 July 1964|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 10
| image =
| military_rank = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
| officeholder_sort = Soman, Bhaskar Sadashiv
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1913
| died_year = 1995
| term_start = 24 July 1964
| term_end = 3 March 1966
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1964|07|24|1966|03|03}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Air_Chief"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 11
| image = General_Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OBE}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Chaudhuri, Jayanto Nath
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1908
| died_year = 1983
| term_start = 3 March 1966
| term_end = 7 June 1966
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1966|03|03|1966|06|07}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Manekshaw"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 12
| image = Marshal Arjan Singh (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]
| officeholder = [[Arjan Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DFC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Arjan
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2017
| term_start = 8 June 1966
| term_end = 15 July 1969
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1966|06|08|1969|07|15}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=New Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1966-06-07_260.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=7 June 1966|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CIFS OF STAFF FAREWELL TO AIR CHIEF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-10_020.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 13
| image = Admiral AK Chatterji.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Chatterji, Adhar Kumar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1914
| died_year = 2001
| term_start = 15 July 1969
| term_end = 24 February 1970
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1969|07|15|1970|02|24}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Chatterji_takes" />
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 14
| image = FM_Sam_Manekshaw.jpg
| military_rank = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Manekshaw, Sam
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1914
| died_year = 2008
| term_start = 24 February 1970
| term_end = 15 January 1973
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1970|02|24|1973|01|15}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee: General Manekshaw Takes Over|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-02-24_077.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 February 1970|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 15
| image = General Gopal Gurnath Bewoor (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Bewoor, Gopal
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1916
| died_year = 1989
| term_start = 15 January 1973
| term_end = 31 May 1975
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1973|01|15|1975|05|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=General Bewoor Retires|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1975-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1975-05-31_171.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 May 1975|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Mehra_relinquishes"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 16
| image = ACM OP Mehra.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Om Prakash Mehra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Mehra, Om Prakash
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 31 May 1975
| term_end = 31 January 1976
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1975|05|31|1976|01|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Mehra_relinquishes"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 17
| image = Adm SN Kohli.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Kohli, Sourendra Nath
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1916
| died_year = 2007
| term_start = 31 January 1976
| term_end = 29 February 1976
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1970|02|24|1973|01|15}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Mehra_relinquishes"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 18
| image = General_Tapishwar_Narain_Raina.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Raina, Tapishwar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1921
| died_year = 1980
| term_start = 29 February 1976
| term_end = 31 May 1978
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1976|02|29|1978|05|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite book |title=Transition to triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1897829721}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 19
| image = AM H Moolgavkar.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Moolgavkar, Hrushikesh
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1920
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 1 June 1978
| term_end = 30 August 1978
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1978|06|1|1978|08|30}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-06-31_087.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 June 1978|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 20
| image =
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Jal Cursetji]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Cursetji, Jal
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 1991
| term_start = 30 August 1978
| term_end = 1 March 1979
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1978|08|30|1979|03|01}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 21
| image = Om-prakash-Mhalotra.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Malhotra, Om Prakash
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1922
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 1 March 1979
| term_end = 31 May 1981
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1979|03|01|1981|05|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Army Southern Command Bags Defence Services Sports Trophy|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-II/PDF/DEF-1979-11-07_189.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=7 November 1979|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 22
| image = ACM IH Latif.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Idris Hasan Latif]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Latif, Idris
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 2018
| term_start = 1 June 1981
| term_end = 30 August 1981
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1981|06|1|1981|08|30}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1981-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1981-06-02_188.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 June 1981|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Pereira_CCOSC">{{cite web|title=Admiral Pereira Becomes Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1981-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-JULY-DEC/PDF/DEF-1981-09-01_082.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=1 September 1981|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 23
| image = Ronald-lynsdale-pereira (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Pereira, Ronald
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 1 September 1981
| term_end = 26 February 1982
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1981|09|01|1982|02|26}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Pereira_CCOSC"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Navy Bids Farewell To Its Most Distinguished Sailor|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-26_110.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=26 February 1982|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 24
| image = General_Kotikalapudi_Venkata_Krishna_Rao.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[K. V. Krishna Rao|Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Rao, Krishna
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 2016
| term_start = 1 March 1982
| term_end = 31 July 1983
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1982|03|01|1983|07|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Former Army Chief General KV Krishna Rao Dies At 92 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-army-chief-general-kv-krishna-rao-dies-1271821 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 25
| image = Dilbag_singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Dilbagh Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Dilbagh
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1926
| died_year = 2001
| term_start = 1 August 1983
| term_end = 5 September 1984
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1983|08|01|1984|09|05}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-08-01_037.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=1 August 1983|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="New_Chairman_84">{{cite web|title=New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/BROADCASTING/1984-JAN-DEC-MINISTRY%20OF%20INFORMATION%20BROADCASTING/PDF/BRO-1984-09-05_259.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=5 September 1984|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 26
| image = Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson (cropped).png
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Oscar Stanley Dawson]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Dawson, Oscar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 2011
| term_start = 5 September 1984
| term_end = 30 November 1984
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1984|09|05|1984|11|30}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="New_Chairman_84"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 27
| image = General_Arunkumar_Shridhar_Vaidya.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] [[Medal bar|& Bar]], [[AVSM]]}}
| officeholder_sort = Vaidya, Arun
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1926
| died_year = 1986
| term_start = 1 December 1984
| term_end = 31 January 1986
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1984|12|01|1986|01|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tahiliani|first=Admiral (Retd.) RH|date=2013|title=Chiefs of Staff|url=https://www.navyfoundationmumbaicharter.in/doc/Quarterdeck2013.pdf|journal=Quarterdeck|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TOPNO BEST SERVICES SPORTSMAN |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-04-25_141.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 28
| image = Admiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Tahiliani, Radhakrishna
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1930
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 1 February 1986
| term_end = 30 November 1987
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1986|02|01|1987|11|30}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Chiefs of Staff Committee Bids Farewell To Admiral Tahiliani|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-11-27_151.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=27 November 1987|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Sri Lankan crisis |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=8170620635 |page=50}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 29
| image = Denis La Fontaine.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Denis La Fontaine]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = La Fontaine, Denis
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1929
| died_year = 2011
| term_start = 1 December 1987
| term_end = 31 July 1988
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1987|12|01|1988|05|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Farewell_1988">{{cite web|title=Farewell To Chief of the Air Staff By Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1988-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1988-07-26_031.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=26 July 1988|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 30
| image = Jayant Nadkarni.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Nadkarni, Jayant
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1931
| died_year = 2018
| term_start = 1 August 1988
| term_end = 30 November 1990
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1988|08|01|1990|11|30}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Farewell_1988"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Chiefs of Staff Committee Bids Farewell To Admiral Nadkarni|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-11-26_152.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=26 November 1990|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 31
| image =
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Surinder Mehra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Mehra, Surinder
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1932
| died_year = 2003
| term_start = 1 December 1990
| term_end = 31 July 1991
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1990|12|01|1991|07|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Farewell_1991">{{cite web |title=Chiefs of Staff Committee of Defence Services Bids Farewell to its Chairman|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-07-29_180.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=29 July 1991|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 32
| image = General_Sunith_Francis_Rodrigues.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Rodrigues, Sunith
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1933
| died_year = 2022
| term_start = 1 August 1991
| term_end = 30 June 1993
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1991|08|01|1993|06|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Farewell_1991"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 33
| image = Ramdas l.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Ramdas, Laxminarayan
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1933
| died_year = 2024
| term_start = 30 June 1993
| term_end = 30 September 1993
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1993|06|30|1993|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral L Ramdas Takes Over As Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1993-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1993-06-29_167.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=29 June 1993|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 34
| image = General_Bipin_Chandra_Joshi.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Joshi, Bipin
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1935
| died_year = 1994
| term_start = 1 October 1993
| term_end = 18 November 1994†
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1993|10|01|1994|11|18}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 35
| image = ACM_SK_Kaul.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[S. K. Kaul|Swaroop Krishna Kaul]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Kaul, Swaroop
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1935
| died_year =
| term_start = 20 November 1994
| term_end = 31 December 1995
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1994|11|20|1995|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Swaroop Krishna Kaul PVSM MVC ADC CAS {{!}} Indian Air Force {{!}} Government of India |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/swaroop-krishna-kaul-pvsm-mvc-adc-cas |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 36
| image =
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Vijai Singh Shekhawat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Shekhawat, Vijai Singh
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1933
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 1995
| term_end = 30 September 1996
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1995|12|31|1996|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral VS Shekhawat Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE%20(2)/PDF/DEF-1995-12-30_196.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=30 December 1995|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 37
| image = Gen_Shankar_Roy_Chowdhary.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Shankar Roychowdhury]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Roychowdhury, Shankar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1937
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 October 1996
| term_end = 30 September 1997
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1996|10|01|1997|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=General S Roychowdhury Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-09-23_104.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=23 September 1996|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Sareen nominated chairman of defence chiefs' panel |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/22air.htm |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 38
| image =
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Satish Sareen]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Sareen, Satish
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1939
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 October 1997
| term_end = 31 December 1998
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1997|10|01|1998|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="rediff.com" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Air Chief Marshal Sareen To Be Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1997-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1997-09-22_084.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=22 September 1997|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 39
| image = Gen vp malik1.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Ved Prakash Malik]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Malik, Ved
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1939
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 January 1999
| term_end = 30 September 2000
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1999|01|01|2000|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Malik V.p. General |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/author/cr-121506/malik-v-p-general/ |website=HarperCollins Publishers |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sushil">{{cite web |title=Admiral Sushil Kumar new chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/admiral-sushil-kumar-new-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-committee_1483.html |website=Zee News |publisher=Essel Group Company |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=14 September 2000}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 40
| image = Admiral_Sushil_Kumar.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Kumar, Sushil
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1940
| died_year = 2019
| term_start = 1 October 2000
| term_end = 29 December 2001
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2000|10|01|2001|12|29}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Sushil"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Sushil Kumar Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2000-JULT-SEP%20DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-2000-09-28_140.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=28 September 2000|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 41
| image = General Sundararajan Padmanabhan.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Padmanabhan, Sundararajan
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1940
| died_year = 2024
| term_start = 30 December 2001
| term_end = 31 December 2002
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2001|12|30|2002|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=General Padmanabhan Appointed Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-NOV%20DEC-DEFENCE-IV/PDF/DEF-2001-12-24_130.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India Archive|date=24 December 2001|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite web |author1=TNN |title=Navy chief to head COSC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-chief-to-head-COSC/articleshow/32287398.cms?referral=PM |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=24 December 2002}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 42
| image = Admiral Madhvendra Singh (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Madhvendra Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Madhvendra
| officeholder_note =
| born_year =
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2002
| term_end = 31 July 2004
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2002|12|31|2004|07|31}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Singh"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 43
| image = ACM_S_Krishnaswamy.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] [[Medal Bar|& bar]]}}
| officeholder_sort = Krishnaswamy, Srinivasapuram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1943
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 July 2004
| term_end = 29 December 2004
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2004|07|31|2004|12|29}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name = "vij"/>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 44
| image = General Vij.png
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Vij, Nirmal Chander
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1943
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 December 2004
| term_end = 30 January 2005
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2004|12|30|2005|01|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name=vij>{{cite news|title=Gen Vij new head of chiefs of staff panel|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Vij-new-head-of-chiefs-of-staff-panel/articleshow/976587.cms}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 45
| image = Arun Prakash.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Arun Prakash]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Prakash, Arun
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1944
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 January 2005
| term_end = 31 October 2006
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2005|01|31|2006|10|31}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="vij"/>
}}

{{Officeholder table
| order = 46
| image =
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Tyagi, Shashindra Pal
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1945
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 October 2006
| term_end = 31 March 2007
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2006|10|31|2007|03|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 47
| image = General J. J. Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Joginder Jaswant
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1945
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 March 2007
| term_end = 30 September 2007
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2007|03|31|2007|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 48
| image = Sureesh Mehta CNS.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Sureesh Mehta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Mehta, Sureesh
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1947
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 September 2007
| term_end = 31 August 2009
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2007|09|30|2009|08|31}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 49
| image = General Deepak Kapoor.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Deepak Kapoor]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Kapoor, Deepak
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1948
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 August 2009
| term_end = 31 March 2010
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2009|08|31|2010|03|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 50
| image = Pradeep Vasant Naik (crop).jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Naik, Pradeep
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1949
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 March 2010
| term_end = 30 July 2011
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2010|03|31|2011|07|30}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Sujan |title=Generation shift in air force |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/generation-shift-in-air-force/cid/368619 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=30 November 2011}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 51
| image = Admiral Verma (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Naik, Pradeep
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1949
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 July 2011
| term_end = 31 August 2012
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2011|07|30|2012|08|31}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Verma">{{cite web |title=Admiral Nirmal Verma now heads chiefs of staff committee |url=https://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20110730_staff_committee.html |website=domain-b.com |publisher=The Information Company Private Limited |access-date=15 November 2018 |location=New Delhi |date=30 July 2011}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 52
| image = Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne, PVSM AVSM VM ADC.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Browne, Norman
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1951
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 August 2012
| term_end = 31 December 2013
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2012|08|31|2013|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 53
| image = Gen Bikram Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Bikram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1951
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2013
| term_end = 31 July 2014
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2013|12|31|2014|07|31}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Bikram">{{cite web |author1=TNN |title=Bikram Singh takes over chairman of chiefs of staff from Browne |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bikram-Singh-takes-over-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-from-Browne/articleshow/28159289.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=31 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 54
| image = ACM Arup Raha.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Arup Raha]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Raha, Arup
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1954
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 July 2014
| term_end = 31 December 2016
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2014|07|31|2016|12|31}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = .
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 55
| image = Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC, Chairman COSC and Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy.jpg
| military_rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| officeholder = [[Sunil Lanba]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Raha, Arup
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1957
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 31 May 2019
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2016|12|31|2019|05|31}}
| defence_branch = {{navy|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Lanba">{{cite web |author1=TNN |title=Navy chief now to head chiefs of staff committee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-chief-now-to-head-chiefs-of-staff-committee/articleshow/56246666.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=30 December 2016}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 56
| image = Air Chief Marshal B.S. Dhanoa takes over as the Chief of Air Staff, in New Delhi on December 31, 2016.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Dhanoa, Birender Singh
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1957
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 May 2019
| term_end = 27 September 2019
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2019|05|31|2019|09|27}}
| defence_branch = {{air force|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Dhanoa">{{cite web|title=Air Chief Marshal Dhanoa gets baton of COSC chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-chief-marshal-dhanoa-gets-baton-of-cosc-chief/article27283810.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=29 May 2019|date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 57
| image = General Bipin Rawat, India's 1st Chief of Defence Staff.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bipin Rawat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Rawat, Bipin
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1958
| died_year = 2021
| term_start = 27 September 2019{{efn|Held temporarily until creation of post of Chief of the Defense Staff (CDS) on 1 January 2020, when Chairman COSC made permanent in tandem with CDS post.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=24 December 2019|title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1597425|access-date=16 December 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>}}
| term_end = [[2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash|8 December 2021]]†
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2019|09|27|2021|12|08}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Rawat">{{cite web|title=Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat to take over as chairman of CCS tomorrow|date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-take-over-chairman-ccs-1603531-2019-09-26|access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|colspan=8|''Vacant 8–15 December 2021''
{{Officeholder table
| order = – 
| image = General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM AVSM SM VSM ADC (1).jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Naravane, Manoj Mukund
| officeholder_note =
| acting = y 
| born_year = 1960
| died_year =
| term_start = 15 December 2021
| term_end = 30 April 2022
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2021|12|15|2022|4|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref = <ref name="Naravane">{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Abhishek |title=Old system till new CDS appointed: Gen Naravane as senior-most service chief fills in for Gen Bipin Rawat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/old-system-new-cds-army-chief-general-naravane-bipin-rawat-1888316-2021-12-16 |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=India Today |date=16 December 2021}}</ref>
}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|colspan=8|''Vacant 30 April 2022 – 30 September 2022''
{{Officeholder table
| order = 58
| image = General Anil Chauhan.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Anil Chauhan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Chauhan, Anil
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1961
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 September 2022
| term_end = ''Incumbent''
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2022|09|30}}
| defence_branch = {{army|India}}
| ref =
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

== See also ==
===Inter-service offices===
* [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
* [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]

===Other offices of the Indian Armed Forces===
* [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]

===International equivalents===
*'''Pakistan''': [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (JCSC)
*'''United Kingdom''': [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (CSC)
*'''United States''': [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JSC)

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Military of India}}
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]

Chhau

2026-04-27T00:37:03Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding a data.

{{short description|Indian semi classical martial dance originating in East India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = ''Chhau''
| image = File:Chhau Nritya (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''Chhau'' performing artists
| native_name =
| etymology =
| genre = Semi [[Indian classical dance]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], India
}}
'''''Chhau''''', also spelled '''''Chhou''''', is a semi classical [[India]]n dance with martial and folk traditions.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, is a semi-classical Indian dance with martial, tribal and folk origins. The other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Odissi, Manipuri, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}} It is found in three styles named after the location where they are performed, i.e. the ''Purulia Chhau'' of [[West Bengal]], the ''Seraikella Chhau'' of [[Jharkhand]] and the ''Mayurbhanj Chhau'' of [[Odisha]].

The dance ranges from celebrating [[martial arts]], [[acrobatics]] and athletics performed in festive themes of a folk dance, to a structured dance with religious themes found in [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. The costumes vary between the styles, with Purulia and Serakeilla using masks to identify the character.<ref name=unescochhau/> The stories enacted by Chhau dancers include those from the Hindu epics the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Puranas]] and other [[Indian literature]].<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}

The dance is traditionally an all males troupe, regionally celebrated particularly during spring every year, and may be a syncretic dance form that emerged from a fusion of classical Hindu dances and the traditions of ancient regional tribes.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}} The dance brings together people from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in a festive and religious spirit.<ref name=unescochhau/>{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}
[[File:Mayurbhanj Chau artistes performing with depiction of Krishna and gopi, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Mayurbhanj Chhau artists performing to a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] theme at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]]]
[[File:Chhau Dance of Purulia.ogv|thumb|A video of Chau dance in [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]]]

==Etymology==
Chhau is a dance style originating from the regions of [[East India]].{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109}} It may have been derived from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''Chāya'' (shadow, image or mask).{{Sfn| Claus|2003|pp=109-110}}<ref name="Khokar1984p185">{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=184–186|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref> Others link it to the Sanskrit root ''Chadma'' (disguise), yet others such as [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] suggest it is derived from ''Chhauni'' (military camp, armour, stealth) in Odia language.<ref name=bt>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 109]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|title=The Chhau|publisher=Seraikela-Kharsawan district official website|access-date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014517/http://seraikela.nic.in/chhau/chhau_hss.htm#SARAIKELACHHAU|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau dancer.jpg|thumb|A Chhau dancer in [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Bagmundi]], West Bengal in role of goddess Durga.]]

== Features of Chhau ==
[[File:Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG|thumb|A Shaktism themed costumes for Chhau dance (Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau).]]
The Chhau dance is mainly performed during festivals in the region of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], especially the spring festival of [[Chaitra]] Parva and in which the whole community participates.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/> The Purulia Chhau dance is celebrated during the Sun festival.<ref name=cl/>
[[File:Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|left|Artists from the Purulia district of West Bengal perform the Chhau dance]]
Masks form an integral part of Chhau dance in Purulia and Seraikella styles.<ref name=unescochhau/> The knowledge of dance, music and mask-making is transmitted orally.<ref>From: NOMINATION FILE NO. 00337 FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN 2010, UNESCO 2010</ref> The Chhau dance found in northern Odisha does not use masks during the dance, but they do when the artists first appear on the stage for introduction to the audience.{{Sfn| Claus|2003|p=110}}

The two styles of Chhau dance that use masks, blend within it forms of both dance and martial practices employing mock combat techniques (called ''khel''), stylised gaits of birds and animals (called ''chalis'' and ''topkas'') and movements based on the chores of village housewives (called ''uflis'').<ref name=cl/> This form of the Chhau dance, states Mohan Khokar, has no ritual or ceremonial meaning, it is a form of community celebration and entertainment.<ref name="Khokar1984p185"/>

The dance is performed by male dancers, at night in an open space, called ''akhada'' or ''asar''. The dance is rhythmic and set to traditional folk music, played on the reed pipes ''mohuri'' and [[shehnai]].<ref name=unescochhau/> A variety of drums accompany the music ensemble including the [[dhol]] (a cylindrical drum), ''dhumsa'' (a large kettle drum) and ''kharka'' or ''chad-chadi''. The themes for these dances include local legends, folklore and episodes from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other abstract themes.<ref name=unescochhau>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00337 Chhau dance] UNESCO, Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</ref>

The precursors of Chhau dance (especially Purulia style) were not only ''Paika'' and Natua, but ''Nachni'' dance also played an important role in giving Chhau its present identity. Chhau dance borrows the female gaits and movements from the ''Nachni'' dance almost exclusively (Bhattacharya, 1983, Chakravarti, 2001, Kishore, 1985). The female dance elements in Chhau introduced the aspects of ''Lasya Bhava'' from the Natya Shastra that brought elegance, sensuality, and beauty in the dance form, whereas, the virile male dance movement is attributed to the Shiva's ''tandava'' style of dance (Bose 1991).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kishore, Vikrant|title=From real to reel : folk dances of India in Bollywood cinema|isbn=978-0-9925259-5-8|location=Adelaide, S. Aust.|oclc=894030959}}</ref> There are different interpretations to ''tandava'' and ''lasya''. I have above-mentioned the most commonly accepted definition of ''tandava'' and ''lasya'' above. Bose foregrounds the debate between the relation of ''lasya'' and ''tandava'' critically in his analysis of dance in Sanskrit texts. See Bose, Mandakranta.<ref>''Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition.'' Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.</ref>

== Three styles of Chhau ==
[[File:Ileana Citaristi performing Mayurbhanj Chhau.gif|thumb|[[Ileana Citaristi]] performing Mayurbhanj Chhau (Shaivism theme).]]
The '''Seraikella Chhau''' developed in [[Seraikela]], when it was under the rule of Kalinga's [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Rule]] the present day administrative headquarters of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of [[Jharkhand]], the '''Purulia Chhau''' in [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]] and the '''Mayurbhanj Chhau'''<ref name="mayur">{{Cite web |title=CHHAU DANCE OF MAYURBHANJ |url=http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174339/http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/cult.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> in [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]]. The most prominent difference among the three subgenres is regarding the use of masks. While, the Seraikela and Purulia subgenres of Chhau use masks during the dance, the Mayurbhanj Chhau uses none.<ref name=cl>[[#Claus|Claus, p. 110]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |title=Famous Folk Dance: "Chau" |publisher=[[Purulia district]] official website |access-date=15 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171304/http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>

The Seraikella Chhau's technique and repertoire were developed by the erstwhile nobility of this region who were both its performers and choreographers, and in the modern era people from all backgrounds dance it.<ref name=cl/> The Seraikella Chhau is performed with symbolic masks, and the acting establishes the role the actor is playing.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187/> The Purulia Chhau uses extensive masks shaped in the form of the character being played; for example, a lion character has a face mask of lion and body costumes too with the actor walking on all fours.<ref name=cl/> These masks are crafted by potters who make clay images of Hindu gods and goddesses and is primarily sourced from the [[Purulia district]] of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=World of Other Faces - Indian Masks|year=1986|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=19–20}}</ref> In the Mayurbhanj Chhau is performed without masks and is technically similar to the Seraikella Chhau.<ref name=cl/><ref name=khokar1984p187>{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=186–187|isbn=9780391032750}}</ref>

==Recognition==

In 2010, the Chhau dance was inscribed in the [[UNESCO]]'s [[Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011 |title=Intangible Heritage Lists</ref>

The [[Government of Odisha]] established the Government Chhau Dance Centre in 1960 in Seraikella and the Mayurbhanj Chhau Nritya Pratisthan at [[Baripada]] in 1962. These institutions engage in training involving local gurus, artists, patrons and representatives of Chhau institutions and sponsor performances. The Chaitra Parva festival, significant to the Chhau Dance, is also sponsored by the state government. The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] has established a National Centre for Chhau Dance at [[Baripada]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhau Centre, Baripada/Jamshedpur|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/chhau-centre.htm|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313004358/http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/chhau-centre.htm|archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chhau centre at Baripada finds favour with Union Ministry|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article3642105.ece|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 July 2012}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
*The [[Hindi film]] [[Barfi!]] has several scenes that features the ''Purulia Chhau'' in it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Film Review {{!}} Barfi!|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PYBk7vmKGxRJKZEQwBwNkN/Film-Review--Barfi.html|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=HT Mint|date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau Dance of Purulia - Documentary - EZCC.webm|thumb|thumbtime=36:53|right|Chhau Dance of Purulia - Documentary - EZCC]]
*[[Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre]], Kolkata, brings you the documentary. The video is a documentary on the Purulia Chhau of West Bengal. The Chhau is a semi-classical dance form from Eastern India which has tribal and folk origins.

== Chhau mask ==
{{main|Chhau Mask}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 650
| title = <big>''Chhau masks and dancer of [[West Bengal]]''</big>

| image1 = Chhau dancer.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A Chhau dancer in Bagmundi

| image2 = Mask Purulia.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = chhau mask

| image3 = Chaumasksanddrums.png
| alt3 =
| caption3 = mask and musical instrument of chhau dance

|image4 = Durga with Lion - Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Royal Chhau Academy - Science City - Kolkata 2014-02-13 9127.JPG
|alt4 =
|caption4 = Durga with Lion, Purulia style Chhau
}}
Purulia Chhau Dance is listed on [[UNESCO]]'s world heritage list of dances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/|title=Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure |date=30 July 2015|work=Utsavpedia|access-date=12 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The main difference between the Purulia Chhau and Mayurbhanj Chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia Chhau uses masks in dance, but Mayurbhanj Chhau does not have masks thereby adding facial expression with body movements and gestures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Traditionally, the chhau dance is held during mid-march when one agricultural circle ends and a new circle begins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=85&Name=Chho|title= Daricha Foundation |website=www.daricha.org|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> Purulia Chhau dancers wear the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters. After making the shape of mask with clay, it is coloured and decorated with Shola and other things.

[[File:Chhau Mask of West Bengal in Indian Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[Chhau Mask]] of [[West Bengal]] in Indian Stamp, 2017]]
The '''Chhau mask''' of [[Purulia]] is registered under [[List of Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indications]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/Bengal-handicrafts-to-get-new-fillip-with-GI-tags/article14572749.ece|title=Bengal handicrafts to get new fillip with GI tags|date=16 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 May 2018|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the basic difference of Purulia Chhau the mask is unique and traditional.

[[File:Making Chau Mask.jpg|thumb|Chhau masks are being made in a household in Purulia]]
These chhau masks are made by the artists by the '''''Sutradhar community'''''. The making of a mask goes through various stages. 8-10 layers of soft paper, immersed in diluted glue, are pasted one after another on the mould before the mud mould is dusted with fine ash powder. The facial features are made of clay. A special layer of mud and cloth is applied and the mask is then sun-dried. After this, the mould is polished and the second round of sun drying is done before separating the layers of cloth and paper from the mould. After finishing and drilling of holes for the nose and eyes, the mask is coloured and decorated.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/mask-dances-bengal|title= Mask dances of Bengal|work=indianculture.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mollisarts.com/chhau-folk-art-mask-craft.html|title=Faces behind the Chhau Mask|website= www.mollisarts.com|access-date=11 June 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chhau Nritya (2).jpg|Chhau dance artist-female
File:Chhau Nritya (3).jpg|Chhau dance artist-male
File:Chhau Nritya (4).jpg|Chhau dance artist-male
File:Chhau Nritya (5).jpg|Chhau dance artists
File:Chhau Nritya (6).jpg|Chhau dance artist
File:Chhau Dancers.jpg|Chhau dancers in a village of Jharkhand
File:Chhau dancer demon mask.jpg|Chhau dancer with demon mask performing at night
File:Traditional chhau dancer.jpg|A chhau dancer performing among the villagers in Jharkhand
File:Mayurbhanj Chhau music troupe performing.jpg|A Mayurbhanj Chhau music troupe performing
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Asutosh Bhattacharya, ''Chhau dance of Purulia''. Pub. [[Rabindra Bharati University]], 1972.
* {{cite book |title=A dictionary of theatre anthropology: the secret art of the performer|last=Barba|first=Eugenio|author2=Nicola Savarese|year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-05308-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31WqQLGeXRIC&q=Chhau&pg=PA207 |ref=Ba }}
* {{cite book |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia|last=Claus|first=Peter J.|author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-415-93919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&q=Chhau+dance&pg=PA110 |ref=Claus }}
* {{citation |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia|last=Claus|first=Peter J.|display-authors=et al| year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-93919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC }}
* Kishore, Vikrant (2014). From real to reel : folk dances of India in Bollywood cinema. Adelaide, South Australia UNESCO-APNIEVE Australia {{ISBN|9780992525958}}, 9780992525996
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|s2cid=29065670|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chhau dance}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VMlyg2ETbw Chhau dance: Spandan], Shiva themes, Carolina Prada (2013)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007032215/http://www.boloji.com/dances/00109.htm Chau: The Rare Mask Dances]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171304/http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html Purulia district website with information on Chhau]
* [http://mayurbhanj.nic.in/ Mauyrbhanj district website with information on Chhau]
* [http://www.seraikela.nic.in/ Saraikela Kharsawan district website with information on Chhau]

{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|state=collapsed}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Odia culture}}
{{Dance in India}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}
{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhau Dance}}
[[Category:Chhau]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:War dances]]
[[Category:Purulia]]
[[Category:Folk dances of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Odisha]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]

Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana

2026-04-24T02:47:57Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana
| image = Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release date poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Raj B. Shetty]]
| producer = Ravi Rai Kalasa Vachan Shetty
| writer = Raj B. Shetty
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Raj B. Shetty]] [[Rishab Shetty]]
| narrator = [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| cinematography = Praveen Shriyan
| editing = Praveen Shriyan
| studio = [[Raj B. Shetty|Lighter Buddha Films]] Coffee Gang Studios
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|11|19|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trailer-raj-shetty-s-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-promises-gripping-crime-drama-156671 |title=Trailer of Raj Shetty's Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana promises gripping crime drama |work=The News Minute |date=19 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹1.80 crores <ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/su-from-so-raj-b-shetty-sets-the-record-straight-on-the-budget-of-his-hit-film-ottplay-101754651750945.html</ref><ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/07/raj-b-shetty-clarifies-on-speculations-about-su-from-so-budget</ref>
}}
'''''Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana''''' ({{translation|One [[Vahana|mount]]s [[Garuda]], One mounts [[Nandi (mythology)|Vrishabha]]}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[gangster film]] written and directed by actor-director [[Raj B. Shetty]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-first-look-of-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-is-out/articleshow/74135294.cms |title=The first look of Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana is out |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2020 |accessdate=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/11/tiger-dance-plays-important-element-in-raj-b-shettys-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-2115014.html |title=Tiger dance plays important element in Raj B Shetty's Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana |date=11 March 2020 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/17/director-raj-b-shetty-gives-final-touches-to-his-gangster-drama-2104325.html |title=Director Raj B Shetty gives final touches to his gangster drama |date=17 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> The film is produced by Ravi Rai Kalasa and Vachan Shetty, under the Lighter Buddha Films banner. The film features Raj B. Shetty<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-makers-unveil-a-new-motion-poster-of-raj-b-shettys-next/articleshow/74613721.cms |title='Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana': Makers unveil a new motion poster of Raj B Shetty's next |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> and [[Rishab Shetty]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/article/stories/director-raj-b-shetty-is-all-set-to-wrap-up-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana/17062 |title=Raj B Shetty and Rishab Shetty join hands for gangster film |publisher=Cinema Express |accessdate=17 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raj-b-shetty-s-film-rishab-shetty-gets-title-118515 |title=Raj B Shetty's film with Rishab Shetty gets title |date=19 February 2020 |publisher=The News Minute |accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> The music was scored by [[Midhun Mukundan]]. Both editing and cinematography were done by Praveen Shriyan. It was presented by [[Rakshit Shetty]]'s [[Paramvah Studios]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/oct/05/rakshit-shetty-to-present-raj-b-shettys-directorial-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-2367604.html |title=rakshit shetty to present Raj B Shetty's directorial Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana |date=5 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakshit-shetty-to-present-raj-b-shettys-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana/articleshow/86751198.cms |title=Rakshit shetty to present Raj B Shetty's Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/apr/26/i-dont-want-a-direct-ott-release-for-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahanaraj-b-shetty-2294756.html |title=I don't want a direct OTT Release for Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana - Raj B Shetty |date=26 April 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Brahmaiah is a well behaved and mild mannered cop, who gets transferred to [[Mangaladevi]], the coastal and cultural town of modern-day [[Mangalore]], which is also troubled by [[gang violence]] perpetrated by the gangster duo, Shiva and Hari. While everyone knows that Hari was born and brought up in Mangaladevi, no one knows about Shiva's origins. He was discovered in a bag, found in a well near Hari's home. When the villagers opened the bag, they found a 12-year old Shiva with his neck cut and scars all over his body. Shiva was later taken to the hospital, where he survived and recovered. He spent some time begging in the streets of Mangalore until he was found and taken in by Hari's mother. Hari and Shiva grew up to be best friends and brothers for life.

Everyone assumed that Shiva was severely abused during his childhood. While he was hospitalised after being found, he used to scream as if he was dying whenever a nurse or female doctor approached him. He was completely desensitized to violence and had [[Anger management|anger management issues]]. Though Shiva was mostly unreactive when he himself was harmed, if somebody threatened to harm his loved ones or people close to him, he erupted like a [[volcano]] and was capable of unspeakable things. Hari profited tremendously from Shiva's fury as Shiva's protection made Hari untouchable. Even in adulthood, Shiva remains unsophisticated and a man of few words, while Hari becomes a suave power player and the most feared gangster in town. He runs the gangs and the police are in his pocket.

Hari eventually joins hands with a senior gangster and businessman, Raviraj, just for the sake of his growth. Shiva is dejected as he feels sidelined by Hari, who now reveres Raviraj. Unable to express himself, Shiva starts beating up people needlessly. Hari distances himself from Shiva, whose violent nature can be a double-edged sword. Eventually, a small problem emerges between Raviraj's brother-in-law and Hari, to which Shiva reacts violently. This leads to Hari further distancing himself from Shiva and Raviraj's gang plots to kill Shiva, as a result. Brahmaiah, who initially wanted a transfer from Mangaladevi due to the violent town, has newfound courage when he is threatened by Hari and Shiva indirectly, and humiliated by an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], who wants Hari and Shiva to be destroyed.

Brahmaiah is aided by a police driver, who agrees to be a double agent for him as well as Hari-Shiva gangs. He plays Hari and Shiva's sides against each other to further destroy Hari and Shiva. When Brahmaiah learns of Raviraj's gang's plan to kill Shiva, he passes on the information to Shiva's friends, that Hari has sent people to kill Shiva. Shiva is saved by his friends in the nick of time, but the information that Hari sent people to kill him deeply troubles Shiva. Unbeknownst to Shiva, the same night, Shiva's friends leave to kill Hari in revenge and one of them is killed by Hari. Hari now thinks that Shiva sent people to kill Hari, and openly threatens that he will kill Shiva and have a [[victory lap]] around the town. Shiva, though taken aback, threatens him back.

Shiva kills Raviraj's brother-in-law in retaliation for the loss of his gang member. This causes Hari to plot with Raviraj to kill Shiva. Eventually, Hari has a hitman shoot and kill Shiva while he is playing [[cricket]] with his friends. When Hari is out on his victory lap around town, the teenage boys who used to play cricket with Shiva and had witnessed his shooting, follow Hari and kill him with his own knife. The [[epilogue]] shows the childhood forms of Hari and Shiva burying their respective adult forms.

==Cast==
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Shiva
** Harshadeep as young Shiva
* [[Rishab Shetty]] as Hari
** Chinthan as young Hari
* [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]] as [[Sub Inspector|S.I.]] Brahmaiyya
* Anil Uppala as Pili Prakasha
* V.J. Vineeth as Shreeshanth, Pili Prakasha's nephew.
* Jyothish Shetty as Raviraj
* Deepak Rai Paanaaje as Shekhara
* Shanil Guru as Karunakar, Police driver
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Ramanath
* [[J. P. Thuminad]] as Avinash
* Arpith Adyar as Avinash's friend
* Yathish Baikampady as Emmekere Dayananda
* Sachin Anchan
* Saumesh
* R.J. Arpith Indravadan

== Symbolism ==
Garuda Gamana refers to ''[[Vishnu]]'' (or Hari) who travels on ''[[Garuda]]''. Vrishaba Vahana refers to ''[[Shiva]]'', who has ''[[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]]'' as his [[Vahana]]. Thus the title refers to both Vishnu and Shiva, along with their mounts, while the narrator's character of Brahmaiyya represents Brahma of the divine [[Trimurti|Hindu Trinity]].

==Soundtrack==
[[Midhun Mukundan]] composed the background score for the film and the soundtracks. The lyrics for the soundtracks "Chandrachooda" and "Sojugada Soojumallige" were adopted from [[Purandara Dasa]]'s work and a popular folk song respectively - retaining the original titles. The album consists of 4 soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sojugada Sooju Mallige (Sounds of Isha) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWmcMsI5dks |publisher=Sounds of Isha |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3MHr14PEMcU4EGRAKsI8vq |publisher=Spotify |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Demon In Me
| length1 = 2:19
| lyrics1 = Manek D'Silva
| extra1 = Anjali Sankaran, Rakshita Rao
| title2 = Endo Bareda
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = Pavan Bhat
| extra2 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| title3 = Sojugada Soojumallige
| length3 = 2:47
| lyrics3 = [[Folk music|Janapada]]
| extra3 = [[Chaithra J Achar]], [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| title4 = Chandrachooda
| length4 = 2:52
| lyrics4 = [[Purandara Dasa]]
| extra4 = Siddhartha Belmannu
| total_length = 11:53
}}

==Legacy==
''Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana'' was included in the ''FC Gold list of films'' by ''[[Film Companion]]'', where it positively impacted Raj B. Shetty's career as everyone praised his acting skills.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Film Companion |author-link=Film Companion |user=FilmCompanion |number=1463017238009499648 |date=23 November 2021 |title=A thrilling yet beautiful tale of friendship, ego, jealousy & ambition, #RajBShetty's 'Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana' has made it to our #FCGold list. Congratulations to the cast & crew of #GarudaGamanaVrishabhaVahana! https://t.co/VGl3rdLqtJ |language=en |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123130432/https://twitter.com/FilmCompanion/status/1463017238009499648 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on [[ZEE5]] and achieved more than 8 crore minutes of viewing within 3 days of its release on the OTT. It remained in the national top 10 movies for more than two weeks since its release on ZEE5.

The film also received praise from other prominent celebrities like [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Ajay Rao]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Ramya]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Sudeepa]], [[Prashanth Neel]] and [[Shivarajkumar]] for the direction, story and technical aspects. [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] bought the remake rights and planned to remake it in Tamil and Telugu.

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Recipient
! scope="col"|Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="7"| [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
|Best Feature Film
|Lighter Buddha Films
|{{Nom}}
|Rowspan="7"|<ref>{{cite web |title=CCSSA Feature Film Nominations 2022 |url=https://ccssa.in/feature-film-nominations/}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director - Feature Film
|rowspan="3"|[[Raj B. Shetty]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Writing - Feature Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actor - Feature Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor - Feature Film
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography - Feature Film
|rowspan="2"|Praveen Shriyan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Editing - Feature Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=8|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada]]
|Lighter Buddha Films
|{{Won}}
|Rowspan="8"|<ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA WINNER'S 2022 |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
|[[Raj B. Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Raj B. Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Midhun Mukundan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Praveen Shriyan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Chaithra J Achar]] - "Sojugada Soojumallige"
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|Ravi Rai Kalasa, Vachan Shetty
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|rowspan=2|[[Raj B. Shetty]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|11953248}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
{{Paramvah Studios}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]

Damhal Hanji Pora Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:27Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = D. H. Pora
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sakina Itoo]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]]
| established = 2022
| reservation =
}}
'''Damhal Hanji Pora''' or '''D. H. Pora''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Damhal Hanji Pora]] is also part of [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Sakina Itoo|Sakeena Akhtar]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Damhal Hanji Pora<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sakina Itoo|Sakeena Akhtar]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=36,623 |percentage=53.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmad Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=19,174 |percentage=27.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Arif Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,054 |percentage=5.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Padder |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=2,974 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ayub Matoo |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,620 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,390 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajad Ahmad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=685 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,449 |percentage=25.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,520 |percentage=69.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,037 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Padra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:05Z

Miquel41G60448: Created New Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Padra
| mla = Chaitanyasinh Pratapsinh Zala
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:238186}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 146
}}

'''Padra''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of the [[Vadodara district]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Padra Taluka - Mujpur, Dabka, Chokari, Mahmadpura, Ekalbara
# Vadodara Taluka (Part) Villages – Sindhrot, Hinglot, Ampad, Mahapura, Sevasi, Khanpur
# Karjan Taluka (Part) Village – Umaj

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - Dineshbhai Patel, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
*2012 - Dineshbhai Patel, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Thakor Jashpalsinh Mahendrasinh]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chaitanyasinh Zala|Chaitanyasinh Pratapsinh Zala]]||
| {{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Padra Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chaitanyasinh Zala]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66226|percentage=36.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jashpalsinh Mahendrasinh Padhiyar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60048|percentage=32.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dineshbhai Balubhai Patel (Dinumama)|party=Independent|votes=51109|percentage=27.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sandipsinh Vikramsinh Raj|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1999|percentage=1.09|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2071|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=3.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:444249}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Padra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thakor Jashpalsinh Mahendrasinh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dineshbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75227
|percentage = 47.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jashpalsinh Thakor
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70919
|percentage = 45.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4308
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156826
|percentage = 80.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.24|73.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Bhola Prasad (politician)

2026-04-18T23:51:03Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhola Prasad
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1918|1|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1993
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bihar]]
| term = 1970-1982
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bhola Prasad''' was an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Bihar]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]]) as a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/b.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1977">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Rajya Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2XVAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 December 2017|year=1977|publisher=Council of States Secretariat|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFlPAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 December 2017|year=1983|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=List of Members of Rajya Sabha, Showing Permanent Addresses and Telephone Numbers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uonyl0VxhJkC|accessdate=30 December 2017|year=1977|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|page=8}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Bhola}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Neelash Saha

2026-04-18T03:58:03Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2002)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|11|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title = [[International Master]] (2019)
| peakrating = 2490 (January 2025)
| FideID = 5094160
}}

'''Neelash Saha''' is an Indian chess player.

==Chess career==
In August 2024, Saha tied for first place at the 61st Indian National Championship with [[Karthik Venkataraman]] and [[Surya Sekhar Ganguly]], scoring 9/11. He placed third on tiebreaks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthik Venkataraman clinches second Indian national title |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/indian-national-championship-2024-report}}</ref>

In December 2024, Saha was in a three-way tie with Quoc Hy Nguyen and grandmaster [[Alexei Fedorov]] for first place after the seventh round of the Odisha Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Odisha-Open-2024-Round-1-7-report|title=Odisha Open R1-7: Neelash Saha in a three-way lead|date=December 20, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In June 2025, Saha won the open section of the Late Bharatbai Halkude Memorial Chess Festival with a perfect score of 9/9.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Neelash-Saha-perfect-at-14th-Late-Bharatbai-Memorial-Rating-Open-2025 |title=Neelash Saha clinches LBHM Chess Festival Rating Open for the third consecutive year |date=June 19, 2025 |first=Shahid |last=Ahmed}}</ref>

Saha played in the [[Chess World Cup 2025]], where he was defeated by [[Georg Meier (chess player)|Georg Meier]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-World-Cup-2025-to-take-place-in-India|title=FIDE World Cup 2025 to take place in India|date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>

In September 2025, Saha finished second in the Diamond City Rapid Open behind [[S. P. Sethuraman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Sethuraman-S-P-dominates-1st-Diamond-City-Rapid-and-Blitz-Rating-Open-2025|title=Sethuraman S P dominates 1st Diamond City Rapid and Blitz Rating Open 2025|date=September 14, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Neelash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]

Tobu Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:40Z

Miquel41G60448: started new stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Tobu Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Tobu
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mon district|Mon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 55
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Naiba Konyak]]
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:21633}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Tobu''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mon district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=2 | Nuklo || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Sheakpong Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || A. Sopen || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Neakba Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Pongchallenpa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Sheakpong Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Naiba Konyak|K. Naiba Konyak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Naiba Konyak]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[N. Bongkhao Konyak]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Naiba Konyak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naiba Konyak]] |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=10,622 |percentage=51.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[N. Bongkhao Konyak]]|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=10,116|percentage=48.73|change=-6.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=21|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=506 |percentage=2.44 |change=-7.36 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,759|percentage=95.96|change=0.61}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,633 |change =16.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -3.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Bongkhao Konyak]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=9,732 |percentage=54.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Naiba Konyak]]|party=Naga People's Front|votes=7,991|percentage=44.97|change=-11.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=48|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,741 |percentage=9.80 |change=-2.63 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=17,771|percentage=95.35|change=-1.87}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,637 |change =0.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naiba Konyak]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,118 |percentage=56.21 |change=-2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bongkhao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,881|percentage=43.79|change=1.80}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,237 |percentage=12.43 |change=-4.20 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=17,999|percentage=97.22|change=2.57}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,513 |change =2.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naiba Konyak]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,017 |percentage=58.61 |change=10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bongkhao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,176|percentage=41.99|change=-1.30}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,841 |percentage=16.62 |change=11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=17,090|percentage=95.22|change=-3.44}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,056 |change =46.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 10.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naiba Konyak]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,792 |percentage=48.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Thongo Mukiano|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,199|percentage=43.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Choakba|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=594|percentage=4.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pungkhao|party=Independent politician|votes=426|percentage=3.55|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=593 |percentage=4.94 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,011|percentage=98.09|change=98.09}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,288 |change =7.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Sheakpong Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,383 |change =-18.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pongchallenpa |party=Independent politician |votes=5,855 |percentage=42.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hongpe Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,967 |percentage=29.05 |change=-35.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyakba Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,835 |percentage=28.08 |change=-7.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,888 |percentage=13.82 |change=-15.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,657 |percentage=97.81 |change= 15.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,996 |change =32.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -22.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neakba Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,636 |percentage=64.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pongchai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,047 |percentage=35.09 |change=-1.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,589 |percentage=29.82 |change=26.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,683 |percentage=82.36 |change= -13.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,576 |change =0.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 25.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sopen |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,991 |percentage=39.74 |change=4.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheakpong Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,647 |percentage=36.32 |change=-4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pongchai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,312 |percentage=23.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Thongo |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=92 |percentage=0.92 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=344 |percentage=3.43 |change=-2.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,042 |percentage=96.15 |change= 10.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,500 |change =9.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheakpong Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,325 |percentage=41.21 |change=24.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sopen Konyak |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,871 |percentage=35.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neakba Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,104 |percentage=13.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akai Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=7.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Henso Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=2.02 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=454 |percentage=5.63 |change=-8.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,068 |percentage=85.81 |change= -6.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,578 |change =42.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nuklo |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,947 |percentage=48.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sopen Konyak |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=2,078 |percentage=34.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Yiangni |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,044 |percentage=17.20 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=869 |percentage=14.32 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,069 |percentage=92.11 |change= 92.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,721 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tobu}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Nuklo |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.36|94.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Mon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Jay Simon

2026-04-15T12:16:22Z

Miquel41G60448: Put Up First Info From Scratch

{{Short description|British actor (born 1966)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jay Simon
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1966|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| spouse = Nicola
| children = 3
}}
'''Jay Simon''' (born 17 December 1966) is an English actor best known for screen roles including: Doug in ''[[The Royal Treatment (film)|The Royal Treatment]]'', Alan Griever in ''[[Filthy Rich (2016 TV series)|Filthy Rich]]'', Senator Regulus in ''[[Roman Empire]] (TV Series)'', Papa Monster and Edisson in ''[[The Molly Monster Movie]]'', the Flight Attendant in ''[[The Wedding Date]]'', Billy Hennessy in [[Jack Higgins]]' ''[[The Midnight Man (1997 film)|Midnight Man]]'' and Lionel Symon in [[Stephen Poliakoff]]'s ''[[Perfect Strangers (TV miniseries)|Perfect Strangers]]''.

==Early years==
Jay Simon was born on 17 December 1966 in [[London]]. He appeared as a solo singer in various productions for the [[English National Opera]], including ''[[Carmen]]'', ''[[Tosca]]'' and [[Jonathan Miller]]'s ''[[The Magic Flute]]'', in 1979 at the age of thirteen.

He went on to study Drama at the [[University College of Wales]], [[Aberystwyth]] (1988–91). After graduation he was offered a post as Assistant Director to [[Marina Caldarone]], in [[George F. Walker]]'s ''[[Nothing Sacred (play)|Nothing Sacred]]'', an adaption of [[Turgenev]]'s play ''[[Fathers and Sons (novel)|Fathers and sons]]'' at [[Theatr Clwyd]]. He then spent two years with the [[Theatre in education|TIE]] company [[Traffic of the Stage]] spending days touring shows ''[[An Introduction to Shakespeare]]'' and ''[[The Mole Catcher's Daughter]]'', and working nights as an upper stage crew hand at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]]'s production of ''[[Miss Saigon]]''.

==Career==
Simon subsequently travelled to Canada, playing Lysander, in a production of ''[[A Midsummer-Night's Dream]]'' for the [[Edmonton Fringe Festival]], [[Alberta]], Canada and toured a one-man show, ''[[Merely Players (play)|Merely Players]]'' around [[British Columbia]]. He studied film acting at Gas-town Actors' Centre, [[Vancouver]] under teacher [[Brent Stait]]. Also in [[British Columbia]], he was invited to teach acting and improvisation to Canada's indigenous native actors (through the [[Spirit-Song Theatre Company]]). His most famous pupils included [[Chief Dan George]]'s grandchildren.

He later enjoyed teaching [[Method acting|Method]] at the [[Tibet]]an [[Llamo Theatre Institute]], [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], [[India]].

Returning to the U.K., he starred as [[Celadon]] in [[Mike Westbrook]]'s TV Opera ''[[Good Friday 1663]]'', for [[Channel Four]] directed by [[Frank Cvitanovitch]]. He was subsequently offered stage roles, including Orin Scrivello in [[Jersey Opera]]'s ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'' and Sky Masterson, in [[Pimlico Opera]]'s ''[[Guys and Dolls]]''. He went on to star as Mark Trelawny in ''[[A Dangerous Obsession]]'' in [[The English Theatre of Hamburg]] and as Captain Lombard, in [[Vienna's English Theatre]] production of ''[[And Then There Were None]]''. He was subsequently invited back to play Freddy, in [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''. Roles in Shakespeare include [[Orsino (Twelfth Night)|Orsino]] in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' and [[Don Pedro (Shakespeare character)|Don Pedro]] in ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' for the [[British Shakespeare Company]].

Simon's other television credits include: ''[[Straight Forward]] ([[NZ Screentime 2019]])'', ''[[Shortland Street]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Highlander: The Series|Highlander]]'', ''[[The Knock]]'', ''[[Fur TV]]'' (TV series), ''[[Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series)|Goodnight Sweetheart]]'', ''[[Bernard's Watch]]'', ''[[Genie in the House]]'', ''[[The Bill]]'', ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'', ''[[Holby City]]'', ''[[Agony (TV series)|Agony]]'', ''[[Murder in Suburbia]]'', ''[[Perfect Strangers (TV miniseries)|Perfect Strangers]]'', ''[[Comic Relief]]'', ''[[Barbara (TV series)|Barbara]]'', ''[[Fur TV]]'' and ''[[My Family]]''.

Other film work includes: ''[[Heavy Duty (film)|Heavy Duty]]'' (2012), playing the villainous Russian gang leader Gregorin. Directed by Rhys Hayward and produced by Hand made films);<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heavydutymovie.co.uk/ |title=Whole good quality new balance 574 online outlet |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215009/http://www.heavydutymovie.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bollywood movie ''[[The Pinocchio Effect]]'', ''[[This Charming Man (film)|This Charming Man]]'', ''[[The Knight and the Templar]]'', and ''[[Daybreak (2000 film)|Daybreak]]''. He has also written, directed and starred as Fate in his own short film, ''The Wheel of Fortune''.

Simon is a voice artiste/impressionist. He has contributed to numerous current affairs programmes, including ''[[Dispatches (TV series)|Dispatches]]'', ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'' and BBC's ''[[Newsnight]]''. He was one of the artists who dubbed [[Gerry Adams]]' voice during the [[1988–94 British broadcasting voice restrictions|1988–94 ban on IRA broadcasting]], and he later voiced [[Tony Blair]] for the [[BBC]] during the [[Hutton Inquiry]]. He has worked on current affairs programmes and documentaries including ''[[The Super Human Body]]'', ''[[World War II in Colour]]'', ''[[Britain at War]]'', ''The Meadow'', ''[[Diana: The Witnesses in the Tunnel]]'', and ''[[China's wild side]]''.

He has narrated the popular television series ''[[China's Hidden lands]]'', ''[[Future Car]]'', ''[[Egypt's Missing Queen]]'', ''[[The Bermuda Triangle (TV series)|The Bermuda Triangle]]'' and ''[[MegaStructures]]''. His narrated films include ''[[The Meadow (film)|The Meadow]]'', ''[[Le Pied]]'' (as [[Woody Allen]]) and ''[[Death Leap]]''.

He voiced an American Drill Sergeant in the award-winning short film ''[[Invisible (short film)|Invisible]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cargocollective.com/buff2011/Invisible|title=Invisible - BUFF 2011 - The British Urban Film Festival 2011|website=cargocollective.com}}</ref>

Jay has voiced characters in over forty video games including the character of Yaevinn in the video game ''[[The Witcher (video game)|The Witcher]]''. Most recently he voiced Einhar Frey and Nico the Mad for the New Zealand produced ''[[Path of Exile]]''and Nick Lighbearer and Johnny Bolton among many characters for the dystopian nightmare video game ''[[We Happy few]]'' [[Compulsion Games]].

Simon has also created many characters for many popular children's television programmes, including ''[[Finley the Fire Engine]]'' (Dex and Suds), ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (Oko and Wartz), ''[[Molly Monster]]'' (Papa and Edison) and the Bafta-nominated ''[[Just So Darwin]]'' (various animals).

He can be heard on many radio and television commercials and has provided countless characters for video games including : ''[[Path of Exile]]'' ([[Grinding Gear Games]]), ''[[Haze (video game)|Haze]]'', ''[[Farscape]]'', ''[[Clive Barker's Jericho|Jericho]]'', ''[[Spartan: Total Warrior]]'' and the title role of ''[[Kaydara]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,155553/ |title=MobyGames - Jay Simon |access-date=15 March 2010 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214034916/http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,155553/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.giantbomb.com/jay-simon/3040-85345/|title=Jay Simon (Person)|website=Giant Bomb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shootingpeople.org/cards/JaySimon |title=Shooting People : Jay Simon |access-date=15 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716201354/http://shootingpeople.org/cards/JaySimon |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/pathofexile/comments/960ec2/announcing_path_of_exile_delve/|title=Announcing Path of Exile: Delve|website=reddit|date=9 August 2018}}</ref>

[[Automated dialogue replacement|A.D.R.]] work includes ''[[The King (2019 film)|The King]]'' (Netflix 2019), ''[[The Program (2015 film)|The Program]]'' (Working Title Films 2015), ''[[The Tudors]]'', ''[[Foyle's War]]'' and ''[[Call the Midwife]]'' on TV, and [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'', ''[[Defiance (2008 film)|Defiance]]'', ''[[Spygame]]'' and ''[[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|The Bourne Identity]]'' in film. His most recent A.D.R contribution was on [[Peter Jackson]]'s final episode of the [[Tolkien]] adaption: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' (2014).

In 2012 Simon moved to [[New Zealand]] with his wife Nicola and three children, where he continues to work in film, television and theatre. He has appeared as Doug in ''[[The Royal Treatment (film)|The Royal Treatment]](2022 Netflix movie)),Alan Griever in ''[[Filthy Rich (2016 TV series)|Filthy Rich]]', Senator Regulus in '[[Roman Empire 3]] (2019)' Aarne in ''[[Bombshell: The Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior]]'', Bryan Petersen in an NZ/Danish co produced TV series ''[[Straight Forward]]'', ''[[The Guy and Harley Show]]'' and the popular soap ''[[Shortland Street]]'' as English heart surgeon Dr John Petersen.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q494202|title=Shortland Street}}</ref> Feature film appearances include ''[[Older (film)|Older]]'' (Pigville Productions 2015) and ''[[ARA (film)|ARA]]'' (Zodiac entertainment 2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zodiacentertainment.co.nz/|title=ZODIAC ENTERTAINMENT | Motion Picture Production Company}}</ref> He has worked on short films ''The Black Dog'' (2013), ''friends like these'' (2017), and two short Zombie horror films ''Clear Eyes: The Rise of the Zombies'' and ''Clear Eyes: The Scourge of the Zombies'' (2014), directed by Fred Potts and produced by Black widow films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackwidowfilms.com/|title=Home|website=blackwidowfilms.com}}</ref>

In 2013 he voiced one of the alien villains Blufur in the popular children's sci-fi series ''[[Power Rangers: Megaforce]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.megaforcecast.com/cast/jay-simon.php |title=Jay Simon - MEGAFORCE CAST - Power Rangers Super Megaforce / Power Rangers Dino Charge |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104091410/http://www.megaforcecast.com/cast/jay-simon.php |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was followed by two more seasons of Power Rangers.In 2016 He voiced the monster Hunter in ''[[Power Rangers Dino Charge]]'' and in 2018 the monsters Gorrox and Versix for ''[[Power Rangers Ninja Steel]]''.

Simon later briefly returned to London to star in a musical movie version of the popular animated children's series ''[[Molly Monster]]'' (reprising the roles of Papa and Edison, and other smaller parts including the Monster Captain).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bernfilm.ch/film/molly-monster-movie|title=Molly Monster - the Movie|website=bernfilm.ch}}</ref>

Back in New Zealand Jay has since voiced the Thoriphant Bounty and Man in the Kiwi animated 2019 feature ''[[Mosley (film)|Mosley]]'' (Huhu Studios) and various characters in the popular Kiwi animated series ''[[Quimbo's Quest]]'' as well as the Skaer and the Codex for the popular cult movie ''[[This Giant Papier-Mâché Boulder Is Actually Really Heavy]]'' (2016) directed by [[Christian Nicholson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jay-simon.com/ Jay Simon personal website]
* [http://jaysimon.me/ Jay Simon official voiceover site]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simon, Jay}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Aberystwyth University]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English male voice actors]]

Sayed Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal

2026-04-12T01:04:16Z

Miquel41G60448: started a bio...

{{Short description|Muslim community leader, scholar and politician from Kerala (1947–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Habib
| name = Hyder Ali AlHusseini Ba Alavi
| image = Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal BNC.jpg
| caption = Habib Hyderali Husseini (2015)
| office = Kerala State President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2022
| office1 = Chairman, National Political Advisory Committee, [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| term_start1 =
| office2 = Vice President, [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama']]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1947|06|15}}
| birth_place = [[Panakkad]], [[Malabar District|Malabar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|03|06|1947|06|15}}
| death_place = [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse =
| relations = * [[Syed Muhammadali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* Sayed Umerali Shihab Thangal (brother)
* [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* [[Sayyid Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal|Syed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
| children = [[Syed Mueen Ali Shihab Thangal]]
[[Sayyid Naeemali Shihab Thangal ]]
| parents = [[PMSA Pookkoya Thangal]] (father)
| education = Faizy (Post Graduate, Arabic and Islamic Sharīʿah)
| alma_mater = [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College|Jami'a Nooriyya Arabiyya Pattikkad]] ([[Perintalmanna|Perinthalmanna]])
| occupation = * Community leader
* Islamic scholar
* Politician
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Panakkad Sayed Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal''' (15 June 1947 – 6 March 2022) was an Indian Islamic scholar and ''[[Thangal]]'' community leader from [[Kerala]], southern India who was the Kerala State President and chairman, national political advisory committee, [[Indian Union Muslim League]] from 2009 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Political Advisory Committee |url=http://iuml.com/nationalcommittees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142153/http://iuml.com/nationalcommittees.html |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=2019-01-09 |website=Indian Union Muslim League (official website)}}</ref> He was also the vice president of the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama']] (E. K. faction), the principal [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi‘i|Shafi'i]] scholarly body in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-01-18 |title=Samastha-Thangal Family Row Settled |work=The Times of India |publication-place=Kozhikode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/samastha-thangal-family-row-settled/articleshow/62347851.cms |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620082425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/samastha-thangal-family-row-settled/articleshow/62347851.cms |archive-date=20 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=IUML Leader Panakkad Sayyid Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal Laid to Rest |work=OnManorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/06/iuml-state-president-panakkad-sayed-hyderali-thangal-dies.html}}</ref>

Hyder Ali Thangal was a member of the [[Pukkoya family of Panakkad|Pukkoya family]] of [[Panakkad]] (north Kerala). He was the third son of [[Pukkoya Tangal|P. M. S. A. Pookkoya Thangal]] (1913 – 1975) and the younger brother of [[Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Sayed Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal]] and Sayed Umar Ali Shihab Thangal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nijeesh |first=T. P. |date=2012-04-03 |title=Panakkad Family to Figure in History of Syeds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Panakkad-family-to-figure-in-history-of-Syeds/articleshow/12512913.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116175442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Panakkad-family-to-figure-in-history-of-Syeds/articleshow/12512913.cms |archive-date=16 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-09 |website=The Times of India |publication-place=Malappuram}}</ref> He was the founding president of [[Sunni Students Federation]] (S. S. F.), the student wing of Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama', in 1973. He graduated from [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College|Jami'a Nooriyya]], [[Perintalmanna|Perinthalmanna]] in 1989.<ref name=":0" /> He led the Sunni Yuvajana Sangham (S. Y. S.), the youth wing of the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, and later served the Malappuram District President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]] for around two decades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Firoz |date=7 March 2022 |title=Hyderali Shihab Thangal Managed to Bridge Differences Between League and Samastha |work=OnManorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/07/hyderali-shihab-thangal-leader-of-league-samastha-kerala.html}}</ref>

Hyder Ali Thangal was elected as the successor to [[Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammed Ali Thangal]] as the Kerala State President of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2009 |title=Hyderali Shihab Thangal, Chief of IUML in Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Hyderali-Shihab-Thangal-chief-of-IUML-in-Kerala/article16875145.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620083115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Hyderali-Shihab-Thangal-chief-of-IUML-in-Kerala/article16875145.ece |archive-date=2020-06-20}}</ref> After [[Pukkoya Tangal|Pookkoya Thangal]], Hyderali Thangal was the only leader to head both the Muslim League and the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama simultaneously.<ref name=":1" /> He also served as the chairman of Kerala Wakf Board.<ref name=":1" /> He was also the founding chancellor of Darul Huda Islamic University, [[Chemmad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=Hyderali Shihab Thangal Passes Away |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hyderali-shihab-thangal-passes-away/article65198530.ece}}</ref>

He died at the [[Little Flower Hospital]] in Angamaly, on 6 March 2022, at the age of 74.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=IUML Leader Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal, 74, Passes Away |language= |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/iuml-leader-sayed-hyderali-shihab-thangal-passes-away-1.7319597 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Shashi Tharoor, the diplomat-turned-politician, described the Thangal as a "diminutive giant of Kerala politics" as he tweeted about his death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2022 |title=Muslim League leader Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal Dies at 74 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/06/kerala-muslim-league-leader-hyder-ali-shihab-thangal-dies-at-74.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Week Magazine |language=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangal, Sayed Hyderali Shihab}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Ba' Alawi Tribe]]

2020 Kerala gold smuggling case

2026-04-11T17:35:34Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating new pg!

{{Short description|Smuggling case in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox event| title= 2020 Kerala gold smuggling case
| time=| duration=
| venue=[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]
| location= [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates=| also_known_as=
| type= [[Smuggling]]
| inquiries = [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]], [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|CBITC]],
[[Enforcement Directorate|ED]]
| outcome=
| reported deaths=
| arrests= 8 (as of 1 <ref name="mangalam">{{cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/436782-latest-news-bineesh-kodiyeris-custody-extended-by-five-days.html|title=Bineesh Kodiyeri's custody extended by five days {{pipe}} ബിനീഷ് കോടിയേരിയുടെ കസ്റ്റഡി കാലാവധി അഞ്ച് ദിവസം കൂടി നീട്ടി|website=Mangalam|accessdate=2020-12-28}}</ref> November 2020)
| suspects=Sarith Kumar, [[Swapna Suresh]], Fazil Farid, Sandeep Nair, M.Sivasankar, Rashed Khamis Ali Musaiqri Alshemeli
| charges= Smuggling
}}

[[File:Gold_bullion_bars.jpg|thumb|Gold smuggling was rampant in India until liberalisation, which repealed The Gold (Control) Act, 1968 that prohibited the import of gold except for making jewellery]]
On 5 July 2020, {{convert|30|kg|lb}} of [[24 carat]] gold worth [[Indian rupee|₹]]14.82 crores was seized by [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram Airport]] from a [[diplomatic bag]] that was meant to be delivered to the [[UAE]] Consulate in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=2020-07-07|title=Kerala Gold Smuggling: Who is Swapna Suresh?|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-who-is-swapna-suresh-3115972.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707210203/https://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-who-is-swapna-suresh-3115972.html |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=2020-08-09|website=|language=en}}</ref>

M Sivasankar, the principal secretary to [[Kerala chief minister|Kerala CM]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], was suspended and removed from the post after preliminary inquiry confirmed that he had links with Swapna Suresh, one of the accused in the [[National Investigation Agency (India)|National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) probe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=P. S. Gopikrishnan |title=Former principal secretary to Kerala CM, M Sivasankar suspended over gold smuggling probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-principal-secretary-to-kerala-cm-m-sivasankar-suspended-over-gold-smuggling-probe-1701310-2020-07-16 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Gold smuggling was rampant in India until [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation]], which repealed [[The Gold (Control) Act, 1968]] that prohibited the import of gold except for making jewellery.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title=How government policy gave rise to gold smuggling in Kerala - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-government-policy-gave-rise-to-gold-smuggling-in-kerala/articleshow/76870684.cms|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In the 2011–12 period India's [[current account deficit]] burgeoned to 4.2% of its GDP.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gold, silver to become expensive as import duty hiked to 10%|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gold-silver-to-become-expensive-as-import-duty-hiked-to-10/articleshow/21799699.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref> This was due to high prices of oil and gold, which the country imported in huge volumes.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=2020-12-23 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/l7VmuppBIUs8OVAagix6KI/Gold-smuggling-on-the-rise-as-imports-turn-costlier.html | title=Gold smuggling on the rise as imports turn costlier | date=2013-01-31 | last=Narayan | first=Khushboo | language=en | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> The [[government of India]] in response to this made a series of hikes in the [[import duty]] of gold. This created a lucrative ground for an upsurge in gold smuggling to the country from abroad, predominantly the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date=2020-12-23 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/HWmmlOVvxDLUDn5noEtSgK/Government-hikes-import-duty-on-gold-and-silver-to-10.html | title=Govt hikes import duty on gold and silver to 10% | date=2013-08-13 | last=Nair | first=Remya | language=en | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> While most of the smuggled gold enters India from the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], it is also smuggled through the porous borders India shares with [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Prabhash K. |title=What makes India a gold smuggling destination?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/what-makes-india-a-gold-smuggling-destination-1700066-2020-07-13|date=2020-07-13|access-date=2020-08-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Multiple cases of gold smuggling were reported from Kerala in the past and in its initial days in the 1970s the smuggling was lower volumes transported through sea. However post 2012 there was a surge in gold smuggling into Kerala through airports. The prominence of [[Gold business in Thrissur|Kerala Jewellery industry]] and high domestic demand for gold jewellery in state following [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|Gulf migration by Keralites]] along with quick and high returns on engaging in Gold smuggling propelled Gold smuggling through Kerala.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Gold Jewellery Making and Migrant Labour Force in Kerala|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/28/special-articles/gold-jewellery-making-and-migrant-labour-force.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=54|issue=27|pages=7–8}}</ref> The smuggling and interception were more rampant through [[Calicut International Airport]] due to huge passenger traffic between the town and [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf Cooperation Council nations]] which made concealment easier. In financial year 2013–14 the gold smuggled through Calicut airport was 70 kg in the previous year it was 12.5 kg only.<ref name="Menon">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Keralas-jewellery-hub-becomes-big-destination-for-smuggled-gold/articleshow/44164641.cms|title=Kerala's jewellery hub becomes big destination for smuggled gold {{pipe}} India News|website=The Times of India|date=2014-10-03|author=Harish C.|accessdate=2020-12-28}}</ref> The smuggling of gold using carriers were rampant in other nearby airports in region too such as [[Mangalore International Airport]], [[Coimbatore International Airport]], [[Cochin International Airport]], [[Chennai Airport]] etc.

During the 2018–2019 fiscal year, customs had seized about 251 kg of gold from various airports in Kerala. In 2019–20, 540 kg was seized which was more than double compared to that of the previous year. About 802 cases, related to gold smuggling, were also registered in the same year.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The various reports by [[Kerala Police]] suspect [[Koduvally]] town as a major hub used by smugglers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kozhikode's Koduvally centre of gold smuggling? Women, children used as pawns; Involvement of extremist communal groups to fund terrorism|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=347680&u=kozhikodes-koduvally-centre-of-gold-smuggling-women-children-used-as-pawns-involvement-of-extremist-communal-groups-to-fund-terrorism-347680|access-date=2020-12-23|website=keralakaumudi.com}}</ref> It is roughly estimated that around 70% of Gold that is smuggled through [[Calicut International Airport]] is handled by various players in the town.<ref name="Menon"/> Over a period of time the smuggling activities has graduated from an economic offence to serious security threat to country, due to alleged cases of development of nexus between [[Smugglers]] and [[Non-state actor]]s predominantly [[Extremist Islamic|extremist organisations]] and violent mafia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=G.|date=2020-07-23|title=Gold smuggling spawns violent mafia|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gold-smuggling-spawns-violent-mafia/article32173744.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also alleged that big jewellery brands from [[Kerala]] engage in trading smuggled gold by using small bogus outfits as front.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=2020-12-23 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/income-tax-seuths-raid-kerala-based-jewellery-behemoth-joyalukkas-stores-and-cor/306648 | title=Income Tax sleuths raid Kerala-based Jewellery behemothJoyalukkas' Stores and Corporate Office | website=www.outlookindia.com/| date=10 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-08-26|title=Four more arrested in gold smuggling case|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-more-arrested-in-gold-smuggling-case/article32449390.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Smuggling bust casts pall on jeweller|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/smuggling-bust-casts-pall-on-jeweller-113112600356_1.html|access-date=2020-12-23|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 November 2013|language=en|last1=Joseph|first1=George}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=2020-12-23 | url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/sales-tax-notice-to-joy-alukkas-in-gold-smuggling-115415.html | title=സ്വര്‍ണക്കടത്തില്‍ ആലുക്കാസിനും പണി കിട്ടി | date=2013-12-03 | last=Chandran | first=Soorya | website=malayalam.oneindia.com|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malabar Gold raided by DRI|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/malabar-gold-raided-by-dri-in-connection-with-smuggling-link/35447/47508.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS}}</ref>

==Incident==
On 30 June 2020, acting on an anonymous tip, the Customs officials at Trivandrum International Airport detained a diplomatic baggage from [[Dubai]] on suspicion of smuggling. Since the bag came under diplomatic immunity, opening it without following procedures was not possible, especially since a call claiming to be from secretary of the consulate general of the UAE consulate in Thiruvananthapuram asked the Customs to release the baggage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-keralas-gold-smuggling-scam/articleshow/76846487.cms | title=What is Kerala's gold smuggling scam? | work=[[Times of India]] | date=8 July 2020 | accessdate=2020-07-08}}</ref>

On Sunday, 5 July 2020, the bag was opened in the presence of a senior officer from the high commissioner's office in Delhi and the consulate official whose name was on the baggage, to reveal the smuggled gold which weighed around 30 kg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold seized from diplomatic baggage at Thiruvananthapuram airport|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/gold-seized-from-diplomatic-baggage-at-thiruvananthapuram-airport-1.4882700|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Mathrubhumi|date=5 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The gold was concealed in baggage consisting of bathroom equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhandari|first=Shashwat|date=2020-07-06|title=30 kg gold hidden in diplomatic baggage seized at Trivandrum International Airport|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gold-hidden-in-diplomats-bags-seized-at-trivandrum-international-airport-kerala-631949|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Further investigation about the call led the initial inquiry to Swapna Prabha Suresh, an ex-UAE consulate employee and state IT department consultant.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/07/07/who-is-swapna-suresh-the-woman-with-abu-dhabi-links-accused-in-gold-smuggling-case.html | title=Who is Swapna Suresh, the woman with Abu Dhabi links accused in gold smuggling case? | work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | date=7 July 2020 | accessdate=2020-07-07}}</ref> The Indian officials said that it was first time in history that such a large scale smuggling attempt happened under the name of a foreign nation's diplomatic office.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-07|title=Day after 30 kg gold seized at airport, Kerala IT dept staffer sacked; Oppn blames CM Vijayan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/day-after-30-kg-gold-seized-at-airport-kerala-it-dept-staffer-sacked-oppn-blames-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-6493373/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
On 10 July 2020, NIA took up investigation and registered [[First Information Report|FIR]] under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] against the 4 accused viz. Sarith Kumar, Swapna Suresh, Fazil Fareid, and Sandeep Nair.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 July 2020|title=NIA Takes up Investigation of Kerala Gold Smuggling Case|url=https://www.nia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/PressReleaseNew/849_1_Pr.pdf|website=nia.gov.in}}</ref> NIA subsequently arrested more persons connected with the case and seized many incriminating documents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|title=Kerala gold smuggling case: NIA arrests four more suspects, seizes digital devices and 'incriminating documents'|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-nia-arrests-four-more-suspects-seizes-digital-devices-and-incriminating-documents-8713751.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Enforcement Directorate also initiated a probe into the case on the suspicion that the proceeds were used to fund terror activities.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-22|title=ED launches probe into Kerala gold smuggling case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-launches-probe-into-kerala-gold-smuggling-case/article32166031.ece|access-date=2020-09-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, on 5 October, Swapna Suresh, the second accused was granted bail.

The accused was given statutory bail by the Economic Offences Court, Ernakulam, as the Customs could not file the final complaint within 60 days of arresting the accused.<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/swapna-gets-bail-in-customs-case/article32776663.ece|title=Swapna gets bail in Customs case|website=The Hindu|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=2020-12-28}}</ref>

On 15 October the NIA Special court granted bail for eight accused in the diplomatic baggage gold smuggling case while rejecting the application of two others.<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bail-plea-of-eight-accused-in-gold-smuggling-case-granted/article32860964.ece|title=Bail plea of eight accused in gold smuggling case granted|website=The Hindu|date=15 October 2020|accessdate=2020-12-28|last1=Sudhi|first1=K. s.}}</ref>

Swapna Suresh, a former employee of UAE Consulate and one of the prime accused in the case, was a business development manager<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-11|title=Who is Swapna Suresh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-swapna-suresh-6497979/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> of a project undertaken by Space Park under Kerala State Information Technology Infrastructure Limited. She was appointed by [[PwC|PricewaterhouseCoopers]] as a temporary contractual employee.<ref name="thehindu4">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-09|title=NIA to investigate Thiruvananthapuram airport gold smuggling case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nia-to-investigate-thiruvananthapuram-airport-gold-smuggling-case/article32034490.ece|access-date=2020-09-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is alleged that M Sivasankar recommended her for the post however no proof of the same has been found yet.<ref name="indianexpress"/> It was also revealed during police investigation that she had faked her educational qualification because of which KSITIL decided to seek probe against PwC for appointing her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fake degree certificate: KSITIL to seek probe against PwC for posting Swapna in govt project|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/11/fake-degree-certificate-ksitil-to-seek-probe-against-pwc-for-posting-swapna-in-govt-project-2168117.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 July 2020 }}</ref> Swapna is also accused of aiding financial discrepancies in an apartment construction project in Vadakanchery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapna Suresh, friends cheated each other for max gains|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/18/swapna-suresh-friends-cheated-each-other-for-max-gains-2184746.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref> An internal vigilance investigation was ordered by the state government on these allegations.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=Life Mission: Govt. orders Vigilance probe|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/life-mission-govt-orders-vigilance-probe/article32679513.ece|access-date=2020-09-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Immediately after this, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe was initiated at an unprecedented speed based on a complaint letter sent by Vadakanchery's [[Indian National Congress]] MLA stating that [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]] was violated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life Mission: CBI tightens screws, Vigilance loses relevance|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/life-mission-cbi-tightens-screws-vigilance-loses-relevance-2202407.html|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 September 2020 }}</ref> However High Court stayed this investigation by the [[California Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] after it was revealed that the project in question does not come under [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010|FCRA]].

NIA identified K.T. Ramees, a businessman from Malappuram who was earlier arrested by the customs, as the kingpin of the operation.<ref name="thehindu"/> According to a report by ''India Today'', Ramees is a relative of the former Education minister, Chakkeeri Ahammed Kutty, and Malappuram MP [[P. K. Kunhalikutty|P.K. Kunhalikutty]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jacob|first=Jeemon |title=Golden Noose|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20200727-golden-noose-1701599-2020-07-18|orig-date=2020-07-18|date=2020-07-27|access-date=2020-09-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web|title=Gold smuggling case: Rameez, a suspected link in racket, nabbed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/13/rameez-a-suspected-link-in-racket-nabbed-2168949.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 July 2020 }}</ref> According to customs, Ramees is also an accused in other unconnected cases involving poaching and smuggling.<ref name="newindianexpress"/>

[[Fazil Fareed]], the third accused in the case, and the person who allegedly sent the consignment to the UAE consulate was arrested and questioned by the Dubai police.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faisal Fareed, third accused in gold smuggling case, arrested by Dubai Police|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/19/faisal-fareed-third-accused-in-gold-smuggling-case-arrested-by-dubai-police-2171937.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 July 2020 }}</ref> It is alleged that Fazil Fareed also produced some south Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emanuel|first=Gladwin|title=Kerala gold smuggling case: Dubai-based Faisal Fareed's extradition likely to throw more light on the case|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-dubai-based-faisal-fareeds-extradition-likely-to-throw-more-light-on-the-case/articleshow/77123366.cms|date=2020-07-23|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

==Bureaucrats questioned==
*'''M Sivashankar''', an IAS officer was in the centre of the scandal due to his association with the accused Swapna Suresh. Sivashankar was removed from the posts of Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister and [[Information Technology]] (IT) secretary after reports of his association with Swapna Suresh, charged by the National Investigation Agency in the smuggling racket.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-chief-secretary-m-sivasankar-pinarayi-vijayan-6500361/ | title=M Sivasankar: Bureaucrat who plugged Kerala into digital world | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=11 July 2020 | accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref> The court hearing the case has however expressed displeasure over the lack of evidence justifying the arrest of the IAS officer despite months of investigation and multiple rounds of questioning. It was also recorded in court that ED had pressured the officer to name political targets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pressured-by-ed-to-name-politicians-sivasankar-tells-court/article33109472.ece/|title=Gold smuggling case: Pressured by ED to name politicians, Sivasankar tells court|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 November 2020}}</ref>
{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==TV journalist questioned==
*'''Anil Nambiar''', a TV journalist and coordinating editor of [[Janam TV]] has been questioned by Enforcement Directorate of India in connection with Gold smuggling on 27 August 2020. He was in touch with accused Swapna Suresh on 5 July, the day Customs recovered the smuggled gold.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-anil-nambiar-janam-tv-customs-department-6573777/|title=Kerala gold smuggling case: Day after questioning, Janam TV journalist says 'staying away from responsibilities' |website=indianexpress.com|date=28 August 2020|accessdate=2020-12-28}}</ref> Two pages of a leaked document, part of the statement given by Swapna Suresh to the Customs and submitted in the Economic Offences Court in a sealed envelope appeared in the media.<ref name="MB1">{{cite news |title=Swapna Suresh's leaked statement wasn't given even to lawyer considering confidentiality: Reports |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/swapna-suresh-s-leaked-statement-wasn-t-given-even-to-lawyer-considering-confidentiality-reports-1.5024134 |accessdate=2020-09-19 |agency=Mathrubhumi |date=3 September 2020}}</ref> As per her statement, Anil asked her to get a press release issued from the consulate general claiming that it was not diplomatic baggage which contained gold, but a private baggage. But this plan could allegedly not be followed through by the parties involved.<ref name="MB3">{{cite news |title=Anil Nambiar sought help for BJP, reveals Swapna Suresh |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/anil-nambiar-sought-help-for-bjp-reveals-swapna-suresh-1.5013426 |accessdate=2020-09-19 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608115521/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/anil-nambiar-sought-help-for-bjp-reveals-swapna-suresh-1.5013426 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reactions==
Following the issue, Ahmed Al Banna, UAE's ambassador to India, told the media that he will coordinate with officials in Kerala for the investigation into the incident. UAE embassy released an official statement that said that the gold smuggling in Trivandrum and its diplomatic role had no role in the matter. The statement said the embassy "condemns the attempted misuse of diplomatic channels by an individual engaged in smuggling activity" and "firmly rejected such acts".<ref>{{cite web|date=7 July 2020|title=UAE embassy says diplomats had no role in gold smuggling case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uae-embassy-says-diplomats-had-no-role-in-gold-smuggling-case/story-D7KTWVzDX8Jx6XFS0NQImM.html|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> However, the UAE consulate's admin attache left the country on 12 June 2020, even before [[National Investigation Agency]] could question him.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2020|title=After being linked to Kerala gold smuggling case, UAE consulate admin attache leaves India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/16/after-being-linked-to-kerala-gold-smuggling-case-uae-consulate-admin-attache-leaves-india-2170618.html|accessdate=2020-07-16|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded the resignation of Pinarayi Vijayan over the alleged involvement of his office in the case. [[Ramesh Chennithala]], opposition leader in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative]], stated that "the current government in the state has tarnished the image of Kerala worldwide". [[Mullappally Ramachandran]], state chief of the congress party, demanded a probe by [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]]. [[UDF (Kerala)|UDF]], a coalition led by the Congress party, also organised an online sit-in protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala gold smuggling case: Congress demands CBI probe, seeks Pinarayi Vijayan's resignation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-congress-demands-cbi-probe-seeks-pinarayi-vijayans-resignation/2044064/ |work=The Financial Express |date=4 August 2020}}</ref>

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the party leading the coalition ruling the country has organised [[hunger strike]]s seeking resignation of [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]. Several prominent leaders of the party including [[V. Muraleedharan]], Minister of state for External Affairs, took part in the hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news | title= Kerala gold smuggling case: BJP leaders to go on hunger strike, demand CM's resignation |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-bjp-leaders-to-go-on-hunger-strike-demand-cms-resignation20200730180912/ | date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

[[CPI(M)]], the party ruling the state, accused that the central Minister of State for External Affairs [[V. Muraleedharan]] was trying to interfere with the investigation by claiming that the gold seized was not diplomatic cargo. His claim was allegedly proven wrong when the Finance Ministry informed the Parliament that the gold was smuggled through diplomatic baggage. [[CPI(M)]] state secretariat said that "Muraleedharan does not have the right to remain in office and should resign" and that "smuggling through diplomatic channels had become rampant after Muraleedharam assumed office". The party said that Swapna Suresh, the key accused had given a statement to the NIA that the head of [[Janam TV]], Anil Nambiar, had asked her to tell the customs officials that the baggage was not a diplomatic one. The party also raised the fact that some members of the Customs investigation team were removed from the case after he was questioned. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] stated that "Muraleedharan was not functioning as per the position he is holding".<ref name="OL01">{{cite magazine |title='Muraleedharan trying to influence gold smuggling case probe' |accessdate=2020-09-19 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/muraleedharan-trying-to-influence-gold-smuggling-case-probe/1935870 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020 Kerala gold smuggling case}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:2020 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Kerala]]
[[Category:Smuggling in India]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:2020 scandals]]
[[Category:Gold in India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic documents]]
[[Category:Diplomatic immunity and protection]]
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian politics]]

Mokobara

2026-04-07T10:44:17Z

Miquel41G60448: Started A Article W/ Sources!

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Infobox company
| name = Mokobara Lifestyle Private Limited
| logo = Mokobara Brand logo.png
| logo_size = 220px
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Durable goods]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2020}} in [[Bangalore]], India
| founder = Sangeet Agrawal;
Navin Parwal
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Bangalore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| subsid =
| homepage = https://mokobara.com/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mokobara''' is a [[direct-to-consumer]] (D2C) luggage and travel accessories brand headquartered in [[Bangalore]], India.

== Establishment ==
Mokobara was founded in 2020 by [[Urban Ladder]] executives Sangeet Agrawal and Navin Parwal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Mokobara change the rules of travel with its radical fashion lugaage? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-mokobara-shed-its-baggage/92521/1 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |date=2024-09-10 |title=Mokobara opens 15th India store in Delhi's Khan Market |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Mokobara-opens-15th-india-store-in-delhi-s-khan-market,1661940.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>. The stated objective of Mokobara was to produce a luggage line that would distinguish itself in the market as a brand that laid emphasis on utility<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagur |first=Gaurav |date=2025-01-17 |title=How Mokobara and friends forced VIP and Safari to rethink the suitcase |url=https://the-ken.com/story/how-mokobara-and-friends-forced-vip-and-safari-to-rethink-the-suitcase/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Debanjana |date=2025-04-28 |title=Mokobara, Nasher Miles, and more: How new Indian luggage brands are rolling past the old guard |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/lifestyle/mokobara-nasher-miles-and-more-how-new-indian-luggage-brands-are-rolling-past-the-old-guard/122497 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>. Agrawal and Parwal report that impetus behind the formation of Mokobara was general dissatisfaction with luggage options available in India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajay |first=Anushree |date=June 22, 2025 |title=33 Rejections & 18 Months of Field Testing Later, This Duo Built Mokobara, an Indian Luggage Brand That Clocked Rs 117 Cr in Revenue in FY24 |url=https://startuppedia.in/case-study/33-rejections-18-months-of-field-testing-later-this-duo-built-mokobara-an-indian-luggage-brand-that-clocked-rs-117-cr-in-revenue-in-fy24-9383902 |access-date=April 6, 2026 |website=Startuppedia}}</ref>. In 2020, Mokobara launched its first product, a cabin bag, whose prototype was said to be designed in London and manufactured in China. Shortly after the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] Mokobara faced challenges in expanding brand presence and maintaining investor interest<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bagging a win: Mokobara’s path from near-bust to Peak XV talks |url=https://www.thearcweb.com/article/mokobara-funding-expansion-peak-xv-valuation-growth-luggage-d2c-7WijYbaok7IqiV0f |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Arc |language=en}}</ref>. During this period, the company explored diversifying into hand sanitizer and footwear sales to generate additional revenue streams.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-26 |title=D2C luggage brand Mokobara raises $12 million in funding from Peak XV Partners, existing investors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/d2c-luggage-brand-mokobara-raises-12-million-funding-from-peak-xv-partners-existing-investors/articleshow/108000032.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Mokobara was originally launched as an online-only retailer, however, it has since expanded to 14 brick and mortar stores across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Sayanika |date=2024-10-01 |title=Mokobara: A Journey to Redefine the Luggage Industry |url=https://www.infomance.com/explainers/mokobara-a-journey-to-redefine-the-luggage-industry/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Infomance |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Alleged white labelling ===
In 2024, Mokobara was criticized for allegedly reselling inexpensive white-labeled bags at inflated prices<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Samannay |date=January 19, 2025 |title=Mokobara Responds To “White Labelling” Chinese Bags Allegation Amidst Social Media Buzz |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/mokobara-responds-to-white-labelling-chinese-bags-allegation-amidst-social-media-buzz-article-117373282 |access-date=April 6, 2026 |work=Times Now News}}</ref>. This accusation was said to have originated from [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] listings that used Mokobara's images<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Sandhya |date=2025-02-03 |title=The grey areas of white labelling - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/the-grey-areas-of-white-labelling-140562.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>. Mokobara reassured its customers by notifying them with the proof of their intellectual property protected designs and ingenuity<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mokobara responds to backlash over alleged "White Labelling" claims |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/mediainfo-marketing/mokobara-responds-to-backlash-over-alleged-white-labelling-claims-8639453 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>. In response to the controversy, Mokobara launched a discount code named "WHITELABEL" with the following caption.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Anjali |date=Jan 19, 2025 |title=Bengaluru's Mokobara Responds To Accusations Of Selling Chinese Bags At Inflated Price |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/bengalurus-mokobara-responds-to-accusations-of-selling-chinese-bags-at-inflated-price-7510993 |access-date=April 6, 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Creating Originals Worth Imitating’: Mokobara On Claims Of Selling Chinese Bags At High Prices |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/creating-originals-worth-imitating-mokobara-on-claims-of-selling-chinese-bags-at-high-prices-aa-9195210.html |access-date=April 6, 2026}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=To our Moko fam, this one’s for you. Use code WHITELABEL to get 10% off on originality!}}The quote was both received as a witty response to the situation and as an impersonal dismissal to the white labelling concern.<ref name=":2" />

=== Diljit Dosanjh Ad controversy ===
In 2024, Mokobara launched an advertisement featuring Indian singer [[Diljit Dosanjh]] to promote their 30 day "no-questions asked" return policy<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2025 |title=Diljit Dosanjh's latest ad leaves viewers in splits as he receives a call from Elon Musk asking him to perform on Mars |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh-s-latest-ad-leaves-viewers-in-splits-as-he-receives-calls-from-elon-musk-in-a-hilarious-video-watch-article-13162892.html |access-date=April 6, 2026 |website=Money Control}}</ref>. This ad received backlash for closely resembling a 2016 Carlton Edge advertisement<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Mokobara's Diljit Dosanjh ad: A splash of sci-fi humor and deja vu |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/advertising/mokobaras-diljit-dosanjh-ad-a-splash-of-sci-fi-humor-and-deja-vu/121971972 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>.

=== Trademark litigation ===
In 2025, Mokobara filed a suit against "Greenland" a brand that duplicated Mokobara's distinctive elements of their luggage such as the rectangular shape, color combination, horizontal ridges, etc<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peet |first=Ellen |date=2025-07-10 |title=Mokobara bags a massive win: Delhi High Court rejects knockoff luggage |url=https://trademarklawyermagazine.com/mokobara-bags-a-massive-win-delhi-high-court-rejects-knockoff-luggage/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Trademark Lawyer Magazine |language=en}}</ref>. The [[Delhi High Court]] ordered an interim injunction restricting the defendants from further manufacturing or sale of infringing products<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Delhi High Court grants interim relief to Mokobara in trademark infringement case |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/mediainfo-marketing/delhi-high-court-grants-interim-relief-to-mokobara-in-trademark-infringement-case-9333588 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Bhavini |date=2025-06-03 |title=Delhi High Court grants interim relief to luggage brand Mokobara in trademark case |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-grants-interim-relief-to-luggage-brand-mokobara-in-trademark-case |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>.

== Partnerships ==
In 2023, Mokobara partnered with [[IndiGo]] airlines and launched the Moko 6E luggage range, which provided IndiGo passengers with excess baggage facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2023 |title=IndiGo and Mokobara collaborate to launch one-of-a-kind luggage |url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-and-mokobara-collaborate-to-launch-one-of-a-kind-luggage.html |access-date=April 6, 2026 |website=GoIndigo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |date=2023-11-09 |title=IndiGo launches exclusive luggage collection in collaboration with Mokobara › Mediabrief.com |url=https://mediabrief.com/indigo-x-mokobara/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |date=2023-11-10 |title=IndiGo and Mokobara collaborate on new luggage line |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Indigo-and-mokobara-collaborate-on-new-luggage-line,1575333.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On October 2024, the brand announced Diljit Dosanjh as its brand ambassador<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Anushka |date=2024-10-28 |title=Redefining iconic: The story of Diljit Dosanjh and Mokobara |url=https://www.vogue.in/promotion/redefining-iconic-the-story-of-diljit-dosanjh-and-mokobara |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1" />.

== See also ==

* [[Samsonite]]
* [[Tumi Inc.|Tumi]]
* [[Wildcraft]]
* [[American Tourister]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2020]]

Woxsen University

2026-04-05T06:30:41Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Private university in Telangana, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=some of the text added [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woxsen_University&diff=1165481008&oldid=1161422940 here in 2023] (which several people have tried to revert already), note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - promotional tone, vocab distro typical of LLM output of the time, etc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Woxsen University
| former_name = Woxsen School of Business
| image = Woxsen University Registered.jpg
| image_alt = Woxsen University
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|2014}}
| type = [[Private University]]
| endowment =
| founder = Praveen K. Pula
| chancellor = Praveen K. Pula
| president =
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates ={{coord|17.646480|N|77.799688|E|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline}}
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| website = {{URL|www.woxsen.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
| campus = Residential Campus
| campus_size = 200 Acre
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}
'''Woxsen University''' (founded as '''Woxsen School of Business''') in 2014 is a [[Private University|private university]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It has a 200-acre residential campus, consisting of constituent schools such as the [[School of Business]], School of Technology, School of Art & Design, School of Law, School of Liberal Arts and Humanities, and School of Architecture and Planning.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=XFZZk9EXT+YiQvFQFQBUVw==&Unitype=So1CNBLvrigKjpQTxHMrAQ== | title=State Private University Telangana| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/may/21/telangana-passes-ordinance-paving-way-for-establishment-of-five-private-varsities-2145917.html | title=Telangana passes ordinance, paving way for establishment of five private varsities | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=21 May 2020 | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana-brings-new-bill-pvt-universities-some-exempt-reservation-rules-133196 | title=Telangana brings in new Bill for pvt universities, some exempt from reservation rules | publisher=The Newsminute | work=Charan Teja | date=16 September 2020 | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Course5 Intelligence To Collaborate With BITS Pilani and Woxsen University For Applied AI Research |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/course5-intelligence-to-collaborate-with-bits-pilani-and-woxsen-university-for-applied-ai-research/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=analytics india mag}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Research major ties up with BITS, Woxsen |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/research-major-ties-up-with-bits-woxsen/2382556/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |publisher=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=122+ Companies At Woxsen University Final Placements 2021 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-122-companies-at-woxsen-university-final-placements-2021/388698 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref>

==Campus ==
The 200 acre fully-residential campus of Woxsen University is located at Sadashivapet, about 70kms from the city of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].

==Academic Programs==
{{multiple image
| width = 250
| image1 =
| alt1 = Woxsen University
| footer = Woxsen University Campus
| perrow = 1
}}

===Graduate Programs===
# B.Tech
# BBA (Hons.)
# BBA+MBA (Integrated)
# B. Arch
# B.Des (Hons.)
# BA (Hons.)
# BA LLB (Hons.)
# BBA LLB (Hons.)
# B.Sc (Hons.)
# BCA

===Post-Graduate Programs===
* MBA (General)
* MBA (Financial services)
* MBA (Business analytics)

===Doctoral Programs===
* Ph.D. in Business & Management <ref>https://woxsen.edu.in/academics/programs/phd/</ref>
* Ph.D in Engineering & Technology
* Ph.D in Law
* Ph.D in Architecture & Planning
* Ph.D in Liberal Arts and Humanities
* Ph.D in Sciences
* Ph.D in Arts & Design

==Research==
===Centre of Excellence (CoE)===

The [[Centre of Excellence]] at Woxsen University serves as a hub for research and development, focusing on specialized areas and emerging technologies. Woxsen University is home to a variety of CoEs, including 15 at the university level, 26 at the faculty level, and 21 specifically dedicated to students.

The role of CoEs at Woxsen University is to encourage [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] collaboration, promote the exchange of knowledge among researchers, faculty members, and students. They support research and skill enhancement, aligning with the university's commitment to advancing academic and industry progress. Through partnerships with various industries, the CoEs meet the evolving demands of the corporate sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen University collaborates with Global Partner Universities in Germany & Croatia for its new Centre of Excellence (CoE) |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/woxsen-university-collaborates-with-global-partner-universities-in-germany-amp-croatia-for-its-new-centre-of-excellence-coe20220131171659/ |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Centre of Excellence comes up at Woxsen University |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/centre-of-excellence-comes-up-at-woxsen-university-hyderabad/cid/1850046}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen University's Centers of Excellence and Chair Professorships |url=https://www.ceeman.org/news/empowering-leadership-woxsen-university's-centers-of-excellence-and-chair-professorships}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Centre of Excellence (CoE) - Woxsen University |url=https://woxsen.edu.in/research/center-of-excellence/}}</ref>

===Doctoral Program===

===AI Research Centre===

The [[artificial intelligence]] Research Centre at Woxsen University is an institution focused on advancing AI research and innovation. It consists of a group of researchers, faculty, and students who explore domains such as [[machine learning]], [[natural language processing]], computer vision, [[robotics]], and the emerging field of the [[Metaverse]]. The centre aims to develop AI solutions that address real-world challenges and contribute to progress across various sectors. To facilitate research activities, the centre provides advanced infrastructure and computational resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=AI Research Centre - Woxsen University |url=https://airc.woxsen.edu.in/}}</ref>

===Honorary Chairs===

Woxsen University has set up a number of honorary chairs in a variety of management domains. Examples are the [[Amitava Chattopadhyay]] Chair of Consumer Insights and Innovation, the [[Cary Cooper]] Chair of Organizational Psychology, the [[Vijay Govindarajan]] Chair of Strategy and Innovation, the [[Andreas Kaplan]] Chair of Responsible Research, the [[Steven Pinker]] Chair of Cognitive Psychology, the [[Mohanbir Sawhney]] Chair of Digital Marketing, and the [[Valarie Zeithaml]] Chair of Services Marketing.<ref>{{cite news |title= Woxsen University to set up Honorary Chair Professorships|url= https://gbsn.org/woxsen-university-to-set-up-honorary-chair-professorships/ |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

===Mohanbir Sawhney Case Study Centre===

The Woxsen Case Study Centre (CSC) also called as [[Mohanbir Sawhney]] Case Study Centre is an institution established within Woxsen University with a focus on fostering the case study ecosystem. Collaborating closely with the university's faculty members, the CSC engages in the development and publication of a collection of case studies. These case studies are subsequently distributed to reputable publishers, case centers, and academic institutions, including [[Harvard Business Publishing]], Ivey Publishing, and [[Yale University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen Case study Centre (CSC) |url=https://woxsen.edu.in/research/case-study-centre/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen University Announces Renaming of the Mohanbir Sawhney Case Study Centre |url=https://gbsn.org/woxsen-university-announces-renaming-of-the-mohanbir-sawhney-case-study-centre/}}</ref>

==Social Impact==
Woxsen University has many social impact initiatives. One initiative is "Project Aspiration," providing targeted training sessions for female students from disadvantaged backgrounds on topics such as SMART goals, mental health, and life skills. Students are also involved in "Street Cause," a nationwide organization focused on uplifting rural India through fundraising campaigns and educational activities. The university promotes sustainable practices, including vertical farming techniques to maximize crop yields while minimizing land and water usage. Additionally, students have developed the "Portable De-moisturizer," a device that efficiently dries natural produce without wastage. Woxsen University collaborates with [[Monmouth University]] in the "Woxsen-Monmouth Elevate Program," aiming to uplift underprivileged students in [[Telangana]] by addressing areas such as health, education, inequalities, and economic growth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen University Collaborates with Monmouth University, USA for Social Impact Project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pr-newswire?rkey=20220322EN99220&filter=4315 |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Collaboration with Monmouth University, USA for Social Impact Project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/woxsen-university-collaborates-with-monmouth-university-usa-for-social-impact-project-122032200414_1.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Collaboration with Monmouth University |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/woxsen-university-collaborates-with-monmouth-university-usa-for-social-impact-project--news-187857 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Woxsen University Team Visits Telangana's Model Village |url=https://telanganatoday.com/woxsen-university-team-visits-telanganas-model-village-devuni-narmetta |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Telangana Today}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
Woxsen University has been
granted [[European Foundation for Management Development|EFMD]] [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] Program Accreditation, recognizing the high quality of its MBA program. Additionally, Woxsen University is accredited by the [[Bar Council of India]], which regulates legal practices and education in the country. The [[Council of Architecture]] has also accredited the university's [[Bachelor of Architecture|B.Arch]] program.

Woxsen University as a member is affiliated with organizations such as the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] ([[AACSB]]) Business Education Alliance, the [[Association of MBAs|Association of MBAs (AMBA)]] Development Network, and the Global Business School Network (GBSN).

Woxsen University is also member of institutions like the [https://amdisa.org/about/#:~:text=AMDISA%20-%20Association%20of%20Management%20Development%20Institutions%20in,international%20not-for-profit%20association.%20It%20has%20312%20institutional%20members. Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia (AMDISA)], [https://www.rrbm.network/ Responsible Research in Business & Management (RRBM)], [https://www.unprme.org/ Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME)],
Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative [https://grli.org/ (GRLI)], International Sustainable Campus Network [https://international-sustainable-campus-network.org/ (ISCN)],
Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education ([[Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education|AASHE]]), the Association for
the Advancement of Cost Engineering ([https://web.aacei.org/ AACE]), the Society for Learning Analytics Research ([https://www.solaresearch.org/ SoLAR]),
and the [[Ministry of Education (India)|MHRD]]'s Innovation Cell. These memberships foster responsible practices, promote
sustainability, and encourage innovation in the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=EMFD Global Members |url=https://www.efmdglobal.org/membership/members/list-of-members/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COA Institution Status |url=https://www.coa.gov.in/institutionStatus.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Woxsen Accomplishments |url=https://woxsen.edu.in/about-us/accomplishments/ |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

==Rankings==
Woxsen University's MBA program is globally ranked 151+ in [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] [https://www.topuniversities.com/business-masters-rankings/region=Asia&countries=96 Business Master's Rankings] 2024. Additionally, [[Bloomberg Businessweek|Bloomberg]] ranked the School of Business at Woxsen University 6th among the [https://www.bloomberg.com/business-schools/woxsen-university/ Best Business Schools 2024 - 25] in the [[Asia–Pacific|Asia Pacific]] region.

Woxsen university was ranked 2nd among private design schools in India by the [https://iirfranking.com/ IIRF]. According to the Times [[Business school|B-School]] Ranking, it secured the 11th position among top 100 private universities and the 3rd position among top 20 B-schools in the southern region. The university was also ranked 12th among the top 130 institutions in India by Outlook I-Care 2024 and among the [https://woxsen.edu.in/news/dalal-street-investment-journal-recognizes-sob-woxsen-university-as-best-business-schools-beyond-iims/ top best B-Schools beyond IIMs] by Dalal Street Journal 2024. Education World
ranked Woxsen University as the 28th top engineering college in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIRF Ranking |url=https://iirfranking.com/ranking/top-private-design-colleges-in-india}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times Ranking |url=https://iirfranking.com/ranking/top-b-schools-for-research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times B School Ranking |url=https://timesbschoolsurvey.org/mba/private-b-schools.html}}</ref> Outlook I-Care also ranked the School of Technology at Woxsen University 20th among All India Top 160 Private Institutes for its B.Tech program.

In 2022, Businessworld recognized it as the all India top 15 top private B-schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 134 BBA Institutes In India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/outlook-icare-rankings-2022-top-134-bba-institutes-in-india-magazine-205832 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times B School Survey |url=https://timesbschoolsurvey.org/mba/assets/pdf/TimesBschoolsurvey-2022.pdf}}</ref>

In 2021, Woxsen University ranked 1st as the top emerging engineering college according to the Times Engineering Survey. It also ranked 5th in the national impact category as one of the
top private universities by the IIRF.<ref>{{cite web |title=School of Technology, Woxsen University Forges Ahead in Times Engineering Institute Ranking Survey 2021! |url=https://woxsen.edu.in/news/school-of-technology-woxsen-university-forges-ahead-in-times-engineering-institute-ranking-survey-2021/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IIRF Ranking 2021 |url=https://iirfranking.com/ranking/impactranking-2021}}</ref>

==Student Life==
Woxsen University is leaned towards facilitating both professional and personal growth of students through wide range of Student Clubs, Sports Arena and Cultural Events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Student Life at Woxsen |url=https://woxsen.edu.in/student-club |website=woxsen.edu.in}}</ref>

== Sports Facilities ==
Woxsen University offers a wide range of athletic and recreational facilities for students. These include:

=== The League ===

* Five-a-side Football Fields
* ITF Standard Tennis Courts
* FIBA Standard Box Basketball Courts
* Golf Course
* Box Cricket Arena
* Sand Volleyball Court
* Volleyball Courts
* Kabaddi Court
* Croquet Pitch
* Indoor & Outdoor Gym

=== FIFA Quality Pro Synthetic Turf Football field ===

=== Sportx - Indoor Sports Complex ===

* Badminton Arena
* Table Tennis Lounge
* Chess Lounge
* Billiards Lounge
* Foosball & Air Hockey
* Life Fitness Gym
* Life Fitness Cardio Studio
* Pro Shop
* Zumba, Pilates & Yoga Lounge
* Squash Courts
* Spin Studio
@ fencing

=== R. A. C. E. ===

* 10 - Lane Track
* Long Jump
* High Jump
* Triple Jump
* Pole Vault
* Steeple Chase Water Jump
* Shotput
* Javelin
* Discus throw
* Hammer throw
* Basketball Court
* Volleyball Court
* Box Cricket Court
* Pickle Ball Court

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Telangana}}

[[Category:Universities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]

Padma Lakshmi

2026-03-29T13:27:56Z

Miquel41G60448: add intro also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|American TV host and model (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox model
|name = Padma Lakshmi
|image = Padma Lakshmi (2017) 05.jpg
|caption = Lakshmi in 2017
|birth_name = Padma Parvati Lakshmi Vaidynathan
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|09|01|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
|citizenship = United States
|haircolor = Black<ref name="stuff">{{cite web |title=About Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/person/padma-lakshmi_9550/about/ |website=indiaforums.com |publisher=India Forums |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
|eyecolor = Brown<ref name="stuff" />
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name="stuff" />
|occupation = {{hlist|TV host|model|author|entrepreneur|activist|producer}}
|years_active = 1992–present
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Salman Rushdie]]|2004|2007|end=div}}
|children = 1
|education = [[Clark University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|website = {{URL|https://www.padmalakshmi.com/}}
}}

'''Padma Parvati Lakshmi''' ({{IPA|ta|ˈpɐd̪maː ˈlɐkʂmi}}; [[née]] '''Vaidynathan'''; born September 1, 1970) is an American television host, model, author, entrepreneur, and activist. She rose to prominence by hosting the [[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]] cooking competition program ''[[Top Chef]]'' (2006–2023). Lakshmi is the creator, host, and [[executive producer]] of the docuseries ''[[Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi]]'', which premiered in 2020 on [[Hulu]]. For her work with these two series, as an executive producer and as a host, she has received 16 [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations.

Born in India, Lakshmi immigrated to the United States as a child. She became a model before embarking on a career on television. She has written five books: two cookbooks, ''Easy Exotic'' and ''Tangy, Tart, Hot & Sweet''; an encyclopedia, ''The Encyclopedia of Spices & Herbs: An Essential Guide to the Flavors of the World''; a memoir, ''Love, Loss, and What We Ate''; and a children's book, ''Tomatoes for Neela'' illustrated by [[Juana Martinez-Neal]], the latter two appearing on ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[The New York Times Best Seller list|best-seller list]]. Lakshmi has formed and produced sales for five different businesses. She co-founded the [[Endometriosis Foundation of America]] in 2009. She was appointed [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador]] in 2019. Lakshmi was listed among ''[[Time 100|Time]]'' magazine's [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2023.

==Early life and education==
Lakshmi was born Padma Parvati Lakshmi Vaidynathan on September 1, 1970,<ref name="tvg">{{cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/padma-lakshmi/279465 |work=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref> in the city of Madras, which has been known by [[Chennai]] since 1996, in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/padma-a-secret-in-rushdie-memoir-84434-2010-10-23 |title=Padma a secret in Rushdie memoir |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=January 3, 2011 |date=October 24, 2010 |author=Neha Tara Mehta}}</ref> Her mother, Vijaya Lakshmi,<ref name="bispp">{{cite web |last1=Olito |first1=Frank |title=10 things you didn't know about 'Top Chef's' Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/top-chef-padma-lakshmi-facts-2021-10 |website=businessinsider.com |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> is a retired [[oncology]] nurse.<ref name="Young">{{cite news |last=Young |first=Julius |title=Padma Lakshmi celebrates 50th birthday with bikini snap, reflects on 'year of misery and elation' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/padma-lakshmi-celebrates-50th-birthday-bikini-snap-misery-elation |access-date=January 17, 2025 |work=[[Fox News]] |date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> Vijaya and Lakshmi's father separated in 1971 and divorced the next year, after which the former immigrated to the United States alone. Lakshmi lived with her maternal grandparents before joining Vijaya two years later. Lakshmi lived in the [[New York City borough]] of [[Queens]]<ref>{{cite episode |last=Lakshmi |first=Padma (host) |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Don't mind if I Dosa |series=[[Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi]] |season=1 |number=3 |network=[[Hulu]]}}</ref><ref name="Fresh Air">{{cite interview |interviewer-last=Gross |interviewer-first=Terry |interviewer-link=Terry Gross |title=Padma Lakshmi, Model, Actor And TV Host, Says Above All, She's A Writer |url=https://www.freshair.com/segments/padma-lakshmi-model-actor-and-tv-host-says-above-all-shes-writer |website=[[Fresh Air]] |access-date=April 29, 2025 |date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> before moving to [[La Puente, California|La Puente]], a city in [[Los Angeles County, California]], with her stepfather, Anand Prasad – a [[Indo-Fijians|Fijian-born ethnic Indian]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Wrightson |first=Erica Zora |title=How Padma Lakshmi's stepdad became the curry leaf king of California |url=https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2023-01-05/padma-lakshmi-stepdad-grows-curry-leaves-at-los-angeles-county-farm |access-date=October 10, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 5, 2023}}</ref> – and Vijaya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/padma-lakshmi/id1501446978?i=1000478144681 |title=Padma Lakshmi |work=Los Angeles Times |last=Yamato |first=Jen |last2=Shyong |first2=Frank}}</ref> Lakshmi has stated that, as a teenager, she was [[anti-Indian sentiment|bullied due to her Indian heritage]], which caused her to struggle to overcome "internalized [[self-loathing]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hauser |first=Christine |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Padma Lakshmi Opens Up About Rushdie in Memoir |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/arts/padma-lakshmi-opens-up-about-rushdie-in-memoir.html |access-date=April 29, 2016 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

At the age of 14, Lakshmi was hospitalized for three weeks and eventually diagnosed with [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]], a rare illness caused by hypersensitivity to an infection or a potentially fatal reaction to certain kinds of medications. Two days after her discharge from the hospital, she was injured in a car accident in the city of [[Malibu, California|Malibu]], which left her with a fractured right hip and a shattered right upper arm.<ref>{{cite magazine |year=2007 |title=Letter From New York |magazine=Vanity Fair |issue=s 566–568}}</ref> The arm injury required surgery, from which she retained a seven-inch scar between her elbow and shoulder.<ref name="Fresh Air" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=April 8, 2006 |title=The unlikely wife of Salman Rushdie Padma Lakshmi talks to Jess Cartner-Morley |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/apr/08/fashion.salmanrushdie |access-date=June 17, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Lakshmi graduated from [[William Workman High School]] in the [[City of Industry]] in 1988.<ref name=":3" /><ref>"Padma Lakshmi." In ''Newsmakers''. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2012. ''Gale In Context: Biography'' (accessed July 17, 2020).</ref> In 1992, she graduated from [[Clark University]], earning a [[bachelor's degree]] in Theatre Arts and American Literature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salerno |first1=Jane |title=Padma Power |url=https://clarknow.clarku.edu/2012/08/15/padma-power/ |website=clarknow.clarku.edu |date=August 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Clark University]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref name=endo>{{cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi Actor, Writer, Producer, EndoFound Founder |url=https://www.endofound.org/-/padma-lakshmi |website=endofound.org |publisher=[[Endometriosis Foundation of America]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

In a 2018 essay for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Lakshmi revealed that, at the age of 16, she was raped by her then boyfriend, which she did not report; Lakshmi stated that she made the decision because, at the age of seven, she was molested by her step-uncle, and Vijaya and Anand sent her back to India for a year after she told them about the molestation;<ref name="Fresh Air" /> Lakshmi wrote, "The lesson was: If you speak up, you will be cast out. [...] I am speaking now because I want us all to fight so that our daughters never know this fear and shame and our sons know that girls' bodies do not exist for their pleasure and that abuse has grave consequences."<ref name="NYT20180925">{{cite news |author=Padma Lakshmi |date=September 25, 2018 |title=I was raped at 16 and I kept silent. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/25/opinion/padma-lakshmi-sexual-assault-rape.html |access-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref> When she became a [[naturalized US citizen]], Lakshmi officially changed her name to simply Padma Parvati Lakshmi to honor Vijaya.<ref name="bispp" /><ref>{{cite tweet |user=PadmaLakshmi |number=796031308745113600 |title=Brown, proud and voting loud!!!! Immigrants make this country great. Vote no for bigotry and yes to love vs hate! |access-date=January 17, 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
===Modeling===
Lakshmi began her modeling career at age 21, when a modeling agent discovered Lakshmi while she was studying in Madrid.<ref name=":4" /> She has said, "I was the first Indian model to have a career in Paris, Milan, and New York. I'm the first one to admit that I was a novelty."<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516160152/http://www.lakshmifilms.com/padma_lakshmi_press43.htm Padma Lakshmi — ''Evening Standard Magazine''] LakshmiFilms.com</ref> Lakshmi was able to pay off her college loans by working as a model and actress.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi, Model, Actor And TV Host, Says Above All, She's A Writer |work=NPR |date=September 4, 2020 |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/04/909583983/padma-lakshmi-model-actor-and-tv-host-says-above-all-shes-a-writer |access-date=August 20, 2024 |last1=Gross |first1=Terry }}</ref>

[[File:Padma Lakshmi by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi in 2008]]

She has modeled for designers including [[Emanuel Ungaro]], [[Giorgio Armani]], [[Gianni Versace]], [[Ralph Lauren]], and [[Alberta Ferretti]] and appeared in ad campaigns for [[Roberto Cavalli]] and [[Versace|Versus]].<ref>[http://www.bravotv.com/Top_Chef_2/bios/padma_lakshmi.shtml Padma Lakshmi Bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110004030/http://www.bravotv.com/Top_Chef_2/bios/padma_lakshmi.shtml |date=November 10, 2006 }} Bravotv.com</ref> She was a favorite model of the photographer [[Helmut Newton]], whose photographs of her often highlighted the large scar on her right arm.<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Souza Wolfe |first=Nandini |title=At Home with Padma |url=http://nypress.com/at-home-with-padma/ |publisher=New York Press |access-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Molly |date=December 29, 2021 |title=The Unexpected Way Padma Lakshmi Got Into Modeling |url=https://www.mashed.com/719383/the-unexpected-way-padma-lakshmi-got-into-modeling/ |access-date=June 16, 2022 |website=Mashed.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Lakshmi has appeared on the covers of ''[[Redbook]]'', ''Vogue'' India,'' [[FHM]]'', ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', ''L'Officiel India'', ''Asian Woman'', ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]],'' ''Avenue'', ''Industry Magazine'', ''[[Marie Claire]] (India Edition)'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'', and ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lakshmifilms.com/padma_lakshmi_press.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128023511/http://www.lakshmifilms.com/padma_lakshmi_press.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2004 |title=Press for Padma Lakshmi |publisher=Lakshmifilms.com |access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> She also posed nude for the May 2009 issue of ''[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lysaght |first=Stephanie |title=Padma Lakshmi of 'Top Chef' and Chelsea Handler of E! get naked |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedishrag/2009/04/padma-lakshmi-and-chelsea-handler-bare-all-for-allure.html |access-date=April 14, 2009}}</ref> She has done shoots for photographers [[Mario Testino]] and Helmut Newton.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |author=Unny |first=Divya |date=July 5, 2007 |title=Padma Lakshmi..the woman who broke Rushdie's heart |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-padma-lakshmithe-woman-who-broke-rushdie-s-heart-1108450 |access-date=January 1, 2011 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> In 2023, at age 53, she appeared in the [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]].<ref name=bupro/>

=== Film, television, and hosting ===
Lakshmi served as a host of ''[[Domenica In]],'' an Italian program, in 1997.<ref name="NYTVows">{{cite news |author=Stephen Henderson |date=April 25, 2004 |title=Weddings/Celebrations – Vows – Padma Lakshmi and Salman Rushdie |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5D9153AF936A15757C0A9629C8B63 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528051221/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/style/weddings-celebrations-vows-padma-lakshmi-and-salman-rushdie.html |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |access-date=January 1, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She hosted the [[Food Network]] series ''Padma's Passport'',<ref name=":5" /> which was part of the larger series ''Melting Pot'' in 2001, where she cooked recipes from around the world. She also hosted two one-hour specials in [[South India]] and Spain for the British [[culinary tourism]] show ''Planet Food'', broadcast on the Food Network in the U.S. and internationally on the [[Discovery Channel]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food – TV and radio |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/tv_and_radio/planetfood_index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117064602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/tv_and_radio/planetfood_index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2006 |access-date=April 4, 2010 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Lakshmi was also an official contributor for season 19 of ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]'' from 2015 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Season 19 of 'The View' kicks off with new cast, old favorite |url=https://abc7news.com/956426/ |website=ABC7 San Francisco}}</ref>

Lakshmi was a host and judge on the television show ''[[Top Chef]].'' She also serves as an executive producer of the show. Lakshmi was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program|Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program]] in [[61st Primetime Emmy Awards|2009]] and in [[72nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2020]] through [[74th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2022]] for ''Top Chef''. In 2020, Lakshmi won three [[Critic's Choice Award]]s for ''Top Chef''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2022 |first=Antonia |last=DeBianchi |title=Padma Lakshmi Won 3 Critics Choice Real TV Awards — and Brought Her Mom to the Show |url=https://people.com/food/padma-lakshmi-won-3-critics-choice-real-tv-awards-and-brought-her-mom-to-the-show/ |access-date=June 16, 2022 |website=People |language=en}}</ref> In 2023 she departed from the show following the [[Top Chef: World All-Stars|twentieth season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/top-chef-world-all-stars-names-season-20-winner-bids-fond-farewell-to-padma-lakshmi-1235412637/ |title=''Top Chef'' World All-Stars Names Season 20 Winner, Bids Fond Farewell To Padma Lakshmi |first=Bruce |last=Haring |date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=June 9, 2023}}</ref>

Lakshmi is also the creator, host, and executive producer of ''[[Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi]],'' which premiered on [[Hulu]] on June 18, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taste the Nation |url=https://press.hulu.com/shows/taste-the-nation |access-date=January 18, 2021 |website=Hulu Press |language=en}}</ref> and received the [[Gotham Awards|Gotham Award]] for Breakthrough Series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=January 12, 2021 |title='Nomadland' Wins Best Feature at Gotham Awards, Riz Ahmed and Nicole Beharie Upset in Acting Categories |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/awards/gotham-awards-2020-winners-1234882987/ |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and Critic's Choice Awards for Best Culinary Show in 2021 and 2022.<ref name=endo/><ref>{{cite AV media |date=June 21, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XyGpj5qdfc |title=BEST CULINARY SHOW - 3rd Annual Critics Choice REAL TV Awards |publisher=Critics Choice |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318071100/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XyGpj5qdfc |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Taste the Nation'' received 100% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taste the Nation With Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/taste_the_nation_with_padma_lakshmi |website=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en |access-date=February 10, 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Hulu released a 4-episode special, ''Taste the Nation: Holiday Edition.'' In June 2022, Lakshmi received her first [[James Beard Foundation Award: 2020s|James Beard Foundation Award]] for ''Taste the Nation: Holiday Edition''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tolley |first=John |date=June 13, 2022 |title=Padma Lakshmi's Taste The Nation Just Received An Impressive Honor |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/894091/padma-lakshmis-taste-the-nation-just-received-an-impressive-honor/ |access-date=June 16, 2022 |website=Tasting Table}}</ref>

Her first film roles were in the Italian pirate movies ''[[The Son of Sandokan]]'' and ''{{ill|Caraibi|it|Caraibi (miniserie televisiva)}}'' (''Pirates: Blood Brothers''). She had a comical supporting part as the lip-synching disco singer Sylk in the 2001 American movie ''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]],'' starring [[Mariah Carey]]. In 2002, Lakshmi made an appearance as alien princess Kaitaama in "[[Precious Cargo (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Precious Cargo]]," of the TV series ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''. She portrayed Madhuvanthi in the TV movie ''[[Sharpe's Challenge]]'' (aired 2006).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 2004 |title=Escape Views |url=http://www.lakshmifilms.com/padma_lakshmi_press16.htm |magazine=Harpers & Queen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128061716/http://www.lakshmifilms.com/padma_lakshmi_press16.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2004}}</ref> In 2006, she appeared in ABC's Biblical TV series ''[[The Ten Commandments (TV series)|The Ten Commandments]]'' as Princess Bithia. In 2009, Lakshmi appeared in the video for the [[Eels (band)|Eels]] song "That Look You Give That Guy."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2009/09/01/eels-that-look-you-give-that-guy-video-premiere/ |title=Eels, 'That Look You Give That Guy' – Video Premiere – Spinner UK |date=September 1, 2009 |publisher=Spinnermusic.co.uk |access-date=April 4, 2010 |archive-date=March 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302130328/http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2009/09/01/eels-that-look-you-give-that-guy-video-premiere |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She starred in the 2003 [[Bollywood|Bollywood film]] ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'', alongside [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Madhu Sapre]], as one of three supermodels accused of stealing diamonds. She played the role of Geeta in [[Paul Mayeda Berges]]'s 2005 film ''[[The Mistress of Spices (film)|The Mistress of Spices]]''. Lakshmi also made a guest appearance on the NBC series ''[[30 Rock]]'' in 2009 and appeared on ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)|Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'' in 2014.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Books and writing===
[[File:Padma Lakshmi (2017) 03.jpg|thumb|left|Padma Lakshmi unveiling her book ''Love, Loss, and What We Ate: A Memoir'', in 2017]]
Lakshmi's first cookbook, ''Easy Exotic'', a compilation of international recipes and short essays released in 1999, was awarded the Best First Book at the 1999 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]]. Her second cookbook, ''Tangy, Tart, Hot and Sweet'', was released on October 2, 2007,<ref>''Amazon.com'' [https://www.amazon.com/Tangy-Tart-Hot-Sweet-Recipes/dp/1602860068 Tangy Tart Hot and Sweet: A World of Recipes for Every Day (Hardcover)]</ref> and was reissued in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Chef's Padma Lakshmi Serves It Up Tangy, Tart, Hot, and Sweet |url=https://cherrybombe.com/radio-cherry-bombe/padmalakshmi-tangytart |access-date=February 11, 2022 |website=Cherry Bombe |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211150124/https://cherrybombe.com/radio-cherry-bombe/padmalakshmi-tangytart |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her first memoir, ''Love, Loss and What We Ate'', was released on International's Women's Day, March 8, 2016, and was a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' best-seller]].<ref name=bupro/> Also in 2016, Lakshmi's third culinary book, an encyclopedia and reference guide, ''The Encyclopedia of Spices and Herbs: An Essential Guide to the Flavors of the World,'' was released on October 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Encyclopedia of Spices and Herbs |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-encyclopedia-of-spices-and-herbs-padma-lakshmi |access-date=February 6, 2022 |website=HarperCollins |language=en}}</ref> Her first children's book ''Tomatoes for Neela,'' released on August 31, 2021, and illustrated by [[Juana Martinez-Neal]], debuted fourth on ''The New York Times'' best-seller list.

*''Easy Exotic: A Model's Low Fat Recipes From Around the World'' (1999, Hyperion Books)
* ''Tangy, Tart, Hot and Sweet: A World of Recipes for Every Day'' (2007, Hachette Book Group)
* ''Love, Loss, and What We Ate: A Memoir'' (2016, Ecco)
* ''The Encyclopedia of Spices and Herbs: An Essential Guide to the Flavors of the World'' (2016, HarperCollins)
* ''Tomatoes for Neela'' (2021, Viking Children's Books)
* ''Padma's All American'' (2025, Knopf)

Lakshmi also guest edited ''The Best American Travel Writing 2021,'' a collection of essays from renowned travel writers. Lakshmi wrote a syndicated column in ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Lakshmi's column |url=https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/padma-lakshmi |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and has written articles on style for the American edition of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', at editor [[Anna Wintour]]'s request. She also wrote a column on style for ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' (UK and US editions)'','' following a commission from editor [[Glenda Bailey]].

===Business endeavors===
Lakshmi created "The Padma Collection" of fine jewelry that was sold at [[Bergdorf Goodman]], [[Neiman Marcus]], and [[Nordstrom]]. Under the same trade name, she designed a home décor line that was sold at all [[Bloomingdale’s]] stores. Also, Lakshmi created "Padma’s Easy Exotic", a conglomeration of gastronomic items that included home goods, teas, organic foods, and spice blends, and worked with [[MAC Cosmetics]] to create a collection of a small, curated, selections of makeup products for worldwide distribution named "MAC Padma" that soon initially sold out in the United States and India.<ref name=endo/> She launched a lingerie collaboration with [[Bare Necessities (company)|Bare Necessities]] in June 2024 called "Padma X Bare Necessities".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudgins |first=Ryan |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Padma Lakshmi Says She's at Her 'Sexual Peak' at 53 |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/padma-lakshmi-says-shes-at-her-sexual-peak-at-53/ |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lockwood |first1=Lisa |title=Exclusive: Padma Lakshmi and Bare Necessities Cook Up Lingerie and Swimwear Collection |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/padma-lakshmi-bare-necessities-lingerie-swimwear-1236402195/ |website=wwd.com |date=May 29, 2024 |publisher=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In April 2004, after living together for five years, Lakshmi and novelist [[Salman Rushdie]] married. Rushdie stated that Lakshmi asked for a divorce in January 2007,<ref>{{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Andrew |title=The Bookers' favourite |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/06/classics.salmanrushdie |newspaper=The Guardian |date=April 6, 2008 |access-date=September 4, 2022 |quote=By this he means the end of his marriage. In January of 2007, Lakshmi asked for a divorce.}}</ref> and in July 2007, the couple filed it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c |date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=[[E!]] |title=Rushdie, Top Chef Wife Skewer Marriage |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190150/http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=ed1a664d-9538-487b-9f0b-9bc4b4e5330c}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Atad |first=Corey |title=Padma Lakshmi Is 'Relieved' That Ex-Husband Salman Rushdie Is Recovering After Stabbing Attack |url=https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/ |date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=September 4, 2022 |website=ET Canada |quote=They filed for divorce in 2007. |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905013632/https://etcanada.com/news/920393/padma-lakshmi-is-relieved-that-ex-husband-salman-rushdie-is-recovering-after-stabbing-attack/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> She later dated billionaire [[Theodore J. Forstmann]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Unwritable Memoirs of Teddy Forstmann: How the Billionaire Treated His Ghostwriters |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/02/memoirs-teddy-forstmann-billionaire-ghostwriters |access-date=July 1, 2021 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=January 11, 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Teddy Forstmann Wanted Padma Lakshmi's Baby to Be Raised as His Own Daughter |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/01/teddy-forstmann-padma-lakshmi-baby-battle |access-date=July 1, 2021 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=January 3, 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref> On February 22, 2010, Lakshmi gave birth to her daughter with businessman [[Adam Dell]].<ref>[https://people.com/parents/padma-lakshmi-welcomes-a-daughter/ Padma Lakshmi Welcomes A Daughter] Sarah Michaud, ''People'', February 22, 2010</ref><ref>[https://people.com/food/padma-lakshmi-50-birthday-celebrates-with-partner-adam-dell/ Padma Lakshmi Is 50! Top Chef Host Feels 'Truly Blessed' as She Celebrates with Partner Adam Dell] ''People'', Claudia Harmata, September 1, 2020</ref>

Lakshmi speaks five languages: Tamil, Hindi, English, Spanish, and Italian.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hattersley |first=Giles |date=April 2, 2006 |title=My husband? Oh, he's a writer dude |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/article196237.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505071154/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/article196237.ece |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |access-date=April 15, 2011 |work=[[Sunday Times]] }}</ref> At age 36, Lakshmi was diagnosed with [[endometriosis]],<ref>{{cite AV media |date=October 17, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gfixp0jUjKg |title=Padma Lakshmi shares her struggle with endometriosis. |work=[[Redbook Magazine]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502032634/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gfixp0jUjKg |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> which she has had since early adolescence. In 2016, Lakshmi was awarded the [[Ellis Island Medal of Honor]] from the [[Ellis Island Honors Society|National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations]] (NECO) and, in 2018, earned the Karma Award from [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']].<ref name=bupro>{{cite web |title=Profiles {{!}} Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.bu.edu/hospitality/profile/padma-lakshmi/ |website=bu.edu |publisher=[[Boston University]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref name=endo/> In 2022, Lakshmi was honored by the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]]'s [[Great Immigrants Award|Great Immigrant Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/padma-lakshmi/ |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=July 1, 2022 |title=Padma Lakshmi, Punit Renjen among Carnegie's 2022 class of Great Immigrants - The American Bazaar |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2022/07/01/padma-lakshmi-punit-renjen-among-carnegies-2022-class-of-great-immigrants-450127/,%20https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2022/07/01/padma-lakshmi-punit-renjen-among-carnegies-2022-class-of-great-immigrants-450127/ |access-date=June 18, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was listed among ''[[Time 100|Time]]'' magazine's [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi 'Honoured' To Be Among World's Most Influential People On TIME 100 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/padma-lakshmi-honoured-to-be-among-world-s-most-influential-people-on-time-100-news-290857 |access-date=February 13, 2024 |website=Outlook India |date=May 31, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Lakshmi was a visiting scholar at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), and was bestowed the ICON Award from [[Boston University]]'s School of Hospitality Administration.<ref name=bupro/><ref name=endo/>

===Philanthropy===
Lakshmi is a co-founder of the [[Endometriosis Foundation of America]], a [[nonprofit organization]] focused on increasing awareness, education, research, and legislative advocacy against the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABC Nightline: Padma Lakshmi: Where Foodie Meets Fashion |url=http://www.hulu.com/watch/153360 |website=Hulu |access-date=February 12, 2016 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216035052/http://www.hulu.com/watch/153360 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldstein, Lisa A. |date=March 12, 2015 |title=Padma Lakshmi's Personal Cause: The Endometriosis Foundation of America |website=womenshealth.com |format=online news story |url=http://womenshealth.com/padma-lakshmis-personal-cause-the-endometriosis-foundation-of-america/ |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316080852/http://womenshealth.com/padma-lakshmis-personal-cause-the-endometriosis-foundation-of-america/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The foundation was instrumental in the 2009 opening of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Center for Gynepathology Research,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cgr.mit.edu/ |title=The MIT Center for Gynepathology Research |website=cgr.mit.edu |access-date=January 2, 2023}}</ref> where Lakshmi gave the keynote address.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=December 8, 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKnDjTUnKEA |title=TV host of 'Top Chef' Padma Lakshmi speaks at MIT |publisher=cambchron |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKnDjTUnKEA |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
Lakshmi is known as an advocate for immigrant rights, the independent restaurant industry,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Padma Lakshmi's political "Taste the Nation" food series could not have debuted at a better time |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/06/18/taste-the-nation-review-padma-lakshmi-hulu/ |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref> and women's rights.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=January 9, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTe4rNf9mck |title=Lakshmi: Problem goes beyond gang rape |publisher=[[CNN]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321091705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTe4rNf9mck |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lakshmi is the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) ambassador for immigration and women's rights. She has also been a critic of skin-lightening creams marketed to people of color.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Furdyk |first=Brent |date=June 9, 2020 |title=Padma Lakshmi Slams Skin-Lightening Cream Targeting People Of Colour |url=https://etcanada.com/news/654853/padma-lakshmi-slams-skin-lightening-cream-targeting-people-of-colour/ |access-date=July 12, 2020 |website=ET Canada |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610004205/https://etcanada.com/news/654853/padma-lakshmi-slams-skin-lightening-cream-targeting-people-of-colour/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also spoken about the [[colorism]] she has experienced while living in India and the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Priya |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Criticism of Skin Lighteners Brings Retreat by Unilever and Johnson & Johnson |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/business/unilever-jj-skin-care-lightening.html |access-date=July 1, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Tejal |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Padma Lakshmi Finds a New Voice, Amplifying the Voices of Others |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/dining/padma-lakshmi-taste-the-nation.html |access-date=July 1, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lakshmi was appointed [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador]] on March 7, 2019. "My main mission as UNDP Goodwill Ambassador is to shine a spotlight on the fact that inequality can affect people in rich and poor countries alike. Many nations have greatly reduced poverty, but inequality has proved more stubborn," said Lakshmi. "Inequality is further compounded by gender, age, ethnicity, and race. It especially affects women, minorities, and others who face unimaginable discrimination in the societies in which they live."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Lakshmi |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/goodwill-ambassadors/padma-lakshmi.html |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, she received the Advocate of the Year Award by the [[United Nations Correspondents Association]] (UNCA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDP Goodwill Ambassador Padma Lakshmi Wins 2021 Advocate of the Year Award by the United Nations Correspondents Association (UNCA) {{!}} United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/press-releases/undp-goodwill-ambassador-padma-lakshmi-wins-2021-advocate-year-award-united-nations |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> In October 2022, Lakshmi was honored at the 20th edition of the ACLU's Sing Out For Freedom benefit concert along with [[Patti Smith]] and [[Shaina Taub]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyclu.org/en/events/sing-out-freedom-concert |title=Sing Out for Freedom Concert |work=New York Civil Liberties Union |date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314084103/https://www.nyclu.org/en/events/sing-out-freedom-concert |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakshmi was instrumental in the passage of a bill associated with teen health in the [[New York State Senate]].<ref name=endo/>

==Selected filmography==
===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''Domenica In'' ||Host||
|-
| 1998 || ''Il Figlio di Sandokan'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''{{ill|Caraibi|it|Caraibi (miniserie televisiva)}}'' – ''Pirates: Blood Brothers '' || Malinche||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2000 || ''Linda e il brigadiere''  ep: "Il fratello di Linda" || Indian Lady||
|-
| ''Planet Food'' ||Host|| Documentary
|-
|2001
| ''Melting Pot: Padma's Passport'' ||Host||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''|| Kaitaama || Episode: "[[Precious Cargo (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Precious Cargo]]"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2006 || ''[[The Ten Commandments (miniseries)|The Ten Commandments]]'' || Princess Bithia||
|-
| ''[[Sharpe (TV series)|Sharpe]]''|| Madhuvanthi ||Episode: "[[Sharpe's Challenge]]"
|-
| 2006–2023 ||''[[Top Chef]]''||Host / Judge||Seasons 2–20
|-
| 2009 || ''[[30 Rock]]''|| Herself || Episode: "[[The Problem Solvers]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (American TV series)|Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'' || Herself||
|-
|2014
|''[[Royal Pains]]''
|Herself
|Episode: "[[Royal Pains (season 6)|A Bridge Not Quite Far Enough]]"
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[The View (U.S. TV series)|The View]]''
| Herself
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Drop the Mic]]''
|Herself
|Episode 10 (season 10)
|-
| 2018
|''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''
| Herself
|Episode 2 (season 10)
|-
| 2019
|''[[Butterbean's Café]]''
| Chef Belle Legume (Voice)
|Episode: "The Towering Tower of Crepes!"
|-
| 2020–present
|''[[Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi]]''
| Herself, host and executive producer
|
|-
| 2022
|''Getting Curious With Jonathan Van Ness''
| Herself, guest and expert
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Big Mouth (American TV series)|Big Mouth]]''
| Priya (Voice)
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Herself
|
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Unzipped (film)|Unzipped]]'' || Herself|| Documentary
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]]'' || Sylk||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' || Shiela Bardez||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Mistress of Spices]]'' || Geeta||
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[New Yorkers in journalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{TV Guide person|3000396550}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, Padma}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century American designers]]
[[Category:21st-century American essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century American memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women philanthropists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Activists from California]]
[[Category:Activists from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Actresses from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American anti-racism activists]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in fashion]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American Civil Liberties Union people]]
[[Category:American cookbook writers]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:American female models of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American game show hosts]]
[[Category:American immigrant rights activists]]
[[Category:American jewelry designers]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American reality competition show hosts]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American women children's writers]]
[[Category:American women columnists]]
[[Category:American women fashion designers]]
[[Category:American women food writers]]
[[Category:American women human rights activists]]
[[Category:American women television hosts]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Clark University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Fashion designers from New York City]]
[[Category:Female models from California]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Female models from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in fashion]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian jewellery designers]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian women food writers]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Judges in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Lingerie designers]]
[[Category:Memoirists from California]]
[[Category:Memoirists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Models from New York City]]
[[Category:Multilingual writers]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:The New York Times columnists]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:People from La Puente, California]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from California]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from New York City]]
[[Category:Television personalities from California]]
[[Category:Television personalities from New York City]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television producers from California]]
[[Category:Television producers from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:United Nations goodwill ambassadors]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Writers from Queens, New York]]

Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express

2026-03-22T05:25:52Z

Miquel41G60448: adjusted references and added references

{{Short description|Indian rail service}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{italic title}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express
| logo =
| logo_width = 250px
| image = Visakhapatnam Garib Rath.JPG
| image_width = 250
| caption = VSKP-SC Garibrath
| type = [[Garib Rath Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]
| first = {{start date and age|26 October 2008}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway Zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Visakhapatnam Junction]]
| stops = 10
| end = [[Secunderabad Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|701|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 3 Tier Economy
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = LHB
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12739 / 12740
| speed = {{Plainlist|
* {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} (Top Speed)
* {{convert|64|km/h|abbr=on}} (average with halts)
}}
| map = [[File:(Secunderabad - Visakhapatnam) Garib Rath Express and AC Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}
The '''Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express''' is a daily running [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] [[garib rath]] train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Secunderabad Railway Station]] to [[Visakhapatnam]]. This is the first and only [[Garib Rath]] to run daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2298|title=Secunderabad Visakhapatnam Garib Rath Express|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> The train numbers are '''12739''' and '''12740'''. It belongs to the South Central Railways. Train number 12740 runs from [[Secunderabad]] to [[Visakhapatnam]] and train number 12739 runs from [[Visakhapatnam]] to [[Secunderabad]].

==Train details==

===Route===
The train stops at [[Warangal]], [[Khammam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Eluru]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Samalkot]], [[Tuni]], [[Anakapalle ]] and [[Duvvada railway station|Duvvada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=duvvada-halt-for-garibrath|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/duvvada-halt-for-garibrath/article6745486.ece/| work=The Hindu|access-date= 1 January 2015}}</ref>

==Coaches==
The rake initially had 3AC and AC Chair Car coaches; due to inconvenience in the AC Chair Car, it has been removed. Now the train runs with all 3AC coaches. When it was a non daily train, the rake was shared by [[Secunderabad Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]. But now it has a dedicated rake. 
This train holds record for being the lengthiest Garib Rath Train in India. It has 20 AC Three Tier Economy Coaches and 2 EOG Power Cars making a total of 22 coaches.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| 22
|-
||| GD1 || G1 || G2 || G3 || G4 || G5 || G6 || G7 || G8 || G9 || G10 || G11 || G12 || G13 || G14 || G15 || G16 || G17 || G18 || G19 || G20 || GD2
|}

==Loco==
It is regularly hauled by a Lallaguda [[WAP7]] locomotive with a reversal at [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]].

==See also==
*[[List of trains run by Indian Railways]]
* [[Hyderabad–Visakhapatnam Godavari Express]] - A daily ICF train connecting [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad Deccan]] to Visakhapatnam.
* [[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Duronto Express]] - A series of point-to-point, non-stop AC/Non-AC trains run in India.
* [[Secunderabad – Visakhapatnam AC Express]] - Weekly AC train
* [[Visakha Express]] - A daily ICF train connecting Secunderabad to Bhubaneshwar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2297/401/835/1 Indiarailinfo]

{{South Central Railway zone}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{Garib Rath Express}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam - Secunderabad Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]

Bibhu Datta Guru

2026-03-21T16:49:35Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating entry

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox judge
| image =
| name = Bibhudatta Guru
| title = Judge of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]
| term_start = 13 August 2024
}}

'''Bibhu Datta Guru''' is an Indian judge at the [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]. Guru was appointed as a judge of the Chhattisgarh High Court on 13 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Justice |first=Department of justice |title=Appointment letter |url=https://doj.gov.in/document/order-of-appointment-of-shri-bibhu-datta-guru-and-one-other-as-additional-judges-of-the-chhattisgarh-high-court-12-08-2024/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2024/07/2024073020.pdf |title=Supreme Court of India recommendation |access-date=2024-08-16 |archive-date=2024-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817054144/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2024/07/2024073020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highcourt.cg.gov.in/sittingjudges/sitting.html|title=Sitting Judges | High Court Chhattisgarh|website=highcourt.cg.gov.in|access-date=2024-08-16|archive-date=2024-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817054147/https://highcourt.cg.gov.in/sittingjudges/sitting.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/sc-collegium-recommends-names-of-2-advocates-for-appointment-as-judges-of-chhattisgarh-hc/112146110|title=SC collegium recommends names of 2 advocates for appointment as judges of Chhattisgarh HC - ET LegalWorld|website=ETLegalWorld.com|access-date=2024-08-16|archive-date=2024-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817054059/https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/litigation/sc-collegium-recommends-names-of-2-advocates-for-appointment-as-judges-of-chhattisgarh-hc/112146110|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru, Bibhu Datta}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

National Green Tribunal

2026-03-13T10:52:44Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Indian Legal Affairs department}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| headquarters = Copernicus Marg, New Delhi, India
| budget = {{INRConvert|52.68|c}} (2025{{ndash}}26)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Demand NO. 28, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe28.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| chief6_name = Afroz Ahmad
| chief6_position = Expert Member
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice, Department of Legal Affairs]]
| logo =
| formed = 2010
| chief1_name = Justice Prakash Shrivastava
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name = Arun Kumar Verma
| chief2_position = Expert Member
| chief3_name = Satyagopal Korlapati
| chief3_position = Expert Member
| chief4_name = Vijay Kulkarni
| chief4_position = Expert Member
| chief5_name = A Senthil Vel
| chief5_position = Expert Member
| website = {{URL|https://www.greentribunal.gov.in/}}
}}
{{Courts of India}}

The '''National Green Tribunal''' ('''NGT''') is a [[statutory body]] in India that focuses on expeditious disposal of cases related to [[environmental protection|the protection of the natural environment]] and [[natural resource]]s. It was set up under the [[National Green Tribunal Act]] in 2010. India is the third country in the world,{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} after [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], to set up a statutory body for environmental protection. Its national headquarters is in [[New Delhi]], with regional headquarters in the cities of [[Bhopal]], [[Pune]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]].

== History and objective ==

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was formed in 2010 under [[National Green Tribunal Act]] as a statutory body to deal with the cases related to environmental issues<ref name="ng2">{{cite news |title=National Green tribunal does not have suo motu powers: Centre to Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ngt-can-act-on-letters-communication-but-not-on-news-reports-centre-tells-sc-101630596253070.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and speedy implementation of decisions relating to them. The tribunal has a mandate to dispose of applications and petitions within six months.

The NGT has given many prominent decisions, such as banning diesel vehicles older than 15 years in Delhi to reduce air pollution.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The tribunal in a separate order cancelled the clearance of coal blocks in the forests of Hasdeo-Arand situated in [[Chhattisgarh]] state.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The Kolkata bench of the National Green Tribunal banned construction activities and solid waste and noise pollution in the [[Sundarbans|Sunderban]], being an eco-sensitive region to protect the wildlife, in November 2016.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Composition ==

National Green Tribunal with Headquarters in Delhi<ref name="ng1">{{cite news |title=NGT to resume physical hearing with hybrid option from March 21 onwards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ngt-to-resume-physical-hearing-with-hybrid-option-from-march-21-onwards-122031800444_1.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=18 March 2022}}</ref> consists of chairperson who should have been retired as Supreme Court judge. The Judicial members of the tribunal should have been retired as Judge of the High Courts. National Green Tribunal bench consists of ten Judicial Members and ten Expert Members.<ref name="ng4">{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=M. |title=Turning a decade-old, NGT faces some tough questions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/turning-a-decade-old-ngt-faces-some-tough-questions/article62194300.ece |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=16 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Any person having a professional qualification with 15 years minimum experience in the subjects of forest conservation and environment and similar areas can qualify for expert member.

[[Jawad Rahim|Justice Dr Jawad Rahim]], a former [[Judge]] of [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]], was appointed as an acting chairman in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-28 |title=Justice Rahim appointed acting chairperson of NGT |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-rahim-appointed-acting-chairperson-of-ngt-5113810/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2018-03-27 |title=Former Karnataka HC Judge Jawad Rahim Appointed As Acting Chairperson Of National Green Tribunal By SC [Read Order] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/former-karnataka-hc-judge-jawad-rahim-appointed-acting-chairperson-national-green-tribunal-sc-read-order/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Justice Prakash Shrivastava is the Current Chairman of National Green Tribunal Chairperson since August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Prakash Shrivastava |url=https://greentribunal.gov.in/honble-mr-justice-prakash-shrivastava |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111075421/https://greentribunal.gov.in/honble-mr-justice-prakash-shrivastava |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=National Green Tribunal}}</ref>

== Powers ==

National Green Tribunal has been bestowed with powers to decide on questions for implementing laws mentioned in Schedule I of the NGT Act and to be heard on all cases which are civil in nature and deals with environmental issues as follows:<ref name="ng6">{{cite news |title=National Green Tribunal (NGT) - Chronicleindia |url=https://www.chronicleindia.in/current-affairs/103-national-green-tribunal-ngt |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=chronicleindia.in |language=english}}</ref>

* The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
* The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
* The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
* The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
* The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
* The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
* The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

National Green Tribunal handles every violation related to above laws or any Government decision or order covered under above laws. However, the tribunal has been prohibited to hear any issues which are covered under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and any other laws made by States which are related to protection of trees, forests, etc.

A National Green tribunal order can be reviewed as per Rule 22 of the National Green Tribunal Rules. An order of the tribunal can also be challenged within ninety days of the same before the Supreme Court, if the review petition before Tribunal fails.<ref name="ng9">{{cite news |title=National Green Tribunal (NGT) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/national-green-tribunal-ngt-1441620645-1 |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=7 September 2015}}</ref>

== Places ==

The principal National Green Tribunal bench is located in Delhi, with other benches sitting in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.<ref name="ng7">{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Laasya |title=National Green Tribunal gets second bench in South |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100916/national-green-tribunal-gets-second-bench-in-south.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Governing principles ==

The National Green Tribunal is governed by the principles of [[natural justice]] rather than strict procedure that is normally applied by the [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure]]. Likewise, the tribunal is not bound by [[Indian Evidence Act]], which makes it easier for conservation groups to present facts and issues before the tribunal compared to other courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Methodology of NGT |url=https://www.greentribunal.gov.in/methodology-ngt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324063928/https://greentribunal.gov.in/methodology-ngt |archive-date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=greentribunal.gov.in}}</ref>

While passing any award/decision/order, NGT applies the [[principles of sustainable development]], the [[precautionary principle]], and the [[polluter pays principle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Tribunal Green Approach |url=https://www.cseindia.org/green-tribunal-green-approach-8500 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605105200/https://www.cseindia.org/green-tribunal-green-approach-8500 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.cseindia.org |language=en}}</ref>

However, the tribunal may impose costs for lost benefits due to any interim injunction, if it discovers a false claim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the National Green Tribunal (NGT) |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/resources/ngt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122095939/https://www.conservationindia.org/resources/ngt |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Conservation India |language=en-US |quote=However, it must be noted that if the NGT holds that a claim is false, it can impose costs including lost benefits due to any interim injunction.}}</ref>

== Challenges ==

The tribunal faces the challenges of understaffing.<ref name="ng8">{{cite news |title=NGT working with just 6 members instead of at least 21, zonal benches vacant for 2 yrs now |url=https://theprint.in/environment/ngt-working-with-6-members-instead-of-at-least-21-zonal-benches-vacant-for-2-yrs-now/314616/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tribunals in India]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.greentribunal.gov.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Indian tribunals]]
[[Category:Environmental courts and tribunals]]

Nuclear reactor

2026-03-12T16:22:42Z

Miquel41G60448: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Device for controlled nuclear reactions}}
{{About|nuclear fission reactors|nuclear fusion reactors|Fusion power}}
{{Redirect|Nuclear pile|nuclear stockpiles|List of states with nuclear weapons}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Time, 3-22 p.m, December 2, 1942. Place, Racquets Court under West Stands of Stagg Field, University of Chicago.... - NARA - 542144.tif
| image2 = Shippingport_Reactor.jpg
| image3 = Tsinghua 04790004 (8389261478).jpg
| image4 = NB-36H_with_B-50,_1955_-_DF-SC-83-09332.jpeg
| image5 = USS Enterprise (CVAN-65), USS Long Beach (CGN-9) and USS Bainbridge (DLGN-25) underway in the Mediterranean Sea during Operation Sea Orbit, in 1964.jpg
| image8 = The_damaged_unit_4_reactor_and_shelter_at_Chernobyl,_as_seen_from_a_rooftop_in_Pripyat_%2802710147%29.jpg
| footer = From top, left to right
# [[Chicago Pile-1]], the first artificial nuclear reactor
# [[Shippingport Atomic Power Station]], the first peacetime reactor
# [[HTR-10]], a prototype to the first Generation IV reactor, [[HTR-PM]]
# The [[Convair NB-36H]], the first aircraft to test an onboard reactor
# [[Operation Sea Orbit]], the first nuclear-powered surface vessel circumnavigation
# The [[Chernobyl sarcophagus]], built to contain the effects of the [[Chernobyl disaster|1986 disaster]]
}}
A '''nuclear reactor''' is a device used to sustain a controlled [[Nuclear fission|fission]] [[nuclear chain reaction]]. They are used for [[Nuclear power|commercial electricity]], [[nuclear marine propulsion|marine propulsion]], [[Weapons-grade plutonium|weapons production]] and [[Research reactor|research]]. [[Fissile material|Fissile nuclei]] (primarily [[uranium-235]] or [[plutonium-239]]) absorb single [[neutron]]s and split, releasing energy and multiple neutrons, which can induce further fission. Reactors stabilize this, regulating [[Neutron absorber|neutron absorbers]] and [[neutron moderator|moderator]]s in the core. Fuel efficiency is exceptionally high; [[low-enriched uranium]] is 120,000 times more energy-dense than coal.<ref name="r199">{{cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Nuclear Fuel Cycle Overview |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/introduction/nuclear-fuel-cycle-overview |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref><ref name="y385">{{cite web |author=Science and Mathematics Education Research Group, University of British Columbia |title=Physics Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Reactors |url=https://scienceres-edcp-educ.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2015/01/sec_phys_nuclear_reactors.pdf |access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref>

Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a [[working fluid]] [[Nuclear reactor#By coolant|coolant]]. In commercial reactors, this drives [[turbine]]s and [[electrical generator]] shafts. Some reactors are used for [[district heating]], and [[isotope]] production for [[Nuclear medicine|medical]] and [[industrial radiography|industrial]] use.

After the [[discovery of fission]] in 1938, many countries launched [[Technology during World War II#Atomic bomb|military nuclear research programs]]. Early [[subcritical]] experiments probed [[neutronics]]. In 1942, the first artificial{{NoteTag|An extinct [[natural nuclear fission reactor]] was discovered in 1972 in Oklo, Gabon.<ref name="DavisGould2014">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=E. D. |last2=Gould |first2=C. R. |last3=Sharapov|first3=E. I. |title=Oklo reactors and implications for nuclear science |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2014 |pages=1430007–236 |issn=0218-3013 |doi=10.1142/S0218301314300070 |arxiv = 1404.4948 |bibcode = 2014IJMPE..2330007D |s2cid=118394767}}</ref>|name=b}} critical nuclear reactor, [[Chicago Pile-1]], was built by the [[Metallurgical Laboratory]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1944, for [[Plutonium bomb|weapons production]], the [[B Reactor|first large-scale reactors]] were operated at the [[Hanford Site]]. The [[pressurized water reactor]] design, used in about 70% of [[List of commercial nuclear reactors|commercial reactors]], was developed for [[US Navy]] [[Nuclear marine propulsion#Military nuclear ships|submarine propulsion]], beginning with [[S1W reactor|S1W]] in 1953.<ref name="c847" /> In 1954, small-scale nuclear electricity production began with the Soviet [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|Obninsk plant]].<ref name="kotchetkov">[http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featureobninsk-number-one Nuclear Engineering International: Obninsk - number one, by Lev Kotchetkov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021944/http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featureobninsk-number-one|date=2 November 2013}}, who was there at the time. Source for most of the information in this article.</ref> The first commercial nuclear power station was [[Calder Hall]] at [[Sellafield]], England, which started operation in 1956.

[[Spent fuel]] can be [[Nuclear reprocessing|reprocessed]], potentially reducing [[nuclear waste]] and recovering [[MOX fuel|reactor-usable fuel]].<ref name="z699">{{cite web |title=Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1587_web.pdf |access-date=2024-08-30 |publisher=IAEA}}</ref> This also poses a [[nuclear proliferation]] risk via production of [[plutonium]] for [[nuclear weapons]].

Reactor accidents have been caused by combinations of design and operator failure. The 1979 [[Three Mile Island accident]], at [[International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale|INES Level 5]], the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] and 2011 [[Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima disaster]], both at Level 7, all had major effects on the nuclear industry and [[anti-nuclear movement]].

{{As of|2025}}, there are 417 commercial reactors, 226 [[research reactors]], and over 200 [[Nuclear marine propulsion|marine propulsion]] reactors in operation globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pris.iaea.org/pris/|title=PRIS – Home|website=pris.iaea.org|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211095840/http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/RR/ReactorSearch.aspx?rf=1|title=RRDB Search|website=nucleus.iaea.org|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918002503/https://nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/RR/ReactorSearch.aspx?rf=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Oldekop|first=W.|title=Electricity and Heat from Thermal Nuclear Reactors|date=1982|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68444-9_5|work=Primary Energy|pages=66–91|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-68444-9_5|isbn=978-3-540-11307-2|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605083309/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-68444-9_5|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="u236">{{cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Nuclear-Powered Ships |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-powered-ships |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref> Commercial reactors provide 9% of the global electricity supply,<ref name="f712">{{cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Nuclear Power in the World Today |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref> compared to 30% from [[renewables]],<ref name="c582">{{cite web |last=Ambrose |first=Jillian |date=2024-05-07 |title=Renewable energy passes 30% of world's electricity supply |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/renewable-energy-passes-30-of-worlds-electricity-supply |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> together comprising [[low-carbon electricity]]. Almost 90% of this comes from [[pressurized water reactors|pressurized]] and [[boiling water reactors]].<ref name="c847">{{cite web |last=IAEA |date=2024-08-29 |title=In Operation & Suspended Operation |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsByType.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=PRIS}}</ref> Other designs include [[Gas-cooled reactor|gas-cooled]], [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast-spectrum]], [[Breeder reactor|breeder]], [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|heavy-water]], [[Molten-salt reactor|molten-salt]], and [[Small modular reactor|small modular]], each of which improves safety, efficiency, cost, [[Nuclear fuel|fuel type]], [[Enriched uranium|enrichment]], or [[burnup]], and the now-obsolete [[RBMK|Light water graphite reactor]].

== Terminology ==
During early 1940s nuclear research, the phrase "atomic pile" was used for any assembly involving uranium and attempts at neutron multiplication, including the majority which were subcritical. After [[Chicago Pile-1]] demonstrated a self-sustaining chain reaction, the "reactor" terminology became more common. The phrases "nuclear pile" and "atomic reactor" were also common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan Project: Piles and Plutonium, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1939-1942/piles_plutonium.htm |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.osti.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan Project: CP-1 Goes Critical, Met Lab, December 2, 1942 |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1942-1944_pu/cp-1_critical.htm |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.osti.gov}}</ref>

[[Critical mass]] experiments, while being far simpler, are sometimes referred to as research reactors, such as the [[Godiva device]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Intriguing Facts About the World's First Nuclear Chain Reaction |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/10-intriguing-facts-about-worlds-first-nuclear-chain-reaction |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=chm_admin |date=2017-12-01 |title=A Quiet Start to the Atomic Age |url=https://www.chicagohistory.org/nuclear75/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Chicago History Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

"Nuclear reactor" is predominantly used to refer to the nuclear fission reactor. It can also refer to a [[nuclear fusion reactor]], of which only net negative power systems have been constructed. [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generators]] and [[radioisotope heater units]], while deriving power from nuclear decay reactions, are not referred to as nuclear reactors as they do not ''induce'' reactions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan Project: Places > Metallurgical Laboratory > CP-1 (CHICAGO PILE #1) |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Places/MetLab/cp1.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.osti.gov}}</ref>

==Operation==
{{Main|Nuclear reactor physics}}

[[File:Nuclear fission.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|An example of an induced nuclear fission event. A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons. Though both reactors and [[nuclear weapons]] rely on nuclear chain reactions, the rate of reactions in a reactor is much slower than in a bomb.]]

Just as conventional [[thermal power station]]s generate electricity by harnessing the [[thermal energy]] released from burning [[fossil fuels]], nuclear reactors convert the energy released by controlled [[nuclear fission]] into thermal energy for further conversion to mechanical or electrical forms.

===Fission===
{{Main|Nuclear fission}}

When a large [[fissile]] [[atomic nucleus]] such as [[uranium-235]], [[uranium-233]], or [[plutonium-239]] absorbs a neutron, it may undergo nuclear fission. The heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, (the [[fission products]]), releasing [[kinetic energy]], [[gamma radiation]], and [[neutron|free neutron]]s. A portion of these neutrons may be absorbed by other fissile atoms and trigger further fission events, which release more neutrons, and so on. This is known as a [[nuclear chain reaction]].

To control such a nuclear chain reaction, [[control rod]]s containing [[neutron poison]]s and [[neutron moderators]] are able to change the portion of neutrons that will go on to cause more fission.<ref name="DOE HAND">
{{cite web|url=http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf|title=DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory|publisher=US Department of Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423194722/http://www.hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1019/h1019v2.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=24 September 2008}}</ref> Nuclear reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to shut the fission reaction down if monitoring or instrumentation detects unsafe conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reactor Protection & Engineered Safety Feature Systems |work=The Nuclear Tourist |url=http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/rp.htm |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822051052/http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/rp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Heat generation===
The reactor core generates heat in a number of ways:
* The [[kinetic energy]] of fission products is converted to [[thermal energy]] when these nuclei collide with nearby atoms.
* The reactor absorbs some of the [[gamma rays]] produced during fission and converts their energy into heat.
* Heat is produced by the [[radioactive decay]] of fission products and materials that have been activated by [[neutron absorption]]. This decay heat source will remain for some time even after the reactor is shut down.

A kilogram of [[uranium-235]] (U-235) converted via nuclear processes releases approximately three million times more energy than a kilogram of coal burned conventionally (7.2&nbsp;×&nbsp;1013 [[joules]] per kilogram of uranium-235 versus 2.4&nbsp;×&nbsp;107 joules per kilogram of coal).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html |title=Bioenergy Conversion Factors |publisher=Bioenergy.ornl.gov |access-date=18 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181836/http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswh0000bern/page/312 |title=Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know |author=Bernstein, Jeremy |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponswh0000bern/page/312 312] |isbn=978-0-521-88408-2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=17 March 2011 }}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=March 2012}}

The fission of one kilogram of [[uranium-235]] releases about 19 billion [[kilocalories]], so the energy released by 1&nbsp;kg of uranium-235 corresponds to that released by burning 2.7 million kg of coal.

===Cooling===
A [[nuclear reactor coolant]] – usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid sodium or lead) or [[molten salt]] – is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it generates. The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam. Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the [[turbines]], like the [[pressurized water reactor]]. However, in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by the [[reactor core]]; for example the [[boiling water reactor]].<ref name="HSWCOOLANT">{{cite web |title=How nuclear power works |date=9 October 2000 |publisher=HowStuffWorks.com |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power3.htm |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022013236/https://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reactivity control===
{{Main|Nuclear reactor physics|Passive nuclear safety|Delayed neutron|Iodine pit|SCRAM|Decay heat}}
The rate of fission reactions within a reactor core can be adjusted by controlling the quantity of neutrons that are able to induce further fission events. Nuclear reactors typically employ several methods of neutron control to adjust the reactor's power output. Some of these methods arise naturally from the physics of radioactive decay and are simply accounted for during the reactor's operation, while others are mechanisms engineered into the reactor design for a distinct purpose.

The fastest method for adjusting levels of fission-inducing neutrons in a reactor is via movement of the [[control rod]]s. Control rods are made of so-called [[neutron poison]]s and therefore absorb neutrons. When a control rod is inserted deeper into the reactor, it absorbs more neutrons than the material it displaces – often the moderator. This action results in fewer neutrons available to cause fission and reduces the reactor's power output. Conversely, extracting the control rod will result in an increase in the rate of fission events and an increase in power.

The physics of radioactive decay also affects neutron populations in a reactor. One such process is [[delayed neutron]] emission by a number of neutron-rich fission isotopes. These delayed neutrons account for about 0.65% of the total neutrons produced in fission, with the remainder (termed "[[prompt neutron]]s") released immediately upon fission. The fission products which produce delayed neutrons have [[half-lives]] for their [[Radioactive decay|decay]] by [[neutron emission]] that range from milliseconds to as long as several minutes, and so considerable time is required to determine exactly when a reactor reaches the [[critical mass (nuclear)|critical]] point. Keeping the reactor in the zone of chain reactivity where delayed neutrons are ''necessary'' to achieve a [[critical mass]] state allows mechanical devices or human operators to control a chain reaction in "real time"; otherwise the time between achievement of criticality and [[nuclear meltdown]] as a result of an exponential power surge from the normal nuclear chain reaction, would be too short to allow for intervention. This last stage, where delayed neutrons are no longer required to maintain criticality, is known as the [[prompt critical]] point. There is a scale for describing criticality in numerical form, in which bare criticality is known as ''zero [[dollar (reactivity)|dollars]]'' and the prompt critical point is ''one dollar'', and other points in the process interpolated in cents.

In some reactors, the [[coolant]] also acts as a [[neutron moderator]]. A moderator increases the power of the reactor by causing the fast neutrons that are released from fission to lose energy and become thermal neutrons. [[Thermal neutron]]s are more likely than [[fast neutron]]s to cause fission. If the coolant is a moderator, then temperature changes can affect the density of the coolant/moderator and therefore change power output. A higher temperature coolant would be less dense, and therefore a less effective moderator.

In other reactors, the coolant acts as a poison by absorbing neutrons in the same way that the control rods do. In these reactors, power output can be increased by heating the coolant, which makes it a less dense poison. Nuclear reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to [[scram]] the reactor in an emergency shut down. These systems insert large amounts of poison (often [[boron]] in the form of [[boric acid]]) into the reactor to shut the fission reaction down if unsafe conditions are detected or anticipated.<ref name="TOURISTRP">{{cite web |title=Reactor Protection & Engineered Safety Feature Systems |work=The Nuclear Tourist |url=http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/rp.htm |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822051052/http://www.nucleartourist.com/systems/rp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most types of reactors are sensitive to a process variously known as xenon poisoning, or the [[iodine pit]]. The common [[fission product]] [[Xenon-135]] produced in the fission process acts as a neutron poison that absorbs neutrons and therefore tends to shut the reactor down. Xenon-135 accumulation can be controlled by keeping power levels high enough to destroy it by neutron absorption as fast as it is produced. Fission also produces [[iodine-135]], which in turn decays (with a half-life of 6.57 hours) to new xenon-135. When the reactor is shut down, iodine-135 continues to decay to xenon-135, making restarting the reactor more difficult for a day or two, as the xenon-135 decays into cesium-135, which is not nearly as poisonous as xenon-135, with a half-life of 9.2 hours. This temporary state is the "iodine pit." If the reactor has sufficient extra reactivity capacity, it can be restarted. As the extra xenon-135 is transmuted to xenon-136, which is much less a neutron poison, within a few hours the reactor experiences a "xenon burnoff (power) transient". Control rods must be further inserted to replace the neutron absorption of the lost xenon-135. Failure to properly follow such a procedure was a key step in the [[Chernobyl disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eepublishers.co.za/images/upload/Meyer%20Chernobyl%205.pdf |title=Chernobyl: what happened and why? by CM Meyer, technical journalist. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211073343/http://www.eepublishers.co.za/images/upload/Meyer%20Chernobyl%205.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2013 }}</ref>

Reactors used in [[nuclear marine propulsion]] (especially [[nuclear submarine]]s) often cannot be run at continuous power around the clock in the same way that land-based power reactors are normally run, and in addition often need to have a very long core life without [[Reactor refueling|refueling]]. For this reason many designs use highly enriched uranium but incorporate burnable neutron poison in the fuel rods.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tsetkov|first1=Pavel|last2=Usman|first2=Shoaib|editor=Krivit, Steven|title=Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-470-89439-2|pages=48; 85}}</ref> This allows the reactor to be constructed with an excess of fissionable material, which is nevertheless made relatively safe early in the reactor's fuel burn cycle by the presence of the neutron-absorbing material which is later replaced by normally produced long-lived neutron poisons (far longer-lived than xenon-135) which gradually accumulate over the fuel load's operating life.

===Electrical power generation===
The energy released in the fission process generates heat, some of which can be converted into usable energy. A common method of harnessing this [[thermal energy]] is to use it to boil water to produce pressurized steam which will then drive a [[steam turbine]] that turns an [[alternator]] and generates electricity.<ref name="TOURISTRP"/>

=== Life-times ===
Modern nuclear power plants are typically designed for a lifetime of 60 years, while older reactors were built with a planned typical lifetime of 30–40 years, though many of those have received renovations and life extensions of 15–20 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRIS – Miscellaneous reports – Operational by Age |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalByAge.aspx |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=IAEA Power Reactor Information System – operational by age}}</ref> Some believe nuclear power plants can operate for as long as 80 years or longer with proper maintenance and management. While most components of a nuclear power plant, such as steam generators, are replaced when they reach the end of their useful lifetime, the overall lifetime of the power plant is limited by the life of components that cannot be replaced when aged by wear and [[neutron embrittlement]], such as the reactor pressure vessel.<ref name="dismantling_sci-am-2009">[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-power-plant-aging-reactor-replacement-/ ''How Long Can a Nuclear Reactor Last?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202073144/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-power-plant-aging-reactor-replacement-/ |date=2 February 2017 }} Paul Voosen, Scientific American, 20 Nov 2009</ref> At the end of their planned life span, plants may get an extension of the operating license for some 20 years and in the US even a "subsequent license renewal" (SLR) for an additional 20 years.<ref>[https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/subsequent-license-renewal.html ''Status of Subsequent License Renewal Applications.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121051705/https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/subsequent-license-renewal.html |date=21 January 2018 }} NRC, 24 Feb 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/whats-lifespan-nuclear-reactor-much-longer-you-might-think ''What's the Lifespan for a Nuclear Reactor? Much Longer Than You Might Think''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609230342/https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/whats-lifespan-nuclear-reactor-much-longer-you-might-think |date=9 June 2020 }}. Office of Nuclear Energy, 16 Apr 2020</ref>

Even when a license is extended, it does not guarantee the reactor will continue to operate, particularly in the face of safety concerns or incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-08-05 |title=Swedish nuclear reactors shut down over safety concerns |url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_reactors_shut_down_over_safety_concerns |newspaper=Wikinews |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516123219/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_reactors_shut_down_over_safety_concerns |url-status=live }}</ref> Many reactors are closed long before their license or design life expired and are [[Nuclear decommissioning|decommissioned]]. The costs for replacements or improvements required for continued safe operation may be so high that they are not cost-effective. Or they may be shut down due to technical failure.<ref name="sapl-2017">[https://saplnh.org/about-nuclear/nuclear-plant-lifespans/ ''The True Lifespan of a Nuclear Power Plant''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219095448/https://saplnh.org/about-nuclear/nuclear-plant-lifespans/ |date=19 February 2023 }}. Seacoast Anti-Pollution League (SAPL), 2017</ref> Other ones have been shut down because the area was contaminated, like Fukushima, Three Mile Island, Sellafield, and Chernobyl.<ref>{{Cite book |last=IAEA |title=Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident}}</ref> The British branch of the French concern [[EDF Energy]], for example, extended the operating lives of its [[Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor]]s (AGR) with only between 3 and 10 years.<ref name="edf-lifetime">[https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nuclear-lifetime-management ''Extending the operating lives of Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093947/https://www.edfenergy.com/energy/nuclear-lifetime-management |date=19 February 2023 }}. EDF Energy</ref> All seven AGR plants were expected to be shut down in 2022 and in decommissioning by 2028.<ref>[https://www.edfenergy.com/about/nuclear/decommissioning ''Nuclear decommissioning''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093959/https://www.edfenergy.com/about/nuclear/decommissioning |date=19 February 2023 }}. EDF (accessed Feb 2023)</ref> [[Hinkley Point B]] was extended from 40 to 46 years, and closed. The same happened with [[Hunterston B]], also after 46 years.

An increasing number of reactors is reaching or crossing their design lifetimes of 30 or 40 years. In 2014, [[Greenpeace]] warned that the lifetime extension of ageing nuclear power plants amounts to entering a new era of risk. It estimated the current European nuclear liability coverage in average to be too low by a factor of between 100 and 1,000 to cover the likely costs, while at the same time, the likelihood of a serious accident happening in Europe continues to increase as the reactor fleet grows older.<ref name="greenpeace-2014">[https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-netherlands-stateless/2018/06/Briefing-Lifetime-extension-of-ageing-nuclear-power-plants.pdf ''Lifetime extension of ageing nuclear power plants: Entering a new era of risk.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315082620/https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-netherlands-stateless/2018/06/Briefing-Lifetime-extension-of-ageing-nuclear-power-plants.pdf |date=15 March 2023 }} Greenpeace, March, 2014 (2.6&nbsp;MB). [https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:46030160 In German]</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Nuclear fission#History|History of nuclear power|Timeline of nuclear power}}
[[File:Stagg Field reactor.jpg|thumb|The [[Chicago Pile-1|Chicago Pile]], the first artificial nuclear reactor, built in secrecy at the University of Chicago in 1942 during World War II as part of the US's [[Manhattan Project]]]]
[[File:Otto Hahn und Lise Meitner.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Lise Meitner]] and [[Otto Hahn]] in their laboratory]]
[[File:ChicagoPileTeam.png|right|thumb|Some of the [[Chicago Pile-1|Chicago Pile Team]], including [[Enrico Fermi]] (leftmost man front row) and [[Leó Szilárd]] (rightmost man middle row)]]

The [[neutron]] was discovered in 1932 by British physicist [[James Chadwick]]. The concept of a nuclear chain reaction brought about by [[nuclear reaction]]s mediated by neutrons was first realized shortly thereafter, by [[Hungary|Hungarian]] scientist [[Leó Szilárd]], in 1933. He filed a patent for his idea of a simple reactor the following year while working at the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] in London, England.<ref>L. Szilárd, [http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB630726 "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621120547/http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC|date=21 June 2008}}. British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936).</ref> However, Szilárd's idea did not incorporate the idea of nuclear fission as a neutron source, since that process was not yet discovered. Szilárd's ideas for nuclear reactors using neutron-mediated nuclear chain reactions in light elements proved unworkable.

Inspiration for a new type of reactor using uranium came from the discovery by [[Otto Hahn]], [[Lise Meitner]], and [[Fritz Strassmann]] in 1938 that bombardment of uranium with neutrons (provided by an alpha-on-beryllium fusion reaction, a "[[neutron howitzer]]") produced a [[barium]] residue, which they reasoned was created by fission of the uranium nuclei. In their second publication on nuclear fission in February 1939, Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening the possibility of a [[nuclear chain reaction]]. Subsequent studies in early 1939 (one of them by Szilárd and Fermi), revealed that several neutrons were indeed released during fission, making available the opportunity for the nuclear chain reaction that Szilárd had envisioned six years previously.

On 2 August 1939, [[Albert Einstein]] signed a letter to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (written by Szilárd) suggesting that the discovery of uranium's fission could lead to the development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type", giving impetus to the study of reactors and fission. Szilárd and Einstein knew each other well and had worked together years previously, but Einstein had never thought about this possibility for nuclear energy until Szilard reported it to him, at the beginning of his quest to produce the [[Einstein-Szilárd letter]] to alert the U.S. government.

Shortly after, [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Poland in 1939, starting [[World War II]] in Europe. The U.S. was not yet officially at war, but in October, when the Einstein-Szilárd letter was delivered to him, Roosevelt commented that the purpose of doing the research was to make sure "the Nazis don't blow us up." The U.S. nuclear project followed, although with some delay as there remained skepticism (some of it from [[Enrico Fermi]]) and also little action from the small number of officials in the government who were initially charged with moving the project forward.

The following year, the U.S. Government received the [[Frisch–Peierls memorandum]] from the UK, which stated that the amount of [[uranium]] needed for a [[chain reaction]] was far lower than had previously been thought. The memorandum was a product of the [[MAUD Committee]], which was working on the UK atomic bomb project, known as [[Tube Alloys]], later [[British contribution to the Manhattan Project|to be subsumed]] within the [[Manhattan Project]].

Eventually, the first artificial nuclear reactor, [[Chicago Pile-1]], was constructed at the [[University of Chicago]], by a team led by [[Italians|Italian]] physicist Enrico Fermi, in late 1942. By this time, the program had been pressured for a year by U.S. entry into the war. The Chicago Pile achieved [[critical mass|criticality]] on 2 December 1942<ref name=":0">The First Reactor, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information</ref> at 3:25&nbsp;PM. The reactor support structure was made of wood, which supported a pile (hence the name) of graphite blocks, embedded in which was natural uranium oxide 'pseudospheres' or 'briquettes'.

Soon after the Chicago Pile, the [[Metallurgical Laboratory]] developed a number of nuclear reactors for the [[Manhattan Project]] starting in 1943. The primary purpose for the largest reactors (located at the [[Hanford Site]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]), was the mass production of [[plutonium]] for nuclear weapons. Fermi and Szilard applied for a patent on reactors on 19 December 1944. Its issuance was delayed for 10&nbsp;years because of wartime secrecy.<ref>Enrico, Fermi and Leo, Szilard {{US Patent|2708656}} "Neutronic Reactor" issued 17 May 1955</ref>

"World's first nuclear power plant" is the claim made by signs at the site of the [[EBR-I]], which is now a museum near [[Arco, Idaho]]. Originally called "Chicago Pile-4", it was carried out under the direction of [[Walter Zinn]] for [[Argonne National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/news960320.shtml|title=Chicago Pile reactors create enduring research legacy – Argonne's Historical News Releases|work=anl.gov|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613201103/http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/news960320.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This experimental [[LMFBR]] operated by the [[U.S. Atomic Energy Commission]] produced 0.8&nbsp;kW in a test on 20 December 1951<ref>[https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_200_816_259_0_43/http%3B/inlpublisher%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/communities/inl_gov/about_inl/home_page_fact_sheets/sheets/experimental_breeder_reactor___i_4.pdf Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet], Idaho National Laboratory {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029200744/https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_200_816_259_0_43/http%3B/inlpublisher%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/communities/inl_gov/about_inl/home_page_fact_sheets/sheets/experimental_breeder_reactor___i_4.pdf |date=29 October 2008 }}</ref> and 100&nbsp;kW (electrical) the following day,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf | title=Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity | publisher=American Nuclear Society Nuclear news | date=November 2001 | access-date=18 June 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625035749/http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf | archive-date=25 June 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> having a design output of 200&nbsp;kW (electrical).

Besides the military uses of nuclear reactors, there were political reasons to pursue civilian use of atomic energy. U.S. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] made his famous [[Atoms for Peace]] speech to the [[UN General Assembly]] on 8 December 1953. This diplomacy led to the dissemination of reactor technology to U.S. institutions and worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/the-nuclear-option/|title=The Nuclear Option — NOVA|website=www.pbs.org|date=11 January 2017|access-date=2017-01-12|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903030256/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/the-nuclear-option.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first nuclear power plant built for civil purposes was the AM-1 [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant]], launched on 27 June 1954 in the [[Soviet Union]]. It produced around 5&nbsp;MW (electrical). It was built after the [[F-1 (nuclear reactor)]] which was the first reactor to go critical in Europe, and was also built by the Soviet Union.

After World War II, the U.S. military sought other uses for nuclear reactor technology. Research by the Army led to the power stations for Camp Century, Greenland and McMurdo Station, Antarctica [[Army Nuclear Power Program]]. The Air Force Nuclear Bomber project resulted in the [[Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment]]. The U.S. Navy succeeded when they steamed the [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']] (SSN-571) on nuclear power 17 January 1955.

The first commercial nuclear power station, [[Calder Hall]] in [[Sellafield]], England was opened in 1956 with an initial capacity of 50 MW (later 200 MW).<ref name=Kragh>{{cite book |last=Kragh|first=Helge |title=Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/quantumgeneratio0000krag|url-access=registration|publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton NJ |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/quantumgeneratio0000krag/page/286 286] |isbn=0-691-09552-3}}</ref><ref name="bbc17oct">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3147000/3147145.stm |title=On This Day: 17&nbsp;October |access-date=9 November 2006 |work=BBC News |date=17 October 1956 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027163058/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3147000/3147145.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first portable nuclear reactor "Alco PM-2A" was used to generate electrical power (2 MW) for [[Camp Century]] from 1960 to 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id9.html | title=Science Leads the Way | publisher=Camp Century, Greenland | first=Frank J. | last=Leskovitz | access-date=9 September 2008 | archive-date=29 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829201023/http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id9.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Table by date ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Reactors constructed before 1950
!Name
!Alternate names
!Country
!Location
!Moderator
!Criticality date
|-
|[[Chicago Pile-1]]
|CP-1
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[University of Chicago]], Illinois
|Graphite
|2 December 1942<ref name="r9742">{{cite book |last=Reed |first=Bruce Cameron |title=Manhattan Project |date=2020 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-45733-4 |publication-place=Cham |pages=149–169 |chapter=Piles and Secret Cities |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45734-1_5}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chicago Pile-2]]
|CP-2
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Site A]], Illinois
|Graphite
|20 March 1943<ref name="r908">{{cite journal |last=Reed |first=B. Cameron |date=2021 |title=An inter-country comparison of nuclear pile development during World War II |journal=The European Physical Journal H |volume=46 |issue=1 |article-number=15 |arxiv=2001.09971 |bibcode=2021EPJH...46...15R |doi=10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00020-x |issn=2102-6459 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|[[X-10 Graphite Reactor|Oak Ridge Graphite Reactor]]
|X-10, Clinton Pile
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Clinton Laboratories]], Tennessee
|Graphite
|4 November 1943<ref name="r908"/>
|-
|[[305 Test Pile]]<ref name="b3802">{{cite report |title=Nuclear reactors built, being built, or planned 1993 |date=1993-08-01 |publisher=Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) |doi=10.2172/10141005 |page= |doi-access=free|osti=10141005 }}</ref>
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Hanford Site]], Washington
|Graphite
|March 1944<ref name="r908"/>{{When|date=January 2025|reason=The whole pile is very obscure I'm not sure if anyone can find this information but would be nice}}
|-
|[[Chicago Pile-3]]
|CP-3
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Site A]], Illinois
|Heavy water
|15 May 1944<ref name="t0242">{{cite web |title=Manhattan Project: Places > Metallurgical Laboratory > CP-2 and CP-3 |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Places/MetLab/cp2-3.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=OSTI.GOV}}</ref>
|-
|[[LOPO|Los Alamos LOPO Reactor]]<ref name="b380">{{cite report |title=Nuclear reactors built, being built, or planned 1993 |date=1993-08-01 |publisher=Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) |doi=10.2172/10141005 |page= |doi-access=free|osti=10141005 }}</ref>
|LOPO
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Los Alamos Laboratory]], New Mexico
|Light water
|9 May 1944<ref name="o365">{{cite web |date=1920-06-03 |title=Timeline |url=https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/nuc-history/timeline/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Nuclear Museum}}</ref>
|-
|[[B Reactor]]
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Hanford Site]], Washington
|Graphite
|26 September 1944<ref name="r9082">{{cite journal |last=Reed |first=B. Cameron |date=2021 |title=An inter-country comparison of nuclear pile development during World War II |journal=The European Physical Journal H |volume=46 |issue=1 |article-number=15 |arxiv=2001.09971 |bibcode=2021EPJH...46...15R |doi=10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00020-x |issn=2102-6459 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project Y#Water boiler|Los Alamos Water Boiler]]
|HYPO
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Los Alamos Laboratory]], New Mexico
|Light water
|December 1944<ref name="o363">{{cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1133322 |title=Discussion Regarding Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor (AHR) Benchmarks |last1=Klein |first1=Steven |last2=Kimpland |first2=Robert |date=2014-05-28 |doi=10.2172/1133322 |page= |access-date=2024-12-30 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{When|date=January 2025|reason=Not sure if available information but would be nice to narrow the day}}
|-
|D Reactor
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Hanford Site]], Washington
|Graphite
|December 1944<ref name="c166">{{cite web |date=1994-09-30 |title=Plutonium: The First 50 Years |url=https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/pu50yc.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=FAS Project on Government Secrecy (1991-2021)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dragon (pulsed nuclear reactor)|Dragon]]
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Los Alamos Laboratory]], New Mexico
|None (fast)
|20 January 1945<ref name="e6442">{{cite journal |last1=Kimpland |first1=Robert |last2=Grove |first2=Travis |last3=Jaegers |first3=Peter |last4=Malenfant |first4=Richard |last5=Myers |first5=William |date=2021-12-03 |title=Critical Assemblies: Dragon Burst Assembly and Solution Assemblies |journal=Nuclear Technology |volume=207 |issue=sup1 |pages=S81–S99 |arxiv=2103.05780 |bibcode=2021NucTe.207S..81K |doi=10.1080/00295450.2021.1927626 |issn=0029-5450 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|F Reactor
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Hanford Site]], Washington
|Graphite
|February 1945<ref name="c166" />
|-
| colspan="5" |''[[Trinity test|Trinity]], first US nuclear test''
|''16 July 1945''
|-
|[[Zero Energy Experimental Pile]]
|ZEEP
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[Chalk River Laboratories]], Ontario
|Heavy water
|5 September 1945<ref name="zeep-cstm2">{{cite web |title=ZEEP -- Canada's First Nuclear Reactor |url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306233719/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archivedate=6 March 2014 |publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museum}}</ref>
|-
|[[Clementine (nuclear reactor)|Los Alamos Fast Reactor]]
|Clementine
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Los Alamos Laboratory]], New Mexico
|None (fast)
|19 November 1946<ref name="j8012">{{cite journal |last1=Patenaude |first1=Hannah K. |last2=Freibert |first2=Franz J. |date=2023-03-09 |title=Oh, My Darling Clementine: A Detailed History and Data Repository of the Los Alamos Plutonium Fast Reactor |journal=Nuclear Technology |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=209 |issue=7 |pages=963–1007 |bibcode=2023NucTe.209..963P |doi=10.1080/00295450.2023.2176686 |issn=0029-5450 |doi-access=free|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/context/college_of_sciences_graduate_student_research/article/1000/viewcontent/Oh_My_Darling_Clementine_A_Detailed_History_and_Data_Repository_of_the_Los_Alamos_Plutonium_Fast_Reactor_2___Hannah_Patenaude.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|[[F-1 (nuclear reactor)|F-1]]
|
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|[[Laboratory No. 2]], Moscow
|Graphite
|25 December 1946
|-
|[[NRX|National Research Experimental]]
|NRX
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[Chalk River Laboratories]], Ontario
|Heavy water
|22 July 1947<ref name="y105">{{cite book |last=Hurst |first=D.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uz0AwAAQBAJ |title=Canada Enters the Nuclear Age: A Technical History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited as Seen from Its Research Laboratories |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7735-6653-8 |page=45 |access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|[[Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile]]
|GLEEP
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], Oxfordshire
|Graphite
|15 August 1947<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=C |title=An Atomic Empire: A Technical History of the Rise and Fall of the British Atomic Energy Programme |date=2013 |publisher=Imperial College Press |isbn=978-1-908977-41-0}}</ref>
|-
|[[A-1 (nuclear reactor)|Reactor A]]
|
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|[[Mayak Production Association]], Chelyabinsk Oblast
|Graphite
|10 June 1948<ref name="s400">{{cite journal |last=Diakov |first=Anatoli |date=2011-04-25 |title=The History of Plutonium Production in Russia |journal=Science & Global Security |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |bibcode=2011S&GS...19...28D |doi=10.1080/08929882.2011.566459 |issn=0892-9882}}</ref>
|-
|[[BEPO (nuclear reactor)|British Experimental Pile Operation]]
|BEPO
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], Oxfordshire
|Graphite
|3 July 1948<ref name="l121">{{cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Magnox BEPO reactor 75th Anniversary |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/magnox-bepo-reactor-75th-anniversary |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zoé (reactor)|Eau Lourde-1]] (Heavy Water-1)
|EL-1, Zoé
|{{Flag|France|1949}}
|[[Fort de Châtillon]], Paris
|Heavy water
|15 December 1948<ref name="ic12">{{cite web |title=Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie |url=http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/irene-frederic-joliot-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603032613/http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/irene-frederic-joliot-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm |archive-date=2010-06-03 |access-date=26 April 2010 |publisher=Institut Curie}}</ref>
|-
|[[Physical Boiler on Fast Neutrons]]
|FKBN
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|[[All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics|Design Bureau No. 11]], Sarov
|None (fast)
|1 February 1949<ref name="k264">{{cite web |title=ФКБН / Сводный указатель объектов / Атомный проект СССР // Электронная библиотека /// История Росатома |url=https://elib.biblioatom.ru/soviet-atomic-program/objects/fizicheskiy_kotel_na_byistryih_neytronah@13272/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Электронная библиотека /// История Росатома |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[TVR (nuclear reactor)|TVR]]
|TVR
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|[[Laboratory No. 3]], Moscow
|Heavy water
|April 1949<ref name="b940">{{cite journal |last1=Loffe |first1=B. L. |last2=Shvedov |first2=O. V. |date=1999 |title=Heavy water reactors and nuclear power plants in the USSR and Russia: Past, present, and future |journal=Atomic Energy |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.1007/BF02673145 |issn=1063-4258}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |''[[RDS-1]], first Soviet nuclear test''
|''29 August 1949''
|-
|H Reactor
|
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Hanford Site]], Washington
|Graphite
|October 1949<ref name="c166" />
|}

=== Table by country ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+First nations to operate a nuclear reactor
!Country
!First reactor
!Criticality date
!First grid-connected reactor
!Connection date
|-
|{{Flag|United States|1942}}
|[[Chicago Pile-1|CP-1]]
|{{Date table sorting|2 December 1942}}<ref name="r974">{{cite book |last=Reed |first=Bruce Cameron |title=Manhattan Project |date=2020 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-45733-4 |publication-place=Cham |pages=149–169 |chapter=Piles and Secret Cities |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45734-1_5}}</ref>
|[[Shippingport Atomic Power Station]]
|{{Date table sorting|18 December 1957}}<ref name="s016">{{cite web |date=1955-05-01 |title=Shippingport |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/SHIPPINGPORT |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[ZEEP]]
|{{Date table sorting|5 September 1945}}<ref name="zeep-cstm">{{cite web |title=ZEEP -- Canada's First Nuclear Reactor |url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306233719/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/whatson/zeep.cfm |archivedate=6 March 2014 |publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museum}}</ref>
|[[Nuclear Power Demonstration]]
|{{Date table sorting|4 June 1962}}<ref name="i361">{{cite web |date=1958-01-01 |title=Rolphton NPD |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Rolphton-NPD |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|[[F-1 (nuclear reactor)|F-1]]
|{{Date table sorting|25 December 1946}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Vakhroucheva |first=Elizaveta |title=Division of System Analysis Elektronika Information and Computer Complex Engineering and Production Division |url=http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/reactor/research/with/kurchato.htm#f1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115212712/http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/reactor/research/with/kurchato.htm#f1 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |accessdate=25 December 2010 |work=[[Kurchatov Institute]] |publisher=NTI}}</ref>
|[[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant]]
|{{Date table sorting|27 June 1954}}<ref name="n584">{{cite web |date=1951-01-01 |title=APS 1 Obninsk |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/APS-1-Obninsk |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[GLEEP]]
|{{Date table sorting|15 August 1947}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=C |title=An Atomic Empire: A Technical History of the Rise and Fall of the British Atomic Energy Programme |date=2013 |publisher=Imperial College Press |isbn=978-1-908977-41-0}}</ref>
|[[Calder Hall nuclear power station]]
|{{Date table sorting|27 August 1956}}<ref name="x809">{{cite web |date=1953-08-01 |title=Calder Hall 1 |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Calder-Hall-1 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|France|1949}}
|[[Zoé (reactor)|EL-1 (Zoé)]]
|{{Date table sorting|15 December 1948}}<ref name="ic1">{{cite web |title=Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie |url=http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/irene-frederic-joliot-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603032613/http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/irene-frederic-joliot-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm |archive-date=2010-06-03 |access-date=26 April 2010 |publisher=Institut Curie}}</ref>
|[[Marcoule Nuclear Site]]
|{{Date table sorting|22 April 1959}}<ref name="j266">{{cite web |date=1955-03-01 |title=G 2 (Marcoule) |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/G-2-(Marcoule) |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}{{NoteTag|JEEP was constructed jointly by the Norwegian [[NTNF]] and the Dutch {{ill|Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter|lt=FOM|nl|FOM}}}}
|[[JEEP (nuclear reactor)|JEEP]]
|{{Date table sorting|30 July 1951}}<ref name="r938">{{cite journal |last=Splunter |first=J.M. van. |date=1994 |title=Love at first sight. Co-operation between the Netherlands and Norway on the peaceful use of atomic energy, 1950-1960 |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:26038487 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=INIS}}</ref>
|None constructed
|n/a
|-
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|[[R1 (nuclear reactor)|R1]]
|{{Date table sorting|13 July 1954}}<ref name="c539">{{cite web |last=Blomstrand |first=Edward |date=2005-02-01 |title=Swedish nuclear power. A review of the legislation in the nuclear energy field from the second world war til the new millennium; Svensk kaernenergi. En expose oever lagstiftningen paa kaernenergiomraadet fraan andra vaerldskriget till millennieskiftet |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/20637474 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=OSTI.GOV}}</ref>
|[[Ågesta Nuclear Plant]]
|{{Date table sorting|1 May 1964}}<ref name="g768">{{cite web |date=1957-12-01 |title=Agesta |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Agesta |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Belgium|1956}}
|{{Interlanguage link|BR1 (nuclear reactor)|lt=BR1|nl|BR1|fr|SCK_CEN#BR-1}}
|{{Date table sorting|11 May 1956}}<ref name="a063">{{cite web |last=Domain |first=Research |date=2016-04-25 |title=Belgian Reactor 1 / Research facilities / Science Platform |url=http://science.sckcen.be/en/Facilities/BR1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625034245/http://science.sckcen.be/en/Facilities/BR1 |archive-date=2016-06-25 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=science.sckcen.be}}</ref>
|{{Interlanguage link|BR3 (nuclear reactor)|lt=BR3|nl|BR3|fr|SCK_CEN#BR-3}}
|{{Date table sorting|10 October 1962}}<ref name="t184">{{cite web |date=1957-11-01 |title=BR-3 |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/BR-3 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Apsara (nuclear reactor)|Apsara]]
|{{Date table sorting|4 August 1956}}'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Apsara Research Reactor |url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/818/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419042039/http://www.nti.org/facilities/818/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>'''
|[[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]]
|{{Date table sorting|1 April 1969}}<ref name="c800">{{cite web |date=1964-10-01 |title=Tarapur 1 |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Tarapur-1 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|{{Interlanguage link|JRR-1|ja|JRR-1}}
|27 August 1957
|[[Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant]]
|25 July 1966
|-
|{{Flag|West Germany}}
|{{Interlanguage link|FRM-I|de|Forschungsreaktor_München}}
|{{Date table sorting|31 October 1957}}<ref name="t885">{{cite book |last=Trischler |first=Helmuth |title=Politik und Kultur im föderativen Staat 1949 bis 1973 |date=2004-12-31 |publisher=OLDENBOURG WISSENSCHAFTSVERLAG |isbn=978-3-486-56596-6 |page=156 |chapter=Nationales Innovationssystem und regionale Innovationspolitik |doi=10.1524/9783486708646.117}}</ref>
|[[Kahl Nuclear Power Plant]]
|{{Date table sorting|17 June 1961}}<ref name="u093">{{cite web |date=1958-07-01 |title=VAK Kahl |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/VAK-Kahl |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|East Germany}}
|{{Interlanguage link|RFR (nuclear reactor)|de|Rossendorfer_Forschungsreaktor|lt=RFR}}
|16 December 1957<ref name="s1462">{{cite web |date=1955-04-18 |title=Die Geschichte des HZDR im Überblick |url=https://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pOid=26670&pNid=1826 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, HZDR}}</ref>
|[[Rheinsberg Nuclear Power Plant]]
|6 May 1966<ref name="e389">{{cite web |date=1960-01-01 |title=Rheinsberg |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/RHEINSBERG |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|[[HWRR]]
|{{Date table sorting|27 September 1958}}<ref name="e655">{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=Lewis A. |date=1966 |title=Nuclear Weapons Development in China |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |bibcode=1966BuAtS..22a..12F |doi=10.1080/00963402.1966.11454882 |issn=0096-3402}}</ref>
|[[Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant]]
|{{Date table sorting|15 December 1991}}<ref name="y728">{{cite web |date=1985-03-20 |title=Qinshan 1 |url=https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-reactor-database/details/Qinshan-1 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=World Nuclear Association}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|{{Interlanguage link|ISPRA-1|it|ISPRA-1}}
|{{Date table sorting|20 November 1959}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Scorie a riposo. ISPRA-1, il primo reattore nucleare italiano {{!}} Il Bo Live UniPD |url=https://ilbolive.unipd.it/it/news/societa/scorie-riposo-ispra1-primo-reattore-nucleare |website=ilbolive.unipd.it |access-date=25 April 2025 |language=it |date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
|[[Latina Nuclear Power Plant]]
|{{Date table sorting|May 1963}}
|}
[[File:HPR1000, reactor coolant system.png|thumb|Primary coolant system showing [[reactor pressure vessel]] (red), [[Steam generator (nuclear power)|steam generators]] (purple), [[pressurizer]] (blue), and pumps (green) in the three coolant loop [[Hualong One]] [[pressurized water reactor]] design]]

==Reactor types==
{{image frame
|width=210
|caption=Number of reactors by type (end 2014)<ref name="IAEA_reactors_stats">{{cite web|title=Nuclear Power Reactors in the World – 2015 Edition|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/rds2-35web-85937611.pdf|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116191727/https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/rds2-35web-85937611.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|content=<div style="text-align:left">
{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart
| radius = 100
| slices =
( 277 : PWR : : [[Pressurized water reactor|Pressurized-Water Reactor]] )
( 80 : BWR : : [[Boiling Water Reactor]] )
( 15 : GCR : : [[Gas-cooled reactor|Gas-Cooled Reactor]] )
( 49 : PHWR : : [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor]] )
( 15 : LWGR : : [[LWGR]] )
( 2 : FBR : : [[Fast-Breeder Reactor]] )
| units suffix =
| percent = true
}}</div>
}}
{{image frame
|width=210
|caption=Net power capacity (GWe) by type (end 2014)<ref name="IAEA_reactors_stats" />
|content=<div style="text-align:left">
{{#invoke:Chart|pie chart
| radius = 100
| slices =
( 257.2: PWR : : [[Pressurized water reactor|Pressurized-Water Reactor]] )
( 75.5 : BWR : : [[Boiling Water Reactor]] )
( 8.2 : GCR : : [[Gas-cooled reactor|Gas-Cooled Reactor]] )
( 24.6 : PHWR : : [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor]] )
( 10.2 : LWGR : : [[LWGR]] )
( 0.6 : FBR : : [[Fast-Breeder Reactor]] )
| units suffix =
| percent = true
}}</div>
}}

[[File:Pulstar2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[North Carolina State University|NC State]]'s PULSTAR Reactor is a 1&nbsp;MW pool-type [[research reactor]] with 4% enriched, pin-type fuel consisting of UO2 pellets in [[zircaloy]] cladding]]

===Classifications===

====By type of nuclear reaction====
All commercial power reactors are based on [[nuclear fission]]. They generally use [[uranium]] and its product [[plutonium]] as [[nuclear fuel]], though a [[thorium fuel cycle]] is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission [[chain reaction]]:
* [[Thermal-neutron reactor]]s use slowed or [[thermal neutron]]s to keep up the fission of their fuel. Almost all current reactors are of this type. These contain [[neutron moderator]] materials that slow neutrons until their [[neutron temperature]] is ''thermalized'', that is, until their [[kinetic energy]] approaches the average kinetic energy of the surrounding particles. Thermal neutrons have a far higher [[Nuclear cross section|cross section]] (probability) of fissioning the [[fissile]] nuclei [[uranium-235]], [[plutonium-239]], and [[plutonium-241]], and a relatively lower probability of [[neutron capture]] by [[uranium-238]] (U-238) compared to the faster neutrons that originally result from fission, allowing use of [[low-enriched uranium]] or even [[natural uranium]] fuel. The moderator is often also the [[coolant]], usually water under high pressure to increase the [[boiling point]]. These are surrounded by a [[reactor vessel]], instrumentation to monitor and control the reactor, [[radiation shielding]], and a [[containment building]].
* [[Fast-neutron reactor]]s use [[fast neutron]]s to cause fission in their fuel. They do not have a [[neutron moderator]], and use less-moderating coolants. Maintaining a chain reaction requires the fuel to be more highly [[isotope separation|enriched]] in [[fissile]] material (about 20% or more) due to the relatively lower probability of fission versus capture by U-238. Fast reactors have the potential to produce less [[transuranic]] waste because all [[actinides]] are fissionable with fast neutrons,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00750983| title = Fast-reactor actinoid transmutation| journal = Atomic Energy| volume = 74| page = 83| year = 1993| last1 = Golubev | first1 = V. I.| last2 = Dolgov | first2 = V. V.| last3 = Dulin | first3 = V. A.| last4 = Zvonarev | first4 = A. V.| last5 = Smetanin | first5 = É. Y. | last6 = Kochetkov | first6 = L. A.| last7 = Korobeinikov | first7 = V. V.| last8 = Liforov | first8 = V. G.| last9 = Manturov | first9 = G. N.| last10 = Matveenko | first10 = I. P.| last11 = Tsibulya | first11 = A. M.| s2cid = 95704617}}</ref> but they are more difficult to build and more expensive to operate. Overall, fast reactors are less common than thermal reactors in most applications. Some early power stations were fast reactors, as are some Russian naval propulsion units. Construction of prototypes is continuing (see [[fast breeder]] or [[Generation IV reactor#Fast reactors|generation IV reactors]]).

In principle, [[fusion power]] could be produced by [[nuclear fusion]] of elements such as the [[deuterium]] isotope of [[hydrogen]]. While an ongoing rich research topic since at least the 1940s, no self-sustaining fusion reactor for any purpose has ever been built.

====By moderator material====
Used by thermal reactors:
* [[Graphite-moderated reactor]]s
** Mostly early reactors such as the Chicago pile, Obninsk am 1, Windscale piles, RBMK, Magnox, and others such as AGR use graphite as a moderator.
* Water moderated reactors
**[[Heavy-water reactor]]s (Used in Canada,<ref name="hyperphysics">{{cite web|last1=Nave|first1=R|title=Light Water Nuclear Reactors|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/NucEne/ligwat.html|website=Hyperphysics|publisher=Georgia State University|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203053318/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/NucEne/ligwat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> India, Argentina, China, Pakistan, Romania and South Korea).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joyce|first=Malcolm|date=2018|title=Nuclear Engineering|publisher=Elsevier|chapter=10.6|doi=10.1016/c2015-0-05557-5|isbn=9780081009628}}</ref>
** [[Light-water reactor|Light-water-moderated reactors]] (LWRs). Light-water reactors (the most common type of thermal reactor) use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors.<ref name="hyperphysics"/> Because the light hydrogen isotope is a slight neutron poison, these reactors need artificially enriched fuels. When at [[operating temperature]], if the temperature of the water increases, its density drops, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That [[negative feedback]] stabilizes the reaction rate. Graphite and heavy-water reactors tend to be more thoroughly thermalized than light water reactors. Due to the extra thermalization, and the absence of the light hydrogen poisoning effects these types can use [[natural uranium]]/unenriched fuel.
* Light-element-moderated reactors.
** [[Molten-salt reactor]]s (MSRs) are moderated by light elements such as lithium or beryllium, which are constituents of the coolant/fuel matrix salts [[Lithium fluoride|"LiF"]] and [[Beryllium fluoride|"BeF2]]", [[Lithium chloride|"LiCl"]] and [[Beryllium chloride|"BeCl2]]" and other light element containing salts can all cause a moderating effect.
** [[Liquid-metal-cooled reactor]]s, such as those whose coolant is a mixture of lead and bismuth, may use BeO as a moderator.
* [[Organic nuclear reactor|Organically moderated reactors]] (OMR) use [[biphenyl]] and [[terphenyl]] as moderator and coolant.

====By coolant====
[[File:RIAN archive 450312 Treatment of interior part of reactor frame.jpg|thumb|Treatment of the interior part of a [[VVER|VVER-1000]] reactor frame at [[Atommash]] ]]
[[File:Thermal reactor diagram.png|thumb|In thermal nuclear reactors (LWRs in specific), the coolant acts as a moderator that must slow the neutrons before they can be efficiently absorbed by the fuel.]]
* Water-cooled reactor. These constitute the great majority of operational nuclear reactors: as of 2014, 93% of the world's nuclear reactors are water cooled, providing about 95% of the world's total nuclear generation capacity.<ref name="IAEA_reactors_stats" />
** [[Pressurized-water reactor]] (PWR) Pressurized-water reactors constitute the large majority of all Western nuclear power plants.
*** A primary characteristic of PWRs is a pressurizer, a specialized [[pressure vessel]]. Most commercial PWRs and naval reactors use pressurizers. During normal operation, a pressurizer is partially filled with water, and a steam bubble is maintained above it by heating the water with submerged heaters. During normal operation, the pressurizer is connected to the primary reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the pressurizer "bubble" provides an expansion space for changes in water volume in the reactor. This arrangement also provides a means of pressure control for the reactor by increasing or decreasing the steam pressure in the pressurizer using the pressurizer heaters.
*** [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor]]s are a subset of pressurized water reactors, sharing the use of a pressurized, isolated heat transport loop, but using [[heavy water]] as coolant and moderator for the greater neutron economies it offers.
** [[Boiling-water reactor]] (BWR)
*** BWRs are characterized by boiling water around the fuel rods in the lower portion of a primary reactor pressure vessel. A boiling water reactor uses 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide, as its fuel. The fuel is assembled into rods housed in a steel vessel that is submerged in water. The nuclear fission causes the water to boil, generating steam. This steam flows through pipes into turbines. The turbines are driven by the steam, and this process generates electricity.<ref name="nuclear_energy">{{cite web |last1=Lipper |first1=Ilan |first2=Jon |last2=Stone |url=http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/nuclear.htm |title=Nuclear Energy and Society |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401172451/http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/nuclear.htm |archive-date=1 April 2009 }}</ref> During normal operation, pressure is controlled by the amount of steam flowing from the reactor pressure vessel to the turbine.
** [[Supercritical water reactor]] (SCWR)
*** SCWRs are a [[Generation IV reactor]] concept where the reactor is operated at supercritical pressures and water is heated to a supercritical fluid, which never undergoes a transition to steam yet behaves like saturated steam, to power a [[Steam generator (boiler)|steam generator]].
** [[Reduced moderation water reactor]] [RMWR] which use more highly enriched fuel with the fuel elements set closer together to allow a faster neutron spectrum sometimes called an [[Epithermal neutron]] Spectrum.
** Pool-type reactor can refer to unpressurized water cooled [[open pool reactor]]s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pool Reactors 1: An Introduction – ANS / Nuclear Newswire |url=https://www.ans.org/news/article-2066/pool-reactors-1-an-introduction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106161715/https://www.ans.org/news/article-2066/pool-reactors-1-an-introduction/ |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> but not to be confused with [[pool type LMFBR]]s, which are sodium cooled.
** Some reactors have been cooled by [[heavy water]] which also served as a moderator. Examples include:
*** Early [[CANDU]] reactors (later ones use heavy-water moderator but light-water coolant)
*** [[DIDO (nuclear reactor)|DIDO]] class research reactors
* [[Liquid-metal-cooled reactor]]. Since water is a moderator, it cannot be used as a coolant in a fast reactor. Liquid-metal coolants have included [[sodium]], [[sodium–potassium alloy]] (NaK), lead, [[lead-bismuth eutectic]], and in early reactors, [[mercury (element)|mercury]].
** [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor]]
** [[Lead-cooled fast reactor]]
* [[Gas-cooled reactor]]s are cooled by a circulating gas. In commercial nuclear power plants carbon dioxide has usually been used, for example in current British AGR nuclear power plants and formerly in a number of first generation British, French, Italian, and Japanese plants. [[Nitrogen]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Emergency and Back-Up Cooling of Nuclear Fuel and Reactors and Fire-Extinguishing, Explosion Prevention Using Liquid Nitrogen. |journal=USPTO Patent Applications |date=2018-05-24 |volume=Document number 20180144836 }}</ref> and helium have also been used, helium being considered particularly suitable for high temperature designs. Use of the heat varies, depending on the reactor. Commercial nuclear power plants run the gas through a [[heat exchanger]] to make steam for a steam turbine. Some experimental designs run hot enough that the gas can directly power a gas turbine.
* [[Molten-salt reactor]]s (MSRs) are cooled by circulating a molten salt, typically a eutectic mixture of fluoride salts, such as [[FLiBe]]. In a typical MSR, the coolant is also used as a matrix in which the fissile material is dissolved. Other eutectic salt combinations used include [[Zirconium tetrafluoride|"ZrF4"]] with [[Sodium Fluoride|"NaF"]] and [[Lithium chloride|"LiCl"]] with [[Beryllium chloride|"BeCl2"]].
* [[Organic nuclear reactor]]s use organic fluids such as biphenyl and terphenyl as coolant rather than water.

====By generation====
* Generation I reactor (early prototypes such as [[Shippingport Atomic Power Station]], research reactors, non-commercial power producing reactors)
* [[Generation II reactor]] (most current [[nuclear power plant]]s, 1965–1996)
* [[Generation III reactor]] (evolutionary improvements of existing designs, 1996–2016)
* [[Generation III reactor#Lists of Generation III+ reactors|Generation III+ reactor]] (evolutionary development of Gen III reactors, offering improvements in safety over Gen III reactor designs, 2017–2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/russia-completes-worlds-first-gen-iii-reactor-china-start-five-reactors-2017|title=Russia completes world's first Gen III+ reactor; China to start up five reactors in 2017|date=8 February 2017|website=Nuclear Energy Insider|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813174111/https://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/russia-completes-worlds-first-gen-iii-reactor-china-start-five-reactors-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Generation IV reactor]] (technologies still under development; unknown start date, see below)<ref name="gen-iv_wna-2020"/>
* Generation V reactor (designs which are theoretically possible, but which are not being actively considered or researched at present).
In 2003, the French [[Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique]] (CEA) was the first to refer to "Gen II" types in ''Nucleonics Week''.<ref>''Nucleonics Week'', Vol. 44, No. 39; p. 7, 25 September 2003 Quote: "Etienne Pochon, CEA director of nuclear industry support, outlined EPR's improved performance and enhanced safety features compared to the advanced Generation II designs on which it was based."</ref>

The first mention of "Gen III" was in 2000, in conjunction with the launch of the [[Generation IV International Forum]] (GIF) plans.

"Gen IV" was named in 2000, by the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE), for developing new plant types.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronuclear.org/info/generation-IV.htm |title=Generation IV |publisher=Euronuclear.org |access-date=18 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317125012/http://www.euronuclear.org/info/generation-IV.htm |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}</ref>

==== By type of fuel ====

* Uranium
* Plutonium
* [[Mixed oxide (MOX) fuel]]
* Uranium-plutonium alloy{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* Transuranium element mix ([[neptunium]], [[plutonium]], [[americium]], [[curium]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Broeders |first=C. H. M |last2=Kiefhaber |first2=E |last3=Wiese |first3=H. W |date=2000-12-01 |title=Burning transuranium isotopes in thermal and fast reactors |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029549300003411 |journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design |volume=202 |issue=2 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1016/S0029-5493(00)00341-1 |issn=0029-5493|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Thorium

====By phase of fuel====
* Solid fueled
** Ceramic
*** Oxide
*** Carbide
*** Nitride
** Metal
* Fluid fueled
** [[Aqueous homogeneous reactor]]
** [[Molten-salt reactor]]
** Molten metal reactor (e.g. [[Los Alamos Molten Plutonium Reactor Experiment|LAMPRE]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swickard |first=E.O. |date=June 1959 |title=Los Alamos Molten Plutonium Reactor Experiment (LAMPRE) Hazard Report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4206527 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=OSTI.gov}}</ref>
* [[Gaseous fission reactor|Gas fueled]] (theoretical)

====By shape of the core====
* Cubical
* Cylindrical
* Octagonal
* Spherical
* Slab
* Annulus

====By use====
* Electricity
** [[Nuclear power plant]]s including [[small modular reactor]]s
* Propulsion, see [[nuclear propulsion]]
** [[Nuclear marine propulsion]]
** Various proposed forms of [[rocket propulsion]]
* Other uses of heat
** [[Desalination]]
** Heat for domestic and industrial heating
** [[Hydrogen production]] for use in a [[hydrogen economy]]
* Production reactors for [[Nuclear transmutation|transmutation]] of elements
** [[Breeder reactor]]s are capable of producing more [[fissile material]] than they consume during the fission chain reaction (by converting [[Fertile material|fertile]] U-238 to Pu-239, or Th-232 to U-233). Thus, a uranium breeder reactor, once running, can be refueled with [[natural uranium|natural]] or even [[depleted uranium]], and a thorium breeder reactor can be refueled with [[thorium]]; however, an initial stock of fissile material is required.<ref name="Gen4">{{cite web |url= http://www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf |title= A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061005211316/http://www.gen-4.org/PDFs/GenIVRoadmap.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2006 |df= dmy-all |access-date= 5 March 2007 }}&nbsp;{{small|(4.33&nbsp;MB)}}; see "Fuel Cycles and Sustainability"</ref>
** Creating various [[radiation|radioactive]] [[isotope]]s, such as [[americium]] for use in [[smoke detector]]s, and cobalt-60, molybdenum-99 and others, used for imaging and medical treatment.[[File:Núcleo del reactor nuclear RA-3, «Ciencia ficción», by Luis Gauna Pereira.jpg|alt=Overhead view of the core of the RA-3 Research and Production Reactor (CNEA, Argentina)|thumb|Overhead view of the core of the RA-3 Research and Production Reactor ([[National Atomic Energy Commission|CNEA]], [[Argentina]])]]
** Production of materials for [[nuclear weapon]]s such as [[weapons-grade]] [[plutonium]]
* Providing a source of [[neutron radiation]] (for example with the pulsed [[Godiva device]]) and [[positron radiation]]{{Clarify|date=March 2008|reason=Neither linked article mentions reactors used to generate positrons. Needs explanation.}} (e.g. [[neutron activation analysis]] and [[potassium–argon dating]]{{Clarify|date=March 2008}})
* [[Research reactor]]: Typically reactors used for research and training, materials testing, or the production of radioisotopes for medicine and industry. These are much smaller than power reactors or those propelling ships, and many are on university campuses. There are about 280 such reactors operating, in 56&nbsp;countries. Some operate with high-enriched uranium fuel, and international efforts are underway to substitute low-enriched fuel.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Nuclear Association Information Brief – Research Reactors |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf61.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231105602/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf61.htm |archive-date=31 December 2006 |access-date=3 May 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Current technologies===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2015}}
[[File:Diablo canyon nuclear power plant.jpg|thumb|[[Diablo Canyon Power Plant|Diablo Canyon]] – a PWR]]
* [[Pressurized water reactor]]s (PWR) [moderator: high-pressure water; coolant: high-pressure water]

:: These reactors use a pressure vessel to contain the nuclear fuel, control rods, moderator, and coolant. The hot radioactive water that leaves the pressure vessel is looped through a steam generator, which in turn heats a secondary (nonradioactive) loop of water to steam that can run turbines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUCLEAR 101: How Does a Nuclear Reactor Work? |url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/nuclear-101-how-does-nuclear-reactor-work |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacquemain |first=Didier |url=https://www.edp-open.org/images/stories/books/fulldl/Nuclear_Power_Reactor_Core_Melt_Accidents.pdf |title=Nuclear power reactor core melt accidents: current state of knowledge |date=2015 |publisher=EDP sciences |others=Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire |isbn=978-2-7598-1835-8 |series=Science and technology series |location=Les Ulis |publication-date=2015 |pages=12, 21}}</ref> As of 2024, 308 PWRs comprise {{Rounded calculation|(100*308/417)|0}}% of operating power reactors.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title= Nuclear Power Reactors in the World|date = 2025|url= https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-2-45_web.pdf|website= iaea.org|page = 84|location= Vienna |publisher= IAEA [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]|url-status= live|archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> This is a [[thermal neutron]] reactor design, the newest of which are the Russian [[VVER-1200]], Japanese [[Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor]], American [[AP1000]], Chinese [[Hualong One|Hualong Pressurized Reactor]] and the Franco-German [[European Pressurized Reactor]]. All the [[United States Naval reactor]]s are of this type.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet on U.S. Nuclear Powered Warship (NPW) Safety |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/security/fact0604.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Boiling water reactor]]s (BWR) [moderator: low-pressure water; coolant: low-pressure water]

:: A BWR is like a PWR without the steam generator. The lower pressure of its cooling water allows it to boil inside the pressure vessel, producing the steam that runs the turbines. Unlike a PWR, there is no primary and secondary loop. The [[thermal efficiency]] of these reactors can be higher, and they can be simpler, and even potentially more stable and safe. This is a thermal-neutron reactor design, the newest of which are the [[Advanced Boiling Water Reactor]] and the [[Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor]].
[[File:CANDU at Qinshan.jpg|thumb|The [[CANDU]] [[Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant]]]]
* [[Pressurised heavy-water reactor|Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor]] (PHWR) [moderator: high-pressure heavy water; coolant: high-pressure heavy water]

:: A Canadian design (known as [[CANDU]]), very similar to PWRs but using [[heavy water]]. While heavy water is significantly more expensive than ordinary water, it has greater [[neutron economy]] (creates a higher number of thermal neutrons), allowing the reactor to operate without [[Isotope separation|fuel enrichment facilities]]. Instead of using a single large pressure vessel as in a PWR, the fuel is contained in hundreds of pressure tubes. These reactors are fueled with natural [[uranium]] and are thermal-neutron reactor designs. PHWRs can be refueled while at full power, ([[online refueling]]) which makes them very efficient in their use of uranium (it allows for precise flux control in the core). CANDU PHWRs have been built in Canada, [[Argentina]], China, [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Romania]], and [[South Korea]]. India also operates a number of PHWRs, often termed 'CANDU derivatives', built after the Government of Canada halted nuclear dealings with India following the 1974 [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear weapon test.
:[[File:Elektrownia Ignalina.jpg|thumb|The [[Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant]] – a RBMK type (closed 2009)]]
* Reaktor Bolshoy Moschnosti Kanalniy (High Power Channel Reactor) ([[RBMK]]) (also known as a Light-Water Graphite-moderated Reactor—LWGR) [moderator: graphite; coolant: high-pressure water]

:: A Soviet design, RBMKs are in some respects similar to CANDU in that they can be refueled during power operation and employ a pressure tube design instead of a PWR-style pressure vessel. However, unlike CANDU they are unstable and large, making [[containment building]]s for them expensive. A series of critical safety flaws have also been identified with the RBMK design, though some of these were corrected following the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. Their main attraction is their use of light water and unenriched uranium. As of 2024, 7 remain open, mostly due to safety improvements and help from international safety agencies such as the U.S. Department of Energy. Despite these safety improvements, RBMK reactors are still considered one of the most dangerous reactor designs in use. RBMK reactors were deployed only in the former [[Soviet Union]].
[[File:Sizewell A.jpg|thumb|The [[Magnox]] [[Sizewell A]] nuclear power station]]
[[File:Torness Nuclear Power Station, Scotland.JPG|thumb|The [[Torness nuclear power station]] – an AGR]]
* [[Gas-cooled reactor]] (GCR) and [[advanced gas-cooled reactor]] (AGR) [moderator: graphite; coolant: carbon dioxide]

:: These designs have a high thermal efficiency compared with PWRs due to higher operating temperatures. There are a number of operating reactors of this design, mostly in the United Kingdom, where the concept was developed. Older designs (i.e. [[Magnox]] stations) are either shut down or will be in the near future. However, the AGRs have an anticipated life of a further 10 to 20&nbsp;years. This is a thermal-neutron reactor design. Decommissioning costs can be high due to the large volume of the reactor core.
* [[Breeder reactor|Liquid-metal]] [[fast-breeder reactor]] (LMFBR) [moderator: none; coolant: liquid metal]
[[File:Topaz nuclear reactor.jpg|thumb|right|Scaled-down model of [[TOPAZ nuclear reactor]]]]

:: This totally unmoderated reactor design produces more fuel than it consumes. They are said to "breed" fuel, because they produce fissionable fuel during operation because of [[neutron capture]]. These reactors can function much like a PWR in terms of efficiency, and do not require much high-pressure containment, as the liquid metal does not need to be kept at high pressure, even at very high temperatures. These reactors are [[fast neutron]], not thermal neutron designs. These reactors come in two types:

[[File:Superphénix.jpg|thumb|The [[Superphénix]], closed in 1998, was one of the few FBRs]]

:::[[Lead-cooled fast reactor|Lead-cooled]]
:::: Using lead as the liquid metal provides excellent radiation shielding, and allows for operation at very high temperatures. Also, lead is (mostly) transparent to neutrons, so fewer neutrons are lost in the coolant, and the coolant does not become radioactive. Unlike sodium, lead is mostly inert, so there is less risk of explosion or accident, but such large quantities of lead may be problematic from toxicology and disposal points of view. Often a reactor of this type would use a [[lead-bismuth eutectic]] mixture. In this case, the bismuth would present some minor radiation problems, as it is not quite as transparent to neutrons, and can be transmuted to a radioactive isotope more readily than lead. The Russian [[Alfa class submarine]] uses a lead-bismuth-cooled fast reactor as its main power plant.
::: [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor|Sodium-cooled]]
:::: Most LMFBRs are of this type. The [[TOPAZ nuclear reactor|TOPAZ]], [[BN-350]] and [[BN-600]] in USSR; [[Superphénix]] in France; and [[Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station|Fermi-I]] in the United States were reactors of this type. The sodium is relatively easy to obtain and work with, and it also manages to actually prevent corrosion on the various reactor parts immersed in it. However, sodium explodes violently when exposed to water, so care must be taken, but such explosions would not be more violent than (for example) a leak of superheated fluid from a pressurized-water reactor. The [[Monju reactor]] in Japan suffered a sodium leak in 1995 and could not be [[Monju Nuclear Power Plant#2010 Restart|restarted]] until May 2010. The [[EBR-I]], the first reactor to have a core meltdown, in 1955, was also a sodium-cooled reactor.
* [[Pebble-bed reactor]]s (PBR) [moderator: graphite; coolant: helium]
:: These use fuel molded into ceramic balls, and then circulate gas through the balls. The result is an efficient, low-maintenance, very safe reactor with inexpensive, standardized fuel. The prototypes were the [[AVR reactor|AVR]] and the [[THTR-300]] in Germany, which produced up to 308MW of electricity between 1985 and 1989 until it was shut down after experiencing a series of incidents and technical difficulties. The [[HTR-10]] is operating in China, where the [[HTR-PM]] is being developed. The HTR-PM is expected to be the first generation IV reactor to enter operation.<ref name="WNN2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurehtr-pm-making-dreams-come-true-7009889/|title=HTR-PM: Making dreams come true|work=Nuclear Engineering International|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328064002/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurehtr-pm-making-dreams-come-true-7009889/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Molten-salt reactor]]s (MSR) [moderator: graphite, or none for fast spectrum MSRs; coolant: molten salt mixture]
::These dissolve the fuels in [[fluoride]] or [[chloride]] salts, or use such salts for coolant. MSRs potentially have many safety features, including the absence of high pressures or highly flammable components in the core. They were initially designed for aircraft propulsion due to their high efficiency and high power density. One prototype, the [[Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment]], was built to confirm the feasibility of the [[Liquid fluoride thorium reactor]], a thermal spectrum reactor which would breed fissile uranium-233 fuel from thorium.
* [[Aqueous homogeneous reactor]] (AHR) [moderator: high-pressure light or heavy water; coolant: high-pressure light or heavy water]

:: These reactors use as fuel soluble nuclear salts (usually [[uranium sulfate]] or [[uranium nitrate]]) dissolved in water and mixed with the coolant and the moderator. As of April 2006, only five AHRs were in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/RR/ReactorSearch.aspx|title=RRDB Search|website=nucleus.iaea.org|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512142147/https://nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/RR/ReactorSearch.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Future and developing technologies===

====Advanced reactors====
More than a dozen advanced reactor designs are in various stages of development.<ref name="UIC">{{cite web |title=Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |url=http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf08.html |access-date=29 January 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206181830/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf08.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some are evolutionary from the [[pressurized water reactor|PWR]], [[boiling water reactor|BWR]] and [[PHWR]] designs above, and some are more radical departures. The former include the [[advanced boiling water reactor]] (ABWR), two of which are now operating with others under construction, and the planned [[passively safe]] [[Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor]] (ESBWR) and [[AP1000]] units (see [[Nuclear Power 2010 Program]]).
* The [[integral fast reactor]] (IFR) was built, tested and evaluated during the 1980s and then retired under the Clinton administration in the 1990s due to nuclear non-proliferation policies of the administration. Recycling spent fuel is the core of its design and it therefore produces only a fraction of the waste of current reactors.<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/interviews/till.html |title=Nuclear Reaction: Why Do Americans Fear Nuclear Power? |access-date=9 November 2006 |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) |author=Till, Charles |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417094454/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/interviews/till.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[pebble-bed reactor]], a [[high-temperature gas-cooled reactor]] (HTGCR), is designed so high temperatures reduce power output by [[Doppler broadening]] of the fuel's neutron cross-section. It uses ceramic fuels so its safe operating temperatures exceed the power-reduction temperature range. Most designs are cooled by inert helium. Helium is not subject to steam explosions, resists neutron absorption leading to radioactivity, and does not dissolve contaminants that can become radioactive. Typical designs have more layers (up to 7) of passive containment than light water reactors (usually&nbsp;3). A unique feature that may aid safety is that the fuel balls actually form the core's mechanism, and are replaced one by one as they age. The design of the fuel makes fuel reprocessing expensive.
* The [[small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor]] (SSTAR) is being primarily researched and developed in the US, intended as a fast-breeder reactor that is passively safe and could be remotely shut down in case the suspicion arises that it is being tampered with.
* The [[Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor]] (CAESAR) is a nuclear reactor concept that uses steam as a moderator – this design is in development.
* The [[reduced moderation water reactor]] builds upon the [[Advanced boiling water reactor]] ABWR) that is presently in use. It is not a complete fast reactor instead using mostly [[epithermal neutron]]s, which are between thermal and fast neutrons in speed.
* The [[hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module]] (HPM) is a reactor design emanating from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] that uses [[uranium hydride]] as fuel.
* [[Subcritical reactor]]s are designed to be safer and more stable, but pose a number of engineering and economic difficulties. One example is the [[energy amplifier]].
* Thorium-based reactors – It is possible to convert Thorium-232 into U-233 in reactors specially designed for the purpose. In this way, thorium, which is four times more abundant than uranium, can be used to breed U-233 nuclear fuel.<ref name=NASA>{{cite journal|last1=Juhasz|first1=Albert J.|last2=Rarick|first2=Richard A.|last3=Rangarajan|first3=Rajmohan|title=High Efficiency Nuclear Power Plants Using Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor Technology|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090038711.pdf|journal=NASA Technical Memorandum|date=October 2009|page=38711 |bibcode=2009ntrs.rept38711J |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428205700/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090038711.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> U-233 is also believed to have favourable nuclear properties as compared to traditionally used U-235, including better neutron economy and lower production of long lived transuranic waste.
** [[Advanced heavy-water reactor]] (AHWR) – A proposed heavy-water-moderated nuclear power reactor that will be the next generation design of the PHWR type. Under development in the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), India.
** [[KAMINI]] – A unique reactor using Uranium-233 isotope for fuel. Built in India by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research ([[IGCAR]]).
** India is also planning to build fast-breeder reactors using the thorium – Uranium-233 fuel cycle. The FBTR (Fast Breeder Test Reactor) in operation at [[Kalpakkam]] (India) uses Plutonium as a fuel and liquid sodium as a coolant.
** China, which has control of the [[Cerro Impacto]] deposit, has a reactor and hopes to replace [[coal energy]] with nuclear energy.<ref name=sch>{{cite web|url=https://supchina.com/2019/01/14/venezuela-china-explained-2/|title=The Venezuela-China relationship, explained: Belt and Road {{!}} Part 2 of 4|date=14 January 2019|website=SupChina|language=en-US|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624005848/https://supchina.com/2019/01/14/venezuela-china-explained-2/|archive-date=24 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rolls-Royce aims to sell nuclear reactors for the production of [[synfuel]] for aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2019-12-06/rolls-royce-pitches-nuclear-reactors-as-key-to-clean-jet-fuel |title=Rolls-Royce Touts Nuclear Reactors as Key to Clean Jet Fuel |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210954/https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2019-12-06/rolls-royce-pitches-nuclear-reactors-as-key-to-clean-jet-fuel |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Generation IV reactors====
[[Generation IV reactor]]s are a set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs. These are generally not expected to be available for commercial use before 2040–2050,<ref name="sa-2014">{{Cite web |last=De Clercq |first=Geert |date=October 13, 2014 |title=Can Sodium Save Nuclear Power? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-sodium-save-nuclear-power/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729090905/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-sodium-save-nuclear-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> although the World Nuclear Association suggested that some might enter commercial operation before 2030.<ref name="gen-iv_wna-2020">[https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/generation-iv-nuclear-reactors.aspx ''Generation IV Nuclear Reactors''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330074852/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/generation-iv-nuclear-reactors.aspx |date=30 March 2023 }}. World Nuclear Association, update Dec 2020</ref> Current reactors in operation around the world are generally considered second- or third-generation systems, with the first-generation systems having been retired some time ago. Research into these reactor types was officially started by the Generation&nbsp;IV International Forum (GIF) based on eight technology goals. The primary goals being to improve nuclear safety, improve proliferation resistance, minimize waste and natural resource utilization, and to decrease the cost to build and run such plants.<ref name="UIC1">{{cite web |title=Generation IV Nuclear Reactors |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |url=http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html |access-date=29 January 2010 |archive-date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123063413/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf77.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Gas-cooled fast reactor]]
* [[Lead-cooled fast reactor]]
* [[Molten-salt reactor]]
* [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor]]
* [[Supercritical water reactor]]
* [[Very-high-temperature reactor]]

====Generation V+ reactors====
Generation V reactors are designs which are theoretically possible, but which are not being actively considered or researched at present. Though some generation V reactors could potentially be built with current or near term technology, they trigger little interest for reasons of economics, practicality, or safety.
* Liquid-core reactor. A closed loop [[Nuclear thermal rocket#Liquid core|liquid-core nuclear reactor]], where the fissile material is molten uranium or uranium solution cooled by a working gas pumped in through holes in the base of the containment vessel.
* [[Gaseous fission reactor|Gas-core reactor]]. A closed loop version of the [[Nuclear lightbulb|nuclear lightbulb rocket]], where the fissile material is gaseous uranium hexafluoride contained in a fused silica vessel. A working gas (such as hydrogen) would flow around this vessel and absorb the UV light produced by the reaction. This reactor design could also function [[Gas core reactor rocket|as a rocket engine]], as featured in Harry Harrison's 1976 science-fiction novel ''Skyfall''. In theory, using UF6 as a working fuel directly (rather than as a stage to one, as is done now) would mean lower processing costs, and very small reactors. In practice, running a reactor at such high power densities would probably produce unmanageable [[neutron flux]], weakening most [[IFMIF|reactor materials]], and therefore as the flux would be similar to that expected in fusion reactors, it would require similar materials to those selected by the [[International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility]].
** Gas core EM reactor. As in the gas core reactor, but with [[photovoltaic]] arrays converting the [[UV light]] directly to electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isjaee.hydrogen.ru/pdf/AEE04-07_Prelas.pdf |title=International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology, DIRECT CONVERSION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY, Mark A. Prelas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024833/http://isjaee.hydrogen.ru/pdf/AEE04-07_Prelas.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> This approach is similar to the experimentally proved [[photoelectric effect]] that would convert the X-rays generated from [[aneutronic fusion]] into electricity, by passing the high energy photons through an array of conducting foils to transfer some of their energy to electrons, the energy of the photon is captured electrostatically, similar to a [[capacitor]]. Since X-rays can go through far greater material thickness than electrons, many hundreds or thousands of layers are needed to absorb the X-rays.<ref>Quimby, D.C., High Thermal Efficiency X-ray energy conversion scheme for advanced fusion reactors, ASTM Special technical Publication, v.2, 1977, pp. 1161–1165</ref>
* [[Fission fragment reactor]]. A fission fragment reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates electricity by decelerating an ion beam of fission byproducts instead of using nuclear reactions to generate heat. By doing so, it bypasses the [[Carnot cycle]] and can achieve efficiencies of up to 90% instead of 40–45% attainable by efficient turbine-driven thermal reactors. The fission fragment ion beam would be passed through a [[magnetohydrodynamic generator]] to produce electricity.
* [[Hybrid nuclear fusion]]. Would use the neutrons emitted by fusion to fission a [[breeder reactor|blanket]] of [[fertile material]], like [[U-238]] or [[thorium|Th-232]] and [[Nuclear transmutation|transmute]] other reactor's [[spent nuclear fuel]]/nuclear waste into relatively more benign isotopes.

====Fusion reactors====
{{Main|Fusion power}}
Controlled [[nuclear fusion]] could in principle be used in [[fusion power]] plants to produce power without the complexities of handling [[actinides]], but significant scientific and technical obstacles remain. Despite research having started in the 1950s, no commercial fusion reactor is expected before 2050. The [[ITER]] project is currently leading the effort to harness fusion power.

==Nuclear fuel cycle==
{{Main|Nuclear fuel cycle}}
Thermal reactors generally depend on refined and [[enriched uranium]]. Some nuclear reactors can operate with a mixture of plutonium and uranium (see [[MOX]]). The process by which uranium ore is mined, processed, enriched, used, possibly [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessed]] and disposed of is known as the [[nuclear fuel cycle]].

Under 1% of the uranium found in nature is the easily fissionable U-235 [[isotope]] and as a result most reactor designs require enriched fuel.
Enrichment involves increasing the percentage of U-235 and is usually done by means of [[gaseous diffusion]] or [[gas centrifuge]]. The enriched result is then converted into [[uranium dioxide]] powder, which is pressed and fired into pellet form. These pellets are stacked into tubes which are then sealed and called [[Nuclear fuel|fuel rods]]. Many of these fuel rods are used in each nuclear reactor.

Most BWR and PWR commercial reactors use uranium enriched to about 4% U-235, and some commercial reactors with a high [[neutron economy]] do not require the fuel to be enriched at all (that is, they can use natural uranium). According to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] there are at least 100 [[research reactor]]s in the world fueled by highly enriched (weapons-grade/90% enrichment) uranium. Theft risk of this fuel (potentially used in the production of a nuclear weapon) has led to campaigns advocating conversion of this type of reactor to low-enrichment uranium (which poses less threat of proliferation).<ref>{{cite web | work=IAEA | url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2006/heu_symposium.html | title=Improving Security at World's Nuclear Research Reactors: Technical and Other Issues Focus of June Symposium in Norway | date=7 June 2006 | access-date=3 August 2007 | archive-date=14 August 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814090210/http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2006/heu_symposium.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Fissile]] U-235 and non-fissile but [[fissionable]] and [[Fertile material|fertile]] U-238 are both used in the fission process. U-235 is fissionable by thermal (i.e. slow-moving) neutrons. A thermal neutron is one which is moving about the same speed as the atoms around it. Since all atoms vibrate proportionally to their absolute temperature, a thermal neutron has the best opportunity to fission U-235 when it is moving at this same vibrational speed. On the other hand, U-238 is more likely to capture a neutron when the neutron is moving very fast. This U-239 atom will soon decay into plutonium-239, which is another fuel. Pu-239 is a viable fuel and must be accounted for even when a highly enriched uranium fuel is used. Plutonium fissions will dominate the U-235 fissions in some reactors, especially after the initial loading of U-235 is spent. Plutonium is fissionable with both fast and thermal neutrons, which make it ideal for either nuclear reactors or nuclear bombs.

Most reactor designs in existence are thermal reactors and typically use water as a neutron moderator (moderator means that it slows down the neutron to a thermal speed) and as a coolant. But in a [[fast-breeder reactor]], some other kind of coolant is used which will not moderate or slow the neutrons down much. This enables fast neutrons to dominate, which can effectively be used to constantly replenish the fuel supply. By merely placing cheap unenriched uranium into such a core, the non-fissionable U-238 will be turned into Pu-239, "breeding" fuel.

In a [[thorium fuel cycle]], [[thorium-232]] absorbs a [[neutron]] in either a fast or thermal reactor. The thorium-233 [[beta decay]]s to [[protactinium]]-233 and then to [[uranium-233]], which in turn is used as fuel. Hence, like [[uranium-238]], thorium-232 is a [[fertile material]]. The thorium fuel cycle is considered to be more resistant to [[nuclear proliferation]] than uranium or MOX cycles, but has not been widely adopted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2005 |title=TECDOC-1450: Thorium fuel cycle — Potential benefits and challenges |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE_1450_web.pdf |access-date=July 1, 2025 |website=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref>

===Fueling of nuclear reactors===
The amount of energy in the reservoir of [[nuclear fuel]] is frequently expressed in terms of "full-power days," which is the number of 24-hour periods (days) a reactor is scheduled for operation at full power output for the generation of heat energy. The number of full-power days in a reactor's operating cycle (between refueling outage times) is related to the amount of [[fissile]] [[uranium-235]] (U-235) contained in the fuel assemblies at the beginning of the cycle. A higher percentage of U-235 in the core at the beginning of a cycle will permit the reactor to be run for a greater number of full-power days.

At the end of the operating cycle, the fuel in some of the assemblies is "spent", having spent four to six years in the reactor producing power. This spent fuel is discharged and replaced with new (fresh) fuel assemblies.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Though considered "spent," these fuel assemblies contain a large quantity of fuel.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} In practice it is economics that determines the lifetime of nuclear fuel in a reactor. Long before all possible fission has taken place, the reactor is unable to maintain 100%, full output power, and therefore, income for the utility lowers as plant output power lowers. Most nuclear plants operate at a very low profit margin due to operating overhead, mainly regulatory costs, so operating below 100% power is not economically viable for very long.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-third, but depends on how long the plant operates between refueling. Plants typically operate on 18 month refueling cycles, or 24 month refueling cycles. This means that one refueling, replacing only one-third of the fuel, can keep a nuclear reactor at full power for nearly two years.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The disposition and storage of this spent fuel is one of the most challenging aspects of the operation of a commercial nuclear power plant. This nuclear waste is highly radioactive and its toxicity presents a danger for thousands of years.<ref name="nuclear_energy"/> After being discharged from the reactor, spent nuclear fuel is transferred to the on-site [[spent fuel pool]]. The spent fuel pool is a large pool of water that provides cooling and shielding of the spent nuclear fuel as well as limit radiation exposure to on-site personnel. Once the energy has decayed somewhat (approximately five years), the fuel can be transferred from the fuel pool to dry shielded casks, that can be safely stored for thousands of years. After loading into dry shielded casks, the casks are stored on-site in a specially guarded facility in impervious concrete bunkers. On-site fuel storage facilities are designed to withstand the impact of commercial airliners, with little to no damage to the spent fuel. An average on-site fuel storage facility can hold 30 years of spent fuel in a space smaller than a football field.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Not all reactors need to be shut down for refueling; for example, [[pebble bed reactor]]s, [[RBMK|RBMK reactors]], [[molten-salt reactor]]s, [[Magnox]], [[Advanced gas-cooled reactor|AGR]] and [[CANDU]] reactors allow fuel to be shifted through the reactor while it is running. In a CANDU reactor, this also allows individual fuel elements to be situated within the reactor core that are best suited to the amount of U-235 in the fuel element.

The amount of energy extracted from nuclear fuel is called its [[burnup]], which is expressed in terms of the heat energy produced per initial unit of fuel weight. Burnup is commonly expressed as megawatt days thermal per metric ton of initial heavy metal.

==Nuclear safety==
{{Main|Nuclear safety}}
{{See also|Nuclear reactor safety system}}
Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent [[nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents]] or to limit their consequences. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new, safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly.<ref name=globen/> Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at [[Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents|Fukushima]] in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-lessons-of-fukushima |title=The lessons of Fukushima |author=Gusterson, Hugh |date=16 March 2011 |work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606023005/http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-lessons-of-fukushima |archive-date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> despite multiple warnings by the NRG and the Japanese nuclear safety administration.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} According to [[UBS]] AG, the [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]] have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html |title=Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says |author=Paton, James |date=4 April 2011 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515064305/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html |archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref> Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.<ref name=globen>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf |title=Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials |author1=Jacobson, Mark Z. |author2=Delucchi, Mark A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |work=Energy Policy |page=6 }}{{dead link|date=December 2015}}</ref> An interdisciplinary team from [[MIT]] has estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 to 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-full.pdf |title=The Future of Nuclear Power |author=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=2003 |page=48 |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412094517/http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Nuclear accidents==
{{See also|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}}
[[File:Fukushima I by Digital Globe.jpg|thumb|Three of the reactors at [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents|Fukushima I]] overheated, causing the coolant water to [[Water splitting|dissociate]] and led to the hydrogen explosions. This along with fuel [[nuclear meltdown|meltdowns]] released large amounts of [[radioactive]] material into the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?_r=1&ref=world |title=Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger |author=Fackler, Martin |date=1 June 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>]]

Serious, though rare, [[nuclear and radiation accidents]] have occurred. These include the [[Windscale fire]] (October 1957), the [[SL-1]] accident (1961), the [[Three Mile Island accident]] (1979), [[Chernobyl disaster]] (April 1986), and the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] (March 2011).<ref name=timenuke/> [[Nuclear-powered submarine]] mishaps include the [[Soviet submarine K-19|K-19]] reactor accident (1961),<ref name=rad>[http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213912/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf |date=11 January 2015 }} p. 14.</ref> the [[Soviet submarine K-27|K-27]] reactor accident (1968),<ref name=johnston2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radevents1.html |title=Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties |author=Johnston, Robert |date=23 September 2007 |publisher=Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events |access-date=27 June 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023104305/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radevents1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[K-431]] reactor accident (1985).<ref name=timenuke>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090328130544/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html The Worst Nuclear Disasters]. ''Time''.</ref>

Nuclear reactors have been launched into Earth orbit at least 34 times. A number of incidents connected with the unmanned nuclear-reactor-powered Soviet [[RORSAT]] especially [[Kosmos 954]] radar satellite which resulted in nuclear fuel reentering the Earth's atmosphere from orbit and being dispersed in northern Canada (January 1978).

==Natural nuclear reactors==
{{Main|Natural nuclear fission reactor}}
Almost two billion years ago a series of self-sustaining nuclear fission "reactors" self-assembled in the area now known as [[Oklo]] in [[Gabon]], West Africa. The conditions at that place and time allowed a [[natural nuclear fission]] to occur with circumstances that are similar to the conditions in a constructed nuclear reactor.<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2334857802602777622 Video of physics lecture] – at Google Video; a natural nuclear reactor is mentioned at 42:40 mins into the video {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804021811/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2334857802602777622 |date=4 August 2006 }}</ref> Fifteen fossil natural fission reactors have so far been found in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo uranium mine in Gabon. First discovered in 1972 by French physicist [[Francis Perrin (physicist)|Francis Perrin]], they are collectively known as the [[Oklo Fossil Reactors]]. Self-sustaining [[nuclear fission]] reactions took place in these reactors approximately 1.5&nbsp;billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100&nbsp;kW of power output during that time.<ref>Meshik, Alex P. (November 2005) [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-nuclear-reactor/ "The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315120003/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-nuclear-reactor/ |date=15 March 2015 }} ''Scientific American.'' p. 82.</ref> The concept of a natural nuclear reactor was theorized as early as 1956 by [[Paul Kuroda]] at the [[University of Arkansas]].<ref name="OCRWM">{{cite web|title=Oklo: Natural Nuclear Reactors |work=Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management |url=http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml |access-date=28 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316101947/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml |archive-date=16 March 2006 }}</ref><ref name="ANS1">{{cite web |title=Oklo's Natural Fission Reactors |work=[[American Nuclear Society]] |url=http://www.ans.org/pi/np/oklo |access-date=28 June 2006 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330044447/https://ans.org/pi/np/oklo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Such reactors can no longer form on Earth in its present geologic period. Radioactive decay of formerly more abundant uranium-235 over the time span of hundreds of millions of years has reduced the proportion of this naturally occurring fissile isotope to below the amount required to sustain a chain reaction with only plain water as a moderator.

The natural nuclear reactors formed when a uranium-rich mineral deposit became inundated with groundwater that acted as a neutron moderator, and a strong chain reaction took place. The water moderator would boil away as the reaction increased, slowing it back down again and preventing a meltdown. The fission reaction was sustained for hundreds of thousands of years, cycling on the order of hours to a few days.

These natural reactors are extensively studied by scientists interested in geologic [[radioactive waste]] disposal. They offer a case study of how radioactive isotopes migrate through the Earth's crust. This is a significant area of controversy as opponents of geologic waste disposal fear that isotopes from stored waste could end up in water supplies or be carried into the environment.

==Emissions==
Nuclear reactors produce [[tritium]] as part of normal operations, which is eventually released into the environment in trace quantities.

As an [[isotope]] of [[hydrogen]], tritium (T) frequently binds to oxygen and forms [[tritiated water|T2O]]. This molecule is chemically identical to [[water|H2O]] and so is both colorless and odorless, however the additional neutrons in the hydrogen nuclei cause the tritium to undergo [[beta decay]] with a [[half-life]] of 12.3 years. Despite being measurable, the tritium released by nuclear power plants is minimal. The United States [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] estimates that a person drinking water for one year out of a well contaminated by what they would consider to be a significant tritiated water spill would receive a radiation dose of 0.3 millirem.<ref name=NRC_Tritium_Backgrounder>{{cite report|date=February 2016|title=Backgrounder: Tritium, Radiation Protection Limits, and Drinking Water Standards|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0620/ML062020079.pdf|publisher=United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818090910/https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0620/ML062020079.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> For comparison, this is an order of magnitude less than the 4 millirem a person receives on a round trip flight from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles, a consequence of less atmospheric protection against highly energetic [[cosmic ray]]s at high altitudes.<ref name=NRC_Tritium_Backgrounder />

The amounts of [[strontium-90]] released from nuclear power plants under normal operations is so low as to be undetectable above natural background radiation. Detectable strontium-90 in ground water and the general environment can be traced to weapons testing that occurred during the mid-20th century (accounting for 99% of the Strontium-90 in the environment) and the Chernobyl accident (accounting for the remaining 1%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Radionuclides in Groundwater|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/rn-groundwater.html|website=U.S. NRC|publisher=nrc.gov|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215404/https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/rn-groundwater.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Neutron transport]]
* [[Nuclear decommissioning]]
* [[Nuclear power by country]]
* [[Nuclear power in space]]
* [[Safety engineering]]
; Generator types
* [[Nuclear microreactor]]
* [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]
* [[Small modular reactor]]
* [[Thorium-based nuclear power]]
* [[Traveling wave reactor|Traveling-wave reactor (TWR)]]
; Organisations, publications, and campaigns
* [[One Less Nuclear Power Plant]]
* [[Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants]]
* ''[[World Nuclear Industry Status Report]]''
; Lists
* [[Lists of nuclear reactors]]
* [[List of small modular reactor designs]]
* [[List of United States naval reactors]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iaea.org/pris/ The Database on Nuclear Power Reactors – IAEA]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602010449/http://www.iaea.org/pris/ |date=2 June 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427113431/http://www.nmt.edu/nmt-news/336-2011/4101-uranium-conference-adds-session-reviewing-implications-of-japan-accident Uranium Conference adds discussion of Japan accident]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040929083915/https://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F09%2F24%2F1359225 A Debate: Is Nuclear Power The Solution to Global Warming?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050826111231/http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/nuclear_safety/page.cfm?pageID=1408 Union of Concerned Scientists, Concerns re: US nuclear reactor program]
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/67 Freeview Video 'Nuclear Power Plants – What's the Problem' A Royal Institution Lecture by John Collier by the Vega Science Trust.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103151240/http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/67 |date=3 November 2011 }}
* [http://www.nei.org/howitworks/electricpowergeneration/ Nuclear Energy Institute – How it Works: Electric Power Generation]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130212938/http://www.nei.org/howitworks/electricpowergeneration |date=30 January 2010 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010034414/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FNuclear+Reactors Annotated bibliography of nuclear reactor technology from the Alsos Digital Library]
**{{in lang|ja}} [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zui6mGN5fT0C34rMCQMtG0ygCAu1MEWF/view ソヴィエト連邦における宇宙用原子炉の開発とその実用]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603155840/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zui6mGN5fT0C34rMCQMtG0ygCAu1MEWF/view |date=3 June 2019 }}

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Mumbai Metropolitan Region

2026-03-10T21:24:28Z

Miquel41G60448: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Metropolitan Area in Maharashtra, India}}
{{hatnote|Metropolitan area includes a city and its suburbs. For the city, see [[Mumbai]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mumbai Metropolitan Region
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]] and [[Metropolitan Area]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| image2 = Navi Mumbai Skyline.jpg
| image3 = Kalyan Railway Yard, Kalyan, Maharashtra, India - panoramio (2).jpg
| image4 = Mira Road Skyline.jpg
| image5 = JivDani,Virar - panoramio (32).jpg
| image6 = Eastern Express Highway by night in Thane.jpg
| image7 = View of Neral from Matheran.jpg
| color =
}}
'''From top, left to right:'''{{hlist|[[Mumbai]], the centre of MMR|[[Navi Mumbai]]|[[Kalyan-Dombivli]]|[[Mira-Bhayandar]]|[[Vasai-Virar]]|[[Thane]]|View from [[Matheran]]}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Map of Mumbai Metropolitan Region.png
| image_map1 = Mumbai, metropolitan region, satellite image, Landsat-5, 2011-01-30.jpg
| map_caption1 = Satellite image of MMR
| mapframe-geomask =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| seat_type = [[Core city]]
| seat = [[Mumbai]]
| parts_type = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| parts = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] [[Thane district|Thane]] [[Palghar district|Palghar]] [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| government_type = [[Urban Planning]] Agency
| governing_body = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| area_metro_km2 = 6328
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/about-us/about-mmr | title=MMR Population MMRDA |website = MMRDA|date = January 18, 2025}}</ref>
| population_metro = 2,65,98000
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = '''In Broader sense:''' Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite '''In Narrower sense:''' Thanekar, Navi Mumbaikar, Kalyankar, Bhiwandikar, Vasaikar, etc.
| population_note =
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP]]
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = [[USD|US$]] 277.98 billion (nominal)<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|access-date=2022-03-27|website=www.visualcapitalist.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai-C40 cities|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/mumbai/|access-date=2024-08-10|website=C40.org}}</ref> [[USD|US$]] 400 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=3 June 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/|access-date=2023-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India needs its own $1 trillion states; Is Mumbai the answer? |work=financialexpress.com |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-needs-its-own-1-trillion-states-is-mumbai-the-answer/1540497/ |access-date=2023-12-12}}</ref>
| coordinates_region =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| map_caption = Map showing the extent of MMR
| website = {{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 400xxx
| native_name = ''Muṁbaī Mahānagara Pradēśa''
| other_name = Greater Mumbai (MMR)
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-point = none
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Mumbai Metropolitan Region''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Muṁbaī Mahānagara Pradēśa''; abbreviated to '''MMR''' and previously also known as '''Greater Bombay Metropolitan Area'''),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKD4uFIlQIEC&q=Greater+Bombay+Metropolitan&pg=PA81|title = The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai|isbn = 9780801885150|last1 = Segbers|first1 = Klaus|last2 = Raiser|first2 = Simon|author3 = Segbers|last4 = Volkmann|first4 = Krister|year = 2007| publisher=JHU Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DYZwpHuqvUC&q=Greater+Bombay+Metropolitan+Area|title=Bombay, New Bombay, and Metropolitan Region: Growth Process and Planning Lessons|last1=Verma|first1=Harnam Singh|year=1985}}</ref> is a [[metropolitan area]] consisting of [[Mumbai]] and its [[Satellite city|satellite towns]] on [[Salsette Island]] and in adjacent mainland areas in the northern [[Konkan division]] of [[Maharashtra]] in [[western India]]. The region has an area of {{convert|6,328|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metropolitan-region-now-covers-palghar-vasai/articleshow/68088690.cms|title=Metropolitan region now covers Palghar, Vasai | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2019 }}</ref> and with a population of over 26 million it is among the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|most populous metropolitan areas]] in the world.<ref name=pib-ua2011>{{cite web|title=INDIA STATS: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3|work=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of nine municipal corporations and eight smaller municipal councils. The entire area is overseen by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), a [[Government of Maharashtra|state-owned]] organisation in charge of town planning, development, transportation and housing in the region.

The MMRDA was formed to address challenges in planning and development of integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region.The areas outside Brihanmumbai (Greater Mumbai) and [[Navi Mumbai]] have lacked organised development. Navi Mumbai, developed as one of the largest [[planned city|planned cities]] in the world, was promoted by a state government-owned company, [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO).

The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation. Villages along the [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|NH 3]] in [[Bhiwandi]] are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR, with some of the largest warehousing areas in India. Government agencies such as the [[Urban planner|Town Planner]] and [[District collector|Collector]] of [[Thane]] have had challenges in addressing unorganised development.

== Area ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
!Municipal Bodies
!Type
!Districts
!Area
(km2)
!Population
(2011 Census)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Greater Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| rowspan="2"|479
| rowspan="2" |12,442,373
|-
|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|-
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur City Municipal Corporation|Bhiwandi-Nizampur]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|28
|709,665
|-
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation|Kalyan-Dombivli]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|57
|1,247,327
|-
|[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation|Mira-Bhayandar]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|79.4
|809,378
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation|Navi Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
| rowspan="2" |108.63
| rowspan="2" |1,120,547
|-
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
|[[Panvel Municipal Corporation|Panvel]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|110
|311,434
|-
|[[Thane Municipal Corporation|Thane]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|128
|1,841,488
|-
|[[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation|Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|13
|506,098
|-
|[[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation|Vasai-Virar]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Corporation]]
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|311
|1,222,390
|-
|[[Ambarnath]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|38
|253,475
|-
|[[Badlapur]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|38.68
|174,226
|-
|[[Uran]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|17.78
|23,251
|-
|[[Matheran]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|5.14
|5,139
|-
|[[Karjat]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|25.54
|29,663
|-
|[[Khopoli]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|58.66
|108,648
|-
|[[Pen, India|Pen]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|30.20
|37,852
|-
|[[Alibag]]
|[[Municipal council (India)|Council]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|19.49
|236,167
|}

== Districts ==
#[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] (complete)<ref name="projectsecoa1">{{cite web |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |language=it |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |access-date=2013-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082759/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
#[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] (complete)
#[[Thane district|Thane]] (partial)
#[[Raigad district|Raigad]] (partial)
#[[Palghar district|Palghar]] (partial)

== Transport ==
=== Railway ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!No.
!Line Name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
|-
!1
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
|{{rws|Churchgate}}
|{{rws|Dahanu Road}}
| style="text-align:center;" |39
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|124|km|}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
|{{rws|Kasara}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |62
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|181|km|}}
|-
|{{rws|Khopoli}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]]
|{{rws|Panvel}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |35
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|74|km|}}
|-
|{{rws|Goregaon}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour Line]]
| rowspan="2" |{{rws|Thane}}
|{{rws|Vashi}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |17
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|38|km|}}
|-
|{{rws|Panvel}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port Line]]
|{{rws|Nerul}}
| rowspan="2" |{{rws|Uran}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |10
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|27|km|}}
|-
|{{rws|CBD Belapur}}
|-
!6
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Vasai Road–Roha line|Vasai Road–Roha Line]]
|{{rws|Vasai Road}}
|{{rws|Roha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |23
| style="text-align:center;" {{N/A}}
|-
!7
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]]
|{{rws|Panvel}}
|{{rws|Karjat}}
| style="text-align:center;" |5
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|30|km|}}
|}

=== Metro ===
Mumbai Metropolitan Region has 3 metro systems covering the region. 2 systems are operational which are [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Navi Mumbai Metro]], while the [[Thane Metro]] system has been recently approved. While Navi Mumbai Metro and Thane Metro are primarily in their respective cities, Mumbai Metro however is spread across all municipal corporations.

Mumbai Metro has an operational length of {{Cvt|80.43|km|}} while Navi Mumbai Metro has an operational length of {{Cvt|11.10|km|}}. In contrast, Mumbai Metro has various new lines and extensions under construction totalling to {{Cvt|132.45|km|}} meanwhile Thane Metro has a proposed length of {{Cvt|29|km|}}.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Mumbai
|-
!No.
!Line Name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening Date
|-
!1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|blue}};text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Versova}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ghatkopar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |12
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|11.40|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Operational
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar East}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri West}}
| style="text-align:center;" |17
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|18.6|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Operational
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri West}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mandala}}
| style="text-align:center;" |20
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|23.6|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Under Construction
|-
! rowspan="1" |3
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|aqua}}; text-align: center;" |[[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Aqua''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey JVLR}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cuffe Parade}}
| style="text-align:center;" |27
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|33.53|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Operational
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Green''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
| style="text-align: center;" |36
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|32.32|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Under Construction
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|9.37|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Proposed
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus}}
|10
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|12.68|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Proposed
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}}; text-align: center;" |[[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Orange''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}}
| style="text-align: center;" |8
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|12.81|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Under Construction
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}
|9
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|11.48|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Proposed
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}
|17
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|20.75|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Under Construction
|-
!6
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|pink}}; text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Swami Samarth Nagar (Lokhandwala)}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vikhroli EEH}}
| style="text-align: center;" |13
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|14.47|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Under Construction
|-
! rowspan="3" |7
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Red''']]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar East}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
| style="text-align:center;" |14
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|16.5|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Operational
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|3.17|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Proposed
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar East}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}}
|8
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|11.38|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Under Construction
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Navi Mumbai
|-
!8
| align="center" class="wikitable" style="background:#4285F4" | [[Line 1 (Navi Mumbai Metro)|'''Line 1''']]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Mumbai Metro|CBD Belapur}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pendhar}}
| style="text-align: center;" |11
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|11.10|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |Operational
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Thane
|-
!9
| align="center" class="wikitable" style="background:#8C4E2C" | [[Thane Metro|'''Integral Ring''']]
| style="text-align: center;" |Thane Junction
| style="text-align: center;" |Shivaji Chowk
| style="text-align: center;" |22
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|29|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" | Under Construction
|}

=== Air ===
The region has two airports, one located in [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Greater Mumbai]] called [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] and the other, [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] is located in Navi Mumbai. There is also one aerodrome known as the Juhu Aerodrome, which is only used for general aviation.

=== Bus ===
* [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] ([[Mumbai]])
* [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Transport|KDMT]] ([[Kalyan-Dombivli]])
* [[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Transport|MBMT]] ([[Mira-Bhayandar]])
* [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport|NMMT]] ([[Navi Mumbai]])
* [[Thane Municipal Transport|TMT]] ([[Thane]])
* [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Transport|VVMT]] ([[Vasai-Virar]])

==See also==
* [[National Capital Region (India)]]
* [[Chennai metropolitan area]]
* [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180033/http://www.transformmumbai.com/aboutmmrda.html MMRDA cities table]
*[http://www.mumbai77.com/city/2151/travel/station-names/ Mumbai Railway Station Names]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020201648/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/who-we-are Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority - Who We Are]

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|18.9667|N|72.8333|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of India|Mumbai]]

2023 National Games of India

2026-03-08T17:03:29Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating a details!

{{Short description|Sports event}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox games
| name = 37th National Games of India
| logo = 2023 National Games of India logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| host_city = [[Mapusa]], [[Panjim]], [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Margao]], and [[Delhi]] (for Cycling (Track) and Golf event only)
| motto = ''Get Set Goa''
| teams = 37
| athletes =10,000+
| opening = {{Start date|2023|10|26|df=yes}}
| closing = {{End date|2023|11|09|df=yes}}
| opened_by = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]])
| closed_by =
| athlete_oath =
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter =
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]], [[Bambolim]]
| website = [https://37nationalgamesgoa.in/ 37th National Games]
| previous = [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
| next = [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
|sports=43}}

The '''2023 National Games of India''', also known as the '''37th [[National Games of India]]''' and informally as '''Goa 2023''' were held from 26 October to 9 November 2023 in the state of [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa set to host 37th National Games in October 2023, says Indian Olympic Association |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/goa-set-to-host-37th-national-games-in-october-2023-says-indian-olympic-association-2282679-2022-10-08 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=India Today |date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OCA » Indian Olympic Association confirms Goa as host of 37th National Games in 2023 |url=https://ocasia.org/news/3413-indian-olympic-association-confirms-goa-as-host-of-37th-national-games-in-2023.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=ocasia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=National Games 2023 to be held in Goa from October 26 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/national-games-2023-to-held-in-goa-from-october-26-to-november-9/article67159579.ece |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Host ==
Goa Olympic Association was given hosting rights by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] after the closing ceremony held for the [[2022 National Games of India]] at [[Surat]] on 13 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-10-08 |title=Goa to host 37th National Games in October 2023: IOA |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-goa-to-host-in-2023-ioa-news/article65984229.ece |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier Goa had been the host for the 36th edition{{Cn|date=January 2025}}, but due to a surge of COVID-19, Goa declared that it was unable to host the event.{{Cn|date=January 2025}}

==Venues==
The games were held across the cities of [[Mapusa]], [[Panaji|Panjim]], [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] and [[Margao]]. {{Cn|date=January 2025}} While Cycling (Track) and Golf events were held in [[Delhi]].{{Cn|date=January 2025}}

===Goa===
;Mapusa
* Peddem Sports Complex
** Badminton hall (Cue sports)
** Hockey ground (Hockey)
** Indoor Hall (Boxing and Gymnastics)
* [[Chapora River|Chapora river]] (Canoeing and Rowing)
* Mendrem Shooting Range (Shooting)
;Panjim

* [[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium|SPM Indoor Stadium]] (Badminton, Fencing and Volleyball)
* Campal Indoor Stadium (Netball, Table tennis and Kabaddi)
* Campal Outdoor Grounds (Pencak silat, and Weightlifting)
;Ponda
* Ponda Swimming pool
* Goa Engineering College, Farmagudi - Ponda
* Ponda Multi-Purpose Indoor Stadium
;Vasco
* Tilak Maidan Football Ground
* Chicalim Multi-Purpose Ground
* Chicalim Squash Facility
;Margao

===Delhi===

==Participating teams==
Teams came from all 28 [[States of India|states]] and eight [[union territories]] of India as well as a team representing [[Services Sports Control Board|Indian Armed Forces]].{{Cn|date=January 2025}}

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* {{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Assam, India.svg}} [[Assam]]
* {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chandigarh.svg}} [[Chandigarh]]
* {{flagicon image|Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
* {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Goa, India.svg}} [[Goa]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
* {{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]
*[[Himachal Pradesh]]
* {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.png}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
* {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
* {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Lakshadweep.png}} [[Lakshadweep]]
* {{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]
* {{flagicon image|Meghalaya Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Meghalaya]]
* {{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Nagaland]]
* {{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
* {{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
* {{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* {{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
* {{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]]
* {{flagicon image|Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
* {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
{{div col end}}

==Marketing==
The official logo of the games and the mascot, ''[[Moga (mascot)|Moga]]'' an [[Indian bison]], was unveiled in June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mascot launched for 37th edition of Indian National Games |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/mascot-launched-for-37th-edition-of-indian-national-games/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |publisher=Adda 247 |date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> 'Moga {{efn|stylized in [[all caps]]; pronounced ({{IPAc-en|lang|m|ɒ|g|ɑː}})}} ({{translation|Love}}) was the official [[mascot]] for the Games, representing the spirit of determination and perseverance, Moga was depicted as an [[emblematic]] representation of an [[Indian bison]], symbolizing a set of attributes that include resilience and the ability to surmount obstacles. The mascot served as an embodiment of the commitment exhibited by [[athletes]] in their pursuit of excellence within their chosen sporting disciplines.

== Sports ==
43 disciplines were contested in the 2023 National Games. Several new sports were added to the event, such as [[sqay]], [[beach football]], [[roll ball]], [[golf]], [[sepak takraw]], [[kalaripayattu]], [[pencak silat]] and [[Mini golf]]. Additionally, [[yachting]] and [[taekwondo]] made a return after their exclusion during the previous edition.<ref name="National Games 2023" />

[[Traditional games of India|Traditional sports]] [[lagori]] and [[gatka]] were included as demonstration sports.<ref name="National Games 2023">{{cite web |title=National Games 2023 scheduled to be held in Goa from Oct. 26 to Nov. 9 |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/national-games-2023-goa-dates |website=[[Olympics]] |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"
|-
!37th National Games of India
|-
|
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{GamesSport|Aquatics|Format=m}}
**[[Diving (sport)|Diving]]
**[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
**[[Water polo]]
*{{GamesSport|Archery|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Badminton|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Basketball|Format=m}}
**[[3x3 basketball]]
*Beach sports
**{{GamesSport|Beach football|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Beach handball|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Beach volleyball|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Boxing|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Canoeing|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Cue sports|Format=m}}
**Billiards
**Snooker
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Field hockey|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Football|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Golf|Format=m}}
**Lawn golf
**Mini golf
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Handball|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Lawn bowls|Format=m}}
*Martial arts
**{{GamesSport|Gatka|Image=No|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Judo|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Kalaripayattu|Image=No|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Pencak silat|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Sqay|Image=No|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Taekwondo|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Wushu|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Modern pentathlon|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Netball|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Rollball|Image=No|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Rugby|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Shooting|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Skateboarding|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Softball|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Soft tennis|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Squash|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Swimming|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Table tennis|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Format=m}}
*Traditional sports
**{{GamesSport|Kabaddi|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Kho kho|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Lagori|Image=No|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Sepak takraw|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Triathlon|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Volleyball|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Format=m}}
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=m}}
*[[File:Sailing pictogram.svg|20px]]{{GamesSport|Yachting|Format=m}}
*Yoga sport
**{{GamesSport|Mallakhamba|Image=No|Format=m}}
**{{GamesSport|Yogasana|Image=No|Format=m}}
{{div col end}}
|}

== Medal table ==
{{Medals table
| caption = 2023 National Games medal table <ref name="Medal Tally">{{cite web |title=Medal Tally |url=https://37nationalgamesgoa.in/games/medals |website=37th National Games |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
| host country = Goa
| flag_template = {{flagicon image|Flag of Goa, India.svg}}
| event = 37th National games of India
| team = State
| show_limit =
| gold_1 = 80 | silver_1 = 69 | bronze_1 = 79 | name_1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]

| gold_9 = 66 | silver_9 = 27 | bronze_9 = 33 | name_9 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]

| gold_2 = 62 | silver_2 = 55 | bronze_2 = 75 | name_2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Haryana.svg}} [[Haryana]]

| gold_13 = 37 | silver_13 = 36 | bronze_13 = 39 | name_13 = {{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]

| gold_30 = 36 | silver_30 = 24 | bronze_30 = 27 | name_30 = {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]

| gold_8 = 32 | silver_8 = 32 | bronze_8 = 37 | name_8 = {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]

| gold_14 = 30 | silver_14 = 22 | bronze_14 = 30 | name_14 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]

| gold_7 = 29 | silver_7 = 26 | bronze_7 = 67 | name_7 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]

| gold_22 = 27 | silver_22 = 27 | bronze_22 = 38 | host_22 = yes| name_22 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Goa, India.svg}} [[Goa]]

| gold_3 = 19 | silver_3 = 26 | bronze_3 = 32 | name_3 = {{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]

| gold_12 = 17 | silver_12 = 26 | bronze_12 = 32 | name_12 = {{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]

| gold_31 = 14 | silver_31 = 20 | bronze_31 = 22 | name_31 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Assam, India.svg}} [[Assam]]

| gold_35 = 14 | silver_35 = 18 | bronze_35 = 33 | name_35 = {{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]

| gold_19 = 14 | silver_19 = 14 | bronze_19 = 18 | name_19 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.png}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

| gold_11 = 11 | silver_11 = 24 | bronze_11 = 36 | name_11 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]

| gold_15 = 10 | silver_15 = 18 | bronze_15 = 30 | name_15 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]

| gold_4 = 8 | silver_4 = 2 | bronze_4 = 21 | name_4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]

| gold_5 = 7 | silver_5 = 23 | bronze_5 = 26 | name_5 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]

| gold_32 = 7 | silver_32 = 5 | bronze_32 = 15 | name_32 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]

| gold_34 = 6 | silver_34 = 5 | bronze_34 = 14 | name_34 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]

| gold_36 = 6 | silver_36 = 2 | bronze_36 = 5 | name_36 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]

| gold_6 = 4 | silver_6 = 10 | bronze_6 = 11 | name_6 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]]

| gold_23 = 4 | silver_23 = 8 | bronze_23 = 4 | name_23 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chandigarh.svg}} [[Chandigarh]]

| gold_29 = 4 | silver_29 = 2 | bronze_29 = 5 | name_29 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]

| gold_10 = 3 | silver_10 = 7 | bronze_10 = 14 | name_10 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]

| gold_33 = 3 | silver_33 = 4 | bronze_33 = 1 | name_33 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}

| gold_16 = 2 | silver_16 = 3 | bronze_16 = 0 | name_16 = {{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]

| gold_21 = 2 | silver_21 = 2 | bronze_21 = 16 | name_21 = {{flagicon image|Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Chhattisgarh]]

| gold_37 = 1 | silver_37 = 3 | bronze_37 = 4 | name_37 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Nagaland]]

| gold_18 = 0 | silver_18 = 3 | bronze_18 = 5 | name_18 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]

| gold_38 = 0 | silver_38 = 2 | bronze_38 = 5 | name_38 = {{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]

| gold_17 = 0 | silver_17 = 1 | bronze_17 = 0 | name_17 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Tripura.svg}} [[Tripura]]

| gold_27 = 0 | silver_27 = 0 | bronze_27 = 2 | name_27 = {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

| gold_25 = 0 | silver_25 = 0 | bronze_25 = 1 | name_25 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lakshadweep.png}} [[Lakshadweep]]

| gold_24 = 0 | silver_24 = 0 | bronze_24 = 1 | name_24 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://37nationalgamesgoa.in/ Official website]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = ''[[2022 National Games of India]]''
| title = [[National Games of India]]
| years =
| after = ''[[2025 National Games of India]]''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{National Games of India}}

[[Category:2023 in Indian sport|National Games of India]]
[[Category:2023 in multi-sport events|National Games of India]]
[[Category:National Games of India]]
[[Category:Sport in Goa]]

Aparna Kumar

2026-03-06T15:56:11Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating a bio!

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2017}}

'''Aparna Kumar''' is an Indian mountaineer. In 2018, she was awarded the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] for land adventure, presented by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 August 2019|title=President of India Award|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz_9EFYg58Q|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz_9EFYg58Q&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2021-01-27 |access-date=|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-28|title=IPS officer Aparna Kumar to be conferred Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award 2018|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award-2018-ips-officer-aparna-kumar-national-awards-for-sports-1566968733-1|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

==Career and training==
Prior to mountaineering, Kumar was a 2002 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre and commanded the 9th Battalion of [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|PAC (Provincial Armed Constabulary)]], which guarded the Chinese border before the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] existed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=IPS officer Aparna Kumar to receive Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award 2018 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ips-officer-aparna-kumar-to-receive-tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award-2018-2785535 |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} OfficerProfile |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/officerprofile?transid=1634&slugName=Deputation |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref> As an IPS officer, she served in the high altitudes of Uttaranchal, manning the sensitive Indo-Tibetan border at [[Askot]], [[Badrinath]] and [[Uttarkashi]],{{Quantify|date=May 2022}} whose jurisdiction was handed over to the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) in 1992.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sep 14 |first1=Pathikrit Chakraborty / TNN / Updated |title=Indo-Tibetan Border Police mountaineers first to scale 21,000-ft Mt Balbala after 75 years {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/itbp-mountaineers-1st-to-scale-21k-ft-mt-balbala-after-75-years/articleshow/86184325.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Kumar summited the [[Lobuche]] East peak ({{convert|6,119|m|ft}}) in April 2013. In June 2013, Kumar climbed [[Stok Kangri]] (approximately {{convert|6151|m|ft}}) in [[Ladakh]], becoming the first IPS/All India Service officer to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=देश की पहली ऐसी महिला IPS अधिकारी, जिन्होंने माउंट एवरेस्ट पर भी गाड़ दिए झंडे |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/photos/education/first-lady-ips-officer-aparna-kumar-who-scaled-7-summits-including-mount-everest-photo-gallery-113484916 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=Shahira |date=14 Feb 2016 |title=Mother Courage atop all peaks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/mother-courage-atop-all-peaks-195992 }}</ref> She is also known for her expedition to the [[Seven Summits]].

==Mountaineering conquests==
===Africa ===
On 30 August 2014, she summited [[Kilimanjaro]] ({{convert|5,895|m|ft}}) in [[Tanzania]] in a 15-day journey.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPS Officer Aparna Kumar becomes the first Indian woman to scale Mt Manaslu |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ips-officer-aparna-kumar-becomes-the-first-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-manaslu-117092801217_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=28 September 2017}}</ref>

===Oceania ===
On 7 November 2014, Kumar climbed [[Puncak Jaya]] Mountain ({{convert|4,884|m|ft}}).

===South America ===
On 14 January 2015, she summited Mount [[Aconcagua]] ({{convert|6,962|m|ft}}).

===Europe ===
Kumar also summited [[Mount Elbrus]] in Russia ({{convert|5642|m|ft}}).

===Antarctica===
Kumar was part of a ten-member expedition team, alongside members from the [[United States|USA]], [[Canada]], South Africa, the U.K., and [[Australia]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-07 |title=Aparna Kumar, first IPS officer to scale 7 summits now eyes North Pole |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aparna-kumar-first-ips-officer-to-scale-7-summits-now-eyes-north-pole/articleshow/98481939.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> to climb the [[Vinson Massif]] in [[Antarctica]]. During the expedition, Kumar also reached the [[Union Glacier]] in [[Antarctica]].

===Asia===
Kumar summited [[Mount Everest]] on 21 May 2016, at 11:02 IST.<ref>{{cite news | title=Aparna Kumar Climbs Mount Denali, Becomes First IPS Officer to Complete 'Seventh Summit' Challenge |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/aparna-kumar-climbs-mount-denali-becomes-first-ips-officer-to-complete-seventh-summit-challenge-3704057/ |work=www.india.com |language=en | date=30 June 2019 | accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref>

Kumar successfully climbed [[Stok Kangri]] (approximately {{convert|20182|ft|m}}) in [[Ladakh]].

Kumar summited the [https://adventureconsultants.com/expeditions/himalayan-climbs/lobuche-east Lobuche East peak] ({{convert|6,119|m|ft}}) in April 2013.

===North America ===
In 2019, she climbed [[Denali|Mount Denali]] in Alaska, completing her [[Seven Summits]] challenge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aparna Kumar First IPS Officer To Scale North America's Highest Peak Denali|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aparna-kumar-first-ips-officer-to-scale-north-americas-highest-peak-denali-2061857|access-date=2020-09-29|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|orig-date=30 June 2019|date=1 July 2019|title=IPS officer Aparna Kumar scales highest peak in North America|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ips-officer-aparna-kumar-scales-highest-peak-in-north-america-mount-denali-1559275-2019-06-30|access-date=2020-09-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} ==

* Director's Gold Medal in "Political Concepts and Constitution of India, 72nd Foundation Course-2002", Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), Mussoorie.
* Vandana Malim Trophy for Best Athlete - 2000 (LBSNAA) Mussoorie.
* Best Athlete Trophy 2003 from SVP National Police Academy (SVPNPA).
* The 51st Batch of Senior Course Officers' Trophy for the first position in Unarmed Combat 2003 SVPNPA.
* Vandana Malik Trophy for Dedication and Hard Work 2004, SVPNPA, Hyderabad.
* Best Battalion Trophy awarded to 9th Battalion of Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) on 13 December 2013 when she was posted as Commandant 9th Battalion, PAC, Moradabad.
* Grade-A Certificate and Trainee of Best Rope, Basic Mountaineering Course 2013 awarded by mountaineering institute (ABVIMAS, Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India).
* Grade-A Certificate Advanced Mountaineering Course 2014 awarded by mountaineering institute (ABVIMAS, Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India).
* Uttar Pradesh Rani Lakshmi Bai Veerta Puraskar - 2015<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=IPS Officer Aparna Kumar Just Became The First Indian Civil Servant To Climb Mt. Everest! |language=en-IN |work=IndiaTimes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-aparna-kumar-india-s-first-civil-servant-to-scale-the-highest-peak-in-antarctica-249925.html}}</ref>
* Director General of Police (DGP) Commendation Disc. 2016.
* [[Yash Bharati|Yash Bharti]] Samman March 2016, the highest civilian award of Uttar Pradesh.
* Devi Award by Sunday Standard and Indian Express Group of Newspapers - November 2016
* Director General (DG), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Commendation Roll and Insignia Silver Disc 2018.
* [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]], 2018 for Land Adventure.
* Director General (DG), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Commendation Rolland Insignia Gold Disc 2021.

== Personal life ==
Kumar is from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and has two children. She is married to [https://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?411 Mr Sanjay Kumar], an IAS officer of UP Cadre. She is an alumna of Vijaya College, Jaya Nagar, and National Law School, Bengaluru. She also did her schooling in Mysore. She speaks fluent Kannada and Hindi.

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UP-IPS-Aparna-Kumar-scales-tallest-peak-in-Antarctica/articleshow/50747382.cms
* https://www.google.co.in/search?q=aparna+kumar+success+story&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8g_nlj-nRAhXFP48KHSjdAMMQsAQINg&biw=994&bih=465
* http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/first-woman-ips-officer-conquers-antarctica-s-highest-peak-hoists-flag/story-t119Ggw61LaDtipDkWxsfN.html
* http://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/interesting-story-of-first-lady-ips-officer-aparna-kumar-who-climb-mount-everest-1-874445.html

{{Indian mountaineers|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Aparna}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
[[Category:Indian female climbers]]

Shahi Jama Masjid

2026-03-06T12:07:26Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Mosque in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{for|similarly named mosque|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox mosque
| name = Shahi Jama Masjid
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Shahi Jama Masjid Sambhal21.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = [[Façade]] of the mosque in 2023
| location = [[Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| geo = {{coord|28.58073|78.56714|region:IN-UP_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Timurid architecture|Timurid]]|[[Sharqi architecture|Sharqi]]}}
| founded_by = Mir Hindu Beg {{nowrap|{{small|(on orders of Emperor [[Babur]])}}}}
| patron =
| established = {{start date|1526|12|6}} [[Common Era|CE]]
| year_completed =
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = East
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two {{small|(maybe more)}}
| minaret_height =
| inscriptions = Several
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| materials =
| footnotes = <ref name="Asher" />{{sfn|Azam|2003|pp=1409–1410}}<ref name="Crane"/><ref name="Ganga Prasad"/>
}}

The '''Shahi Jama Masjid''' ({{Langx|ur|شاہی جامع مسجد}}) is a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] located in [[Sambhal]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Established during the reign of the Mughal emperor [[Babur]] in December 1526, it is the oldest surviving [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-era mosque in South Asia.<ref name="Asher">{{Cite book |author=Asher, Catherine |title=Architecture of Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=9781139055635 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |page=28 |chapter=The beginnings of Mughal architecture |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/architecture-of-mughal-india/beginnings-of-mughal-architecture/0A55C68933E689D1CE699C6D682A17AF |access-date= }}</ref> The mosque is a protected monument under the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1904]].<ref name="Siasat 24 Nov">{{cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=Survey of Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal completed |url=https://www.siasat.com/survey-of-shahi-jama-masjid-in-sambhal-completed-3136784/ |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |access-date= }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Establishment ===
[[File:Sambhal Jama Masjid wash drawing.jpg|thumb|260px|Pencil and wash drawing of the Sambhal Jama Masjid; 24 March 1789.<ref name="Sutton">{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Thomas |title=The Daniells: Artists and Travellers |publisher=[[The Bodley Head]] |year=1954 |location=London |pages=45 }}</ref>]]

The mosque is situated atop the highest hillock in Sambhal, in ''muhalla'' ''Kot'', the fortified old town.{{sfn|Nevill|1911|p=254}} An extant inscription on the ''[[mihrab]]'' states the mosque to have been constructed upon the orders of [[Babur]], by his general Mir Hindu Beg, by 6 December 1526.<ref name="Asher"/><ref name="Nath"/>{{sfn|Azam|2003|p=1409}} Thus the mosque was finished seven months after the [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]], in which Babur conquered [[Delhi]] from [[Ibrahim Lodi]], and is the oldest surviving [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-era mosque in South Asia.<ref name="Nath"/>

However, both [[Ram Nath]] and Catherine Asher, scholars of [[Mughal architecture]], doubt that Babur had any personal involvement.<ref name="Asher" /><ref name="Nath" /> Asher suggests that the inscription might have merely alluded to Babur's permission to regional governors to construct mosques in newly gained territories; she calls it a "non-imperial mosque" as opposed to the [[Kabuli Bagh Mosque|Panipat mosque]], that was constructed by Babur himself.<ref name="Asher" /> Nath believes that Beg might have refurbished an older Lodi-era mosque.<ref name="Nath" />

== Architecture ==
The mosque is enclosed in a walled complex with a square-shaped courtyard that has a well and an ablution tank; the complex is accessible through a gate on the east.<ref name="Crane">{{Cite journal |author=Crane, Howard |date=1987 |title=The Patronage of Ẓahīr al-Dīn Bābur and the Origins of Mughal Architecture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048264 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=1 |pages=101–102 |jstor=24048264 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref><ref name="Asher" />

The mosque has a rectangular prayer chamber—with the gateway set in the form of a high ''[[Iwan|pishtaq]]''—with a square-shaped central bay. The bay is enclosed by a dome, supported by stalactite [[Pendentive|pendentives]] and topped by a ''[[Kalasha (finial)|kalasha]]'' pinnacle. On either side of the chamber, there exists a three-bayed double-aisled arcade, covered by low flat domes. Behind the ''[[qibla]]'' wall of the central bay, lie two small rectangular chambers which open to these arcades.<ref name="Crane" /><ref name="Asher" />{{sfn|Azam|2003|pp=1409–1410}} The exterior walls of the feature are flanked with large octagonal towers.{{sfn|Azam|2003|p=1410}}

'''Repairs'''

Inscriptions on the ''mihrab'' attest to repairs undertaken in 1625–26 and 1656–57; in the former, the mosque was referred to as an "old mosque".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/are-annual-report-on-epigraphy-1917-21-scan/ARE%20Annual%20Report%20on%20Epigraphy%201952-53 |title=Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy: 1952–53 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |year=1954 |location=Delhi |pages=98 |via=archive.org}}</ref> Records of the mosque-keeper include a confirmation of the office in 1689 and multiple revenue-grants towards the maintenance of the mosque across the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Nevill|1911}} Two inscriptions above the outer and inner arches of the central chamber record restorations effected by local Muslims about 1845.{{sfn|Nevill|1911|pp=258–259}}

=== Views ===
[[John Burton-Page|Burton-Page]], a scholar of Indian architecture, notes the mosque to be imposing but "utterly undistinguished" in architectural novelty.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Burton-Page, John |author-link=John Burton-Page |title=Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-16339-3 |editor=Michell, George |page=27}}</ref> Nath believes that the structure has been extensively improved upon, during the repairs, and hence, finds it impossible to guess the original plan of the mosque;<ref name="Nath" /> Asher agrees with the nature of modifications but feels the original design to have survived nonetheless.<ref name="Asher" />

Asher notes a high degree of similarity with the Sharqi architecture of Jaunpur, especially in the usage of a high ''pishtaq'', and suggests a reliance on local artisans.<ref name="Asher" /> However, [[Syed Nadeem Ali Rezavi]] disputes such a lineage and highlights the influence of Timurid architectural conventions—the [[Chahartaq (architecture)|chahartaq]] pattern of the central bay, the high ''pishtaq'', and the domed side arcades of a relatively low height.

== Claims of converted Hindu temple ==
[[File:Perspective_view_of_the_mosque_at_Sambhal,_Uttar_Pradesh_RIBA35777.jpg|thumb|260px|Perspective view of the mosque at Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh; March 1789.<ref name="Sutton"/>]]
[[Abul Fazl]], the court chronicler of emperor [[Akbar]], recorded in ''A'in-i-Akbari'' that Sambhal had a temple called ''Hari Mandal'' ([[Vishnu temple]]). The tenth of avatar of [[Vishnu]], called [[Kalki]], was believed to appear among the descendants of the Brahmin priest of that temple.<ref>{{citation |translator=Jarrett, H. S. |title=The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami, Vol. II |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |year=1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6967/page/n297mode/1up |via=archive.org |pages=16, 281}}</ref> Other scholars of Mughal court have also written about the temple, using names such as ''Har Mandir'',<ref>''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' written by [[Sujan Rai Bhandari]] (1695) in {{harvnb|Sarkar|1901 |p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5760/page/n131/mode/1up 16]}}</ref> and ''Har Mandil''.<ref>''[[Chahar Gulshan]]'' written by Rai Chatar Man Kayath (1759) in {{harvnb|Sarkar|1901 |p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5760/page/n238/mode/1up 123]}}</ref> These narrations are in line with Hindu religious texts.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Eltschinger, Vincent |chapter=On some Buddhist Uses of the kaliyuga |editor1=Wieser, Veronika |editor2=Eltschinger, Vincent |editor3=Heiss, Johann |title=Cultures of Eschatology: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities |volume=1 |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-11-059774-5 |pages=143–146 |doi=10.1515/9783110597745-010 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110597745-010/html |quote=[From ''Mahabharata''] A brahmin by the name of Kalki Viṣṇuyaśas will arise, prodded by Time, of great prowess, wisdom, and might. He will be born in the village of Sambhala, in a pious brahmin dwelling, and at his mere thought all vehicles, weapons, warriors, arms, and coats of mail will wait on him.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |translator=Taylor, McComas |title=The Viṣṇu Purāṇa: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes |publisher=ANU Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781760464417 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWM0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA332 |page=332 |quote=When the religion of the Vedas and scriptural tradition are in decline and the Kali age nears its end, Lord Väsudeva—creator of the universe;... the Absolute in the form of the highest self—will manifest an aspect of himself in this world as Kalki in the home the head brahmin Viṣṇuyaśas, in a village called Śaṃbala.}}</ref>{{efn|The Hindu texts however provide little detail about the location of {{lang|sa|Śaṃbala}}, with the exception of ''[[Kalki Purana]]'', which is of a recent vintage.{{sfn|Bernbaum|1985|p=108}} From at least the 11th century, the present day Sambhal became a place of pilgrimage with texts such as {{lang|sa|Tīrtha-pratyāmnāyāḥ}} mentioning it as a {{lang|sa|muktikṣetra}}, a place of salvation.<ref name="Salomon">{{Cite journal |author=Salomon, Richard |date=1979 |title=Tīrtha-pratyāmnāyāḥ: Ranking of Hindu Pilgrimage Sites in Classical Sanskrit Texts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43376115 |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=121–122 |jstor=43376115 |issn=0341-0137 |lang=de }}</ref>}}

In 1745, Ānand Rām Mukhliṣ, a Hindu scholar and official of the Mughal court, toured Sambhal and recorded the claim that ''Hari Mandal'' had been converted into a mosque.<ref name="Alam">{{cite book |author=Alam, Muzaffar |chapter=Introduction to the Second Edition: Revisiting the Mughal Eighteenth Century |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g3QygAACAAJ |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077411.002.0008 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |isbn=978-0-19-807741-1 |pages= }}</ref>{{sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2007|p=445}} He recounted a line from Sikh ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' to identify the context of the temple:
: Great is the fortune of Sambhal
: Where ''Harji'' will come to the ''Harmandal''.{{sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2007|p=445}}{{efn|The line quoted by Mukhliṣ is an oft-repeated refrain in the [[Kalki]] avatar section of ''Dasam Granth'':
: ''Bhalu Bhaaga Bhayaa Eih Saanbhala Ke Hari Joo Hari Maandari Aavahige'' ॥
It means that the town of Sambhal will be very fortunate because the Lord (''Hari'') will manifest Himself in (its) ''Hari'' temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.searchgurbani.com/dasam-granth/page/1015 |title=Dasam Granth Sahib |page =1015 |work=Search Gurbani |date= |access-date=1 December 2024 }}</ref>}}
Mukhlis quoted an inscription on one of the arches saying that the mosque was constructed by Hindu Beg. However, he claimed that it was Babur's son, [[Humayun]], who ordered the conversion of the temple to a mosque after receiving the district as his ''[[jagir]]''. He also narrated that the Hindu pilgrims were still coming to a neighbouring tank and bathing in it as it was considered holy, with Brahmin priests and flower-sellers standing by. Mukhlis did not take umbrage at the conversion of the temple, remarking that what was a place of worship continued to be one.{{sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2007|pp=445–446}}

In 1770, Aḥmad ʿAlī, a scribe under the employment of [[East India Company]], toured Sambhal and produced an account similar to Mukhliṣ.<ref name="Naqvi">{{Cite journal |author=Naqvi, Naveena |date=2020-10-01 |title=On the road: The novice munshi's view of inter-imperial North India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464620948416 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=495 |doi=10.1177/0019464620948416 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> About two decades later, [[Thomas Daniell]] and [[William Daniell]] etched two drawings of the mosque while travelling through Sambhal, noting it to be "on the site of a Hindoo temple."<ref name="Archer">{{Cite book |author=Archer, Mildred |title=British Drawings in the India Office Library, Vol. 2: Official and Professional Artists |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |location=London |year=1969 |at=p. 580, item 180 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishdrawingsi02mild/page/580/mode/1up |via=archive.org}}</ref>

In 1874, British archaeologist [[A. C. L. Carlleyle]], working for the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], surveyed the mosque and, according to [[Alexander Cunningham]], determined that it was a converted Hindu temple.<ref name=Cunningham>
{{citation |title=Proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Meeting of the Society |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=XI |number=III |date=May 1879 |page=XLVI |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofroyala1118roya_0/page/n473/mode/1up |via=archive.org |quote=Amongst the latter the most remarkable was the old city of Sambhal, where the musjid of Bāber was found to be an old Hindu temple altered and adapted to Muhammadan worship.}}</ref> Carlleyle's report states that the bricks of the central bay were stripped of their stone casings before being plastered over, that the stones in the courtyard pathway contained fragments of Hindu sculptures underneath, and that the new bricks used for the side bays were smaller than those of the central bay.<ref name="Carlleyle" /> Thus, Carlleyle proposed that the central bay was indeed a Hindu temple that was converted into a mosque—wherein the stone casings with sculptures were stripped and repurposed as footsteps out of aniconic impulses—and followed up with the addition of new side bays.<ref name="Carlleyle" />

Howard Crane, a scholar of Islamic art and architecture, doubts that the site of the mosque could have been ever occupied by a temple.<ref name="Crane" /> In contrast, Ram Nath agrees that a temple was converted into the mosque and notes the pillars of the temple to have been reused.<ref name="Nath">{{Cite book |author=Nath, Ram |author-link=Ram Nath |title=History of Mughal Architecture |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1982 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=103–104 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498 |via=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Nath, Ram |author-link=Ram Nath |title=Architecture & Site of the Baburi Masjid of Ayodhya: A Historical Critique |publisher=Historical Research Documentation Programme |year=1991 |isbn=8185105146 |location=Jaipur |pages=20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Nath, Ram |author-link=Ram Nath |title=Mosques of Bābur's reign and their curious epigraphic data (1526-30 A.D.) (excluding the Ayodhya Mosque) |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=56 |issue=4 |date=2008 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/761301851 |id={{ProQuest|761301851}} }}</ref>

=== Disputes during the British Rule ===
[[File:Jama Masjid Sambhal28.jpg|thumb|260px|The interior of the central dome]]
In 1873, Ganga Prashad, deputy collector of the district, noted the mosque to still have the chain for the suspension of a bell,{{efn|Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi, a historian of Mughal India, notes that early medieval mosques in India frequently had a provision for a chain to hang a lamp or lantern to provide light.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Menon, Vandana |title=Sambhal: A history of violence |website=ThePrint |date=2024-12-10 |url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/sambhal-a-history-of-violence/2395983/}}</ref>}} and a passage at the back for ''[[parikrama]]'' carried out by Hindus.{{efn|This is a likely references to the rear chambers mentioned as a "peculiar feature" under [[#Architecture]] above.}}<ref name="Ganga Prasad">{{Cite journal |author=Prasad, Ganga |date=May 1873 |title=On Sambhal Inscriptions |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39480#page/134/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |pages=98–99}}</ref> Around the same time, Carlleyle alleged local Muslims to have confessed to him about the extant inscriptions being forgeries and about how they had usurped total control of the site only around 1850.<ref name="Carlleyle">{{Cite book |author=Carlleyle, A. C. L. |author-link=A. C. L. Carlleyle |title=Report of Tours in the Central Doab and Gorakhpur in 1874–75 and 1875–76 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1879 |location=Calcutta |pages=25–26 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35530 |via=archive.org}}</ref>{{efn|Given Mukhliṣ' and others' description of the mosque, about a century before him, Carlleyle's informers seem unreliable.}}

In 1878, local Hindus filed a plea in the Moradabad Civil Court asking for the site to be returned to them; they lost the case having failed to prove that the Muslims did not have continuous possession of the site during the previous twelve years.<ref name="IE story">{{cite news |date=2024-11-29 |title=Story of the 500-year-old Sambhal mosque: Competing histories, mythology, and legal fights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/story-500-year-old-sambhal-mosque-histories-mythology-legal-fights-9697297/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date= }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express-2024" /> In addition, the parikrama path did not go through the mosque and the witnesses for the Hindu side were noted to be of a "poor quality" who had never seen the inside of the mosque.<ref name="IE story" />

In 1920, the mosque was brought under the purview of the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1904]], and designated as a protected monument.<ref name="Siasat 24 Nov" />

=== Disputes in independent India ===
{{Further|2024 Sambhal Violence}}
In 1976 the maulana of the mosque was murdered giving rise to rumours that a Hindu man had committed the murder. The local administration record says that it was actually committed by a Muslim man but some rioting followed, leading to long curfews.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Vandana, Wasif |author2=Khan, Manisha Mondal |url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/sambhal-a-history-of-violence/2395983/ |title=Sambhal: A history of violence |work=The Print |date=December 2024 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yui |first=Miharu |title=Can Citizen Involvement Overcome Hate Crime in Local Communities? |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7553 |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies |volume=96 |pages=184–185 |date=2017 |doi=10.15021/00008679 |issn=0387-6004}}</ref>

On 19 November 2024, Vishnu Shankar Jain, known for his involvement in the [[Gyanvapi Mosque|Gyanvapi Dispute]], filed a petition in the Chandausi Civil Court arguing that the mosque was built over a 'Shri Hari Har Temple' and asked for an immediate survey of the site.<ref name="Indian Express-2024">{{Cite news |title=How Sambhal row was born, post 1878 suit dismissal, post 1976 tension, when a priest met some familiar names |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2024-11-28 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sambhal-row-dismissal-tension-priest-familiar-names-9695820/ |access-date= }}</ref><ref name="Wire survey">{{cite news |date=20 November 2024 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Court-Appointed Commissioner Surveys Mughal-Era Mosque Amid Claims of Ancient Hindu Temple |url=https://thewire.in/religion/uttar-pradesh-court-appointed-commissioner-surveys-mughal-era-mosque-amid-claims-of-ancient-hindu-temple |newspaper=The Wire |access-date= }}</ref> The prayer was granted ''ex parte'' and the survey was completed by the evening.<ref name="Indian Express-2024" /> Commentators and scholars note the litigation to be part of [[Anti-Mosque campaign in India|a broader Hindu nationalist assault]] on Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Past Continuous, Present Tense |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/49/editorials/past-continuous-present-tense.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=LIX |issue=49 |date=7 December 2024 |pages=7–8 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Express view: Tragedy in Sambhal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-tragedy-in-sambhal-9690194/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-11-26 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Revanchist suits: The Hindu Editorial on the Shahi Jama Masjid |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2024-12-01 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Brevanchist-suits-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-shahi-jama-masjid/article68935041.ece |access-date= }}</ref>

On 24 November, there was an attempt at a fresh survey which gave rise to apprehensions that the surveyors were excavating the mosque; stone-pelting and arson followed, resulting in four deaths, likely from retaliatory police firing.<ref name="Indian Express-2024" /> A week later, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the Civil Court to pause all proceedings until the [[Allahabad High Court]] heard the Mosque Committee's challenge to the survey order; the Court ordered the survey report to not be unsealed and emphasised upon the responsibility of the government to maintain peace.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Jain, Debby |author2=Bawa, Anmol Kaur |date=2024-11-29 |title=Sambhal Masjid: Supreme Court Asks Trial Court To Defer Proceedings Till Survey Order Is Challenged In HC, Keep Commissioner Report Sealed |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-asks-trial-court-not-to-proceed-till-sambhal-mosques-petition-against-survey-order-is-listed-in-hc-directs-not-to-open-commissioner-report-276723 |newspaper=Live Law }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2024-11-29 |title=Sambhal mosque survey: SC asks Shahi Jama Masjid management to approach Allahabad HC, tells trial court to halt proceedings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-sambhal-mosque-survey-case-live-updates-9696603/lite/ |newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref>

Local Hindus claim that they have always held the mosque to be Harihar Mandir and that they used to offer prayers at a nearby well till a few decades ago; local Muslims do not oppose the Hindu claims but assert that such a temple existed in the mosque's vicinity in ancient times, and not at the site itself.<ref name="Indian Express-2024" />

In December 2024 a police station was built near the mosques, with resultant controversy.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Excavation conducted, measurement done for police outpost opposite Shahi Jama Masjid in U.P.'s Sambhal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/excavation-conducted-measurement-done-for-police-outpost-opposite-shahi-jama-masjid-in-ups-sambhal/article69034425.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 December 2024 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=UP: Police outpost to be built opposite Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, measurement begins |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-police-outpost-sambhal-shahi-jama-masjid-9747455/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 December 2024 |language=en-in |access-date= }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Bhojshala]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Muzaffar |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |title=Acculturation or Tolerance?: Inter-faith Relations in Mughal North India, c. 1750 |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=33 |pages=441, 445–446 |year=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/46892575 |ref={{sfnref|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2007}}}}
* {{citation |first=Naiyer |last=Azam |title=Development of Mosque Architecture under Babur |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2003 |volume=64 |pages=1406–1413 |jstor=44145570}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Bernbaum |first=Edwin Marshall |title=The Mythic Journey and its Symbolism: a Study of the Development of Buddhist Guidebooks to Sambhala in Relation to their Antecedents in Hindu Mythology |date=1985 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/3952c99caa630f2eb6b2fef2cb6c80cb/ |page=158-167, 188}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nevill |first=H. R. |title=Moradabad - A Gazetteer |publisher=Government of India |location=Delhi |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181620/page/n235 |via=archive.org |pages=254–255, 257–259}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=The India of Aurangzib (topography, statistics, and roads) compared with the India of Akbar: with extracts from the Khulasat-ut-tawarikh and the Chahar Gulshan |publisher=Bose Brothers |year=1901 |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5760 |via=archive.org}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Shahi Jama Masjid, Sambhal}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Sambhal]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1520s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1520]]
[[Category:Sambhal]]
[[Category:Timurid mosques]]

Aan

2026-03-04T04:10:10Z

Miquel41G60448: enhanced page to improve readability

{{short description|1952 film by Mehboob Khan}}
{{About|the 1952 musical|the 2004 drama|Aan: Men at Work|other uses|}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aan
| image = Aan 1952 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mehboob Khan]]
| producer = [[Mehboob Khan]]
| writer = [[S. Ali Raza]]
| story = R. S. Choudhury
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Nimmi]] [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] [[Premnath]]<ref name=TheHindu/>
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = [[Faredoon A. Irani]]
| editing = Shamsudin Kadri
| studio = [[Mehboob Productions]]
| distributor = [[Mehboob Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1952||}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = ₹35 lakhs
| gross = ₹3.5 crore
}}
[[File:Aan (1952).webm|thumb|x150px|''Aan'']]
'''''Aan''''' ({{Translation|Pride}}; also released as '''''The Savage Princess''''') is a 1952 Indian [[adventure film]], produced and directed by [[Mehboob Khan]]. It stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] (in her debut role) and [[Premnath]].

It was [[India]]'s first technicolor film, as it was shot in 16mm [[Gevacolour]] and was blown up in technicolor.<ref name=uiowa>{{cite web|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Aan.html |title=Aan (1952 film) - a film review|website=University of Iowa - Indian Cinema website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106222836/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Aan.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2007|access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=upperstall>{{cite web |title=Aan (1952 film) - a film review|url=https://upperstall.com/film/aan/ |website=Upperstall.com website |date=14 April 2005 |access-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207235137/https://upperstall.com/film/aan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|author=Karan Bali}}</ref> It was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time subsequently becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest grossing Indian film ever]], both domestically and overseas,<ref name="boi50s" /> a record it held for several years.<ref name="Rajinder">{{cite book|last1=Rajinder|first1=Dudrah|last2=Jigna|first2=Desai|title=The Bollywood Reader|date=2008|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780335222124|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|language=en}}</ref>

''Aan'' was the first Indian film to have a worldwide release in many countries, was subtitled in 17 languages and released in 28 countries,<ref name="Rajinder"/> including the United Kingdom,<ref name="moviemahal"/> United States, France,<ref name="filmfare"/> and Japan.<ref name="Japan"/> The film also received critical acclaim in the British press at the time.<ref name="gaur"/> In [[South India]], it was also dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title.<ref name=Dhool>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfmdhool.com/sotd2/691.html |title=Aan (1952 film) - a film review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305221404/http://www.tfmdhool.com/sotd2/691.html |archive-date=5 March 2016|website=Dhool.com website|access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot centers around an Indian [[Rajpramukh|royal family]], which consists of the Maharaj ([[Murad (actor)|Murad]]), his brother Shamsher Singh ([[Premnath]]) and sister Rajshree ([[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]). A local young man named Jai Tilak ([[Dilip Kumar]]) enters a contest to tame Princess Rajshree's horse, and after he is successful, Shamsher challenges Jai to a bout of fencing. Jai is declared the winner of the match after much dispute and Shamsher is enraged at losing to a poor villager. Jai falls in love with Rajshree and tries to woo her, but despite being attracted to him the princess's arrogance prevents her from revealing her true feelings.

Shamsher, who counted upon becoming the ruler after the Maharaj's death, becomes enraged when the Maharaj reveals that he plans to abolish the monarchy and make the kingdom a democracy.

Shamsher then plans to gain control of the kingdom by killing the Maharajah on the night before he is due to travel to England for a medical procedure. However, he is unsuccessful after the Maharajah escapes an attempt on his life by Shamsher's henchmen and disguises himself as a servant in his own palace.

Shamsher then sets his eyes on Mangala ([[Nimmi]]) who is a village girl and a childhood friend of Jai's. Mangala loves Jai, but her love is not reciprocated as he is in love with Princess Rajshree. Mangala is kidnapped by Shamsher Singh, who plans to keep her as his prisoner in his palace. Before he can assault her, Mangala commits suicide by drinking poison. Jai tries to kill Shamsher to avenge Mangala's death. After Shamsher apparently dies, Jai provokes Princess Rajshree to launch an attack on his village to avenge her brother's death. Jai manages to kidnap Rajshree in the confusion. He sets out to teach her a lesson by taking her to his village and forcing her to live as a peasant. Just when Rajshree begins to realize what a peasant's life is like and begins to admire Jai, Shamsher Singh reemerges and seeks to get revenge against Jai.

==Cast==
*[[Dilip Kumar]] as Jai Tilak<ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="uiowa" />
*[[Nimmi]] as Mangala<ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="uiowa" /><ref name="TheHindu" />
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Princess Rajeshwari<ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="uiowa" /><ref name="TheHindu" />
*[[Premnath]] as Prince Shamsher Singh<ref name="TheHindu" />
*Sheela Naik as Maid of the princess
*[[Mukri]] as Chandan<ref name="Dhool" />
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Maharaja
*[[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] as Dancer<ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="TheHindu" />
*Nilam Bai as Jai's Mother

==Production==
This prestigious production was to be India's first full-length feature in Technicolor.<ref name=upperstall/> The film was made with an extremely large budget. [[Dilip Kumar]],
[[Nimmi]] and [[Prem Nath]], then at the height of their popularity and success, were quickly signed on for starring roles, but the second female lead proved more troublesome to cast. Initially, [[Nargis (actress)|Nargis]] was cast but left the film to concentrate on her association with R. K. Studios. For a time, [[Madhubala]] was considered, with considerable lobbying from Dilip Kumar who was romantically involved with her at the time, but for reasons unknown, she was never cast. Finally [[Mehboob Khan]] decided to launch a newcomer and selected the then unknown Nadira and promoted her as his new star discovery.<ref name="interview"/><ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Aan-1952/article15922186.ece|title=Aan (1952) - a film review|date=19 September 2009|publisher=The Hindu newspaper|access-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612214946/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Aan-1952/article15922186.ece|archive-date=12 June 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When a first edit of the film was shown to the film's financiers and distributors, they objected that Nimmi's character died too early. This was due to Nimmi's vast popularity as an actress. Therefore, a lavish and extended dream sequence was filmed and edited in to give Nimmi more prominence and screen time in the film.

The production cost of the film was {{INRConvert|35|l|year=1953|lk=c}}.<ref name="interview">{{cite web|title=Nadira – Interview|url=http://cineplot.com/nadira-interview/|website=Cineplot.com website|date=25 November 2012|access-date=20 November 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130094039/http://cineplot.com/nadira-interview/|archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> It was the most [[List of most expensive Indian films|expensive Indian film ever]] at the time.

==Music==
A major highlight of Aan is [[Naushad]]'s music which was highly acclaimed.<ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="uiowa" /><ref name="upperstall" /> Both the music of film songs and the grand background score that was so innovative and played a key role in the box office success of this film. Reportedly, Naushad used a 100-piece orchestra while recording the music of this film, something unprecedented in those days. To create the sound effects that had better bass, Naushad had special rugs put on the walls of the sound studio. Finally, the film songs were mixed in London. Naushad worked very long hours for three whole months to complete this film's music. The symphony with the 100 musicians was much praised and even played on the [[BBC Radio]].<ref name=upperstall/>

{{Infobox album
| name = Aan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Naushad]]<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=Dhool/>
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1952
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Jadoo (1951 film)|Jadoo]]
| prev_year = 1951
| next_title = [[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]]
| next_year = 1952
}}

Hindi/Urdu lyrics were by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]<ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="uiowa" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maan Mera Ehsan, Arrey Nadaan"<ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name="upperstall" /><ref name="Dhool" /> || [[Mohammed Rafi]]<ref name="Dhool" /> || rowspan="10" | [[Shakeel Badayuni]]<ref name="Dhool" /> || 02:48
|-
| 2 || "Dil Mein Chhupake Pyar Ka Toofan Le Chale"<ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name="upperstall" /><ref name="Dhool" /> || Mohammed Rafi || 02:55
|-
| 3 || "Tujhe Kho Diya Hamne Paane Ke Baad" <ref name="upperstall" />|| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || 03:14
|-
| 4 || "Aaj Mere Man Mein Sakhi Baansri Bajaaye" <ref name="upperstall" /><ref name="Dhool" />|| Lata Mangeshkar<ref name="Dhool" /> || 03:55
|-
| 5 || "Mohabbat Choome Jinke Haath"<ref name="upperstall" /><ref name="Dhool" /> || Mohammed Rafi & [[Shamshad Begum]] || 03:36
|-
| 6 || "Gao Tarane Man Ke" || Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar & Shamshad Begum || 04:41
|-
| 7 || "Takra Gaya Tumse" || Mohammed Rafi || 03:44
|-
| 8 || "Khelo Raang Hamare Sang" || Lata Mangeshkar & Shamshad Begum || 04:18
|-
| 9 || "Aag Lagi Tan Man Mein" <ref name="upperstall" />|| Shamshad Begum<ref name="Dhool" /> || 03:32
|-
|10 || "Mein Raani Hoon Raja Ki" || Shamshad Begum || 03:10
|}

[[File:Aan Tamil-language film poster.png|thumb|Aan Tamil-language film poster]]
The Tamil lyrics were by [[Kambadasan]]. Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum rendered the Tamil songs also. However, it appears that the lyricist did not approve of their diction, and so songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar were recorded again with [[M. S. Rajeswari]] and songs sung by Shamshad Begum were recorded with Soolamangalam Rajeswari. While the film had the original recordings, the records (plates) had both versions. So, there are 14 songs recorded on the gramophone records.<ref name="Dhool" /><ref name="upperstall" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Yetriduvaai Arul Thaan" || S. M. Sarkar || rowspan="14" | Kambadasan || 02:48
|-
| 2 || "Manadhil Mei Kaadhal" || S. M. Sarkar || 02:55
|-
| 3 || "Izhandhen Unai Anbe" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || 03:14
|-
| 4 || "Izhandhen Unai Anbe" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 03:14
|-
| 5 || "Indru Endhan Nenjil Sakhi" || Lata Mangeshkar || 03:55
|-
| 6 || "Indru Endhan Nenjil Sakhi" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 03:55
|-
| 7 || "Mohamuththam Tharum" || S. M. Sarkar || 03:36
|-
| 8 || "Paadu Singara Paadalai" || S. M. Sarkar, Lata Mangeshkar & [[Shamshad Begum]] || 04:41
|-
| 9 || "Sandai Moondathuve" || S. M. Sarkar || 03:44
|-
| 10|| "Nagaru Nagaru Mel Jal Jal" || Lata Mangeshkar & Shamshad Begum || 04:18
|-
| 11|| "Aah Sududhe En Maname" || Shamshad Begum || 03:32
|-
| 12|| "Aah Sududhe En Maname" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 03:32
|-
|13|| Naan Raaniye Rajavin || Shamshad Begum || 03:10
|-
|14|| Naan Raaniye Rajavin || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 03:10
|}

==Release==

=== International ===
''Aan'' was the first Indian film to have a worldwide release in many countries with the English title - ''Savage Princess''.<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=Dhool/> It was subtitled in 17 languages, and released in 28 countries. Its distribution in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Europe]] was handled by [[Alexander Korda]].<ref name="Rajinder"/> The film had a lavish [[London]] premiere, attended by [[Mehboob Khan]], his wife [[Sardar Akhtar]], and [[Nimmi]].<ref name="moviemahal">{{cite web|url=https://moviemahal.net/2017/01/11/mehboobs-aan-1952-indian-cinemas-entry-into-europe/|title=Mehboob's AAN (1952) – Indian Cinema's entry into Europe|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> The English version was entitled ''Savage Princess''. On the London trip, they met many Western film personalities, including [[Errol Flynn]]. When Flynn attempted to kiss Nimmi's hand, she pulled it away, exclaiming, "I am an Indian girl, you cannot do that!" The incident made the headlines, and the press raved about Nimmi as the "...unkissed girl of India".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606142410/http://www.cinestaan.com/articles|url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2016|title=Cinema news and updates: latest Bollywood news, Tamil Cinema news, Movie reviews and Movie updates - Cinestaan.com|website=www.cinestaan.com}}</ref> The premiere was also attended by the [[British prime minister]] [[Clement Attlee|Lord Attlee]], among other Indian and British elites at the time.<ref name="gaur">{{cite book|last1=Gaur|first1=Madan|title=Other Side of the Coin: An Intimate Study of Indian Film Industry|date=1973|publisher=Trimurti Prakashan [distributed through Universal Book Service, Delhi]|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAAwAAAAMAAJ&q=mehboob+khan+aan+united+kingdom|language=en}}</ref>

Although Nimmi was not the romantic lead, she made a big impact on audiences, and her character, Mangala, emerged as the most popular in the film. This was to such an extent that, when the film was released dubbed in French in 1954, it was retitled ''Mangala, fille des Indes'' (''Mangala, the Girl of India'') and Nimmi was promoted as the main star of the film in the theatrical posters and trailers for the French language release. One reason for her popularity was the incident with Errol Flynn which made headlines. Nimmi further revealed in a 2013 interview, that at the London premiere of Aan, she received four serious offers from Hollywood, including from [[Cecil B. DeMille]] who greatly admired the production design and Mehboob's vision as a director. He was in fact, so impressed by the film, that he personally wrote a letter of commendation to Mehboob Khan praising the film and the performances of Nimmi, [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] in particular.<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nimmis-filmfare-interview-11920.html|title=Dilip Kumar ke aashiq hum bhi the|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>

''Aan'' was also released in [[Japan]] in January 1954, as the first Indian film to ever release in Japan. ''Aan'' was accepted by audiences there, and it earned a considerable profit in Japan.<ref name="Japan">{{cite book | url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | title=Asia to Watch, Asia to Present: The Promotion of Asian/Indian Cinema in Japan | publisher=Senri Ethnological Studies, Reitaku University | last=Matsuoka | first=Tamaki | year=2008 | page=246 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf | archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> In 1995, the film had its Bangladeshi television premier on [[Bangladesh Television]] on the occasion of a personal visit of Dilip Kumar and [[Saira Banu]] to the country.

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
Domestically in India, it was the [[List of Bollywood films of 1952|highest grosser of 1952]], grossing {{INR|link=yes}}2.5{{nbsp}}[[crore]]<ref name="boi52">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022116/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg==|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Box Office India 1952|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=22 September 2012|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> ([[United States dollar|$]]5.88{{nbsp}}million).{{efn|name=Exchange|4.76 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965<ref name="sauder">{{cite web|title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|website=[[UBC Sauder School of Business]]|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|page=3|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>}} Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|5.88|1952}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|5.88|1952}}*68.3978/10 round 0}} crore}}).<ref name="sauder"/> It was the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]] at the time, and the first to [[Net income|net]] {{INR}}1.5{{nbsp}}crore. It held the record for several years, until it was surpassed by ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955).<ref name="boi50s">{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1950-1959 (Figures in Ind Rs)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200259/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=19 September 2012|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

It was also an overseas success, earning considerable profit from overseas.<ref name="Japan"/> In overseas markets, the film was released in 28 countries and earned {{INR|773,060}}<ref name="Rajinder"/> ($162,410).{{efn|name=Exchange}} Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{US$|{{#expr:0.16241*(9.11/0.53) round 2}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:2.79*68.3978/10 round 0}} crore}}).<ref name="sauder"/> In Japan, the film earned {{JPY|2,386,032 }} in ten days following its release in January 1954, the highest for an Indian film in the territory at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsuoka |first1=Tamaki |title=日本におけるインド映画の軌跡 |trans-title=The Traces of Indian Cinema in Japan |journal=南アジア言語文化 |trans-journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Cultures |date=March 2006 |volume=4 |pages=85–117 (87) |publisher=[[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]] |doi=10.15026/81562 |hdl=10108/81562 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10108/81562 |language=ja |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> ''Aan'' was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-gross Indian film overseas]] at the time, until it was surpassed by ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951) after its [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|Soviet release]] in 1954.

Worldwide, the film grossed {{INR|{{#expr:2.5+0.7731}} crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:5880000+162410}}|long=no}}). Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{INR}}{{#expr:376+19}}{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:55+2.79 round 0}} million|long=no}}). It was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] ever at the time, up until it was surpassed by ''Awaara'' after its [[Soviet]] release in 1954.

=== Critical reception ===
''Aan'' received critical acclaim in the British press at the time. ''[[The Times]]'', for example, wrote a positive review of the film, comparing it favourably with [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] productions at the time. They stated that "Hollywood has nothing to reach up to handsome Dilip Kumar and seductive Nadira."<ref name="gaur"/>

Hollywood producer [[Cecil B. DeMille]] himself wrote a letter to [[Mehboob Khan]] saying, "I believe it is quite possible to make pictures in your great country which will be understood and enjoyed by all nations without sacrificing the culture and customs of India. We look forward to the day when you will be regular contributors to our screen fare with many fine stories bringing the romance and magic of India."<ref name=upperstall/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0044318}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvuP_yzygEg Aan (1952)] on YouTube

{{Mehboob Khan}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mehboob Khan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war epic films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1950s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1950s action drama films]]
[[Category:1950s action war films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Fencing films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]

Sajan (1969 film)

2026-03-04T03:52:56Z

Miquel41G60448: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sajan
| image = sajan 1969 Film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Mohan Segal
| producer = Mohan Segal
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Manoj Kumar]] [[Asha Parekh]] [[Om Prakash]] [[Madan Puri]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 2.6 crore
}}

'''''Sajan''''' is a 1969 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Mohan Segal]]. The film stars [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]] in pivotal roles. It became a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! - Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |access-date=2017-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archive-date=15 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The film was [[Shatrughan Sinha]]'s debut in Hindi movies.

The first half of the movie was inspired by the 1951 movie ''[[Happy Go Lovely]]''<ref>Parekh, Asha and Mohammed, Khalid. ''The Hit Girl''. New Delhi: Om Books International (2017), p. 130</ref> which has also inspired movies like ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008) and ''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]'' (1983).

The second half was largely inspired by the 1937 play ''[[I Killed the Count]]'',<ref>Parekh, Asha and Mohammed, Khalid. ''The Hit Girl''. New Delhi: Om Books International (2017), p. 130</ref> of which there were several film, radio and television adaptations, including a 3-episode (Episode 25 - 27) story from Alfred Hitchcock Presents Season 2.

==Cast==
* [[Manoj Kumar]] as Ashok Saxena
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Rajni
* [[Om Prakash]] as Balam
* [[Madan Puri]] as Sheroo / Seth Dharamdas
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Sub-Inspector Tiwari
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Inspector Khan
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Lajwanti
* [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] as Roopa / Guruji
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Bulbul
* [[Jankidas Mehra]] as Taraklal
* [[Shabnam]] as Bela
* [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] as Jwalaprasad Saxena
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge
* [[Iftekhar]] as Lawyer
* [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Aunty

==Plot==
Ashok ([[Manoj Kumar]]) comes from a business family and lives a very wealthy lifestyle. One day, while perusing newspapers he comes across an article which claims that he is to marry a dancer named Rajni ([[Asha Parekh]]). Angered at this insinuation, he goes to confront Rajni, all ready to threaten with a lawsuit, but is instead bewitched by her beauty and innocence and ends up falling in love with her. Initially, he does not reveal his real identity, but does inform her eventually, and both are ready to take the next step, of marriage. Before that could happen, both get embroiled in the murder of Dharamdas ([[Madan Puri]]) who has been blackmailing Rajni's mother ([[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]]) for a past secret about her husband. A murder that ends up having three different killers - Ashok, Rajni and Ashok's driver Balam ([[Om Prakash]]). But all are confessing to the same murder with different versions to investigating officers Inspector Khan ([[Raj Mehra]]) and SI Inspector Tiwari ([[Shatrughan Sinha]]), who are totally perplexed knowing that each of them are trying to save the others. Finally during a court scene for the murder trial, the actual murderer ????? confesses the crime and all three are acquitted.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sajan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| caption =
| released = 1969
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Angel Records]]
}}
* "Ae Mere Meharban" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Bansuri Tihari Nandlal" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
* "Resham Ki Dori" - [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lata Mangeshkar
* "Saajan Saajan Pukaroon" (female) - Lata Mangeshkar
* "Saajan Saajan Pukaroon" - Mohammed Rafi
* "Baton Karo Raton Mein" - Lata Mangeshkar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0320394}}

[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Appu and Pappu

2026-03-03T21:20:05Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appu and Pappu
| image = Appu and Pappu.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = R Anantharaju
| producer = Soundarya Jagadish R
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Snehith
*Judi
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]
*[[Rekha Vedavyas]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = S Krishna
| editing = Sanath Suresh
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|09|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Appu and Pappu''''' (alternatively titled '''''Appu Pappu''''') is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by R Anantharaju,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Aug/02/that-orangutan-was-real-174751.html|title='That orangutan was REAL'|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 August 2010|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922214406/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/aug/02/that-orangutan-was-real-174751.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> starring Snehith and an orangutan named Judi in the titular roles with [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas]] in important roles.<ref name="N">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Dec/28/appu-pappu-completes-100-days-214769.html|title=Appu Pappu completes 100 days|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=28 December 2010|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171657/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/dec/28/appu-pappu-completes-100-days-214769.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the first Kannada film to feature an orangutan in a major role and is loosely based on the English film ''[[Dunston Checks In]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/introducing-appu-and-pappu/articleshow/21937462.cms|title=Introducing Appu and Pappu|date=28 January 2010|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170319/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/introducing-appu-and-pappu/articleshow/21937462.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/appu-pappu-in-tamil/articleshow/13740848.cms|title=Appu Pappu in Tamil|date=15 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920210519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/appu-pappu-in-tamil/articleshow/13740848.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The story follows with a single-mothered child Appu, who wants to unite his mother with his father, who is living in Cambodia

It was released on 17 September 2010. Appu and Pappu became a surprise success and ran for 100 days at the box-office. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Appu Pappu''.<ref name="T" /> In Hindi it was dubbed as ''Lo Aagaye Appu Pappu''. The film marked comeback of Abbas to Kannada cinema in a major role after ''[[Shanti Shanti Shanti]]'' (1998).

== Plot ==
Appu is a naughty boy, living with his single mother Deepa and maternal grandfather in Bangalore. He often makes trouble and drags his entire family into the situation. One day Appu asks his grandfather about his. He explain him the story that, his father Ramesh (Abbas) had love marriage with his mother. After Appu's birth, both used to fight every-day deciding whether to give Appu a luxurious life or a sufficient life. The fight leads to divorce.

Deepa leaves for Cambodia for her office work along with Appu.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Snehith as Appu
* Judi as Pappu
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Ramesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/15/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-abbas.htm|title=10 years later, Abbas returns to Kannada cinema|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918020841/https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/15/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-abbas.htm|archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]] as Deepa
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Anthony
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Jogi Chan (formerly Fakirappa)
* [[Raju Talikote]] as
* [[Madhuri Itagi]] as Rita
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijay Kumar]] as Appu's grandfather and Deepa's father
* Gym Ravi as Boss's henchman
* Gym Harish as Boss's henchman
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Prasad (uncredited)
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] in a special appearance as Sanjana
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Cambodia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/mar/03/shooting-with-an-orangutan-136142.html|title=Shooting with an orangutan|date=3 March 2010|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/mar/03/shooting-with-an-orangutan-136142.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/49368/chimp-came-calling.html|title=The chimp came calling...|date=28 January 2010|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170319/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/49368/chimp-came-calling.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by [[Hamsalekha]]. The makers of the film wanted [[Amitabh Bachchan]] to sing a song for the orangutan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/look/2010/mar/03/meet-appu-and-pappu.htm|title=Bachchan to lend his voice to orangutan Pappu?|date=3 March 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170336/http://movies.rediff.com/look/2010/mar/03/meet-appu-and-pappu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Appu And Pappu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:54
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2009
| year = 2011
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| d6HdLsl86es| Appu And Pappu - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:55
| title1 = Anjani
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 6:16
| title2 = Hee Appu
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Makkaligaagi
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Area Namma
| extra4 = Sachin, Govindusha Subramanya
| length4 = 4:50
| title5 = Appa Appa
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 = 4:31
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "This being a children's film, the violent sequence could have been avoided. Certain provocative scenes involving the second lead heroine could also have been easily given a skip. Appu Pappu speaks of the importance of family values and ties on one hand, and animal welfare and protection on the other. A good outing for the kids".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-appu-pappu-review/20100917.htm|title=Take your kids for Appu Pappu|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 September 2010|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171717/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-appu-pappu-review/20100917.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> B. S. Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "However, “Appu Pappu” is meant mainly for the kids, and their doting parents. When each trick, twist and turn featuring the human-animal duo gets seetis and loud applause, it is time to suspend logic and enjoy the show. “Appu Pappu” entertains as only it can".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/97420/appu-pappu.html|title=Appu Pappu|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 September 2010|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171311/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/97420/appu-pappu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Rekha excels with her graceful performance. Master Snehith promises to be a "little star" of the future. Komal is simply superb. Rangayana Raghu keeps you in good humour. Raju Thalikote, Abbas and Jennifer Kotwal have done justice to their roles. It is finally the orangutan that steals the show with a good performance. "Mungaru Male" Krishna is at his best in cinematography. Hamsalekha has given some excellent musical numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/appu-pappu/movie-review/6590073.cms?from=mdr|title=APPU & PAPPU MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920201945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/appu-pappu/movie-review/6590073.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was a surprise box office success and ran for a hundred days.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/dec/29/appu-pappu-scores-100-214990.html|title='Appu Pappu' scores 100|date=29 December 2010|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171355/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/dec/29/appu-pappu-scores-100-214990.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13690868}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|appu_and_pappu_2010}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films about orangutans]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]

Kalaratri (film)

2026-03-03T09:35:11Z

Miquel41G60448: Put Up Some Article Initial Version

{{Short description|2025 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
'''''Kalaratri''''' is 2025 Indian [[Malayalam language]] survival thriller film directed by, written by, and edited by Anand Krishna Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Asianet News |title=മലയാളത്തില്‍ അടുത്ത ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലര്‍; 'കാളരാത്രി' ടീസര്‍ എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/kalaratri-malayalam-movie-teaser-svqtmw |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=ആക്ഷന്‍ ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലറുമായി 'കാളരാത്രി'; ഫസ്റ്റ്‌ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര്‍ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-look-poster-of-action-crime-thriller-kala-rathri-is-released-17c404dd |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Thambu Wilson and Abhimanue Sajeev. The plot follows a newly married couple whose late-night shortcut drive turns into a tragic nightmare.

== Plot ==
Kalaratri follows newlyweds Sunny and Sruthy, who, while returning from a trip late at night, take a shortcut that leads to tragedy when they accidentally hit and kill someone in a car accident, leaving them stranded as their vehicle breaks down. In search of help, they end up at a house where several characters—each with troubled pasts and hidden motives—converge for a single, suspense-filled night. As the narrative unfolds, blending present events with flashbacks, mounting tensions and psychological traumas among the characters escalate into violence and dark revelations, making the night an ordeal of survival and moral reckoning.

== Cast ==
A list of the main actors and their characters.

* Thambu Wilson<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Asianet News |title='കാളരാത്രി' ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്; റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kalaratri-malayalam-movie-ott-release-date-announced-articleshow-sphlpr3 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> as Sruthi
* Abhimanue Sajeev<ref name=":0" /> as Sunny
* Jolly Antony<ref name=":0" />
* Maria Abish<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |title=New OTT Release: ഇന്ന് ഒടിടിയിൽ എത്തിയ മലയാളചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/new-malayalam-ott-release-fresh-movies-to-watch-online-10524760 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref>
* Adrian Abish<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Production ==
Kalaratri was directed by Anand Krishna Raj, who also wrote the story, screenplay, and dialogues, and served as the film's editor. The film was produced by M/S Greymonk Pictures LLP.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2025-10-03 |title=New Malayalam movies on OTT you can binge this weekend |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/malayalam-movies-on-ott-2025-10-03-1011215 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The main cast includes Thambu Wilson, Abhimanue Sajeev, Jolly Antony, Maria Abish, and Adrian Abish. Ligin Eldho Alias served as the [[cinematographer]]. The original music score was composed by Rishad Musthafa, with lyrics by Thomas Hans Ben.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI3MDQyMDI1MDAwMzU= |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=ആക്ഷൻ ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലറുമായി ആനന്ദ് കൃഷ്ണ രാജ്; 'കാളരാത്രി' ടീസർ റിലീസ് ആയി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalratri-malayalam-movie-teaser-released-a5bd54bd |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film received an "A" category (Adult) certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) Regional Office in Thiruvananthapuram on May 14, 2025.<ref name=":1" />

The film skipped theatrical release and was made available on [[manoramaMAX]] OTT on 28 September 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Kaalaratri {{!}} മലയാള സിനിമയിൽ വീണ്ടും ഒ.ടി.ടി. റിലീസ്; ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലർ കാളരാത്രി മനോരമ മാക്‌സിൽ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/malayalam-movie-kaalaratri-is-a-direct-ott-release-mm-743775.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=malayalam.news18.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sep 26 2025 |first1=Nirmal Sudhakaran Published |last2=Ist |first2=12:35 Pm |title=ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക് മലയാളം ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലര്‍; 'കാളരാത്രി' ട്രെയ്‍ലര്‍ എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/kalaratri-malayalam-movie-ott-release-trailer-manorama-max-articleshow-oq2yg8s |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |title=New OTT Release: പുതിയ 20 മലയാള സിനിമകൾ ഒടിടിയിൽ; വാരാന്ത്യം ആഘോഷമാക്കൂ, പുത്തൻ റിലീസുകൾക്കൊപ്പം |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/new-malayalam-ott-releases-20-films-to-watch-right-now-10551541 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] reviewed ''Kalaratri'' as a dark thriller that effectively blends mystery and action through interweaving timelines. The review praised the performances of all actors and the technical competence of director Anand Krishnaraj, with cinematography by Lijin Eldo Elias demonstrating satisfactory work in cinematography and editing. The film's title references Kalaratri, the fierce form of Goddess Durga symbolizing the destruction of darkness and evil. The review noted innovative editing techniques and recommended the film for dark thriller enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഡാർക്ക് ത്രില്ലർ; കാളരാത്രി റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2025/10/08/kalaratri-movie-review-streaming-in-manorama-max.html |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=ഡാർക്ക് ത്രില്ലർ; കാളരാത്രി റിവ്യൂ |language=ml}}</ref>

[[Onmanorama|Onmanorama's]] review praised the film's ability to craft an unsettling atmosphere of dread as protagonists Sunny and Zoya seek refuge in a mysterious house during a night drive. Adrian Abhish's performance was singled out as stealing the show, while the cinematography by Lijin Eldho Alisa and Divin George Kurian effectively built suspense throughout. The emotional bond between two children in the house was noted as adding significant depth to the narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kalaratri' review: Be at home with dread |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/11/13/kalaratri-movie-review-malayalam-action-psychological-thriller.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website='Kalaratri' review: Be at home with dread |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdbtitle|37675925}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]

Sonna Puriyathu

2026-03-03T03:28:58Z

Miquel41G60448: started new article...

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Krishnan Jayaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sonna Puriyathu
| image = Sonna puriyathu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = poster
| director = Krishnan Jayaraj
| producer = 360 Degree Film Corp
| writer = K. Chandru D. Saravana Pandian (dialogues)
| story = Krishnan Jayaraj Yatish Mahadev
| screenplay = Krishnan Jayaraj
| starring = [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] [[Vasundhara Kashyap]]
| music = Yathish Mahadev
| cinematography = Saravanan
| editing = T S Suresh
| studio = 360 Degree Film Corp
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|7|26}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sonna Puriyathu''''' ({{Translation|You won't get it}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by debutant Krishnan Jayaraj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonna Puriyathu |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11517/tamil/sonna-puriyathu/cast.and.crew.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105003306/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11517/tamil/sonna-puriyathu/cast.and.crew.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> It stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Vasundhara Kashyap|Vasundhara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonna Puriyathu |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/sonna-puriyadhu/cast-crew.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130045027/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/movies/sonna-puriyadhu/cast-crew.html |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> The film was released on 26 July 2013. It had a good opening<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-30 |title=Chennai Box-Office – July 26 to 28 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15035247&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806031346/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15035247&cid=13525926 |archive-date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and finally declared as an above average hit in the boxoffice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-06 |title=Chennai Box-Office - Aug 2 to 4 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15035702&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172321/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15035702&cid=13525926 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011).

==Plot==
Shiva is a dubbing artist and a person who is not happy with love and marriages. His dream is to buy a Volkswagen car for himself. But his mother forces him by blackmailing him to marry and he finally accepts without satisfaction. The girl is Anjali who is revealed to be a devotional girl and is a press reporter. When the marriage of one of Shiva's friends takes place, both Anjali and Shiva are invited. Anjali is invited because the friend was forced by Shiva in order to stop their marriage. But in that marriage, Shiva gets to know that Anjali is the exact opposite of what he thought she was, and that Anjali herself wanted to stop their marriage. They finally break up and they make their parents also accept (Shiva lied to Anjali's father that he became impotent during a cricket match and Anjali cooks up a plot claiming that she became pregnant).

Shiva and Anjali celebrate their marriage cancellation in a pub. The next day, they find themselves in a hotel room together. Shiva and Anjali suspect that Shiva's friend Gowri made such arrangements. However, upon further investigation, the CCTV footage reveals that Seth was behind the arrangement. Shiva and Anjali solve the matter and go to Anjali's house to drop her. Anjali's father tries to make Anjali marry her co-worker. A few days later the broker Rajesh Khanna, who helped Shiva's mother, pays a visit to them with the news that they are going to organize a game show. The prize money from the game show will help Shiva to achieve his longtime dream. In the game, Shiva and Anjali win all the rounds. Anjali started falling in love with Shiva. Anjali feels sad when she learns that Shiva participated in the game only to win Volkswagen car and breaks up with him. With the insistence of his friends, Shiva realises Anjali's love. In order to unite with Anjali, Shiva set up a plan by making a stage actress to act as bride to marry so that Anjali would marry him. Rajesh Kanna who learns of Shiva's plan kidnaps Shiva. Later he leaves Shiva when he claims that Anjali is going to marry someone. When Siva arrives at register office. He sees Anjali getting married. Saddened, Shiva goes to a park and he witnesses a flash mob dancing towards him. It is revealed that it was Anjali's plan to surprise Shiva whereas his friend was also involved in this plan. Shiva and Anjali get married and live happily.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Shiva
* [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] as Anjali
* Blade Shankar as Shiva's friend
* Pradeep K Vijayan as Bimbo
* Jacqueline as Shwetha
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Anjali's father
* [[Manobala]] as Rajesh Khanna
* [[Gangai Amaran]] as TV show host
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Shiva's mother
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Shiva's grandmother
* [[Singamuthu]] as Naattamai
* Rajini Nivetha as Sharmilla Tagore
* Raghav as Settu Paiyan
* Saravanan
* [[Halwa Vasu]]
* Shyamili Sukumar
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as himself (cameo)
{{colend}}

==Production==

Shiva will be seen in the role of dubbing artist who dubs for Tamil dubbed Hollywood movies and he plays a character who is scared of marrying.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-30 |title=Shiva's Axe Effect And Chinese Dubbing |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-05/shiva-axe-effect-30-10-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910181749/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-05/shiva-axe-effect-30-10-12.html |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref> Sam Anderson who is best known for ''[[Yaaruku Yaaro]]'' made a cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-03 |title=Sam Anderson On The Silver Screen |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-12-01/sam-anderson-sonna-puriyadhu-03-11-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910163824/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-12-01/sam-anderson-sonna-puriyadhu-03-11-12.html |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was shot extensively in [[Chennai]] and [[Gobichettipalayam]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sonna Puriyathu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Yatish Mahadev
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Yatish
| prev_title = [[Indira Vizha]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = Varusanaadu
| next_year = 2013
}}
Music is composed by Yathish Mahadev who earlier composed for ''[[Indira Vizha]]''. Lyrics were written by Na Muthukumar and Madhan Karky. Shiva wrote the lyrics for the film's [[Hindi]] number ''Rosa Heh'', in 20 minutes time, and sang it in 10 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani Karthik |date=2013-07-23 |title=My only competition now is Shah Rukh Khan, says Shiva |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40728396_1_hindi-song-film-sonna-puriyathu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725050709/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40728396_1_hindi-song-film-sonna-puriyathu |archive-date=2013-07-25 |access-date=2013-07-26 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was not included in the audio CD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-19 |title=Shiva sings a Hindi number |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-19/news-interviews/40678382_1_shiva-hindi-song-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723095844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-19/news-interviews/40678382_1_shiva-hindi-song-film |archive-date=2013-07-23 |access-date=2013-07-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The audio was released on 9 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-09 |title='Sonna Puriyadhu' audio launched |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-interviews/36236900_1_mirchi-shiva-sonna-puriyadhu-krishnan-jayaraj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517072656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-interviews/36236900_1_mirchi-shiva-sonna-puriyadhu-krishnan-jayaraj |archive-date=2013-05-17 |access-date=2013-07-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> Behindwoods wrote:"Sonna Puriyadhu's music is simple and to the point".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-09 |title=Sonna Puriyadhu Music Review Mirchi Shiva, Krishnan Jayaraj, Vasundra Kashyap |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/sonna-puriyadhu/sonna-puriyadhu-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729103303/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/sonna-puriyadhu/sonna-puriyadhu-songs-review.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref>

* "Kelu Magane Kelu" - [[Jagadeesh Kumar]]
* "Kaaliyana Saalaiyil" - [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* "Devathaya Rakshasiya" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
* "Un Tholil Saindhu" - M. K. Balaji
* "Ayyayo Poche" - M. .K Balaji, Yatish
* "Sonna Puriyathu" - Theme music
* "Sagaroo" - Instrumental
* "Dance To It" - Instrumental

==Marketing==
Posters where Shiva mocking James Bond, Titanic, Harry Potter were released in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=Shiva and Vasundhara are the Tamil Titanic couple, Shiva, Sonna Puriyadhu |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/shiva-and-vasundhara-are-the-tamil-titanic-couple-shiva-sonna-puriyadhu-12-02-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723095538/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/shiva-and-vasundhara-are-the-tamil-titanic-couple-shiva-sonna-puriyadhu-12-02-13.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-24 |title=The Harry Potter Of Kollywood |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-04/harry-potter-sonna-puriyadhu-24-10-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021733/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-04/harry-potter-sonna-puriyadhu-24-10-12.html |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Kalaignar TV]]. The film's distribution rights were initially purchased by [[Studio Green]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-02 |title='Sonna Puriyadhu' Distributed by Studio Green |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92364.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407015939/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92364.html |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> but later acquired by [[Rama Narayanan|Sri Thenandal Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-07 |title=Sonna Puriyaadhu, Mirchi Shiva |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/sonna-puriyaadhu-mirchi-shiva-07-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811040624/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/sonna-puriyaadhu-mirchi-shiva-07-07-13.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=2013-07-26 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref> Its available to watch on [[Amazon Prime Video]] app.

==Reception==
''Sonna Puriyathu'' received mixed reviews from critics. ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said, "Mildly amusing and a promising work by a debutant, Sonna Puriyathu could have done with more punch in its screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2013-07-27 |title=Sonna Puriyathu (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sonna-Puriyathu-Tamil/2013/07/27/article1703570.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727052342/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sonna-Puriyathu-Tamil/2013/07/27/article1703570.ece |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=2013-09-06 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' showered accolades on the movie with the editor Sudhish Kamath giving the movie a 7/10 in his Twitter account and called everything is right about the movie, citing that "A breezy anti-romance comedy that works as a Tamizh Padam spin off with enough laughs to merit a watch.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=2013-07-27 |title=Sonna Puriyathu: Getting it right |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sonna-puriyathu-getting-it-right/article4959784.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926224152/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sonna-puriyathu-getting-it-right/article4959784.ece |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
Indiaglitz.Com rated 2.75/5 and gives a verdict that "One word – Shiva, he rocks, sizzles throughout his screen presence with a volley of one liner and gimmicks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-26 |title=Sonna Puriyathu Tamil Movie Review |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/16716.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727052553/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/16716.html |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars for this movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonna Puriyadhu movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sonna-puriyadhu/movie-review/21447368.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808004555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sonna-puriyadhu/movie-review/21447368.cms |archive-date=8 August 2013 |access-date=2013-09-06 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3207536}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yatish Mahadev]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chembarathi (TV series)

2026-02-26T19:37:12Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding data

{{Short description|2018 Indian television series}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chembaruthi.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| writer = Sumesh Chathanur
| screenplay =
| director = Dr. S. Janardhanan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Haritha Nair
* Amala
* Stebin Jacob
* Nikitha Murali
* Sree Padma
* Blessy Kurian
* Yavanika Gopalakrishnan
* Nandhan Senanipuram
}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 950
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| open_theme = ''Mazhanoolil''
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|11|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|03|25|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| released =
| related = ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''
}}

'''Chembarathi''' is a [[Malayalam]] language television [[Soap opera|serial]] broadcasting on [[Zee Keralam]]. The show stars [[Thara Kalyan]], Amala Girish, Nikitha Murali and Stebin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chembarathi-a-new-serial/articleshow/66867615.cms|title = Chembarathi, a new serial - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It ran from November 26, 2018, until March 25, 2022, making it the one of the longest-running daily soap operas in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-20 |title=Chembarathi crosses 900 episodes; emerges as the longest-running daily soap in Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chembarathi-crosses-900-episodes-emerges-as-the-longest-running-daily-soap-in-malayalam/articleshow/89016772.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Chembarathi'' is an official remake of the [[Zee Telugu]] television series ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''.

The story is about a rich, strong-willed and stubborn woman, Thrichambarath Akhilandeshwari (Akhila), and her elder son Anand. Akhila, who struggles with a complicated relationship with her sister, Vilasini. Anand has an intense love story with Kalyani, a servant working as a cook. Various problems disrupt their relationship.

==Plot==
Akhila arranges Anand's marriage with Priyanka Varma, who is later revealed to be from Thrichambaram's rival family, Nagamadam. Akhila kicks Priyanka out of the marriage hall, which causes her to vow revenge. On the same day, Aravind (Anand's brother) is also arranged to marry Nandana. Akhila cancels the marriage, despite Anand's insistence otherwise.

Anand's friend, Sabari, proclaims that Anand loves Kalyani. Anand denies this, even though it is true. Das (Kalyani's father), who knows that she loves Anand, made her a promise that she will marry Chandran (Vilasini's nephew from Mumbai). Meanwhile, Anand proposes to her. Kalyani, who respects Akhila, decides to perform ''Satyapramana Vratham'', a three-day Hindu penance without food or drink. According to the rules of Vratham, doing this grants the penitent whatever they ask for, but the head of the victim's family (the Thrichambarams) must give a glass of milk to the penitent to finish the vratham. Kalyani requests that her marriage with Chandran continue, which devastates Anand. Vilasini poisons Kalyani's milk, causing her to collapse as Anand confronts her about their break-up.

Seeing Chandran and Kalyani's marriage, Priyanka plots to kill Kalyani. Priyanka's goon kidnaps Kalyani, leaving her to die in the water tank of Trichambaram's home. In the morning, Vilasini asks Sujata to turn on the water pump, which causes Kalyani to nearly drown. Fortunately, she is saved by Anand. Soon, Chandran is revealed to be an imposter who has destroyed several women's lives by marrying them and taking them to Mumbai to sell them to sex traffickers. On the day of Kalyani's marriage, a woman named Sophia appears before Chandran and confronts him, to which Chandran responds by knocking her unconscious. Later, at the moment of tying the [[Mangalasutra|mangal sutra]], Sophia appears and reveals everything, causing the marriage to end.

Kalyani and Anand start to grow closer, and Anand reveals his affection for Kalyani to Akhila. This is when Ganga, Priyanka's younger sister, enters Trichambaram. She has stolen Kalyani's horoscope, which is perfectly matched with Anand, to gain Akhila's approval. Akhila selects Ganga as the bride for Anand. Yet Anand declares in a press conference that the person who wins the "Best Brand Ambassador" title will be his wife. Anand secretly makes Kalyani live in his room to practice for the final item: a dance competition. Meanwhile, Ganga tries to kill Anand's father but is saved by Kalyani, who catches her. Kalyani wins the Brand Ambassador Title but Ganga threatens to commit suicide unless she is arranged with Anand, forcing Akhila's hand. In turn, Kalyani's marriage is fixed with Neeraj. Anand, with the help of a Mumbai-based detective Gireesh Menon, learns the truth about Ganga. When Gireesh attempts to hand over Ganga's details to Anand, the file is taken by Priyanka's goon.

During the night before the wedding, Vilasini kidnaps Kalyani's younger brother, Aniyankuttan, and makes Kalyani write a letter stating that she is leaving. Vilasini tells Kalyani to go to a broken house behind the Vilipuram Devi Temple. Vilasini disrobes Kalyani so she can't run away, but Anand rescues her. Anand marries Kalyani, and his marriage to Ganga is cancelled due to a smoke explosion created by his friends Aravind and Subaru. Meanwhile, Neeraj, who is Anand's friend, cancels his wedding with Kalyani. Vilasini then attempts to incite doubts in Akhila's mind regarding Kalyani and Anand's relationship. Akhila consults an astrologer, who predicts that Anand had married Kalyani.

Priyanka tries to run over Akhila with a car but accidentally hits Kalyani, injuring her leg. The doctors say that Kalyani needs an operation to walk properly. Priyanka's ally, Sreenivas, bribes the anesthesiologist, who gives Kalyani an overdose of anaesthesia. Vilasini makes Akhila once more doubt Kalyani and Anand's relation, though this time Akhila concludes that they both love each other. Anand decides to reveal the truth about Ganga to Akhila. She comes up with a plan, and continues to prepare Anand and Ganga's marriage. She also fixes Kalyani's marriage with Rishikesh, who was Priyanka's ally. On the day of marriage, Anand decides not to go to the auditorium and tells Kalyani to do so. Das forcefully takes a reluctant Kalyani to the wedding hall. Akhila threatens to kill herself if there is any disruption during the marriage, which creates a quandary for Kalyani. Anand's friend SI Shivadas collects all information regarding Ganga, by trapping her as a criminal in a fake car accident, and submits all the evidence to prove Ganga's relation with Priyanka. Priyanka and her allies are arrested and the marriages are cancelled. Anand arrives, along with his father, and rushes to Akhila to disclose his marriage with Kalyani. Akhila is upset upon hearing the news, and her worries intensify on seeing Kalyani's mangala sutra. Akhila attempts suicide but is saved by Anand. Kalyani, blaming herself for all this, unties her mangala sutra and poisons herself. Through many prayers, she survives.

Kalyani enters the Trichambalam family despite Akhila's disapproval. Eventually, Anand could not take the constant shaming from his mother about his wife, so he resigns from his job as CEO and moves out with Kalyani. The show continues with Akhila trying to win her son back, even setting him up to marry another woman (Vydehi), but Anand continues to stand with Kalyani.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Amala Gireesan as '''Kalyani Anand Krishnan''', Anand's wife, and the daughter of Das. She is a young and beautiful village girl, who is employed by Akhila as her home cook. She is the eldest daughter-in-law of Akhilandeshwari and Krishnan.
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] (2018–2020) / [[Thara Kalyan]](2020–2022) as '''Thrichambalath Akhilandeshwari (Akhila)/ Rajaeshwari''' (dual role): she is the mother of Anand and Aravind, the Mother-in-law of Kalyani and Nandana, and the wife of Krishnan. She is the ''[[de facto]]'' head of the house.
* Stebin Jacob as '''Anand Krishnan''', the elder son of Akhilandeshwari and Krishnan. She is the caring and lovable Husband of Kalyani.
* Nikitha Murali as geethanjali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/youngsters-love-malayalam-serials-today-stebin-jacob/articleshow/70642828.cms|title=Youngsters love Malayalam serials today : Stebin Jacob - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Prabhin as '''Aravind Krishnan''', the younger son of Akhilandeshwari and Krishnan, and husband of Nandana.
* Yavanika Gopalakrishnan as '''Das''', Kannan and Kalyani's father.
* Sajana Chandran as '''Krishnan''', Akhila's husband.
* [[Blessy Kurien]] as '''Nandana Aravind Krishnan''', Aravind's wife, and youngest daughter-in-law of Akilandeshwari and Krishnan.
*Sree Padma as '''Vilasini''', Akhila's sister.
* Neethu Thomas (2018–2020) / Caroline (2020) / Neethu Thomas (2021–present) as '''Priyanka Varma''', Anand's ex-fiancé.
* Haritha Nair as '''Ganga Varma''' ("Silky Ganga"), Anand's ex-fiancée, and sister of Priyanka.
* Keerthi Gopinath as '''Subaru''', Anand's best friend.
* Sumi Rashik as '''Jayanthi Rajeev''', Vilasini's niece, and wife of Rajeev.
* Vineeth as '''Sabari''', Anand's friend.
* Arun Mohan as '''Rajeevan''', Jayanthi's husband.
* Regina Sunil as '''Sujatha''', Maid of Thrichambarath house.
* Akshay as '''Aniyankuttan''', Kalyani's younger brother.
* Archana Menon as '''Maheshwari''', Nandana's mother.
* Sini Prasad as Ganga's fake mother
* Amboori Jayan as '''Giriraja Varma''', Priyanka's uncle.
* Leela Panicker as '''Appachiyamma'''.
* Souparnika Subhash as '''Vyjayanthi'''.
* Nandhansenanipuram as '''Anandh''', Krishnan's friend.

===Guest appearance===
* [[Shiju]] as '''Ravichandra Varman''' (Party episode/episode 926-927/episode 950)
* Sushmitha Prabhakaran as '''Sreelakshmi''' (Party episode/episode 1000)
* [[Arun G Raghavan]] as '''Abhimanyu''' (Party episode)
* [[Srinish Aravind]] as '''Sudhi''' (Party episode)

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]'' ముద్ద మందిరం
| 17 November 2014
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 27 December 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' செம்பருத்தி
| 16 October 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 31 July 2022
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Chembarathi'' ചെമ്പരത്തി
| 26 November 2018
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 25 March 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'' ಪಾರು
| 3 December 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 16 March 2024
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]'' पारू
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 6 February 2026
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]'' वसुधा
| 16 September 2024
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

==COVID-19 outbreak in India==
Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Chembaruthi and all other Zee Keralam series stopped from 28 March 2020. Months later, filming was permitted again in India. From June 2020, all Zee Keralam programs resumed with fresh episodes. Lead actress Aishwarya Bhaskar was replaced by Thara Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/actress-aiswarya-quits-the-serial-chembarathi-thara-kalyan-replaces-her-character-063494.html|title = ചെമ്പരത്തിയിലെ അഖിലാണ്ഡേശ്വരിയായി ഇനി ഐശ്വര്യയില്ല! പകരമെത്തുന്നത് ഈ താരം! പിന്‍മാറാന്‍ കാരണമുണ്ട്!|website=Filmbeat|language=ml|date = 11 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/chembarathi/0-6-1150 ''Chembarathi''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt9315194}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]

Panchaganga Express

2026-02-24T22:17:12Z

Miquel41G60448: expanded information further and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Panchaganga Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption = Panchaganga Express at Bengaluru Railway station
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2020|03|07}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} (SBC)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Karwar}} (KAWR)
| distance = {{convert|673|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13hrs 20mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 tier economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16595 / 16596
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16595 / 16596 '''Panchaganga SF Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} and {{stnlnk|Karwar}} in India via Shortest possible Padil Bypass route. It is currently being operated with 16595/16596 train numbers on a daily basis. It is the fastest connecting train from Karwar to KSR Bengaluru <ref>[http://www.m.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jun/10/timetable-change-for-karwar-kannur-trains-1615012.html Timetable changed for Karwar, Kannur trains from bangalore]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/arrival-time-of-yeshwanthpur-karwar-express-at-mangaluru-revised/article18719753.ece Arrival time of Yeshwantpur-Karwar Express revised]</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1754&did=1496993050431D9D9BACA17FD84F928F160A18E2553D5.web107 PARTIAL CANCELLATION OF TRAINS]</ref>

Train is named after Gangavali river near Kumta and Ankola of [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Panchagangavalli river]] of [[Udupi district|udupi]] districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2021 |title=Bengaluru-Karwar Express named Panchaganga Express |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-karwar-express-named-panchaganga-express/article35114908.ece |access-date=2 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

This train runs between KSR and Karwar as 16595/16596 Panchaganga Express. It is widely considered that train which changed the way people travel in coastal Karnataka. Bypassing Mangaluru central is one of the major reason for trains tremendous success as it saves minimum 4 hours travel time of commuters.

Few Passengers were asking railway board to operate this train as a single train by connecting Madgaon with Bengaluru. Also Bengaluru people gets one more daily train to Madgaon.But Railway board outrightly rejected this demand and said this train is dedicated to people of Karnataka coastal and not beyond that. Also Karwar Madgaon special express is an important train to connect Karwar with Madgao hence no point of converting it as single train it said.

== Service==

The 16595/KSR Bengaluru–Karwar Panchaganga Express covers 673 km in 14h 35m. The 16596/Karwar–KSR Bengaluru Express/Panchaganga Express covers 674 km in 15h 15m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Train journey from Mangaluru and Karwar to Bengaluru to be shorter from June 1 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/train-journey-mangaluru-and-karwar-bengaluru-be-shorter-june-1-163579 |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2022 |title=Train journey time from Mangaluru and Karwar to Bengaluru will reduce from June 1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/train-journey-time-from-bengaluru-to-mangaluru-and-karwar-will-reduce-from-june-1/article65377847.ece |access-date=2 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

The Halts of this train are:

* {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}
* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kunigal}}
* {{stnlnk|Channarayapatna}}
* {{stnlnk|Hassan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sakleshpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Subrahmanya Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Kabaka Puttur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bantwala}} (BC Road)
* {{stnlnk|Surathkal}}
* {{stnlnk|Mulki}}
* {{stnlnk|Udupi}}
* {{stnlnk|Barkur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kundapura}}
* {{stnlnk|Mookambika Road Byndoor}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhatkal}}
* {{stnlnk|Murdeshwara}}
* {{stnlnk|Honnavara}}
* {{stnlnk|Kumta}}
* {{stnlnk|Gokarna Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankola}}
* {{stnlnk|Karwar}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 19 coaches:

* 1 AC I Cum AC II Tier
* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III tier economy
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Luggage Cum Disabled Coach
* 1 Generator Coach

==Traction==
As the entire route is under electrification , it is hauled by [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WDP-4D|WDP-4D/WDP4]] diesel locomotive on its entire journey.

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore City railway station]]
* [[Karwar railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur–Karwar Express]]
* [[Madgaon railway station]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-panchaganga-sf-express-16595/113415/136/1775/KSR Bengaluru City–Karwar Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-panchaganga-sf-express-16596/113417/1775/997/Karwar–KSR Bengaluru City Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore City-Karwar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Karwar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Ekta Kaul

2026-02-20T07:02:11Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ekta Kaul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|05|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], India
| image =
| nationality =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2012–2017; 2022–present
| spouse =
{{marriage|[[Sumeet Vyas]]|2018}}
| children = 1
| known for = ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]'' ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
}}

'''Ekta Kaul''' (born 16 May 1990) is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She is best known for her portrayal of Sahiba Agarwal in ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'', Dr. Suhani Malhotra in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' and Riya Mathur in ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''. She participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'' in 2013.

==Early life==
Ekta Kaul was born in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]] in India. She completed her graduation in [[biotechnology]] and later earned an [[MBA]]. She was working with [[Nestle]] for a while, and whilst she was posted in Mumbai, she dabbled in acting.

==Career==
Kaul began her career with the leading role of Sahiba in ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130518072726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/tv/37712160_1_ekta-kaul-rab-se-sohna-isshq-kinnari-mehta Ekta Kaul to stay back in Rab Se Sohna Isshq – Times Of India]</ref> She was a contestant in season 6 of dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ekta-kaul-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6|title=Ekta Kaul exits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date=30 June 2013|website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="news24">{{cite web |url=http://www.news24online.com/ekta-kaul-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6_LatestNews24_21985.aspx# |title=Ekta Kaul exits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 |date=30 June 2013 |accessdate=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111138/http://www.news24online.com/ekta-kaul-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6_LatestNews24_21985.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She played the role of Dr. Suhani in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television India]].

In 2015, she won the lead role of Riya Mathur in [[Star Plus]]'s drama series ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-kaul-quits-popular-tv-show-mere-angne-mein-and-this-is-the-reason/story-oyP3ikf7Ij8c98MuijmubI.html|title=Ekta Kaul quits popular TV show Mere Angne Mein. And this is the reason|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=OMG! Ekta Kaul QUITS Star Plus show 'Mere Angne Mein' |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/omg-ekta-kaul-quits-star-plus-show-mere-angne-mein-494557 |access-date=15 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2017, she was confirmed as the new female lead on [[Life OK]] show ''[[Ghulaam]]'' but the show went off air and her entry was eventually scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-08-11 |title=Ekta Kaul on Ghulaam going off air: It's both funny and sad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ekta-kaul-on-ghulaam-going-off-air-its-both-funny-and-sad-lifetv-1029158-2017-08-11 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Ekta has recently played a role in the [[SonyLIV]] web series “Tanav”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Tanaav 2 Vol 2, Starring Manaj Vij, To Return On THIS Date. Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/tanaav-2-vol-2-starring-manaj-vij-to-return-on-this-date-watch-article-115740346 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kaul dated her ''Rab Se Sohna Isshq'' co-star [[Kanan Malhotra]]. The couple split in 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/news-and-gossip/37132688_1_kanan-malhotra-ekta-kaul-rab-se-sohna-isshq All is not well in Ekta-Kanan’s paradise? – Times Of India]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ekta-KaulKanan-Malhotra-Rab-Se-Sohna-Isshq/articleshow/24599095.cms|title=Ekta Kaul calls off 'roka' with Kanan Malhotra|date=24 October 2013|website=Times of India}}</ref> She married actor [[Sumeet Vyas]] on 15 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Inside Sumeet Vyas and Ekta Kaul's wedding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sumeet-vyas-ekta-kaul-marriage-photos-5360922/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They have a son, Ved, born in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumeet Vyas on naming his son Ved|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sumeet-vyas-on-naming-his-son-ved-since-we-come-from-the-line-of-ved-vyas-it-makes-sense/story-737TNTuiMPxtR4wcbFbOdO.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-daddy-sumeet-vyas-shares-video-of-ekta-kaul-eating-salad-post-delivery-calls-her-a-tomato-hater/articleshow/76243688.cms|title=New daddy Sumeet Vyas shares video of Ekta Kaul eating salad post delivery; calls her a tomato hater|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2023
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| Shweta Bajaj
||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan Review: Shah Rukh Khan Doesn't Miss A Trick In Phenomenally Entertaining Spy Thriller |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pathaan-review-shah-rukh-khan-doesnt-miss-a-trick-in-phenomenally-entertaining-spy-thriller-3722920#pfrom-movies-topstories |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Main Atal Hoon]]''
|Rajkumari Kaul
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''
| Sahiba Agarwal/Anusha "Anu" Sahni
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
| Contestant
| 13th place<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ekta-kaul-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/|title = Ekta Kaul exits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date = 30 June 2013|accessdate = 25 September 2014|newspaper = Indian Express|author = PTI}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| Dr. Suhani Malhotra
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| RJ Yoshika
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/actress-ekta-kaul-turns-rj-for-tv-show-114082300248_1.html|title=Actress Ekta Kaul turns RJ for TV show 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui'|date=23 August 2014|website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''
| Riya Mathur Srivastav
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mere-angne-mein-launched-cast-promises-different-entertainment/16261155|title='Mere Angne Mein' Launched On Star Plus, Cast Promises 'Different' Entertainment|date=3 June 2015|website=Mid-day}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[Tanaav]]''
|Dr. Farah Al Abid
|Debut series<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanaav, Indian adaptation of Israeli series Fauda to be directed by Sudhir Mishra. Deets inside |date=14 June 2022 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/tanaav-indian-adaptation-of-israeli-series-fauda-to-be-directed-by-sudhir-mishra-deets-inside-1962230-2022-06-14}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Fresh New Face - Female]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |publisher=indiantelevision.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role (Female)]]
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9825543}}
* {{Instagram|ektakaul11}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Ekta}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Rohit (actor)

2026-02-19T20:12:48Z

Miquel41G60448: expanded article and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian Telugu actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1998-2010 2024-present
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
| spouse =
}}
'''Rohit''' is an Indian actor known for starring in Telugu-language film in the 2000s.

== Career ==
Rohit worked as an assistant director under [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] in ''Swarnakka'' (1998) and made his lead debut with [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]'s ''[[6 Teens]]'' (2001).<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Rohit & Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141824/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-goodboy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success and he became popular for the song "Devudu Varamandiste Ne Ninne Korukuntaale". Regarding his performance in ''[[Muthyam]]'', a critic wrote that he "tried to do behavioral acting. But he lacks in the ease and spontaneity in his action".<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-muthyam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Muthyam - Rohit, Anu - Vasan - Vandemataram|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712185610/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-muthyam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then starred in a series of films that were box office flops with only ''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]'' (2002), his second collaboration with Nageswara Reddy, becoming successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081901240200.htm|date=19 August 2005|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922224324/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081901240200.htm|archive-date=22 September 2007|title=Entertaining narrative|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.}}</ref> Regarding his performance in ''Girl Friend'', a critic wrote that "Rohit has done an amazing work in this film. He is very natural in acting and has got very good dialogue delivery. His dances are very good comedy timing is perfect".<ref name="G">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|title=Movie review - Girl Friend|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi|date=6 July 2002|access-date=2 August 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011701/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Rohit, the song "Taluku Taraka" from the film was an "instant hit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet1-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - press meet - Telugu Cinema - Rohit, Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108030135/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet1-goodboy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period he also starred in the film ''Nenante Ishtamena'', an unreleased film that was set in Malaysia. He played the second lead in ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' (2002) with a critic noting that he "is far better than" his co-star [[Aryan Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11883287&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Sontham|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092651/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11883287&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|access-date=2 May 2025|last=Moviebuzz}}</ref> He starred in several multistarrers such as ''[[Chandravamsam]]'' (2002), ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' (2004), ''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'' (2005), ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' (2007), ''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' (2007) and ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=26 November 2002 |title=Finding a foothold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, he was to make his comeback with the film ''Kalakar'', but the film remains unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/anil-ravipudi-unveils-motion-poster-of-suspense-thriller-kalakar|title=Anil Ravipudi unveils motion poster of suspense thriller 'Kalakar'|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=14 August 2021|website=Telangana Today|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713000929/https://telanganatoday.com/anil-ravipudi-unveils-motion-poster-of-suspense-thriller-kalakar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/6-teens-hero-rohit-making-a-re-entry-after-a-long-hiatus-396828.html|title=Hero Rohith : మరోసారి సినిమాల్లో కనిపించనున్న 6 టీన్స్ మూవీ హీరో.. 'కళాకార్‌' రానున్న రోహిత్|first=TV9|last=Telugu|date=23 January 2021|website=TV9 Telugu|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713000929/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/6-teens-hero-rohit-making-a-re-entry-after-a-long-hiatus-396828.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, he made his comeback with ''[[RAM (Rapid Action Mission)]]'' after a fourteen year gap.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ram-rapid-action-mission-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1930992|title=RAM Rapid Action Mission Review|date=26 January 2024|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1998 || ''Swarnakka'' || Naxalite || Cameo appearance in the song "Swarnakka"
| <ref name="I"/>
|-
|2000||''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''|| Prakash's friend || Cameo appearance || {{fact|date=April 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[6 Teens]]'' || ||
| <ref name="I"/>
|-
| ''[[Muthyam]]'' || Karthik ||
| <ref name="M"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2002 || ''[[Chandravamsam]]'' || Krishna ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Chandravansam - Krishna, Suman, Naresh, Sivaji, Rohit, Roopa, Jaya Prada, Radhika Varma|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116045923/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chandravansam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]'' || Vamsi ||
|<ref name="G"/>
|-
| ''Entha Bagundo'' || || Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-enthabagundo.html|title=Ordinary Fare|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-08-27|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221094344/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-enthabagundo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || Bose ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | title=Sontham | publisher=Idle Brain | accessdate=15 June 2018 | archive-date=6 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041122/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003 || ''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]'' || Sachin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2002 |title=Rohit's film titled as 'Anaganaga O Kurradu' |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064423/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news231.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Janaki Weds Sriram]]'' || Sriram ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-09-12|title=Telugu cinema review - Janaki weds Sreeram - Rohit, Rekha, Gajala - Anji Seenu|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-janakiwedssreeram.html|access-date=|website=Idlebrain.com|archive-date=2023-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713002445/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-janakiwedssreeram.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nenu Seetamahalakshmi]]'' || Naani ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenuseetamahalakshmi.html|title=Telugu cinema - Nenu Seetamahalakshmi - Rohit, Sravya - Valluripally Ramesh, G Nageswara Reddy - Chakri|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712191304/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenuseetamahalakshmi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' || Thomas ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadambbs.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Shankardada MBBS - Chiranjeevi, Sonali Bendre - Jayant C Paranji|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921194810/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadambbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'' || Charan ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-keelugurram.html|title=Keelu Gurram - Telugu cinema Review - Rohit, Nakul, Baladitya, Rajesh, Tanu Roy|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712185608/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-keelugurram.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Good Boy (2005 film)|Good Boy]]'' || Vamsi ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-goodboy.html|title=Good Boy - Telugu cinema Review - Rohit & Navneet Kaur|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712185607/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-goodboy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]'' || Azad || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadazindabad.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Shankar Dada Zindabad|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2023-07-13|archive-date=2023-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021306/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shankardadazindabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nava Vasantham]]'' || Raja ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/12nava.htm | title=Review: Nava Vasantam | access-date=20 June 2023 | archive-date=23 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823072945/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/12nava.htm | work=[[Rediff.com]]|url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]'' || Bhargav ||
|{{fact|date=February 2026}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[RAM (Rapid Action Mission)]]'' || Surya Prakash || || <ref name="S"/>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]'' || || ||{{fact|date=February 2026}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2954737}}

[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

2023–24 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-18T17:10:49Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023–24 Ranji Trophy
| image =
| fromdate =5 January
| todate = 14 March 2024
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 42
| runner up = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| participants = 38
| matches = 138
| player of the series = [[Tanush Kotian]] (Mumbai)
| most runs = [[Ricky Bhui]] ([[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]) (902)
| most wickets = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) (53)
| website =
| previous_year = 2022–23
| previous_tournament = 2022–23 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2024–25
| next_tournament = 2024–25 Ranji Trophy
}}
The '''2023–24 Ranji Trophy''' is the 89th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2023-24 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555999/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2023-24 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> It took place from 5 January to 14 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=Bengal vs Saurashtra HIGHLIGHTS Ranji Trophy Final Day 4: SAU beats BEN by 9 wickets to lift title, Unadkat shines |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy-final-live-score-bengal-vs-saurashtra-day-4-updates/article66527877.ece |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=19 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Saurashtra were the defending champions, winning their second Ranji Trophy in previous seasons.

==Format==
The teams were divided into two categories named as Elite category having 32 teams split into four groups, with Plate category having 6 teams.The Elite group teams played each other once, with the top two teams from each group qualified for the quarter-finals. In the Plate Group also teams played each other once, but the top four teams qualified for the plate group knockouts, with the bottom two teams playing for the fifth and sixth positions, and another playoff for the third and fourth positions took place.The two Plate finalists will be promoted to the Elite group for the next season, 2024–25, while the bottom two teams of all the four Elite groups combined - factoring in both points and the quotient will be relegated to Plate group.

==League stage==

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRT
| source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]

| winpoints= 6
| drawpoints = 3
| tiepoints = 1
| show_bonus=no
| update = complete

| team1 = VID| team2 = SAU| team3 = SER| team4 = HAR| team5 = RAJ| team6 = JHK| team7 = MAH| team8 = MAN

|result1=QF
|result2=QF
|result8=Rel

|win_JHK=2 |loss_JHK=2 |tie_JHK= |draw_JHK=3 |nr_=JHK |bonus_JHK=-5 |quot_JHK=0.717
|win_MAH=1 |loss_MAH=3 |tie_MAH= |draw_MAH=3 |nr_MAH= |bonus_MAH=-3|quot_MAH=0.914
|win_HAR=3 |loss_HAR=2 |tie_HAR= |draw_HAR=2 |nr_HAR= |bonus_HAR= |quot_HAR=1.616
|win_MAN= |loss_MAN=7 |tie_MAN= |draw_MAN= |nr_MAN= |bonus_MAN= |quot_MAN=0.224
|win_RAJ=2 |loss_RAJ=2 |tie_RAJ= |draw_RAJ=3 |nr_RAJ= |bonus_RAJ=-2 |quot_RAJ=1.028
|win_SAU=4 |loss_SAU=1 |tie_SAU= |draw_SAU=2 |nr_SAU= |bonus_SAU=-1 |quot_SAU=1.592
|win_SER=2 |loss_SER=1 |tie_SEE= |draw_SER=4 |nr_SER= |bonus_SER=1 |quot_SER=1.625
|win_VID=5 |loss_VID=1 |tie_VID= |draw_VID=1 |nr_VID= |bonus_VID= |quot_VID=1.351

| name_HAR = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| name_JHK = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| name_MAH = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| name_MAN = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| name_RAJ = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| name_SAU = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| name_SER = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| name_VID = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advances to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_Rel=#fcc|text_Rel=Relegated to Plate Group for next season
}}
===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRT
| source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
| winpoints= 6
| drawpoints = 3
| tiepoints = 1
| show_bonus=no
| update = complete

| team1 = MUM| team2 = AP| team3 = BEN| team4 = KER| team5 = CHG| team6 = UP| team7 = ASS| team8 = BIH

|result1=QF
|result2=QF

|win_MUM=5 |loss_MUM=1 |tie_MUM= |draw_MUM=1 |nr_MUM= |bonus_MUM=+4 |quot_MUM=1.647
|win_CHG=1 |loss_CHG=1 |tie_CHG= |draw_CHG=5 |nr_CHG= |bonus_CHG=-5 |quot_CHG=1.082
|win_UP=1 |loss_UP= |tie_UP= |draw_UP=6 |nr_UP= |bonus_UP=-10 |quot_UP=1.038
|win_AP=3 |loss_AP=1 |tie_AP= |draw_AP=3 |nr_AP= |bonus_AP=-1 |quot_AP=1.177
|win_BEN=2 |loss_BEN=2 |tie_BEN= |draw_BEN=3 |nr_BEN= |bonus_BEN=-2 |quot_BEN=1.314
|win_KER=1 |loss_KER=1 |tie_KER= |draw_KER=5 |nr_KER= |bonus_KER=-4 |quot_KER=1.093
|win_ASS=1 |loss_ASS=4 |tie_ASS= |draw_ASS=2 |nr_ASS= |bonus_ASS=-4 |quot_ASS=0.68
|win_BIH= |loss_BIH=4 |tie_BIH= |draw_BIH=3 |nr_BIH= |bonus_BIH=-4 |quot_BIH=0.419

| name_AP = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| name_ASS= [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| name_BEN = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| name_BIH = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| name_CHG = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| name_KER = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| name_MUM = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| name_UP = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advances to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_Rel=#fcc|text_Rel=Relegated to Plate Group for next season
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRT
| source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
| winpoints= 6
| drawpoints = 3
| tiepoints = 1
| show_bonus=no
| update = complete

| team1 = TN| team2 = KAR| team3 = GUJ| team4 = RLYS| team5 = TRI| team6 = PUN| team7 = CHD | team8 = GOA

|result1=QF
|result2=QF
|result8=Rel

|win_TRI=2 |loss_TRI=2 |tie_TRI= |draw_TRI=3 |nr_TRI= |bonus_TRI=-4 |quot_TRI=1.114
|win_KAR=3 |loss_KAR=1 |tie_KAR= |draw_KAR=3 |nr_KAR= |bonus_KAR=|quot_KAR=1.252
|win_GUJ=4 |loss_GUJ=2 |tie_GUJ= |draw_GUJ=1 |nr_GUJ= |bonus_GUJ=-2 |quot_GUJ=1.117
|win_RLYS=3 |loss_RLYS=2 |tie_RLYS= |draw_RLYS=2 |nr_RLYS= |bonus_RLYS= |quot_RLYS=1.211
|win_CHD= |loss_CHD=1 |tie_CHD= |draw_CHD=6 |nr_CHD= |bonus_CHD=-12 |quot_CHD=0.343
|win_TN=4 |loss_TN=1 |tie_TN= |draw_TN=2 |nr_TN= |bonus_TN=-2 |quot_TN=1.782
|win_PUN=1 |loss_PUN=3 |tie_PUN= |draw_PUN=3 |nr_PUN= |bonus_PUN=-6 |quot_PUN=0.781
|win_GOA= |loss_GOA=5 |tie_GOA= |draw_GOA=2 |nr_GOA= |bonus_GOA=-2 |quot_GOA=0.754

| name_CHD = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| name_GOA = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| name_GUJ = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| name_KAR = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| name_PUN = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| name_RLYS = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| name_TN = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| name_TRI = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advances to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_Rel=#fcc|text_Rel=Relegated to Plate Group for next season
}}
===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRT
| source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
| winpoints= 6
| drawpoints = 3
| tiepoints = 1
| show_bonus=no
| update = complete

| team1 = MP| team2 = BAR| team3 = DEL| team4 = J+K| team5 = UTK| team6 = PON| team7 = ODI| team8 = HP

|result1=QF
|result2=QF

|win_BAR=3 |loss_BAR=1 |tie_BAR= |draw_BAR=3 |nr_BAR= |bonus_BAR=-3 |quot_BAR=1.149
|win_PON=2 |loss_PON=4 |tie_PON= |draw_PON=1 |nr_PON= |bonus_PON=-2 |quot_PON=0.884
|win_HP=1 |loss_HP=4 |tie_HP= |draw_HP=2 |nr_HP= |bonus_HP=-1 |quot_HP=0.864
|win_MP=4 |loss_MP= |tie_MP= |draw_MP=3 |nr_MP= |bonus_MP=-1 |quot_MP=1.535
|win_UTK=2 |loss_UTK=2 |tie_UTK= |draw_UTK=3 |nr_UTK= |bonus_UTK=-4 |quot_UTK=1.007
|win_J+K=2 |loss_J+K=1 |tie_J+K= |draw_J+K=4 |nr_J+K= |bonus_J+K=-6 |quot_J+K=0.928
|win_DEL=3 |loss_DEL=2 |tie_DEL= |draw_DEL=2 |nr_DEL= |bonus_DEL=-4 |quot_DEL=0.94
|win_ODI=1 |loss_ODI=4 |tie_ODI= |draw_ODI=2 |nr_ODI= |bonus_ODI= |quot_ODI=0.87

| name_BAR = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| name_DEL = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| name_HP = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| name_J+K = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| name_MP = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| name_ODI = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| name_PON = [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]]
| name_UTK = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advances to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_Rel=#fcc|text_Rel=Relegated to Plate Group for next season
}}

===Plate Group===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRT
| source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-plate-league-2023-24-1383415/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
| winpoints= 7
| drawpoints = 3
| show_bonus=no
| update = complete

| team1 = HYD | team2 = MEG | team3 = MIZ| team4 = NAG | team5 = SIK | team6 = AP

|result1=PO
|result2=PO
|result3=PO
|result4=PO

|win_HYD=5 |loss_HYD= |tie_HYD= |draw_HYD= |nr_HYD= |bonus_HYD= |quot_HYD=4.999
|win_MEG=3 |loss_MEG=2 |tie_MEG= |draw_MEG= |nr_MEG= |bonus_MEG=-1|quot_MEG=1.199
|win_SIK=2 |loss_SIK=3 |tie_SIK= |draw_SIK= |nr_SIK= |bonus_SIK=-1 |quot_SIK=0.902
|win_MIZ=2 |loss_MIZ=2 |tie_MIZ= |draw_MIZ=1 |nr_MIZ= |bonus_MIZ=-2 |quot_MIZ=0.919
|win_NAG=2 |loss_NAG=2 |tie_NAG= |draw_NAG=1 |nr_NAG= |bonus_NAG=-3 |quot_NAG=0.827
|win_AP= |loss_AP=5 |tie_AP= |draw_AP= |nr_AP= |bonus_AP= |quot_AP=0.3

| name_AP = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| name_HYD = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| name_MEG = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| name_MIZ = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| name_NAG = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| name_SIK = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
|res_col_header=Q
|col_PO=#FFFFC2|text_PO=Advances to [[#Plate semi-finals|Plate semi-finals]]

}}

==Plate knockouts==
===Plate semi-finals===
{{4TeamBracket
| nowrap = yes
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 125px

| RD1 = Plate Semi-finals
| RD2 = Plate Final

| RD1-seed1 = '''P1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''462/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]'''
| RD1-seed2 = P4
| RD1-team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| RD1-score2 = 206 & 188
| RD1-seed3 = P3
| RD1-team3 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| RD1-score3 = 144 & 153
| RD1-seed4 = '''P2'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''145 & 156/4'''

| RD2-seed1 = '''P1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''305 & 203/5'''
| RD2-seed2 = P2
| RD2-team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| RD2-score2 = 304 & 243
}}

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 February 2024
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 462/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (107 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 164 (192)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Karan Tewatiya 2/45 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 206 (60.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Joshua Ozukum]] 50 (91)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 7/63 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 188 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Sumit Kumar 86 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 6/81 (26.3 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by an innings and 68 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383838.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and Mohamed Rafi
| motm = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] (Hyderabad)
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''1st Plate Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 February 2024
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 144 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Agni Chopra]] 53 (79)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Aryan Bora]] 6/58 (20.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 145 (44.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Kishan Lyngdoh 32 (55)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mohit Jangra]] 5/32 (12.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 153 (38 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Agni Chopra]] 69 (67)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Akash Choudhary 5/33 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 156/4 (35.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Kishan Lyngdoh 53[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mohit Jangra]] 2/48 (11 overs)

| result = Meghalaya won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383839.html Scorecard]
| venue = Mangaldoi Sports Association Ground, [[Mangaldoi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and Manish Jain
| motm = [[Aryan Bora]] (Meghalaya)
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''2nd Plate Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Plate final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 February 2024
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 304 (83 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Raj Biswa]] 64 (48)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 5/103 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 350 (87.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Nitesh Reddy 122 (194)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chengkam Sangma]] 3/54 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 243 (71.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Raj Biswa]] 100[[not out|*]] (114)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 5/86 (21.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 203/5 (34.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 64 (50)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Chengkam Sangma]] 3/47 (7 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383840.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Vaibhav Dhokre and Rajeev Godara
| motm = Nitesh Reddy (Hyderabad)
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''Plate final'''
| rain =
| notes = Rishab Baslas (Hyderabad) made his first-class debut.
}}

==Knockout stage==
[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] made the knockouts for the first time in six seasons after a win over [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in their final match of the group stage. [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'s [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]] attempt against [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] meant Tamil Nadu occupied the top spot in Group C. [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'s win over [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] took them to the top of their group, followed by defending champions [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy round seven: TN in knockouts after six seasons, Thakur bags ten for Mumbai |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-round-seven-tamil-nadu-in-knockouts-after-six-seasons-shardul-thakur-bags-ten-for-mumbai-1421825 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Group D was topped by [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]], with [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] finishing second. [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] took the first two spots of Group B.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy 2023-24: List of teams who qualified for the quarter-finals |url=https://khelnow.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-2023-24-teams-for-quarter-finals |website=Khel Now |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220021531/https://khelnow.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-2023-24-teams-for-quarter-finals |archive-date=20 February 2024 |language=en |date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

{{8TeamBracket
| nowrap = yes
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 125px

| RD1 = Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Semi-finals
| RD3 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''460 & 196'''
| RD1-seed2 = C2
| RD1-team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD1-score2 = 286 & 243
| RD1-seed3 = '''D1'''
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''234 & 107'''
| RD1-seed4 = B2
| RD1-team4 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD1-score4 = 172 & 165
| RD1-seed5 = '''B1'''
| RD1-team5 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD1-score5 = '''384 & 569'''
| RD1-seed6 = D2
| RD1-team6 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD1-score6 = 348 & 121/3
| RD1-seed7 = '''C1'''
| RD1-team7 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD1-score7 = '''338'''
| RD1-seed8 = A2
| RD1-team8 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| RD1-score8 = 183 & 122

| RD2-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''170 & 402'''
| RD2-seed2 = D1
| RD2-team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD2-score2 = 252 & 258
| RD2-seed3 = '''B1'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''378'''
| RD2-seed4 = C1
| RD2-team4 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD2-score4 = 146 & 162

| RD3-seed1 = A1
| RD3-team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD3-score1 = 105 & 368
| RD3-seed2 = '''B1'''
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''224 & 418'''
}}

===Quarter-finals===
Tamil Nadu were the first team to make the semi-final, their first since [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|the 2016–17 edition]], after their win over Saurashtra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ragav |first1=S. Dipak |title=Ranji Trophy quarterfinal: Tamil Nadu eliminates defending champion Saurashtra to enter semis |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy-quarterfinal-tamil-nadu-beats-defending-champion-saurashtra-enters-semifinal-tn-vs-sau-highlights/article67884875.ece |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=Sportstar |date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> They secured a 155-run first innings lead, with only [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] of Saurashtra offering any resistance to their bowling. Captain [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] returned match figures of 9/93 and helped his side secure the victory by an innings and 33 runs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=Ashok |title=Captain Sai Kishore powers Tamil Nadu into Ranji Trophy semifinal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2024/Feb/25/captain-sai-kishore-powers-tamil-nadu-into-ranji-trophy-semifinal |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh denied Andhra a maiden semi-final berth after defeating them in the fourth quarter-final. Requiring 170 runs to win after bundling Madhya Pradesh out for 107 in their second innings, Andhra were on course at 112 for 4 before captain and top-scorer [[Hanuma Vihari]] was dismissed by Anubhav Agarwal. [[Ashwin Hebbar]] (22) added 32 runs for the ninth wicket and was the last batsman dismissed, by [[Kulwant Khejroliya]], who secured his team the win by a 4-run margin. Wicket-keeper [[Himanshu Mantri]] was a standout performer for the winners, with his 49 and 43; however, the man of the match was awarded to Agarwal for his match haul of 9/85.<ref name="Agarwal">{{cite web |title=Anubhav clinches thriller for MP; Sai Kishore takes TN to Ranji semi-finals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-madhya-pradesh-reach-semi-finals-by-beating-andhra-in-thriller-1422683 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh made the semi-final for the third time in a row.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Ranji Trophy 2023-24 quarterfinals: Anubhav takes six wickets as Madhya Pradesh beats Andhra to enter semifinal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-2024-anubhav-takes-six-as-madhya-pradesh-beats-andhra-to-enter-semifinal/article67887664.ece |website=Sportstar |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

In the remaining quarter-final matches both of which went to final day of play, Vidarbha defeated Karnataka and Mumbai drew against Baroda, but progressed to the semi-final on first-innings lead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidarbha send Karnataka packing, Mumbai set up semis date with TN |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/129651/vidarbha-send-karnataka-packing-mumbai-set-up-semis-date-with-tn |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Karnataka looked steady in their chase of a daunting 371 and entered day five at 103 for one, but four-wicket hauls by [[Harsh Dubey]] and [[Aditya Sarwate]] meant they fell 127 runs short.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidarbha crush Karnataka by 128 runs to make Ranji Trophy semifinals |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/vidarbha-crush-karnataka-by-128-runs-to-make-ranji-trophy-semifinals-2912020 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Mumbai gained a 36-run lead in the first innings after Baroda were bowled out for 348 in reply to the hosts' 384. In their second innings, their final pair of [[Tanush Kotian]] and [[Tushar Deshpande]] put together a 232-run [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]], with both making centuries, the second such instance in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's No. 10 and 11 batters Tushar Deshpande, Tanush Kotian slam historic centuries in 232-run stand for last wicket |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mumbais-no-10-and-11-batters-tushar-deshpande-tanush-kotian-slam-historic-centuries-in-232-run-stand-for-last-wicket-101709020358002.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 February 2024 |language=en |date=27 February 2024}}</ref> The match was called off at tea with Baroda reaching 121 for three in an improbable chase of 606; Mumbai progressed to the semi-final based on first innings lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai beat Baroda in Ranji quarters, Shreyas Iyer to return for semis vs Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2024/Feb/27/mumbai-beat-baroda-in-ranji-quarters-shreyas-iyer-to-return-for-semis-vs-tamil-nadu |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 February 2024 |language=en |date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 February 2024
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 460 (143.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Atharva Taide]] 109 (244)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] 4/99 (31.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 286 (90.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nikin Jose]] 82 (212)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 3/48 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 196 (57.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dhruv Shorey]] 57 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] 6/61 (23.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 243 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 70 (98)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 4/65 (13.4 overs)

| result = Vidarbha won by 127 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383816.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = [[Aditya Sarwate]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''1st Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Dheeraj Gowda (Karnataka) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 February 2024
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 384 (140.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Musheer Khan]] 203[[not out|*]] (357)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] 7/112 (42.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 348 (110.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vishnu Solanki]] 136 (291)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shams Mulani]] 4/121 (38 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 569 (132 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 123 (129)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] 7/200 (52 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 121/3 (30 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Priyanshu Moliya 54 (89)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 2/16 (6 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383817.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]]
| motm = [[Musheer Khan]] (Mumbai)
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''2nd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Raj Limbani (Baroda) made his first-class debut.
* [[Musheer Khan]] (Mumbai) scored his maiden century and also double century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/musheer-khan-hits-maiden-double-hundred-to-rescue-mumbai-in-ranji-quarters-2506545-2024-02-24 |title=Ranji Trophy: Musheer Khan hits maiden double hundred to rescue Mumbai in quarters |work=India Today |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Tanush Kotian]] and [[Tushar Deshpande]] (Mumbai) both scored their maiden century in first-class cricket. Deshpande (123) broke [[Shute Banerjee]]'s record for the highest individual score by an Indian number 11 batter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mumbai-tanush-kotian-tushar-deshpande-become-first-no-10-11-to-hit-centuries-ranji-trophy-first-class-record-9183207/ |title=Mumbai's Kotian, Deshpande become first No. 10-11 to hit centuries in a Ranji Trophy innings, break First-Class records |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 February 2024
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 183 (77.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Harvik Desai]] 83 (185)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] 5/66 (32.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 338 (119.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Baba Indrajith]] 80 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]] 3/22 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 122 (75.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 46 (170)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] 4/27 (26.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Tamil Nadu won by an innings and 33 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383818.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SNR College Cricket Ground]], [[Coimbatore]]
| umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] (Tamil Nadu)
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''3rd Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 February 2024
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 234 (81.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yash Dubey]] 64 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[K. V. Sasikanth]] 4/37 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 172 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Karan Shinde]] 38 (83)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Anubhav Agarwal 3/33 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 107 (40.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Himanshu Mantri]] 43 (107)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 4/28 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 165 (69.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 55 (136)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Anubhav Agarwal 6/52 (19 overs)

| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 4 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383819.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and Vinod Seshan
| motm = Anubhav Agarwal (Madhya Pradesh)
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''4th Quarter-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Anubhav Agarwal (Madhya Pradesh) registered his career-best figures in first-class cricket (6/52).<ref name="Agarwal"/>
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 2–6 March 2024
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 170 (56.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Karun Nair]] 63 (105)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 4/49 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 252 (94.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Himanshu Mantri]] 126 (265)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/40 (19.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 402 (101.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yash Rathod]] 141 (200)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Anubhav Agarwal 5/92 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 258 (81.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yash Dubey]] 94 (212)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Yash Thakur]] 3/60 (12.3 overs)

| result = Vidarbha won by 62 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383820.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = Saidharshan Kumar and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Yash Rathod]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''1st Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes = Sagar Solanki (Madhya Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 2–6 March 2024
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 146 (64.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Shankar]] 44 (109)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 3/24 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 378 (106.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 109 (105)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R. Sai Kishore]] 6/99 (38 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 162 (51.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Baba Indrajith]] 70 (105)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shams Mulani]] 4/53 (13.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 70 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383821.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai)
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = '''2nd Semi-final'''
| rain =
| notes = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai) scored his maiden century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ranji-trophy-mumbai-vs-tamil-nadu-shardul-thakur-shines-ahead-of-ipl-hits-maiden-fc-hundred-in-semi-finals-2509956-2024-03-03 |title=Shardul Thakur shines ahead of IPL, hits maiden FC hundred in Ranji Trophy semis |work=India Today |accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref>
}}

===Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 10–14 March 2024
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 224 (64.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 75 (69)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 3/54 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 105 (45.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yash Rathod]] 27 (67)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 3/7 (4.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 418 (130.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Musheer Khan]] 136 (326)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 5/144 (48 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 368 (134.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Akshay Wadkar]] 102 (199)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 4/95 (39 overs)

| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| round = '''Final'''
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Musheer Khan]] (Mumbai)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383822.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 169 runs
| notes = [[Harsh Dubey]] (Vidarbha) took his maiden five-wicket haul in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ranji-trophy-final-mumbai-vidarbha-musheer-shreyas/article67944240.ece |title=Ranji Trophy Final {{!}} Musheer's century and Shreyas' 95 leave Vidarbha with a mountain to climb |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol }}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-plate-league-2023-24-1383415/points-table-standings Plate League at ESPNcricinfo ]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2023–24}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2023-24}}
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023–24]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

F4 Indian Championship

2026-02-15T17:18:09Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding new details.

{{Short description|Single-Seater Racing Championship}}
{{outdated|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox motorsport championship
| name = F4 Indian Championship
| logo = F4 Indian Championship logo.png
| image-size =
| caption =
| category = [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] [[Formula 4]]
| country = India
| inaugural = 2023
| folded =
| classes =
| drivers =
| teams =
| constructors = [[Mygale]]
| engines = [[Automobiles Alpine|Alpine]]
| tyres = [[J. K. Organisation|JK Tyre]]
| champion driver = {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| champion team =
| current_season = 2025 F4 Indian Championship
}}

'''F4 Indian Championship''' is a [[single-seater]] motorsport series based in India. The series is run to the [[FIA|FIA's]] [[Formula 4]] regulations and organized by Racing Promotions Pvt Ltd. The inaugural season was held in [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]].

The winner of the series earns the right to compete in the next season of [[Formula Regional Indian Championship]] for free.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=19 August 2021 |title=Formula Regional India and Indian F4 formally announced for 2022 |url=https://formulascout.com/formula-regional-india-and-indian-f4-formally-announced-for-2022/82612 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819135928/https://formulascout.com/formula-regional-india-and-indian-f4-formally-announced-for-2022/82612 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Formula Scout}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Gerhard Berger]] and the FIA Singleseater Commission launched [[Formula 4]] in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIA reveals Formula 4 plan |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/106219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212125627/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/106219 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=13 January 2014 |website=[[Autosport]]}}</ref> The goal of the Formula 4 was to make the ladder to [[Formula 1]] more transparent. Besides sporting and technical regulations, costs are also regulated. A car to compete in this category may not exceed €30,000 and a single season in Formula 4 May not exceed €100,000.

The creation of the series and [[Formula Regional Indian Championship]] was teased on 15 August 2021 on the social media of [[Mumbai Falcons]], an Indian team participating in [[2021 F3 Asian Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2021 |title=Mumbai Falcons bringing Formula Regional Championship to India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/mumbai-falcons-bringing-formula-regional-championship-to-india-421754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817173946/https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/mumbai-falcons-bringing-formula-regional-championship-to-india-421754 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> The official launch of the championship was held on 19 August 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Aatish Mishra |date=19 August 2021 |title=Formula Regional Indian Championship announced, promises to unearth India's next Formula 1 driver |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/formula-regional-indian-championship-announced-promises-to-unearth-indias-next-formula-1-driver |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819131522/https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/formula-regional-indian-championship-announced-promises-to-unearth-indias-next-formula-1-driver |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Evo India}}</ref>

== Format ==
The weekend's format is set to have three races per weekend with one single qualifying session. The fastest lap will award pole position for Race 1, while Race 3's grid will be set according to the 2nd fastest lap of every driver at the qualifying session. Race 2's grid will be a reverse grid from Race 1's results.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wolff |first=Perceval |date=15 January 2022 |title=Aditya Patel on Formula Regional India: 'It becomes attractive when you know Prema is involved' |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2022/01/15/aditya-patel-on-his-formula-regional-india-it-becomes-attractive-when-you-know-prema-is-involved/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Car ==

{{See also|Mygale M21-F4}}

Initially, the championship was set to feature [[Tatuus F4-T421]] chassis, [[Abarth]] as the engine supplier and [[Prema Powerteam]] responsible for the technical side of things to ensure parity among all competitors.<ref name=":0" /> After failing to run in 2022, the championship switched for the 2023 season to [[Mygale M21-F4]] chassis, [[Automobiles Alpine|Alpine]] as the engine supplier and [[MP Motorsport]] for the technical support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=2023-04-06 |title=New street circuit to join 2023 Indian Racing League, F4 India calendar |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/new-street-circuit-to-join-2023-indian-racing-league-f4-india-calendar-427801 |website=Autocar India}}</ref>

== Broadcasting ==
As with Formula Regional India, Indian F4's organizers are having discussions with international TV channels to broadcast the championship in several countries. For the other countries, the championship will be available on [[YouTube]].<ref name=":1" />

== Champions ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Driver
!Team
!Races
!Poles
!Wins
!Podiums
!Fastest lap
!Points
!Margins
|-
![[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cooper Webster]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|15
|5
|8
|11
|7
|282.5
|62.5
|-
![[2024 F4 Indian Championship|2024]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|RSA}} Aqil Alibhai
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|15
|1
|6
|4
|12
|282
|22
|-
![[2025 F4 Indian Championship|2025]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|13
|6
|3
|6
|4
|158
|24
|}

== Circuits ==
* '''Bold''' denotes a circuit was used in the [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|2025 season]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align=center"
!Number
!Circuits
!Rounds
!Years
|-
!1
|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Madras International Circuit]]'''
|8{{efn|name=Madras F4|Madras International Circuit hosted 4 rounds in [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]], and 2 rounds in [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|2024]]—[[2025 F4 Indian Championship|2025]].}}
|2023–present
|-
!2
|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Kari Motor Speedway]]'''
|5{{efn|name=Kari F4|Kari Motor Speedway hosted 3 rounds in [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|2025]], and 2 rounds in [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|2024]].}}
|2024–present
|-
!3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]]
|1
|2024
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{FIA F4 Championships}}
{{FIA Global Pathway}}
{{Indian motorsports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:F4 Indian Championship}}

[[Category:F4 Indian Championship| ]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2023]]
[[Category:Formula 4 series]]
[[Category:Auto racing series in India]]

Handball Federation of India

2026-02-14T13:54:17Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Sports governing body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox national sports federations
| name = Handball Federation of India
| logo =
| logosize = 190px
| country_flag = India
| IOC_nation = [[Republic of India]] (IND)
| url = https://handballfederationofindia.com/
| sport = [[Handball]]
| othersport1 = [[Beach handball]]
| othersport2 = [[Wheelchair handball]]
| othersport3 =
| othersport4 =
| historytitle = History
| founded = {{Start date and age|1971|10|10|df=y}}
| former_names =
| membership_size = [[#Affiliated members|43 members]]
| participation_levels =
| affiliationstitle = Affiliations
| IF = [[International Handball Federation]]
| IF_abbr = IHF
| IF_url =
| IF_joined = 1974
| continental_assoc = [[Asian Handball Federation]]
| NOC = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| NOC_joined =
| other_aff1 = [[Commonwealth Handball Association]]
| other_aff2 = South Asian Handball Federation
| other_aff3 = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| other_aff4 = [[National Anti-Doping Agency]]
| other_aff5 = [[Sports Authority of India]]
| electedtitle = Elected
| president = Mahesh Kumar
| board_type = Senior Vice President
| board1 = Dr. [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]
| sectitle = Secretariat
| address1 = 24A, Nanak Nagar, Pipliya Rao
| address2 = [[Indore]] 452012
| secretary_general = Dr. Pritpal Singh Saluja
| staff_pos1 = Founder
| staff_name1 = Jagat Singh Chauhan
}}

'''Handball Federation of India (HFI)''' is the governing body for [[handball in India]]. HFI is registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] at [[Rohtak]]. It is a member of the [[Asian Handball Federation]] (AHF) and the [[International Handball Federation]] (IHF) since 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title= Republic of India |url=https://www.asianhandball.org/member-ind |publisher= [[Asian Handball Federation]] (AHF)|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> It is also a member of [[Commonwealth Handball Association]] and [[South Asian Handball Federation]]. HFI was founded by Jagat Singh Chauhan from Rohtak ([[Haryana]]) who was an alumnus of [[YMCA College of Physical Education]] of [[Madras]] [[Chennai]]. He was also the first secretary general of HFI.<ref name=IHF>{{cite web |title=List of Federations:Handball Federation of India |url=http://www.ihf.info/TheIHF/ContinentalFederations/AsianHandballFederationAHF/ListofFederations/HandballFederationofIndia/tabid/4476/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004010722/http://www.ihf.info/TheIHF/ContinentalFederations/AsianHandballFederationAHF/ListofFederations/HandballFederationofIndia/tabid/4476/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2010 |publisher= [[International Handball Federation]] |access-date=30 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==Formation==
In India, sport of handball and HFI was founded by Jagat Singh Chauhan, also founder of [[netball]] and [[throwball]] games in India. His efforts in [[Germany]] during the [[Munich Olympics]] in 1972 helped in establishing HFI. The founding member states were [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Haryana, [[Vidharbha]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The '''1st Senior National Handball Championship''' was held at [[Chhotu Ram|Sir Chhotu Ram]] Stadium, Rohtak, in the year 1972. '''Haryana''' won the gold medal and Vidharba got the silver medal.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

===Presidents===
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="65%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1 || Laxmi Chhabra || || 1973 – 1976
|-
|2 ||[[H. L. Kapur|AVM Harkrishan Lal Kapur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1976 – 1985
|-
|3 || [[Roshan Lal Anand]] || [[Punjab]] || 1985 – 1 Feb 2010
|-
|4 || Dr. Sarwan Singh Channy, IAS || [[Punjab]] || 1 Feb 2010 – 22 Dec 2013
|-
|5 || M. Ramasubramani, IPS || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 22 Dec 2013 – 1 Nov 2020
|-
|6 || A. Jagan Mohan Rao || [[Telangana]] || 1 Nov 2020 – 14 Aug 2022
|-
|7 || [[Digvijay Chautala]] || [[Haryana]] || 14 Aug 2022 – 28 May 2023
|-
|6 || [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu|Dr. Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] (Acting) || [[Jharkhand]] || 28 May 2023 – 27 Jul 2025
|-
|7 || Mahesh Kumar || [[Chandigarh]] || 27 Jul 2025 – present
|}

===General secretaries===
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="65%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. || Jagat Singh Chauhan || [[Haryana]] ||1971 – 1973
|-
|2. || M. I. Khan || [[Andhra Pradesh]] ||1973 – 1985
|-
|3. || Dr. Surinder Mohan Bali || [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||1985 – 22 Dec 2013
|-
|4. || Dr. Anandeshwar Panday || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 22 Dec 2013 – 1 Nov 2020
|-
|5. || Dr. Pritpal Singh Saluja || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1 Nov 2020 – ''present''
|}

===Executive committee===
Following is the HFI Executive committee for the term 2022 – 2025.
{| class= style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! Designation !! Name !! State
|-
| '''Life-president'''{{refn|group=note|name=EXECOM|Life-President, Chairman and the Executive Director donot have voting right in the Executive Committee or Annual General Body Meeting(s).}} || [[Roshan Lal Anand]] || [[Punjab]]
|-
| '''President''' || Digvijay Chautala || [[Haryana]]
|-
| '''Sr. vice-president''' || [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] || [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Vice-president'''|| Braj Kishore Sharma || [[Bihar]]
|-
| Nassarudeen Musali || [[Kerala]]
|-
| Yogesh Mehta || [[Delhi]]
|-
| '''Secretary general'''|| Pritpal Singh Saluja || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|rowspan=4 |'''Joint secretary'''|| Nand Kishore Sharma || [[Himachal Pradesh Handball Association|Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
| Randhir Singh || [[Handball Association of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|-
| Shyamla Pavan Kumar || [[Telangana]]
|-
| Varuni Negi || Delhi
|-
| '''Treasurer'''|| Gursharan Singh Gill || Punjab
|-
|rowspan=7 |'''Executive member'''|| Ravinder Singh || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| Rama Shankar Sharma || [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| Birendra Kumar Behera || [[Odisha]]
|-
| Jile Singh || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
| Ashutosh Sharma || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|}

===Title holders===
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! Category
! Men's
! Women's
|-
| '''[[Premier Handball League (India)|Premier Handball League]]'''
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| '''Senior National Handball Championship'''
| [[Services Sports Control Board|SSCB]] (Feb 2025)
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (Jan 2025)
|-
| '''Handball at National Games'''
| [[Services Sports Control Board|SSCB]] (Feb 2025)
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] (Feb 2025)
|-
| '''HFI Federation Cup'''
| [[Services Sports Control Board|SSCB]] (Mar 2023)
| [[Haryana]] (Mar 2023)
|-
| '''HFI Inter-Zonal Handball Championship'''
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (Apr 2019)
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (Apr 2019)
|-
| '''Junior (U-19) National Handball Championship'''
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (Mar 2025)
| [[Haryana]] (Dec 2024)
|-
| '''Sub-Junior (U-15) National Handball Championship'''
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] (Oct 2024)
| [[Haryana]] (Dec 2022)
|-
| '''Mini (U-12) National Handball Championship'''
| ? (Jun 2017)
| ? (Jun 2017)
|-
| '''Senior National Beach Handball Championship'''
| [[Chhattisgarh]] (Aug 2014)
| [[Haryana]] (Aug 2014)
|-
| '''Beach Handball at National Games'''
| [[Services Sports Control Board|SSCB]] (Jan 2025)
| [[Haryana]] (Jan 2025)
|}
* (Month and year of event)
* TBD = To be decided

===Competitions hosted===
HFI had hosted following international championships:
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! Championship !! Venue
|-
| [[2019 Asian Women's Youth Handball Championship]] || [[Jaipur]]
|-
| [[2017 Asian Men's Club League Handball Championship]] || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Handball at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 South Asian Games]] || [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[2015 Asian Women's Youth Handball Championship]] || [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[2004 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship]] || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Handball at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]] || [[New Delhi]]
|}

==Affiliated members==
;State associations
# Andhra Pradesh Handball Association
# Arunachal Pradesh Handball Association
# Assam Handball Association
# Bihar Handball Association
# Chhattisgarh Handball Association, Bhilai
# Goa Handball Association
# Gujarat Handball Association
# Haryana State Handball Association, Bhiwani
# [[Himachal Pradesh Handball Association]], Bilaspur
# Jharkhand State Handball Association, Jamshedpur
# Karnataka Handball Association
# Kerala Handball Association
# Madhya Pradesh Handball Association
# [[Handball Association of Maharashtra]]
# Manipur Handball Association
# Meghalaya Handball Association
# Mizoram Handball Association
# Nagaland Handball Association
# Odisha State Handball Association
# Punjab Handball Association
# Rajasthan State Handball Association
# Sikkim Handball Association
# Tamil Nadu Handball Association, Chennai
# Telangana Handball Association
# Tripura Handball Association
# Uttar Pradesh Handball Association
# Uttarakhand Handball Association
# West Bengal State Handball Association

;Union territories associations

# Andaman and Nicobar Islands Handball Association
# Chandigarh Handball Association
# Handball Association of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
# Handball Association of Delhi
# Handball Association of Union Territory of Ladakh
# Jammu and Kashmir Handball Association
# Lakshadweep Handball Association
# Pondicherry State Handball Association

;Other units

# [[Association of Indian Universities]]
# [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
# [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
# Mumbai Handball Academy
# National Handball Academy
# [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]
# [[Services Sports Control Board]]
# [[Sports Authority of India]]

==National teams==
* [[India men's national handball team]]
* [[India women's national handball team]]
* [[India national wheelchair handball team]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
[https://handballfederationofindia.com Official Website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Handball in India}}
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the Asian Handball Federation}}
{{National members of the International Handball Federation}}

[[Category:Asian Handball Federation]]
[[Category:Handball governing bodies]]
[[Category:Handball in India]]
[[Category:National members of the International Handball Federation]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Handball]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1971]]

Predhiman Krishan Kaw

2026-02-10T02:33:06Z

Miquel41G60448: corrected citations for accuracy further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Predhiman Krishan Kaw
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|1|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|6|18|1948|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| field = [[Plasma Physics]], [[Laser Physics]]
| work_institution = [[Institute for Plasma Research]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology]] [[Princeton University]] [[Physical Research Laboratory]]
| doctoral_advisor = Prof. [[Mahendra Singh Sodha|M. S. Sodha]]
| known_for = [[Plasma Physics]] Theory
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] [[Padma Shri]] [[TWAS Prize]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Predhiman Krishan Kaw''' (15 January 1948 – 18 June 2017)<ref name=CS113_0337>{{cite journal|last1=John|first1=P.I.|last2=Sen|first2=Abhijit|title=Predhiman Krishan Kaw -- Personal News|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/02/0337.pdf|journal=Current Science|date=25 July 2017|volume=113|issue=2|page=337}}</ref> was an Indian [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] [[physicist]]. He was the founding director<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Staff Page, Institute for Plasma Research |url=http://www.ipr.res.in//staff.html |publisher=[[Institute for Plasma Research]] |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091145/http://www.ipr.res.in//staff.html |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> of the [[Institute for Plasma Research]] and served as the institute's as the director from 1986 to 2012.

== Biography ==
Kaw was born on 15 January 1948 in [[Srinagar]] (Jammu and Kashmir), India. He matriculated from [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] (1958) and completed his M.Sc. from [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Agra University]] in 1964. He received a [[PhD]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] in 1966 under Supervision of Prof. [[Mahendra Singh Sodha|M. S. Sodha]], and was the first Ph.D. from the IIT, Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Distinguished Alumni Awards|url=http://cronos.rutgers.edu/~jaluria/IIT%20Delhi%20Distinguished%20Alumni%20Awards.htm|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=14 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044905/http://cronos.rutgers.edu/~jaluria/IIT%20Delhi%20Distinguished%20Alumni%20Awards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kaw received his Ph.D. at the age of 18,<ref name="CS113_0337" /> following which he completed his PostDoc at [[Princeton University]]. He was the founding director<ref name=":0" /> of the [[Institute for Plasma Research]] and served as the institute's as the director from 1986 to 2012. He was awarded the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] award, India's fourth-highest honor, in 1985 and the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] in 1986. On 28 December 2016, he was awarded the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics for his seminal contributions in the areas of laser-plasma interactions, strongly coupled dusty plasmas, and turbulence, nonlinear effect in magnetic fusion devices. He is also a recipient of the 2008 [[TWAS Prize]].<ref name="Prizes and Awards">{{Cite web |url=https://twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards |title=Prizes and Awards |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> His older brother is bureaucrat and author [[M. K. Kaw]].

==Professional details==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Institute !! Designation
|-
| 1967-1969 || Princeton University || Postdoctoral Fellow
|-
| 1969-1971 || Princeton University, USA || Research Staff & Lecturer
|-
| 1971-1974 || Physical Research Laboratory, India || Associate Professor
|-
| 1974-1975 || Physical Research Laboratory, India || Professor
|-
| 1975-1982 || Princeton University, USA || Principal Research Physicist Lecturer in Astrophysical Sciences
|-
| 1982-1986 || Plasma Physics Programme, Physical Research Laboratory, India || Director
|-
| 1986-2012 || Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India || Director
|-
| 2012–2017 || Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India || DST Year of Science Professor
|}

==Selected articles and talks==
* PK Kaw, [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/download_pdf.php?titleid=id_065_01_0020_0025_0 "Fusion power, who needs it?" (pdf format)], Current Science, 10 July 1993, 65(01) 20 [https://web.archive.org/web/20041024160118/http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/More_HTML/Artsimovich/PKKawPaper.html (web format)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ipr.res.in Institute for Plasma Research, Gujarat, India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131210135927/http://www.ipr.res.in/~theory/kaw_sir_home_page/kaw.htm Prof. PK Kaw Home Page]
*[http://www.pppl.gov/news/2017/07/predhiman-kaw-founder-india%E2%80%99s-fusion-program-and-former-pppl-physicist-dead-age-69 Predhiman Kaw, founder of India’s fusion program and former PPPL physicist -- News]

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaw, Predhiman}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Indian plasma physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]

{{India-physicist-stub}}

Vikram Solar

2026-01-22T14:10:28Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{short description|Indian solar energy company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vikram Solar Limited
| trading_name =
| logo = Vikram Solar logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|544488}} {{NSE|VIKRAMSOLR}}
| ISIN =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2005}}
| founder = Gyanesh Chaudhary
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Gyanesh Chaudhary (chairman & managing director)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rywAyBKRNt0|title = BQ Conversations with Vikram Solar's MD Gyanesh Chaudhary|website = [[YouTube]]| date=20 July 2021 }}</ref>
| industry = [[Solar energy]]
| products = [[Solar panel|Solar module]]s
| production =
| production_year = 
| revenue = INR 25,109.90 Million
| revenue_year = FY 2023-24
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 1,513 employees and 728 contractual employees
| num_employees_year = FY 2023-24
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.vikramsolar.com}}
| footnotes =
| former_name =
}}

'''Vikram Solar Limited''' is an Indian [[solar energy]] company headquartered in [[Kolkata|Kolkata, West Bengal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2014 |title=Top 15 solar players in India |url=https://electronicsb2b.com/industry-sections/market-report/top-15-solar-players-india/ |website=[[Electronics For You]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Gireesh Chandra |date=2016-06-15 |title=Vikram Solar to sell shares for expansion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/IThlIcbXsReHNQL8jyDjPL/Vikram-Solar-to-sell-shares-for-expansion.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> It manufactures [[solar photovoltaic]] (PV) modules and develops solar power projects through [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] (EPC) and [[Maintenance|operations and maintenance]] (O&M) services.<ref name="mercom26">{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Parth |date=21 January 2026 |title=Higher Module Sales Drive Vikram Solar's Revenue Up 50% YoY in 9M FY 2026 |url=https://www.mercomindia.com/higher-module-sales-drive-vikram-solars-revenue-up-50-yoy-in-9m-fy2026 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=Mercom India}}</ref>

As of January 2026, the company has an annual module manufacturing capacity of 9.5 [[Watt#Gigawatt|GW]]. Vikram Solar became a [[Public company|publicly traded company]] in August 2025 and is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE).

== History ==
Vikram Solar was founded in 2005 by Gyanesh Chaudhary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinakar |first=S |date=26 December 2025 |title=Evaluating setting up shop in United States: Vikram Solar chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/evaluating-setting-up-shop-in-united-states-vikram-solar-chairman-125122500609_1.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It began manufacturing operations in 2009 with an initial annual capacity of 12 MW.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vikram Solar's moment under the green energy sun |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/vikram-solars-moment-under-the-green-energy-sun/94703/1 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In its early operations, the company participated in [[Photovoltaic power station|utility-scale solar]] projects in India and Germany, including projects under the first phase of India's [[National Solar Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakkar |first=Mitul |date=2013-12-24 |title=Vikram Solar supplies solar power equipments to Germany |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/vikram-solar-supplies-solar-power-equipments-to-germany/articleshow/27843305.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Between 2013 and 2014, the company installed a 100 kW rooftop solar facility at [[Cochin International Airport]] and commissioned a 10 kW floating solar plant in Rajarhat, Kolkata, which was the first such installation in India.<ref name="bloomberg14">{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Natalie Obiko |date=12 August 2014 |title=Vikram Solar to Build India's First Floating Solar Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-12/vikram-solar-to-build-india-s-first-floating-solar-plant |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

From 2015 to 2019, the company increased its annual manufacturing capacity to 1 GW and began exporting modules to Africa, Europe, and the United States. During this period, it executed utility-scale projects for several public-sector entities, including [[NTPC Limited]].<ref name=":0" />

In August 2025, the company completed an initial public offering (IPO) that raised ₹2,079 crore. Its equity shares were listed on the BSE and NSE on 26 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sachin |date=2025-08-19 |title=Can Vikram Solar justify its high valuations with rapid growth? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/can-vikram-solar-justify-its-high-valuations-with-rapid-growth/articleshow/123374467.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Podishetti |first=Akash |date=2025-08-26 |title=Vikram Solar makes a muted D-St debut, shares list at 2% premium over IPO price |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/vikram-solar-makes-a-muted-d-st-debut-shares-list-at-2-premium-over-ipo-price/articleshow/123516634.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Manufacturing and technology ==
Vikram Solar's manufacturing facilities are located at the [[Falta, South 24 Parganas|Falta Special Economic Zone]] in [[West Bengal]], and in [[Oragadam]] and [[Vallam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. In November 2025, the company commissioned an automated facility in Vallam with an annual capacity of 5 GW, increasing its total installed module manufacturing capacity to 9.5 GW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Mithun |date=2025-11-26 |title=Vikram Solar commissions 5 GW of module manufacturing facility at Tamil Nadu’s Vallam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/vikram-solar-commissions-5-gw-of-module-manufacturing-facility-at-tamil-nadus-vallam-plans-to-commission-another-6-gw-capacity-at-gangaikondan-facility-in-fourth-quarter/article70326817.ece |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

The Vallam facility utilizes tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) cell technology and is configured to manufacture modules in M10, G12, and G12R wafer formats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Vikram Solar commissions new 5 GW Vallam plant in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/vikram-solar-announces-commissioning-of-5-gw-module-manufacturing-facility-in-tamil-nadus-vallam/article70324719.ece |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, Vikram Solar reported that it had transitioned its module portfolio to G12R-based configurations.<ref name="pvtech26">{{cite news |date=16 January 2026 |title=Vikram Solar to transition all module production to G12R format |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/vikram-solar-to-transition-all-module-production-to-g12r-format/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=PV Tech}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[Solar power in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{SPIN}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vikramsolar.com/ Official website]

{{auth}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Vyagrapurisvarar Temple, Thiruvengaivasal

2026-01-18T23:57:46Z

Miquel41G60448: started a place

{{Coord|format=dms|display=title}}'''Vyagrapurisvarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Thiruvengaivasal]] of [[Pudukkottai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
The temple is situated at Annavasal taluk. This place is also known as Thiruvengaipathi.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Vyagrapurisvarar. The goddess is known as Parvatidevi. The temple tree is vanni.<ref name="dinamalar">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=657 Vyakrapureeswarar Temple, Dinamalar Temples]</ref> The presiding deity is also known as Thiruvengainathar.<ref name=pdk>புதுக்கோட்டைக் கோயில்கள், புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டத் திருக்கோயில்கள் பயணியர் கையேடு, இந்து சமய அறநிலைய ஆட்சித்துறை, 2003</ref>

==Structure==
The [[Garbhagriha]] faces west so that during the evening, the rays of the Sun fall on the presiding deity. Near to the deity, [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] is found. There is a separate shrine for goddess. In this temple [[Kartikeya|Subramania]], [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Surya]], [[Bhairava|Bairava]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], [[Vishnu|Perumal]] and [[Shani|Sanisvara]] are also found. Dakshinamurthy is found in a different posture, as [[Ardhanarishvara]] Dakshinamurthy. In the [[prakara]] shrine of Muruga found in octagonal shape. Muruga is found sitting with one leg bent and sitting on one leg. No [[Vel]] or peacock is found near to him. No [[Navagraha]] is found in this temple. Instead nine Vinayakas are found in a shrine. Shrines are so set up that devotees can see the shrines of Shiva from Theradi Vinayaka, Kala Bairava from Muruga and Mahalakshmi from Perumal.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==History==
Once [[Kamadhenu]] had to face the wrath of [[Indra]], and got a curse. In order to get rid from the curse she asked the advice of [[Kapila]] [[Rishi|Munivar]]. He, in turn, advised her to keep her two ears filled with water and to worship Shiva. While she was practising it daily, Shiva in order to test her came in the guise of a tiger and told her that he would kill. Later Shiva, along with his consort gave [[Darśana|darshan]] to her. She got rid out of the curse.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Festivals==
Maha Sivaratri, Margazhi [[Thiruvathira|Tiruvathirai]], [[Karthikai Deepam|Karthikai]], and [[Panguni Uthiram]],<ref name="dinamalar"/> [[Vaisakha|Vaikasi visakam]] (10 days) and [[Thaipusam]] are held in this temple.<ref name=pdk/><ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/pudukottai/2019/jan/22/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-3080995.html தைப்பூசம் கோயில்களில் சிறப்பு வழிபாடு, தினமணி, 22 சனவரி 2019]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madurai Express

2026-01-13T15:11:13Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madurai Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} (MDU)
| distance = {{convert|1694|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11043/11044
| speed = {{cvt|49|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Mumbai LTT - Madurai) Express Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madurai Express''' is a Superfast train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] with {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is currently being operated with 11043/11044 train numbers on a weekly basis. From May 2021, it was converted into Superfast Express, with new timings. Also [[ICF coach]] were replaced by [[LHB coach]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/special-trains-from-chennai-to-tirunelveli-today/article7950831.ece | title=Special trains from Chennai to Tirunelveli today | date=5 December 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=13 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Villupuram-Vridhachalam-line-doubling-work-Trains-to-be-partially-cancelled-diverted/articleshow/49552915.cms Villupuram - Vridhachalam line doubling work: Trains to be partially cancelled, diverted]</ref>

==Service==

The 22101/Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madurai Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 1694 km in 28 hrs 55 mins. 22102/Madurai–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 1694 km in 28 hrs 40 mins.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station code !! Arrival station name!! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22101 || LTT || Lokmanya Tilak Terminus || 13:15 || Wednesday || MDU || Madurai Junction || 18:10 || Thursday
|-
| 22102 || MDU || Madurai Junction || 15:50 || Friday || LTT || Lokmanya Tilak Terminus || 20:30 || Saturday
|}

==Rake sharing==

* 22129 – [[Tulsi Express]]
* 11081 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Gorakhpur Express]]

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]'''
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanchipuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dindigul Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC Two Tier
* 4 AC Three Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 End-On Generator coaches (EOG)

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP 7]] electric locomotive from [[Kurla]] to Madurai.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11043-ltt-madurai-express-w 11043/Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Madurai Express]
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11044-lokamanya-tt-exp 11044/Madurai - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Madurai Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1993

2026-01-07T04:25:09Z

Miquel41G60448: Started Some Details Needs Work

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1993:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1993 in film|1993]]'''
|-
|''[[Asha (1993 film)|Asha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Asha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433270/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Shantunu Misra]] || [[Asrumochan Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhagya Hate Doro]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bhagya Hate Doro|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433278/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Rekha Jain]] || ||
|-
|''[[Byabhichara]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Byabhichara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433280/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Raghu Misra]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Nari (actor)|Nari]] || ||
|-
|''[[Dadagiri (1993 film)|Dadagiri]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Dadagiri|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433286/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| Rakesh Mohanty||[[Debu Bose]], Debu Bramha, [[Mihir Das]]||||
|-
|''[[Ghara Sansara]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oriya.incredibleorissa.com/movie/ghara-sansara-film/|title=Ghara Sansara oriya film Video, Songs, Review, Wallpapers, Story|date=2013-02-19|website=Oriya Film Database|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashant Nanda]] ||[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Indradhanura Chhai]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Indradhanura Chhai|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0305672/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Sushant Misra]] ||[[Surya Mohanty]], [[Sonia Mahapatra]], Robin Das||Drama|| Mishra won the Grand Prix in 1995.
|-
|''[[Lavanya Preeti]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Lavanya Preeti|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1435530/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Apurba Kishore Bir|A. K. Bir]] || [[Tara Shankar Misra]]|| || Misra won the best child artist award in National Film Awards, 1994.
|-
|''[[Pathara Khasuchi Bada Deulu]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Pathara Khasuchi Bada Deulu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433327/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Raju Misra]] ||[[Sirkant Gautam]], [[Shrishtee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shardhanjali]]'' || [[Pankaja Pani]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Lekha Nanda]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1993 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1993]]
[[Category:Lists of 1993 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1993 in Indian cinema]]

Bharat Bhushan (politician)

2026-01-05T13:21:37Z

Miquel41G60448: Creating a stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Jasrotia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| name = Dr. Bharat Bhushan
}}
'''Dr. Bharat Bhushan''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kathua Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=BJP's Dr Bharat Bhushan Wins Jammu And Kashmir's Kathua Assembly Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kathua-election-result-2024-live-update-9077452.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Bharat Bhushan with 45944 defeats BSP's Sandeep Majotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kathua-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612944-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||55.19%||Sandeep Majotra||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||40.64%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhushan, Bharat}}
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Toronto Tamil International Film Festival

2025-12-24T03:55:46Z

Miquel41G60448: started a post...

{{Infobox Film Festival
| name = Toronto Tamil International Film Festival (TTIFF)
| image =File:Toronto Tamil Film Festival Logo.png
| caption =
| location = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
| awards =
| founded = 2020
| host =
| language = International
| website = https://www.ttff.ca/
}}

'''The Toronto Tamil International Film Festival''' (TTIFF) is an annual [[film festival]] publicly held in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada. Its "one of the most significant festival of Tamil films held anywhere outside of Indian subcontinent<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sillu-karuppatti-wins-award-at-toronto-tamil-film-fest/articleshow/78002872.cms|title=Sillu Karuppatti wins award at Toronto Tamil Film Fest - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Toronto Tamil Film Festival of Toronto (TTIFF) is a nonprofit organization devoted to a greater appreciation of Tamil cinema and culture by showcasing films, supporting emerging filmmakers, and promoting the diverse perspectives of the [[Tamil diaspora]].

Each year the festival features a rich mix of film programs designed to build and support the growing interest in the Tamil entertainment industry. This includes programming that cultivates an audience for Tamil films while supporting filmmakers of Tamil descent in career development as they navigate the larger studio system in Hollywood. TTFFs industry programs include the One-on-One program where film industry professionals from major and independent production and distribution companies are invited to participate in meetings with the TTFF filmmakers; and panel discussions with speakers from the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ttff.ca/about/who-we-are/|title=Who We Are}}</ref>

== 2020 Awards ==

=== Jury Award ===
* Jury Award Best Feature Film: [[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]] (Director / Producer [[R. Parthiban]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthibans-oththa-seruppu-wins-three-awards-at-toronto-tamil-international-film-festival/articleshow/78139848.cms|title=Parthiban's Oththa Seruppu wins three awards at Toronto Tamil International Film Festival - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Feature Film Director: Radhakrishnan Parthiban (Oththa Seruppu Size 7)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sillu-karupatti-oththa-seruppu-size-7-among-winners-toronto-tamil-film-festival-133137|title='Sillu Karupatti', 'Oththa Seruppu Size 7' among winners at Toronto Tamil Film Festival|date=September 15, 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Feature Film Women Director: [[Halitha Shameem]] ([[Sillu Karuppatti]])
* Jury Award Best Experimental Feature Film: ''Sillu Karuppatti'' (Director: ''Halitha Shameem'')<ref name="auto"/>
* Jury Award Best Trans-Themed Feature Film: Coffee Cafe (Arunkumar Senthil)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/579470-coffee-cafe-movie.html|title=டொரண்டோ சர்வதேச விழாவில் ஜூரி விருது பெற்ற 'காபி கஃபே'!|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Crime Thriller Feature Film: [[Pulanaivu (2019 film)|Pulanaivu]] (Director: [[Shalini Balasundaram]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2020/09/625560/showbiz-msian-tamil-film-pulanaivu-bags-best-crime-thriller-toronto|title=#Showbiz: Msian Tamil film 'Pulanaivu' bags Best Crime Thriller at Toronto Tamil Film Fest | New Straits Times|first=Dennis|last=Chua|date=September 18, 2020|website=NST Online}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Feature Documentary Film: The Lamp of Truth (Director: Thanesh Gopal)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/the-lamp-of-truth-by-thanesh-gopal/|title=THE LAMP OF TRUTH BY THANESH GOPAL | Cult Critic}}</ref>
* Jury Award Best Short Film Director: Anand Murthy (''சினம்'' (Sinam))<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/feb/27/anandmurthys-siman-wins-eight-awards-at-calcutta-film-festival-4787.html|title=Anandmurthy's Sinam wins eight awards at Calcutta Film Festival|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
* Best Solo Act Award: [[R. Parthiban|Radhakrishnan Parthiban]] (Oththa Seruppu Size 7)

=== Audience Award ===
* Audience Award Best Feature Film: [[Kanni Maadam]] (Director: [[Bose Venkat]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bose-venkats-kanni-maadam-wins-at-toronto-tamil-film-festival/articleshow/78140138.cms|title=Bose Venkat's Kanni Maadam wins at Toronto Tamil Film Festival - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Audience Award Best Short Films: Kaadaaru (Director: Calis Peter Xavier)
* Audience Award Best Short Films: Hunter Maniyam (Director: Mathi Sutha)
* Audience Award Best Long Short Films: Female (Director: Karthik Siva)

=== Special Jury Award ===
The Outstanding Performance is given for the following films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ttff.ca/congratulations-award-winners-2020/|title=Congratulations Award Winners!}}</ref>
* Rising Star Emerging Director: Mathi Sutha (Hunter Maniyam)
* Rising Star Emerging Actress: Sutharshi Ignatius (Irai)
* Best Short Film: Flood (Director: Sivalingam Vimalrajh)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film festivals in Toronto]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2020]]

NoBroker

2025-12-03T19:50:49Z

Miquel41G60448: Created A Article...

{{Short description|Indian proptech company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NoBroker Technologies Solutions
| logo = File:NoBroker_New_Logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Information technology|Informational technology & services]]
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 2013
| ISIN = INE08M103013
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = 
| key_people = Akhil Gupta Amit Kumar Agarwal Saurabh Garg
| products = Real-estate services, Consumer services
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nobroker.in/}}
}}

'''NoBroker''' is an Indian [[property technology|proptech]] company that runs a real estate [[marketplace]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-11-23 |title=NoBroker becomes India's first proptech unicorn with fresh $210 million funding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/23/nobroker-becomes-first-indian-proptech-unicorn-with-fresh-210-million-funding/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Contrary to its original motives, the company began charging property owners a subscription fee to access additional tenant data in Bengaluru and Chennai straying away from its no-brokerage policy.<ref name="Ken"/>

== History ==

The company was founded in 2013 by Indian Institute of Technology alumni Akhil Gupta, Amit Kumar Agarwal, and Saurabh Garg as a real estate search portal connecting flat owners and tenants. In October 2015, the company expanded its operations to include the resale of properties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Shruti |date=27 October 2015 |title=NoBroker.com Ventures Into Property Resale |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/checkin/nobroker.com-ventures-into-property-resale/41409/1 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2021, it became 36th unicorn in India for that year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=2022-01-13 |title=NoBroker's Journey To Becoming India's First Proptech Unicorn |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/nobrokers-journey-to-becoming-indias-first-proptech/412932 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |language=en}}</ref>

NoBroker's broker-free operation is based on [[Consumer to consumer|consumer-to-consumer]] (C2C) marketplace model.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Suveen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5JBDgAAQBAJ&q=NoBroker&pg=PT146 |title=The Tip of the Iceberg: The Unknown Truth Behind India's Start-Ups |date=2016-08-16 |publisher=[[Random House|Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-86057-53-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meghani |first=Varsha |title=How NoBroker Turned House-hunting On Its Head |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-nobroker-turned-househunting-on-its-head/72011/1 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2017-09-11 |title=How NoBroker uses data science and machine learning to help users identify suitable properties |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/how-nobroker-uses-data-science-and-machine-learning-to-help-users-identify-suitable-properties-4032419.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2022, the company clocks more than 5,00,000 transactions yearly, and more than 75 lakh properties are registered on the portal.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2023, the company's services are available in Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi National Capital Region, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudra |first=Tapanjana |date=2022-03-31 |title=Proptech Unicorn NoBroker Enters Home Interiors Market With An INR 100 Cr Budget |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/proptech-unicorn-nobroker-enters-home-interiors-market-with-an-inr-100-cr-budget/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

=== Products ===

* NoBrokerhood, a "gated-community" app for society management.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Arbind |date=12 December 2022 |title=How NoBroker.com changed the course in real estate |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/how-nobrokercom-changed-the-course-in-real-estate |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Business India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Sobia |date=2021-08-16 |title=NoBrokerHood introduces Explore, becomes superapp for neighborhood |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/nobroker-ventures-into-super-app-to-help-homeowners-with-essential-services/articleshow/85365122.cms |access-date=2023-11-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> By 2023, the application became a part of the [[Government of India]]'s [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-20 |title=NoBrokerHood, a visitor, society and payment management app joins the ONDC network |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nobrokerhood-a-visitor-society-and-payment-management-app-joins-the-ondc-network/article67325629.ece |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-25 |title=NoBrokerHood Onboards The ONDC Network |url=https://startup.outlookindia.com/investors/nobrokerhood-onboards-the-ondc-network-news-9497 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* CallZen.AI, a conversational intelligence tool.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-13 |title=NoBroker introduces conversational intelligence tool for businesses |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/nobroker-introduces-conversational-intelligence-tool-for-businesses/article67415850.ece |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==

As of 2023, the company has secured a total of $361 million in funding from investors including [[Tiger Global Management]], [[General Atlantic]], Beenext, KTB Ventures, [[Moore Capital Management]], Elevation Capital, Anand Chandrasekaran, Elevation Capital, [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Deepsekhar |date=24 November 2021 |title=Proptech start-up NoBroker enters unicorn club with $210 mn funding |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/proptech-start-up-nobroker-enters-unicorn-club-with-210-mn-funding-121112300728_1.html |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> and [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Binu |date=2023-03-01 |title=Google backs online real estate portal NoBroker |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/google-backs-online-real-estate-portal-nobroker-371916-2023-03-01 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In late 2015, the Bengaluru office of the company experienced an assault orchestrated by over 40 local property agents and brokers. The group not only threatened the employees but also attempted to physically harm them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Debashis |date=18 September 2015 |title=Sign of things to come? Property brokers rough up NoBroker.in CEO and employees |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/sign-of-things-to-come-property-brokers-rough-up-nobroker-in-ceo-and-employees/ |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-16 |title=NoBroker office attacked by 40-50 real-estate brokers in Bangalore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-nobroker-office-attacked-by-40-50-brokers-136367/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The brokers had to vacate the premises as staff called in local law enforcement for assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poovanna |first=Mihir Dalal, Sharan |date=2015-09-15 |title=NoBroker office attacked in Bengaluru |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/L4O6Z8weBdn38y5oEtciYI/NoBroker-office-attacked-in-Bengaluru.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, NoBroker initiated legal proceedings against [[MyGate]], alleging that the latter unlawfully acquired NoBroker's exclusive customer database. MyGate was accused of reaching out to NoBrokerHood customers with the intention of promoting its services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chengappa |first=Sangeetha |date=2020-06-30 |title=NoBroker, MyGate in legal tangle amid Covid crisis |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nobroker-mygate-in-legal-tangle-amid-covid-crisis/article31951263.ece |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> Conversely, MyGate had alleged NoBroker of engaging in comparable data theft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Tarush |date=2020-06-29 |title=NoBroker, myGate accuse each other of data theft, file FIRs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/nobroker-mygate-accuse-each-other-of-data-theft-file-firs-11593430515328.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

A 2024 report by [[The Ken]] revealed that the company has shifted from its original no-brokerage policy and has started charging property owners a subscription fee to access additional tenant data in Bengaluru and Chennai.<ref name="Ken">{{Cite web |last=Bagur |first=Gaurav |date=2024-06-27 |title=Nobroker is no longer no broker |url=https://the-ken.com/story/nobroker-is-no-longer-no-broker/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[The Ken]] |language=en-US}}</ref> That same year, the publication also reported that the company was involved in anti-competitive practices, attempting to force out competitors like MyGate from various residential communities by offering its society management application for free.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanathan |first=Arundhati |date=2024-01-30 |title=Nobroker wanted to eat Mygate’s lunch. But housing societies had other ideas |url=https://the-ken.com/story/nobroker-wanted-to-eat-mygates-lunch-but-housing-societies-had-other-ideas/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[The Ken]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Publications ==

=== Case studies ===

* {{cite journal |last1=Bajaj |first1=Preeti |date=2017 |title=NoBroker: The Real Estate Disruptor |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=145047 |journal=[[The Case Centre]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=Amity University |doi=}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ramakrishna |first1=N |date=2020 |title=Technology Startups in Real Estate Broking: The Case of NoBroker |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349589699 |journal=Portfolio Organiser |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Construction Management and Research]] |volume=XVII |issue=6 |pages=25–31}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Diksha |date=April 2024 |title=The Evolution of PropTech in India: A Close Examination of NoBroker’s Rise and Challenges |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/articles/edsoai__edsoai.on1525534195 |format=Electronic resource |journal=Open Access Cases |publisher=[[OAIster]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=n.p. |issn=3067-0349 |via=[[Stanford University Libraries]]}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{authority control}}
{{Online real estate databases}}

[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian real estate websites]]
[[Category:Online real estate databases]]

Shishila

2025-11-28T02:10:21Z

Miquel41G60448: started post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shishila
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2090
| unit_pref = metric
| governing_body = Panchayath
| parts = Belthangady
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|12|54|49|N|75|30|14|E}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Shishila Village in Karnataka, India
| postal_code = 574198
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| subdivision_name = India
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
'''Shishila''' is a village<ref name="CensusIndia">{{cite web |title=Shishila Village Population - Beltangadi , Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/karnataka/dakshina-kannada/beltangadi/shishila-population.html |website=Census India |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> located at the base of [[Western Ghats]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=not supported by the citation named IndiaVillageInfo}} in [[Belthangady|Belthangady taluk]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] district of the [[Karnataka]] State, [[India]].<ref name="CensusIndia" /> The main attraction of the village is a temple dedicated to Lord Shishileshwara.

== Background ==
[[File:Shishileshwara-Temple-13.jpg|left|thumb|Panoramic view of Shishileshwara temple on the banks of river Kapila.]]
The Shishileshwara temple is situated on the banks of the river Kapila. The fishes in the river are regarded sacred by the villagers and are fed with beaten rice and puffed rice as an offering. Locally, the place is also known by the name ‘Matsya Theertha'. Fishing around the temple premises was banned by the Mr. Cotchman in the year 1930, the then British collector of the district. On the morning of 25 th May 1996, thousands of fishes met their end as the miscreants poisoned the river. A memorial carved in stone stands beside the temple as a reminder to the tragic poisoning of the fishes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The sacred fish tales of Shishila |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2013/oct/06/the-sacred-fish-tales-of-shishila-523411.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Shaken by the tragedy, the villagers established Matsya Hitarkashana Vedike,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF KARNATAKA |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/fish/Shishila.htm |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in}}</ref> a forum for the protection of the sacred fishes. Today, Shishila temple fish sanctuary is one of the finest fish sanctuaries in the country accommodating about 40 species of fishes.<ref name=":0" /> Shishila is one of the very few places in India, outside of wild life sanctuaries and national parks, where the huge [[Mahseer|Mahseer fishes]], of a size to be rarely seen today anywhere else in India, enjoy great amount of protection.{{fact|date=December 2022}}
[[File:ShishilaFish-01.jpg|thumb|Fishes congregating to feed on puffed rice in Shishila.]]

== Demographics ==
As per Population [[Census of India 2011|Census of India]] 2011, Shishila village has population of 2090 of which 1039 are males while 1051 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shishila Population (2021/2022), Village in Beltangadi Taluka |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Dakshina_Kannada/Beltangadi/Shishila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327125616/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Karnataka/Dakshina_Kannada/Beltangadi/Shishila |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref> The population of children with age 0-6 is 189 which makes up 9.04% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Shishila village is 1012 females per 1000 males, which is higher than Karnataka state average of 973.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=Sunitha Rao R.|date=28 Nov 2021 |title=Govt scheme, PNDT Act improve sex ratio in Karnataka {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/govt-scheme-pndt-act-improve-sex-ratio-in-state/articleshow/87955860.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Child Sex Ratio for the Shishila as per census is 817, lower than Karnataka average of 948.<ref name=":3" />

=== Religion ===
Inhabitants of Shishila follow either of the three religions: [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]]. The Hindu population is mainly made up of tribal people belonging to the communities of Mogera, Nalike, Malekudiya, Gouda, Marati Naiks and Billavas. Brahmins of Chithpavana, Havyaka and Shivalli sects are also present.<ref name=":2" />

== Education ==
Shishila village has higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, literacy rate of Shishila village was 83.06% compared to 75.36% of Karnataka. In Shishila Male literacy stands at 90.59% while female literacy rate was 75.78%.

List of educational facilities in Shishila:

* Government Higher Primary School, Shishila <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Schools in the district of DAKSHINA-KANNADA : DISE information - Classes, Infrastructure, Facilities |url=https://schools.thelearningpoint.net/districts/district-listing-DAKSHINA-KANNADA.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=schools.thelearningpoint.net}}</ref>
* Ashrama School, Shishila<ref name=":1" />
* Government PU College and High School, Arsainamakki. It is located approximately 8 km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Subrahmanya Road to Shree Shishileshwara Temple |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Subrahmanya+Road,+Railway+Station+Road,+Karnataka/Shree+Shishileshwara+Temple,+Shishila,+Karnataka/@12.8079579,75.4333784,27436m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba4e7b3e8ac78ef:0x79e4ba35ddf68cd!2m2!1d75.5578342!2d12.7316141!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba4c52fffffffff:0xe8611c0b78edfdb2!2m2!1d75.5041196!2d12.9132494!3e0 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Subrahmanya Road to Shree Shishileshwara Temple |language=en-IN}}</ref> from Shishila.

== Agriculture ==
The main crops of Shishila village are [[Rice#Harvesting, drying and milling|paddy]], [[coconut]], [[areca nut]], [[jasmine]], [[black pepper]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]] and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]. Paddy is generally cultivated during three seasons in a year, Karthika or Yenel (May–October), Suggi (October to January) and Kolake (January to April). There are some farmers who do dairy farming, poultry etc. for their livelihood.

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
The nearest airport to Shishila is [[Mangalore International Airport]] which is at a distance of 92 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru International Airport to Shishila |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mangalore+International+Airport,+Mangaluru,+Karnataka/Shishila,+Karnataka/@12.9099507,74.9013863,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba350d3616d95e9:0x46d57322d8165a30!2m2!1d74.8854022!2d12.9536624!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba4c535e0907e7f:0xa8604ba564536fe8!2m2!1d75.5054026!2d12.9210142!3e0 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Mangaluru International Airport to Shishila |language=en}}</ref> Flights are available to major Indian cities like [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Middle East]] countries like [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]], [[Dammam Airport|Dammam]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]].

=== Railway ===
[[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangalore Central Railway Station]] is the nearest railway junction to Shishila, situated at a distance of about 86 km.<ref name="google.com">{{Cite web |title=Subrahmanya Road to Shree Shishileshwara Temple |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Subrahmanya+Road,+Railway+Station+Road,+Karnataka/Shree+Shishileshwara+Temple,+Shishila,+Karnataka/@12.7394302,75.5242758,11182m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba4e7b3e8ac78ef:0x79e4ba35ddf68cd!2m2!1d75.5578342!2d12.7316141!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba4c52fffffffff:0xe8611c0b78edfdb2!2m2!1d75.5041196!2d12.9132494!3e0 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Subrahmanya Road to Shree Shishileshwara Temple |language=en-IN}}</ref> The railway station is well connected to all the major cities and towns in India. The nearest railway station is [[Subrahmanya Road railway station|Subrahmanya Road Railway Station]] (Station Code:SBHR) which is around 40 km <ref name="google.com"/> via the fastest road.

=== Road ===
Shishila is well connected to nearest towns like [[Mangalore]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Madikeri]], [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]], [[Dharmasthala|Dharmastala]] and [[Kasaragod]] by road. From Dharmastala or Uppinangady, one has to take the bus to Shishila and can get down near the temple. There are limited number of buses to Shishila due to which the residents face difficulties in reaching the district centre [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=DC interacts with residents of Shishila village during 'Grama Vastavya' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/dc-interacts-with-residents-of-shishila-village-during-grama-vastavya-953619.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The alternative way is to travel to Kokkada and take a jeep or auto towards Shishila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-11 |title=This temple has power to attract atheists too |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/145072/this-temple-has-power-attract.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The towering peaks of Western Ghats along with a quietly flowing river Kapila makes Shishila is a great place to unwind. For the adventure seekers, the village serves as a base for treks like Amedikallu peak,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amedikallu Peak - A tortoise-shaped peak in the Charmadi Ghats |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/amedikallu-peak/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Indiahikes |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amedikallu: A Tough Trek that's Worth Every Drop of Sweat |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=2453 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Ombattu gudda{{cn|date=June 2022}} and Ettina Bhuja peaks <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravindgj {{!}} |date=2007-12-20 |title=Ettina Bhuja |url=https://aravindgundumane.com/2007/12/ettina-bhuja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Treks and Travels |language=en-US}}</ref> in the Charmadi ranges of the Western Ghats. Prior permission from the forest department is mandatory for all the treks starting from Shishila. The Shishileshwara temple premises is also a birder’s paradise, offering views of over 94 species of birds.

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Amedikallu-Peak-From-Shishila.jpg
| caption1 = Amedikallu peak as seen from Shishila
| image2 = YettinaBhujaFromShishila.jpg
| caption2 = Yettina Bhuja peak as seen from Shishila
| align = center
| caption_align = center
}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year

2025-11-25T21:36:51Z

Miquel41G60448:

{{Short description|Indian film music award}}
The '''Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year''' is given yearly by [[Radio Mirchi]] as a part of its annual [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Hindi films]], to recognise a music director who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Superlative
! Singer
! Record
|-
|Most awards
|[[Pritam]]
|4
|-
|Most nominations
|[[Pritam]]
|14
|-
|Most nominations in a single year
|[[Pritam]] [[A.R Rahman]] [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|3 (2012,2016) 3 (2009,2021) 3(2018)
|}

==List of winners==
* '''2008 [[A.R Rahman]] - "Kabhi Kabhi Aditi"''' from '''''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/winners.php|title=1st Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Vishal–Shekhar]] - "Jaane Kyun" from ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
** [[A.R Rahman]] - "Kaise Mujhe" from ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Teri Ore" from ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "Ye Tumhari Meri Baatein" from ''[[Rock On!!]]''
* '''2009 [[A.R Rahman]] - "[[Masakali]]"''' from '''''[[Delhi-6]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=2nd Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "Sapnon Se Bhare Naina" from ''[[Luck By Chance]]''
** [[A.R Rahman]] - "Rehna Tu" from ''[[Delhi-6]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Tera Hone Laga Hoon" from ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
** [[A.R Rahman]] - "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
* '''2010 [[Sajid–Wajid]] - "[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]"''' from '''''[[Dabangg]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=3rd Mirchi Music Awards Winners|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "Sajdaa" from ''[[My Name is Khan]]''
** [[Lalit Pandit]] - "[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]" from ''[[Dabangg]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Pee Loon" from ''[[Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai]]''
** [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] - "Dil To Bachcha Hai" from ''[[Ishqiya]]''
* '''2011 [[A.R Rahman]] - "[[Nadaan Parindey]]"''' from '''''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=4th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Vishal–Shekhar]] - "[[Ooh La La (Shreya Ghoshal and Bappi Lahiri song)|Ooh La La]]" from ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
** [[A.R Rahman]] - "Sadda Haq" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "[[Señorita (Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara song)|Senorita]]" from ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
** [[Himesh Reshammiya]] - "[[Teri Meri]]" from ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
* '''2012 [[Ajay–Atul]] - "[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]"''' from '''''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=5th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Ajay–Atul]] - "[[Chikni Chameli]]" from ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Ala Barfi" from ''[[Barfi!]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Phir Le Aya Dil" from ''[[Barfi!]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Tum Hi Ho Bandhu" from ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
* '''2013 [[Mithoon]] - "[[Tum Hi Ho]]"''' from '''''[[Aashiqui 2]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=6th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Pritam]] - "Badtameez Dil" from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "Zinda" from ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "O Rangrez" from ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
** [[Ankit Tiwari]] - "[[Sunn Raha Hai]]" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
* '''2014 [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] - "[[Mast Magan]]"''' from '''''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Vishal–Shekhar]] - "[[Manwa Laage]]" from ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
** [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] - "Bismil" from ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
** [[Ankit Tiwari]] - "[[Galliyan]]" from ''[[Ek Villain]]''
** [[Jeet Gannguli]] - "[[Muskurane]]" from ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
* '''2015 [[Pritam]] - "[[Gerua]]"''' from '''''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Amaal Mallik]] - "[[Sooraj Dooba Hain]]" from ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
** [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "Aayat" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
** [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "[[Deewani Mastani]]" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
** [[Sachin–Jigar]] - "Chunar" from ''[[ABCD 2]]''
* '''2016 [[Pritam]] - "[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (song)|Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]"''' from '''''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=9th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Pritam]] - "[[Channa Mereya]]" from ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Bulleya" from ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
** [[Vishal–Shekhar]] - "[[Jag Ghoomeya]]" from ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
** [[Amit Trivedi]] - "Ikk Kudi" from ''[[Udta Punjab]]''
* '''2017 [[Pritam]] - "Hawayein"''' from '''''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=10th Mirchi Music Awards Nominations}}</ref>
** [[Sachin–Jigar]] - "Manaa Ki Hum Yaar Nehi" from ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
** [[Sachin–Jigar]] - "Hoor" from ''[[Hindi Medium]]''
** [[Mithoon]] - "[[Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga]]" from ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
** [[Tanishk Bagchi]] - "[[Baarish (song)|Baarish]]" from ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
** [[Amaal Mallik]] - "Aashiq Surrender Hua" from ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
* '''2018 [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "Ek Dil Ek Jaan"''' from '''''[[Padmaavat]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2018/winners-hindi-2018/|title=11th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "Khalibali" from ''[[Padmaavat]]''
** [[Ajay–Atul]] - "Dhadak" from ''[[Dhadak]]''
** [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "Binte Dil" from ''[[Padmaavat]]''
** [[Amit Trivedi]] - "Aaj Se Teri" from ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]''
* '''2019 [[Pritam]] - "Kalank"''' from '''''[[Kalank]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/winners-hindi-2020/|title=12th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Sachet–Parampara]] - "[[Bekhayali]]" from ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
** [[Mithoon]] - "[[Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage]]" from ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "[[Ghar More Pardesiya]]" from ''[[Kalank]]''
** [[Shashwat Sachdev]] - "Beh Chala" from ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
* '''2020 [[Ajay-Atul]] (Music Composer of the Decade) - "[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]"''' from ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2021 brings the best of the decade with 'Dus Saal Bemisaal' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mirchi-music-awards-2021-brings-the-best-of-the-decade-with-dus-saal-bemisaal/articleshow/81512789.cms#:~:text=The%2013th%20edition%20of%20the,of%20the%20most%20scintillating%20performances |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''2021 [[Tanishk Bagchi]] - "Rataan Lambiyaan" '''from''' ''[[Shershaah]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Nominations Hindi 2022 - Music Mirchi Awards |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=2022-04-23 }}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
** [[AR Rahman]] - "Chaka Chak" from ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[AR Rahman]] - "Rait Zara Si" from ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[AR Rahman]] - "Tere Rang" from ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Jasleen Royal]] - "Ranjha" from ''[[Shershaah]]''
* '''2022 [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] - "Jab Saiyaan"''' from ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023 Celebrates India's Musical Excellence |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-celebrates-indias-musical-excellence-277983.html}}</ref>
** [[Pritam]] - "Kesariya" from ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
** [[Pritam]] - "Deva Deva" from ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
** [[Amit Trivedi]] - "Ghodey Pe Sawar" from ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
** [[Amit Trivedi]] - "Shauq" from ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
* '''2024 [[Vishal–Shekhar]] - "[[Besharam Rang]]"''' from ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/16th-mirchi-music-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-70184.html</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]

State Highway 42 (Maharashtra)

2025-11-21T05:00:43Z

Miquel41G60448: brief expand article based on references further and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Road in Maharashtra, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = Maharashtra
|type=SH
|route=42
|alternate_name = ghodbunder road thane
|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|zoom=11|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q7603301| stroke-width=3|title=Thane-Ghodbunder Road}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes= Thane ghodbunder road marked in Red on Thane area map
|image = Ghodbunder Road (SH 42) (2319282008).jpg
|image_notes=Aerial view of Ghodbunder Road near Gaimukh
|maint = [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]]
|length_km =
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Kapurbawdi]], [[Thane District|Thane]]
|junction = [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]]
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Ghodbunder]], [[Thane District|Thane]]
|districts= [[Thane District|Thane]]
}}

'''Maharashtra State Highway 42''', commonly referred to as '''Ghodbunder Road''' or '''G.B. Road''', runs entirely through the district of [[Thane district|Thane]]. It is one of the major roads leading out of [[Thane]] city and connects to the [[Eastern Express Highway]] coming from south at Kapurbawdi, which joins [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] at this junction from North-East. It also connects to the [[Western Express Highway]] coming from south at Ghodbunder village, which later joins [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] at this junction traveling Northwards towards [[Gujarat]].

==General information==
'''Maharashtra State Highway 42''' is 14 km long<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=Ghodbunder Road repairs to slow traffic, again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ghodbunder-road-repairs-to-slow-traffic-again-101761591604822.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and links the two main arterial roads of [[Mumbai]], the [[Eastern Express Highway]] and the [[Western Express Highway]]. It connects to Eastern Express Highway at Kapurbawdi village and Western Express Highway at Ghodbunder village. The Kapurbawdi bridge has been constructed to ease the traffic congestion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-exclusive-767-metre-long-kapurbawdi-flyover-opening-on-nov-15-in-mumbai-1908885|title=dna exclusive: 767-metre-long Kapurbawdi flyover opening on Nov 15 in Mumbai|date=2013-10-26|website=dna|language=en|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> The road falls within the municipal limits of two different municipal corporations. The stretch from Majiwada to Gaimukh village falls within the limits of [[Thane Municipal Corporation]] & from Gaimukh Village until the Mumbai-Ahmedabad Highway the road falls within the [[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation]] limits.<ref name=":0" /> This highway was tolled by the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]] through a concessionaire agreement awarded to Thane Ghodbunder Toll Road Limited which was a subsidiary of [[IRB Infrastructure]]. The highway is not subject to any toll as on date with the highway being handed back to the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] effective 23.02.2021<ref name="tollchocolate">{{cite news|title=Ghodbunder Road toll naka gives chocolates, not change |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2008/nov/101108-News-Mumbai-Ghodbunder-Road-toll-naka-chocolate-5-Star.htm |first=Vedika |last=Tripathi |date=2008-11-10|work=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Mumbai |accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Business |first=Standard |date=February 25, 2021 |title=IRB Infra Unit completes concession period of Thane Ghodbunder BOT project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/irb-infra-unit-completes-concession-period-of-thane-ghodbunder-bot-project-121022500459_1.html}}</ref> This road skirts the northern boundary of Salsette Island providing scenic views of the Yeoor hills and the Thane creek.

[[File:Ghodbunder Fort.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ghodbunder fort]] ruins]]
Ghodbunder Road cuts across dense forests which form part of the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]. It also skirts the [[Vasai Creek]] for most of its route and overlooks the forest from across the creek. In spite of development encroaching on the forest, much of flora and fauna continue to survive and prosper. Ghodbunder Road is lined with numerous historical monuments like the [[Ghodbunder Fort]]. Naglakot, Gaimukh Gadi and Firangkot, which although damaged now, unfolds stories of the 1500 century era reign of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hiranandani.com/ghodbunder-road.aspx|date=2017-01-01|website=hiranandani.com|title=Ghodbunder Road Development Plan.}}</ref>

This road once played a crucial role in Indo-Arab trade and later the Portuguese used it to monopolise sea routes in the [[Arabian Sea]], at one point acted as a bridge between distant cultures. Several empires fought wars to control it. The [[Nisean horse|Persian horses]] came from the Arab countries used to land here in the port in Marathi Ghode means horse and bunder means port. Hence, it initially came to be known as [[Ghodegaon]] (horse village). Around the time of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]], the road was renamed as '''Ghodbunder Road''' after the port.<ref name="indianexpress-gbroad">{{cite news|title=Ever busy Ghodbunder Road in Thane was once a route for Arabian horses|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ever-busy-ghodbunder-road-in-thane-was-once-a-route-for-arabian-horses-5019747/|date=2018-01-11|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Locals say that till 1950, it was only a dirt road with residents of centuries old villages like [[Waghbil]], Majhiwada, [[Patlipada]], Ghodbunder, [[Kolshet]] and [[Kasarwadavli]] using bullock carts for transport. The surrounding forests had considerable plants like cashew, mangoes that were brought in by the Portuguese. The area was very rich in flora and fauna.<ref name="indianexpress-gbroad"/>

==Mumbai Metro Line 4 (Upcoming) ==
{{Main|Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)}}

'''Green Line 4''' of the Mumbai Metro, currently under construction, is part of the [[Mumbai Metro|metro]] system for the city of [[Mumbai]], India and is being developed by [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] and a consortium of international companies.<ref name="off">{{cite web |title=Mumbai Metro line 4 - current status |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-4 |website=www.mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/ |publisher=MMRDA official website |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

The {{convert|32.32|km|mi|abbr=on}} line is planned to be fully elevated, and is expected to consist of 32 stations from [[Wadala]], [[Mumbai]] to [[Kasarvadavali]] via [[Ghatkopar]], [[Mulund]]. It is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|14549|c|lk=on}} ({{₹|145.49 billion}}).<ref name = "FPJ1">{{cite web|title=Everything you need to know about Metro 2B and Metro 4 {{!}} Free Press Journal|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/everything-you-need-to-know-about-metro-2b-and-metro-4/980470|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref> Its construction was expected to begin by June 2018.

It is expected to be completed in 2022 and is expected to provide interconnectivity among the existing [[Eastern Express Highway]], [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Railway]], [[Mumbai Monorail|Mono Rail]], the ongoing [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Metro Line 2B]] (D N Nagar to Mandale), and the proposed [[Line 5 (Mumbai Metro)|Metro Line 5]] (Thane to Kalyan), [[Line 6 (Mumbai Metro)|Metro Line 6]] (Swami Samarth Nagar to Vikhroli) and [[Line 11 (Mumbai Metro)|Metro Line 11]] (Wadala to CSMT). It will provide rail based access to the commercial, government bodies and geographical landmarks in Mumbai. It will reduce the current travel time by between 50% and 75% depending on road conditions.

== Widening Project ==
In September 2025 the MMRDA announced that it would be commencing the widening of the highway into a 14-lane carriageway with 7 lanes on either side. The widening is being done to ease traffic congestion on this arterial highway as well as to complement the various other infrastructure developments such as the Metro lines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Thane's Ghodbunder Road to be widened into 14-lane corridor - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/thanes-ghodbunder-road-to-be-widened-into-14-lane-corridor-19697306.htm |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> However, certain politicians and locals are opposing the widening as it would involve the removal of service roads that are used by residential buildings & commercial establishments that line the highway. These individuals fear that removal of service roads would result in increase in risk of accidents, time of commute for such residents along with increased usage of fuel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-02 |title=600cr Ghodbunder highway widening project in Thane faces strong local opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/600cr-ghodbunder-highway-widening-project-in-thane-faces-strong-local-opposition/articleshow/123638934.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The widening project slated to be completed by January 2026 will be unable to meet the deadline due to an oversight in the planning process that failed to account for the shifting of utility lines to either side of the highway. The additional project cost for the shifting is expected to be Rs. 90 Crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-21 |title=Ghodbunder Highway widening project in Thane hits power line hurdle, may miss January deadline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ghodbunder-highway-widening-project-in-thane-hits-power-line-hurdle-may-miss-january-deadline/articleshow/125470257.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Major junctions==
{{Cleanup road junction list|date=November 2021}}
The following roads either emanate from it or are crossed by it. This list has been separated by district and talukas for easy reading.
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
!Taluka
!Distance
!Location of Junction
!Junction
|-
|colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#D8D8D8; font-weight:bold;"| [[Thane District]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| Thane
| {{convert|0|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Majiwada<ref name=Mahapwd>{{cite web|url=http://mahapwd.com/gismaps/nashik/melegaon%20taluka |title=National Highway 3 intersection with State Highway 10 at Malegaon Taluka|publisher=Mahapwd.com|accessdate=2012-10-22}} {{dead link|date=June 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:NH3-IN.svg|25px]] [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]]
|-
| {{convert|104|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Ghodbunder<ref name=Mahapwd />
| [[File:NH8-IN.svg|25px]] [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]]
|-
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Ghodbunderroad.jpg|Ghodbunder Road
Image:Ghodbunder2.jpg|Another View along Ghodbunder Road
Image:hiranandaniestate.jpg|Hiranandani Estate along Ghodbunder Road
Image:Ghodbunder1.jpg|Scenic View along Ghodbunder Road
Image:SH42 Original.jpg|State Highway 42 Shield Marker near Ovale village
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra State Highways}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Highway 42}}
[[Category:Transport in Thane]]
[[Category:State highways in Maharashtra]]

Desa Singh Majithia

2025-11-04T19:55:02Z

Miquel41G60448: Adding a biography.

{{Short description|Sikh general (1768–1832)}}
[[File:Painting of Desa Singh Majithia.jpg|thumb|Painting of Desa Singh Majithia]]
'''Desa Singh Majithia''' (1768–1832) was a Sikh jagirdar, military general, and statesman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |title=Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia: As Seen by His Contemporaries |publisher=Dyal Singh Research & Cultural Forum |edition=2nd |pages=16–18 |chapter=A Glimpse of The Unsung Hero From Punjab, Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Lot 196: The Sikh polymath, inventor, soldier and statesman, Lehna Singh Majithia (d. 1854), riding past a walled city, possibly Lahore, besides a flowing river |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/29724/lot/196/the-sikh-polymath-inventor-soldier-and-statesman-lehna-singh-majithia-d-1854-riding-past-a-walled-city-possibly-lahore-besides-a-flowing-river-lahore-probably-from-the-workshop-of-imam-bakhsh-lahori-circa-1830-40/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Bonhams}}</ref> He was perhaps one of the earliest [[Sikh art|Sikh patrons of artwork]] through the employment of [[Pahari painting|Pahari artists]] during the period of 1810–30 when he served as governor of the [[Hill States of India|hill states]] of the Punjab Hills.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikeda |first=Atsushi |title=Portraying the Guru: Art, Devotion and Identity in Sikhism |date=Sep 24, 2024 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781837652389 |pages=31 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Desa served as a jagirdar from 1788 to 1832.<ref name=":0" />

== Biography ==

=== Kanhaiya Misl ===
[[File:Painting of Desa Singh Majithia receiving a deputation from a State court in the Punjab Hills, ca.1775.jpg|thumb|Painting of Desa Singh Majithia receiving a deputation from a state court in the Punjab Hills, ca.1775]]
Desa was born in 1768 to Naudh Singh,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=B. J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=555–556}}</ref> a feudal retainer of Amar Singh Bagga of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]].<ref name=":2" /> After the death of his father in 1788, Desa took over the familial ''[[jagir]]'' (estate).<ref name=":2" /> Desa would then serve Buddh Singh Bagga, who himself had succeeded Amar Singh Bagga for some years.<ref name=":2" />

=== Sikh Empire ===
Desa eventually joined the army of Ranjit Singh.<ref name=":2" /> In 1804, Desa was given command over 400 ''[[sowar]]s''.<ref name=":2" /> In 1809, Desa Singh Majithia served in the military expedition to Kangra, which pushed the Gurkhas under the command of [[Amar Singh Thapa]] out of the Punjab Hills region.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Thus, Desa was promoted to position of the governor of Kangra and the city of Amritsar.<ref name=":1" /> Desa took over the role of governor of Kangra from Wazir Naurang, who had been the governor under Raja Sansar Chand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |date=14 September 2019 |title=Sher-e-Punjab and Pahari Shahanshah |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/sher-e-punjab-and-pahari-shahanshah-832449/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Land formerly under [[Sada Kaur]] was bestowed to Desa Singh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |date=Jan 13, 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780755640348 |pages=56–57}}</ref> In 1813, the area of Haripur, formerly under Raja Bhup Singh, of [[Guler State]], was taken over by Desa.<ref name=":3" /> In 1818, Desa served in the Multan campaign.<ref name=":1" /> [[Lehna Singh Majithia]] was the eldest of the three sons of Desa, and succeeded Desa to the administrative positions after Desa's death.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Sikh Empire}}

[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1832 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh generals]]

1982 Indian presidential election

2025-10-26T19:01:03Z

Miquel41G60448: basic fixed content after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1982 Indian presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1977 Indian presidential election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1987 Indian presidential election
| next_year = 1987
| election_date = 12 July 1982
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=President of India Giani Zail Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| nominee1 = '''[[Zail Singh]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| home_state1 = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''754,113'''
| percentage1 = '''72.73%'''
| image2 =
| nominee2 = [[Hans Raj Khanna]]
| party2 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| home_state2 = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| color2 = 800080
| electoral_vote2 = 282,685
| percentage2 = 27.27%
| title = President
| before_election = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| before_party = Janata Party
| after_election = [[Zail Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| map_image = 1982 Indian Presidential Election.svg
| map_size = 300px
}}
The Election Commission of India held indirect eighth [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on 12 July 1982. [[Zail Singh]] with 754,113 votes won over his nearest rival [[Hans Raj Khanna]] who got 282,685 votes.<ref>http://164.100.47.5/presidentelection/8th.pdf Election Commission of India</ref>
Zail Singh was the first and till date only [[Sikh]] to be the President of India.

== Candidates ==
Potential opposition candidates included [[Narayan Ganesh Gore|N. G. Goray]] former high commissioner to London, and [[Bhola Paswan Shastri]], former Rajya Sabha member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giani Zail Singh poised to become the seventh President of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-giani-zail-singh-poised-to-become-the-seventh-president-of-india-771992-2013-10-18 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 9 June 1982.<ref name=presElection2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6925-background-material-related-to-election-to-the-office-of-president-of-india-2017/ |title=Background material related to Election to the office of President of India 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 30 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!Poll Event
!Date
|-
!1.
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 23 June 1982
|-
!2.
| Date for Scrutiny of nomination
| 24 June 1982
|-
!3.
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 26 June 1982
|-
!4.
| Date of Poll
| 12 July 1982
|-
!5.
| '''Date of Counting'''
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center| '''15 July 1982'''
|-
|}

==Results==
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website<ref>http://www.aol.in/news-story/the-indian-president-past-winners-and-losers/2007061905199019000001 AOL news (Past and present Presidential Results)</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Candidate
!Electoral Values
|-
|[[Zail Singh]]
|754,113
|-
|[[Hans Raj Khanna]]
|282,685
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,036,798'''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[1979 Indian vice presidential election]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:1982 elections in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:July 1982 in India]]