Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1989

2026-05-08T10:12:43Z

MinnieZox45714: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

INS Sarvekshak

2026-05-06T12:40:07Z

MinnieZox45714: starting some stub first draft

{{short description|Indian hydrographic survey ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INS Sarvekshak (J22) en-route to Mauritius.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Sarvekshak'' en-route to Mauritius.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=India
| flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name= INS ''Sarvekshak''
| ordered=
| awarded=
| builder= [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| original_cost=
| yard_number=
| way_number=
| laid_down=
| launched= 24 November 1999
| sponsor=
| christened=
| completed=
| acquired=
| commissioned=14 January 2002
| decommissioned=
| in_service=
| out_of_service=
| renamed=
| reclassified=
| refit=
| struck=
| identification=*{{IMO Number|9129548}}
*[[Hull number]]: J22
| reinstated=
| homeport=
| motto=
| nickname=
| honours=
| fate=
| status= {{ship in active service}}
| notes=
| badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/j-sandhayak.htm |title=J 22 Sandhayak Class |work=globalsecurity.org |year=2012 |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref>
|class= {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey ship|||1981}}
|displacement={{convert|1929|LT|t|0}} full
|length={{convert|87.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|12.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft={{convert|3.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=
|speed= {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range=*{{convert|6000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
*{{convert|14000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement=18 officers + 160 enlisted
|armament=1 × [[Bofors 40 mm]] gun
|aircraft=1 × [[HAL Chetak]] helicopter
|aircraft_facilities=[[Helipad]]
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sarvekshak'' (J22)''' ([[Hindi]]: सर्वेक्षक, lit.surveyor) is a hydrographic [[survey ship]] in the [[Indian Navy]], under the [[Southern Naval Command]]. Apart from a [[helicopter]] and Bofors 40 mm gun, the ship is also equipped with four survey [[motor boats]], two small boats.<ref name="Michel">{{Cite web|title=Indian naval ship's commander calls on President Michel after survey mission|url=http://primezonelalola.blogspot.in/2011/12/indian-naval-ships-commander-calls-on.html|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173136/http://primezonelalola.blogspot.in/2011/12/indian-naval-ships-commander-calls-on.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ship was awarded the runner-up trophy in the 2015 Innovation Trophy awards given out on [[Navy Day]] as an operational unit by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. The award was given for developing an innovative solution for [[tide|tidal]] measurement during [[hydrographic survey]]s by use of land based [[terrain mapping]] equipment and floating [[buoy]]s mounted with [[Prism (optics)|prisms]]. The award was accepted by Captain Rajesh Bargoti, the commanding officer of INS ''Sarvekshak''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award of Innovation Trophy to Indian Naval Personnel by Hon'ble Prime Minister on Navy Day 2015|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=132581}}</ref>

==Ship history==
Built by [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Naval service at [[Kochi]] [[naval base]] in 2002, ''Sarvekshak'' is the Indian Navy's eight [[hydrographic survey]] and perhaps the last ship under ''Sandhayak'' class to have been indigenously designed and constructed.

INS ''Sarvekshak'' is equipped with a range of surveying, navigational, and [[communication]] systems. The next-generation surveying systems provided onboard include multi-beam swath [[Echo (phenomenon)|echo]] sounding system, differential [[global positioning system]], [[motion sensors]], sea [[gravimeter]], [[magnetometer]], oceanographic sensors, side scan [[sonar]]s and an automated data logging system as well as state-of-the-art Digital Survey and Processing System, sound velocity profiling system among others. These systems allow the ship to meet the stringent international/[[ISO 9002]] digital survey accuracy standards required for the production of electronic navigation charts and publications as laid down by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]].<ref name="Visit">{{Cite web|title=Visit of INS Sarvekshak to Mauritius|url=http://indiahighcom-mauritius.org/pages.php?id=162}}</ref>

''Sarvekshak'' is powered by two [[diesel engine]]s and is capable of sustained speeds. The ship's multi-role capability places her in the league of the most versatile survey vessels in the world. It can undertake a variety of tasks under trying conditions.

==Primary task==
The primary task of INS ''Sarvekshak'' includes hydrographic surveys, [[nautical chart]] preparation, [[cartography]] and training. The ship is also equipped with [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]], [[AUV]] & [[Unmanned surface vehicle|USV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Sarvekshak |url=https://www.hydro-international.com/content/company/ins-sarvekshak}}</ref> As part of protocol the ship also took part in [[International Defence Exhibition]] 2009 held at [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Sarvekshak to Attend IDEX 2009 at Abu Dhabi |url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/02/21/ins-sarvekshak-to-attend-idex-2009-at-abu-dhabi/ |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215205833/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/02/21/ins-sarvekshak-to-attend-idex-2009-at-abu-dhabi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015 ''Sarvekshak'', was deployed to [[Mauritius]] for five weeks to help in survey operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deployment of INS Sarvekshak to Mauritius for Survey Operations |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/deployment-ins-sarvekshak-mauritius-survey-operations}}</ref> INS ''Sarvekshak'' was also deployed in 2011 to Mauritius as part of survey operations to execute the following tasks in three phases.

<ol type="a">
<li>Survey off Rodrigues for delineation of Continental shelf</li>
<li>Survey of [[Port Louis]] [[Harbour]]</li>
<li>Survey of passes off Mauritian [[Coast]]</li>
<li>Checking serviceability of survey equipment held with [[Government of Mauritius]]</li>
<li>Undertake training of Mauritian survey officers and NCG personnel</li>
</ol>

INS ''Sarvekshak'' had previously visited Mauritius in February 2006 and March 2007 to undertake hydrographic surveys. The survey work by INS Sarvekshak was of immense help to Mauritius with regards to fishing, [[ecosystem]] [[Habitat conservation|preservation]] and management, establishment of [[artificial reef]]s, delimitation of the Continental Shelf of Mauritius and safe [[navigation]] of ships and crafts.<ref name="Visit"/> In 2007 the ship surveyed [[Port Mathurin]], Rodrigues, which was last surveyed 133 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signing of Protocol for Sale of Navigational |url=http://indiahighcom-mauritius.org/pages.php?id=120}}</ref>
In 2011 the ship was also deployed in [[Seychelles]] to carry out hydrographic surveys off the [[atoll]] of [[Aldabra]], [[Picard Island]], Polyminie and part of [[Malabar Island]] and Grande-Terre island on the request of [[Government of Seychelles]] as the last survey of the area was done back in 1960s.<ref name="Michel"/> As a part of goodwill tour 20 students from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] also toured the ship in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kashmir students arrive in Kochi on a goodwill visit |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 September 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kashmir-students-arrive-in-kochi-on-a-goodwill-visit/article2464739.ece}}</ref>

On 26 December 2024, INS Sarvekshak reached [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]] for Joint Hydrographic Survey.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-27 |title=INS SARVEKSHAK ARRIVES AT PORT LOUIS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088480 |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Solar power==
[[File:INS Sarvekshak's flexible solar panels in use at sea.jpg|thumb|Flexible solar panels on board the ship]]
In 2017, ''Sarvekshak'' became the 1st [[List of active Indian Navy ships|ship of Indian Navy]] ever to deploy [[solar power]]. The installation cost was around Rs. 19 lakh. The estimated savings for a lifespan of about 15 years is around Rs. 1 crore. The current diesel generator consumes a litre of diesel to produce five units{{clarify|reason=what units?|date=January 2026}} of electricity. [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Rajesh Bargoti, the commanding officer of the ship, said, "It took about six months to put the entire system in place. We are now using [[solar energy]] for lights and a couple of [[air conditioners]]."<ref>{{Cite web| title=In A First, Indian Navy Installs Solar Power System On Its Survey Ship |url=http://topyaps.com/navy-installs-solar-panels-ship|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214115141/http://topyaps.com/navy-installs-solar-panels-ship|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> The estimated profit generated in a ship service life of 25 years is Rs 2.7 crore in this small project alone. "Even if the system is used for 25 days in one year, the system can repay its cost in less than 10 years while protecting the nature," the Navy said.

Indian Navy claimed that the 300-Watt panels will generate about 5.4 kW solar power system, and avoid around 165 kg of carbon a day, "So in its 25 years life the total carbon saved is around 15 lakhs kg and 5.75 lakh litres of diesel by this innovation".<ref>{{Cite news| title=INS Sarvekshak goes green; instals solar power system |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-sarvekshak-goes-green-instals-solar-power-system/articleshow/57110554.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Solar power lights up INS Sarvekshak |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2017 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/solar-power-lights-up-ins-sarvekshak/articleshow/57102784.cms}}</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2026}} Noting that the world is looking for clean, renewable sources of energy in order to protect and reduce the harm caused to the environment, the Navy said the deterioration of the environment is highly correlated to the production and usage of fossil-based fuels worldwide. The Navy said it has created a new mechanism to encourage the utilization and development of [[renewable energy]] resources.<ref>{{Cite web| title=INS Sarvekshak goes green; instals solar power system |date=12 February 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ins-sarvekshak-goes-green-instals-solar-power-system-4520969/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|INS Sarvekshak (J22)}}

{{Sandhayak-class survey ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarvekshak, INS}}
[[Category:1999 ships]]
[[Category:Sandhayak-class survey ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]

Zakir Khan (comedian)

2026-05-05T12:24:06Z

MinnieZox45714: Created A Entry Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian comedian (born 1987)}}
{{Other uses|Zakir Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Zakir Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Zakir Khan
| image = Zakir khan 2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| nationality =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|08|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Comedian
| education = St. Paul Higher Secondary School, Indore
| years_active = 5 Jun 2009–present
| known_for = {{Unbulleted_list|''Haq Se Single''|''[[Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare]]''|''Kaksha Gyarvi''|''Tathastu''|''Mannpasand''|''Delulu Express''}}
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Moinuddin Khan (musician)|Ustad Moinuddin Khan]] (grandfather)
| signature =
| footnotes =
| youtube_handle = ZakirKhan
| youtube_display_name = Zakir Khan

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre = Comedy
| youtube_subscribers = 8.44 million
| youtube_views = 908 million
| stats_update = 19 March 2026}}

'''Zakir Khan''' (born 20 August 1987) is an Indian comedian. He rose to popularity in 2012 after winning [[ Comedy Central (Indian TV channel)|Comedy Central]]'s comedy competition 'India's Best Stand Up'. Khan has also been a part of a news comedy show, [[All India Bakchod|On Air with AIB]].<ref name="ZakirKhanInterview">{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/a-sharpening-of-the-comedic-senses/article8398603.ece| title=A sharpening of the comedic senses |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 March 2016| last1=Mathews | first1=Neha }}</ref> He has released five hour-length standup specials: ''Haq Se Single'' (2017), ''Kaksha Gyarvi'' (2018), ''Tathastu'' (2022), ''Mannpasand'' (2023), and ''Delulu Express'' (2025) on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. He announced an extended hiatus from comedy in January 2026, potentially lasting until 2030.

== Early life ==
Zakir Khan was born and raised in [[Indore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakir Khan - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6321286/bio/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]] to a [[Rajasthani Muslims|Rajasthani Muslim]] family of [[Classical music|classical musicians]]. He is the grandson of [[Sarangi]] Maestro [[Moinuddin Khan (musician)|Ustad Moinuddin Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who was Zakir Khan's grandfather Ustad Moinuddin Khan? |work=Ground Report |url=https://groundreport.in/who-was-zakir-khans-grandfather-ustad-moinuddin-khan/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201225649/https://groundreport.in/who-was-zakir-khans-grandfather-ustad-moinuddin-khan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He spent a large portion of his adult life in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/zakir-khan-journey-video/|title=From Radio Intern To 'Sakht Launda', Zakir Khan's Story Will Inspire You To Be Who You Want To Be|last=ScoopWhoop|date=28 February 2018|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=16 May 2018|language=En}}</ref> He comes from a humble background and credits his father with being supportive of his talent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Deepak|date=11 May 2016|title=AIB Diwas: Zakir Khan shares tips on wooing city women(Watch)|url=https://www.india.com/viral/zakir-khans-gave-tips-on-wooing-city-women-at-aib-diwas-watch-1177679/|access-date=5 November 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Zestvine">{{cite web | url=https://www.zestvine.com/beautiful-zakir-khan-shayari/| title=These 15 Zakir Khan's Shayaris Shows The Another Side of 'Sakht Launda' | publisher=ZestVine.com |date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan holds a diploma in [[Sitar]] and is a college dropout.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2016|title=Zakir Khan – Indian Stand-up Comedian over a Chaaipani conversation|url=https://chaaipani.com/zakirkhan-comedian/|access-date=5 November 2021|website=Chaaipani|language=en-US|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105103758/https://chaaipani.com/zakirkhan-comedian/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has stated that had he not been a [[Stand-up comedy|standup comedian]], he would instead be working as a music teacher. Khan gained recognition in India's stand-up comedy circuit in 2012 after winning 'India's Best Stand Up', a competition organized by [[Comedy Central]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/zakir-khans-rags-riches-rise-indias-burgeoning-standup-scene-burgeoning-standup-comedy-scene|title=Zakir Khan's rags-to-riches rise in India's burgeoning standup scene|last=|first=|date=20 July 2019|website=Sunday Guardian Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805165819/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/zakir-khans-rags-riches-rise-indias-burgeoning-standup-scene-burgeoning-standup-comedy-scene|archive-date=5 August 2020|access-date=3 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eventseeker.com/artist/62930-zakir-khan|title=Zakir Khan – Artist Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=Eventseeker|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Besides performing at many stand-up comedy shows, he has also [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] and produced radio shows. His comedy style was applauded in [[NDTV]] Prime's ''The Rising Stars of Comedy'' television show. Khan is known for his punchline "''Sakht Launda''", a humorous reference to a man with strong self-control who resists romantic advances.<ref name=":1" /> He has also performed with [[Joke Singh]] at Gurgaon.<ref name="Laughter Epicentre in Delhi">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Nishant-Tanwar-Zakir-Khan-entertain-guests-on-Gurgaons-Funniest-Day-at-Epicentre-in-Delhi/articleshow/45174237.cms |title=Nishant Tanwar, Zakir Khan entertain guests on Gurgaon's Funniest Day at Epicentre in Delhi |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref>

Khan is an emerging Urdu Poet and comes from a family of artists. He has presented his poetry in events like [[Rekhta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=Zakir Khan- Comedian At Jashn-e-rekhta 2017 Beautiful Poetry And Comedy Part-1 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/zakir-khan-comedian-at-jashn-e-rekhta-2017-beautiful-poetry-and-comedy-part-1-305659.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312160813/https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/zakir-khan-comedian-at-jashn-e-rekhta-2017-beautiful-poetry-and-comedy-part-1-305659.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On his train journey to Delhi, he wrote first poem, "''Mai Soonya Pe Sawar Hoon''". He also wrote "''Apne Aap Ke Bhi Piche Khara Hoon Main''", "''Bus Ka Intezar Karte Huye''".

In September 2017, Khan was one of the three mentors alongside [[Mallika Dua]] and [[Hussain Dalal]] for the fifth season of ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'', judged by actor [[Akshay Kumar]]. Khan has over seven million subscribers on YouTube and is known for works like his [[Amazon Prime]] special ''Haq Se Single''.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=Best Stand Up Comedians in India|url=https://www.celebswhoop.com/best-stand-up-comedians-in-india/|publisher=CelebsWhoop.com|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029124559/https://www.celebswhoop.com/best-stand-up-comedians-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Khan wrote and starred in the Amazon Prime web series ''[[Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare]]''.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.craxystore.com/blogs/news/zakir-khan-s-web-series-chacha-vidhayak-hai-hamare-for-amazon-prime|title=Zakir Khan's web-series 'Chacha Vidhayak Hai Hamare' Has An All Exclusive Free Premier For His Biggest Fans|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190757/https://www.craxystore.com/blogs/news/zakir-khan-s-web-series-chacha-vidhayak-hai-hamare-for-amazon-prime|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2015, Khan co-hosted and wrote ''On Air with AIB'', a news comedy show, with [[Sorabh Pant]] and [[Gursimran Khamba]] from the Indian comedy group [[All India Bakchod]]. The show was broadcast on [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]], India. Khan co-hosted the 5th Annual Golden Kela Awards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/not-so-serious/article4606306.ece| title=Not so Serious | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2013| last1=Mitra | first1=Ankita }}</ref>

He also appeared as one of the judges in [[Amazon Prime]]'s [[Comicstaan]] Season 2 where he mentored the contestants in a genre of comedy known as anecdotal comedy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2018|title=Amazon Prime Video show Comicstaan renewed for second season; Zakir Khan joins as judge|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-prime-video-show-comicstaan-renewed-for-second-season-zakir-khan-joins-as-judge-4901361.html|access-date=5 November 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref> He also went on to be one of the four judges in Season 3.

Khan has also featured in the recent [[Amazon Prime]]'s One Mic Stand Season 1 alongside [[Bhuvan Bam]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/one-mic-stand-web-review-so-you-wanna-be-a-stand-up-comedian/22117150 | title=One Mic Stand Web Review: So you wanna be a stand-up comedian?| date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

He has also begun his show called Farzi Mushaira which is available on Amazon mini TV.

Apart from comedy, Khan created and hosts the podcast series Ummeed on Gaana, where he shares life-inspired stories alongside fellow comedians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-24 |title=Gaana Shows & Podcasts Original 'Ummeed With Zakir Khan' Shares Quirky Insights on Hope, Success & Self Care |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/gaana-shows-podcasts-original-ummeed-with-zakir-khan-shares-quirky-insights-on-hope-success-self-care-200224 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-19 |title=Zakir Khan On His New Podcast Ummeed With Zakir Khan, "Hope Is The Tiny Light That..." |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/zakir-khan-on-his-new-podcast-ummeed-with-zakir-khan/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2025, Khan became the first Indian artist to perform a show entirely in Hindi at [[Madison Square Garden]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Comedian Zakir Khan headlines MSG: Where to buy tickets |url=https://nypost.com/2025/08/12/ticket-sales/comedian-zakir-khan-headlines-msg-where-to-buy-tickets/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career break ==
In January 2026, Khan announced an extended hiatus from live comedy performances, citing health concerns and personal reasons.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-21 |title=No more Zakir Khan live till 2030? Reason behind his long break and when you can see him last |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/no-more-zakir-khan-live-till-2030-reason-behind-his-long-break-and-when-you-can-see-him-last/articleshow/126949103.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Zakir Khan announces extended hiatus from comedy, cites health and personal reasons: ‘Taking a long break, till 2030’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/zakir-khan-announces-extended-hiatus-from-comedy-cites-health-and-personal-reasons-taking-a-long-break-till-2030-101768917773293.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He stated that the break could last three to five years, potentially until 2030, with his final shows from the ongoing 'Papa Yaar' tour scheduled through June 2026.<ref name=":2" />

== Work ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''
|Mentor
|Season 5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-04 |title=Akshay Turns Judge & Zakir Khan, Mallika Dua Become Mentors For The Great Indian Laughter Show |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/akshay-turns-judge-and-zakir-khan-mallika-dua-become-mentors-for-the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-5_-325129.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Self
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=जिसे 2 मिनट भी परफॉर्म करने नहीं दिया, वह 'द कपिल शर्मा शो' में गेस्ट बनकर पहुंचा; सुनाई आपबीती... |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-the-kapil-sharma-show-guest-zakir-khan-removed-from-stage-within-2-minutes-of-his-performance-during-struggling-days-comedian-recalls-incident-5146953.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]
|Guest
|Season 15
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakir Khan joins Khan Sir on 'KBC 15', explains 'Sakht Launda' to Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kaun-banega-crorepati-season-15-amitabh-bachchan-khan-sir-zakir-khan-2440291-2023-09-25 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=India Today |date=25 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Aapka Apna Zakir''
|Host
|Sony tV
|
|}

=== Stand-up specials ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.5
|-
|2017
|Haq se Single hai
|Released on follow
|
|-
|2018
|Kaksha Gyarvi
|Released on Amazon Prime Video
|
|-
|2022
|Tathastu
|Released on Amazon Prime Video
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Zakir Khan's stand-up special 'Tathastu' to stream on Prime Video |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zakir-khans-stand-up-special-tathastu-to-stream-on-prime-video-456557 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Mannpasand
|Released on Amazon Prime Video
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-02 |title=Zakir Khan to return with stand-up special 'Mann Pasand' on Prime Video |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/zakir-khan-to-return-with-stand-up-special-mann-pasand-on-prime-video/articleshow/105679996.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Delulu Express
|Released on Amazon Prime Video
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|''[[On Air With AIB]]''
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Deepak |title=AIB Diwas: Zakir Khan shares tips on wooing city women(Watch) {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/viral/zakir-khans-gave-tips-on-wooing-city-women-at-aib-diwas-watch-1177679/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Journey of a Joke''
|Season 1; Episode 1
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Pillai |first=Akshay |title=Journey of a Joke feat. Zakir Khan |date=2016-11-19 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14894694/ |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref>
|-
|''Humorously Yours''
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-18 |title=TVF's new web series Humorously Yours is a look at the life of a stand-up comic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tvfs-new-web-series-humorously-yours-is-a-look-at-the-life-of-a-stand-up-comic-3143600.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare]]''
|Ronny Pathak
|3 seasons
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Comicstaan]]''
|Judge
|Season 2
|<ref>{{Citation |last1=Karbhari |first1=Nenshad H. |title=Sunn Lo Bhai With Zakir |date=2019-07-12 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9915928/ |series=Comicstaan |access-date=2022-03-11 |last2=Ghosh |first2=Angshuman |last3=Shah |first3=Vicky}}</ref>
|-
|''One Mic Stand''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|Season 1; Episode 1
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakir Khan Talks on Being a Mentor to Bhuvan Bam in One Mic Stand - video Dailymotion |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7nxp4z |website=Dailymotion |language=en |date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Dhindora]]''
|Cameo
|
|-
|2022
|''Farzi Mushaira''
|Host
|Also writer
|
|}

=== Comedy Shows Event ===
Comedian Zakir Khan is scheduled to perform in [[Ranchi]] as part of his popular "Papa Yaar" tour. The show, known for its relatable humor and emotional depth, is expected to attract a large audience, highlighting Khan's continued popularity across India.<ref>{{cite news |title=रांची में 22 जून को कॉमेडियन जाकिर खान का लाइव शो, धड़ाधड़ बिक रहे टिकट {{!}} Zakir Khan Show in Ranchi |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/zakir-khan-show-in-ranchi-papa-yaar-on-22-june |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=8 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Sneha |title=कॉमेडियन जाकिर खान 22 जून को रांची में करेंगे लाइव परफॉर्मेंस |url=https://www.joharlive.com/news/comedian-zakir-khan-will-perform-live-in-ranchi-on-june-22/ |work=Johar LIVE |date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zakir Khan Show in Ranchi: Papa यार show 22 June |url=https://internetzindagi.com/zakir-khan-show-in-ranchi-papa-yaar-show-22-june/ |website=InternetZindagi.com |date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian comedians]]
* [[List of stand-up comedians]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9856000}}
* {{YouTube|c=ZakirKhan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Zakir}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Artists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]

Madurai Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:49:55Z

MinnieZox45714: started new stub

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{coord|9.9|N|78.1|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Madurai {{Small|TN-32}}
|map_image = madurai lok sabha constituency.png
|map_caption = Madurai constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1952
|incumbent_image = SU.VENKATESAN.JPG
|reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|preceded_by = [[R. Gopalakrishnan]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur]] [[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]] [[Madurai North (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai North]] [[Madurai South (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai South]] [[Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai Central]] [[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West]]
|electors = 16,41,434 <ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/2840-constituencypc-wise-summary-table/?do=download&r=6599&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=450b771cd69b8f5ef9099361444e3b11 GE 2014 Statistical Reports: CONSTITUENCY (PC) WISE- SUMMARY TABLE]</ref>
}}
'''Madurai Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|ta|மதுரை மக்களவைத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in South [[India]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 32.

==Assembly segments==

===2009-present===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|None
|rowspan="6" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|189.
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
|191.
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|None
|-
|192.
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|None
|-
|193.
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|None
|-
|194.
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|None
|-
|}

Before delimitation in 2009, it consisted of the following constituencies:
# [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]] (moved to [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar Constituency]])
# [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
# [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
# [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
# [[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur]] (SC) (defunct)
# [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|1952
|S. Balasubramaniam Kodimangalam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1957
|[[K. T. K. Thangamani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|1962
|[[N. M. R. Subbaraman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1967
|[[P. Ramamurthi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1971
|rowspan=2|[[R. V. Swaminathan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1977
|-
|1980
|rowspan=2|[[A. G. Subburaman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1984
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1989
|rowspan=3|[[A. G. S. Ram Babu]]
|-
|1991
|-
|1996
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
|1998
|[[Subramanian Swamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1999
|rowspan=2|[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2004
|-
|2009
|[[M. K. Azhagiri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2014
|[[R. Gopalkrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2019
|rowspan=2|[[S. Venkatesan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2024
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|43.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|56.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|43.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|40.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|46.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|55.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|60.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|35.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|26.68}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Madurai]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Madhurai">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Madhurai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2232.htm |access-date=2 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102163027/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2232.htm |archive-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[S. Venkatesan]]
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes=4,30,323
|percentage=43.60
|change={{decrease}}0.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Prof. Rama Srinivasan
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,20,914
|percentage=22.38
|change= ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[P. Saravanan]]
|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes=2,04,804
|percentage=20.75
|change= {{decrease}}9.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Sathya Devi
|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi
|votes=92,879
|percentage=9.41
|change= {{increase}}5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=None of the above
|party=None of the above
|votes=11,174
|percentage=1.13
|change={{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes=2,09,409
|percentage=21.22
|change= {{increase}}7.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=9,86,969
|percentage=62.04
|change={{decrease}}4.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|
|loser=
|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Venkatesan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,47,075 |percentage=44.20 |change={{increase}}41.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. V. R. Raj Satyen |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,07,680 |percentage=30.42 |change={{decrease}}17.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. David Annadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=85,747 |percentage=8.48 |change= {{increase}}''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Alagar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=85,048 |percentage=8.41 |change= {{increase}}''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Pandiammal |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=42,901 |percentage=4.24 |change= {{increase}}''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=16,187 |percentage=1.60 |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,39,395 |percentage=13.78 |change=-7.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,11,500 |percentage=66.09 |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,39,026 |change =6.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Gopalakrishnan (politician)|R. Gopalakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,53,785 |percentage=47.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Velusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,54,361 |percentage=26.63 |change=-27.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Sivamuthu Kumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,46,751 |percentage=15.37 |change=8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. N. Bharath Nachiappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,154 |percentage=3.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Vikraman |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,126 |percentage=3.15 |change=-33.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=19,765 |percentage=2.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gopalakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,289 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kamacis |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=5,378 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Andichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,467 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,99,424 |percentage=20.88 |change=3.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,55,044 |percentage=67.74 |change= -11.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,41,434 |change =40.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Alagiri]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,31,295 |percentage=54.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,90,310 |percentage=36.71 |change=-19.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kaviarasu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=54,419 |percentage=6.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Veeradurai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,712 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,40,985 |percentage=17.83 |change=-0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,90,901 |percentage=77.43 |change= 22.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,22,421 |change =-23.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,14,433 |percentage=56.03 |change=12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Bose]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,81,593 |percentage=38.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sakthivel |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=12,093 |percentage=1.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subramanian Swamy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=12,009 |percentage=1.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pon. Bhaskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=5,514 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Mahalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,478 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,32,840 |percentage=17.96 |change=12.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,39,680 |percentage=55.05 |change= 2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,44,023 |change =-6.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 12.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,28,204 |percentage=43.85 |change=27.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pon. Muthuramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,90,981 |percentage=38.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. G. S. Rambabu |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=89,973 |percentage=12.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subramanian Swamy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=20,489 |percentage=2.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,625 |percentage=1.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. M. Meenakshi Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,593 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,223 |percentage=4.97 |change=1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,48,404 |percentage=52.41 |change= -9.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,29,975 |change =5.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Janata Party |swing= -2.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subramanian Swamy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=2,66,202 |percentage=40.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. S. Ram Babu]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,45,305 |percentage=37.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,10,862 |percentage=16.86 |change=7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Pandian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,507 |percentage=2.66 |change=-16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajini Thirumathi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,485 |percentage=0.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,977 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,764 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,897 |percentage=3.18 |change=-23.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,57,651 |percentage=50.12 |change= -12.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,49,265 |change =12.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -5.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. S. Ram Babu]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,34,055 |percentage=46.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subramanian Swamy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=1,44,249 |percentage=20.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Boominathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,37,978 |percentage=19.19 |change=-48.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=70,567 |percentage=9.81 |change=-19.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kalaiselvan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,238 |percentage=1.84 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,89,806 |percentage=26.40 |change=-12.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,19,098 |percentage=62.27 |change= 5.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,00,197 |change =5.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. S. Ram Babu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,25,769 |percentage=67.62 |change=3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,83,609 |percentage=29.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Tamil Selvan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,193 |percentage=0.67 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,42,160 |percentage=38.46 |change=8.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,29,609 |percentage=56.81 |change= -6.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,37,905 |change =0.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. S. Ram Babu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,56,442 |percentage=64.12 |change=1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Velusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,42,664 |percentage=34.09 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,13,778 |percentage=30.03 |change=0.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,11,843 |percentage=63.27 |change= -7.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,37,434 |change =32.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. Subburaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,65,948 |percentage=62.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sankariah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,92,937 |percentage=33.07 |change=-9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Kanthaswamy|party=Independent politician |votes=11,157 |percentage=1.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Krishnan Janak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,907 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,73,011 |percentage=29.65 |change=16.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,83,444 |percentage=70.96 |change= 3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,56,315 |change =8.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 7.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. G. Subburaman]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,92,380 |percentage=55.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Balasumbramaniam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,23,185 |percentage=42.42 |change=8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundararaj Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,046 |percentage=0.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Krishnan Janak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,588 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,195 |percentage=13.15 |change=-14.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,26,182 |percentage=67.64 |change= 3.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,88,417 |change =3.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,99,309 |percentage=62.13 |change=11.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Ramamurthi]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,64,964 |percentage=34.24 |change=20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Muthumaya Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=9,257 |percentage=1.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Krishnan Janak |party=Independent politician |votes=3,809 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Brabahara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,656 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,34,345 |percentage=27.89 |change=11.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,81,771 |percentage=64.25 |change= -7.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,61,202 |change =15.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,27,060 |percentage=51.04 |change=15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chinna Karuppa Thevar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,54,701 |percentage=34.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Ramamurthi]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=60,935 |percentage=13.70 |change=-46.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sirpada Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,200 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72,359 |percentage=16.26 |change=-8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,44,896 |percentage=71.34 |change= -6.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,57,203 |change =14.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -9.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Ramamurthi]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,61,390 |percentage=60.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chinna Karuppa Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,55,922 |percentage=35.90 |change=-3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. T. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=17,062 |percentage=3.93 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,05,468 |percentage=24.28 |change=19.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,34,374 |percentage=78.05 |change= 3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,72,490 |change =17.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. M. R. Subbaraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,40,574 |percentage=39.55 |change=5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. T. K. Thangamani]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,23,386 |percentage=34.72 |change=-0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Mariswami |party=Swatantra Party |votes=91,459 |percentage=25.73 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,188 |percentage=4.84 |change=4.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,55,419 |percentage=74.83 |change= 25.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,87,321 |change =5.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. T. K. Thangamani]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=79,374 |percentage=35.02 |change={{increase}}21.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Rama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=78,286 |percentage=34.54 |change={{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sasivarna Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=64,765 |percentage=28.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkatarama Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=4,249 |percentage=1.87 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,088 |percentage=0.48 |change=-0.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,26,674 |percentage=49.22 |change= -47.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,60,493 |change =-39.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Madurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balasubramaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,95,762 |percentage=26.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Kakkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,89,945 |percentage=25.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangamani Nadar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=96,036 |percentage=13.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Rahim |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=68,019 |percentage=9.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sargent |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=58,552 |percentage=7.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kariamuthu Thiagarajan |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=51,300 |percentage=6.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Arulappan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=44,341 |percentage=6.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjunan |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=16,874 |percentage=2.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Venkatarama Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=12,933 |percentage=1.76 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,817 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,33,762 |percentage=96.90 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,57,254 |change =0.00 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Madurai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/madurai/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Madurai lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Madurai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Government of Madurai]]

Charles Morgan (East India Company officer)

2026-05-03T22:41:21Z

MinnieZox45714: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Charles Morgan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1744
| death_date = 21 March 1818
| burial_place =
| birth_place = [[Caernarfonshire]]
| death_place = [[London]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[Bengal Army]]
| service_years = 1763–1799
| rank = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]
| battles =
| awards =
| relations =
| other_work =
}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Charles Morgan''' (1744 – 21 March 1818) was an [[East India Company]] officer who served as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].

==Military career==
Brought up in [[Caernarfon]], the youngest son of Nathaniel Morgan of Warton Wythe<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4DAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=PA1222 Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland By John Debrett, Page 1,222]</ref> Morgan was for many years a senior officer of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] establishment.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=isWZhm_BexcC&q=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22 Notes and queries By Oxford Journals]</ref> He officiated as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] from 1797 to 1798<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P_cNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=RA1-PR20 The Bengal almanac, for 1827, compiled by S. Smith and Co.]</ref> at the time that [[Zaman Shah Durrani|Zaman Shah]] threatened to invade the Northern Provinces.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kV8-AAAAcAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=PA251 Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan in Asia, Africa, Europe, Volume 1, By Charles Stewert, Page 252]</ref>

He died at Portland Place in [[London]] in 1818.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UlwAAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=PA480 The Edinburgh magazine and literary miscellany, Volume 83, Page 480]</ref> There is a monument dedicated to him in [[St John's Wood Church]], near [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], in [[London]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw4NAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=PA137 A topographical and historical account of the parish of St. Mary-le-Bone, Page 137]</ref>

==Family==
He married Hannah Wagstaff, eldest daughter of William Wagstaff of [[Manchester]], an [[apothecary]], and his wife Mary Taylor of [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]]. Of their children, the best known is Elizabeth Georgiana, the youngest daughter, who in 1803 married [[Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry]]. They had two children, but in 1811 her husband divorced her on the grounds of her [[adultery]] with [[Sir John Piers, 6th Baronet]], following a particularly scandalous [[lawsuit]] for [[criminal conversation]]. She returned to live with her father for some years. After his death, she moved to Italy, where she remarried the Rev John Sandford, the absentee vicar of [[Nynehead]], [[Somerset]] in 1819. By him, she had a daughter Anna, Lady Metheun. She died in 1857.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AwMsAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22General+Charles+Morgan%22&pg=PA116 The admission register of the Manchester school, Volume 69, Page 116]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Sir Robert Abercromby]] | after=[[Alured Clarke|Sir Alured Clarke]] | years=1797–1798}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Charles}}
[[Category:1741 births]]
[[Category:1818 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]

K P Thomas (artist)

2026-05-02T05:55:36Z

MinnieZox45714: starting initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian contemporary artist (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = K P Thomas
| image = KP Thomas Indian contemporary artist.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|06|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mananthavady]], Wayanad, Kerala, India
| education = Maharaja's College, Ernakulam
| movement = Social realism
| awards = Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi Award (1974)
| known_for = Social commentary, use of unconventional canvases
}}

'''K P Thomas''' (born 9 June 1951) is an Indian contemporary artist from [[Kerala]], whose works often incorporate unconventional materials and explore social themes. His works have explored themes such as tribal life, environmental degradation, social injustice, and women's experiences.<ref name="auto3"/> A self-taught artist, he received the [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]] Award in 1974 at the age of 22, becoming the youngest recipient at the time.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=Colourful ode to freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/Oct/24/colourful-ode-to-freedom-303316.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 October 2011}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Kudackachira Philip Thomas was born in [[Mananthavady]], [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |title=Existence in Pandemic Times: Despair of Desolate Days |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Mar/10/existence-in-pandemic-times-despair-of-desolate-days-2554601.html |last=Thaj |first=Salma | work=The New Indian Express |date=10 March 2023}}</ref>

He holds a postgraduate degree in philosophy from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |title=Veteran artist's brush strokes depict varied shades, themes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/veteran-artists-brush-strokes-depict-varied-shades-themes/articleshow/102707517.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2023}}</ref> Thomas began sketching during his studies, but only took art seriously after receiving the [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]] Award for his work ''Mananthavadian Figures''.<ref name="express2023">{{cite news |title=Poignant memories that scream out harsh truths |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Aug/16/poignant-memories-that-scream-out-harsh-truths-2605573.html |last=Lekshmi MR |first=Aarcha|work=The New Indian Express |date=16 August 2023}}</ref>

Thomas worked as a schoolteacher in [[Bhutan]] for a short while, worked at several colleges and eventually went into banking.<ref name="auto4"/> Due to restrictions on bringing art materials to the office, he repurposed discarded stationery and balance sheets as canvases for his works.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Artistic career and style ==

=== Media and techniques ===
Thomas uses recycled and unconventional materials such as discarded envelopes, dot matrix prints, receipts, and newspaper.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |title=Grim Realities on Canvas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/Apr/23/grim-realities-on-canvas-603675.html |last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy|work=The New Indian Express |date=23 April 2014}}</ref> His works often include pre-existing elements like stamps or office markings and he employs media ranging from watercolors, charcoal, pastels, to ink.<ref name="auto1"/> Thomas frequently works on smaller canvases, where he explores his inner themes with a varied use of color.<ref name="vaarika">{{cite magazine
| last =Gayathri
| date =16 October 2023
| title =മേഘമാലാഖമാർ വിരുന്നൊരുക്കുന്ന ഇടങ്ങൾ |pages=68–72
| magazine =Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika
| publisher =The Express Publications Madurai (P) Ltd
}}</ref>

=== Artistic philosophy and influences ===
Thomas has stated that his work engages with social realities, often addressing issues such as inequality and marginalisation.<ref name="express2023"/> According to [[The Hindu]], Thomas "lets his angst, fears, protest, concerns, [and] insecurity flow on to his canvases," with his works commonly addressing social themes.<ref name="auto"/> He attributes the development of his artistic sensibilities to relationships with individuals from varied backgrounds, including actor [[Mammootty]], sculptor [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]], and documentary filmmaker [[K.P. Jayasankar]].<ref name="auto2"/> His art frequently depicts the lives of indigenous people (Adivasis) of Wayanad, drawing on historical and cultural references prior to the migration period.<ref name="vaarika"/>

=== Themes and series ===
Thomas’s body of work engages with [[social]], [[political]], [[ecological]], and spiritual themes. His ''Mananthavadian Dreams'' series, for example, focuses on the marginalisation of tribal communities in Mananthavady, Kerala. A recurring motif in his works is the historical tribal chief [[Karinthandan]], sometimes juxtaposed with contemporary figures such as activist [[C. K. Janu]]. Thomas’s works also address issues of gender and violence; pieces like ''Floating Head of Martyr'' and ''Fallen Flag'' engage with political murders and ideological conflicts, while ''Manipur after Manorama'' portrays violence against women alongside village life and protesting Manipuri women. Other works such as ''Trail'' and ''The Last Supper'' explore social and political issues.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="express2023"/> During the COVID-19 pandemic, Thomas produced a six-work series titled ''Existence in Pandemic Times'', which examines the impact of the pandemic.<ref name="auto4"/>

== Exhibitions and recognition ==
[[File:KP Thomas Existence in pandemic times inauguration.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of 'Existence in pandemic times' a solo art exhibition by K.P. Thomas]]
Thomas received the Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi Award in 1974 for ''Mananthavadian Figures'' at the age of 22.<ref name="express2023" />
He has held over 25 solo exhibitions across Indian cities like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Bangalore]], as well as in various galleries across Kerala.<ref name="chintha">{{cite news |last=Isaac |first=TM Thomas| title=കെ പി തോമസും കോവിഡ് കാലത്തെ വിഹ്വലതകളും|url=https://chintha.in/?p=2772 |work=Chintha Vaarika |date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="express2023"/>

=== Selected solo exhibitions ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Month/Year !! Exhibition Title || Venue || Details
|-
| October 2011 || Colourful Ode to Freedom<ref name="auto1"/> || Vyloppilly Samskrithi Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram || Combining symbolism and found materials
|-
| November 2013 || Illustrations of Untold Stories<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Colours of Reality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/colours-of-reality/article5354732.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 November 2013}}</ref>|| Vyloppilly Samskrithi Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram || Thematic exhibition on social justice
|-
| April 2014 || Dripping Colours<ref name="auto2"/>|| [[Durbar Hall Ground]], Kochi || Emphasizing women's issues and ecological loss
|-
| March 2023 || Existence in Pandemic Times<ref name="auto4"/>|| Nirvana Art Collective, Mattancherry || Inaugurated by [[Mammootty]], [[T. M. Thomas Isaac]], and [[M. K. Sanu]]
|-
| August 2023|| Retrospection<ref name="auto3"/>|| [[Alliance française]], Thiruvananthapuram || Retrospective artworks spanning 53 years
|-
| November 2024|| Soliloquy<ref>{{cite news |title='Soliloquy' a journey of self-reflection through art|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Nov/29/soliloquy-a-journey-of-self-reflection-through-art |last=K B |first=Parvana| work=The New Indian Express |date=29 November 2024}}</ref>|| Vyloppilly Samskriti Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram || Themed around internal monologues and artistic solitude
|-
| May 2025|| Soliloquy<ref>{{cite news |title=കെ.പി. തോമസിന്റെ രചനകളിലൂടെ ഒരു ഗൃഹാതുര സഞ്ചാരം ആത്മഭാഷണത്തിന്റെ അടയാളങ്ങൾ|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1547017 |last=വേണുഗോപാൽ|first=വി.വി| work=Kerala Kaumudi|date=8 June 2025}}</ref>|| [[Durbar Hall Ground]], Kochi || Inaugurated by [[V. P. Gangadharan]]
|}

=== Selected group exhibitions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Month/Year !! Exhibition Title || Venue || Details
|-
| January 2013|| Contemporary Art Fair<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Eyes Place on Global Art Marketing Map|url=https://brandkeralaonline.com/2013/01/20/kerala-eyes-place-on-global-art-marketing-map/ |work=Brand Kerala |date=12 January 2013}}</ref>|| Kanakakunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram || Convened by K.P. Thomas and sculptor [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]], sponsored by South Indian Bank. Featured 350 artworks by over 250 artists
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.kpthomas.com KP Thomas – Official Website]
* [https://www.instagram.com/k.p.thomas/ KP Thomas – Official Instagram]
* [https://m.thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1757850&highlights=TM%20THOMAS%20ISAAC 'Trash', an exhibition of mixed medium paintings by K. P. Thomas ]
* [https://trivandrum.afindia.org/events/retrospection-exhibition-by-k-p-thomas/ Retrospection – Exhibition by K P Thomas]

{{Authority control|qid=Q134823189}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, K. P.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border

2026-05-02T02:44:53Z

MinnieZox45714: done

{{Short description|none}} 

'''Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border''' occur many times a year as result of people allegedly attempting to illegally cross or walk along the border, cross-border firing and suspected cattle smuggling.<ref name="hrw1">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/24/india-new-killings-torture-bangladeshi-border |title=India: New Killings, Torture at Bangladeshi Border |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] share a {{Convert|4096|km|mi|abbr=on}} border.<ref>{{cite news |title=Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India-Bangladesh Border |url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/BorderManagementDilemmaofGuardingtheIndiaBangladeshBorder_nsjamwal_0104.html |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|IDSA]] |date=January 2004}}</ref> To prevent suspected smuggling and illegal migration from Bangladesh, the Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) exercises its controversial "shoot on sight" policy. Under this policy, the BSF can shoot any person on sight with or without cause.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Brad |date=23 January 2011 |title=India's shoot-to-kill policy on the Bangladesh border |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/jan/23/india-bangladesh-border-shoot-to-kill-policy |access-date=20 June 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> A large portion of the victims are cattle traders and farmers with land near the border.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/felani-the-bsf-and-the-elusive-zero-target-1343800 |title=Felani, the BSF and the elusive zero target |date=12 January 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

According to a report published by human rights organisations, around 1,000 Bangladeshi civilians were killed by Indian BSF in a period of 10 years (from 2001 to 2010).<ref name="HR"/><ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lsquo1000-killed-in-a-decade-along-Bangladesh-border/article15586534.ece |title='1,000 killed in a decade along Bangladesh border' |date=10 December 2010 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The report also states that Indian paramilitary forces routinely threaten, abuse, [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrarily detain]] and torture local Bangladeshi civilians living along the border and Bangladeshi border guards usually don't help the Bangladeshi civilians.<ref name="HR">{{cite news |date=13 December 2012 |title=BSF kills 1000 Bangladeshis in 10yrs |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/228852 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[BDNews24]] |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730054704/https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/en/detail/bangladesh/228852 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TheHindu"/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=19 January 2012 |title=Bangladesh anger over India torture video |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16625104 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Odhikar]], a Bangladesh-based human rights organisation, alleges that acts of rape and looting have also been perpetrated by BSF at the border areas.<ref name="odhikar">{{cite web |url=http://odhikar.org/report-on-human-rights-violations-in-the-india-bangladesh-border/ |title=Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and Indian miscreants kill 607 Bangladeshis in 7 years |work=Odhikar |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529200457/http://odhikar.org/report-on-human-rights-violations-in-the-india-bangladesh-border/ |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Illegal migration==

=== Bangladesh claims against Border Security Force ===
[[File:Indo Bangladesh Border, Dakshin Denajpur.jpg|thumb|In some border areas, strong fences are installed by India]]

Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) exercises its controversial "shoot on sight" policy to stop illegal migration. The then-head of BSF, Raman Srivastava, stated that people should not feel sorry for the victims as they were trying to illegally enter into India and therefore they are a legitimate target.<ref name="guard1"/> Killings along the [[Bangladesh–India border]] are routine and arbitrary. Around 1,000 people, mostly Bangladeshi nationals, were killed by Indian border security forces over the period of 10 years (2001 to 2010).<ref name="HR" /> None of the Indian BSF personnel involved in killings along the border were ever prosecuted.<ref name="guard1"/> A 2010 [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) report stated that BSF justified killing by claiming that it was an act of self-defence, or that the suspects were evading arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=C. R. |date=19 August 2022 |title=Don't 'criminals' have the right to access justice? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/dont-criminals-have-the-right-access-justice-3098531 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |date=9 December 2010 |title="Trigger Happy" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/09/trigger-happy/excessive-use-force-indian-troops-bangladesh-border |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> However, the reports filed by the BSF with the Indian police don't show recovery of any lethal weapon or explosives from the victim which justifies self-defense.<ref name=":4" /> Several survivors and eyewitnesses of BSF attacks allege that the BSF resort to indiscriminate shooting without issuing any warning.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Often, Indian border guards kill a person and leave his body near the fence or hang him in the camp to show the extent of power exercised by BSF.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Odhikar]], a Bangladesh-based human rights organisation, allege that BSF and Indian miscreants have also committed acts of rape against Bangladeshi women along the border.<ref name=":3" />

Human Right Watch reports that the BSF, which has long record of severe human right abuses, is exempt from criminal prosecution, unless it is specifically ordered by the Indian government to undertake a prosecution in a particular case.<ref name=":4" /> [[Brad Adams]], then the Asia director of Human Rights Watch, stated in 2011 that "Routinely shooting poor, unarmed villagers is not how the world's largest democracy should behave."<ref name="guard1" />

While speaking about border killings in a 2022 interview, India-based human rights activist Kiriti Roy from Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha (MASUM) noted the existence of barbed wire fences in Indian territories which are within 150 yards from zero point ("no man's land"). He pointed out that per Geneva Convention, defence infrastructure cannot be built within this 150-yard zone.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Bagchi |first=Suvojit |date=14 August 2022 |title=Felani murder a shame for India: Rights activist Kiriti Roy |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/interview/j0h23ymug0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250215135129/https://en.prothomalo.com/amp/story/opinion/interview/j0h23ymug0 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=Prothom Alo}}</ref> In January 2025, BSF reportedly attempted to construct more barbed wire fences along the zero line in violation of the international law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2025 |title=BGB stops BSF from building barbed-wire fence on Lalmonirhat border |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bgb-stops-bsf-building-barbed-wire-fence-lalmonirhat-border-3796701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250215133912/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bgb-stops-bsf-building-barbed-wire-fence-lalmonirhat-border-3796701 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2025 |title=BSF is fencing the zero line in violation of international law |url=https://www.barta24.com/details/national-en/262651/bsf-is-fencing-the-zero-line-in-violation-of-international-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250215140513/https://www.barta24.com/details/national-en/267740/first-innings-of-interim-government-ends |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=Barta24}}</ref>

==== Killing of Felani Khatun ====
{{main|Killing of Felani Khatun}}
On 7 January 2011, a 15-year-old girl, Felani, was shot dead while illegally entering [[Bangladesh]] from India by the BSF in [[Phulbari Upazila, Kurigram|Phulbari Upazila]], [[Kurigram District|Kurigram]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/felani-killing-justice-denied-border-killings-continue-198391 |title=Felani killing: Justice denied, border killings continue |date=7 January 2016 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> She had gotten stuck in the barbed wire when she was shot and she remained there for 5 hours until she bled to death.<ref name=":2" /> This resulted in protests in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2015 |title=No One Killed Felani |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/no-one-killed-felani-107491 |access-date=17 April 2017 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> In 2015, the National Human Rights Commission of India asked the Indian government to pay {{Currency|500,000|INR}} as compensation to her family.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/indian-govt-asked-pay-rs-5-lakh-felani%E2%80%99s-family-135565 |title=Indian govt asked to pay Rs 5 lakh to Felani's family |date=31 August 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-183929 |title=One death, many questions |date=1 May 2011 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

==== Killing, abduction and torture ====
According to a 2023 report by Odhikar, the BSF routinely kills, abducts and tortures Bangladeshi citizens despite repeatedly pledging to stop using lethal weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BANGLADESH: Annual Human Rights Report 2023 |work=Odhikar |url=https://odhikar.org/bangladesh-annual-human-rights-report-2023/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kiriti Roy also highlighted that "in most of the cases, they (BSF) are killing farmers of their own country."<ref name=":5" />

===Indian claims against Border Guard Bangladesh===
Some Indian nationals were also reported to have been killed by Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB) on suspicion of being a smuggler. On 21 January 2012, Indian officials claimed that four BGB soldiers crossed into India and killed an Indian national. The soldiers were trying to drag the body of the Indian national when they were stopped by Indian locals who gathered at the site after hearing gun shots. The locals captured one BGB soldiers while the other three BGB soldiers managed to flee. The Bangladeshi officials claim that the slain Indian national was a smuggler, however, Indian officials claim that the slain Indian national was just a farmer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Bangla-border-guards-kill-Indian-local-capture-BGB-constable/articleshow/11574523.cms |title=Bangla border guards kill Indian; local capture BGB constable |date=21 January 2012 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 7 April 2015, Indian officials reported that BGB had crossed 10 kilometres into Indian territory and killed two Indian nationals. The body of one Indian national was taken back by Bangladesh. The incident created tensions between BSF and BGB. The Bangladeshi officials claimed that the killed Indian nationals were smugglers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bangladesh-border-guard-infiltrates-10-kms-into-bengal-kills-two-indian-nationals-drags-body-into-bangladesh/articleshow/46861012.cms |title=Bangladesh Border Guard infiltrates 10 kms into Bengal; kills two Indian nationals, drags body into Bangladesh |date=9 April 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

On 24 September 2024, the BGB detained a BSF personnel for reportedly crossing into the Bangladesh through the boundary near pillar number 334/sub-pillar 6.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=BSF man held in Dinajpur for illegal trespassing: BGB |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/491696 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250223172003/https://www.observerbd.com/news/491696 |archivedate=23 February 2025}}</ref> The personnel was found in uniform but unarmed, and the Bangladeshi officials were preparing to return the detained member to the Indian authorities through a flag meeting.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=BSF man detained in Thakurgaon for illegally crossing border: BGB P… |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/dzovgfxjnp |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250223162439/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/dzovgfxjnp |archivedate=23 February 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref> However, Indian media later reported that the BSF made a strong protest to the BGB in its response and that they considered this an "abduction" of one of its soldiers. The personnel was returned later in the day following a flag meeting.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Bangladesh border force returns 'abducted' BSF jawan India News - T… |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-border-force-returns-abducted-bsf-jawan/articleshow/113641254.cms |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250223171937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-border-force-returns-abducted-bsf-jawan/articleshow/113641254.cms |archivedate=23 February 2025|last=of India|first=Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangbad |first=Protidiner |title=বিরল সীমান্তে অবৈধ অনুপ্রবেশের দায়ে বিএসএফ সদস্য আটক |url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/whole-country/477083 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Protidiner Sangbad |language=bn}}</ref>Same incident again occurred on 22 December 2025, where Bangladesh BGB personnel captured an Indian BSF member allegedly stepping inside [[Bangladesh]]. He was later released and given to BSF after a flag meeting.<ref name=":8" />

==Cross border firing==
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = India-Bangladesh border clashes
| place = Bangladesh–India border
| date = 2001 – ongoing
| status = Ongoing Decline in [[Bangladesh–India relations]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Impact of CAA on Bangladesh: Despite Dhaka's efforts, anti-India sentiment on the rise among its citizens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/impact-of-caa-on-bangladesh-despite-dhakas-efforts-anti-india-sentiment-on-the-rise-among-its-citizens-7796251.html |publisher=[[Firstpost|First Post]] |date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| units1 = [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)
| units2 = [[Border Guards Bangladesh]] (BGB)
| casualties1 = '''India claim''': 19 soldiers killed<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Barbaric killing of BSF jawans puts India-Bangladesh relations under severe strain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/20010507-barbaric-killing-of-bsf-jawans-puts-india-bangladesh-relations-under-severe-strain-776193-2001-05-07 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=7 May 2001}}</ref><ref name="dawn"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh troops kill Indian guard in fishing row at border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/18/bangladesh-troops-kill-indian-guard-in-fishing-row-at-border |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=18 October 2019}}</ref> 4,225 BSF personnel injured by smugglers<ref>{{cite news |title=Cattle in the way: India, Bangladesh trade smuggling charges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cattle-in-the-way-india-bangladesh-trade-smuggling-charges/articleshow/77072720.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=20 July 2020 |quote=BSF data indicates that 937, 1274 and 2014 BSF jawans were injured in 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.}}</ref>
| casualties2 = '''Bangladesh claim''': 6 soldiers killed<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/bgb-soldier-killed-bsf-firing-3525926]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BGB member killed in BSF firing at Benapole border |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bgb-member-killed-bsf-firing-benapole-border-779838 |access-date=23 January 2024 |agency=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="frontline">{{cite magazine |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=12 May 2001 |title=A brush with Bangladesh |url=http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1810/18100280.htm |magazine=Frontline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613231419/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1810/18100280.htm |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="IT"/> At least 1,987 Bangladeshi civilians were killed by the BSF between 2000 and 2025<ref>[https://www.newagebd.net/post/foreign-affairs/287103/border-killings-highest-in-5-years]</ref><ref name="Bangladesh sees highest border deaths in 10 years">{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/234048/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years |title=Bangladesh sees highest border deaths in 10 years |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=22 December 2022 |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
| casualties3 =
}}

===2001 border clash===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2001 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 16 April 2001 - 20 April 2001
| result = 24 civilians injured
10,000 civilians temporarily displaced
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]] 117th Battalion
| casualties1 = *3 killed
*5 wounded
| casualties2 = *16 killed
*2 wounded
| strength1 = 700-1000 soldiers included local civilians
| strength2 = 300+ troops
}}

{{Main|2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes}}

From 16 to 20 April 2001, India and Bangladesh exchanged gunfire in a border clash. 16 BSF soldiers were killed in the [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|clash]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=বড়াইবাড়ী যুদ্ধ: কুড়িগ্রামে কুড়ি বছর আগের যে সংঘাতে ১৬ জন ভারতীয় রক্ষী নিহত হয় - BBC News বাংলা |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4g7z0wjz00o |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417024821/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4g7z0wjz00o |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn-BD}}</ref>

===2005 border clash===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2005 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 16 April 2005
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant3 = cattle smuggler
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]] 117th Battalion
| casualties1 = *None
| casualties2 = *2 soldiers killed
| casualties3 = *Unknown
| units3 = cattle smuggler
}}

On 16 April 2005, India and Bangladesh border troops engaged in gun battle that resulted in death of two Indian border soldiers and two Bangladeshi civilians.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/389571 |title=Four killed in BD-India border clash |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=18 April 2005}}</ref> A Bangladesh border guard stated that the bodies of an Indian border soldier and an officer were lying inside [[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi territory]].<ref name="dawn"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/76748 |title=2 BSF men killed in Saturday's clash with BDR, bodies handed over |date=16 April 2005 |work=[[BDNews24]] |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202154/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/76748 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bangladeshi border guards claim that a platoon of Indian border guards along with some 100 Indian civilians entered into Bangladesh territory and looted in Hirapur village. Indian border guards and civilians intrusion in Bangladesh prompted Bangladesh border guards to retaliate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Shahedul Anam |author-link=Mohammad Shahedul Anam Khan |title=Clashes on our borders |work=The Daily Star |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/04/29/d50429020327.htm |access-date= |archive-date=2017-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417155042/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/04/29/d50429020327.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, according to Indian military officials, Indian border guards had requested a flag meeting to secure the release of an Indian villager abducted earlier by Bangladesh border guards. Bangladesh border guards instead abducted BSF officer Assistant Commandant Jiwan Kumar from the meeting and took him into Bangladesh where he was tortured and later killed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BDR-tortures-kills-BSF-officer/articleshow/1080499.cms |title=BDR tortures, kills BSF officer |last=Paul |first=Manash |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 April 2005}}</ref>

===2008 border clash===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2008 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 18 July 2008
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]] 117th Battalion
| units2 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = *2 Killed
}}

On 18 July 2008, a BSF soldier killed two BDR soldiers inside Bangladesh. He had initially crossed the border to catch a cow smuggler, but firing began. In retaliation, the BSF soldier fought a gun battle with the BDR soldiers. According to Bangladeshi officials, 10 BDR soldiers were seriously injured and 2 BDR soldiers died.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |date=18 July 2008 |title=Bangladesh guards die in India border clash |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bangladesh-guards-die-in-india-border-clash-1.826096?mode=amp |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[Irish Times]]}}</ref>

===2013 border clash===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2013 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 11 February 2013
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]] 117th Battalion
| notes =
| casualties3 = 12 Indian civilians killed
}}

On 11 February 2013, Bangladeshi officials claim that Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) killed twelve Indian nationals. According to Bangladeshi officials, the two Indian nationals were smugglers and they attacked a BGB patrol party, which prompted BGB to retaliate. All smugglers were killed and their bodies were taken back by BSF. Later on, BSF took positions and started firing on BGB, which lasted for thirty minutes.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2013 |title=BGB kills 2 Indians |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/589429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202014/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/589429 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=[[BDNews24]]}}</ref>

===2019 border clash===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2019 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 18 October 2019
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]] 117th Battalion
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 = *1 killed
*1 wounded
}}

In 2019, Bangladeshi border guards shot at BSF personnel. Bangladeshi officials claimed it was self defence. One BSF officer was killed in the [[2019 Bangladesh-Indian border clash|clash]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=BSF jawan killed in firing by Bangla border guards; BGB says action in 'self defence' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2019/10/18/bsf-jawan-killed-in-firing-by-bangla-border-guards-bgb-says-acti.html |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazeera |first=Al |title=Bangladesh troops kill Indian guard in fishing row at border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/18/bangladesh-troops-kill-indian-guard-in-fishing-row-at-border |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623075436/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/18/bangladesh-troops-kill-indian-guard-in-fishing-row-at-border |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== January 2024 border clash ===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = January 2024 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| date = 22 January 2024
| casualties1 = *1 killed
| casualties2 = None
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| units1 = [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = [[Border Security Force]]
}}

In 2024, Indian BSF personnel shot and killed a Bangladesh BGB personnel while he got disconnected from his team while they were running after smugglers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BGB soldier killed in BSF firing {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/bgb-soldier-killed-bsf-firing-3525926 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

=== September 2024-2025 border clashes ===
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = September 2024-2025 Bangladesh-Indian border clash
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]]
| partof = Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border
| date = 28 September 2024 - 22 December 2025
| result = Decline in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India|Indian]] relations
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]]
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = *2 Captured (later released)
}}

Since the [[July Uprising]]-led by [[Student movements in Bangladesh|student movements]] and [[List of political parties in Bangladesh|political parties]], relations between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] strained due to the shelter of former Bangladeshi [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] leader [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-23 |title=Preventing a Sunset in the East: India-Bangladesh Ties After Hasina – A Review {{!}} India's World |url=https://indiasworld.in/preventing-a-sunset-in-the-east-india-bangladesh-ties-after-hasina-a-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123041543/https://indiasworld.in/preventing-a-sunset-in-the-east-india-bangladesh-ties-after-hasina-a-review/ |archive-date=2026-01-23 |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>Despite cordial relations later on slowly improving under [[Yunus ministry]], various new issues came across in the border between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. [[India]] started to push-in alleged immigrants from there country into [[Bangladesh]] through border. This created harsh reaction from the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|foreign ministry of Bangladesh]], urging [[India]] to stop such push-ins without the proofs of those immigrants being [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Foreign ministry tells India to stop push-ins |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/foreign-ministry-tells-india-stop-push-ins-3893606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605063351/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/foreign-ministry-tells-india-stop-push-ins-3893606 |archive-date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> However, border tensions were also on rise when Bangladeshi [[Border Guard Bangladesh|BGB]] personals captured Indian [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personal in 28 September 2024 and also in 22 December 2025. [[Bangladesh]] claims that they illegibly stepped into [[Bangladesh]] and was violating international law. Though Indian BSF claimed those incidents as "misunderstood" and later got back there captured personals after flag meeting between two nations.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=সাহা |first=অয়ন্তিকা |title=সীমান্ত পেরিয়ে বাংলাদেশে, ভোরে BSF জওয়ান আটক, সন্ধের পর ফেরত |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/north-bengal-news/allegation-miscreants-dragged-a-bsf-jawan-across-bangladesh-border/200453945.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226071822/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/north-bengal-news/allegation-miscreants-dragged-a-bsf-jawan-across-bangladesh-border/200453945.cms |archive-date=2025-12-26 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> But clashes also could happen due to misunderstood judgements or wrong intentions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=সীমান্তে কাঁটাতারের বেড়া দেওয়ার চেষ্টা বিএসএফের, বিজিবির বাধা |url=https://rtvonline.com/country/362034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228054802/https://rtvonline.com/country/362034 |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=rtvonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=কুড়িগ্রাম সীমান্তে গুলি ও সাউন্ড গ্রেনেড নিক্ষেপ করেছে বিএসএফ {{!}} ইনসাফ |url=https://insaf24.com/news/27/05/2025/216030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302093152/https://insaf24.com/news/27/05/2025/216030 |archive-date=2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=insaf24.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cattle smuggling ==
In Bangladesh, Indian cattle can become legal through a small tax to the government, while India bans all export of cattle. This has become a flashpoint issue at the border. The cattle trade, according to a 2015 estimate in the ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|Christian Science Monitor]],'' is close to one billion dollars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/loss-both-sides-132625 |title=LOSS on both sides |date=2015-08-26 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> A Bangladeshi cattle smuggler was killed in March 2014 in the border near Satkhira Sadar upazila by the BSF.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/bangladeshi-tortured-to-death-by-bsf-in-satkhira-39491 |title=Bangladeshi 'tortured to death' by BSF in Satkhira |date=2014-08-31 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> In January 2016, a Bangladeshi cattle smuggler was allegedly tortured to death by members of the BSF in [[Bhurungamari Upazila]], [[Kurigram District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bsf-tortures-bangladeshi-death-204019 |title=BSF tortures Bangladeshi to death |date=2016-01-19 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> The same month another Bangladesh national was killed by BSF in [[Sapahar Upazila]], [[Naogaon District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/bsf-kills-1-naogaon-border-206473 |title=BSF kills 1 at Naogaon border |date=2016-01-24 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> In April 2016, a Bangladeshi cattle trader was shot in Kurigram District.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshi-shot-dead-bsf-kurigram-1210522 |title=Bangladeshi shot dead by BSF in Kurigram |date=2016-04-18 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> In June 2016, two Bangladeshi smugglers were killed by the BSF in [[Gomostapur Upazila]], [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapainawabganj]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/2-bangladeshis-shot-dead-bsf-along-cnawabganj-border-1242667 |title=2 Bangladeshis shot dead by BSF along C'nawabganj border |date=2016-06-20 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> In August 2016, a Bangladeshi smuggler was shot dead in the border region in [[Maheshpur Upazila|Moheshpur upazila]] of [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenidah]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshi-killed-bsf-jhenidah-1264990 |title=Bangladeshi shot dead by BSF in Jhenidah |date=2016-08-05 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> In January 2017, a cattle smuggler was allegedly tortured to death by the BSF in [[Damurhuda Upazila]] in [[Chuadanga District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshi-killed-bsf-along-chuadanga-border-1341748 |title=Bangladeshi killed by BSF along Chuadanga border |date=2017-01-07 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref>

== Farmlands near the border ==
A teenager was killed and three others were injured in a shooting conducted by BSF in Chuadanga when they went to pick mangoes from a tree near the border in May 2016. The BSF suspended seven of its personnel over the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/7-bsf-men-suspended-killing-teen-1224310 |title=7 BSF men suspended for killing teen |date=15 May 2016 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

==Bangladeshi civilian casualties==
From 2001 to 2010, Human right organisations state that around 1,000 Bangladeshi civilians have been killed by [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref name="HR"/><ref name="TheHindu"/> From 2012 to 2016, around 146 Bangladeshi civilians were killed by BSF and Indian civilians according to Bangladesh Home Minister, Asad Uz Zaman Khan Kamal.<ref name="bdnews">{{cite news |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1142229 |title=146 Bangladeshis killed by BSF, Indian civilians in past 4 yrs, says home minister |work=[[BDNews24]] |date=25 April 2016 |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128041745/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1142229 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', a Bangladeshi newspaper, reports that from 2010 to 2016, on average, 40 Bangladeshi nationals were killed at the border every year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/killing-harbouring-kayaking-and-dog-training-1368187 |title=Killing, harbouring, kayaking and dog training |date=28 February 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Year
! Killed
! Injured
! Abducted
! Missing
! Rape
! Snatching
! Push in
! Other
! Total
! Source
|-
| 1972
| 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|15
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/82157/2017-02-23 |title=1,391 Bangladeshis killed by Indians |date=23 February 2017 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=ob1>{{Cite news |url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=114230 |title=Border killings by BSF continued in 2017: ASK |date=1 January 2018 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]] |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1973
| 20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|20
| <ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1974
| 23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|23
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1975
| 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|11
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1976
| 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|16
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1977
| 27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|27
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1978
| 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|12
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1979
| 22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|22
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1980
| 18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|18
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1981
| 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|12
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1982
| 19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|19
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1983
| 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|16
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1984
| 23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|23
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1985
| 27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|27
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1986
| 30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|30
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1987
| 17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|17
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1988
| 13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|13
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1989
| 17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|17
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1990
| 18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|18
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1991
| 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|15
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1992
| 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|16
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1993
| 23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|23
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1994
| 39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|39
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1995
| 36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|36
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/>
|-
| 1996
| 31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|31
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/><ref name="book1">{{Cite book |title=Cover report at [[Shaptahik 2000]], 13 January 2001}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| 33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|33
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/><ref name="book1" />
|-
| 1998
| 37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|37
|<ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/><ref name="book1" />
|-
| 1999
| 38
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|38
| <ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/><ref name=inde1/><ref name=ob1/><ref name="book1" />
|-
| 2000
| 31
| 17
| 106
| 0
| 2
| 13
| 0
| 0
| 169
|<ref name="odhi1">{{cite web |url=http://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Statistics_Border_2000-2020.pdf |title=IHuman Rights Violation by Indian Border Security Force (BSF) against Bangladeshi Citizens |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=[[Odhikar]] |website= |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112130037/http://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Statistics_Border_2000-2020.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="saj">{{cite web |url=http://southasiajournal.net/india-bangladesh-border-killing/ |title=India-Bangladesh border killing |date=3 December 2017 |website=South Asia Journal |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="odhi">{{cite web |url=http://odhikar.org/report-on-human-rights-violations-in-the-india-bangladesh-border/ |title=Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and Indian miscreants kill 607 Bangladeshis in 7 years |date=31 December 2006 |website=Odhikar |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="book1" />
|-
| 2001
| 84
| 29
| 55
| 0
| 1
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 179
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2002
| 94
| 42
| 118
| 30
| 0
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 296
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2003
| 27
| 41
| 120
| 7
| 2
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 205
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2004
| 72
| 30
| 73
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 180
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2005
| 88
| 53
| 78
| 14
| 3
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 240
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2006
| 155
| 121
| 160
| 32
| 2
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 479
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2007
| 118
| 82
| 92
| 9
| 3
| 5
| 198
| 0
| 507
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="saj"/><ref name="odhi"/>
|-
| 2008
| 61
| 46
| 81
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 20
| 0
| 211
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name="bsf killing">{{cite news |title=India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35156020080824 |work=Reuters |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026110404/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35156020080824 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| 98
| 77
| 25
| 13
| 1
| 1
| 90
| 3
| 308
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/294-bangladeshi-killed-by-bsf-in-last-10-years-1769911 |title=294 Bangladeshis killed by BSF in last 10yrs: Home minister |date=11 July 2019 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=dt1>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/07/11/home-minister-294-bangladeshis-killed-by-bsf-in-10yrs |title=Kamal: 294 Bangladeshis killed by BSF in 10yrs |date=11 July 2019 |work=The Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=unb1>{{Cite news |url=https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/294-bangladeshis-killed-by-bsf-along-border-in-10yrs-home-minister/22938 |title=294 Bangladeshis killed by BSF along border in 10yrs: Home Minister |date=11 July 2019 |work=The Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| 74
| 72
| 43
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 5
| 0
| 197
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2011
| 31
| 62
| 23
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 125
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2012
| 38
| 100
| 74
| 1
| 0
| 9
| 0
| 16
| 238
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2013
| 29
| 79
| 127
| 0
| 1
| 77
| 41
| 0
| 354
|<ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2014
| 35
| 68
| 99
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 209
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2015
| 44
| 60
| 27
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 132
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2016
| 29
| 36
| 22
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 87
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2017
| 25
| 39
| 28
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 92
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2018
| 11
| 24
| 16
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 51
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2019
| 41
| 40
| 34
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 115
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=dt2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/01/03/threefold-rise-in-border-killing-in-2019 |title=Threefold rise in border killing in 2019 |date=11 July 2019 |work=The Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| 51
| 27
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 86
| <ref name="odhi1"/><ref name=star1/><ref name=dt1/><ref name=unb1/>
|-
| 2021
| 17
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 31
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Border_2000-2021.pdf |title=Human Rights Violation by Indian Border Security Force (BSF) against Bangladeshi Citizens: 2000 - 2021 |date=20 February 2022 |publisher=[[Odhikar]] |website=odhikar.org/ |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| 18
| 21
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 39
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/AHRR-2022_English_30.01.2023-6.pdf |title=ANNUAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2022 BANGLADESH |date=1 January 2022 |publisher=[[Odhikar]] |website=odhikar.org/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220175320/https://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/AHRR-2022_English_30.01.2023-6.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|28
|28
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|56
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |orig-date=4 January, 2024 |title=BANGLADESH ANNUAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2023 |url=https://odhikar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/AHRR-2023_Odhikar_English_Final.pdf |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=[[Odhikar]] |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|24
|29
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|53
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=ANNUAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2024|url=https://odhikar.org/ahrr-2024_odhikar_english/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=[[Odhikar]] |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|46
|38
|14
|0
|0
|0
|2436
|0
|2534
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Killings on Bangladesh border by India’s BSF highest in 5 years |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/foreign-affairs/287103/border-killings-highest-in-5-years |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>
|-
| Total
| 1963
| 1273
| 1422
| 111
| 16
| 157
| 2790
| 35
|7797
|
|-
|}

== Impact ==
The death of Bangladeshi nationals along the [[Bangladesh–India border]] has adversely affected the [[Bangladesh–India relations]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/bd-india-border-issues-38640 |title=BD–India border issues |date=26 August 2014 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' described the issue as one that is "highly emotive" in Bangladesh.<ref name=":1" /> On the border death, Bangladesh former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said it was a matter of "grave concern" to her.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/deaths-along-border-matter-grave-concern-pm-1332787 |title=Deaths along border matter of grave concern: PM |date=20 December 2016 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The border deaths have also been criticised by numerous human rights organisations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/securing-rights-at-the-border-area-62888 |title=Securing rights at the border area |date=3 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes]]
* [[Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh–India relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deaths along the Bangladesh-India border}}
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:Violent deaths in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Violent deaths in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Indian military]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in India]]

Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-22T00:21:36Z

MinnieZox45714: Created First Biography More To Come - done

{{Short description|Indian politician }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunil Kumar Sharma
| image = SunilKumarSharma.png
| alt = [Sunil Kumar Sharma ]
| caption =
| office = Minister of Electronics & Information Technology [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 5 March 2024
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 11 March 2017
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Sahibabad (Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Amarpal Sharma]]
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2012
| constituency2 = [[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
| predecessor2 = Surendra Kumar
| successor2 = [[Suresh Bansal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Patla, [[Ghaziabad]], Uttar Pradesh
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Shri Jaibhagwan Sharma<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1769}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party BJP]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Farmer, advocate, politician<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
}}

'''Sunil Kumar Sharma''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Sahibabad Assembly constituency|Sahibabad]] and Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].

Sharma is considered a close aide of RRS top leadership and Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, Defence Minister of India [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'S National President [[J. P. Nadda|J.P. Nadda]] with whom he had worked for years. He has earlier been part of the [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th]] [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sahibabad (Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad constituency]] and was elected by the largest victory margin in the 2017 and the 2022 assembly elections. In [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] he created a record by winning by the highest margin ever for a candidate in a legislative assembly election in India since independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahibabad Election Result 2022 LIVE: Sahibabad MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/sahibabad-assembly-elections-up-55/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
From 2007 to 2012, Sharma served as a member of the [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Ghaziabad]] constituency.

Following the 2017 assembly elections, on 11 March 2017, he was appointed a member of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) for the [[Sahibabad]] constituency and joined the 17th Legislative Assembly. Sharma secured the largest victory margin of 150,643 votes in the election.
In 2017 Sunil Sharma was appointed president of the Panchayati Raj Samiti legislative Assembly [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Ranked State Minister of Uttar Pradesh).

He received {{formatnum:262317}} votes in total, accounting for 62% of all votes polled. In the 2022 election, he won by 2,14,835 votes securing over 67% of all votes polled.

Sharma is also a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahibabad Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sahibabad.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/sahibabad-new-bjp-mla-set-sights-on-development-in-indirapuram/story-P7CmgGxI1A5ZGA8qvmwguK.html|title= sahibabad new BJP MLA set sights on development in Indirapuram|publisher=www.hindustantimes.com|accessdate=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-ghaziabad-bsp-congress/|title=BJP pockets all five Assembly seats in Ghaziabad district|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>

==Record==
Sharma is listed in India's Book of Records as he won the election of the 2022 Legislative Assembly Uttar Pradesh. He won by the highest margin ever for a candidate in a legislative assembly election in India since independence.

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Constituency
|-
| 01 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] || Ghaziabad
|-
| 02 || 2017<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sahibabad Assembly Election 2017 Candidate List & Winner|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/sahibabad/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India.com}}</ref> || 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] || Sahibabad
|-
| 03 || 2022|| 2027 || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] || Sahibabad
|-
| 04 || 2017||2022|| State Minister, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|President, Panchayati Raj Committee, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]|| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 05 || 2022||2024|| State Minister, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|President, Committee of Examination of Audit Reports of the Local Bodies]]|| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 06 || 2024||2027|| Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Electronics & Information, Uttar Pradesh]]|| Uttar Pradesh
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sunil Kumar}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Football in Kerala

2026-04-21T09:39:58Z

MinnieZox45714: put up

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{sport overview
| title = Football in Kerala
| image = Kerala_Football_Team.jpg|alt=Kerala_Football_Team
| image_size =
| caption = Members of the Kerala football team
| union = [[Kerala Football Association]] (KFA)<ref>{{cite book|author=Kausik Bandyopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC |title=A Social History of Indian Football: Striving to Score |publisher=Routledge |date=2006 | isbn=9780415348355 }}</ref>
| match = 100,000 ([[1997 Nehru Cup|India vs Iraq 1997 Nehru Cup semi-final]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waytokickoff.com/site/stadium-kbfc/|title=STADIUM|website=waytokickoff.com|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212429/http://www.waytokickoff.com/site/stadium-kbfc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[Association football|Football]] is one of the most popular [[sports in Kerala|sports]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=PK Ajith |date=2022-12-22 |title=Following the football World Cup craze in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/following-the-football-world-cup-craze-in-kerala/article66293290.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201170330/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/following-the-football-world-cup-craze-in-kerala/article66293290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Malabar District|Malabar]], the northern region of Kerala, is the main powerhouse of Kerala football, It was [[history of Indian football|introduced]] to the land of Kerala during the pre-independence period by [[British people|British]] officers of the [[Malabar Special Police]] (MSP) in the 20th century. MSP was camped in [[Malappuram]] and soon the natives began adopting the sport, which was mostly played in post-[[harvest]] [[paddy field]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Kerala shrunk football to make it its own |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/keralas-small-football-in-sevens-heaven/articleshow/70905729.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/keralas-small-football-in-sevens-heaven/articleshow/70905729.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerala enjoyed a golden age from 1985 to 1995 by making it to [[Santosh Trophy|Santhosh Trophy finals]] seven times consecutively, and football became an iconic sport ever since in the south Indian state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Laxmi Mohan |date=2022-11-10 |title=Football Fever: Recollecting Kerala's Craze For The Sport Amidst Cut-Out Wars & World Cup Debates |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/recollecting-keralas-craze-for-football-amidst-cut-out-wars-38575 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201185448/https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/recollecting-keralas-craze-for-football-amidst-cut-out-wars-38575 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FIFA]] released the film ''Maitanam - The Story of Football in Kerala'', quoting: ''Football in the Indian state of Kerala runs through the fabric of its society, where football is life and life is football''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's passion for football and its links to anti-imperialism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2022/nov/27/keralas-passion-for-football-and-its-links-to-anti-imperialism-2522576.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201185448/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2022/nov/27/keralas-passion-for-football-and-its-links-to-anti-imperialism-2522576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Manjappada unfolding their tifo.jpg|thumb|229x229px|[[Manjappada]] displaying a [[tifo]] and [[banner]]s during a match]]

[[Kerala football team|Kerala state football team]] appeared in the [[Santosh Trophy]] finals 15 times and won the trophy 7 times, latest in [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2022]] by defeating [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] in the final on 2 May at the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanadu Stadium]] in [[Malappuram, Kerala|Malappuram]]. [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] won the [[2020–21 I-League]] to become the first ever club from Kerala to win an [[I-League]] title. They created history by becoming the first team in the I-League era to defend its title, being [[2021–22 I-League|2021-22 I-League]] champions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-05-14 |title=Gokulam Kerala become first team to defend title in I-League era, beating Mohammedan SC 2-1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/gokulam-kerala-become-first-team-to-defend-title-in-i-league-era-beating-mohammedan-sc-2-1/article65414930.ece |access-date=2023-02-04 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204144025/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/gokulam-kerala-become-first-team-to-defend-title-in-i-league-era-beating-mohammedan-sc-2-1/article65414930.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Gokulam Kerala FC is also the first club from Kerala to qualify for a [[Asian Football Confederation|continental]] competition, the [[AFC Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sayak Dipta |title=Gokulam Kerala FC win I-League, qualify for AFC Cup |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-gokulam-kerala-fc-win-i-league-qualify-afc-cup |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2021-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327145259/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-gokulam-kerala-fc-win-i-league-qualify-afc-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]], the [[Indian Super League]] club based in [[Kochi]], are one of the most widely supported clubs in [[Asia]] and with one of the largest social media following among the football clubs from the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ചരിത്രമെഴുതി മഞ്ഞപ്പട'; 'ഏഷ്യയില്‍' അഞ്ചാം സ്ഥാനവുമായി കേരളാ ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്‌സ് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/sports/kerala-blasters-become-fifth-asian-club-with-the-biggest-social-media-following-50113.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208160346/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/sports/kerala-blasters-become-fifth-asian-club-with-the-biggest-social-media-following-50113.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Travancore Royals Football Club'' (TRFC), founded on 29 November 2018, is India's first fans-owned club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=The Travancore Royals Football Club Is Amplifying Women's Presence In The Field Of Sports Through Their Women's Day Campaign |url=https://pinklungi.com/the-travancore-royals-football-club-is-amplifying-womens-presence-in-the-field-of-sports-through-their-womens-day-campaign/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=PinkLungi |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201194255/https://pinklungi.com/the-travancore-royals-football-club-is-amplifying-womens-presence-in-the-field-of-sports-through-their-womens-day-campaign/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Kerala Premier League]], together with [[Kerala Super League]], is the official state level tournament, succeeding [[Kerala State Club Football Championship]], both organized by the [[Kerala Football Association]]. [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala FC]] is the most successful [[Kerala Premier League|Kerala League]] team becoming champions 6 times while Travancore Titanium FC is most successful in the [[Kerala State Club Football Championship|Championship]], winning it 10 times.

==History==
Football has been a passion of thousands of Malayalees for the last several decades—much before the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956. Kerala Football Association was formed in 1948 to directly oversees the development of football in Kerala from grassroots to senior level.

The [[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament|Sait Nagjee Cup Football Tournament]] is a popular international club football tournament held in [[Kozhikode]] which has been attracting large crowd since 1952. Brazilian footballer [[Ronaldinho]] has served as the brand ambassador for the Sait Nagjee Football Tournament.

Famous international footballers including [[Ronaldinho]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-24 |title=Brazilian superstar Ronaldinho arrives in Kerala |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/brazilian-superstar-ronaldinho-arrives-in-kerala/article8147952.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143130/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/brazilian-superstar-ronaldinho-arrives-in-kerala/article8147952.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maradona]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Throwback: When Diego Maradona visited Kerala {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/diego-maradona-throwback-when-visited-kerala/6q9h8uce8aht1aa0h73n608he |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.goal.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Roberto Carlos]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-05-19 |title=Roberto Carlos - People Of Kerala Were Like Brazillian Football Fans {{!}} IFTWC - Indian Football Team For World Cup |url=https://iftwc.com/roberto-carlos-kerala-fans/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143132/https://iftwc.com/roberto-carlos-kerala-fans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Thomas Tuchel]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title='Ayurvedic rejuvenation': Former Chelsea manager Thomas Tuchel explains reason behind visit to India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/ayurvedic-rejuvenation-former-chelsea-manager-thomas-tuchel-explains-reason-behind-visit-to-india-101667122605104.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> visited Kerala for different reasons. [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]] and [[Dimitar Berbatov]] managed Kerala Blasters in different season. The [[Super Cup (India)|Hero Super Cup]] of 2023 was held in Kerala.

==Administration==
Football in Kerala is administered by the [[Kerala Football Association]]<ref name="Kerala FA">{{cite web |url= http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/content/index.php?action=state&id=18 |title= All India Football Federation - About AIFF - State Associations |work= AIFF |accessdate= 2012-03-25 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120321145438/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/content/index.php?action=state&id=18 |archivedate= 2012-03-21 }}</ref> It sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].

The [[Department of Sports and Youth Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Sports and Youth Affairs]], under the [[Government of Kerala]], along with the Kerala State Sports Council, is responsible for the development of sports, including football, in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Kerala State Sports Council |url=https://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/about-us}}</ref>

==State team==
{| class="infobox" style="font-size:95%; width:25em; text-align:center"
! colspan="4" style="font-size:115%; align=center" | State teams of Kerala
|-
![[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
![[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
|-
! [[Kerala football team|Football (Men's)]]
! [[Kerala women's football team|Football (Women's)]]
|}

Kerala football team is governed by the [[Kerala Football Association]] (KFA) and is a member of the [[All India Football Federation]] (AFC) since 1948, the national governing body for indian football. There are other Kerala football team for [[Kerala women's football team|women's]] also.

===Performance===
The following list includes the performance of all of Kerala's state teams at major competitions.

===Men's team===
[[File:Kerala_Football_Team.jpg|alt=Kerala_Football_Team|thumb|right|Kerala men's football team]]
The '''Kerala football team''' represents Kerala in [[football in India|Indian state football]] competitions, including the Santosh Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal, Kerala & Punjab drawn together in tantalizing group in 75th edition of Hero Santosh Trophy|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/west-bengal-kerala-punjab-drawn-together-in-tantalizing-group-in-75th-edition-of-hero-santosh-trophy|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=6 January 2022|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106131705/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/west-bengal-kerala-punjab-drawn-together-in-tantalizing-group-in-75th-edition-of-hero-santosh-trophy|archive-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! Best performance
|-
| [[Santosh Trophy]] || {{sort|7|'''Champions''' ([[1973–74 Santosh Trophy|1973–74]], [[1991–92 Santosh Trophy|1991–92]], [[1992–93 Santosh Trophy|1992–93]], [[2001–02 Santosh Trophy|2001–02]], [[2004-05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]], [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18]], [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–2022]])}}
|-
| [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] || {{sort|2|'''Gold''' (1987, 1997)}}
|-
| [[B.C. Roy Trophy]] || {{sort|3|'''Champions''' (1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73)}}
|-
| [[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]] || {{sort|2|'''Champions''' (1981–82, 1983–84)}}
|-
| [[M. Dutta Ray Trophy]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' (1995)}}
|}

===Women's team===
{{Main|Kerala women's football team}}
'''Kerala women's football team''' represents Kerala in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/495|title=Kerala Football Association }}</ref> They have appeared in the Santosh Trophy finals once, and were the runners-up at their maiden attempt at the 2005–06 Senior Women's National Football Championship edition against the reigning champions [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] at Rourkela.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala hope for a new dawn in women's football |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/kerala-hope-for-a-new-dawn-in-womens-football/articleshow/87965949.cms |website=The Times of india |date=29 November 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! Best performance
|-
| [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] || {{sort|1|Runners-up (2005–06)}}
|-
| [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] || {{sort|1|Bronze (1999)}}
|}

==Affiliated district associations==
All 14 districts of Kerala are affiliated with the '''Kerala Football Association'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District
!President
|-
| 1 || Alappuzha District Football Association || [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]
|
|-
| 2 || Ernakulam District Football Association || [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
|
|-
| 3 || Idukki District Football Association || [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|
|-
| 4 || Kannur District Football Association || [[Kannur District|Kannur]]
|
|-
| 5 || Kasaragod District Football Association || [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|
|-
| 6 || Kollam District Football Association || [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
|
|-
| 7 || Kottayam District Football Association || [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]]
|
|-
| 8 || Kozhikode District Football Association || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|
|-
| 9 || [[Malappuram District Football Association]]|| [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
|
|-
| 10 || Palakkad District Football Association || [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
|
|-
| 11 || Pathanamthitta District Football Association || [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[Thiruvananthapuram District Football Association]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|
|-
| 13 || Thrissur District Football Association || [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
|
|-
| 14 || Wayanad District Football Association || [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|
|}

==Competitions==
===District level===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Men's senior====
*Inter-District State Championship Senior Men

====Men's youth====
*Inter-District State Championship Junior Boys
*Inter-District State Championship Sub-Junior Boys
{{col-2}}

====Women's senior====
*Inter-District State Championship Senior Women
{{col-end}}

===Club level===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Men's senior====
*[[Kerala Premier League]] (5th division of [[Indian football league system]])
*[[Super League Kerala]]
*[[N.I. David Memorial Trophy]]
{{col-2}}

====Women's senior====
*[[Kerala Women's League]] (3rd division of [[Indian football league system]])
{{col-end}}

====Evolution of the football system====
{{:Kerala Football Association|transcludesection=Evolution}}

== Stadiums ==
The league and tournaments are generally played at the following Stadiums:

{| class="wikitable"
!Stadium
!Capacity
!
|-
|[[EMS Stadium|Calicut Corporation EMS Stadium, Kozhikode]]
|50,000
|
[[File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg|Kozhikode EMS Stadium|thumb|150px]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]] †
|40,000
|[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi) in 2022.jpg|thumb|150px]]
|-
|[[Greenfield International Stadium|Greenfield International Stadium Trivandrum]]
|50,000
|[[File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala.jpg|thumb|150px]]
|-
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]]
|30,000
|[[File:Payyanad Football Stadium, Malappuram.jpg|thumb|150px]]
|-
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|15,000
|[[File:Corporation Stadium 222.jpg|thumb|150px]]
|}
'''''Note.''''' † ''denotes stadiums that have hosted international football matches.''

==National clubs from Kerala==
Current clubs from Kerala, that are playing in any of divisions of Indian football.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Club
!Hometown
!Founded
!Best form
|-
|[[Kerala United FC]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Ajith|title=Quartz SC goes on signing spree|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/quartz-sc-goes-on-signing-spree/article3935609.ece|access-date=26 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2012|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216010316/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/quartz-sc-goes-on-signing-spree/article3935609.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Kozhikode
|1976
|
* [[Kerala Premier League]] Champions (1): 2022-23
|-
|[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police football team]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|1984
|
* [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] Winners (2): [[Federation Cup (India)|1990]], [[Federation Cup (India)|1991]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Major triumphs by football clubs from Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/03/20/major-triumphs-by-football-clubs-from-kerala.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201191231/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/03/20/major-triumphs-by-football-clubs-from-kerala.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Club Football Championship]] Winners (6): 1985, 1987,1995, 1998, 2014, 2016
|-
|[[Kovalam Football Club]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|2009
|
|-
|[[Golden Threads FC]]
|Kochi
|2010
|
* [[Kerala Premier League]] Champion (1): [[2021–22 Kerala Premier League|2021–22]]
|-
|[[FC Kerala]]
|Thrissur
|2014
|
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|Kochi
|2014
|
*[[Indian Super League]]
** Runners-up (3): [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]], [[2016 Indian Super League|2016]], [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
* [[Kerala Premier League]] Champions (1): 2019-20 ([[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|reserve team]])
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|Kozhikode
|2017
|
* [[I-League|I-league]] Champions (2): 2020-21,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=I-League 2020-21: Gokulam Kerala crowned champions |url=https://www.espn.com/football/indian-i-league/story/4347196/i-league-2020-21-gokulam-kerala-crowned-champions |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> 2021-22<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gokulam Kerala beat Mohammedan to the 2021-22 I-League championship {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/gokulam-kerala-mohammedan-2021-22-i-league-title/bltfa828b59c07171b9 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.goal.com |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201175449/https://www.goal.com/en/news/gokulam-kerala-mohammedan-2021-22-i-league-title/bltfa828b59c07171b9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Durand Cup]] Champions (1): 2019<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kerala Premier League]] Champions (2): 2017-18, 2020–21
|-
|}

==List of state level champions==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!([[Kerala Football League|KFL]]/[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]) champions
!([[Kerala Football League|KFL]]/[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]) Championship season
![[Kerala State Club Football Championship]]
![[Kerala State Club Football Championship]] seasons
|-
|[[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala FC]]
|6
|2000/01, 2003/04, 2006/07, 2008, 2015, 2016
|5
|
|-
|FC Kochin
|2
|1998/99, 1999/00
| -
|
|-
|KSEB
|2
|2004/05, 2017
|3
|
|-
|Gokulam Kerala
|2
|2018, 2020/21
| -
|
|-
|Viva Kerala
|1
|2005/06
| -
|
|-
|Eagles FC
|1
|2014
| -
|
|-
|Indian Navy
|1
|2018/19
| -
|
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves]]
|1
|2019/20
| -
|
|-
|Golden Threads
|1
|2021/22
| -
|
|-
|[[Travancore Titanium F.C.|Titanium FC]]
| -
| -
|10
|
|-
|Kerala Police
| -
| -
|7
|
|-
|KSRTC
| -
| -
|3
|
|-
|Premier Tyres FC
| -
| -
|3
|
|-
|AGORC,Thiruvananthapuram
| -
| -
|2
|
|-
|Central Excise RC
| -
| -
|1
|
|-
|[[Keltron|Keltron FC]]
| -
| -
|1
|
|-
|[[FC Kochin]]
| -
| -
|1
|
|-
|Kochin Port Trust
| -
| -
|1
|
|-
|[[Josco FC]]
| -
| -
|1
|
|}

==Notable footballers==
{{incomplete list|date=February 2023}}
The state of Kerala has contributed many legends to Indian football, such as:

*[[I. M. Vijayan|I M Vijayan]]
*[[V. P. Sathyan]]
*[[Jo Paul Ancheri]]
*[[Victor Manjila]]
*[[E. N. Sudhir|E.N. Sudhir]]
*[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
*[[C. K. Vineeth|C.K. Vineeth]]
*[[Anas Edathodika]]
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
*[[Rino Anto]]
*[[Rahul KP|Rahul Kannoly Praveen]]
*[[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
*[[Pappachen Pradeep|N.P Pradeep]]
*[[Krishnan Nair Ajayan]]
*[[Zakeer Mundampara]]
*[[Muhammed Sagar Ali]]
*[[Denson Devadas]]
*[[C. S. Sabeeth]]
*[[Mohammed Irshad|Mohamed Irshad]]
*[[Asif Kottayil]]
*[[Sushanth Mathew]]

==Notable academies==
* A.C. Milan Academy Kozhikode under [[A.C. Milan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan Academy Kozhikode |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/academy/ac-milan-international-academies/milan-academy-kozhikode |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201192553/https://www.acmilan.com/en/academy/ac-milan-international-academies/milan-academy-kozhikode |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=AC Milan |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Blasters – Kerala Blasters FC |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/young-blasters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201192548/https://keralablastersfc.in/young-blasters/ |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Gokulam Football Foundation under [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gokulam Football Foundation |url=https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulam-football-foundation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201192556/https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulam-football-foundation/ |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Gokulam Kerala FC |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Muthoot Football Academy
* Parappur Football Academy (PFC KERALA)

==See also==
* [[Sevens Football Association]]
* [[Football in Thrissur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Kerala}}

[[Category:Football in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Sport in Kerala]]

G Kumar Naik

2026-04-16T16:49:11Z

MinnieZox45714: biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member Of Parliament, Raichur Lok Sabha Constituency
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
| constituency = [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1963|9|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Sheela Kulkarni (m. 11 November 1993)
| children = 2
| parents = Govindaswamy Naik T N, S R Sharadamma
| image =G Kumar Naik.jpg
}}

G. Kumar Naik is an Indian politician and former Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer who currently serves as a Member of Parliament in the 18th Lok Sabha from the Raichur constituency in Karnataka. He is a member of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-03-22 |title=Congress chooses former bureaucrat Kumar Naik for Raichur Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/congress-chooses-former-bureaucrat-kumar-naik-for-raichur-lok-sabha-seat/article67981196.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Political career ==
After a career in the [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]], G. Kumar Naik entered electoral politics by joining the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-02-19 |title=Raichur MP: Want clarity on national strategy to curb ultra-processed foods |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/raichur-mp-want-clarity-on-national-strategy-to-curb-ultra-processed-foods/article70651745.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], Naik contested the [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur (ST) Lok Sabha constituency]] in Karnataka as the candidate of the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the '''18th Lok Sabha''', defeating the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] candidate Raja Amareshwara Naik [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Raja Amareshwara Naik |date=2025-04-26 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Amareshwara_Naik&oldid=1287463637 |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en}}</ref>

In Parliament, Naik serves as a member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> and Information Technology. He has regularly attended the meetings of the committee and maintains a high attendance record<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> in the Lok Sabha.

Naik also engages actively with the Union Government, meeting, consulting, and corresponding with various Union Ministers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=ಆಲಮಟ್ಟಿ - ಯಾದಗಿರಿ ರೈಲು ಮಾರ್ಗ ಯೋಜನೆ ಅನುಮೋದನೆಗೆ ಮನವಿ {{!}} Public TV |url=https://publictv.in/request-for-approval-of-almatti-yadagiri-railway-project/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> to advocate for projects,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-08-21 |title=Need for multifaceted approach to improve higher education enrolment: Raichur MP G. Kumar Naik |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/need-for-multifaceted-approach-to-improve-higher-education-enrolment-raichur-mp-g-kumar-naik/article69955957.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> infrastructure, and financial support for the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-02-05 |title=Congress MPs meet FM, highlight lack of grants for Karnataka in Budget |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Feb/05/congress-mps-meet-fm-highlight-lack-of-grants-for-karnataka-in-budget |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His parliamentary work focuses on securing greater investment, development projects, and policy attention<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-28 |title=Karnataka MP says new amendment to Income Tax Act will impact services of Chartered Accountants |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-mp-says-new-amendment-to-income-tax-act-will-impact-services-of-chartered-accountants/article69858886.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-02-21 |title=G. Kumar Naik chairs DISHA meeting in Raichur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/g-kumar-naik-chairs-disha-meeting-in-raichur/article70661040.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As a Member of Parliament from the Indian National Congress, Naik has also participated in several panel discussions on national news television channels, where he articulates and defends his party's position on public issues. He has also been a panelist at BBC’s ''World Questions''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2025-02-24 |title=Catch BBC World Questions debate on India's political future at Bengaluru |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/catch-bbc-world-questions-debate-on-indias-political-future-at-bengaluru |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, G Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

Ramesh More

2026-04-16T06:31:36Z

MinnieZox45714: creating the pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ramesh More
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| constituency =
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| other_party =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1993
| death_place = [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Ramesh More''' (died 1993) was a [[Shiv Sena]] politician and a well-known trade union leader from [[Bombay]], India. He served as a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref name=a/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ozarkar |first1=Vallabh |title=Narayan Rane warns Shiv Sena: I also know old things, will reveal step by step |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rane-warns-sena-i-also-know-old-things-will-reveal-step-by-step-7474369/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=28 August 2021|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref> He also served as the General Secretary of [[Shiv Sena|Bhartiya Kamgar Sena]] (BKS), a trade union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Business World Volume 13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaFaAAAAYAAJ&q=MLC+Ramesh+More |publisher=[[Ananda Bazar Patrika]] |date=April 1993 |pages=115 |quote=The 3,000-strong workforce has rolled out the red carpet to welcome Shiv Sena MLC Ramesh More, the secretary of the Bharatiya Karagar Sena (BKS).}}</ref>

His name also appeared in the [[Bombay riots|1993 Bombay riots]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Shibu |title=Sena MLA let off in '93 riots case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sena-mla-let-off-in-93-riots-case/articleshow/3026502.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 May 2008}}</ref>

He was shot dead in 1993 in [[Bombay]]'s [[Andheri]] suburb.<ref name=a>{{cite news |last1=Rhman |first1=M. |title=Bombay politicians run scared as two legislators are shot dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930630-bombay-politicians-run-scared-as-two-legislators-are-shot-dead-811267-1993-06-30 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=30 June 1993}}</ref> He was killed allegedly by [[Arun Gawli]]'s gang on receiving a contract.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dukhande |first1=Dinesh |title=शिवसेना लोकप्रतिनिधींच्या झालेल्या हत्या आणि हल्ले! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/mumbai/murders-and-attack-on-shiv-sena-leader-corporators-in-mumbai/404512 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=8 January 2018 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

An article published in 2000 by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]'s ''The Marxist'' wrote, ''Even before the SS-BJP had come to power, some of their MLAs and corporators had been killed as a result of their involvement with mafia gangs and shady rackets concerning land, property or extortion. These included SS MLAs Vithal Chavan and Ramesh More, SS corporators Vinayak Wable and Khimbahadur Thapa, BJP MLA [[Prem Kumar Sharma]] and BJP corporator, Ex-MLA and its city president [[Ramdas Nayak]].''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhawale |first1=Ashok |title=The Shiv Sena: Semi-Fascism in Action |journal=The Marxist, April–June 2000 Edition |volume=16 |issue=2 |url=https://www.cpim.org/marxist/200002_marxist_sena_dhawle.htm |publisher=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Ramesh}}
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:1993 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:People murdered in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1993]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Sampurna (TV series)

2026-04-13T13:46:33Z

MinnieZox45714: Created The Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian Bengali social drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sampurna poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Social Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Anuja Chatterjee Soumyabrata Rakshit
| screenplay = Anuja Chatterjee
| director = [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Sohini Sarkar
* Rajnandini Paul
* Anubhav Kanjilal
* Prantik Chaterjee
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Amit{{ndash}}Ishan
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Amit{{ndash}}Ishan
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 12
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sourav Ghosh
| producer = Sayantan Ghosal Subhadeep Ghosh Soumya Mukherjee Soumyabrata Rakhsit
| editor = Subhajit Singha
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Pravatendu Mondal
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 18-28 minutes
| company = Follow Focus Films [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022||}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Sampurna''''' is an Indian Bengali [[Drama (film and television)|social drama]] web series streaming on Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |title=সম্পূর্ণা এবং নন্দিনী, দুই জা-এর নতুন গল্প, আনন্দবাজার অনলাইনে রইল 'সম্পূর্ণা ২'-এর প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/first-look-launch-of-hoichoi-web-series-sampurna-2-dgtl/cid/1451449 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=11 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Directed by [[Sayantan Ghosal]], the series has been written by Anuja Chatterjee along with Soumyabrata Rakshit. Produced by Follow Focus Films and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the series deals with the themes of [[marital rape]] against a woman and unequal consent for the female counterpart in a marriage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Sampurna trailer: Sohini Sarkar and Rajnandini Paul promise a gritty tale of marital rape |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sampurna-trailer-sohini-sarkar-and-rajnandini-paul-promise-a-gritty-tale-of-marital-rape/c13e9ce383326 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=23 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Sayantan Ghosal: 'Sampurna 2' will make people rethink the stigmatized social construct of gender roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sayantan-ghosal-sampurna-2-will-make-people-rethink-the-stigmatized-social-construct-of-gender-roles/articleshow/104033465.cms |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

The series stars [[Sohini Sarkar]] in the titular role of "Sampurna". She plays the role of a woman who fights to protect her sister-in-law from marital rape, a largely unrecognised issue in the society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Marital Rape : 'বৈবাহিক ধর্ষণ' নিয়ে প্রশ্ন তুলছেন 'সম্পূর্ণা' সোহিনী, পাশে অরিজিতা |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/hoichoi-web-series-sampurna-raise-awareness-against-marital-rape_438828.html |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=30 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Rajnandini Paul]] plays a parallel lead while Anubhav Kanjilal and Prantik Chatterjee play other pivotal roles. Pravatendu Mondal did the cinematography while Subhajit Singha handled the editing. Two seasons of the series has been released and they are streaming on the Bengali OTT platform "Hoichoi".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampurna: দুই নারীর লড়াইয়ের গল্প বলতে এক হচ্ছেন সোহিনী-রাজনন্দিনী |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/sampurna-hoichoi-upcoming-show-sampurna-sheds-light-on-a-gruesome-story-that-is-all-too-familiar-yet-not-spoken-about-enough-905299 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=22 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Overview ==
''Sampurna'' revolves around two sister-in-laws, Nandini and Sampurna, whose lives fall into turmoil due to domestic violence. Nandini's new marriage turns into a nightmare for her, as husband Raktim abused her sexually. She becomes a victim of marital rape as she is forced to engage in sexual activity with her husband, without her consent. Raktim's parents gives more priority to their social image, instead of helping Nandini. Raktim's mother fails to recognise her son's fault and blames it on Raktim and Nandini's non-matching [[Kundali (astrology)|kundli]]. Aggrieved by Nandini's suffering, Sampurna takes on the task to help Nandini come out of the traumatic cycle of marital rape.

The second season primarily focuses on Sampurna's traumatic past, where she has been a victim of molestation by her maternal uncle. To help Nandini, she seeks help from her maternal uncle Hirak Lahiri, a renowned lawyer. He resolves Nandini's marital rape issue through legal procedure. But his presence triggers back the childhood trauma in Sampurna, which she had kept secret for so many years. Her uncle had molested her while she was a teenager. Besides fighting for Nandini, she also fights for herself in an unequal battle against her uncle, who outpowers her using his economic strength and social outreach.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sampurna |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/shows/sampurna-web-series-152036434 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sampurna |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/sampurna-809232.html |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Sampurna, elder daughter-in-law of Sanyals
* [[Rajnandini Paul]] as Nandini, younger daughter-in-law of Sanyals
* [[Anubhav Kanjilal]] as Raktim {{aka}} Ruku, Nandini's husband
* [[Prantik Chaterjee]] as Pratim {{aka}} Piku, Sampurna's husband
* [[Rajat Ganguly]] as Debotosh Sanyal, Raktim and Pratim's father
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Aloka Sanyal, Raktim and Pratim's mother
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Hirak Lahiri, a lawyer and Sampurna's maternal uncle
* [[Paromita Mukherjee]] as Pritha Dutta, a police officer
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Sampurna's mother
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Sampurna's brother
* [[Arijita Mukherjee]] as an advocate
* Pradeepto Ray as Biswas Babu, the Sanyals' neighbour

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #000000
| link1 = Sampurna (TV series)#Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|07|29|df=yes}}
| color2 = #383554
| link2 = Sampurna (TV series)#Season 2 (2023)
| episodes2 = 6
| released2 = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=yes}}
}}

=== Season 1 (2022) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Utsaber Sheshey
|DirectedBy = [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Swapnobhongo
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bawjropat
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Sanghat
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Nirbashita
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Juddho Shuru
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2023) ===
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Duswapno
|DirectedBy = [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Noshto Otit
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Joy Porajoy
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Atonko
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Sommukh Somor
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Protisodh
|DirectedBy = Sayantan Ghosal
|WrittenBy = Anuja Chattopadhyay, Soumyabrata Rakshit
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "It is very difficult to get into the dark space of a sex offender. More so, when the perpetrator has no idea about the wrongdoing. My character is not exactly a villain. Raktim loves his wife. He wants to save his marriage. He doesn’t want anyone to interfere in a matter that he thinks is ‘personal’. And yet he rapes his wife. He has no idea of the gravity of his action."
| source = — Anubhav Kanjilal, sharing his experience about his character.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anubhav Kanjilal on Sampurna: It is very difficult to get into the dark space of a sex offender |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-anubhav-kanjilal-on-sampurna-it-is-very-difficult-to-get-into-the-dark-space-of-a-sex-offender/ff813f816c635 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 60%
}}

The second season of ''Sampurna'' was announced in early 2023, at the seventh slate of "Hoichoi" announcements in early 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Soumya Mukherjee on Hoichoi's new slate: Shows like Sampurna and Noshtoneer have also created awareness and hence we have new seasons |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-soumya-mukherjee-on-hoichois-new-slate-shows-like-sampurna-and-noshtoneer-have-also-created-awareness-and-hence-we-have-new-seasons/ed48d53ceb355 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

The first look pictures of Sohini Sarkar and Prantik Banerjee from their wedding sequence in the second season were released on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Sohini Sarkar eagerly waiting for her return in 'Sampurna 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/exclusive-first-look-sohini-sarkar-eagerly-waiting-for-her-return-in-sampurna-2/articleshow/102609526.cms |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hoichoi's Sampurna 2, frontlined by Sohini Sarkar, promises empowerment, thrill and drama |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/hoichoi-s-sampurna-2-frontlined-by-sohini-sarkar-promises-empowerment-thrill-and-drama/523299 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Pre production ===
Sohini Sarkar mentioned in an interview with ''[[ABP Ananda]]'' that she said "yes" to her role in ''Sampurna'' after hearing the script the first time. She also said that she believes, women should readily agree for such web series which serves a social message through it, specially regarding sensuous and less spoken matters like [[marital rape]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampurna: পরিবারের বিরুদ্ধে সোহিনীর লড়াই, বিচার পাবেন রাজলক্ষ্মী? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/sampurna-series-hoichoi-upcoming-show-sampurna-sheds-light-on-a-gruesome-story-that-is-all-too-familiar-yet-not-spoken-about-enough-905316 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=23 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The trailer of the first season was released on 22 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Binita |title=Sampurna On Hoichoi: Sohini Sarkar Takes On Family, Society To Fight Marital Rape In This Web Series |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/sampurna-on-hoichoi-sohini-sarkar-takes-on-family-society-to-fight-marital-rape-in-this-web-series-1545016 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |date=28 July 2022}}</ref> The trailer of the second season was released on 16 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Trailer of 'Sampurna 2' promises a gut-wrenching ride |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/hoichoi-launches-trailer-of-sampurna-2-starring-sohini-sarkar-kaushik-sen-and-rajnandini-paul/cid/1967231 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first season of ''Sampurna'' was streamed on "Hoichoi" on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Sohini Sarkar and Saurav Das in Sayantan Ghosal's next |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-sohini-sarkar-and-saurav-das-in-sayantan-ghosals-next/d4943bb0b7240 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=18 March 2023}}</ref> The second season was streamed on "Hoichoi" on 29 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Sohini Sarkar is all geared up for 'Sampurna 2' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/hoichoi-releases-teaser-of-web-series-sampurna-2-with-sohini-sarkar-and-rajnandini-paul/cid/1963814 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 September 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
==== Season 1 ====
Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 4/5 stars and opined "Sampurna is a must-watch. It is a reality check for all of us in society. It brings up real questions about the legal system that refuses to recognise marital rape as a criminal offence." She praised the simplicity and relatability of the series, the performance of the actors, the picturisation of the society where many men think their wife is their personal property and they need to not ask their wives' "consent" for having sex. But she criticized the colour palette, weak animation, the overstretched ten minutes segment in the last episode, the long scenes throughout and the sloppy dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Sampurna review: Rajnandini Paul and Sohini Sarkar are outstanding in this dark, disturbing saga of marital rape |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sampurna-review-rajnandini-paul-and-sohini-sarkar-are-outstanding-in-this-dark-disturbing-saga-of-marital-rape/ffe9f195cc876 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "Tackling a subject as sensitive as marital rape with a strong female-centric narrative is not an easy task, but Sayantan Ghosal tries to weave a believable plot that slowly stretches across the span of six episodes." She praised the pace of the episodes, the weight put on the topic, the melodramatic background score, and the bonding between Sampurna and Nandini. But she bemoaned the weak dialogues in certain parts and mentioned that sometimes, it became traumatizing to watch owing to the director's excess focus on such a sensual topic like marital trape.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Sampurna Season 1 Review : Sohini Sarkar shines in this dark yet relevant series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/sampurna/season-1/seasonreview/93240808.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 July 2022}}</ref>

Lubaba Mahjabin Prima of ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' reviewed the series and worded "The show reminds us that even the people closest to us can be monsters, and that no matter what, marriage never equals consent." She praised the core message of the series, strong dialogues, the storyline, background score but bemoaned the not so good editing and cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahjabin Prima |first1=Lubaba |title='Sampurna': Marriage does not equal consent |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/sampurna-marriage-does-not-equal-consent-3106916 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the series 4/5 and wrote "The 6-episode series is a gripping watch. Marital rape is such a difficult subject matter that Indians don’t really believe it to be an issue. Our cultures and our reputations in society are much more important than a young woman’s comfort, privacy and health – Sampurna might just make you introspect a little." She praised the bonding between Sampurna and Nandini, the discomforting reality maintained throughout the series and the gripping storyline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Sampurna (2022) Review: Sohini Sarkar, Rajnandini Paul Series is Gripping |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/sampurna-2022-review-sohini-sarkar-rajnandini-paul/ |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=Leisure Byte |date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
Archi Sengupta of ''Leisure Byte'' rated the second season of ''Sampurna'' 3/5 stars and wrote "Sampurna 2 is quite watchable and might also be traumatising, but it lacks that charm and fear of watching two very normal people fighting against injustices in their own homes and against people who are also as normal as them." She praised the handling of such a sensitive topic, and Sohini and Rajnandini's performance but criticised the melodrama, cliched all powerful portrayal of the uncle, the half baked connection with the first part, less relatability and charm compared to the first part and the rushed up ending.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Archi |title=Sampurna 2 Review: Sohini Sarkar Fights a Half-Baked Personal Battle |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/sampurna-2-review-sohini-sarkar/ |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=Leisurebyte |date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Audience reception ===
The first season of ''Sampurna'' emerged as the most viewed show on "Hoichoi" in a single month; in August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampurna becomes the most viewed show on Hoichoi in one month |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sampurna-becomes-the-most-viewed-show-on-hoichoi-in-one-month/fb3c8f7f00224 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

== Remake ==
''[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]'' bought the remake rights of the series for the [[Hindi]] remake.<ref>{{cite news |title=সোহিনী, রাজনন্দিনীর 'সম্পূর্ণা' সিরিজ় এ বার তৈরি হবে হিন্দিতেও? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-popular-bengali-web-series-sampurna-going-to-be-made-in-hindi-dgtl/cid/1486135 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> ''Sampurna'' marked the first Bengali web series, which has been remade in Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Salmali |title=Hoichoi Webseries Sampurna: হইচই সিরিজ এই প্রথমবার হিন্দিতে! জাতীয় মাধ‍্যমে সোহিনী, রাজনন্দিনীর 'সম্পূর্ণা' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/hoichoi-bengali-webseries-sampurna-remake-in-hindi-sal-1441979.html |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=4 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sampurna: সোহিনী- রাজনন্দিনীর 'সম্পূর্ণা' এবার হিন্দিতে! সিরিজের মুখ্য চরিত্রে কারা থাকছেন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/sampurna-popular-hoichoi-bangla-web-series-by-sohini-sarkar-rajnandini-paul-going-to-be-made-in-hindi-for-disney-hotstar-story-based-on-marital-rape-child-abuse-social-issues-soc-740063-2024-01-04 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=4 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The series ''[[Chiraiya]]'' was streamed on [[JioHotstar]], on 20 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2026 |title=Divya Dutta-starrer 'Chiraiya' to stream on JioHotstar from March 20 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/divya-dutta-starrer-chiraiya-to-stream-on-jiohotstar-from-march-20-101772787313162.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21332558}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-sampurna-bengali-web-series-online Sampurna] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Sampurna-Hindi/0OK6VQ6XE81IO0DGFPI8O11S2S Sampurna] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Drama web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]

Ground (film)

2026-03-30T17:16:20Z

MinnieZox45714: done

{{Short description|2024 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ground (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Suraj
| writer = Vijay Gattu
| screenplay = Suraj
| producer = Suraj
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Harinath Raj
* Tejaswini
* Suman Singasani
}}
| cinematography = Jaheer Basha
| editing = Jaheer Basha
| music = Bhaskar Appalla
| studio = Cinecode Studios
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Ground''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[independent film|independent]] [[Sports film|sports drama film]] directed and produced by Suraj in his directorial debut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Ground Movie Review: గ్రౌండ్ రివ్యూ - గ‌ల్లీ బాయ్స్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ground-movie-review-harinath-tejaswini-suraj-tadi-teenage-laove-story-movie-review-121708789941377.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224194907/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ground-movie-review-harinath-tejaswini-suraj-tadi-teenage-laove-story-movie-review-121708789941377.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref> It stars newcomers Harinath, Tejaswini and Suman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-02-24 |title='Ground' review: Dedicated to Gully cricket lovers |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ground-review-dedicated-to-gully-cricket-lovers-860733 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The story was written by Vijay Gattu, film score was composed by Bhaskar Appalla, and cinematography was done by Jaheer Basha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-24 |title=రొటీన్‌కు భిన్నంగా వచ్చిన గ్రౌండ్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే.. రివ్యూ.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/harinath-tejaswini-suraj-ground-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2400450.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
This is the story of a group of teenage boys who play [[cricket]] in the ground every Sunday. Hari and Teju are in love with each other, and Hari is mad about playing cricket. One day when Hari and his group of friends go to the ground to play cricket, they get into an argument with another group of boys playing nearby. The arguments escalate to Hari making his team agree to play a bet cricket match with the opposite team. The story unfolds to show whether Hari's team won the bet match or not, and how it affected his love story with Teju.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* Harinath Raj<ref>{{Cite web |last=NamasTelugu |date=2024-02-24 |title='Ground' is a low budget natural movie, different from the routine movies that comes before us - Ground Movie Review |url=https://namastetelugu.com/ground-is-a-low-budget-natural-movie-different-from-the-routine-movies-that-comes-before-us-ground-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Namaste Telugu |language=en-US}}</ref> as Hari / Captain, Teju's boyfriend
* Tejaswini as Teju / Minnu, Hari's girlfriend
* Suman Singasani as Suman
* Durga Bhavani as Durga
* Preethi as Chinnu, Gula's sister
* Nagaraj Badhavath as Thonda
* Vasishta Kunde as Gula, Chinnu's brother
* Praveen Kinthali as admin
* Gopichand Alla as Chimtu
* Rajesh Perka as Nattu
* Pradeep Patra as Chotu
* Bhoopathi Patendla as Aagam
* Jagadeesh Garimella as Jaggu
* Narsing Wadekar as Narsi
* Harsha Chakilam as Harsha
* Varun Maithra as Varun
* Manideep as Mani
* Suresh Valluri as Suresh
* Mahesh Seethala as Mahesh}}

== Production ==
This is a single-location film, having the entire movie taking place within a ground. The incidents in the film amount to only 2-3 hours in real-time.

== Music ==
The background score was composed by Bhaskar Appalla.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web | date=2024-02-24 |title=తక్కువ బడ్జెట్లో నాచురాలిటీ దగ్గరగా రొటీన్ కి భిన్నంగా మన ముందుకు వచ్చిన సినిమా గ్రౌండ్ |url=https://deccanfilm.com/2024/02/24/ground-is-a-low-budget-natural-movie-different-from-the-routine-movies-that-comes-before-us/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Deccan Film |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Ground'' was released theatrically on 23 February 2024.<ref name=":0" />

=== Home media ===
''Ground'' is digitally available on [[Prime Video]].

== Reception ==
The movie received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.

Sarvepalli Bhavana from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and stated, "Ground breaks away from the conventions of mainstream Telugu cinema, presenting a refreshingly natural narrative. Shot with natural lighting and minimal resources, the film exudes authenticity, a departure from the formulaic approach of mainstream cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Ground Movie Review: Suraj Tadi's Film Is Close To Reality And Hearts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/ground-movie-review-harinath-raj-kuntamukkulas-film-is-close-to-reality-and-hearts-review-108031391 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 2.75 stars out of 5 and stated, "In the realm of Telugu cinema, where big-budget spectacles often dominate the landscape, Ground emerges as a refreshing and distinctive gem." and concluded with "Suraj's directorial debut is a testament to the potential of storytelling beyond the mainstream."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-02-24 |title='Ground' review: Dedicated to Gully cricket lovers |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ground-review-dedicated-to-gully-cricket-lovers-860733 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Rachamalla of ''[[News18]]'' gave 2.75 stars out of 5 and verdicted, "Each character feels important in the story, and with new actors the storyline felt fresh. But the story has some lag scenes."<ref name=":1" />

Nelki Naresh Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie took too much time to introduce the characters, and the comedy did not evoke much laughter. But the newcomers Hari and Tejaswini acted well in their roles. Bhaskar's music and Jaheer's cinematography complemented director Suraj's fresh attempt."<ref name=":0" />

A critic of ''[[10TV]]'' gave a positive review to the film and stated, "The entire movie is shot either in the ground or in the locations nearby to the ground. There have been cricket based movies earlier, but this movie is different from them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2024-02-24 |title='గ్రౌండ్' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా అంతా గ్రౌండ్‌లోనే.. కొత్తవాళ్లు చేసిన ఈ ప్రయత్నం చూడాల్సిందే.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/cricket-based-small-film-ground-movie-review-and-rating-791218.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]

Kundara

2026-03-28T16:33:28Z

MinnieZox45714: improved article

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{original research|date=July 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kundara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kundara
| settlement_type = Satellite Town
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|57|26.1|N|76|40|23.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Kollam Municipal Corporation Kilikollur zone, Kundara Grama Panchayat, Perinad Grama Panchayat, Elampalloor Grama Panchayat, Kottamkara Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 11.07
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 37
| population_total = 14,651
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/node/1038 |title=കൊല്ലം ജില്ലയിലെ ഗ്രാമ പഞ്ചായത്തുകളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന വിവരങ്ങള്‍ | Deparyment of Panchayats |publisher=Dop.lsgkerala.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691501
| area_code = +91 (0)474
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KL-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam]] (13 km)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1096 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 93.999%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kundara Panchayat
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|27.2|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|24.4|°C|°F}}|
| image_skyline = St. Antony's Shrine Kundara.jpg
| image_caption = St. Antony's Shrine, Mukkada
}}

'''Kundara''' is a [[satellite town]] in [[Kerala]] and is part of the [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrikadavur-becomes-part-of-kollam-city/article7300668.ece |title=Thrikadavur becomes part of Kollam city |work=The Hindu |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> Kundara is situated at the eastern end of [[Kollam]] city. Kundara is significant for its historic involvement in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/r-haridas-painting-of-the-kundara-proclamation/article7770308.ece|title=The unsung artist|last=Rajeev|first=Sharat Sunder|date=2015-10-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>

Kundara was once the industrial hub of Southern Kerala, which was the home to prominent industrial companies including [[Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company]], The Aluminium Industries Limited, Kundara(commonly known as ALIND), [[The Kerala Ceramics Limited]] and the Lakshmi Starch company. Many of these companies have closed down or turned into sick industries. Kundara is attempting to revive this industrial tradition and glory of bygone era now by developing [[Technopark Kollam]] and [[The Kerala Ceramics Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/apr/11/17-psus-in-kerala-register-operational-profit-as-13-clock-net-profit-1962900.html|title=17 PSUs in Kerala register operational profit as 13 clock net profit|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2019-04-11|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name="Urban Region">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/423-kollam.html|title=Kollam Urban Region|work=Census 2011|access-date=September 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/461-kollam.html| title=Kollam city population Census |publisher=census2011.co.in |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

Kundara is also famous for backwater fishing since it is located on the shores of Kanjiracode Lake, a branch of [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. This lake recently received Marine Stewardship council recognition for sustainable fishing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/keralas-ashtamudi-lake-gets-recognition-for-sustainable-clam-fishing/article6574978.ece|title=Kerala's Ashtamudi lake gets recognition for sustainable clam fishing|date=2014-11-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>

== History ==
Kundara has a prominent place in the history of Kerala and the independence struggle of India. The place witnessed the historic Kundara proclamation made by then Dalava of Travancore, [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] on 1809 January 11.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/thalakulathu-valiya-veedu-an-architectural-homage-to-velu-thampi-dalawa/article8565840.ece|title=Home of the brave|last=Rajeev|first=Sharat Sunder|date=2016-05-06|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>

=== Kundara Proclamation ===
Velu Thambi Dalawa, the Prime Minister/Diwan (Dalava) to King Balarama Varma of Travancore in present-day Kerala was one of the earliest opponents of British rule. Velu Thampi dalawa in January 1809 made a proclamation known as the Kundara Proclamation. It was an open call to arms, exhorting the common people to rise up against the British and to overthrow them. There was a massive response to his rallying call. Dalawa had to commit suicide on exile later at Mannadi near [[Adoor]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-06-18|title='The Sword of Liberty': Freedom fighter Velu Thambi Dalawa's story in film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sword-liberty-freedom-fighter-velu-thambi-dalawas-story-film-83269|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

In the year 2007, the then Education Minister of Kerala, Shri. M A Baby, unveiled the 'Kundara Vilambaram' memorial at Ellampallor from where the proclamation was made two centuries ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=Velu Thampi Dalawa memorial remains neglected|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/oct/19/velu-thampi-dalawa-memorial-remains-neglected-301892.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[File:Kundara Vilambaram Memorial.jpg|thumb|The memorial of Kundara Proclamation near Elamballoor, Kundara|285x285px]]

=== Industrial history ===
Since early days Kundara developed as a market place for trade due to ''21 feet wide'' [[National Highway 744 (India)|Quilon Sengotta Road]] that connected [[Travancore]] to [[Madras Presidency]] and proximity to water transport through [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. In 1904 the [[Kollam-Sengottai branch line|Kollam-Sengottai rail line]] opened up through Kundara. This development facilitated ease of transportation of man, machine and raw material for industrial production to Kollam through rail line from Madras.

In the 1920s [[Cashew business in Kollam|Cashew industry boomed]] in and around Kollam. This gave the first taste of modern industry to Kundara and adjoining areas.

Kundara had abundant reserves of [[China-clay]] the key raw material for [[Ceramic]] and [[Porcelain]]. In 1937 during reign of [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] the clay processing industry was started in Kundara. In the 1960s this developed into [[The Kerala Ceramics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-09-21|title=Renovated facilities for Kerala Ceramics|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/renovated-facilities-for-kerala-ceramics/article32657025.ece|access-date=2020-12-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The backbone of modern industrialisation of Kundara was setting up of a 66kV [[Electrical substation]] at Kundara on 3 May 1940 which complemented the [[Pallivasal|Pallivasal project]], the first hydroelectric project in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pereira|first=Ignatius|date=2015-05-03|title=Kundara substation reaches a milestone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kundara-substation-reaches-a-milestone/article7166547.ece|access-date=2020-11-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was part of the network of first eight substations established in [[Travancore]] between Thrissur and Trivandrum in order to transmit hydroelectricity generated to households towns and industries. The Kundara substation was later upgraded to 220kV capacity and today it is vital in providing electricity to [[Kollam|Kollam City]] and [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line]] of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways.]]

The power of availability of cheap hydroelectricity in Kundara then was such that, it prompted the famous [[Nobel Laureate]], [[C. V. Raman]] and his close associate, [[P. Krishnamurti]] to set up the first ever unit of their newly formed company, '''Travancore Chemical & Manufacturing Company Ltd''' (TCM Ltd) at Kundara in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=BSE (formerly Bombay Stock Exchange)|url=https://www.bseindia.com/investors/ArchiveResearch.aspx?id=524156|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref> The unit produced [[Potassium chlorate]] an ingredient used in [[Safety match]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-04-15|title=C.V.Raman's gift to Kochi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cvramans-gift-to-kochi/article28370081.ece|access-date=2020-12-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This unit once existed near Elampalloor Masjid on present day [[NH 183]] and today it no longer exist

The setting up of substation also helped start Aluminium Industry in Kundara. On the invitation of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] the [[Diwan of travancore]], on 2 January 1946, [[V. Seshasayee|Seshasayee Brothers Group]] of Madras started the famous '''ALIND, Kundara'''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2016-08-05|title=Switching on innovation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Switching-on-innovation/article14553242.ece|access-date=2020-11-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The company was pioneers in aluminium electrical cable manufacturing in the region and has manufactured cables more than 1 crore km in length. The company slipped into crisis in the late 1980s due to labour issues and poor management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alind, the comeback kid|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/in-other-news/220817/alind-the-comeback-kid.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny days again for Kundara Alind? - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/01/sunny-days-again-for-kundara-alind-1636405.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

The industrial prowess of Kundara lead to establishment of [[Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company]] unit in Kundara for manufacturing train lighting alternator in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2018-05-29|title=Kollam industries to look up soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollam-industries-to-look-up-soon/article24025944.ece|access-date=2020-12-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

After two lost decades the industrial sector in Kundara received a renewed attention since the early 2010s. The setting up of Technopark Kollam at Kundara in February 2011 and renewed emphasis on revival of ALIND KEL and Kerala Ceramics since 2016 are currently happening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollam Technopark inauguration on February 15|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/jan/30/kollam-technopark-inauguration-on-february-15-223251.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Kallumala Samaram ===
[[Kallumala Samaram]] a historic event in [[Renaissance in Kerala]] also took place in [[Perinad]] near Kundara.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kundara<ref name="census2001">{{cite web
| title = Kundara/Elamballoor Town Census 2011 data
| publisher = Census2011
| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628442-elampalloor-kerala.html
| access-date =27 October 2016}}
</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF7E00|63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#00693E|18}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#0000FF|18}}
{{bar percent|Others|#000000|1}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes Not Stated, [[Sikh]]s (<0.01%), [[Buddhist]]s (<0.01%).
}}
As of the 2011 Census of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628442-elampalloor-kerala.html|title=Elampalloor City Population Census 2011 - Kerala|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref> Kundara is a census town in [[Kollam district|Kollam District]] in the state of Kerala with a total population of 33,959. The population of children aged 0–6 is 3243, representing 9.55% of the total population of Kundara. The female sex ratio is 1096 per 1000 males, against state average of 1084 and the child sex ratio is 993 females per 1000 males, compared to the Kerala state average of 964. Kundara's literacy rate is 93.99%, lower than the state average of 95%. The male literacy is 96.42% and the female literacy rate is 91.80%.

== Politics ==
[[Kundara (Assembly constituency)|Kundara]] is one among the 11 legislative assembly constituencies in the [[Kollam district|district of Kollam]]. [[P. C. Vishnunadh]] is the current elected member from Kundara constituency.

== Transport ==
=== Railways ===
[[Kundara railway station|Kundara]], [[Kilikollur railway station|Kilikollur]], [[Kundara East railway station|Kundara East]] and [[Chandanattop railway station|Chandanattop]] are the railway stations in Kundara town. In [[Kerala]] it is very rare to have more than one railway station in a town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/kundara-east-kfv/7325 |title=Kundara East Railway Station |publisher=India Rail Info |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/ |title=Kundara Railway Station |publisher=India Rail Info |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828170452/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/travel_special/of_small_appam_and_kottarakkara/139317/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These stations are part of the [[Kollam–Sengottai branch line]].
[[File:Kundara Railway Station.jpg|thumb|416x416px|[[Kundara railway station]] Sign Board]]
[[File:Kundara Railway.jpg|thumb|416x416px|[[Kundara railway station|Kundara Railway Station (KUV)]]]]'''<big>Roadways</big>'''

The [[National Highway 744 (India)]] and [[National Highway 183 (India)]] connect the city of [[Kollam]] with places in Tamil Nadu such as [[Madurai]] and [[Theni]], pass through Kundara.

The nearest airport is [[Trivandrum International Airport]] which is 67 km by road.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Kundara}}
{{Kollam}}
{{Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kollam district]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]

Nenjil Thunivirundhal

2026-03-27T20:26:41Z

MinnieZox45714:

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Suseenthiran}}
{{distinguish|Nenjile Thunivirunthal}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenjil Thunivirundhal
| image = Nenjil Thunivirundhal poster.jpg
| caption = Poster of Tamil version
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = Antony Xavier Chakri Chigurupati
| writer = Suseenthiran Sathya
| starring = [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Vikranth]] [[Mehreen Pirzada]] Shathiga
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Laxman Kumar]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| studio = Annai Film Factorie [[Lakshmi Narasimha Entertainments]]
| distributor = [[Clap Board Production]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|11|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
| gross =
}}
'''''Nenjil Thunivirundhal''''' ({{translation|If You Dare}}) is a 2017 Indian [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]]. It is shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu languages, the latter titled '''''C/O Surya'''''. The film stars [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Mehreen Pirzada]], [[Vikranth]], and Shathiga with [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]], and [[Harish Uthaman]] also in pivotal roles. Featuring music composed by [[D. Imman]], the venture began production in December 2016 and was released on 10 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamanna without makeup_5 |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/58801/First-Look-Sundeep-Mehreen-in-C-o-Surya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615111048/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/58801/First-Look-Sundeep-Mehreen-in-C-o-Surya |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Actors and producers refused to knock on my door after Rajapattai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Actors-and-producers-refused-to-knock-on-my-door-after-Rajapattai/articleshow/55400874.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215113318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Actors-and-producers-refused-to-knock-on-my-door-after-Rajapattai/articleshow/55400874.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2017 |title=Suseenthiran gets new title for Aram Seidhu Pazhagu |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/43647/suseenthiran-gets-new-title-for-aram-seidhu-pazhagu |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105809/https://top10cinema.com/article/43647/suseenthiran-gets-new-title-for-aram-seidhu-pazhagu |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2017 |title=Director Suseenthiran's film undergoes a title change |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160817/director-suseenthirans-film-undergoes-a-title-change.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815204503/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160817/director-suseenthirans-film-undergoes-a-title-change.html |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was dubbed into Hindi under the title of the Telugu version in 2018.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211206/c-S7ufVisDI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190111084753/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-S7ufVisDI&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |title=C/O Surya (Hindi Dubbed) {{!}} South Hindi Dubbed Movies {{!}} Sundeep Kishan, Vikranth, Mehreen Pirzada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-S7ufVisDI |website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 December 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kumar ([[Sundeep Kishan]]) (Surya in Telugu version) is a somewhat timid young man who, after losing his father to a negligent operation, takes care of his mother ([[Tulasi (actress)|Thulasi]]) and medical student sister Anuradha (Shathiga) by running a catering outfit. His best friend is Mahesh ([[Vikranth]]) who likes talking with his fists and the comedy duo ([[Soori (actor)|Soori]]) and ([[Appukutty]]) (in Telugu played by [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] and another actor). Mahesh and Anu are secretly in love, and they hide it from Kumar / Surya as it would spoil their friendship. Durai Pandi / Sambasivudu ([[Harish Uthaman]]) is an assassin whose modus operandi is to double-cross his clients and earn double the money for his kills. Ensuing circumstances seemingly make Mahesh the target of Durai Pandi / Sambasivudu. However, there is a twist there, and whether the good guys and their dear ones survive against the powerful and ruthless enemy forms the rest of the screenplay.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Tamil)
!Cast (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sundeep Kishan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Kumar
| style="text-align:center;"|Surya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vikranth]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Mahesh
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Janani
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Shathiga
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anuradha
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Ramesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Appukutty]]
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Kumar/Surya's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Harish Uthaman]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Durai Pandi
| style="text-align:center;"|Sambasivudu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Tulasi (actress)|Thulasi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Kumar's mother
| style="text-align:center;"|Surya's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Aruldoss]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Gang leader
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Vinoth Kishan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Durai Pandi's henchmen
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Sambasivudu's henchmen
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Dileepan]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Janani's lover
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[T. Siva]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Nagineedu]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Krishnamurthy
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Poraali Dileepan
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Suicidal man
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Supergood Subramani]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Lecturer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Pradeep K. Vijayan
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Techie
|-
! colspan="2" | Cast (Telugu)
! colspan="2" | Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Assistant to Gang Leader
|}

==Production==
In November 2016, [[Suseenthiran]] began working on an untitled film as director with [[Sundeep Kishan]] and [[Vikranth]] signed on to play lead roles. Initial reports suggested that the film would be a bilingual Tamil and Telugu venture, where Kishan would replace Vikranth in the Telugu version, but later both were included in the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2016 |title=Vikranth, Suseenthiran join hands? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051116/vikranth-suseenthiran-join-hands.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214184241/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051116/vikranth-suseenthiran-join-hands.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Vikranth worked on the film alongside his commitments in Suseethiran's production venture ''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]'' (2017) and [[Samuthirakani]]'s action drama ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' (2017). [[Harish Uthaman]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] also joined the cast in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Harish part of Suseenthiran's next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/29/harish-part-of-suseenthirans-next-1543567.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182940/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/29/harish-part-of-suseenthirans-next-1543567.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Sundeep Kishan reunited with Suseenthiran after a previous venture, the Telugu version of ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014), had been shelved midst production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=4 November 2017 |title='You're finished if you fail with a star,' says director Suseenthiran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suseenthiran-talks-about-nenjil-thunivirundhal-sundeep-kishan-and-vikrams-rajapattai/article19981479.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807004151/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suseenthiran-talks-about-nenjil-thunivirundhal-sundeep-kishan-and-vikrams-rajapattai/article19981479.ece |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=16 January 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Actress [[Mehreen Pirzada]] was brought in to make her acting debut in Tamil films, and recruited a Tamil instructor to help her learn the language. Production began in December, and the film was shot across Chennai, Vishakapatnam, Nellore and Tirupathi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=Meet Suseenthiran's new find! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/111116/meet-suseenthirans-new-find.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214190213/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/111116/meet-suseenthirans-new-find.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film's initial title, ''Aram Seidhu Pazhagu'', and first look poster were revealed to the media on 14 February 2017. When the title was changed to ''Nenjil Thunivirundhal'', the team again released the first look with the new title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Director Suseenthiran's next movie title "ARAM SEIDHU PAZHAGU" |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/director-suseenthirans-next-movie-title-aram-seidhu-pazhagu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214224427/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/director-suseenthirans-next-movie-title-aram-seidhu-pazhagu/ |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Suseenthiran's next title changed to 'Nenjil Thunivirunthal' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthirans-next-title-changed-to-nenjil-thunivirunthal/articleshow/60074337.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100131/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthirans-next-title-changed-to-nenjil-thunivirunthal/articleshow/60074337.cms |archive-date=19 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The team has wrapped up the filming in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2017 |title=Suseenthiran wraps up next with Maanagaram actor |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42787/suseenthiran-wraps-up-next-with-maanagaram-actor |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105152/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42787/suseenthiran-wraps-up-next-with-maanagaram-actor |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref>

When speaking about the heroine's role in the film, the director [[Suseenthiran]] said, "usually my scripts will have importance for the role of female leads, but in this particular movie, [[Mehreen Pirzada]] is having a cliché role". Despite being a bilingual, the entire film in two languages was shot in 55 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2017 |title="My heroine in Nenjil Thunivirundhal has no importance" – Suseenthiran |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/43762/my-heroine-in-nenjil-thunivirundhal-has-no-importance-suseenthiran |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826114444/https://top10cinema.com/article/43762/my-heroine-in-nenjil-thunivirundhal-has-no-importance-suseenthiran |archive-date=26 August 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nenjil Thunivirundhal / C/O Surya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 October 2017
| recorded =2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =24:05 / 24:08
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] / [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Ippadai Vellum]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Panjumittai]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The film's music was composed by [[D. Imman]], while the audio rights of the film were acquired by Saregama. The album was released on 5 October 2017 and featured five songs and two theme tracks.

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =24:05
| title1 = Yechacha Yechacha
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Rail Aaraaroo
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Aram Seyya Virumbu
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Sophia
| lyrics4 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra4 = Aditya Rao, Sharanya Gopinath
| length4 = 4:04
| title5 = Aei Arakka
| lyrics5 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra5 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Dark Rooster Theme
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 1:53
| title7 = Badass Theme
| note7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 0:54
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:08
| title1 = Yechacha Yechacha
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Mudalaothonda
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra2 = Pradeep Kumar, Shreya Ghoshal
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Sadaa Manchikoraku
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = Hariharan
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Takkari
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra4 = Aditya Rao, Sharanya Gopinath
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Rudrakshaa
| lyrics5 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra5 = Benny Dayal
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Dark Rooster Theme
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 1:53
| title7 = Badass Theme
| note7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 0:55
}}

==Release==
The makers originally planned to release the film in early October 2017 to coincide with [[Diwali]], but postponed the release owing to the lack of available screens.

The Tamil version of the film opened to mixed reviews from critics on 10 November 2017. A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Suseenthiran "is out-of-form in this action drama", while ''The New Indian Express'' wrote that the film was an "uninspired thriller" and that it "pretends to be an enterprising thriller, but what it actually is, is your garden-variety cliché-ridden film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=10 November 2017 |title=Nenjil Thunivirundhal: Heart attacked |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nenjil-thunivirundhal-heart-attacked/article20104167.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111142055/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nenjil-thunivirundhal-heart-attacked/article20104167.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=16 January 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjil Thunivirundhal review: An uninspired thriller |date=10 November 2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/nov/10/nenjil-thunivirundhal-review-an-uninspired-thriller-1697530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011958/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/nov/10/nenjil-thunivirundhal-review-an-uninspired-thriller-1697530.html |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In a more positive review, ''The Indian Express'' wrote the "movie is an average thriller". Sify.com called the film "entertaining", explaining that "the movie has a charming friendship angle, middle-class family issues, a social message and a deadly villain".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Nenjil Thunivirunthal movie review: This Sundeep Kishan movie is an average thriller |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nenjil-thunivirunthal-movie-review-sundeep-kishan-mehreen-pirzada-star-rating-4930013/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011835/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nenjil-thunivirunthal-movie-review-sundeep-kishan-mehreen-pirzada-star-rating-4930013/ |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjil Thunivirunthal review: Packed with some smart surprises and shrewd twists |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-thunivirunthal-review-packed-with-some-smart-surprises-and-shrewd-twists-review-tamil-rljjUghfdbebh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109111311/http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-thunivirunthal-review-packed-with-some-smart-surprises-and-shrewd-twists-review-tamil-rljjUghfdbebh.html |archive-date=9 November 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "The premise is similar to what the director handled to far better effect in Naan Mahaan Alla and Pandiya Naadu, where ordinary men found themselves in extraordinary circumstances. The story has terrific potential. (It's the tragedy with so many of our films: great story, lousy screenplay.)"<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=Nenjil Thunivirunthal has an interesting plot that's ruined by careless writing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/nenjil-thunivirunthal-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202085807/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/nenjil-thunivirunthal-movie-review |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

The film garnered a poor commercial response at the Chennai box office, owing to the [[Sleeper hit|unexpected success]] of ''[[Aramm]]'', which was released on the same day. Coupled with the success of the horror film ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]'' and ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'', ''Nenjil Thunivirundhal'' underperformed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suseenthiran returns to Angelina |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/dec/28/suseenthiran-returns-to-angelina-3819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193423/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/dec/28/suseenthiran-returns-to-angelina-3819.html |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 December 2017 }}</ref> Within four days of the release of the film, Suseenthiran re-edited and trimmed nearly 20 minutes of the film to re-release, with many scenes featuring Mehreen Pirzada being removed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2017 |title=Sundeep-Suseenthiran's Nenjil Thunivirunthal re-trimmed, Mehreen's portions chopped off |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundeep-suseenthirans-nenjil-thunivirunthal-re-trimmed-mehreens-portions-chopped-off/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193441/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundeep-suseenthirans-nenjil-thunivirunthal-re-trimmed-mehreens-portions-chopped-off/ |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> As the new version failed to get an immediate positive response, Suseenthiran chose to pull the film from the theatres on 16 November 2017 and later announced that there would be a re-release on 15 December 2017. Owing to the busy schedule at the box office, the idea was later scrapped, meaning that the film only ran for six days in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nenjil Thunivirundhal' to re-release on December 15 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-thunivirundhal-to-re-release-on-december-15-news-tamil-rlqqhUigciiic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116152600/http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-thunivirundhal-to-re-release-on-december-15-news-tamil-rlqqhUigciiic.html |archive-date=16 November 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=7023500}}

{{Suseenthiran}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:2017 multilingual films]]

Sheikh Hasina

2026-03-27T15:37:19Z

MinnieZox45714: added info

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1996–2001; 2009–2024)}}
{{Redirect|Hasina}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Hasina
| native_name = {{nobold|শেখ হাসিনা}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Attends Business Advisory Committee Meeting 2024-05-02 (PID-0008829) (portrait cropped).jpg
| caption = Hasina in 2024
| order = 10th
| office = Prime Minister of Bangladesh
| president = {{ubl|[[Iajuddin Ahmed]]|[[Zillur Rahman]]|[[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]]|[[Mohammed Shahabuddin]]}}
| term_start = 6 January 2009
| term_end = 5 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] {{nowrap|(as [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]])|}}
| successor = [[Muhammad Yunus]] {{nowrap|(as Chief Adviser)|}}
| president1 = {{ubl|[[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]|[[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]}}
| term_start1 = 23 June 1996
| term_end1 = 15 July 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]] {{nowrap|(as Chief Adviser)|}}
| successor1 = [[Latifur Rahman]] {{nowrap|(as Chief Adviser)|}}
| office6 = [[Bangladesh Awami League|President of Bangladesh Awami League]]
| 1blankname6 = General Secretary
| 1namedata6 = {{ubl|[[Abdur Razzaq (politician, born 1942)|Abdur Razzaq]]|[[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]]|[[Zillur Rahman]]|[[Abdul Jalil (politician)|Abdul Jalil]]|[[Sayed Ashraful Islam]]|[[Obaidul Quader]]}}
| term_start6 = 16 February 1981
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = [[Abdul Malek Ukil]]
| successor6 =
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start7 = 12 June 1996
| term_end7 = 6 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=President dissolves parliament |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/president-dissolves-parliament-3670721 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806100023/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/president-dissolves-parliament-3670721 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| predecessor7 = [[Mujibur Rahman Howlader]]
| successor7 = SM Zilani
| constituency7 = [[Gopalganj-3]]
| term_start8 = 27 February 1991
| term_end8 = 15 February 1996
| predecessor8 = [[Kazi Firoz Rashid]]
| successor8 = [[Mujibur Rahman Howlader]]
| constituency8 = [[Gopalganj-3]]
| order9 = 2nd
| office9 = Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh){{!}}Leader of the Opposition
| primeminister9 = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| term_start9 = 10 October 2001
| term_end9 = 29 October 2006
| predecessor9 = Khaleda Zia
| successor9 = Khaleda Zia
| primeminister10 = Khaleda Zia
| term_start10 = 20 March 1991
| term_end10 = 30 March 1996
| predecessor10 = [[A. S. M. Abdur Rab|Abdur Rab]]
| successor10 = Khaleda Zia
| president11 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| term_start11 = 7 May 1986
| term_end11 = 3 March 1988
| predecessor11 = [[Asaduzzaman Khan (politician, born 1916)|Asaduzzaman Khan]]
| successor11 = [[A. S. M. Abdur Rab|Abdur Rab]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|9|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tungipara Upazila|Tungipara]], East Bengal, Pakistan
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| otherparty = [[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)|Grand Alliance]] (2008–2024)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[M. A. Wazed Miah]]|1968|2009|end=died}}
| father = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| mother = [[Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib]]
| children = {{Hlist|[[Sajeeb Wazed Joy|Sajeeb]]|[[Saima Wazed|Saima]]}}
| relatives = [[Tungipara Sheikh family]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Eden Mohila College]]|[[University of Dhaka]]}}
| signature = Sheikh hasina signature.svg
| birth_name = Hasina Sheikh<ref>{{cite book|script-title=bn:বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবকে ঘিরে কিছু ঘটনা ও বাংলাদেশ|language=bn|last=Miah|first=M. A. Wazed|author-link=M. A. Wazed Miah|page=242|publisher=[[The University Press Limited]]|year=1993}}</ref>
| awards = [[Sheikh Hasina#Honours and awards|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox criminal
|child = yes
|trial = [[Trial of Sheikh Hasina]]
|criminal_charge = [[Crimes against humanity]] during [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]]
| conviction_status = Self-imposed [[exile]] in [[India]]; Subject of arrest warrant by the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]]
| sentence = [[Death penalty|Death]]
| wanted_by = Bangladesh
| wanted_since = 2024
}}
| nationality = {{ubl|[[Pakistan]] (1947–1971)|[[Bangladesh]] (from 1971)}}
}}
{{Sheikh Hasina sidebar}}
'''Sheikh Hasina Wazed{{efn|{{langx|bn|শেখ হাসিনা ওয়াজেদ|Śēkh Hāsinā Ōẏājēd|engvar=gb}}, Bengali pronunciation: {{IPA|bn|ˈʃeːkʰ ˈɦasina waːd͡ʒed|}}}}''' (born 28 September 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] from [[Premiership of Sheikh Hasina#First premiership (1996–2001)|1996 to 2001]] and again from [[Premiership of Sheikh Hasina#Second Premiership (2009–2024)|2009 to 2024]]. A daughter of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the first [[president of Bangladesh]], she is Bangladesh's longest-serving prime minister and one of the longest-serving female heads of government globally.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2024 |title=Sheikh Hasina: A critical misstep and the end of 15 years of rule |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/5/sheikh-hasina-a-critical-misstep-and-the-end-of-15-years-of-rule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926022045/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/8/5/sheikh-hasina-a-critical-misstep-and-the-end-of-15-years-of-rule |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kawser |first=Rumi |date=11 September 2019 |title=Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/09/11/survey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083246/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/09/11/survey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> She has also served as president of the [[Awami League]] since 1981.

Born to the [[Sheikh family of Tungipara]] in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]], Hasina had little presence in politics prior to the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1975. After years in exile, she returned to Bangladesh in 1981, leading the Awami League in opposition to military rule. Alongside [[Khaleda Zia]], her future longtime political rival in what was termed the [[Battle of Begums]], she played a key role in the [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|1990 uprising]] that [[1991 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum|restored parliamentary democracy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The battle between Bangladesh’s two begums is over |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/12/07/the-battle-between-bangladeshs-two-begums-is-over |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After serving as [[Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh)|Leader of the Opposition]] from 1991 to 1996, she won the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996 general election]], beginning her first term as prime minister. She served as Leader of the Opposition again from 2001 to 2006, before winning a second term at the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]].

Hasina's second premiership was marked by significant [[Economy of Bangladesh#Economic growth (1991–2022)|economic]] and [[List of megaprojects in Bangladesh|infrastructural development]], as well as increasing national and international concern over [[democratic backsliding]], [[Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in Bangladesh|enforced disappearances]], [[Human rights abuses in Bangladesh|human rights abuses]] and restrictions on political opposition and [[Persecution of journalists in Bangladesh under Sheikh Hasina|press freedom]].{{efn|Multiple references:<ref name="d1">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh's dictator flees—leaving behind a dangerous vacuum |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/05/bangladeshs-dictator-flees-leaving-behind-a-dangerous-vacuum|access-date=21 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805155058/https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/05/bangladeshs-dictator-flees-leaving-behind-a-dangerous-vacuum |archive-date=5 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name="d2">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Redwan |last2=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Hannah |title=Bangladesh student protests turn into 'mass movement against a dictator' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/26/bangladesh-student-protests-mass-movement-against-dictator |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726142150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/26/bangladesh-student-protests-mass-movement-against-dictator |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2024 }}</ref><ref name="d3">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina: Bangladesh democracy icon-turned-iron lady |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240107-sheikh-hasina-bangladesh-democracy-icon-turned-iron-lady |work=[[France 24]] |date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107192158/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240107-sheikh-hasina-bangladesh-democracy-icon-turned-iron-lady |archive-date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina forced to resign: What happened and what's next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/5/bangladeshs-sheikh-hasina-forced-to-resign-what-happened-and-whats-next |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=5 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806084915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/5/bangladeshs-sheikh-hasina-forced-to-resign-what-happened-and-whats-next |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d4">{{cite news |last1=McVeigh |first1=Tracy |title=Sheikh Hasina: child of the revolution who eroded Bangladesh's democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806160751/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister |archive-date=6 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name="d5">{{cite news |title='Free from dictatorship': Bangladesh protesters celebrate Sheikh Hasina's exit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/video/bangladesh-celebration-sheikh-hasina-resign-2577729-2024-08-06 |work=[[India Today]] |date=6 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824155752/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/video/bangladesh-celebration-sheikh-hasina-resign-2577729-2024-08-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d6">{{cite news |title='Not only Bangladesh ... ':Farooq Abdullah's cryptic lesson 'for every dictator' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/for-every-dictator-farooq-abdullahs-cryptic-lesson-from-bangladesh-crisis/articleshow/112310924.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822182413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/for-every-dictator-farooq-abdullahs-cryptic-lesson-from-bangladesh-crisis/articleshow/112310924.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d7">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina: From a pro-democratic leader to a dictator |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/760769 |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |date=August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807040115/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/760769 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="d8">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina: How Bangladesh's protesters ended a 15-year reign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9033zpv0nvo |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805114845/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9033zpv0nvo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina: Bangladesh's pro-democracy icon who became an autocrat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg3ee303yxpo |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922201626/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg3ee303yxpo |archive-date=22 September 2024 }}</ref>}} Critics [[Controversies related to Sheikh Hasina|accused her government]] of consolidating power, [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]] and embezzlement of foreign reserve. Observers raised allegations of electoral irregularities in the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]], [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]] and [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024 general elections]].

In July 2024, security forces led by the Awami League repressed a students' [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|quota reform movement]], resulting in the [[July massacre|deaths of hundreds of protesters]]. The movement subsequently coalesced into [[July uprising|an uprising]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|non-cooperation movement]], leading to her [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation]] and exile to India and bringing an end to her 15-year premiership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sheikh Hasina: Euphoria in Bangladesh after PM flees country |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clywww69p2vo |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ripon |first=Isaac Yee, Tanbirul Miraj |date=2024-08-05 |title=Bangladesh prime minister flees to India as anti-government protesters storm her residence |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/05/asia/bangladesh-prime-minister-residence-stormed-intl |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In November 2025, [[Trial of Sheikh Hasina|she was convicted]] in absentia by the Bangladeshi [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] on charges of [[crimes against humanity]], including ordering lethal force against protesters, and sentenced to death,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2025 |title=Bangladesh Court Sentences Former Prime Minister to Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/world/asia/bangladesh-sheikh-hasina-death-sentence.html |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Ex-Bangladesh leader Sheikh Hasina sentenced to death over brutal protests crackdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cpwvg0w4ljrt |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> which she rejected as politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-17 |title='Lost control but ... ': Sheikh Hasina's first reaction after being sentenced to death; calls verdict 'biased' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/lost-control-but-sheikh-hasinas-first-reaction-after-being-sentenced-to-death-calls-verdict-biased/articleshow/125382055.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Hasina was among ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2018, and was listed as being one of the 100 most powerful women in the world by ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2015, 2018 and 2022.{{efn|Multiple references:<ref>{{cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=4 December 2018 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2017 |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225093350/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=2 November 2017 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name=":83">{{Cite magazine |title=Sheikh Hasina: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003011731/https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=9 August 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2015 |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/list/the-worlds-100-most-powerful-women-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504102709/https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/list/the-worlds-100-most-powerful-women-2015 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Forbes ME |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite magazine |title=Sheikh Hasina: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003011731/https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=9 August 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-us}}</ref>|name="Multiplereference"}}

==Early life==
{{See also|Sheikh family of Tungipara|15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état}}
[[File:Sheikh Hasina with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman(PID-h0038).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Hasina with her father [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in the 1970s]]
Hasina Sheikh was born on 28 September 1947 to the [[Bengali Muslim]] [[Sheikh family of Tungipara|Sheikh family]] of [[Tungipara]] in [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (now in [[Dhaka Division]], Bangladesh).<ref name=":birthday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/happy-birthday-pm-1806445 |title=PM's birthday today |work=The Daily Star |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103323/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/happy-birthday-pm-1806445 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ ও অনুপ্রেরণার গল্প |year=2022| language= bn |publisher=Inspiring Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-35-0351-0 |page=30 |trans-title=Bangladesh and a Story of Inspiration}}</ref> Her father was [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and her mother was [[Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib|Begum Fazilatunnesa Mujib]].<ref name="britannica" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Sheikh Hasina |url=http://www.btrc.gov.bd/content/sheikh-hasina |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190808124211/http://btrc.gov.bd/content/sheikh-hasina |archive-date=8 August 2019 |website= btrc.gov.bd| publisher= [[Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission]] |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Hasina grew up in Tungipara during her early childhood under the care of her mother and grandmother. When the family moved to Dhaka, they initially lived in the neighbourhood of [[Segunbagicha]].<ref name="tbsnews.net">{{cite news |url= https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/developing-newspaper-reading-habit-sheikh-hasina-revisits-memory-lane-143077 |title= Developing newspaper reading habit: Sheikh Hasina revisits memory lane |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=9 October 2020 |access-date= 14 August 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240430141746/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/developing-newspaper-reading-habit-sheikh-hasina-revisits-memory-lane-143077 |url-status=live }}</ref>

When Hasina's father became a government minister in 1954, the family lived on 3 Minto Road. In the 1950s, her father also worked in the Alpha Insurance Company, aside from his political activities.<ref name="tbsnews.net"/> In the 1960s, the family moved into a home built by her father on Road 32 in [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]]. In many interviews and speeches, Hasina talked about growing up while her father was held as a [[political prisoner]] by the Pakistani government.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |date=23 September 2013 |title=Sheikh Hasina: They 'should be punished' |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/frostinterview/2013/09/2013920103532114976.html |work= Al Jazeera |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150124201256/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/frostinterview/2013/09/2013920103532114976.html |url-status= live}}</ref> In one interview, she remarked, "For instance, after the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front Ministry]] was elected in 1954, and we were living in No 3 Minto Road, one day, my mother told us that father had been arrested the night before. Then we used to visit him in jail and we always realised that he was put in jail so often because he loved the people."<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/national-mourning-day-2021/news/the-shadow-larger-life-father-2152576 |title=In the shadow of a larger-than-life father |work=The Daily Star |date=15 August 2021 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145530/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/national-mourning-day-2021/news/the-shadow-larger-life-father-2152576 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina and her siblings had limited time to spend with their father because of his preoccupation with politics.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/>

===Family murder and first exile===
Except for her husband, children and sister [[Sheikh Rehana]], Hasina's entire family was murdered during the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]] which saw the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/23/archives/bangladesh-coup-a-day-of-killings-account-depicts-how-young.html | title=Bangladesh Coup: A Day of Killings | work=The New York Times | date=23 August 1975 | access-date=31 July 2024 | archive-date=18 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118222143/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/23/archives/bangladesh-coup-a-day-of-killings-account-depicts-how-young.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/15/archives/mujib-reported-overthrown-and-killed-in-a-coup-by-the-bangladesh.html | title=Mu jib Reported Overthrown and Killed in a Coup by the Bangladesh Military | work=The New York Times | date=15 August 1975 | access-date= 31 July 2024 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112526/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/15/archives/mujib-reported-overthrown-and-killed-in-a-coup-by-the-bangladesh.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Hasina, Wazed and Rehana were visiting Europe at the time of the assassination. They took refuge in the house of the Bangladeshi ambassador to [[West Germany]]; before taking up an offer of political asylum from Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mournful-day-681882 |title=The Mournful Day |work=The Business Standard |date=13 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145022/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mournful-day-681882 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/11/when-we-were-homeless-countryless-indira-gandhi-called-us-to-india-sheikh-hasina-1592209.html |title=When we were homeless, countryless; Indira Gandhi called us to India: Sheikh Hasina |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/11/when-we-were-homeless-countryless-indira-gandhi-called-us-to-india-sheikh-hasina-1592209.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Hasina-recalls-her-historic-moment-with-Indira-Gandhi/article16837325.ece |title=Hasina recalls her historic moment with Indira Gandhi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date= 17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Hasina-recalls-her-historic-moment-with-Indira-Gandhi/article16837325.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The surviving members of the family lived in exile in New Delhi, India for six years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/memoir-retraces-sheikh-hasina-and-sheikh-rehanas-days-exile-2979666 |title=A memoir that retraces Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana's days in exile |work= The Daily Star |date= 10 March 2022 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230815153549/https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/memoir-retraces-sheikh-hasina-and-sheikh-rehanas-days-exile-2979666 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://worldleaders.columbia.edu/directory/sheikh-hasina|title=Sheikh Hasina | World Leaders Forum| website= worldleaders.columbia.edu| access-date=15 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240825140920/https://worldleaders.columbia.edu/directory/sheikh-hasina|url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina was barred from entering Bangladesh by the military government of [[Ziaur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://bdnews24.com/politics/x9a5dz7gqa | title=Hasina says Awami League 'never runs away from anything'| website= bdnews24.com | date= | publisher= | access-date=14 August 2023 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814184747/https://bdnews24.com/politics/x9a5dz7gqa | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early political career==
===Return and movement against military rule (1981–1991)===
While living in exile in India, Hasina was elected President of the [[Awami League]] on 16 February 1981.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sheikh-hasina-wajed/ |title=Sheikh Hasina Wajed |website=Forbes |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410095025/https://www.forbes.com/profile/sheikh-hasina-wajed/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The party has been described as [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://daily-sun.com/printversion/details/257850 |title=Sheikh Hasina : The Modern Day Joan Of Arc |work=Daily Sun |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123735/https://daily-sun.com/printversion/details/257850 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005455_2005458_2005459,00.html |title=Top Female Leaders Around the World |last=Adams |first=William Lee |date=16 September 2011 |magazine=Time |issn=0040-781X |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410110937/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005455_2005458_2005459,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/focus/focus-on-effective-electoral-assistance/a-bangladesh-case-study-technical-electoral/mobile_browsing/onePag |title=ACE |website=aceproject.org |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123736/http://aceproject.org/ace-en/focus/focus-on-effective-electoral-assistance/a-bangladesh-case-study-technical-electoral/mobile_browsing/onePag |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina returned to Bangladesh on 17 May and received a welcome from thousands of Awami League supporters.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |url= https://cri.org.bd/2021/05/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-sheikh-hasinas-homecoming/ |title= What you need to know about Sheikh Hasina's homecoming| website= cri.org.bd |date=17 May 2021| publisher= Centre for Research and Information| location= Bangladesh |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240226170739/https://cri.org.bd/2021/05/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-sheikh-hasinas-homecoming/ |url-status= dead}}</ref>

Under martial law, Hasina was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s. In 1984, she was put under [[house arrest]] in February and again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for three months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/sheikh-hasina/ |title=Sheikh Hasina – |website=Archives of Women's Political Communication |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808162313/https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/sheikh-hasina/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://btrc.gov.bd/bn/node/3581 |title=Sheikh Hasina {{!}} বিটিআরসি |website=BTRC |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123744/http://btrc.gov.bd/bn/node/3581 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hasina and the AL participated in the [[1986 Bangladeshi general election]] held under President [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]. She served as the leader of the [[parliamentary opposition]], an eight-party alliance, from 1986 to 1987.<ref name="britannica" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/29/world/bangladesh-storms-kill-200-in-week-3000-are-missing.html |title=Bangladesh Storms Kill 200 in Week; 3,000 Are Missing |date=29 August 1987 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124700/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/29/world/bangladesh-storms-kill-200-in-week-3000-are-missing.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Her decision to take part in the election had been criticised by her opponents, since the election was held under [[martial law]], and the other main opposition group boycotted the poll. However, her supporters maintained that she used the platform effectively to challenge Ershad's rule. Ershad dissolved the parliament in December 1987 when Hasina and her Awami League resigned in an attempt to call for a fresh general election to be held under a neutral government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2018 |title=A Life sketch of Sheikh Hasina; Sentinel of Democracy |url=https://albd.org/pages/16/Sheikh-Hasina |website=Bangladesh Awami League |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301201821/https://www.albd.org/pages/16/Sheikh-Hasina |url-status=live }}</ref> During November and December in 1987, a mass uprising happened in [[Dhaka]] and several people were killed, including [[Noor Hossain]], an Awami League activist and supporter of Hasina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hossain, Shahid Nur |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hossain,_Shahid_Nur |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Banglapedia |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171905/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hossain,_Shahid_Nur |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her party, along with the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) under [[Khaleda Zia]], continued to work to [[1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh|restore democratically elected government]], which they achieved after a [[1991 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] returning the country to a parliamentary form of government.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Lawal |first=Shola |date=5 January 2024 |title=Bans and boycotts: The troubled history of Bangladesh's elections |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/5/bangladesh-elections-a-timeline-of-controversy |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805222429/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/5/bangladesh-elections-a-timeline-of-controversy |url-status=live }}</ref>

The subsequent [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|parliamentary general election in 1991]] was won by the BNP.<ref name=":5" />

===Leader of the Opposition (1991–1996)===
After several years of [[autocratic rule]], widespread protests and strikes had paralysed the economy. Government officers refused to follow orders and resigned. Members of the [[Bangladesh Rifles]] laid down their weapons instead of firing on protestors and curfew was openly violated. Hasina worked with Khaleda Zia in organising opposition to Ershad.<ref name="revolution">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/09/world/revolution-brings-bangladesh-hope.html |title=Revolution Brings Bangladesh Hope |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |date=9 December 1990 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104171632/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/09/world/revolution-brings-bangladesh-hope.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A huge mass protest in December 1990 ousted Ershad from power when he resigned in favour of his vice president, Justice [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]], the Chief Justice of the Bangladesh Supreme Court. The [[caretaker government]], headed by Ahmed, administered a general election for the parliament. The BNP, led by Khaleda Zia, won a general majority, and Hasina's Awami League emerged as the largest opposition party.<ref name="tale">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1575704.stm |title=Analysis: A tale of two women |date=2 October 2001 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313102335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1575704.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Of the three constituencies Hasina contested, she lost in two and won in one. Accepting defeat, she offered her resignation as the party president but stayed on at the request of party leaders.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Politics in Bangladesh took a decisive turn in 1994, after a [[by-election]] in [[Magura-2]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Memories of Magura 1994 |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/99198/memories-of-magura-1994 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=New Age |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720150615/https://www.newagebd.net/article/99198/memories-of-magura-1994 |url-status=live}}</ref> held after the death of the member of parliament for that constituency, a member of Hasina's party. The Awami League had expected to win back the seat, but the BNP candidate won through rigging and manipulation, according to the neutral parties who witnessed the election.<ref name="polls">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/magura-polls-then-and-now-19000 |title=Magura: Polls then and now |date=7 April 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002320/http://www.thedailystar.net/magura-polls-then-and-now-19000 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina led the Bangladesh Awami League in boycotting the parliament from 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/14/world/bangladesh-facing-an-election-crisis.html |title=Bangladesh Facing an Election Crisis |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=14 January 1996 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124959/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/14/world/bangladesh-facing-an-election-crisis.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==First premiership (1996–2001)==
{{main|Premiership of Sheikh Hasina#First premiership (1996–2001)}}

{{see also|First Hasina ministry}}
[[File:US President Clinton and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina make a joint statement, Prime Minister's office, Bangladesh, March 20, 2000.jpg|thumb|Hasina with U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] at the Prime Minister's Office in Dhaka, 2000|left]]
[[File:Sheikh Hasina and Romano Prodi Brussels 2001.jpg|thumb|left|Hasina with European Commission President [[Romano Prodi]] in Brussels, 2001]]

The Awami League (AL), with other opposition parties, demanded that the next general elections be held under a neutral caretaker government, and that provision for caretaker governments to manage elections be incorporated in the constitution.<ref name=":5" /> The ruling BNP refused to act on these demands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=17 October 2020 |title=Before his pen went dry, Pranab Mukherjee wrote on 1971, love for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/book-on-mujibur-rahman-will-have-the-last-essay-penned-by-pranab-mukherjee/article32880610.ece |access-date=7 November 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232948/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/book-on-mujibur-rahman-will-have-the-last-essay-penned-by-pranab-mukherjee/article32880610.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Opposition parties launched an unprecedented campaign, calling strikes for weeks on end. The Government accused them of destroying the economy while the opposition countered that the BNP could resolve the issue by acceding to their demands. In late 1995, the [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|members of parliament]] of the AL and other parties resigned en masse. Parliament completed its five-year term and the [[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|February 1996 general election]] was held. The election was boycotted by all major parties except the ruling BNP, who won all the seats in the parliament as a result. Hasina described the election as a farce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bdaffairs.com/bangladeshi-general-election-february-1996/ |title=Bangladeshi General Election, February 1996 |website=Bangladesh Affairs |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124445/https://bdaffairs.com/bangladeshi-general-election-february-1996/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-69196 |title=Past elections at a glance |date=29 December 2008 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123842/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-69196 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The new parliament, composed almost entirely of BNP members, amended the constitution to create provisions for a caretaker government (CTG). The [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996 general election]] was held under a neutral caretaker government headed by retired [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]] [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]]. The AL won 146 seats, a plurality, but fell short of a [[Majority|simple majority]]. Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP who won 104 seats, denounced the results and alleged [[vote rigging]]. This was in contrast with the neutral observers who said that the election was free and fair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/14/world/after-21-years-bangladeshi-party-is-returned-to-power.html |title=After 21 Years, Bangladeshi Party Is Returned to Power |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=14 June 1996 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124919/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/14/world/after-21-years-bangladeshi-party-is-returned-to-power.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hasina served her first term as [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] from June 1996 to July 2001. She signed the 30-year water-sharing treaty with [[India]] governing the [[Ganges]]. Her administration repealed the [[Indemnity Act, Bangladesh|Indemnity Act]], which granted immunity from prosecution to the killers of Sheikh Mujib. Her government opened-up the [[Telecommunications in Bangladesh|telecommunications industry]] to the private sector, which until then was limited to government-owned companies. In December 1997, Hasina's administration signed the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord]], ending the insurgency in the [[Chittagong Division]] for which Hasina won the UNESCO Peace Prize. Her government established the [[Ashrayan Project|Ashrayan-1 Project]] while bilateral relations with neighbouring states improved. Hasina's government completed the [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] mega project in 1998. In 1999, the government started the New Industrial Policy (NIP) which aimed to strengthen the private sector and encourage growth.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasina,_Sheikh |title=Hasina, Sheikh |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012093315/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasina%2C_Sheikh |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Hasina government implemented some reforms to different sectors of the economy, which resulted in the country attaining an average of 5.5% GDP growth. The consumer price index remained at 5%, lower than other developing states who experienced 10% inflation. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) of the government placed an emphasis on poverty alleviation programmes which provided credit and training to unemployed youths and women. Food-grain production increased from 19 million tons to 26.5 million tons while the poverty rate reduced. A Housing Fund was established to provide fiscal assistance to those homeless as a result of river erosion. The government launched the ''Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar'' scheme which accentuated the incomes of the poorer segments of society through household farming.<ref name=":3"/>

The Hasina government adopted the New Industrial Policy in 1999 which aimed to bolster the private sector and attract foreign direct investment, thus expediating the globalisation process. The NIP aimed for 25% of the economy to be industry based with 20% of the country's workforce employed in industry. It encouraged the institution of small, cottage and labour-intensive industries with an onus on skill development for women for employment, development of indigenous technology and industries based on local raw materials. The NIP allowed for foreign investors to own 100% equity in Bangladeshi enterprises without prior approval from the government and all but four sectors of the economy were opened up to the private sector.<ref name=":3"/>

Attempts were made to create a social security system to protect the most vulnerable in society. The Hasina administration introduced an allowance scheme which resulted in 400,000 elderly people receiving monthly allowances. This scheme was later extended to widows, distressed and deserted women. A national foundation devoted to rehabilitation and training of people, with disabilities was founded with an initial grant of ৳100 million funded by the government. The Ashrayan-1 Project provided shelter and employment to the homeless.<ref name=":3"/>

Hasina was the first prime minister to engage in a "Prime Minister's Question-Answer Time" in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]]. The Jatiya Sangsad repealed the Indemnity Act, allowing for the killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be prosecuted. The government introduced a four-tier system of local government including the Gram Parishad, Zila Parishad and Upazila Parishad by passing legislation.<ref name=":3"/>

The Hasina government liberalised the telecommunications industry, initially granting four licences to private companies to provide cellular mobile telephone services. This resulted in the previous state monopoly being disbanded meaning prices began to reduce and access became more widespread. The government established the [[Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission]] to regulate the newly liberalised telecommunications industry.<ref name=":3"/>

The government established the National Policy for Women's Advancement which sought to ensure equality between men and women. The policy aimed to guarantee security and employment, create an educated and skilled workforce, eliminate discrimination and repression against women, establish human rights and end poverty and ensure participation in socio-economic development. The government introduced three reserved seats for women in all Union Parishad election in December 1997. Hasina's cabinet approved the National Plan of Action for Children in 1999 to ensure rights and improved upbringing.<ref name=":3"/>

Hasina attended the World Micro Credit summit in Washington DC; the World Food Summit in Rome; the Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference in India; the OIC summit in Pakistan; the 9th SAARC summit in the Maldives; the first D-8 summit in Turkey; the 5th World Conference for the Aged in Germany; the Commonwealth summit in the UK and the OIC summit in Iran. Hasina also visited the United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia.<ref name=":3"/>

Bangladesh joined two multilateral bodies, the [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] (BIMSTEC) and [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation]] (D-8). She became the first Bangladeshi prime minister since independence to complete an entire five-year term.<ref name="britannica" />

In the [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001 general election]], despite winning 40% of the popular vote (slightly less than BNP's 41%), the AL won just 62 seats in parliament as a result of the first past-the-post electoral system, while the 'Four Party Alliance' led by BNP won 234 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in parliament. Hasina herself ran in three constituencies,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheikh Hasina's party wins Bangladesh election; opposition claims votes rigged |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-wins-bangladesh-election--opposition-claims-votes-rigged/story/305449.html |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=www.businesstoday.in |date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210052748/https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-wins-bangladesh-election--opposition-claims-votes-rigged/story/305449.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and was defeated in a constituency in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]], which included her husband's hometown, but won in two other seats. Hasina and the AL rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the assistance of the president and the caretaker government. The international community was largely satisfied with the elections, and the 'Four Party Alliance' went on to form a government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matin |first=Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GSgAAAAMAAJ |title=Sheikh Hasina: The Making of a Prime Minister |date=1997 |publisher=Radical Asia Publications |isbn=978-0-907546-27-6 |page=214 |language=en |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106093046/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GSgAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Leader of the Opposition (2001–2008)==
The Awami League MPs were irregular in attending parliament during the following period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2017 |title=Assassination Attempt on Hasina: Ten Huji men get death by shooting |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/assassination-attempt-hasina-ten-huji-men-get-death-shooting-1451581 |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094048/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/assassination-attempt-hasina-ten-huji-men-get-death-shooting-1451581 |url-status=live}}</ref> In late 2003, the Awami League started its first major anti-government movement, culminating in the declaration by party general secretary [[Abdul Jolil (Bangladesh politician)|Abdul Jolil]] that the government would fall before 30 April 2004.

===Assassination attempt (2004)===
{{See also|2004 Dhaka grenade attack}}
During her second term as leader of the opposition, political unrest and violence increased. MP [[Ahsanullah Master]] died after he was shot in May 2004. This was followed by a [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|grenade attack on 21 August]] on an Awami League gathering in Dhaka, resulting in the death of 24 party supporters, including [[Ivy Rahman]], party women's secretary. In October 2018, a special court gave verdicts in two cases filed over the incident; the court ruled that it was a well-orchestrated plan, executed through abuse of state power, and all the accused, including BNP Senior vice-chairman [[Tarique Rahman]] ([[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]) and former top intelligence officials, were found guilty. The court prescribed various punishments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-verdict-tarique-rahman-awarded-life-1645090 |title=August 21 attack: 'State-backed crime' punished |work=The Daily Star |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012005216/https://www.thedailystar.net/august-21-carnage/21-august-grenade-attack-verdict-tarique-rahman-awarded-life-1645090 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 1 December 2024, [[Tarique Rahman]] and few others was acquitted by the high court in this case.<ref>{{cite news |title=21 August grenade attack: HC scraps verdict, acquits Tarique, Babar, other convicts |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/21-aug-grenade-attack-high-court-acquits-all-convicts-1006751 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HC acquits Tarique, Babar, and all other accused of 21 August attack case |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/01ir14khni|work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202021309/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/01ir14khni |archive-date=2 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shah A M S Kibria|SAMS Kibria]], Hasina's close advisor and former finance minister was assassinated that year (2004) in a grenade attack in [[Sylhet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/76277/Eleven-years-on-trial-of-21-Aug-grenade-attack |title=Eleven years on, trial of 21 Aug grenade attack still to end |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126202958/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/76277/Eleven-years-on-trial-of-21-Aug-grenade-attack |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/52307/Ten-years-since-the-21-August-grenade-atta |title=10 years of 21 August grenade attack |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022858/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/52307/Ten-years-since-the-21-August-grenade-atta |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 2005, [[A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury]], the incumbent AL [[Mayor of Chittagong|Mayor]], won an important election in [[Chittagong]], the second-largest city in Bangladesh. This election was seen as a showdown between the opposition and the ruling party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um6sBwAAQBAJ&q=Attempted+assassination+of+Sheikh+Hasina+21+July+2001&pg=PA53 |title=Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45887-6 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106093022/https://books.google.com/books?id=Um6sBwAAQBAJ&q=Attempted+assassination+of+Sheikh+Hasina+21+July+2001&pg=PA53 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Logi Boitha Movement ===
{{see also|Logi Boitha Movement}}
On 28 October 2006, Sheikh Hasina and Awami League convened a rally in Dhaka opposing BNP government moves to have [[Khondokar Mahmud Hasan]] appointed as chief advisor of the caretaker government responsible for holding upcoming elections. Thousands of Awami League workers occupied streets of Dhaka with boathooks and oars for several days, the rally being known as the [[Logi Boitha Movement]] ('Boat-hook and Oar Movement'). The rally resulted in a number of casualties, vandalisms, lootings as well as soaring prices of daily commodities.

In May 2007, the police filed chargesheet against 19 leaders and activists of the Awami League and its affiliates for vandalising, setting fire to and looting the office of the Islamic Social Welfare Council but all of them were acquitted in court in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:লগি-বৈঠা: মামলার ১৯ আসামি খালাস |url=https://m.bdnews24.com/bn/detail/bangladesh/502038 |work=bdnews24.com |date=8 June 2011 |language=bn |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106001204/https://m.bdnews24.com/bn/detail/bangladesh/502038 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Detention during military intervention (2006–2008)===
The months preceding the planned [[2007 Bangladeshi parliamentary elections|22 January 2007 elections]] were filled with political unrest and controversy.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/12/world/asia/12bangladesh.html | title=In Bangladesh, State of Emergency and Election Delay | work=The New York Times | date=12 January 2007 | last1=Sengupta | first1=Somini | access-date=4 August 2024 | archive-date=4 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804064804/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/12/world/asia/12bangladesh.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the end of Khaleda Zia's government in October 2006, there were protests and strikes, during which 40 people were killed in the following month, over uncertainty about who would head the [[Bangladeshi caretaker government|Caretaker Government]]. The caretaker government had difficulty bringing all parties to the table. The AL and its allies protested and alleged that the caretaker government favoured the BNP.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Huji men to die for the attempted murder of Hasina |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/29272 |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=Jago News 24 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212155525/https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/29272 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The interim period was marred with violence and strikes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=Waliur |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6241263.stm |title=Is Bangladesh heading towards disaster? |work=BBC News |date=8 January 2007 |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119035022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6241263.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |author-link=Haroon Habib |date=4 January 2007 |title=Polls won't be fair: Hasina |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010405671400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212117/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010405671400.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Presidential Advisor [[Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury]] negotiated with Hasina and Khaleda Zia and brought all the parties to the planned 22 January 2007 parliamentary elections. Later the nomination of Ershad was cancelled by the returning officer of the Election Commission as Ershad had been convicted on a corruption case.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 922 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/12/30/d6123001044.htm |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509201939/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/12/30/d6123001044.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 920 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/12/28/d6122801033.htm |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720150520/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/12/28/d6122801033.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the [[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)|Grand Alliance]] withdrew its candidates en masse on the last day possible. They demanded that a voters' roll be published.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Later in the month, President [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] was compelled to declare a [[state of emergency]]. Consequently, Lt General [[Moeen Uddin Ahmed]] took control of the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/samad110608.htm |title=General Moeen Purge 1/11 Key Players in Power Struggle To Regain Supremacy |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103091039/http://www.countercurrents.org/samad110608.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Political activity was prohibited. [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] became the chief advisor with the support of the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/media-en/daily-star-editor-mahfuz-anam-admits-to-publishing-dgfi-fed-baseless-stories |title=Daily Star Editor Mahfuz Anam admits to publishing DGFI-fed baseless stories |work=bdnews24.com |date=4 February 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/ministers-menon-nasim-demand-commission-to-find-111-architects |title=Ministers Menon, Nasim demand commission to find '1/11 architects' |work=bdnews24.com |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/editor-mahfuz-anam-should-have-resigned-if-he-had-self-esteem-says-prime-minister-hasina |title=Editor Mahfuz Anam should have resigned if he had self-esteem, says Prime Minister Hasina |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

Hasina went to the United States embassy on 14 March 2007 along with [[Kazi Zafarullah]] and [[Tarique Ahmed Siddique]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Hasina flies to US tomorrow |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/14/d70314013122.htm |access-date=27 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027143941/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/14/d70314013122.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She would fly the next day to the United States accompanied by Tareq Ahmed Siddique and [[Abdus Sobhan Golap]].<ref name=":7" /> She visited her son and daughter who live in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Anid |date=7 May 2007 |title=Former Bangladesh PM Hasina returns from exile |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/former-bangladesh-pm-hasina-returns-from-exile/article1075372/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027143941/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/former-bangladesh-pm-hasina-returns-from-exile/article1075372/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She then moved to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Luke |date=22 April 2007 |title=Bangladesh's ex-PM Hasina barred from flying home |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bangladesh-idUKL2264999220070422 |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829223725/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bangladesh-idUKL2264999220070422 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2007, Hasina was charged with graft and extortion by the military-backed caretaker government during the [[2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis|2006–2008 political crisis]]. She was accused of having forced businessman Tajul Islam Farooq to pay bribes in 1998 before his company could build a power plant. Farooq said that he paid Hasina for approving his project.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/09/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Extortion-Charge.php |title=Bangladesh police to investigate graft allegation against former PM Hasina |date=9 April 2007 |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226170555/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/09/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Extortion-Charge.php |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref>

On 18 April 2007, the Government barred Hasina from returning, stating that she had made provocative statements and that her return could cause disorder. This was described as a temporary measure. The Caretaker Government had also been trying to get Khaleda Zia to leave the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi gov't bans former PM's return home from USA |url=http://en.people.cn/200704/18/eng20070418_367640.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=People's Daily |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209103302/http://en.people.cn/200704/18/eng20070418_367640.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hasina vowed to return home, and on 22 April 2007, a warrant was issued for her arrest for murder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2007 |title=Bangladesh issues ex-PM warrant |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6580831.stm |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209103325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6580831.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/22/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Leaders-Return.php |title=Murder warrant issued against Bangladesh ex-leader Hasina as she prepares to return home |date=22 April 2007 |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212165307/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/22/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Leaders-Return.php |archive-date=12 February 2009}}</ref> Describing the case against her as "totally false and fake", Hasina said that she wanted to defend herself against the charges in court. On 23 April 2007, the arrest warrant was suspended,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/806F70E9-02FF-4478-AA91-EBFBA908A333.htm |title=Hasina: I will fight charges |date=23 April 2007 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425212916/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/806F70E9-02FF-4478-AA91-EBFBA908A333.htm |archive-date=25 April 2007}}</ref> and on 25 April 2007, the ban on Hasina's entry was dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2007 |title=Opposition welcomes B'desh U-turn |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6594607.stm |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114050557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6594607.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> After spending 51 days in the United States and the United Kingdom, on 7 May 2007 Hasina returned to [[Dhaka]], where she was greeted by a crowd of several thousand. She told reporters that the government should not have delayed her return.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/08/stories/2007050811720100.htm |title=Sheikh Hasina returns home |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=7 May 2007 |author-link=Haroon Habib |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110023611/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/08/stories/2007050811720100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 16 July 2007, Hasina was arrested by police at her home and taken before a local court in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2007 |title=Former Bangladeshi PM arrested: reports |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-16/former-bangladeshi-pm-arrested-reports/2503992 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922235154/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-16/former-bangladeshi-pm-arrested-reports/2503992 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was accused of extortion and denied bail and was held in a building converted into jail on the premises of the National Parliament. The AL said the arrest was politically motivated.<ref name=Security>{{cite news |title=Security stepped up after the arrest of the ex-Bangladesh prime minister on extortion charges |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/17/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Hasina-Detained.php |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=17 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820214444/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/17/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Hasina-Detained.php |archive-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> On 17 July 2007, the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] sent notices to both Hasina and Khaleda Zia, instructing them to provide details of their assets within one week.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina, Khaleda given 7 days for wealth report |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/07/18/d7071801011.htm |access-date=27 March 2022 |date=18 July 2007 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209103400/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/07/18/d7071801011.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina's son [[Sajeeb Wazed]] was out of the country and said he would try to organise a worldwide protest. These arrests of the political leaders were widely seen as a move by the military-backed interim government to force Hasina and Zia out of the country and into political exile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6544835.stm |title=South Asia – Ex-Bangladesh PM in murder case |work=BBC News |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922115609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6544835.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's ex-leader Sheikh Hasina barred from boarding plane home |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/22/europe/EU-GEN-Britain-Bangladesh-Leader-Barred.php |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=22 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527114019/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/22/europe/EU-GEN-Britain-Bangladesh-Leader-Barred.php |archive-date=27 May 2007}}</ref> United Kingdom MPs condemned the arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2007 |title=UK MPs denounce Bangladesh arrest |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911237.stm |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911237.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 April 2007, the police filed murder charges against Hasina, alleging that she masterminded the killing in October 2006 of four supporters of a rival political party. The four alleged victims were beaten to death during clashes between the AL and rival party activists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DB39D98D-9402-49BB-98B8-0F7054E8A941.htm |title=Hasina charged in murder case |date=11 April 2007 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415023102/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DB39D98D-9402-49BB-98B8-0F7054E8A941.htm |archive-date=15 April 2007}}</ref> Hasina was visiting the United States at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2007 |title=B'desh's Hasina to stay abroad pending murder charge |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-idUSSP23714720070412 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044506/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-idUSSP23714720070412 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 July 2007, the [[High Court Division|High Court]] suspended Hasina's extortion trial and ordered her release on bail.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/high-court-grants-hasina-bail-suspends-trial/491991 |title=High Court grants Hasina bail, suspends trial |magazine=Outlook |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412043101/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/high-court-grants-hasina-bail-suspends-trial/491991 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 September 2007, an additional case was filed against Hasina by the Anti-Corruption Commission regarding the awarding of a contract for the construction of a power plant in 1997, for which she allegedly took a bribe of 30 million takas and kept the contract from going to the lowest bidder. Six others were also accused of involvement.<ref name="Sued">{{cite news |title=Ex-PM sued on corruption charges in Bangladesh |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/02/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Ex-Prime-Minister.php |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=2 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601074635/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/02/asia/AS-GEN-Bangladesh-Ex-Prime-Minister.php |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-03/rest-of-world/27988420_1_graft-dhaka-court-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina "Detained ex-PM of Bangladesh faces new graft charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110131807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-03/rest-of-world/27988420_1_graft-dhaka-court-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina |date=10 January 2014 }}, ''The Times of India'', 3 September 2007.</ref> A graft case was filed against Zia on the same day.<ref name="Sued" />

On 13 January 2008, Hasina was indicted on extortion charges by a special court along with two of her relatives, her sister [[Sheikh Rehana]] and her cousin [[Sheikh Selim]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh court indicts Hasina, two others in extortion case |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-13/rest-of-world/27778783_1_azam-j-chowdhury-extortion-case-sheikh-rehana |date=13 January 2008 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110130654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-13/rest-of-world/27778783_1_azam-j-chowdhury-extortion-case-sheikh-rehana |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 February, the High Court stopped the trial, ruling that she could not be prosecuted under emergency laws for crimes alleged to have been committed prior to the imposition of the state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh court quashes Hasina's trial |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200802061550.htm |work=The Hindu |date=6 February 2008 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110023617/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200802061550.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 June 2008, Hasina was released on parole for medical reasons. The next day she flew to the United States to be treated for hearing impairment, eye problems and high blood pressure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Herman |first=Steve |title=Bangladesh Caretaker Government Frees Former PM Hasina |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-06-11-voa8.cfm |work=Voice of America |date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710085202/http://voanews.com/english/2008-06-11-voa8.cfm |archive-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/World/Bangladesh/10220470.html |title=Sheikh Hasina goes to US for medical treatment |work=Gulf News |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211174956/http://www.gulfnews.com/World/Bangladesh/10220470.html |archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> [[Syed Modasser Ali]], her personal physician, threatened to sue the caretaker government over negligence regarding Hasina's treatment during her detention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina wants to return end of Sept: doctor |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/hasina-wants-to-return-end-of-sept-doctor |work=bdnews24 |date=17 August 2008 |access-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

The caretaker government held mayoral elections in which AL won 12 out of 13 elections. The government extended her two-month medical parole by one more month.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 August 2008 |title=Sheikh Hasina's happy day; Bangladesh |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/08/07/sheikh-hasinas-happy-day |magazine=The Economist |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926193830/https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/08/07/sheikh-hasinas-happy-day |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Second premiership (2009–2024)==
{{main|Premiership of Sheikh Hasina#Second premiership (2009–2024)}}

===Second term (2009–2014)===
{{see also|Second Hasina ministry}}
[[File:Sheikh Hasina with David Cameron.jpg|thumb|Hasina with British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] at [[10 Downing Street]] (January 2011)]]

On 6 November 2008, Hasina returned to Bangladesh to contest the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]] scheduled for 29 December.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pasricha |first=Anjana |date=6 November 2008 |title=Sheikh Hasina Returns to Lead Her Party in Bangladesh |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-11-06-voa23.cfm |work=VOA News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110090007/http://voanews.com/english/2008-11-06-voa23.cfm |archive-date=10 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She decided to participate in the parliamentary election under the banner of the "[[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)|Grand Alliance]]" with the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]], led by [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], as its main partner. On 11 December 2008, Hasina formally announced her party's election manifesto during a news conference and vowed to build a "[[Vision 2021#Digital Bangladesh|Digital Bangladesh]]" by 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-68943 |title=Hasina plays on people's expectation for a change |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408011541/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-68943 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The AL manifesto was entitled ''A Charter for Change'' and included the party's commitment to [[Vision 2021]]. The manifesto included pledges to implement measures to reduce price hikes; combat corruption by strengthening the independent [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|ACC]] and submission of annual wealth statements by influential people; introduction of a long-term policy towards power and energy increasing power generation to 7,000 megawatts by 2013; bringing vibrancy to the agriculture sector and extending the safety net to the poor; creating good governance and curtailing terrorism and religious extremism; prosecution of 1971 war criminals; ensuring an independent and impartial judiciary; reforming the electoral system; strengthening the [[National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh|Human Rights Commission]] and de-politicising the administration.<ref name=":3"/>

Her Awami League and the Grand Alliance (a total of 14 parties) won the 2008 general election with a two-thirds majority, having won 230 out of 299 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2008 |title=Hasina wins Bangladesh landslide |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7803785.stm |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216215840/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7803785.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP-led coalition (4-Party Alliance), rejected the results of the election by accusing the Chief Election Commissioner of "stage-managing the parliamentary election".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaylive.com/news/khaleda-zia-rejects-bdesh-election-result/602947.html |title=चण्डीगढ़,पंजाब और हरियाणा में घना कोहरा छा&#2 |publisher=Samay Live |date=10 January 2010 |language=hi |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401090546/http://www.samaylive.com/news/khaleda-zia-rejects-bdesh-election-result/602947.html |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hasina was sworn into office as prime minister for a second term on 6 January 2009. Independent observers declared that the elections were held in a festive and peaceful atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/world/asia/30bangladesh.html |title=Secular Party Wins in Bangladesh |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |date=29 December 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |last2=Manik |first2=Julfikar Ali |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124851/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/world/asia/30bangladesh.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

After being elected prime minister, Hasina reneged on her agreement with the Jatiya Party to make Ershad, its leader, the president.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=5c0b22ae24d0082d80a0d52feb219798&nttl=22082012134014 |script-title=bn:এরশাদের ভারতপ্রেম রাজনীতিতে নতুন ছক! |work=Banglanews24 |date=22 August 2012 |language=bn |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110130004/http://www.banglanews24.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=5c0b22ae24d0082d80a0d52feb219798&nttl=22082012134014 |archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref>

Hasina removed Awami League central committee members who supported reforms forced by the previous caretaker government.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=10 August 2009 |title=Sheikh Hasina flexes her muscles |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1824562351.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062235/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1824562351.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2018 |magazine=Dhaka Courier }}</ref> She had to confront a major national crisis in the form of the [[2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] over a pay dispute, which resulted in 56 deaths, including Bangladesh Army officers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/28/bangladesh-soldiers-rebellion-mutiny |title=Bangladeshi army officers' bodies found as death toll from mutiny rises to more than 75 |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |date=28 February 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 February 2019 |last2=Monsur |first2=Maloti |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/28/bangladesh-soldiers-rebellion-mutiny |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/world/asia/14bangla.html |title=Bangladeshi Premier Faces a Grim Crucible |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=13 March 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209130136/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/world/asia/14bangla.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina was blamed by the army officers due to her refusal to intervene against the revolt.<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="TDS">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-201558 |title=Hasina showed character |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221012054/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-201558 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1882554,00.html |title=After the Mutiny, Questions About Bangladesh's Army |date=2 March 2009 |access-date=21 February 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |last=Sobhan |first=Zafar |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221012347/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1882554,00.html |archive-date=21 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/28/bangladesh-soldiers-rebellion-mutiny |title=Bangladeshi army officers' bodies found as death toll from rebellion rises |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221012705/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/28/bangladesh-soldiers-rebellion-mutiny |archive-date=21 February 2023 |url-status=live |last2=Monsur |first2=Maloti}}</ref> However, In 2009, a recording emerged of Hasina's private meeting with army officers, who expressed their anger with how she had not reacted more decisively in the revolt's early stages, by ordering an armed raid of the BDR Rifles compound; they believed that her efforts to appease the revolt's leaders delayed needed action which led to more deaths.<ref name="Khan">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Urmee |last2=Nelson |first2=Dean |title=Bangladeshi army officers blame prime minister for mutiny |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/4982518/Bangladeshi-army-officers-blame-prime-minister-for-mutiny.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=www.telegraph.co.uk |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124251/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/4982518/Bangladeshi-army-officers-blame-prime-minister-for-mutiny.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TDS" /> In a 2011 [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|''The Daily Star'']] editorial, she was commended for "her sagacious handling of the situation which resulted in the prevention of a further bloodbath".<ref name="TDS" />

On 23 December 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs formed a seven-member commission to re-investigate the BDR mutiny, which released its findings on 30 November 2025 concluding that the incident was a planned operation rather than a spontaneous revolt. The report alleged involvement of senior Awami League figures, including [[Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh]] and Sheikh Hasina, and noted evidence destruction and missing key individuals in the original probe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=Staff |title='Hasina, AL leaders behind BDR mutiny' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hasina-al-leaders-behind-bdr-mutiny-4047691 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, the parliament removed the law that required non-party caretaker government hold elections.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13973576 |title=Bangladesh ends 'caretaker' polls |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209134131/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13973576 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, she maintained a hard-line stance and refused to allow entry to [[Rohingya]] refugees fleeing [[Myanmar]] during the [[2012 Rakhine State riots]].<ref>{{YouTube|0IF_wu4dxUk|PM says Bangladesh cannot help Rohingya}}</ref>

[[File:Russia-Bangladeshi talks Moscow 2013-01-15 11.jpeg|thumb|Hasina with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] in January 2013]]
On 27 June 2013, a case against Hasina and 24 other Bangladeshi Ministers and security personnel was lodged at the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) for the alleged violation of human rights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Complaint lodged at ICC accusing Hasina, 24 others |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/06/29/complaint-lodged-at-icc-accusing-hasina-24-others |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=29 June 2013 |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212003600/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/06/29/complaint-lodged-at-icc-accusing-hasina-24-others |url-status=live}}</ref> She has been "credited internationally" for the achievement of some of the United Nations [[Millennium Development Goals]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Tisdall |first1=Simon |last2=Ridout |first2=Anna |date=21 September 2015 |title=Bangladesh's PM rejects claims of repression: 'I do politics for the people' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/21/bangladesh-prime-minister-rejects-accusations-of-authoritarian-rule |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318135016/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/21/bangladesh-prime-minister-rejects-accusations-of-authoritarian-rule |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2011 Bangladesh coup d'état attempt|2012 a coup attempt]] against her by mid-ranking army officers was stopped, with the Bangladesh Army being tipped off by an Indian intelligence agency.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Samad |first=Saleem |date=28 January 2012 |title=Dhaka Conspiracy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20120206-bangladesh-coup-bid-against-sheikh-hasina-foiled-757149-2012-01-28 |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530024231/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangladesh-coup-bid-against-sheikh-hasina-foiled/1/170876.html |archive-date=30 May 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Army]] described the army officers involved as being Islamist extremists.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/world/asia/bangladesh-army-claims-to-thwart-coup-attempt.html |title=Bangladesh Army Claims to Thwart Coup Attempt |last1=Gottipati |first1=Sruthi |date=19 January 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209130126/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/world/asia/bangladesh-army-claims-to-thwart-coup-attempt.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, she had a falling out with [[Muhammad Yunus]], Nobel laureate and founder of [[Grameen Bank]], following a Norwegian documentary that was critical of Yunus's transferring of money from Grameen Bank to an affiliate organisation. Yunus transferred the money back after the documentary aired but it increased scrutiny of the bank by the government and media in Bangladesh. Yunus lost control of his bank following a court verdict. He criticised Hasina and other Bangladeshi politicians. She responded by saying she did not understand why Yunus blamed her when it was a court verdict that removed him from Grameen Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/24/world/asia/grandmotherly-bangladesh-leader-unfazed-by-problems-at-home.html |title=Grandmotherly Bangladesh Leader Unfazed by Problems at Home |last=Gladstone |first=Rick |date=23 September 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124022/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/24/world/asia/grandmotherly-bangladesh-leader-unfazed-by-problems-at-home.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

During this term, her government led and succeeded in forming the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]], to investigate and prosecute suspects involved in the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh Genocide]], committed by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]], [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]], and [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2017/09/19/reform-international-crimes-tribunal |title=Reform in International Crimes Tribunal soon |date=18 September 2017 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125237/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2017/09/19/reform-international-crimes-tribunal |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Third term (2014–2019)===
{{See also|Third Hasina ministry}}
[[File:The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina meeting the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 19, 2015.jpg|thumb|Hasina condoling Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] after the death of First Lady [[Suvra Mukherjee]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]] in 2015.]]

Hasina secured a second-consecutive term in office with her ruling Awami League and its Grand Alliance allies, winning the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014 general election]] by a landslide. The election was boycotted by leading opposition parties due to unfair conditions and a lack of non-partisan administration to conduct elections.<ref name="indept">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh: Ruling Awami League wins election marred by boycott and violence |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladeshs-ruling-awami-league-wins-election-marred-by-boycott-and-violence-9041436.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladeshs-ruling-awami-league-wins-election-marred-by-boycott-and-violence-9041436.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=11 March 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As a result, the AL-led Grand Alliance won 267 seats out of which 153 were uncontested, surpassing its 2008 poll success—when it secured 263 parliamentary seats.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46718393 |title=Bangladesh PM wins landslide election |work=BBC News |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105234147/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46718393 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sheikh Hasina's Awami League has run Bangladesh since 2009 and won 288 seats in this election.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-01/bangladesh-ruling-coalition-declared-winner-of-disputed-vote/10676404 |title=Bangladesh's ruling alliance wins almost every seat amid claims of intimidation |date=1 January 2019 |work=ABC News |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421074418/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-01/bangladesh-ruling-coalition-declared-winner-of-disputed-vote/10676404 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the leading opposition parties accused it of using stuffed ballot boxes.<ref name=":6" /> The election was boycotted by major opposition parties including the BNP.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/world/asia/bangladesh-election.html | title=Opposition Party Boycotting Bangladesh Election | work=The New York Times | date=5 January 2014 | last1=Barry | first1=Ellen | access-date=4 August 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012029/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/world/asia/bangladesh-election.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The election was controversial, with reports of violence and an alleged crackdown on the opposition in the run-up to the election. In the election 153 seats (of 300) went uncontested, of which the Awami League won 127 by default.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bangladesh/constitution-politics |title=Bangladesh: Constitution and politics |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804001006/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bangladesh/constitution-politics |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2014/02/02/elections-in-bangladesh-political-conflict-and-the-problem-of-credibility/ |title=Elections in Bangladesh: Political Conflict and the Problem of Credibility |website=E-International Relations |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114324/https://www.e-ir.info/2014/02/02/elections-in-bangladesh-political-conflict-and-the-problem-of-credibility/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina's Awami League won a safe parliamentary majority with a total of 234 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=176500 |title=Sheikh Hasina fourth time Prime Minister – Front Page |work=The Daily Observer |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203063843/http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=176500 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/bangladesh-past-general-elections-stats-and-fact-box-1680232 |title=Election Special: PAST ELECTIONS FACT BOX |date=29 December 2018 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123745/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/bangladesh-past-general-elections-stats-and-fact-box-1680232 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the boycott and violence, voter turnout was lower than the previous few elections at only 51%. The day after the result, Hasina said that the boycott should "not mean there will be a question of legitimacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/questions/replies/648740562 |title=Role of election boycotts in a democracy — |website=aceproject.org |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123734/http://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/questions/replies/648740562 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25602436 |title=Clashes in boycotted Bangladesh poll |date=2014-01-05 |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422084053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25602436 |url-status=live}}</ref> People participated in the poll and other parties participated." Despite the controversy Hasina went on to form a government with Ershad's Jatiya Party (who won 34 seats) as the official opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/11/25/awami-league-to-offer-36-seats-to-jatiya-party |title=Awami League to offer 36 seats to Jatiya Party |date=25 November 2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123734/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/11/25/awami-league-to-offer-36-seats-to-jatiya-party |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/falling-short-five-seats-1681849 |title=Falling short by five seats |date=2 January 2019 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808123733/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/falling-short-five-seats-1681849 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:G7 members and Guest Invitees group photo.jpg|thumb|Hasina with G7 Leaders and guests, Shima Kanko Hotel in Japan, 2016]]

The BNP wanted the elections to be held under a neutral caretaker government and had hoped to use protests to force the government to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/world/asia/matriarchs-duel-for-power-threatens-to-tilt-bangladesh-off-balance.html |title=Matriarchs' Duel for Power Threatens to Tilt Bangladesh Off Balance |last=Barry |first=Ellen |date=11 January 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125013/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/world/asia/matriarchs-duel-for-power-threatens-to-tilt-bangladesh-off-balance.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/01/bangladesh-elections-hanging-thread-201413105638185296.html |title=Bangladesh elections: Hanging by a thread |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124238/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/01/bangladesh-elections-hanging-thread-201413105638185296.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

During this time corruption remained rampant. The Awami League government allowed politicians, government officials and businessmen to smuggle billions of taka out of the country to Canada, particularly [[Begum Para, Toronto]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Begum para: Yunus seeks Canada's help to recover stolen money | date=5 February 2025 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/begum-para-yunus-seeks-canadas-help-recover-stolen-money-3816101 }}</ref>
The period also saw [[Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh|increasing attacks by Islamic extremists in the country]], including the [[July 2016 Dhaka attack]] which has been described as "deadliest Islamist attack in Bangladeshi history" by BBC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50570243 |title=Holey Artisan cafe: Bangladesh Islamists sentenced to death for 2016 attack |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=29 October 2022 |quote=The 12-hour siege was Bangladesh's deadliest Islamist attack. Most of the victims were Italian or Japanese. |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127133047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50570243 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to experts, the Hasina-led government's repression of political opposition as well as shrinking democratic and civic space has created "the space for [[Extremism|extremist]] groups to flourish" and "has generated a violent backlash from Islamist groups."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herbert |first1=Siân |title=Conflict analysis of Bangladesh |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/323960655.pdf |publisher=K4D |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209234408/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/323960655.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2017, Bangladesh's first two submarines were commissioned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's first 2 submarines commissioned |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshs-first-two-submarines-commissioned-1374724 |work=The Daily Star |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312090121/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshs-first-two-submarines-commissioned-1374724 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, Hasina's government granted refuge and aid to around a million [[Rohingya]] refugees and urged [[Myanmar]] to end violence against the Rohingya community.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2017 |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina visits Rohingya refugees, assures help |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-visits-rohingya-refugees-assures-help-4841057/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125202/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-visits-rohingya-refugees-assures-help-4841057/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of the Bangladeshi people supported the government's decision to provide refugee status to the Rohingya. Hasina received credit and praise for her actions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/rohingya-bangladesh-myanmar.html |title=How the Rohingya Crisis Is Changing Bangladesh |last=Joehnk |first=Tom Felix |date=6 October 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125005/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/rohingya-bangladesh-myanmar.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hasina supported calls to remove the [[Bangladesh Statue of Justice controversy|Statue of Justice]] in front of the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]]. This was seen as the government bowing down to the pressure of those who use religion for political ends.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/26/lady-justice-statue-bangladesh-removed-islamist-objections |title=Lady Justice statue in Bangladesh is removed after Islamist objections |first=Michael |last=Safi |date=26 May 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012027/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/26/lady-justice-statue-bangladesh-removed-islamist-objections |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hasina is a patron of the [[Asian University for Women]], led by Chancellor [[Cherie Blair]], and including the First Lady of Japan, [[Akie Abe]], as well as [[Irina Bokova]], the Director-General of [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Educating girls and women is the best way to fight poverty and build peace |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/educating_girls_and_women_is_the_best_way_to_fight_poverty/ |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907041547/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/educating_girls_and_women_is_the_best_way_to_fight_poverty/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fourth term (2019–2024)===
{{See also|Fourth Hasina ministry}}

Hasina won her third consecutive term, her fourth overall, when her Awami League won 288 of the 300 parliamentary seats. The leader of the main opposition alliance, [[Kamal Hossain]], declared the vote "farcical" and rejected the results. Before the election, [[Human Rights Watch]] and other rights organisations had accused the government of creating an intimidating environment for the Opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/world/asia/bangladesh-election-sheikh-hasina-contested.html |title=Bangladesh's Leader Wins a Third Term but Opposition Contests Results |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |date=31 December 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124735/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/world/asia/bangladesh-election-sheikh-hasina-contested.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' editorial board described the election as farcical and questioned her reasons for vote-rigging, saying that she likely would have won freely.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/opinion/editorials/bangladesh-election-sheikh-hasina.html |title=Bangladesh's Farcical Vote |author=The Editorial Board |date=14 January 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124520/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/opinion/editorials/bangladesh-election-sheikh-hasina.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The BNP fared extremely poorly. Winning only eight seats, the party and its [[Jatiya Oikya Front]] alliance have been marginalised to the weakest opposition ever since Bangladesh's post-Ershad democratic restoration in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/12/30/11th-general-election-awami-league-takes-massive-lead-as-vote-counting-continues |title=Awami League wins five more years |date=30 December 2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114322/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/12/30/11th-general-election-awami-league-takes-massive-lead-as-vote-counting-continues |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku 088.jpg|thumb|Hasina in the [[18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|18th NAM Summit]]]]
In May 2021, Hasina provided the inaugural address for the opening of a new headquarters for the [[Bangladesh Post Office]], named the Dak Bhaban. In her address, Hasina urged for further development of the postal service in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh]]. Developmental measures outlined in the address include continuing the service's [[digital transformation]], and the construction of cooling units in postal warehouses to pave the way for the sending of perishable food by mail.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune 2021">{{cite news |title=PM Hasina urges postal department to start online business |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=27 May 2021 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/27/pm-opens-newly-constructed-dak-bhaban-for-directorate-of-posts |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527065047/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/27/pm-opens-newly-constructed-dak-bhaban-for-directorate-of-posts |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:First Minister Nicola Sturgeon meets with Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (51650701244).jpg|thumb|[[Scottish First Minister]] [[Nicola Sturgeon]] with Hasina in [[COP26]] in 2021]]
In January 2022, the government passed a law in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] establishing the Universal Pension Scheme. All Bangladeshi citizens, including [[bangladeshi diaspora|expatriates]], between 18 and 60 years old are eligible to receive a monthly stipend under the scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/universal-pension-scheme-what-it-and-how-it-will-work-3234871 |title=Universal pension scheme: What it is and how it will work |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |last=Zaman |first=Md Asaduz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310034233/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/universal-pension-scheme-what-it-and-how-it-will-work-3234871 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the end of fiscal year 2021–22, Bangladesh's [[external debt]] reached $95.86 billion, a 238% increase from 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's foreign debt more than triples in 10 years |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/bangladeshs-foreign-debt-more-triples-10-years-547358 |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=The Business Standard |date=7 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208173812/https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/bangladeshs-foreign-debt-more-triples-10-years-547358 |url-status=live}}</ref> The period is also marked by massive irregularities in the banking sector of the country where the amount of default loans went from less than {{BDTConvert|23000|c}} in 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=Defaulted loans rise by 417pc since 2009: study |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/116978/defaulted-loans-rise-by-417pc-since-2009-study |access-date=16 December 2022 |work=New Age |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216224053/https://www.newagebd.net/article/116978/defaulted-loans-rise-by-417pc-since-2009-study |url-status=live}}</ref> to more than {{BDTConvert|250000|c}} in 2019 according to [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taleb |first1=Sheikh Abu |title=Default loans in Bangladesh's banks keep swelling |url=https://bdnews24.com/economy/66uoc4iqzd |access-date=16 December 2022 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216224050/https://bdnews24.com/economy/66uoc4iqzd#:~:text=After%20the%20situation%20started%20to,what%20Bangladesh%20Bank%20data%20showed. |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2022, the [[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)|Finance Ministry]] requested fiscal assistance from the [[International Monetary Fund]]. The government cited depleting foreign-exchange reserves as a result of the sanctions in response to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. A staff level agreement was reached in November 2022 and in January 2023, the IMF agreed to supply a support programme totalling US$4.7 billion, consisting of US$3.3 billion under the Extended Credit Facility and US$1.4 billion under the new Resilience and Sustainability Facility. The IMF stated support package "will help preserve macroeconomic stability, protect the vulnerable and foster inclusive and green growth."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/economy/2023/03/04/cash-strapped-countries-face-imf-bailout-delays |title=IMF board approves $4.7 billion support program for Bangladesh |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230312160416/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/01/31/imf-board-approves-47-billion-support-program-for-bangladesh |archive-date=12 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 December 2022, Hasina opened the first phase of [[Dhaka Metro Rail]], the country's first [[Rapid transit|mass-rapid transit]] system from [[Uttara (town)|Uttara]] to [[Agargaon]]. However in doing so the nation's foreign debt crisis escalated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |title=PM opens country's first metro rail |date=28 December 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230115043453/https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[file:Sheikh Hasina Visits Rajarbagh Central Police Hospital 2024-07-28 (PID-0007086).jpg|thumb|Sheikh Hasina, [[Asaduzzaman Khan]], and [[Chowdhury Abdullah Al-Mamun]] visiting injured police officers at Rajarbag Police Hospital on 28 July 2024, following the violent suppression of protesters of the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]]. All three were later named in [[Trial of Sheikh Hasina|criminal cases]] related to the [[July massacre]].]]
During the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]], Hasina had a bilateral meeting with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to discuss diversifying India-Bangladesh cooperation, including areas like connectivity and commercial linkages.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2023 |title=PM Modi, Sheikh Hasina hold talks on diversifying India-Bangladesh cooperation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-sheikh-hasina-hold-talks-on-diversifying-india-bangladesh-cooperation/article67286336.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909165529/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-sheikh-hasina-hold-talks-on-diversifying-india-bangladesh-cooperation/article67286336.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She was accompanied by her daughter [[Saima Wazed]], who is a candidate for a WHO election.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2023 |title=Sheikh Hasina daughter, candidate for WHO election, likely to join mother during G20 summit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sheikh-hasina-daughter-candidate-for-who-election-likely-to-join-mother-during-g20-summit-2677859 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908135743/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sheikh-hasina-daughter-candidate-for-who-election-likely-to-join-mother-during-g20-summit-2677859 |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit also provided an opportunity for Hasina to meet other global leaders and strengthen Bangladesh's bilateral ties.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=PM to hold three bilateral meetings with Mauritius PM, Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina and US President at his residence in New Delhi |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-hold-three-bilateral-meetings-with-mauritius-pm-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-and-us-president-at-his-residence-in-new-delhi/ |publisher=PM India |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003054554/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-hold-three-bilateral-meetings-with-mauritius-pm-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-and-us-president-at-his-residence-in-new-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Fifth term (2024)===
{{See also|Fifth Hasina ministry|July Revolution (Bangladesh)}}
In January 2024 Hasina won her fourth consecutive term when her party, the Awami League, won 224 of the 300 parliamentary seats amidst a low voter turnout in an election boycotted by the main opposition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina: Once Bangladesh's democracy icon, now its 'authoritarian' PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/8/sheikh-hasina-once-bangladeshs-democracy-icon-now-its-authoritarian-pm |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=8 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2024 |title=Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins fourth term in controversial vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67889387 |access-date=5 August 2024 |language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107212214/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67889387 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was [[Fifth inauguration of Sheikh Hasina|inaugurated]] on 11 January.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina sworn in as PM for fifth term |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hasina-sworn-pm-fifth-term-3516871 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Ali Asif Shawon |title=Sheikh Hasina sworn in for historic 5th term |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/336508/sheikh-hasina-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

In May 2024, Sheikh Hasina claimed that a "white country" was plotting to topple her government and claimed that she would be promised trouble-free elections in January if she allowed a "white country" to set up an airbase in Bangladesh. She also alleged that there was a conspiracy to create a Christian country on the lines of East Timor carved out of the territory of Bangladesh and Myanmar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/plot-afoot-new-state-carved-out-bangladesh-myanmar-3617251|title=Plot afoot for new state carved out of Bangladesh, Myanmar|date=24 May 2024|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=12 August 2024|archive-date=12 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812030452/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/plot-afoot-new-state-carved-out-bangladesh-myanmar-3617251|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Smt. Sheikh Hasina arrived at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on June 22, 2024 (1).jpg|thumb|Hasina with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in New Delhi in June 2024, just over a month before [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|her ouster]]]]
In June 2024, Hasina visited India.<ref name="o124">{{cite magazine | last=Rizve | first=Saqlain | title=Bangladesh's Tough Tightrope Walk Between India and China | magazine=The Diplomat | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/bangladeshs-tough-tightrope-walk-between-india-and-china/ | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=12 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812083601/https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/bangladeshs-tough-tightrope-walk-between-india-and-china/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and one month later she [[2024 state visit by Sheikh Hasina to China|officially visited China]] upon invitation of its premier, [[Li Qiang]].<ref name="z637">{{cite news | last=Kanunjna | first=Anupam Deb | title=Bangladesh PM visits Beijing as China, India eye influence | work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=8 July 2024 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-pm-visits-beijing-as-china-india-eye-influence/a-69598222 | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=14 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814020750/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-pm-visits-beijing-as-china-india-eye-influence/a-69598222 | url-status=live }}</ref> The close timing of those two visits was seen as an attempt to mediate between China and India.<ref>{{cite news | title=Bangladesh prefers India over China in $1 billion river project | work=The Economic Times | date=15 July 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bangladesh-prefers-india-over-china-in-1-billion-river-project/articleshow/111751142.cms?from=mdr | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718162433/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bangladesh-prefers-india-over-china-in-1-billion-river-project/articleshow/111751142.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d918">{{cite news | title=Days After India Visit, Bangladesh PM In China To Hold Talks With Xi Jinping | work=NDTV | date=22 February 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/days-after-india-visit-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-in-china-to-hold-talks-with-xi-jinping-li-qiang-6072228 | access-date=18 July 2024 | archive-date=18 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718162433/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/days-after-india-visit-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-in-china-to-hold-talks-with-xi-jinping-li-qiang-6072228 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the same month of Hasina's state visit to China, [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|protests]] broke out in support of [[Quota system of Bangladesh Civil Service|reforming the quota system]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |date=11 July 2024 |title=Tens of Thousands of Students Protest Job Quotas in Bangladesh's Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/asia/bandladesh-student-protests-job-quotas.html |url-access= |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715023641/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/asia/bandladesh-student-protests-job-quotas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, Hasina stated in a press conference, {{blockquote|If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't get quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren of the Razakars? That's my question to the countrymen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/how-pm-hasinas-razakar-barb-became-catchword-of-bangladesh-protests-heres-what-it-means-742602|title=How PM Hasina's 'razakar' barb became catchword of Bangladesh protests; here's what it means|website=[[WION]]|date=20 July 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804192747/https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/how-pm-hasinas-razakar-barb-became-catchword-of-bangladesh-protests-heres-what-it-means-742602|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Protesters interpreted this as her referring to them as [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] and adopted the title in some of their slogans.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/education/477574|script-title=bn:মধ্যরাতে 'তুমি কে, আমি কে, রাজাকার রাজাকার' স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|language=bn|work=[[Jaijaidin]]|date=15 July 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726073957/https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/education/477574|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2024 |title=Protest erupts at Dhaka University over PM's quota remarks |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/352117/protests-erupt-at-dhaka-university-over-pm's-quota |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> The protests later turned violent, involving [[Bangladesh Police|police]], [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|the armed forces]], and members of the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]], [[Bangladesh Chhatra League|Chhatra League]], and [[Jubo League]], resulting in over 2,000 deaths and more than 20,000 injuries.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলন: সংঘর্ষে নিহত ৬|url=https://www.rtvonline.com/bangladesh/282948|work=RTV|access-date=16 July 2024|language=bn|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806004036/https://www.rtvonline.com/bangladesh/282948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RTV">{{cite news |script-title=bn:সারাদেশে সহিংসতায় নিহত ১১ |trans-title=11 killed in violence across the country |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/bangladesh/283229 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=RTV |language=bn |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718125703/https://www.rtvonline.com/bangladesh/283229 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Drenched in blood – how Bangladesh protests turned deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng5v03gd4o |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804023456/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng5v03gd4o |url-status=live }}</ref> The government then shut down internet access for all non-essential purposes, conducted a massive crackdown on protestors with the help of the armed forces, and imposed a curfew that lasted five days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2024 |title=Bangladesh wakes to TV, internet blackout as deadly protests spike |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240719-deadly-clashes-between-police-and-students-during-protests-in-bangladesh |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724110442/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240719-deadly-clashes-between-police-and-students-during-protests-in-bangladesh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=19 July 2024 |title=Bangladesh imposes curfew after dozens killed in anti-government protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/19/bangladesh-demonstrations-police-hasina/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720085158/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/19/bangladesh-demonstrations-police-hasina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] agreed to reform the quota system,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/21/asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-rolls-back-job-quotas-intl/index.html | title=Bangladesh's top court rolls back some job quotas after deadly protests | date=21 July 2024 | access-date=4 August 2024 | archive-date=26 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726152608/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/07/21/asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-rolls-back-job-quotas-intl | url-status=live |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240721-bangladesh-s-top-court-scales-back-discriminatory-job-quota-system-after-deadly-protests | title=Bangladesh's top court scales back 'discriminatory' job quota system after deadly protests | date=21 July 2024 | access-date=4 August 2024 | archive-date=4 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804205527/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240721-bangladesh-s-top-court-scales-back-discriminatory-job-quota-system-after-deadly-protests | url-status=live |work= France 24}}</ref> but the protesters then demanded justice for those killed during the demonstrations and an official apology from Hasina and the resignation of certain ministers they believed were responsible for inciting violence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/bangladesh-protests-resume-after-ultimatum-ignored-curfew-sheikh-hasina-4511596 |title=Bangladesh protests resume after ultimatum ignored |website=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] |date=29 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729124036/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/bangladesh-protests-resume-after-ultimatum-ignored-curfew-sheikh-hasina-4511596 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2024 |title=In Bangladesh, protests are no longer about the quota system |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/7/23/bangladesh-protests-are-no-longer-about-the-quota-system |publisher=[[Aljazeera]] |type=Opinion |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725122503/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/7/23/bangladesh-protests-are-no-longer-about-the-quota-system |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 August, the [[Anti-discrimination Students Movement|protest organisers]] issued a single demand and announced a [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|non-cooperation movement]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/its-now-one-point-demand-3668751|title=It's now one point|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=3 August 2024|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803122001/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/its-now-one-point-demand-3668751|url-status=live}}</ref> calling for the resignation of Hasina and [[Fifth Hasina ministry|her entire cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/353558/one-point-demand-protesters-call-for-pm-hasina-to|title=One-point demand: Protesters call for PM Hasina to step down|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=3 August 2024}}</ref>

===Resignation and second exile===
{{Main|Resignation of Sheikh Hasina}}
[[File:Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Speaks at Press Conference Ganabhaban Dhaka July 14 2024 (PID-0007231).jpg|thumb|At this press conference on 14 July 2024, Sheikh Hasina linked the quota reform protesters to [[Razakars]], drawing sharp criticism and further escalating the unrest that ultimately culminated in her [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=পত্রিকা (১৫ই জুলাই): 'তাহলে কি রাজাকারের নাতিপুতিরা পাবে- কোটা আন্দোলনকারীদের প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cp68w004219o |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=BBC News বাংলা |date=15 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmud |first1=Faisal |title=Sheikh Hasina: A critical misstep and the end of 15 years ruling Bangladesh |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/5/sheikh-hasina-a-critical-misstep-and-the-end-of-15-years-of-rule |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:People cheering in front of the Prime Minister's Office after Sheikh Hasina's resignation.jpg|thumb|People cheering in front of the [[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]], after Hasina's resignation]]
Hasina resigned on 5 August 2024, as large crowds of demonstrators surrounded the prime minister's residence.<ref name=AngryCrowd>Mujib Mashal, Shayeza Walid and Saif Hasnat, [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/06/world/asia/bangladesh-hasina-final-hours.html Bangladesh's Leader Fled Just Ahead of an Angry Crowd, Urged by Family to Go] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807173507/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/06/world/asia/bangladesh-hasina-final-hours.html |date=7 August 2024 }}, ''New York Times'' (6 August 2024).</ref> Her resignation was announced by General [[Waker-uz-Zaman]], the Chief of the Army Staff.<ref>{{Multiref2
| 1 = {{cite news |author1=Isaac Yee |author2=Tanbirul Miraj Ripon |title=Bangladesh prime minister resigns as deadly anti-government rallies grip nation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/05/asia/bangladesh-prime-minister-residence-stormed-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807132434/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/05/asia/bangladesh-prime-minister-residence-stormed-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}
| 2 = {{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina lands at Hindon Air Base near Delhi, after resigning as Bangladesh PM |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sheikh-hasina-lands-at-hindon-air-base-after-resigning-as-bangladesh-pm/articleshow/112291984.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805130424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sheikh-hasina-lands-at-hindon-air-base-after-resigning-as-bangladesh-pm/articleshow/112291984.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}
| 3 = {{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anant |title=Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, army chief says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/05/bangladesh-prime-minister-hasina-resigns/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=5 August 2024}}
| 4 = {{Cite news |last1=Alam |first1=Julhas |last2=Pathi |first2=Krutika |date=5 August 2024 |title=Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns and leaves Bangladesh, ending 15-year rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-student-protest-quota-violence-fdc7f2632c3d8fcbd913e6c0a1903fd4 |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805102752/https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-student-protest-quota-violence-fdc7f2632c3d8fcbd913e6c0a1903fd4 |url-status=live }}
}}</ref> Later that day, Hasina fled to India in a chaotic departure, first by car, then by helicopter, and finally by plane.<ref name=AngryCrowd/> She left without making a resignation speech.<ref name=AngryCrowd/>

Hasina reportedly flew in a [[Bangladesh Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130]] transport to [[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon Air Force base]] in [[Ghaziabad]], India, where she was received by the [[National Security Advisor (India)|Indian national security advisor]] [[Ajit Doval]] along with other senior military officials.{{efn|Multiple references:<ref name="Sheikh Hasina resigns LIVE updates: Army to form interim government amid Bangladesh crisis">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina resigns LIVE updates: Army to form interim government amid Bangladesh crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-protests-live-updates-students-protest-august-5-sheikh-hasina/article68486955.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104315/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-protests-live-updates-students-protest-august-5-sheikh-hasina/article68486955.ece |archive-date=5 August 2024 |language=en-IN|work= The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aniruddha |date=5 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigns, flees country as protestors storm palace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resigns-flees-country-as-protesters-storm-palace-report-101722850283514.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808061244/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resigns-flees-country-as-protesters-storm-palace-report-101722850283514.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh protests: Sheikh Hasina resigns as Bangladesh PM, leaves country with sister: reports">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh protests: Sheikh Hasina resigns as Bangladesh PM, leaves country with sister: reports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sheik-hasina-resigns-as-bangladesh-pm-leaves-country-with-sister/article68487831.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104325/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sheik-hasina-resigns-as-bangladesh-pm-leaves-country-with-sister/article68487831.ece |archive-date=5 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9033zpv0nvo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805114845/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9033zpv0nvo|archive-date=5 August 2024|access-date=5 August 2024|url-status=live|title=How Bangladesh's protests ended Sheikh Hasina's 15-year reign|first=Anbarasan|last=Ethirajan|date=5 August 2024|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>|name="Multiplereference1"}} Indian foreign minister [[S. Jaishankar]] told the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], "At very short notice, she requested approval to come for the moment to India."<ref name=AngryCrowd/> Her son, [[Sajeeb Wazed]], initially said that she would not return to politics and planned to "stay in Delhi for a little while" before her next destination, but subsequently said on 7 August that she and the Awami League would remain active in the Bangladeshi political scene<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nobel laureate Yunus arrives in Bangladesh to take over as interim leader |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-yunus-hasina-student-protests-8e72489d3f05ab50f1ea4564e5ad23aa |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808063054/https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-yunus-hasina-student-protests-8e72489d3f05ab50f1ea4564e5ad23aa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina won't return to politics: Joy |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hasina-wont-return-politics-joy-3670081 |work=The Daily Star |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807132936/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hasina-wont-return-politics-joy-3670081 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that she would return to the country once elections were declared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2024 |title=Son says Hasina will return to Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy54l10z71lo |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810060344/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy54l10z71lo |url-status=live }}</ref> He also insisted that Sheikh Hasina was still the prime minister, saying that she was unable to formally submit her resignation after being forced to flee from the protesters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladeshs-hasina-did-not-resign-before-fleeing-delhi-says-son-adviser-2024-08-09/|title=Bangladesh's Hasina did not resign before fleeing, son says|first=Krishna N.|last=Das|date=10 August 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Hasina had hoped to go to London, but the United Kingdom reportedly rebuffed initial overtures seeking [[political asylum]]. She reportedly considered seeking temporary residence in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, or Qatar. Because her nephew lives in Finland, that country was speculated as a possible destination. Although Sajeeb Wazed lives in the U.S., she is considered unlikely to seek asylum there, as the U.S. government criticised her rule in Bangladesh.<ref name=FirstpostAug7>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/as-uk-rebuffs-hasinas-asylum-request-she-looks-for-alternatives-in-uae-saudi-arabia-finland-13801955.html|title=As UK rebuffs Hasina's asylum request, she looks for alternatives in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Finland|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=7 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807174523/https://www.firstpost.com/world/as-uk-rebuffs-hasinas-asylum-request-she-looks-for-alternatives-in-uae-saudi-arabia-finland-13801955.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hasina was living in a secret location in India under tight security as of August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Hasina moved to secure location in India |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/353859/hasina-moved-to-secure-location-in-india |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Sajeeb Wazed said that the [[Student–People's uprising|protests which led to her resignation]] had support from a foreign intelligence agency, without naming any country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title='I could have stayed in power if ...': Sheikh Hasina claims US role in her ouster from Bangladesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/i-could-have-stayed-in-power-if-sheikh-hasina-claims-us-role-in-her-ouster-from-bangladesh/articleshow/112441112.cms |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811092723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/i-could-have-stayed-in-power-if-sheikh-hasina-claims-us-role-in-her-ouster-from-bangladesh/articleshow/112441112.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In a statement published in the Indian media on 11 August, she accused the United States of influencing her resignation, and previously accused the United States of conspiring to oust her in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina's Undelivered Speech Had Big Charge Against US |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sheikh-hasina-awami-league-bangladesh-protests-could-have-stayed-in-power-if-sheikh-hasinas-undelivered-speech-6312541 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=NDTV |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909172324/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sheikh-hasina-awami-league-bangladesh-protests-could-have-stayed-in-power-if-sheikh-hasinas-undelivered-speech-6312541 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Wazed called the statement "false and fabricated" and said Hasina "did not give any statement before or after leaving Dhaka".<ref>{{cite news |title=Joy denies Hasina's alleged statement on US role in ouster|work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/354439/joy-denies-hasina%E2%80%99s-alleged-statement-on-us-role |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=12 August 2024}}</ref> The [[White House]] also denied allegations of any US involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US rejects involvement in removing Hasina from power |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/354576/us-rejects-involvement-in-removing-hasina-from |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On 13 August, Hasina released her first confirmed statements since her overthrow published by Wazed Joy calling for an investigation into the killings made during the protests, while insisting that police and the Awami League were also victims of "terrorist aggression".<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh's ex-Premier Hasina calls for probe into killings during unrest that led to her ouster |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-protest-murder-case-yunus-2ade106afabd85a0d9e58a7188e39e56 |access-date=14 August 2024|first=Julhas|last=Alam |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814021955/https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-protest-murder-case-yunus-2ade106afabd85a0d9e58a7188e39e56 |url-status=live|work=Associated Press }}</ref>

==Post-premiership==
{{see also|Trial of Sheikh Hasina}}
As of 10 September 2024, Hasina is facing 152 cases which include 135 for murder, 7 for crimes against humanity and genocide, 3 for abduction, 6 for attempted murder and 1 for the attack on a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] procession.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2024 |title=Hasina, 156 others sued over killing two in Jatrabari |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/hasina-156-others-sued-over-killing-two-jatrabari-3699421 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2024 |script-title=bn:শেখ হাসিনার বিরুদ্ধে ঢাকায় আরও ৬ মামলা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/v2gann1hom |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=Prothomalo |language=bn |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823195509/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/v2gann1hom |url-status=live }}</ref> These cases include other former government officials – Home Minister [[Asaduzzaman Khan]], Transport and Bridges Minister and concurrent Awami League secretary-general [[Obaidul Quader]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2024 |title=2015 attack on Khaleda's convoy: Complaint filed against 113, including Hasina |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/355183/2015-attack-on-khaleda%E2%80%99s-convoy-complaint-filed |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en }}</ref> The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal]] opened an investigation on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against her and nine senior government and Awami League officials over their role in the crackdown on the protests following a petition by the father of a killed student.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2024 |title=Probe starts against Hasina, 9 others for genocide, crimes against humanity |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/354800/probe-starts-against-hasina-9-others-for |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en }}</ref> The BNP requested India to extradite Sheikh Hasina to Bangladesh for prosecution against the cases registered on her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2024 |title=BNP asks India to extradite PM Sheikh Hasina for trial in Bangladesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/bnp-asks-india-to-extradite-pm-sheikh-hasina-for-trial-in-bangladesh/articleshow/112666680.cms |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 21 August, the [[Yunus interim government]] ordered the revocation of all [[Bangladeshi Passport|diplomatic passports]] including Hasina's.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Govt to revoke diplomatic passports |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/355608/govt-to-revoke-diplomatic-passports |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en }}</ref> On 29 August, the interim government issued an ordinance revoking a law providing special privileges to the [[Sheikh–Wazed family]], including Sheikh Hasina, under which it was enacted in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Govt decides to repeal law for protecting family members of Bangabandhu |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/laws-rights/356528/govt-decides-to-repeal-law-for-protecting-family |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title='She has to keep quiet till ...': Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus sets conditions for Sheikh Hasina's interim stay in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/she-has-to-keep-quiet-bangladeshs-muhammad-yunus-lays-out-condition-for-indias-support-of-sheikh-hasina/articleshow/113087674.cms |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 17 October, the International Crimes Tribunal issued an arrest warrant against her for alleged crimes against humanity committed during the [[July massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=Bangladesh issues arrest warrant for ex-leader Hasina |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98y6g2nx79o |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=BBC |language=en }}</ref> On 5 December, the tribunal banned her speeches and related broadcasts from being published in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Bangladesh court bans publication of speeches by ousted Prime Minister Hasina |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-yunus-speech-ban-media-eba39d596ca8ce54194fbc9195310691 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en }}</ref>

The presence of a large number of secret prison cells or [[aynaghar]]s during Sheikh Hasina's 15 years was brought to the public eye by The Commission for Inquiry on Enforced Disappearance and was officially visited by Chief Adviser [[Muhammad Yunus]] with victims and press in February 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chief Adviser visits secret prison in Dhaka | website=Prothomalo | date=12 February 2025 | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/ohk04zflw8 | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Previous govt established 'aiyaame jaahiliya': Yunus after visiting 'Aynaghar' | website=Prothomalo | date=12 February 2025 | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/osmq9vqhlu | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> At least one detention centre, next to Dhaka International Airport, with many tiny, dark cells had been bricked up to hide it after the regime fell. 500 to 700 cells were found throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news| last=Hussain | first=Samira | title=Bangladesh disappeared: Uncovering a secret jail next to an international airport | work=BBC News | date=15 April 2025 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly6lp567r8o}}</ref> People were incarcerated sometimes for many years, and many are thought to have been killed.

A report titled ''White Paper on State of Bangladesh Economy'', published on 1 December 2024, estimated that up to [[US$]]16 billion was annually diverted through money laundering during Sheikh Hasina's tenure as Prime Minister from 2009 to 2024, adding up to more than $240 billion over 15 years.<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite web | title=Review of the White Paper on Bangladesh economy | website=The Financial Express | date=4 March 2025 | url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/views/review-of-the-white-paper-on-bangladesh-economy | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author= | title=White Paper on the state of Bangladesh economy: some insights & reflections | website=The Financial Express | date=1 December 2024 | url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views-opinion/white-paper-on-the-state-of-bangladesh-economy-some-insights-reflections-1734451363 | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Committee submits White Paper on economy to Chief Adviser | website=Prothomalo | date=1 December 2024 | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8hg6ufm4ij | access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> In December 2024, the Bangladeshi government opened an investigation against Hasina, her son [[Sajeeb Wazed Joy]], and her niece, [[Tulip Siddiq]], who is an MP and was then a cabinet minister in the United Kingdom, over allegations of embezzlement of $5 billion in funds for the construction of the [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]] using offshore accounts in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=Bangladesh launches $5bn graft probe into Hasina's family |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241223-bangladesh-launches-5bn-graft-probe-into-hasina-s-family |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en }}</ref> On 24 December, the Bangladeshi government formally requested the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] to extradite Hasina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2024 |title=Bangladesh seeks extradition of ousted leader Sheikh Hasina from India|url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-sheikh-hasina-extradition-india-6effef70de22f18c502a7791360ece08 |website= AP News |agency=Associated Press |language=en |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

The [[Yunus ministry|Interim Government]] has made the money laundering case of Sheikh Hasina and her family a top priority for resolution.<ref name=TBS>{{cite web | title=BFIU finds Tk635cr in 124 frozen bank accounts of Hasina, family | website=The Business Standard | date=10 March 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bfiu-finds-tk635cr-124-frozen-bank-accounts-hasina-family-1089121 | access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> On 11 March 2025, a Dhaka court ordered the freezing of 124 bank accounts of Sheikh Hasina, her family, related individuals and institutions which had Tk635.14 crore in them.<ref name=DT>{{cite web | title=Court orders to freeze 31 bank accounts of Hasina, family | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=18 March 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/376602/court-orders-to-freeze-31-bank-accounts-of-hasina | access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> It has also confiscated eight plots, which include 60-katha [[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|RAJUK]] plot with a deed value of Tk1.80 crore, as well as 10 decimal land holdings valued at Tk8.85 crore.<ref name=TBS/> On 18 March 2025, A court in Dhaka has issued an order to freeze another 31 bank accounts connected to Sheikh Hasina, her son [[Sajeeb Wazed|Sajeeb Wazed Joy]], daughter [[Saima Wazed|Saima Wazed Putul]], sister [[Sheikh Rehana]], and their affiliates. The total amount held in these accounts is Tk394.6 crore.<ref name=DT/> A joint probe team found assets of Sheikh Hasina, her family, related individuals and institutions in [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Cayman Islands]]. Existence of a Russian [[slush fund]] was found in a bank of [[Malaysia]].<ref name=TBS/><ref>{{cite web | title=Assets of Hasina, family members found in 5 countries: Shafiqul Alam | website=Prothomalo | date=10 March 2025 | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/234w4zfglk | access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

On 1 June 2025, the International Crimes Tribunal began trying Sheikh Hasina in absentia for the repression of protests against her government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=Bangladesh ex-PM Hasina charged with 'systematic attack' as trial opens |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/1/bangladesh-ex-pm-hasina-charged-with-systematic-attack-as-trial-opens |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> On 2 July 2025, she was sentenced in absentia by the ICT to six months' imprisonment for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Bangladesh ex-PM Hasina sentenced to six months in contempt case |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/2/bangladesh-ex-pm-hasina-sentenced-to-six-months-in-contempt-case |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

A leaked audio recording, verified by the [[BBC]], reveals that Hasina authorised lethal force against student-led protesters during 2024, reportedly resulting in up to 1,400 deaths. The unrest, sparked by opposition to civil service job quotas, escalated into a mass uprising that ultimately ousted Hasina after 15 years in power. In the verified call, Hasina is heard instructing security forces to shoot protesters on sight, a directive corroborated by subsequent police use of military-grade weapons across Dhaka. The recording, authenticated through forensic analysis and matched to Hasina's voice, is now being used as key evidence in her trial in absentia for crimes against humanity. While her Awami League party denies any unlawful intent and questions the tape's authenticity, legal experts emphasise the recording's evidentiary significance in linking Hasina directly to the violent crackdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Giles |first1=Christopher |last2=Jha |first2=Riddhi |last3=Hossain |first3=Rafid |last4=Shimul |first4=Tarekuzzaman |date=8 July 2025 |title=Sheikh Hasina authorised deadly Bangladesh crackdown, leaked audio suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4l1z5qd1vo |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=Leaked audio reveals Hasina ordered lethal force in deadly crackdown, BBC verifies |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/leaked-audio-reveals-hasina-ordered-lethal-force-deadly-crackdown-bbc-verifies-3935546 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 November 2025, Hasina was convicted of crimes against humanity by Bangladesh's International Crimes Tribunal, on charges including delivering inflammatory speech and ordering the use of lethal force against protesters during the July Revolution, and sentenced to death in absentia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's ex-PM Sheikh Hasina sentenced to death |work=Deutsche Welle | url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-sheikh-hasina-sentenced-to-death-crimes-against-humanity/live-74771291 |date=17 November 2025 |language=en |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bangladesh's ousted PM Hasina sentenced to death for student crackdown | work=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladeshs-ousted-pm-hasina-convicted-students-crackdown-case-2025-11-17/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina sentenced to death |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/w5fahd89ku |work=Prothom Alo |date=17 November 2025 |language=en |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref> She stated the trial was a "farce trial" driven by a "political vendetta".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tulip Siddiq's aunt sentenced to death in Bangladesh |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/11/17/tulip-siddiqs-aunt-handed-death-penalty-in-bangladesh/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |language=en |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) opposed the death penalty,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=UN opposes death penalty but pushes for justice in Bangladesh |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166384 |website=UN News | publisher= United Nations |language=en |access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref> while the [[Human Rights Watch]] stated she and Asaduzzaman Khan were "prosecuted in absentia, not represented by counsel of their choosing, and sentenced to death, raising serious human rights concerns."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-17 |title=Bangladesh: Hasina Found Guilty of Crimes Against Humanity Fair Trial Concerns Over Proceedings in Absentia, Death Penalty|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/17/bangladesh-hasina-found-guilty-of-crimes-against-humanity |access-date=2025-11-28 |work=HRW |issn=}}</ref>

On 27 November 2025, Hasina was convicted and sentenced to 21 years' imprisonment for illegally securing plots of land in [[Purbachal]] for herself and her family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After death sentence, Bangladesh ex-PM Hasina gets 21 years for land grab |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/27/after-death-sentence-bangladesh-ex-pm-hasina-gets-21-years-for-land-grab |access-date=27 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

== Reception ==

{{Main|Controversies related to Sheikh Hasina}}

The [[Padma Bridge graft scandal]] involved the ruling Awami League government that allegedly sought, in exchange for the awarding of the construction contract, a large amount of money from the Canadian construction company [[SNC-Lavalin]]. A Canadian court subsequently dismissed the case, after the wiretap evidence was excluded from the case.<ref name="ds11Feb2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/world/north-america/canada-court-finds-no-proof-padma-bridge-graft-conspiracy-1359397 |title=Canada court finds no proof of Padma bridge bribery conspiracy |work=The Daily Star |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408074252/https://www.thedailystar.net/world/north-america/canada-court-finds-no-proof-padma-bridge-graft-conspiracy-1359397 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the allegations, the [[World Bank]] pulled out of a project to provide funding for the [[Padma Bridge]], citing corruption concerns, cancelling {{BDTConvert|10241.346|c}} of credit for the {{convert|6|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} road-rail bridge over the [[Padma River]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-18655846 |title=World Bank cancels Bangladesh bridge loan over corruption |date=30 June 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 December 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915014739/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-18655846 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the individuals implicated was [[Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology|Minister of Communications]] [[Syed Abul Hossain]] who subsequently resigned and was later acquitted of any wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/02/strange-bedfellows-bangladesh |title=Bridge-mending |date=27 February 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=6 February 2017 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112540/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/02/strange-bedfellows-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2012, BNP General-Secretary [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]] said the Awami League government should make public a letter sent by the World Bank, wherein the Bank brought graft charges against Hasina and three other figures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=136204&date=2012-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112707/http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=136204&date=2012-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2017 |title=PM among 3 charged with graft by WB : Fakhrul |last=Ahmed |first=Hafez |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref> On 17 January 2016, Hasina stated that a managing director of a bank in the United States provoked the World Bank to cancel the loan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/banks-md-provoked-wb-scrap-padma-bridge-funding-202999 |title=A bank's MD provoked WB to scrap Padma Bridge funding |date=17 January 2016 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123634/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/banks-md-provoked-wb-scrap-padma-bridge-funding-202999 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bridge was eventually constructed with the government's own funds and was inaugurated in June 2022 at a cost of {{BDTConvert|30193.39|c|nolink=yes}},<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/25/padma-bridge-belongs-to-the-people-of-bangladesh |title=PM: Padma bridge belongs to people of Bangladesh |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |last1=Farhin Antara |first1=Nawaz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310033126/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/25/padma-bridge-belongs-to-the-people-of-bangladesh |archive-date=10 March 2023 |url-status=live |last2=Mamun |first2=Shohel}}</ref> much higher than the original projected cost of {{BDTConvert|10161.75|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Islam |first1=Jahidul |title=How Padma Bridge cost surged to Tk30,000cr |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/how-padma-bridge-cost-surged-tk30000cr-170515 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=The Business Standard |date=12 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324204536/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/how-padma-bridge-cost-surged-tk30000cr-170515 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 January 2017, in a speech in parliament, Prime Minister Hasina blamed [[Muhammad Yunus]] for the World Bank's pulling out of the project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/137137/PM-blames-Yunus-for-cancellation-of-WB-s-Padma |title=PM blames Yunus for cancellation of WB's Padma financing |newspaper=Prothom Alo |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125165107/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/137137/PM-blames-Yunus-for-cancellation-of-WB-s-Padma |archive-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to her, Yunus lobbied with the former United States Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] to persuade the World Bank to terminate the loan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/nobel-laureate-yunus-got-hillary-clinton-to-stop-wb-funding-for-padma-bridge-says-hasina |title=Nobel laureate Yunus got Hillary Clinton to stop WB funding for Padma Bridge, says Hasina |work=bdnews24 |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> On 10 February 2017, a justice of the [[Superior Court of Ontario]] dismissed the [[Trial of Muhammad Yunus|bribery-conspiracy case]] for lack of any evidence.<ref name="ds11Feb2017" />

In 2018, Hasina's government passed the controversial [[Digital Security Act, 2018]], under which any criticism deemed inappropriate by the government over the internet or any other media could be punished by prison terms of various degrees. This was heavily criticised both domestically and internationally for suppressing people's freedom of speech, as well as undermining press freedom in Bangladesh.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite news |title=Tool ripe for abuse: HRW |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/digital-security-act-2018-overly-broad-ripe-abuse-human-rights-watch-1638454 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 September 2018 |access-date=7 February 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921144531/https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/digital-security-act-2018-overly-broad-ripe-abuse-human-rights-watch-1638454 |url-status=dead}}
|2={{cite web |url=https://www.accessnow.org/new-digital-security-act-in-bangladesh-deepens-threats-to-free-expression/ |title=New Digital Security Act in Bangladesh deepens threats to free expression |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207080957/https://www.accessnow.org/new-digital-security-act-in-bangladesh-deepens-threats-to-free-expression/ |url-status=live}}
|3= {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/bangladesh-muzzling-dissent-online/ |title=Bangladesh: New Digital Security Act is attack on freedom of expression |date=12 November 2018 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227092510/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/bangladesh-muzzling-dissent-online/ |url-status=live}}
|4= {{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/53662/digital-security-act-2018-young-generation-speaks |title=Digital Security Act 2018: young generation speaks |work=New Age |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224214333/http://www.newagebd.net/article/53662/digital-security-act-2018-young-generation-speaks |url-status=live}}
|5= {{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/bangladesh-editors-protest-chilling-digital-security-law-181015122440417.html |title=Bangladesh editors protest 'chilling' Digital Security Act |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321103749/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/bangladesh-editors-protest-chilling-digital-security-law-181015122440417.html |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>

In December 2022, the Hasina government ordered the closure of 191 websites accused of publishing "anti-state news" citing intelligence reports. Dhaka district authorities ordered the closure of ''[[The Daily Dinkal|Dainik Dinkal]]'', which is owned by [[Tarique Rahman]] of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP). ''Dainik Dinkal'' appealed the order to the [[Bangladesh Press Council]] who dismissed their appeal in February 2022, resulting in its closure.<ref name="tg20Feb2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/20/bangladesh-shuts-down-main-opposition-newspaper-sheikh-hasina |title=Bangladesh shuts down main opposition newspaper |date=20 February 2023 |work=Agence France-Presse |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220130345/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/20/bangladesh-shuts-down-main-opposition-newspaper-sheikh-hasina |url-status=live}}</ref> The move has been criticised by government opponents who claim the move is an attempt to stifle opposition to the government.<ref name="tg20Feb2023" /> The government claimed ''Dainik Dinkal'' violated articles 10, 11, 16, 21(1)(kha) of the Printing Presses and Publications (Declaration and Registration) Act, 1973 as it had irregular publication and its publisher was a convicted felon.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/02/23/now-dainik-dinkal-faces-shutdown |title=Now Dainik Dinkal faces shutdown |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230312152601/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/02/23/now-dainik-dinkal-faces-shutdown |archive-date=12 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2024, Sheikh Hasina paid a state visit to New Delhi, during which Bangladesh and India signed ten bilateral agreements, including one on allowing India a rail corridor to its [[Northeast India|northeastern states]] through Bangladeshi territory. This led to widespread criticism in Bangladesh on the issue of the country's sovereignty, accusing Hasina of "selling the country to India".<ref name="sellDT">{{cite news |title=PM Hasina bins criticism of selling country to India |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/350166/pm-hasina-slams-criticism-of-selling-country-to |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625093936/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/350166/pm-hasina-slams-criticism-of-selling-country-to |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sellPA">{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina doesn't sell the country, say prime minister |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/76mu2u1gmz |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Prothomalo |date=25 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805130957/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/76mu2u1gmz |url-status=live }}</ref>

Domestically, Hasina has been criticised as being too close to India, often at the cost of Bangladesh's sovereignty.<ref name="sellDT" /><ref name="sellPA" /> She is seen by her critics as a manifestation of [[Indian influence in Bangladesh|India's interference in Bangladeshi politics]], which they have described as the main source of her power.<ref name="South China Morning Post">{{cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=Bangladeshis launch 'India Out' campaign over alleged meddling linked to Hasina |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3253018/bangladeshis-launch-india-out-campaign-over-new-delhis-alleged-meddling-keep-hasina-power |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714004658/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3253018/bangladeshis-launch-india-out-campaign-over-new-delhis-alleged-meddling-keep-hasina-power |archive-date=14 July 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kapoor">{{cite news |title=What does Sheikh Hasina's resignation mean for India-Bangladesh relations? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/8/12/what-does-sheikh-hasinas-resignation-mean-for-india-bangladesh-relations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915062926/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/8/12/what-does-sheikh-hasinas-resignation-mean-for-india-bangladesh-relations |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ellis">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |date=2 September 2024 |title='A myopic policy': India's backing of ousted Bangladesh leader Sheikh Hasina leaves it in a bind |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/03/a-myopic-policy-indias-backing-of-ousted-bangladesh-leader-sheikh-hasina-leaves-it-in-a-bind |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1968, Hasina married [[M. A. Wazed Miah]] (1942–2009), a Bangladeshi physicist, writer, and chairman of the [[Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission]].<ref name=":birthday"/><ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Sheikh Hasina Wazed |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Hasina-Wazed |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112005936/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Hasina-Wazed |url-status=live}}</ref> After her marriage, she adopted the name Wazed from her husband's name.{{efn|After her marriage, her passport name was Hasina Sheikh Wazed.<ref name="birthn">{{cite book|script-title=bn:বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবকে ঘিরে কিছু ঘটনা ও বাংলাদেশ|language=bn|last=Miah|first=M. A. Wazed|author-link=M. A. Wazed Miah|page=242|publisher=[[The University Press Limited]] |year=1993|url=https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/rjgf/#p=264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108131453/https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/rjgf/#p=264 |archive-date=8 November 2025 }}</ref>}} They have a son, [[Sajeeb Wazed Joy]], and a daughter, [[Saima Wazed]].<ref name=":birthday"/> Saima's father-in-law is a former [[Ministry of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment|minister of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment]] and [[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives|LGRD]], [[Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (born 1942)|Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ebangladesh.com/1570 |title=Discussion on the New Cabinet |date=6 January 2009 |work=E-Bangladesh |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231818/http://www.ebangladesh.com/1570 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina's only living sibling, [[Sheikh Rehana]], served as the adviser of Tungipara upazila unit Awami League in Gopalganj in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2017/07/30/shiekh-rehana-becomes-adviser-tungipara-al |title=Sheikh Rehana becomes adviser of Tungipara AL |date=30 July 2017 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125240/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2017/07/30/shiekh-rehana-becomes-adviser-tungipara-al |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasina's niece (and Sheikh Rehana's daughter) is [[Tulip Siddiq]], a British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician and elected [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]. Siddiq was [[City Minister]] but has since resigned.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK lawmaker Tulip Siddiq appointed as City Minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-appoints-tulip-siddiq-city-minister-bloomberg-reports-2024-07-09/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=sky-20250114b>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/tulip-siddiq-resigns-as-treasury-minister-13287920 |title=Tulip Siddiq resigns as Treasury minister |last=Brown |first=Faye |work=Sky News |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyk2e7x42zo|title=Tulip Siddiq resigns as Treasury minister|first1=Brian|last1=Wheeler|publisher=BBC News|date=14 January 2025|accessdate=14 January 2025}}</ref>

Sheikh Hasina has survived a total of 19 assassination attempts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/life-haunted-assassins-all-along-308341 |title=A life haunted by assassins all along |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |last=Karim |first=Rezaul |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220822030914/https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/life-haunted-assassins-all-along-308341?amp |archive-date=22 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> She experiences [[hearing loss]] as a result of injuries sustained during the [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack|2004 grenade attack]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/08/21/august-21-grenade-attack-the-day-democracy-almost-died |title=August 21 grenade attack: The day democracy almost died |date=21 August 2022 |access-date=27 February 2023 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |author= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230228023659/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/08/21/august-21-grenade-attack-the-day-democracy-almost-died |archive-date=28 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Given the history of assassination of the Sheikh Mujib family in 1975,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/25/archives/mujibs-loyal-followers-reported-to-plot-vengeance.html | title=Mujib's Loyal Followers Reported to Plot Vengeance | work=The New York Times | date=25 August 1975 | access-date= 3 August 2024 | archive-date=6 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806145020/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/25/archives/mujibs-loyal-followers-reported-to-plot-vengeance.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and later attempts to assassinate Sheikh Hasina and very high security risk towards the immediate Mujib family members, in 2015, she and her children were given lifelong protection by the government of Bangladesh through the [[Special Security Force]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangabandhu family to get more security, free utility, foreign treatment |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangabandhu-family-get-more-security-free-utility-foreign-treatment-87319 |work=The Daily Star |date=25 May 2015 |language=en |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240518055841/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangabandhu-family-get-more-security-free-utility-foreign-treatment-87319 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/19-facilities-for-Bangabandhu-family | title=19 privileges for Bangabandhu family | date=26 May 2015 | work=[[Prothom Alo]] | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=2 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802062657/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/19-facilities-for-Bangabandhu-family | url-status=live }}</ref> Practice of extending such security protection is not rare for persons with high security risk to their lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/246958/cabinet-clears-ssf-bill-to-increase-security-for| title= Cabinet clears SSF Bill to increase security for Bangabandhu's family|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=17 May 2021}}</ref> The government also announced free utilities (fuel, water, telephone) and medical treatment for life for her and her family.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tighter-security-for-bangabandhu-family |title=Tighter security for Bangabandhu family |date=26 May 2015 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en |access-date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802062656/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tighter-security-for-bangabandhu-family |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Yunus interim government|interim government]] decided to cancel this law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security laws for Bangabandhu's family members to be cancelled |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/security-laws-bangabandhus-family-members-be-cancelled-927491 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=28 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240828085809/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/security-laws-bangabandhus-family-members-be-cancelled-927491 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Draft to repeal security act for Bangabandhu's family members approved |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/draft-repeal-security-act-bangabandhus-family-members-approved-3689741 |work=The Daily Star |date=29 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240829153734/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/draft-repeal-security-act-bangabandhus-family-members-approved-3689741 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Then on 9 September 2024, an ordinance was issued that repealed this law.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বঙ্গবন্ধু পরিবারের বিশেষ নিরাপত্তা আইন বাতিল করে অধ্যাদেশ জারি |url= https://dailyinqilab.com/national/news/685023 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |date=9 September 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240909164022/https://dailyinqilab.com/national/news/685023 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |language= bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Law providing special security to Bangabandhu's family abolished |url= https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/357883/law-providing-special-security-to%C2%A0-bangabandhu%E2%80%99s |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=9 September 2024}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
===Honorary doctorates===
* Degree of [[Doctor of Law]] by the [[Boston University]] on 6 February 1997.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 |script-title=bn:প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কার্যালয়-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার |language=bn |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215210043/http://pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary [[Doctor of Law]] by the [[Waseda University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waseda.jp/eng/about/honorary.html |title=早稲田大学 |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025034831/http://www.waseda.jp/eng/about/honorary.html |url-status=live}}</ref> of Japan on 4 July 1997.
* Honorary [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctorate of Philosophy in Liberal Arts]] by the [[University of Abertay Dundee]] on 25 October 1997.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* Honorary Degree of 'Desikottama' (Doctor of Literature, honoris causa) by the [[Visva-Bharati University]] of India on 28 January 1999.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/desikot.htm |title=Desikottamas |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213359/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/desikot.htm |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Doctor of Law]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://about.anu.edu.au/__documents/committees/honorary_degrees/hasina.pdf |title=About ANU |work=ANU |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517101103/http://about.anu.edu.au/__documents/committees/honorary_degrees/hasina.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> (honoris causa), by the [[Australian National University]] on 20 October 1999.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> (Revocation under review<ref>{{cite web | title=Australian univ to review Sheikh Hasina doctorate degree | url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/522134 }}</ref>)
* Honorary Doctor of Law by the [[University of Dhaka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/honoris_causa |title=The University: Honoris Causa |publisher=University of Dhaka |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084251/http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/honoris_causa |url-status=live}}</ref> on 18 December 1999.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Doctor of humane letters|Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters]] by [[University of Bridgeport]] on 5 September 2000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* Doctor of Literature (honoris causa) by the [[Tripura University]] in January 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/hasina-gets-emotional-about-tripura/article23068659.ece |work=Business Line |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526120852/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/hasina-gets-emotional-about-tripura/article23068659.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2018 |title=Hasina gets emotional about Tripura |date=26 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/218705/content/218348/archives.php |title=Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213904/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/218705/content/218348/archives.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120112/jsp/frontpage/story_14998049.jsp |title=Hasina receives doctorate, gets emotional about Tripura |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215211607/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120112/jsp/frontpage/story_14998049.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article330512.ece |title=Tripura varsity confers doctorate on Hasina |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215214820/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article330512.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Doctor of the University]] (Honorary) by the [[Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University]] on 16 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/magazine/details/92305/1st-Convocation-of-SAU-Held |title=1st Convocation of SAU Held |work=Daily Sun |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123222412/http://www.daily-sun.com/magazine/details/92305/1st-Convocation-of-SAU-Held |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Doctor of Letters]] (Honorary) by the [[Kazi Nazrul University]], West Bengal, [[India]] on 26 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/secularism-the-way-forward-for-bangladesh-says-sheikh-hasina/article23998757.ece |title=Secularism the way forward for Bangladesh, says Sheikh Hasina |date=26 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035032/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/secularism-the-way-forward-for-bangladesh-says-sheikh-hasina/article23998757.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/hasina-conferred-honorary-d-litt-by-kazi-nazrul-university/articleshow/64331464.cms |title=Hasina conferred honorary D.Litt by Kazi Nazrul University |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/hasina-conferred-honorary-d-litt-by-kazi-nazrul-university/articleshow/64331464.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Awards===
* ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine named her as one of the world's leading global thinkers in 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=15 January 2019 |title=2019 Global Thinkers |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153402/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/ |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>
* Planet 50–50 champion by [[UN Women]].<ref name="50-50">{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina receives 'Planet 50–50 Champion' and 'Agent of Change Award' |date=22 September 2016 |work=bdnews24.com |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/prime-minister-shiekh-hasina-receives-planet-50-50-champion-and-agent-of-change-award |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
* Agent of Change Award by Global Partnership Forum.<ref name="50-50"/>
* Included on the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] list in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |title=Sheikh Hasina Is on the 2018 TIME 100 List |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |magazine=Time |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101201356/http://www.time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217583/sheikh-hasina/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 59th place on ''Forbes''{{'}} list of 100 most powerful women in the world.<ref name= bdnews24.com>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-on-forbes-list-of-100-most-powerful-women-in-the-world |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina on Forbes' list of 100 most powerful women in the world |work=bdnews24 |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>
* The [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]] by the [[UNESCO]] for 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/houphouet-boigny-peace-prize/award/prizewinners/1998-prizewinners/ |title=1998 Prizewinners – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216020535/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/houphouet-boigny-peace-prize/award/prizewinners/1998-prizewinners/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/houphouet-boigny-peace-prize/award/prizewinners/ |title=Prizewinners of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216020531/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/houphouet-boigny-peace-prize/award/prizewinners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mother Teresa]] Award by the All India Peace Council in 1998.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[M.K. Gandhi]] Award for 1998 by the Mahatma M K Gandhi Foundation of [[Oslo]], Norway.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* Awarded Medal of Distinction in 1996–97 and 1998–99 and Head of State Medal in 1996–97 by the [[Lions Clubs International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 |script-title=bn:প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কার্যালয়-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার |language=bn |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215210043/http://pmo.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=137&Itemid=351 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Ceres Medal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/News/2000/Brief/BR0001-e.htm |title=News in brief – January 2000 |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215232737/http://www.fao.org/News/2000/Brief/BR0001-e.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/NEWSROOM/EN/news/2006/1000417/index.html |title=Queen Sofia of Spain awarded the Ceres Medal |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215232735/http://www.fao.org/NEWSROOM/EN/news/2006/1000417/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] for 1999.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faobd/docs/In_Focus/Storyline_BGD_MDG1_achievd.pdf |title=Bangladesh recognized for halving hunger before MDG timeline |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143546/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faobd/docs/In_Focus/Storyline_BGD_MDG1_achievd.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Pearl S. Buck]] Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.randolphcollege.edu/buck/award.asp#recipients |title=Randolph College – The Pearl S. Buck Award |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215205604/http://web.randolphcollege.edu/buck/award.asp#recipients |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> by the [[Randolph College]] on 9 April 2000.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* Named [[Paul P. Harris|Paul Harris]] Fellow by the [[Rotary Foundation]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Indira Gandhi Prize]] for 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/46408/archives.php |title=Hasina honoured with Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215215645/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/46408/archives.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article221350.ece |title=Sheikh Hasina receives Indira Gandhi award |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article221350.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* UNESCO Peace Tree award for her commitment to women's empowerment and girl's education in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=Mizan |date=8 September 2014 |title=Unesco honours Hasina for promotion of girls' education |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/bangladesh/245/details/407428/unesco-honours-hasina-for-promotion-of-girls%E2%80%99-education |newspaper=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917101502/http://www.gulf-times.com/bangladesh/245/details/407428/unesco-honours-hasina-for-promotion-of-girls%e2%80%99-education |url-status=live}}</ref>
* UN environment prize for leadership on climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51865 |title=Bangladeshi Prime Minister wins UN environment prize for leadership on climate change |date=14 September 2015 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]] |access-date=15 September 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191220/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51865 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award ([[Champions of the Earth]]) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |work=UN Environment Programme |title=Search Results |url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/search/node?keys=Sheikh+Hasina |language=en |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722103954/https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/search/node?keys=Sheikh+Hasina |url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Hasina appears in the 2018 docudrama ''[[Hasina: A Daughter's Tale]]'', directed by [[Rezaur Rahman Khan Piplu]].<ref name="SOON">{{cite news |first1=Elita |last1=Karim |author1-link=Elita Karim |date=29 September 2018 |title='Hasina: A Daughter's Tale' to Premiere Soon |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/hasina-daughters-tale-premiere-soon-1640251 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106093026/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/hasina-daughters-tale-premiere-soon-1640251 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awaits release">{{cite news |title='Hasina: A Daughter's Tale' awaits release |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2018/09/28/hasina-a-daughter-s-tale-awaits-release |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003104536/https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2018/09/28/hasina-a-daughter-s-tale-awaits-release |url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 1 February 2021, Hasina was referred in [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s 64-minute documentary ''[[All the Prime Minister's Men]]''.
* On 28 September 2021, ''[[Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita]]'', an animated biopic of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was released where Sheikh Hasina was also portrayed.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:অ্যানিমেশন: 'খোকা থেকে বঙ্গবন্ধু জাতির পিতা' |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2021/03/17/1014908 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]] |access-date=28 November 2023 |language=bn |date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180502/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2021/03/17/1014908 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 1 October 2021, another animated film named ''[[Mujib Amar Pita]]'' about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released which also included Sheikh Hasina. The film was based on Hasina's book ''Sheikh Mujib Amar Pita''.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:'মুজিব আমার পিতা' মুক্তি পাচ্ছে ১ অক্টোবর |url=https://www.sunnews24x7.com/news/article/entertainment/46830 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=www.sunnews24x7.com |language=bn |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414120823/https://www.sunnews24x7.com/news/article/entertainment/46830 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 26 October 2023, ''[[Amader Choto Russel Shona]]'', an animated film about [[Sheikh Russel]], was released where Sheikh Hasina was portrayed as elder sister of Russel. She also wrote the screenplay of the movie.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sheikh Hasina unveils 'Duronto Pranovonto Sheikh Russell' |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/184010/sheikh-hasina-unveils-duronto-pranovonto-sheikh-russell |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=New Age |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125124628/https://www.newagebd.net/article/184010/sheikh-hasina-unveils-duronto-pranovonto-sheikh-russell |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 17 November 2023, Hasina appears giving interview about the [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in ''[[The Assassin Next Door (documentary)|The Assassin Next Door]]'', an episode of Canadian documentary series ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=The assassin next door |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/the-assassin-next-door |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124181622/https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/the-assassin-next-door |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{{Main|Electoral history of Sheikh Hasina}}

[[File:Sheikh_Hasina_casts_vote_at_Dhaka_City_College,_Bangladesh,_2018-12-30_(PID-0040869).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Hasina casting her vote in the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018 general election]]—often referred to as the “midnight election”—which was widely regarded by international observers as unfair and marred by irregularities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh's 'staged' elections – DW – 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/has-bangladeshs-ruling-party-won-a-managed-election/a-46907035 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title='It was beyond my control': Ex-CEC Nurul Huda on his role in 2018 'midnight' election |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/it-was-beyond-my-control-ex-cec-nurul-huda-his-role-2018-national-polls-1179366 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Result
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]]
|[[Dhaka-7]]
| {{Full party name with colour| Awami League|rowspan=18}}
|49,362
|36.5
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[Dhaka-10]]
|29,451
|37.8
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[Gopalganj-3]]
|67,945
|72.2
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996]]
| [[Bagerhat-1]]
| 77,342
| 51.4
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Khulna-1]]
| 62,247
| 53.5
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 102,689
| 92.2
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]]
| [[Rangpur-6]]
| 77,991
| 44.6
| {{ Lost}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 154,130
| 94.7
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Narail-1]]
| 78,216
| 54.6
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Narail-2]]
| 97,195
| 50.3
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Barguna-3]]
| 55,030
| 52.5
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]]
| [[Rangpur-6]]
| 170,542
| 80.0
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Bagerhat-1]]
| 142,979
| 68.3
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 158,958
| 97.1
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]]
| [[Rangpur-6]]
| 148,624
| 96.8
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 187,185
| 98.7
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]]
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 229,539
| 99.9
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024]]
| [[Gopalganj-3]]
| 249,962
| 99.4
| {{Won}}
|}
== Bibliography ==
# ''সাদা কালো'' (Black and White)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:সাদা কালো – শেখ হাসিনা |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2351/sada-kalo |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=bn |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145420/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2351/sada-kalo |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity''<ref>{{cite book |title=Democracy in Distress Demeaned Humanity – Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2189/democracy-in-distress-demeaned-humanity |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145449/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2189/democracy-in-distress-demeaned-humanity |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''শেখ রাসেল'' ([[Sheikh Rasel]])<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sheikh Hasina |author2=Sheikh Rehana |script-title=bn:শেখ রাসেল |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/11845/skeikh-rasel |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=bn |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145436/https://www.rokomari.com/book/11845/skeikh-rasel |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি'' (We Came Here to Speak for the People)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি – পান্না কায়সার |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/1814/amra-jonogoner-kotha-bolte-asehshi |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=bn |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113857/https://www.rokomari.com/book/1814/amra-jonogoner-kotha-bolte-asehshi |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা'' (Sheikh Hasina on Developing International relations)<ref>{{cite book |author=Sheikh Hasina |script-title=bn:আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়নে শেখ হাসিনা |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/6913/antorjatik-somporko-unnayone-sheikh-hasina |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=bn |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113731/https://www.rokomari.com/book/6913/antorjatik-somporko-unnayone-sheikh-hasina |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Living in Tears''<ref>{{cite book |title=Living in Tears |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2356/living-in-tears |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113734/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2356/living-in-tears |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''রচনাসমগ্র ১''<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:রচনাসমগ্র ১ |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/4988/rochnasamogro-1 |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113756/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4988/rochnasamogro-1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''রচনাসমগ্র ২''<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:রচনাসমগ্র ২ |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/4990/rochnasamagro-2 |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145423/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4990/rochnasamagro-2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র'' (Militarism versus Democracy)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:সামরিকতন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র |author=Sheikh Hasina|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/6909/samoriktontro-bonam-gonotontro |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113853/https://www.rokomari.com/book/6909/samoriktontro-bonam-gonotontro |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Development for the Masses''<ref>{{cite book |title=Development for the masses |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/47718/development-for-the-masses |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113709/https://www.rokomari.com/book/47718/development-for-the-masses |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Democracy Poverty Elimination and Peace''<ref>{{cite book |title=Democracy proverty elimination and peace |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2358/democracy-proverty-elimination-and-peace |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113712/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2358/democracy-proverty-elimination-and-peace |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা'' (Endangered Democracy, Oppressed Humanity)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র লাঞ্চিত মানবতা |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2352/biponno-gonotontro--lancito-manobota |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113759/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2352/biponno-gonotontro--lancito-manobota |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''জনগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র'' (People and democracy)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:জণগণ এবং গণতন্ত্র |author=Sheikh Hasina |title=People and Democracy |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2191/people-and-democracy |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145541/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2191/people-and-democracy |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা'' (Can't Tolerate the Insults of Humanity)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2187/sohena-manobotar-obomanona |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145455/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2187/sohena-manobotar-obomanona |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''ওরা টোকাই কেন'' (Why They Are Dumpster Diving)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ওরা টোকাই কেন |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2186/ora-tokai-keno |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145452/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2186/ora-tokai-keno |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম'' (The Birth of Autocracy in Bangladesh)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2185/bangladeshe-soirotontrer-jonmo |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113831/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2185/bangladeshe-soirotontrer-jonmo |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান'' (Sheikh Mujib in Bangladesh Parliament)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2192/bangladesh-jatiyo-songsode-bongobandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113723/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2192/bangladesh-jatiyo-songsode-bongobandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা'' (Sheikh Mujib: My Father)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:শেখ মুজিব আমার পিতা |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/93738/sheikh-mujib-amar-pita |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113823/https://www.rokomari.com/book/93738/sheikh-mujib-amar-pita |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে'' (Beyond the Green Field)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:সবুজ মাঠ পেরিয়ে |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/4621/sobuj-math-periye |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113821/https://www.rokomari.com/book/4621/sobuj-math-periye |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা (Few Thoughts on Eradicating Poverty)''<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:দারিদ্র দূরীকরণে কিছু চিন্তাভাবনা |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/2353/dareddro-durekaron--kishu-cintavabna |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113804/https://www.rokomari.com/book/2353/dareddro-durekaron--kishu-cintavabna |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ''<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:বিশ্ব প্রামান্য ঐতিহ্যে বঙ্গবন্ধুর ভাষণ |author=Sheikh Hasina|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/168042/bishwa-pramano-oitijjey-bangabandhur-vashon |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113611/https://www.rokomari.com/book/168042/bishwa-pramano-oitijjey-bangabandhur-vashon |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ'' (Selected 100 speeches)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:নির্বাচিত ১০০ ভাষণ |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/158949/nirbachito-100-vason--2014-2017- |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145505/https://www.rokomari.com/book/158949/nirbachito-100-vason--2014-2017- |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ'' (Selected Essay)<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/127766/nirbachito-probondho |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145523/https://www.rokomari.com/book/127766/nirbachito-probondho |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''The Quest for Vision 2021 – 1st Part''<ref>{{cite book |title=The quest for vision 2021 1st-part |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/10775/the-quest-for-vision-2021--1st-part- |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113807/https://www.rokomari.com/book/10775/the-quest-for-vision-2021--1st-part- |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''The Quest for Vision 2021 – 2nd Part''<ref>{{cite book |title=The-quest-for-vision-2021—2nd-part |author=Sheikh Hasina |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/91108/the-quest-for-vision-2021-2nd-volume-- |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145433/https://www.rokomari.com/book/91108/the-quest-for-vision-2021-2nd-volume-- |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Muktidata Sheikh Mujib'' ({{langx|bn|মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব}}) (Preface)<ref>{{cite news |title='মুক্তিদাতা শেখ মুজিব' গ্রন্থের মোড়ক উন্মোচন করলেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী {{!}} কালের কণ্ঠ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/corporatecorner/2022/03/14/1129084 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Kalerkantho |date=14 March 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314163517/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/corporatecorner/2022/03/14/1129084 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Citations==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Skard |first1=Torild |year=2014 |orig-year=2012 |title=Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmw5BAAAQBAJ |translator=Torild Skard |publisher=Policy Press |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=978-1-44731-578-0 |oclc=891593770}}

==External links==
* {{Banglapedia}}
* {{IMDb name}}
{{Prime Ministers of Bangladesh}}
* {{cite web |url=https://pmo.gov.bd/site/biography/e58c7488-d4ce-4986-8cbd-6d0b5366d23c|script-title=bn:শেখ হাসিনা - গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর জীবনবৃত্তান্ত |publisher=[[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712161835/https://pmo.gov.bd/site/biography/e58c7488-d4ce-4986-8cbd-6d0b5366d23c |archive-date=12 July 2024 |language=bn }}
* {{cite news |last1=McVeigh |first1=Tracy |title=Sheikh Hasina: child of the revolution who eroded Bangladesh's democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806160751/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister |archive-date=6 August 2024 }}

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Maratha invasion of Srirangapatnam (1682)

2026-03-24T08:07:50Z

MinnieZox45714: started new article

{{Short description|1682 conflict part of Maratha–Mysore War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Maratha Invasion of Srirangapatnam
| partof = [[Madurai-Mysore Wars]] and [[Maratha-Mysore War (1682)]]
| image = View of Seringapatam Fort.jpg
| caption = 18th view of Seringapatam Fort
| image_size =
| date = April, 1682
| place = [[Srirangapatnam]], [[India]]
| result = Mysore victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Jaitaji Kakade{{Executed}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Dadaji{{Executed}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Nimbalji{{Executed}}
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Doddaiya
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''Maratha invasion of Srirangapatnam (1682)''' was a major invasion during [[Chikka Devaraja]] Wodeyar’s rule. When most of the Mysore army was away fighting at [[Tiruchirapalli]], the Marathas, under Haraji Mahadik, sent their generals Dadaji, Jaitaji, and Nimbaji to capture the Mysore capital. They marched quickly and camped near Mandya, creating fear and confusion. [[Chikka Devaraja]] immediately sent his general Doddaiya with fresh forces to protect the city. In a daring night attack, Doddaiya used a clever tactic tying flaming torches to [[oxen]] and driving them into the Maratha camp. The sudden sight terrified the [[Maratha]] soldiers, and [[Mysore]]’s army followed with a fierce assault. The [[Marathas]] were completely defeated, their generals were killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C.hayavadana Rao |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281494 |title=History Of Mysore 1399 1799 Ad Vol I|pages=291-298}}</ref><ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=M. Shama |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8833 |title=Modern Mysore from beginning to 1968 |date=1936 |page=8|publisher=Higginbothams, Bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=b lewis |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99062 |title=Mysore A Gazetteer Vol. 1 |date=1897|page=368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lieut Colonel Mark Wilks |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276526 |pages=114-117|title=Historical Of Sketches Of The South Of India}}</ref>

==Background==
The weak rule of [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of Madurai gave Mysore a chance to expand its power. From 1678, his authority had declined, and Rustum Khan, his commander, took control and ruled like an independent prince. The royal family was kept under strict watch, and Chokkanatha felt trapped. Seeking relief, he appealed to both [[Mysore]] and the [[Marathas]] for help. [[Chikka Devaraja]] of Mysore seized this opportunity and sent his general, Kumaraiya, officially to aid [[Chokkanatha Nayak]], but in reality to capture [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=86-91|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Vikram Sampath |url=http://archive.org/details/splendoursofroya0000vikr |title=Splendours of Royal Mysore |date=2008-02-01 |pages=105-106|publisher=Rupa & Co |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-291-1535-5}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddhachari |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mysore-maratha-relations-in-the-17th-century |title=The Mysore-Maratha Relations in the 17th Century |date=1965-05-04|pages=155-164}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=http://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources |pages=323-336|title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources)}}</ref>

Kumaraiya marched swiftly, defeated Rustum Khan, and freed [[Chokkanatha Nayak]], who expressed his gratitude and even wrote to the [[Governor of Madras]] about his new friendship with Mysore. But Chokkanatha failed to see the true aim of Mysore. [[Chikka Devaraja]]’s real intention was not to help him but to secure [[Tiruchirapalli]]. Soon, Kumaraiya embarrassed Chokkanatha by demanding the fort as a reward for his help. According to Wilks, Kumaraiya had even vowed not to face his king again until he had taken [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

This demand angered [[Chokkanatha Nayak]], who then turned to the Marathas for support. The [[Marathas]] eagerly joined him, pretending to help against Kumaraiya, but in truth, they wanted to block Mysore’s ambitions. If Mysore gained [[Tiruchirapalli]], it would create constant conflict with the Marathas, since the fort lay close to their settlements at [[Gingee]] and [[Tanjore]]. Thus, Tiruchirapalli became a bone of contention between [[Mysore]] and the [[Marathas]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

Kumaraiya could not face this strong alliance of the [[Marathas]], [[Chokkanatha Nayak]], and the Maravas. He tried secretly to break the confederacy. First, he offered peace to Chokkanatha, promising to protect his kingdom and restore the Nayaks of Tanjore and Gingee, but [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] refused. Then he tried to win over Haraji by offering him large sums of money, mainly to buy time until reinforcements arrived from [[Mysore]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

The letters sent by asking for help were intercepted by the enemy, who deliberately withheld them to weaken him further. The [[Marathas]] now understood his plans, and Harji Mahadik took advantage of the crisis. Seeing Mysore’s army tied down at Tiruchirapalli and [[Srirangapatna]] left vulnerable, he sent a strong force under his generals Dadaji Kakade, Jaitaji, and Nimbaji with orders to strike directly at the [[Mysore]] capital.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Invasion==
[[Chikka Devaraja]]’s position soon became dangerous because most of his army was stuck at [[Tiruchirapalli]], leaving [[Srirangapatna]] exposed to the Maratha threat. To save the capital, he quickly sent orders to Dalavoy Kumaraiya, asking him to dispatch troops for its defense. In response, Kumaraiya sent a strong force under his nephew, General Doddaiya. The [[Mysore]] army moved swiftly through the Kaveripuram passes and advanced towards the [[Maratha]] camp.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

The palace records describe the battle in vivid detail. Doddaiya launched a surprise night attack with clever tactics. He tied burning torches to the horns of [[oxen]] and let them loose from different directions into the Maratha camp. The sudden sight of rushing animals with fire startled the [[Marathas]] and threw their camp into complete confusion. Seizing the moment, the Mysore army charged in, turning the surprise into a bloody battle.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

The clash ended with heavy losses for the [[Marathas]]. Their leading generals Dadaji, Jaitaji, and Nimbaji were captured and killed on the battlefield. Their severed heads were displayed on the gates of [[Srirangapatnam]] as a mark of Mysore’s triumph. This victory not only saved the capital but also deeply impressed contemporaries.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

[[Aurangzeb]] himself was said to have praised [[Chikka Devaraja]] for this heroic feat, delighted at the death of the Maratha generals. Dalavoy Vira Rajaiya recorded that the victory made [[Chikka Devaraja]] evaraja the master of Karnataka. Kashipati Pandita, writing in the eighteenth century, observed that by defeating the Marathas [[Chikka Devaraja]] firmly established [[Mysore]]’s claim to supremacy in the region.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Aftermath==
The defeat of the Maratha army at Mandya created serious problems for Kumaraiya at [[Tiruchirapalli]]. The death of Dadaji and other leaders was a heavy blow to Haraji, who felt deeply humiliated and became determined to take revenge. Kumaraiya’s position in [[Tiruchirapalli]] grew more dangerous with each passing day. He received neither reinforcements nor replies to his desperate letters, which forced him to think of escaping quietly to [[Mysore]]. He waited for an opportunity to withdraw with his men unnoticed, but the [[Marathas]], who had grown more confident due to his inaction, kept a close watch on him.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

Finding him weak and without sufficient soldiers, the [[Marathas]] launched a sudden and fierce attack. The [[Mysore]] army was overwhelmed, and heavy losses were suffered. Many officers were taken prisoner, and Kumaraiya himself was captured. This defeat was a crushing blow, for until then Kumaraiya had been regarded as an almost invincible general.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

Haraji celebrated the victory with pride, and the capture of Kumaraiya greatly increased his reputation. Taking advantage of this success, he drove the Mysoreans out of the forts and strongholds they had earlier seized from the [[Nayaks of Madurai]], restoring Maratha influence in the region.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>
==See also==
* [[Maratha-Mysore War (1682)]]
* [[Chokkanatha Nayak]]
* [[Sambhaji]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]

K. Ajith

2026-03-21T11:30:48Z

MinnieZox45714: basic cleaned up lead after review

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''K. Ajith''' is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Vaikom Assembly constituency|Vaikom constituency]] from 2006 to 2016. On 3 March 2026, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party after having been a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] for 40 years.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-leader-and-former-vaikom-mla-k-ajith-joins-bjp/article70691527.ece</ref>

[[File:K Ajith MLA.jpg|thumb|K. Ajith]]

== Personal life ==
He was born in [[Vaikom]] on 25 May 1971 to [[Dalit]] leader as well as former CPI Leader M. K. Kesavan and Thankamma. He is married to Sindhu and they have Two children, one daughter and a son.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_ajith.htm
|title=Members Kerala Legislative Assembly
|publisher=Govt of Kerala
|accessdate=2014-01-04
|archive-date=14 October 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014050509/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_ajith.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajith, K.}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vaikom]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{Kerala-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manbazar subdivision

2026-03-10T05:59:07Z

MinnieZox45714: slightly corrected citations after review and improved wording

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manbazar subdivision
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Manbazar (subdivision) in Purulia (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0615|N|86.6641|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Manbazar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,766.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 640,588
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]],
[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 723131
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = WB 80
| website = http://purulia.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manbazar subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Purulia district was divided into four subdivisions, viz., Purulia Sadar, Manbazar, Jhalda and Raghunathpur, with effect from 6 April 2017, as per Order No. 100-AR/P/2R-2/1999 dated 30 March 2017 issued by the Government of West Bengal, in the Kolkata Gazette dated 30 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/Creation%20of%20new%20Subdivision%20in%20Purulia%20District_b.pdf |title = The Kolkata Gazette, 30 March 2017 |publisher= Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
Purulia district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/ | title = Purulia – the official website of Purlia district | work = Administration | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 16 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 16 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 16 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Purulia Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarter|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2011)||Urban Population % (2011)
|-
|[[Purulia Sadar subdivision|Purulia Sadar]]||[[Purulia]]||1,474.81||878,373||81.42||18.58
|-
|Manbazar||[[Manbazar]]||1,766.55||640,588||96.32||3.68
|-
|[[Jhalda subdivision|Jhalda]]||[[Jhalda]]||1,233.97||573,771||91.02||8.98
|-
|[[Raghunathpur subdivision|Raghunathpur]]||[[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]]||1,733.01||838,128||83.80||16.20
|-
|[[Purulia district]]||[[Purulia]]||6208.34||2,930,860||87.24||12.76
|-
|}
Note: The 2011 census data has been recast as per reorganisation of the subdivisions. There may be minor variations.

{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|3|0|N|86|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Manbazar subdivision in Purulia district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|1|55|N|86|21|57|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Barabazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Barabazar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|52|33|N|86|30|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bandwan| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bandwan]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|3|41|N|86|39|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Manbazar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Manbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|56|25|N|86|39|28|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bargorya| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bargorya]] (R) |shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|30|N|86|35|31|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Boro| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Boro, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|11|36|N|86|31|1|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Kenda| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Kenda, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|17|N|86|31|27|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kuruktopa| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kuruktopa]] (R) |shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|10|24|N|86|39|46|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Laulara| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Laulara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|9|46|N|86|39|7|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Puncha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Puncha, Purulia]] (R)]]|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|34|N|86|39|40|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Budhpur| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Budhpur, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|9|12|N|86|39|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Pakbirra| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Pakbirra]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|57|22|N|86|36|20|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Susunia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Susunia, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label13=Kangsabati Project|labela13= Reservoir| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=0| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|23.0543|86.5265}}| label14=Kumari River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=12| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23.1093|86.6365}}| label15=Kangsabati River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=55| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Manbazar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref name="admin"/><ref name="handbook"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://puruliapolice.org/ |title = Purulia District Police |publisher= PDC | accessdate = 16 January 2020 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police Station ||Area covered km2 ||Inter-state border km||Municipal Town || CD block
|-
| [[Bandwan#Police station|Bandwan]]||367.08||52.44|| - || [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]]
|-
| [[Manbazar#Police station|Manbazar]]||411.11|| - || - || [[Manbazar I]]
|-
| [[Kenda, Purulia#Police station|Kenda]]||352.81|| - || - || [[Manbazar I]], [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]], [[Purulia I]]
|-
| [[Puncha, Purulia#Police station|Puncha]]||330.11|| - || - || [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]], [[Manbazar I]]
|-
| [[Boro, Purulia#Police station|Boro]]||295.28|| - || - || [[Manbazar II]]
|-
| [[Barabazar#Police station|Barabazar]]||414||44.39|| - || [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]]
|-
|}

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Manbazar subdivision are:<ref name="admin"/><ref name="handbook"/><ref name="census2011"/>
[[File:Purulia Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD block ||Headquarters||Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
| [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]]||[[Barabazar]]||418.06||170,569||7.39||19.40||63.27||1
|-
| [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]]||[[Bandwan]]||351.25||94,929||5.93||51.86||61.38||1
|-
| [[Manbazar I]]||[[Manbazar]]||381.32||154,071||22.44||22.03||63.78||1
|-
| [[Manbazar II]]||[[Boro, Purulia|Boro]]||285.81||97,164||6.51||48.97||60.27||
|-
| [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]]||[[Puncha, Purulia|Puncha]]||330.11||123,855||14.54||24.74||68.14||
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
[[Gram panchayat]]s in Manbazar subdivision are :<ref name="admin"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 16 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]] block: Banjora, Berada, Latpada, Tumrasole, Bansbera, Bhagabandh, Sindri, Barabazar and Dhelatbamu Sukurhutu.
* [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]] block: Bandwan, Dhadka, Kuchia, Kumra, Chirudih, Gurur, Kuilapal and Supudih.
* [[Manbazar I|Manbazar–I]] block: Bamni Majhihira, Chandra–Pairachali, Gopalnagar, Manbazar, Bhalubasa, Jitujuri, Baramasya–Ramnagar, Bisri, Dhanarah and Kamta Jangidiri.
* [[Manbazar II|Manbazar–II]] block: Ankro Barakadam, Bari–Jagda, Buribandh, Kumari, Bargoria–Jamtoria, Boro Jaragara and Dighi.
* [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]] block: Bagda, Chirudih, Lakhra, Pirrah, Chandra, Jambad, Napara, Puncha, Kenda and Panipathar.

==Education==
The table below offers a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Purulia district, after reorganisation of the district in 2017, with data for the year 2013–14. (There may be minor variations because of data recasting).:<ref name="admin"/><ref name="handbook"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Purulia Sadar subdivision|Purulia Sadar]]
|align="center"|818
|align="center"|87,425
|align="center"|114
|align="center"|7,292
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|11,345
|align="center"|83
|align="center"|80,138
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|12,463
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|1,806
|align="center"|1,461
|align="center"|49,234
|-
|align=left|Manbazar
|align="center"|832
|align="center"|59,105
|align="center"|121
|align="center"|4,141
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|7,615
|align="center"|64
|align="center"|63,466
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|5,441
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|256
|align="center"|1,371
|align="center"|41,267
|-
|align=left|[[Jhalda subdivision|Jhalda]]
|align="center"|533
|align="center"|53,629
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|3,453
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1,415
|align="center"|47
|align="center"|55,492
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|2,332
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|836
|align="center"|34,779
|-
|align=left|[[Raghunathpur subdivision|Raghunathpur]]
|align="center"|818
|align="center"|72,073
|align="center"|126
|align="center"|8,925
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|16,055
|align="center"|67
|align="center"|68,188
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|7,007
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|649
|align="center"|1,761
|align="center"|45,472
|-
|align=left|[[Purulia district]]
|align="center"|3,001
|align="center"|272,232
|align="center"|428
|align="center"|23,811
|align="center"|80
|align="center"|36,430
|align="center"|261
|align="center"|267,284
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|27,243
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|3.009
|align="center"|5,429
|align="center"|170,752
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name="handbook"/>

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Manbazar subdivision:
*[[Manbhum Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1986 at [[Manbazar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://manbhummv.in/courses.php | title = Manbhum Mahavidyalaya | publisher = MM | accessdate = 17 January 2020 | archive-date = 5 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190305111702/http://manbhummv.in/courses.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Government General Degree College, Manbazar II]] at [[Susunia, Purulia|Susunia]], PO Kumari, was established in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://govtcollegemanbazar2purulia.ac.in/ | title =Government General Degree College, Manbazar II | publisher =GGDC | accessdate =17 January 2020 | archive-date =22 February 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200222093933/http://govtcollegemanbazar2purulia.ac.in/ | url-status =dead }}</ref>
*[[Sitaram Mahato Memorial College]] was established in 2015 at [[Kuruktopa]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://smmcollege.ac.in/ |title = Sitaram Mahato Memorial College |publisher= SMMC | accessdate = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Bandwan Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2010 at [[Bandwan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bandwanmahavidyalaya.com/ |title = Bandwan Mahavidyalaya |publisher= BM | accessdate = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Barabazar Bikram Tudu Memorial College]] was established in 2006 at [[Barabazar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbtmc.net/|title = Barabazar Bikram Tudu Memorial College |publisher= BBTMC | accessdate = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Ramananda Centenary College]] was established in 1971 at [[Laulara, Purulia|Laulara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ramanandacentenarycollege.in/#ad-image-1|title =Ramananda Centenary College |publisher= RCC | accessdate = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Purulia district, after reorganisation of the district in 2017, with data for the year 2013–14. (There may be minor variations because of data recasting).:<ref name="admin"/><ref name="handbook"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Purulia Sadar subdivision|Purulia Sadar]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|1,203
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|209,390
|align="center"|1,626,712
|-
|align=left|Manbazar
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|14
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|254
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|35,184
|align="center"|990,561
|-
|align=left|[[Jhalda subdivision|Jhalda]]
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|10
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|196
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|28,522
|align="center"|820,961
|-
|align=left|[[Raghunathpur subdivision|Raghunathpur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|13
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|835
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|55,866
|align="center"|1,071,786
|-
|align=left|[[Purulia district]]
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|2
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|87
|align="center"|2,488
|align="center"|236
|align="center"|328,962
|align="center"|4,510,020
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes.

===Medical facilities===
Medical facilities in Manbazar subdivision are as follows:

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>
*Manbazar Rural Hospital, Manbazar I CD block, [[Manbazar]], 40 beds
*Puncha Rural Hospital, Puncha CD block, [[Puncha, Purulia|Puncha]], 30 beds
*Bandwan Rural Hospital, Bandwan CD block, [[Bandwan]], 30 beds
*Barabazar Rural Hospital, Barabazar CD block, [[Barabazar]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =18 January 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>
*Bari Block Primary Health Centre, Manbazar II CD block, Bari, 15 beds

'''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*Puncha CD block: Bagda (10), Nowagarh (PO Raj Nowagarh) (6), Anandadwip ([[Kuruktopa]] )(2)
*Manbazar I CD block: Kuda (PO Mohara) (4), Pairachali (10)
*Manbazar II CD block: Ankro (4), Dighi (4), Jamtoria (2), Basantapur (10)
*Bandwan CD block: Chirudih (10), Latapara (2), Gurpur (6)
*Barabazar CD block: Sindhri (10), Bamundiha (4)

==Electoral constituencies==

Lok Sabha (parliamentary) and Vidhan Sabha (state assembly) constituencies in Purulia district were as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayat
|-
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]|| [[Balarampur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Balarampur]]||None|| [[Balarampur, Purulia (community development block)|Balarampur]] CD Block; Chakaltore, Dimdiha, Durku, Garafusra, Lagda and Sonaijuri [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Purulia I]] CD Block; and Chatu Hansa, Hensla and Puara gram panchayats of [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | accessdate= 10 October 2016|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
| || [[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]||None|| [[Jhalda]] municipality; [[Jhalda I]] and [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Baghmundi]] CD Blocks; Hetgugui and Sirkabad [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| || [[Joypur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Joypur]] ||None|| [[Joypur, Purulia (community development block)|Joypur]] and [[Jhalda II]] CD Blocks; Arsha, Beldih and Manikary [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| || [[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]] || None|| [[Purulia]] municipality; [[Purulia II]] CD Block; Bhandar Purachipida and Manara [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Purulia I]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| || [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar]] || [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|ST]]|| [[Manbazar I]] and [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]] CD Blocks; Chatumadar, Daldali and Manguria Lalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| || [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]|| None||[[Kashipur (community development block)|Kashipur]] CD Block; [[Hura, Purulia|Hura]], Jabarrah, Kalabani, Keshargarh, Ladhurka, Lakhanpur and Rakhera Bishpuri [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| || [[Para Assembly constituency|Para]]|| [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]|| [[Para (community development block)|Para]] and [[Raghunathpur II]] CD Blocks.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]|| [[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]]|| [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]|| [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] municipality; [[Raghunathpur I]], [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] and [[Santuri (community development block)|Santuri]] CD Blocks.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| ||Other assembly segments in Bankura district|| ||
|-
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] (ST)||[[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan]]|| [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|ST]]|| [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]], [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]] and [[Manbazar II]] CD Blocks.<ref name=delimitation/>
|-
| ||Other assembly segments in Paschim Medinipur district|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Purulia district]]
[[Category:Purulia district]]

Acid attack

2026-03-06T16:11:52Z

MinnieZox45714: added references

{{Short description|Form of violent assault}}
{{about|the form of violent assault|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Maryam, an acid-attacked victim under treatment, Tehran - 28 April 2018 20.jpg|thumb|353x353px|A 37-year-old acid attack victim from [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]]]]
An '''acid attack''',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8576279.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Cambodian victim on her acid attack |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325022243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8576279.stm |archive-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> also called '''acid throwing''', '''vitriol attack''', or '''vitriolage''', is a form of [[Violent crime|violent]] [[assault]]<ref name=Karmakar>{{Cite book | last=Karmakar | first =R.N. | title=Forensic medicine and toxicology | publisher=Academic Publishers | location = Kolkata, India | edition = 3rd | year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG84ff-WD2YC | isbn=9788190908146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/11/afghan-sisters-hurt-acid-attack-rejected-proposal.html|title=World Now (blog) |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date = November 2011 |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-19-gl-5793-story.html|title=Man who threw acid at woman blames 2 others|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 19 March 1992|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> involving the act of throwing [[acid]] or a similarly [[corrosive substance]] onto the body of another "with the intention to [[disfigurement|disfigure]], [[Mutilation|maim]], [[torture]], or [[Homicide|kill]]".<ref name=11a>{{cite book | last = CASC | title = Breaking the silence: addressing acid attacks in Cambodia |url=http://www.cambodianacidsurvivorscharity.org/docs/breaking_the_silence.pdf |publisher=Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity (CASC) |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010314/http://www.cambodianacidsurvivorscharity.org/docs/breaking_the_silence.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2013 | date = May 2010}}</ref> Perpetrators of these attacks throw corrosive liquids at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them and damaging skin [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. Acid attacks can lead to partial or complete blindness.<ref name=Swanson>{{cite journal | last = Swanson | first = Jordan | title = Acid attacks: Bangladesh's efforts to stop the violence | journal = Harvard Health Policy Review | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | page = 3 | publisher = Harvard Internfaculty Initiative in Health Policy | date =Spring 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060117184047/http://hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/spring2002/swanson-3.php | archive-date = 17 January 2006 | url = http://hcs.harvard.edu:80/~epihc/currentissue/spring2002/swanson-3.php | access-date = 1 October 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The most common types of acid used in these attacks are [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] and [[nitric acid]]. [[Hydrochloric acid]] is sometimes used but is much less damaging.<ref name="13a">{{cite journal | last = Welsh | first = Jane | title = "It was like burning in hell": A comprehensive exploration of acid attack violence | journal = Carolina Papers on International Health | volume = 32 |publisher=Center for Global Initiatives, [[University of North Carolina]] |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123191359/http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf|url=http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 | date =Fall 2006}}</ref> [[Aqueous solution]]s of strongly [[alkali]]ne materials, such as [[Sodium hydroxide|caustic soda]] (sodium hydroxide) or [[ammonia]], are used as well, particularly in areas where strong acids are controlled substances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/acid-attack-set-fire-to-home-limerick-jailed-6008701-Mar2023/|title=Man who threw acid in woman's face and set fire to her home jailed for 11 and a half years|first=Olivia|last=Kelleher|date=2 March 2023|website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-29352141 |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Woman jailed for caustic soda attack |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/acid-attack-accused-is-refused-bail-20090716-dn0f.html |title=Acid attack accused is refused bail |last=Brown |first=Malcolm |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

The long-term consequences of these attacks may include [[Visual impairment|blindness]], as well as eye burns, with severe permanent [[scar]]ring of the face and body,<ref name=Bandyopadhyay_Khan>{{cite book | last1 = Bandyopadhyay | first1 = Mridula | last2 = Rahman Khan | first2 = Mahmuda | chapter = Loss of face: violence against women in South Asia | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfLbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 | editor1-last = Manderson | editor1-first = Lenore | editor2-last = Bennett | editor2-first = Linda Rae | title = Violence against women in Asian societies | pages = 61–75 | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 9781136875625 }}</ref><ref name=CNN>{{cite news | last = AP | author-link = Associated Press |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/south/11/11/bangladesh.acid.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922210725/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/south/11/11/bangladesh.acid.ap/index.html |archive-date=22 September 2007 |title= Bangladesh combats an acid onslaught against women |work=[[CNN]]|date= 12 November 2000 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Bahl_Syed>{{Cite book | last1 = Bahl | first1 = Taur | last2 = Syed | first2 = M. H. | title = Encyclopaedia of Muslim world | publisher = Anmol Publications | location = New Delhi | year = 2003 | isbn = 9788126114191}}</ref> along with far-reaching social, psychological, and economic difficulties.<ref name=11a />

Although acid attacks occur all over the world, this type of violence is most common in developing regions,<ref name="A worldwide problem">{{cite web |title=A worldwide problem |url=https://www.asti.org.uk/learn/a-worldwide-problem |website=Acid Survivors Trust International |access-date=3 Nov 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/11/acid.attack.fact/|title=Q&A: Acid attacks around the world|website=CNN|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> It is often a form of [[gender-based violence]], with "a disproportionate impact on women" according to [[Acid Survivors Trust International]] (ASTI).<ref name="A worldwide problem"/> However, in countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] where acid attacks are associated primarily with [[gang violence]], the majority of both perpetrators and victims are male.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/5d38c003-c54a-4513-a369-f9eae0d52f91|title=Everything you know about acid attacks is wrong|date=17 November 2017|website=BBC Three|language=en-GB|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Health effects==
The most notable effect of an acid attack is the lifelong bodily disfigurement. According to the [[Acid Survivors Foundation]] in [[Bangladesh]], there is a high survival rate amongst victims of acid attacks. Consequently, the victim is faced with physical challenges, which require long-term surgical treatment, as well as psychological challenges, which require in-depth intervention from [[psychologist]]s and counselors at each stage of physical recovery.<ref name=ASF>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Adnan|title=The real miracle workers fighting, and healing, Pakistan's acid attacks|url=http://acidsurvivorspakistan.org/|publisher=Acid Survivors Foundation, Pakistan|date=21 April 2012|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913050237/http://acidsurvivorspakistan.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These far-reaching effects on their lives impact their psychological, social, and economic viability in communities.<ref name=11a />

===Medical===
The medical effects of acid attacks are extensive. As a majority of acid attacks are aimed at the face,<ref name="3a">{{cite journal |last=Mannan |first=Ashim |author2=Samuel Ghani |author3=Alex Clarke |author4=Peter E.M. Butler |date=19 May 2006 |title=Cases of chemical assault worldwide: A literature review |journal=Burns |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=149–154 |doi=10.1016/j.burns.2006.05.002 |pmid=17095164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> several articles thoroughly reviewed the medical implications for these victims. The severity of the damage depends on the [[concentration]] of the acid and the time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or [[Neutralization (chemistry)|neutralized]] with a neutralizing agent. The acid can rapidly eat away skin, the layer of fat beneath the skin, and in some cases even the underlying bone. Eyelids and lips may be completely destroyed and the nose and ears severely damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cequinindia.org/pdf/Special_Reports/Acid%20Throwing.pdf|title=Gender-Based Violence In Public Places: Acid Throwing|author=Keerthi Bollineni|publisher=[[Centre for Equality and Inclusion]]|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526012923/http://cequinindia.org/pdf/Special_Reports/Acid%20Throwing.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though not exhaustive, Acid Survivors Foundation Uganda findings included:<ref name="10a" />
* The [[skull]] is partly destroyed/deformed and hair lost.
* [[Ear]] cartilage is usually partly or totally destroyed; [[deafness]] may occur.
* [[Eyelids]] may be burned off or deformed, leaving the [[eye]]s extremely dry and prone to [[blindness]]. Acid directly in the eye also damages [[eyesight|sight]], sometimes causing blindness in both eyes.
* The [[nose]] can become shrunken and deformed; the [[nostril]]s may close off completely due to destroyed [[cartilage]].
* The [[mouth]] becomes shrunken and narrow, and it may lose its full range of motion. Sometimes, the [[lip]]s may be partly or totally destroyed, exposing the [[teeth]]. Eating and speaking can become difficult.
* [[Scar]]s can run down from the [[chin]] to [[neck]] area, shrinking the chin and extremely limiting [[range of motion]] in the neck.
* [[Inhalation]] of acid vapors usually creates [[respiratory]] problems, exacerbated restricted [[airway]] pathways (the [[esophagus]] and [[nostril]]s) in acid patients.

In addition to these above-mentioned medical effects, acid attack victims face the possibility of [[sepsis]], [[kidney failure]], skin [[depigmentation]], and even death.<ref name="159a"/>

A 2015 attack that involved throwing sulfuric acid on a man's face and body while he lay in bed caused him, among other serious injuries, to become paralyzed from the neck down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/23/berlinah-wallace-jailed-years-sadistic-acid-attack-mark-van-dongen|title=Berlinah Wallace jailed for life for 'sadistic' acid attack on Mark van Dongen|first=Steven|last=Morris|date=23 May 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Psychological===
Acid assault survivors face many [[mental health]] issues upon recovery. These mental health issues being primarily depression and anxiety. Additionally, victims reported lowered [[self-esteem]] according to the [[Rosenberg self-esteem scale|Rosenberg scale]] and increased [[self-consciousness]], both in general and in the social sphere.<ref name=6a />

===Social===
In addition to medical and psychological effects, many social implications exist for acid survivors, especially women.<ref name=10a /> For example, such attacks usually leave victims [[Disability|disabled]] in some way, rendering them dependent on either their spouse or family for everyday activities, such as eating and running errands. These dependencies are increased by the fact that many acid survivors are not able to find suitable work, due to impaired vision and [[physical disability]]. This negatively impacts their economic viability, causing hardships on the families/spouses that care for them. As a result, divorce rates are high, with abandonment by husbands found in 25% of acid assault cases in [[Uganda]] (compared to only 3% of wives abandoning their disfigured husbands).<ref name=10a /> Moreover, acid survivors who are single when attacked almost certainly become [[social rejection|ostracized]] from society, effectively ruining marriage prospects.<ref name=2a /> Some media outlets overwhelmingly avoid reporting acid attack violence, or the description of the attack is laconic or often implies that the act was inevitable or even justified.<ref>Sarah Halim and Marian Meyers (2010), ''News Coverage of Violence Against Muslim Women: A View From the Arabian Gulf'', Communication, Culture & Critique. Volume 3, Issue 1, pages 85–104, March 2010</ref>

==Treatment and consequences==
When acids contact the skin, response time can affect the severity of burns. If washed away with water or neutralized promptly, burns can be minimized or avoided entirely. However, areas unprotected by skin, such as the [[cornea]] of the eye or the lips, may be burned immediately on contact.

Many victims are attacked in an area without immediate access to water, or unable to see due to being blinded or forced to keep their eyes closed to prevent additional burns to the eye. Treatment for burn victims remains inadequate in many [[developing nation]]s where incidence is high. Medical underfunding has resulted in very few [[burn center]]s available for victims in countries such as Uganda,<ref name="10a" /> [[Bangladesh]],<ref name="7a">{{cite journal|last=Faga|first=A.|author2=D. Scevolab|author3=M.G. Mezzettic|author4=S. Scevolaa|title=Sulphuric acid burned women in Bangladesh: A social and medical problem|journal=Burns|volume=26|issue=8|pages=701–709|doi=10.1016/S0305-4179(00)00049-8|date=20 January 2000|pmid=11024602}}</ref> and [[Cambodia]].<ref name="11a" /> Uganda has one specialized burn center in the entire nation, opening in 2003;<ref name="10a" /> Cambodia has only one burn facility for victims,<ref name="11a" /> and scholars estimate that only 30% of the Bangladeshi community has access to [[health care]].<ref name="7a" />

In addition to inadequate medical capabilities, many acid assault victims fail to report to the [[police]] due to a lack of trust in the force, a sense of hopelessness due to the attackers' [[impunity]], and fear of retribution by the assailant.<ref name=2a />

These problems are exacerbated by a lack of knowledge of how to treat burns: some victims have applied oil to the acid, rather than rinsing thoroughly and completely with water for 30 minutes or longer to neutralize the acid. Such [[home remedy|home remedies]] only serve to increase the severity of damage, as they do not counteract the acidity.<ref name="159a"/>

==Motivation of perpetrators==
The intention of the attacker is often to cause shame and pain rather than to kill the victim. In Britain, such attacks, particularly those against men, are believed to be underreported, and as a result many of them do not show up in official statistics.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Some of the most common motivations of perpetrators include:
* Personal conflict regarding intimate relationships and sexual rejection<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|title=DEFINE_ME_WA|journal=The Lancet|volume=376|issue=9748|pages=1209–10| doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61863-6|pmid=20941859|year=2010|last1=Solberg|first1=Kristin|s2cid=34192666|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=10a />
* Sexual-related [[jealousy]] and lust<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|date=6 February 2017|title=Chemical Assaults Worldwide|url=http://www.kln.ac.lk/medicine/depts/forensic/images/stories/ques_1/chemical_assaults_worldwide.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206231722/http://www.kln.ac.lk/medicine/depts/forensic/images/stories/ques_1/chemical_assaults_worldwide.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
* Revenge for refusal of sexual advances, proposals of [[marriage]], and demands for [[dowry]]<ref name="Bandyopadhyay_Khan" />
* Gang violence and rivalry<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Conflicts over land ownership, farm animals, housing, and property<ref name=Bahl_Syed/>

Acid attacks often occur as revenge against a woman who rejects a proposal of marriage or a sexual advance.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news | last = de Castella | first = Tom | title=How many acid attacks are there? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23631395 | work=[[BBC News]] | date=9 August 2013 |access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809162958/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23631395|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=6a>{{cite journal|last=Mannan|first=A.|author2=S. Ghani|author3=A. Clarke|author4=P. White|author5=S. Salmanta|author6= P.E.M. Butler|title=Psychosocial outcomes derived from an acid burned population in Bangladesh, and comparison with Western norms|journal=Burns|date=August 2005|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–241|doi=10.1016/j.burns.2005.08.027|pmid=16448773}}</ref> [[Gender inequality]] and women's position in the society, in relation to men, plays a significant role in these types of attacks.<ref>{{cite book | last = Various |title=Combating acid violence in Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia |url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/womenandjustice/upload/Combating-Acid-Violence-Report.pdf |publisher= [[Cornell Law School#Institutes and Programs|Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School]], [[New York City Bar Association|Committee on International Human Rights of the, New York City Bar Association]], [[Cornell Law School#Campus|Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic]] and the Virtue Foundation | location = New York |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>

Attacks against individuals based on their religious beliefs or social or political activities also occur. These attacks may be targeted against a specific individual, due to their activities, or may be perpetrated against random persons merely because they are part of a social group or community. In Europe, [[Konstantina Kouneva]], a former member of the [[European Parliament]], had acid thrown on her in 2008, in what was described as "the most severe assault on a trade unionist in Greece for 50 years."<ref name=kk>{{cite web|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/opinion/0000/00/00/1819/|title=Kuneva case – the most severe assault on trade unionist in Greece for 50 years|work=FOCUS Information Agency|access-date=20 April 2016|date=4 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040830/http://www.focus-fen.net/opinion/0000/00/00/1819/|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Female students have had acid thrown in their faces as a punishment for attending school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/asia/pakistan-acid-attack/|title=Pakistani Taliban target female students with acid attack|first=Shaan|last=Khan|date=3 November 2012|work=CNN|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130061419/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/asia/pakistan-acid-attack/|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Acid attacks due to [[Religious intolerance|religious conflicts]] have been also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themediaproject.org/article/acid-attack-injures-roman-catholic-priest-tanzania?page=full|title=Acid attack injures Catholic priest|work=The Media Project|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515014014/http://themediaproject.org/article/acid-attack-injures-roman-catholic-priest-tanzania?page=full|archive-date=15 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24088096|title=Catholic priest targeted in acid attack in Zanzibar|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=20 April 2016|date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424111035/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24088096|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Both males and females have been victims of acid attacks for refusing to convert to another religion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/christian-woman-throws-acid-on-hindu-ex-boyfriend-after-he-refuses-to-convert-269758.html|title=26YO Woman Throws Acid On Ex-Boyfriend After He Refused To Convert To Her Religion For Marriage|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 January 2017|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118223928/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/christian-woman-throws-acid-on-hindu-ex-boyfriend-after-he-refuses-to-convert-269758.html|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conflicts regarding property issues, land disputes, and inheritance have also been reported as motivations of acid attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4329733.stm|title=Dhaka men in acid attacks protest|work=BBC|date=8 March 2005|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112140907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4329733.stm|archive-date=12 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6758023|title=Acid violence: A burning impact on women of Bangladesh{{snd}}case study|author=GARPH Publication|website=Academia.edu|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Acid attacks related to conflicts between criminal [[gangs]] occur in many places, including the UK, Greece, and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/10/28/acid-attacks-intensify-indonesia-gang-fights|title=Acid attacks intensify Indonesia gang fights|date=28 October 2013|first=Jack|last=Hewson|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027221714/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/10/28/acid-attacks-intensify-indonesia-gang-fights|archive-date=27 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24835910|title=Acid attacks on men related to gang violence, say experts|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=20 April 2016|date=10 November 2013|last1=Evans|first1=Ruth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416010547/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24835910|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
According to researchers and activists, countries typically associated with acid assault include [[Bangladesh]],<ref name="Scholte_Spiegel">{{cite news | last =Scholte| first =Marianne| title =Acid attacks in Bangladesh: a voice for the victims| work = [[Spiegel Online]]|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,406485,00.html | date = 17 March 2006 | access-date = 8 November 2017}}</ref> [[India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4665251&page=1|title=Harassment's New Face: Acid Attacks|date=16 April 2008|website=ABC News|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-4799f705-bc19-4b9f-8391-1f955f800d2a "Still smiling The women fighting back after acid attacks"] ''[[BBC]]''. Naomi Grimley.</ref> [[Nepal]], [[Cambodia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.licadho.org/reports.php?perm=41|title=風俗行くのやめてみる|website=Licadho.org|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827125921/http://www.licadho.org/reports.php?perm=41|archive-date=27 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Kenya]], [[South Africa]], [[Uganda]], [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fwhurley106.xml|title=Inside Liz Hurley's Indian wedding palace|first=Amit|last=Roy|date=6 March 2007|access-date=8 November 2017|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|archive-date=8 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308092408/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fwhurley106.xml|url-status=unfit}}</ref> and [[Afghanistan]]. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:<ref name=13a /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.se/sthlm/syraattack-mot-pojke-i-norsborg/|title=Syraattack mot pojke i Norsborg – DN.SE|date=18 May 2016|website=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|language=sv-se|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

* [[Afghanistan]]<ref name=Filkins/>
* [[Australia]]
* [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Scholte_Spiegel"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,406485,00.html|title=Acid Attacks in Bangladesh: A Voice for the Victims|first=Marianne|last=Scholte|date=17 March 2006|newspaper=Spiegel Online}}</ref><ref name="archive.org" />
* [[Belgium]]
* [[Bulgaria]]
* [[Cambodia]]<ref name="12a2">{{cite web |author1=Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School |author2=Committee on International Human Rights of the New York City Bar Association |author3=Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic |author4=Virtue Foundation |year=2011 |title=Combating Acid Violence In Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf |access-date=6 March 2013 |publisher=Avon Foundation for Women |pages=1–64}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8576279.stm|title=Cambodian victim on her acid attack|date=21 March 2010|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/05/content_415316.htm|title=Hospital offers surgery to victim of acid attack|website=Chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
** [[Hong Kong]] S.A.R.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=75751&sid=21895730&con_type=3|title=Hunt intensifies for acid attacker|first1=Adele|last1=Wong|first2=Paul|last2=Mozur|work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]|date=15 December 2008|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122816/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=75751&sid=21895730&con_type=3|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?sid=21923100&art_id=75915&con_type=3&pp_cat=11|title=Cops offer acid attack reward as clues elude them|work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]|date=17 December 2008|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528073231/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?sid=21923100&art_id=75915&con_type=3&pp_cat=11|archive-date=28 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Colombia]]<ref name="america.aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/11/survivors-of-acid-attacks-in-Colombia-fight-for-justice.html|title=Survivors of acid attacks in Colombia fight for justice|website=america.aljazeera.com|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=15a/><ref name="dailyrecord3"/>
* [[France]]
* [[Gabon]]
* [[Germany]]
* [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4665251&page=1|title=Harassment's New Face: Acid Attacks|date=16 April 2008|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf |title=Combating Acid Violence |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1303799/police-to-complete-case-files-on-novel-baswedan-acid-attack|title=Police to Complete Case Files on Novel Baswedan Acid Attack|website=Tempo.co|date=5 February 2020 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011731135521849999.html|title=Iranian acid attack victim pardons culprit|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/28/acid_attacks_against_iranian_women_protests_in_isfahan_arrest_of_journalists.html|title=Acid attacks against Iranian women: Protests in Isfahan, arrest of journalists.|work=Slate Magazine|date=28 October 2014|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Italy]]
* [[Jamaica]]<ref name="archive.org"/>
* [[Kenya]]
* [[Laos]]
* [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Mexico/De-frente-y-de-perfil-20110430-0172.html|title=De frente y de perfil|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|date=30 April 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Myanmar]]
* [[Nepal]]
* [[Nigeria]]<ref name="159a"/><ref name=10a />
* [[Philippines]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/830195/cops-hunt-down-suspects-behind-malolos-acid-attack/story/|title=Cops hunt down suspects behind Malolos acid attack|website=GMA News Online|date=29 April 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Pakistan]]<ref name="womensenews.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1908/context/archive |title=Pakistan's Acid-Attack Victims Press for Justice |access-date=28 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612174357/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1908/context/archive |archive-date=12 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attack.html|title=Acid Attacks|author=Rob Harris|website=Video.nytimes.com|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331081215/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attack.html|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Russia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/celebrity/2013/01/21/bolshoi-ballet-chief-regaining-sight-after-acid-attack|title=TimesLIVE|website=www.timeslive.co.za}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[South Africa]]<ref name=3a />
* [[Taiwan]]
* [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/zanzibar-acid-attack-recap-updates-2143076|title=Zanzibar acid attack: Recap updates as British teenagers Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup land back in Britain|first=Rob|last=Bleaney|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=9 August 2013}}</ref>
* [[Thailand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capeargus.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=55&fArticleId=2482298|title=Cape Argus|website=Capeargus.co.za|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Uganda]]<ref name=10a />
* [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/30/acid-attack-hospital-admissions-have-almost-doubled-in-last-10-years|title=Acid attack hospital admissions have almost doubled in last 10 years|first=Faye|last=Kirkland|date=30 September 2015|access-date=15 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-38570439|title=Father 'broken' after acid attack on son|date=17 May 2018|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/europe/pizza-delivery-driver-blinded-for-life-after-acid-attack|title=Pizza delivery driver 'blinded for life' after acid attack|website=Khaleejtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/22/partner-towie-star-wanted-nightclub-acid-attack-thought-have/|title=True scale of acid attacks hidden as victims too scared to come forward, police say|last=n.a.|date=22 April 2017|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[United States]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808354,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209044750/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808354,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2008|title=The Press: Answer by Acid|date=16 April 1956|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/copycat-acid-attack/ | title=Copycat Acid Attack? | work=[[CBS News]] | date=6 September 2010 | access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/society/20171023/intl-school-accountant-victim-of-acid-attack-in-ho-chi-minh-city/42214.html|title=Int'l school accountant victim of acid attack in Ho Chi Minh City|website=Tuoitrenews.vn|date=23 October 2017|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Additionally, anecdotal evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as [[South America]], [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Central Asia]].<ref name=13a /> However, [[South Asia]]n countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.<ref name=12a2 />

Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are afraid to come forward to report attacks, meaning the true scale of the problem may be unknown.<ref name=telegraph_policestats>{{cite news|title=True scale of acid attacks hidden as victims too scared to come forward, police say|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/22/partner-towie-star-wanted-nightclub-acid-attack-thought-have/|date=22 April 2017}}</ref>

==Gender==
An accurate estimate of the gender ratio of victims and perpetrators is difficult to establish because many acid attacks are not reported or recorded by authorities. For example, a 2010 study in ''[[The Lancet]]'' noted that there are "no reliable statistics" on the prevalence of acid attacks in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="auto"/>

A 2007 literature review analyzed 24 studies in 13 countries over the past 40 years, covering 771 cases.<ref name=3a/> According to the London-based charity [[Acid Survivors Trust International]], 80% of acid attacks are on women, and acid assaults are grossly under-estimated. In some regions, assaults perpetrated on female victims by males are often driven by the mentality "If I can't have you, no one shall."<ref>Bhalla, Nita (9 July 2013) [http://www.trust.org/item/20130709160626-j5dfo/?source=dpagehead India's top court says gov't not trying to stop acid attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226093342/http://www.trust.org/item/20130709160626-j5dfo/?source=dpagehead |date=26 December 2014 }}. ''Thomson Reuters Foundation''</ref>

In [[Bangladesh]], throwing acid has been labeled as a "gender crime", as there is a dominance of female victims who are assaulted by males in the country, for the reason of refusing to marry, or refusing sexual advances.<ref name="kln.ac.lk">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.burns.2006.05.002|pmid=17095164|url=http://www.kln.ac.lk/medicine/depts/forensic/images/stories/ques_1/chemical_assaults_worldwide.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206231722/http://www.kln.ac.lk/medicine/depts/forensic/images/stories/ques_1/chemical_assaults_worldwide.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2017|title=Cases of chemical assault worldwide: A literature review|journal=Burns|volume=33|issue=2|pages=149–54|year=2007|last1=Mannan|first1=Ashim|last2=Ghani|first2=Samuel|last3=Clarke|first3=Alex|last4=Butler|first4=Peter E.M.}}
</ref> In Jamaica, women throwing acid on other women in relation to fights over male partners is a common cause.<ref name="kln.ac.lk"/> In the UK, the majority of victims are men, and many of these attacks are related to [[gang violence]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In India, a female victim was attacked with a knife twice, but no criminal charges were filed against the suspect. The victim was only given police aid after being hospitalized following an acid attack, raising questions of police apathy in dealing with cases of harassment.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-case-of-police-apathy/article2854918.ece A case of police apathy?], ''The Hindu'', 3 February 2012</ref>

Another factor that puts victims at increased risk for an acid assault is their [[socioeconomic status]], as those living in [[poverty]] are more likely to be attacked.<ref name=2a /><ref name=12a2 /> {{as of|2013}}, the three nations with the most noted incidence of acid attacks – Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia – were ranked 75th, 101st, and 104th, respectively, out of 136 countries on the [[Global Gender Gap]] Index, a scale that measures equality in opportunities between men and women in nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf|title=The Global Gender Gap report|website=3.weforum.org|year=2013}}</ref>

==Prevention==
Research has prompted many solutions to the increasing incidence of acid attacks in the world. Bangladesh, whose rates of attack have been decreasing, is a model for many countries, and they follow Bangladesh's lead in many legislative reforms.<ref name=12a2 /> However, several reports highlighted the need for an increased, legal role of NGOs to offer rehabilitation support to acid survivors.<ref name=11a /> Additionally, nearly all research stressed the need for stricter [[regulation]] of acid sales to combat this social issue.<ref name=11a /><ref name=10a /><ref name=12a2 />

===Role of NGOs===
Many [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs) have been formed in the areas with the highest occurrence of acid attacks to combat such attacks. Bangladesh has its [[Acid Survivors Foundation]], which offers acid victims [[legal]], [[medical]], [[rehabilitation counseling|counseling]], and monetary assistance in rebuilding their lives.<ref name=12a2 /> Similar institutions exist in Uganda, which has its own Acid Survivors Foundation,<ref name=10a /> and in Cambodia which uses the help of [[Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity]].<ref name=11a /> NGOs provide rehabilitation services for survivors while acting as advocates for [[social reform]], hoping to increase support and awareness for acid assault.

In Bangladesh, the [[Acid Survivors Foundation]], Nairpokkho, [[Action Aid]], and the [[Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee]]'s Community Empowerment & Strengthening Local Institutions Programme assist survivors.<ref name=Anwary>Anwar, Afroza, 'Acid Violence and Medical Care in Bangladesh: Women's Activism as Carework' in Mary K. Zimmerman, Jacquelyn S. Litt and Christine E. Bose (eds) ''Global Dimensions of Gender and Carework'' (Stanford University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5324-1}}</ref> The Depilex Smileagain Foundation and The Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan operates in [[Islamabad]], offering medical, psychological and rehabilitation support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asti.org.uk/index.php/news/brutal-disfigurement-of-survivors-attacked-by-acid-the-acid-survivors-found/Brutal|title=Brutal Disfigurement of Survivors, the Acid Survivors Foundation Pakistan – News – Acid Survivors Trust International|author=Whitespace Design|website=Asti.org.uk|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615231136/http://www.asti.org.uk/index.php/news/brutal-disfigurement-of-survivors-attacked-by-acid-the-acid-survivors-found/Brutal|archive-date=15 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Acid Survivors Foundation in Uganda operates in [[Kampala]] and provides counseling and rehabilitation treatment to victims, as well as their families.<ref name=":25">{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080730-uganda-kampala-society-acid-attack|title=Victims of acid attacks – FRANCE 24|website=France24.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107173853/http://www.france24.com/en/20080730-uganda-kampala-society-acid-attack|archive-date=7 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO)|LICADHO]], the Association of the Blind in Cambodia, and the [[Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity]] assist survivors of acid attacks. The Acid Survivors Foundation India operates from different centres with national headquarters at Kolkata and chapters at Delhi and Mumbai.

Acid Survivors Trust International (UK registered charity no. 1079290) provides specialist support to its sister organizations in Africa and Asia.<ref name=":26">{{cite web|url=http://www.depilexsmileagain.com/zakat.htm|title=Depilex Smileagain Foundation|website=Depilexsmileagain.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105184536/http://www.depilexsmileagain.com/zakat.htm|archive-date=5 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{cite web|url=http://www.asti.org.uk|title=Home – Acid Survivors Trust International|author=Whitespace Design|website=Asti.org.uk|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Acid Survivors Trust International is the only international organisation whose sole purpose is to end acid violence. The organisation was founded in 2002 and now works with a network of six Acid Survivors Foundations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Uganda that it has helped to form. Acid Survivors Trust International has helped to provide medical expertise and training to partners, raised valuable funds to support survivors of acid attacks and helped change laws. A key role for ASTI is to raise awareness of acid violence to an international audience so that increased pressure can be applied to governments to introduce stricter controls on the sale and purchase of acid.<ref name=":28">{{cite web|url=http://www.acidviolence.org/index.php/acid-violence/|title=Acid Violence|author=Whitespace Design|website=Acidviolence.org|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415063804/http://www.acidviolence.org/index.php/acid-violence/|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indian acid attack survivor Shirin Juwaley founded the Palash Foundation<ref name=":29">{{cite web |url=http://www.palashfoundation.org/index.html |title=Home |publisher=Palash Foundation |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220201559/http://www.palashfoundation.org/index.html |archive-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> to help other survivors with psychosocial rehabilitation. She also spearheads research into social norms of beauty and speaks publicly as an advocate for the empowerment of all victims of disfigurement and discrimination.<ref name=":30">{{cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Joeanna|title=In the eyes of the beholder|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/In-the-eyes-of-the-beholder/articleshow/10458336.cms?intenttarget=no|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the principal of an Indian college refused to have Juwaley speak at her school for fear that Juwaley's story of being attacked by her husband would make students "become scared of marriage".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sujan|first=Dheera|date=6 September 2011|title=An open letter about beauty and ugliness|periodical=Women News Network|url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2011/09/06/open-letter-beauty-and-ugliness/|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416064400/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2011/09/06/open-letter-beauty-and-ugliness/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Regulation of acid sales===
A positive correlation has been observed between acid attacks and ease of acid purchase.<ref name=12a2 /> Sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid are most commonly used and are all cheap and readily available in many instances. For example, often acid throwers can purchase a liter of concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] at motorbike mechanic shops for about 40 U.S. cents. [[Nitric acid]] costs around $1.50 per liter and is available for purchase at gold or jewelry shops, as polishers generally use it to purify gold and metals. [[Hydrochloric acid]] is also used for polishing jewelry, as well as for making [[soy sauce]], [[cosmetics]], and traditional medicine/[[substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] drugs.<ref name=13a />

Due to such ease of access, many organizations call for a stricter regulation on the acid economy. Specific actions include required [[license]]s for all acid traders, a ban on concentrated acid in certain areas, and an enhanced system of monitoring for acid sales, such as the need to document all transactions involving acid.<ref name=11a /> However, some scholars have warned that such stringent regulation may result in [[black market]] trading of acid, which law enforcements must keep in mind.<ref name=11a />

==By region==
===Africa===
High incidence of acid assaults have been reported in some African countries, including [[Nigeria]],<ref name="159a">{{cite journal|last=Olaitan|first=Peter B.|author2=Bernard C. Jiburum|title=Chemical injuries from assaults: An increasing trend in a developing country|journal=Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery|date=January 2008|volume=41|issue=1|pages=20–23|doi=10.4103/0970-0358.41106|pmid=19753196|pmc=2739541 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Uganda,<ref name=10a>{{cite web|title=Acid Violence in Uganda: A Situational Analysis|url=http://www.acidviolence.org/uploads/files/Uganda_ASFU_Situational_Analysis_Report_FINAL_Nov2011_1.pdf|publisher=Acid Survivors Foundation Uganda|access-date=6 March 2013|pages=1–21|date=November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617010909/http://www.acidviolence.org/uploads/files/Uganda_ASFU_Situational_Analysis_Report_FINAL_Nov2011_1.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[South Africa]].<ref name=3a /> Unlike occurrences in South Asia, acid attacks in these countries show less gender discrimination. In Uganda, 57% of acid assault victims were female and 43% were male.<ref name=10a /> A study focusing on chemical burns in Nigeria revealed a reversal in findings: 60% of the acid attack patients were male while 40% were female.<ref name="159a"/> In both nations, younger individuals were more likely to suffer from an acid attack: the average age in the Nigeria study was 20.6 years,<ref name="159a"/> while Ugandan analysis shows 59% of survivors were 19–34 years of age.<ref name=10a />

Motivation for acid assault in these African countries is similar to that of [[Cambodia]]. Relationship conflicts caused 35% of acid attacks in Uganda in 1985–2011, followed by property conflicts at 8%, and business conflicts at 5%.<ref name=10a /> Disaggregated data was not available in the Nigeria study, but they reported that 71% of acid assaults resulted from an argument with either a jilted lover, family member, or business partner.<ref name="159a"/> As with the other nations, researchers believe these statistics to be under-representative of the actual scope and magnitude of acid attacks in African nations.<ref name=10a />

In August 2013, two Jewish women volunteer teachers – Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup from the UK – were injured by an acid attack by men on a moped near Stone Town in [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/zanzibar-acid-attack-recap-updates-2143076|title=Zanzibar acid attack: Recap updates as British teenagers Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup land back in Britain|date=9 August 2013|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

A few cases also occurred in [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/848989/Acid-attack-woman-burns-face-blind-speak-Atsede-Nigussiem-Ethiopia|title=GRAPHIC WARNING: Horror as mother unable to speak as mouth MELTED SHUT in acid attack|first=Jon|last=Rogers|date=1 September 2017|website=Express.co.uk}}</ref> and Nigeria.<ref name=159a/>

=== Americas ===

==== Mexico ====
Drug cartels such as [[Los Zetas]] are known to use acid on civilians. For example, In the [[2011 San Fernando massacre]], Los Zetas members took away children from their mothers, and shot the rest of the civilians in a bus. The women were taken to a warehouse where many other women were held captive. Inside a dark room, the women were reportedly raped and beaten. Screams of the women and of the children being put in acid were also heard.<ref>{{Cite news |title=De frente y de perfil |url=http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2011/288998/6/de-frente-y-de-perfil.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804065821/http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2011/288998/6/de-frente-y-de-perfil.htm |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=4 April 2018 |work=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento |language=es-LA}}</ref>

==== South America ====
[[File:Natalia Ponce de Leon IWOC 2.jpg|thumb|[[Natalia Ponce de León]] (right), survivor of a 2014 acid attack, receiving an award for her activism for other survivors]]
Though comprehensive statistics on acid attacks in [[South America]] are sparse, a recent study investigating acid assault in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, provides some insight for this region. According to the article, the first identified survivor of acid violence in Bogotá was attacked in 1998. Since then reported cases have been increasing with time. The study also cited the Colombian Forensics Institute, which reported that 56 women complained of aggression by acid in 2010, 46 in 2011, and 16 during the first trimester of 2012. The average age of survivors was about 23 years old, but ranged from 13 to 41 years.<ref name="15a">{{cite journal |last=Guerrero |first=Linda |date=October 2012 |title=Burns due to acid assaults in Bogotá, Colombia |journal=Burns |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1018–1023 |doi=10.1016/j.burns.2012.10.022 |pmid=23260999}}</ref>

The study reported a male-to-female victim ratio of 1:30 for acid assault in Bogotá, Colombia, although recent reports show the ratio is closer to 1:1.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2014 |title=Hay 456 hombres en Colombia que también son Natalia Ponce |url=http://www.las2orillas.co/hay-456-hombres-en-colombia-que-tambien-son-natalia-ponce/ |access-date=2 December 2015 |work=las2orillas}}</ref> Reasons behind these attacks usually stemmed from poor interpersonal relationships and domestic intolerance toward women. Moreover, female victims usually came from low [[socioeconomic class]]es and had low education. The authors state that the prevalence of acid attacks in other areas of South America remains unknown due to significant underreporting.<ref name="15a" />

On 27 March 2014, a woman named [[Natalia Ponce de León]] was assaulted by Jonathan Vega, who threw a liter of [[sulphuric acid]] on her face and body. Vega, a former neighbor, was reported to have been "obsessed" with Ponce de León and had been making death threats against her after she turned down his proposal for a relationship.<ref name="america.aljazeera.com" /> 24% of her body was severely burned as a result of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2014 |title=Colombia: Man accused of high profile Bogotá acid attack arrested |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26906638 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Ponce de León has undergone 15 [[Reconstructive surgery|reconstruction surgeries]] on her face and body since the attack.<ref name="dailyrecord3">{{cite web |last=Agbonlahor |first=Winnie |date=20 January 2016 |title=Victim of acid attack removes her mask to reveal her face for the first time |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/victim-horrific-acid-attack-removes-7209404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Survivors of acid attacks in Colombia fight for justice |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/11/survivors-of-acid-attacks-in-Colombia-fight-for-justice.html |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>

Three years before the attack took place, [[Colombia]] reported one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} However, there was not an effective law in place until Ponce de León's campaign took off in the months after her attack. The new law, which is named after her, defines acid attacks as a specific crime and increases [[Sentence (law)|maximum sentences]] to 50 years in prison for convicted offenders.<ref name="dailyrecord3" /> The law also seeks to provide victims with better state medical care including reconstructive surgery and psychological therapy. Ponce de León expressed hope that the new law would act as a deterrent against future attacks.<ref name="dailyrecord3" />

==== United States ====
[[Victor Riesel]] was a broadcast journalist, specializing in labor issues, who was attacked while leaving [[Lindy's]] restaurant in [[midtown Manhattan]] in the early morning of 5 April 1956.<ref name="Riesel">{{cite news |last=van Gelder |first=Lawrence |date=5 January 1995 |title=Victor Riesel, 81, Columnist Blinded by Acid Attack, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/05/obituaries/victor-riesel-81-columnist-blinded-by-acid-attack-dies.html |access-date=9 September 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Riesel Time">{{cite magazine |date=16 April 1956 |title=Answer by Acid |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808354,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209044750/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808354,00.html |archive-date=9 December 2008 |access-date=9 September 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Riesel was left blind as a result.<ref name="Riesel" /> The attack was motivated by Riesel's reporting on the influence of [[organized crime]] on certain corrupt [[labor union]]s.<ref name="Riesel" />

In 1959, American attorney [[Burt Pugach]] hired a man to throw [[lye]] (an alkaline rather than acid substance, but with similar corrosive effects) in the face of his ex-girlfriend Linda Riss. Riss suffered blindness and permanent scarring. Pugach served 14 years in prison for the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2007 |title=For Worse and for Better: Documenting an Obsession |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/23/movies/23love.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

Gabrielle White, a 22-year-old single mother living in Detroit, was attacked on 26 August 2006 by a stranger.<ref name="Detroit">{{cite web |title=Detroit Acid Attack Survivor – Gabrielle White |url=http://gabriellestory.com/ |access-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> She was left with [[Burn#Classification by degree|third and fourth degree burns]] on her face, throat, and arms, leaving her blind and without one ear.<ref name="Detroit" /> She also miscarried her unborn child.<ref name="Detroit" /> A 25-year-old nursing student at [[Merritt College]] was the victim of an acid attack.<ref name="Merritt">{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Harry |date=5 October 2007 |title=Merritt College student scarred after assault |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20071005/ai_n21037162 |access-date=9 September 2008 |work=[[Oakland Tribune]]}}</ref>

Esperanza Medina walked out of her Logan Square apartment in [[Chicago]], Illinois, on a July morning in 2008, heading to her job as a social worker. Three teenagers poured cups of battery acid on the head of Medina, a 48-year-old mother of four.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2010 |title=Finding the faith to face the future |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2010-09-22-ct-met-acid-attack-lawsuit-follow-20100922-story.html |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2010 |title=Second Woman Sentenced For Acid Attack |url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2010/11/03/second-woman-sentenced-for-acid-attack/ |website=CBS Chicago}}</ref>

On 30 August 2010, Bethany Storro, 28, of [[Vancouver, Washington]], made national headlines after she claimed a stranger, whom she described as an African American woman, approached her on a walk and threw a cup of acid in her face, resulting in serious burns. Two weeks later, Storro admitted that she herself had lied about the attack and had, in fact, poured the acid on herself. She attributed her actions to untreated [[body dysmorphic disorder]] and pleaded guilty to lying to police, a misdemeanor. She also charged with three counts of second-degree theft in regards to donations she'd received to help aid her in her recovery but these charges were dropped after she repaid the money. It was reported in February 2013 that she spent one year in a mental health facility and had written a book, ''Facing the Truth''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acid Attack Hoaxer Bethany Storro Says She Was Suffering From Mental Illness – Exclusive |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/02/acid-attack-hoaxer-bethany-storro-says-she-was-suffering-from-mental-illness-exclusive |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Acid Attack Victim Speaks | date=3 September 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEsi--pMPE |access-date=5 January 2023 |language=en |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acid Attack Was Faked: Bethany Storro Admits to Police She Maimed Herself |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/acid-attack-victim-bethany-storro-tells-police-faked/story?id=11658631 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, a 17-year-old girl was permanently scarred by an acid attack in [[Dallas]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2017 |title="It melted my clothes off": Teen survives acid attack in Texas |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dallas-teen-survives-acid-attack-in-texas/ |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref>

In November 2019, a man in [[Milwaukee]] was attacked and sustained multiple burns.<ref name="nyt-ismay-2019">{{cite news |last1=Ismay |first1=John |date=4 November 2019 |title=Victim of Milwaukee Acid Attack Says He Was Told to 'Go Back to Your Country' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/us/milwaukee-acid-attack-victim.html |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The attacker, Clifton Blackwell, was motivated by racism and anti-immigrant sentiments and was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clifton Blackwell Gets 10 Years In Prison For Racist Acid Attack - CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/clifton-blackwell-gets-10-years-in-prison-for-racist-acid-attack/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Almasy |first1=Steve |last2=Riess |first2=Rebekah |title=Milwaukee man who threw acid in a man's face is sentenced to 10 years in prison |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/us/milwaukee-acid-attack-sentence/index.html |work=CNN |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, a student at Hofstra University suffered severe injuries to her face, arms, and throat from an acid attack carried out with battery acid. The assailant remains at large.<ref name="2021 NYC Acid Attack">{{cite web |last=Avalos |first=Gilma |date=22 April 2021 |title='No Words:' NY College Student in Acid Attack Horror Fears Lifelong Impact |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/police-search-for-suspect-who-threw-acid-on-long-island-womans-face/3012840/ |website=NBC New York}}</ref>

=== Asia ===

==== Afghanistan ====
Such attacks or threats against women who failed to wear [[hijab]], dress "modestly" or otherwise threaten traditional norms have been reported in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chivas |first=Melody Ermachild |url=https://archive.org/details/meenaheroineofaf00melo/page/208 |title=Meena, heroine of Afghanistan: the martyr who founded RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-312-30689-2 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/meenaheroineofaf00melo/page/208 208]}}</ref> In November 2008, [[Islamic fundamentalism|islamic extremist]]s subjected girls to acid attacks for attending school.<ref name="Filkins">{{Cite news |author=Dexter Filkins |date=13 January 2009 |title=Afghan Girls, Scarred by Acid, Defy Terror, Embracing School |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/14/world/asia/14kandahar.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Chivas, Melody Erma child |url=https://archive.org/details/meenaheroineofaf00melo/page/208 |title=Meena, heroine of Afghanistan: the martyr who founded RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-312-30689-2 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/meenaheroineofaf00melo/page/208 208]}}</ref>

==== Cambodia ====
[[File:Acid attack victim.jpg|Acid attack victim in [[Cambodia]]|thumb|250px]]
Recent studies on acid attacks in Cambodia found the victims were almost equally likely to be men or women (48.4% men, 51.6% women).<ref name="12a2" /> As with [[India]], rates of acid attacks in Cambodia have generally increased in the past decades, with a high rate of 40 cases reported for 2000 that started the increasing trend.<ref name="12a2" /> According to the [[Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity]], 216 acid attacks were reported from 1985 to 2009, with 236 reported victims.<ref name="11a" /> Jealousy and hate is the biggest motivator for acid attacks in Cambodia, as 28% of attacks reported those emotions as the cause. Such assaults were not only perpetrated by men – some reports suggest women attack other women occur more frequently than men do.<ref name="11a" /> Such incidents usually occur between a husband's wife and mistress to attain power and socioeconomic security.<ref name="12a2" /><ref name="NYT-2001-07-22">{{cite news |last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=22 July 2001 |title=Vengeance Destroys Faces, and Souls, in Cambodia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/22/world/vengeance-destroys-faces-and-souls-in-cambodia-355275.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=29 August 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

A particularly high-profile case of this nature was the attack on Cambodian teenager [[Tat Marina]] in 1999, allegedly carried out by the jealous wife of a government official (the incident prompted a rash of [[copycat crime]]s that year, raising the number from seven in 1998 to 40 in 1999). One-third of the victims are bystanders.<ref>{{cite web |year=2003 |title=Living in the Shadows:Acid attacks in Cambodia |url=http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/41acid%20report%20English.pdf |access-date=1 March 2013 |work=LICADHO |publisher=Project Against Torture}}</ref> In Cambodia, there is only one support center that is aiming to help acid attack survivors. There they can receive medical and legal support.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2011 |title=Cambodia: Reclaiming Life after Acid Attacks |url=http://www.unwomen.org/2011/11/cambodia-reclaiming-life-after-acid-attacks/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417033925/http://www.unwomen.org/2011/11/cambodia-reclaiming-life-after-acid-attacks/ |archive-date=17 April 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[UN Women]]}}</ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
{{see also|Hong Kong acid attacks}}
The [[Hong Kong acid attacks|Mong Kok acid attacks]] were incidents in 2008, 2009, and 2010 where plastic bottles filled with [[corrosive]] liquid ([[drain cleaner]]) were thrown onto shoppers on [[Sai Yeung Choi Street]] South, Hong Kong, a pedestrian street and popular shopping area. A reward, originally [[HK$]]100,000, for information about the perpetrator or perpetrators, was raised to HK$300,000 following the second incident, and cameras were to be installed in the area following the December incident. The third incident occurred the day the cameras were turned on. The fifth incident happened after Hong Kong government announced its new strategies against the incident. 130 people were injured in these attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eimer |first=David |date=2010 |title=Hong Kong acid attack: man arrested after tourists targeted |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/6961804/Hong-Kong-acid-attack-man-arrested-after-tourists-targeted.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/6961804/Hong-Kong-acid-attack-man-arrested-after-tourists-targeted.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=29 March 2018 |journal=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
{{Further|Acid attacks on women in Isfahan}}
According to [[Afshin Molavi]], in the early years of the revolution and following the mandating of the covering of hair by women in Iran, some women were threatened with acid attacks by Islamic vigilantes for failing to wear [[hijab]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Molavi |first=Afshin |title=The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-393-32597-3 |location=New York |page=152}}</ref>

Recently, acid assault in [[Iran]] has been met with increased sanctions. The [[Sharia]] ''code of qisas'', or equivalence justice, required a caught perpetrator of acid violence to pay a fine and may be blinded with acid in both eyes.<ref name="13a" /> Under Iranian law, victims or their families can ask a court's permission to enact "qisas" either by taking the perpetrator's life in murder cases or inflicting an equivalent injury on his or her body.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A man has had his eye gouged out as a legal punishment in Iran |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mans-eye-gouged-out-in-iran-under-sharia-eye-for-eye-retribution-law-for-acid-attack-10091523.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308110609/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mans-eye-gouged-out-in-iran-under-sharia-eye-for-eye-retribution-law-for-acid-attack-10091523.html |archive-date=8 March 2015 |access-date=3 December 2018 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> One victim, [[Ameneh Bahrami]], sentenced her attacker to be blinded in 2008. However, as of 31 July 2011, she pardoned her attacker, thereby absolving Majid Movahedi of his crime and halting the retributive justice of Qisas.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2008 |title=Court orders Iranian man blinded |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7754756.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128174742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/middle_east/7754756.stm |archive-date=28 November 2008 |access-date=28 November 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2011 |title=Iranian Acid Attack Victim Pardons Culprit |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011731135521849999.html |access-date=31 July 2011 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref>

In October 2014, a series of acid attacks on women occurred in the city of [[Isfahan]], resulting in demonstrations and arrests of journalists who had covered the attacks. The attacks were thought by many Iranians to be the work of conservative [[Islamist]] vigilantes, but the Iranian government denies this.<ref name="Ioannou">{{cite journal |last1=Ioannou |first1=Filipa |date=28 October 2014 |title=Iranian Journalists Arrested After Coverage of Acid Attacks Against Women |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/28/acid_attacks_against_iranian_women_protests_in_isfahan_arrest_of_journalists.html |journal=Slate |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Dehghan |first1=Saeed Kamali |date=28 October 2014 |title=Iranian journalists detained after reporting on acid attacks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/oct/28/iranian-journalists-detained-reporting-acid-attacks |access-date=30 October 2014 |agency=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== The Levant ====
In 1983, acid attacks were reported to be carried out by [[Mujama al-Islamiya]] against men and women who spoke out against the Mujama in the [[Islamic University of Gaza]].<ref name="books.google.co.il">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLNNbwqlAEC&dq=hamas+acid&pg=PT184 Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement], By Beverley Milton-Edwards, Stephen Farrell, {{ISBN|978-0-7456-4295-6}}</ref> Additional attacks by Mujama al-Islamiya were reported through 1986.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp5byZDRHcQC&dq=Mujama+acid&pg=PA114 Islamic Politics in Palestine], 1999, By Beverley Milton-Edwards, {{ISBN|978-1860644757}}, page 116</ref> During the [[First Intifada]], [[Hamas]] and other [[Islamist]] factions conducted an organized intimidation of women to dress "modestly" or wear the [[hijab]]. Circulars were distributed specifying proper modest dress and behavior. Women who did not conform to these expectations, or to "morality expectations" of secular factions, were vulnerable to attacks which included pouring acid on their bodies, rock pelting, threats, and even rape.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rema |date=15 July 1990 |title=Women, the Hijab and the Intifada |journal=Middle East Report |issue=164/165 |pages=24–78 |doi=10.2307/3012687 |jstor=3012687}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.il" /><ref name="btselem1994">[http://www.btselem.org/download/199401_collaboration_suspects_eng.doc Collaborators in the Occupied Territories: Human Rights Abuses and Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715191230/http://www.btselem.org/Download/1994_Collaborators_Eng.rtf|date=15 July 2004}}, B'Tselem report, 1994</ref> [[B'Tselem]] has also documented additional attacks with acid in specific attacks involving women in a collaboration context.<ref name="btselem1994" />

In 2006–07, as part of a wider campaign to enforce Islamist moral conduct, the [[al-Qaida]] affiliated "Suyuf al-Haq" (Swords of Righteousness) claimed to have thrown acid on the faces of "immodestly" dressed woman in Gaza as well as engaging in intimidation via threats.<ref>{{cite news |author=Khaled Abu Toameh |date=2 December 2006 |title=Gaza women warned of immodesty |url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=43326 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Gaza-Female-TV-staff-get-death-threat GAZA: FEMALE TV STAFF GET DEATH THREAT], Jerusalem Post, Khaled Abu Toameh, June 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/06/front2454071.078472222.html 'Swords of Islam' attack music, Internet stores in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524023134/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/06/front2454071.078472222.html|date=24 May 2012}}, World Tribune, December 2006</ref><ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/116737/CTCSentinel-Vol3Iss5.pdf Salafi-Jihadi Activism in Gaza: Mapping the Threat], CTC Sentinel, may 2010 . Vol 3 . Issue 5, page 7</ref> Following [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]] [[Amnesty International]] has claimed that [[Hamas]] used acid during interrogations as a [[torture]] technique. Hamas denies this claim.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/hamas-accused-war-crimes-gaza-war-150527045950777.html Hamas accused of atrocities during Gaza war], Al-Jazeera, May 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/amnesty-international-hamas-guilty-of-torture-summary-executions/2015/05/27/4d1ee6b1-ac6a-420f-b7a7-80aa62d24b86_story.html Amnesty International: Hamas guilty of torture, summary executions], Washington Post, May 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde21/1643/2015/en/ PALESTINE (STATE OF): ‘STRANGLING NECKS’ ABDUCTIONS, TORTURE AND SUMMARY KILLINGS OF PALESTINIANS BY HAMAS FORCES DURING THE 2014 GAZA/ISRAEL CONFLICT], [[Amnesty International]] report, 27 May 2015, Index number: MDE 21/1643/2015</ref> In 2016, during a teacher's strike, unknown assailants hurled acid in the face of a striking Palestinian teacher in [[Hebron]].<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-and-Fatah-play-the-blame-game-following-acid-attack-on-Palestinian-teacher-446662 HAMAS AND FATAH PLAY THE BLAME GAME FOLLOWING ACID ATTACK ON PALESTINIAN TEACHER], Jerusalem Post, Maayan Groisman, March 2016</ref>

There have also been recorded incidents of acid use against Israelis. In December 2014, a Palestinian hurled acid into a car containing a Jewish family of six and a hitchhiker at a checkpoint between [[Beitar Illit]] and [[Husan]] in the [[West Bank]], causing serious face injuries to the father and lightly injuring other occupants, including children.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-attacks-family-with-acid-in-gush-etzion-wounds-four/ Palestinian attacks family of 6, including young children, with acid], Times of Israel, December 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170922052113/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-palestinians-israel-idUKKBN0JQ19E20141212 Palestinian wounds five Israelis in suspected acid attack], [[Reuters]], December 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israeli-military-jewish-family-injured-in-acid-attack-carried-out-by-palestinian/2014/12/12/919a41f4-4248-48ec-b065-a1cbc64e385c_story.html Israeli military: Jewish family injured in attack carried out by Palestinian], Washington Post, Ruth Eglash, 12 December 2014, amended</ref> In September 2008 a Palestinian woman carried out two separate acid attacks against soldiers at [[Huwwara checkpoint]], blinding a soldier in one eye.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3600252,00.html Palestinian woman pours acid on soldier], YNET, September 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=205212 Second acid attack at Huwwarah; Palestinian woman arrested, three shot in aftermath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051545/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=205212|date=22 September 2017}}, Ma'an, September 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/renovations-of-notorious-hawara-checkpoint-meant-to-benefit-soldiers-and-palestinians-1.285440 Renovations of Notorious Hawara Checkpoint Meant to Benefit Soldiers and Palestinians], Ha'aretz, November 2008</ref>

[[Moshe Hirsch]] was the leader of the [[anti-Zionist]] [[Neturei Karta]] group in [[Jerusalem]]. Hirsch had one [[glass eye]] due to an injury sustained when someone threw acid in his face. According to his cousin, journalist [[Abraham Rabinovich]], the incident had no link with Hirsch's political activities but was connected to a real estate dispute.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hevesi |first=Dennis |date=4 May 2010 |title=Rabbi Moshe Hirsch, Israel Opponent, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/middleeast/05hirsch.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== South Asia ====
In [[South Asia]], acid attacks have been used by people<ref name="LisaMT">{{cite journal |last1=Lisa M. Taylor |date=2001 |title=Saving Face: Acid Attack Laws After the U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women |url=https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol29/iss2/7/ |journal=The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law |volume=29 |issue=27}}</ref> as a form of revenge for refusal of sexual advances, proposals of [[marriage]] and demands for [[dowry]].<ref name="Bandyopadhyay_Khan" /> Scholars Taru Bahl and M. H. Syed say that [[territorial dispute|land and property disputes]] are another leading cause.<ref name="Bahl_Syed" />

===== India =====
Over 1,000 acid attacks were reported between 2017 and 2021 in India, according to a government report.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Naila |title=India: despite ban on acid sales, attacks continue to rise |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/a-national-epidemic-indian-acid-attack-survivors-speak-out/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref>

In India, 80 percent of the acid attacks target women, and independent agencies estimate that 60 percent go unreported, as many women are embarrassed and afraid to speak out against perpetrators - who in most cases are close to the victims. Survivors are also unlikely to pursue legal action due to pressure from family members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Naila |title=India: despite ban on acid sales, attacks continue to rise |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/a-national-epidemic-indian-acid-attack-survivors-speak-out/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref> Acid attacks remain a severe form of gender based violence in India, with women being the most frequent targets. Motivated by revenge, jealousy, or rejection, these assaults leave survivors with lifelong physical and emotional scars. While 200–300 cases are reported annually, many more go unrecorded due to stigma and fear. The widespread availability of acid, despite legal restrictions, continues to fuel these crimes while conviction rates hover around just 10%, hindered by delayed investigations, poor evidence collection, and pressure on victims to settle or withdraw cases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayasinghe |first=Thiloththama |date=2024-10-06 |title=India: World No. 1 in Acid Attacks, Alarming Low Conviction Rates |url=https://www.jadetimes.com/post/india-world-no-1-in-acid-attacks-alarming-low-conviction-rates |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Jadetimes News |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Laxmi of India (12935659283).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Laxmi Agarwal]], Indian acid attack survivor and activist ]]Acid attacks in India, like Bangladesh, have a gendered aspect to them: analyses of news reports revealed at least 72% of reported attacks included at least one female victim.<ref name="12a2" /> However, unlike Bangladesh, India's incidence rate of chemical assault has been increasing in the past decade, with a high 27 reported cases in 2010.<ref name="12a2" /> Altogether, from January 2002 to October 2010, 153 cases of acid assault were reported in Indian print media<ref name="12a2" /> while 174 judicial cases were reported for the year of 2000.<ref name="9a2">{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=N. |date=September 2011 |title=Acid attacks on women: An appraisal of the Indian legal response |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=55–72 |doi=10.1163/138819011X13215419937940}}</ref>

The motivation behind acid attacks in India mirrors those in Bangladesh: a study of Indian news reports from January 2002 to October 2010 uncovered that victims' rejection of sex or marriage proposals motivated attacks in 35% of the 110 news stories providing a motive for the attack. Notable cases are [[Sonali Mukherjee]] in 2003 and [[Laxmi Agarwal]] in 2005, whose experience on the ban of acid sales was portrayed in the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Chhapaak]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=nadeem khan laxmi agarwal |url=http://azeiteandorinha.com.br/7zmz04/nadeem-khan-laxmi-agarwal |accessdate=29 April 2022 |publisher=Azeiteandorinha.com.br}}</ref>

Police in India were also accused of using acid on individuals, particularly on their eyes, causing blindness to the victims. A well known such case is the [[1980 Bhagalpur blindings|Bhagalpur blindings]], where police blinded 31 individuals under trial (or convicted criminals, according to some versions) by pouring acid into their eyes. The incident was widely discussed, debated and acutely criticized by several human rights organizations. The Bhagalpur blinding case had made criminal jurisprudence history by becoming the first in which the Indian Supreme Court ordered compensation for violation of basic human rights.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2013 |title=Bhagalpur blindings represents one of the darkest chapters in India's history |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19801231-bhagalpur-blindings-represents-one-of-the-darkest-chapters-in-indias-history-773650-2013-11-29 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===== Pakistan =====
{{see also|Women in Pakistan#Acid Attacks}}
In Pakistan attacks are typically the work of husbands against their wives who have "dishonored them".<ref name="video.nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Rob |title=Acid Attacks |url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attack.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331081215/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/29/opinion/1194834033797/acid-attack.html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |access-date=1 December 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Statistics compiled by the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] (HRCP) show that 46 acid attacks occurred in Pakistan during 2004 and decreased with only 33 acid assaults reported for 2007.<ref name="13a" /> According to a ''New York Times'' article, in 2011 there were 150 acid attacks in Pakistan, up from 65 in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=10 April 2012 |title=After Suicide, New Focus on Acid Attacks in Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/asia/hope-in-pakistan-for-curbing-acid-attacks.html?pagewanted=all |work=[[The New York Times]]}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> However, estimates by the [[Human Rights Watch]] and the HRCP in 2006 cite the number of acid attack victims to be as high 40–70 per year.<ref name="13a" /> Motivation behind acid assaults range from [[marriage proposal]] rejections to [[religious fundamentalism]].<ref name="13a" /> Acid attacks have been dropped by half in 2019<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2019 |title=Pakistan: Cases of acid attacks on women drop by half |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-cases-of-acid-attacks-on-women-drop-by-half-1.65626299 |access-date=15 February 2020 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

Acid attacks in Pakistan came to international attention after the release of a documentary by [[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]] called ''[[Saving Face (2012 film)|Saving Face]]'' (2012).<ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Alex |date=29 May 2012 |title=Pakistan offers little justice for victims of acid attacks |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-may-29-la-fg-pakistan-acid-attacks-20120529-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> According to Shahnaz Bukhari, the majority of these attacks occur in the summer when acid is used extensively to soak certain seeds [[Seed#Inducing germination|to induce germination]].<ref name="Ali">{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Sahar |date=28 July 2003 |title=Acid attack victim demands justice |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3097469.stm |newspaper=BBC}}</ref> Various reasons have been given for such attacks, such as a woman dressing inappropriately or rejecting a proposal of marriage.

The first known instance of an acid attack occurred in [[East Pakistan]] present day [[Bangladesh]] in 1967.<ref name="Weightman">{{cite book |last=Weightman |first=Barbara A. |url=https://archive.org/details/dragonstigersgeo00weig |title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia |publisher=Wiley |year=2012 |isbn=978-0470876282 |edition=3rd |page=[https://archive.org/details/dragonstigersgeo00weig/page/n94 77] |url-access=registration}}</ref> According to the [[Acid Survivors Foundation]], up to 150 attacks occur every year. The foundation reports that the attacks are often the result in an escalation of domestic abuse, and the majority of victims are female.<ref name="Rodriguez" />

In 2019, the ''Acid Survivors Foundation Pakistan (ASFP)'' have said that the reported cases of acid attacks on women have dropped by around 50 per cent compared to the last five years.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2019 |title=Pakistan: Cases of acid attacks on women drop by half |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-cases-of-acid-attacks-on-women-drop-by-half-1.65626299 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref>

===== Bangladesh =====
[[File:Supporting acid attack survivors in Bangladesh (6395599437).jpg|thumb|250px|Acid attack victims in Bangladesh]]
According to the [[Acid Survivors Foundation]] in Bangladesh, the country has reported 3000 acid attack victims since 1999, peaking at 262 victims for the year of 2002.<ref name="12a2" /><ref name="Scholte_Spiegel" /><ref name="3a" /> Rates have been steadily decreasing by 15% to 20% since 2002, with the amount of acid attack victims reported at 91 in Bangladesh as recently as 2011.<ref name="acidsurvivor">{{cite web |title=Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF) |url=http://www.acidsurvivors.org/statistics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218101952/http://www.acidsurvivors.org/statistics.html |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Acidsurvivors.org}}</ref> Bangladesh acid attacks shows the most gendered discrimination, with one study citing a male to female victim ratio of 0.15:1<ref name="3a" /> and another reporting that 82% of acid attack survivors in Bangladesh are women.<ref name="2a" /> Younger women were especially prone to attack, with a recent study reporting that 60% of acid assault survivors are between the ages of 10 and 19.<ref name="12a2" /> According to Mridula Bandyopadhyay and Mahmuda Rahman Khan, it is a form of [[violence against women|violence primarily targeted at women]]. They describe it as a relatively recent form of violence, with the earliest record in Bangladesh from 1983.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay_Khan" />

In societies like Bangladesh's, where women are typically treated as property and lacking agency, acid attacks are often perpetrated by men who become enraged after women rebuff their requests for relationship or marriage. One study showed that refusal of [[marriage proposal]]s accounted for 55% of acid assaults, with abuse from a husband or other family member (18%), property disputes (11%) and refusal of sexual advances (2%) as other leading causes.<ref name="6a" /> Additionally, the use of acid attacks in dowry arguments has been reported in Bangladesh,<ref name="2a" /> with 15% of cases studied by the [[Acid Survivors Foundation]] citing dowry disputes as the motive.<ref name="12a2" /> The chemical agents most commonly used to commit these attacks are [[hydrochloric acid]] and [[sulfuric acid]].<ref name="Anwary1">{{Cite journal |last=Anwary |first=Afroza |date=2002 |title=Acid Violence And Medical Care In Bangladesh: Women's Activism as Carework |journal=Gender & Society |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=305–313 |doi=10.1177/0891243202250851 |s2cid=73403974}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
Acid attacks are common in Vietnam. Most victims are female. While the issue in other Asian countries like Cambodia, India and Pakistan is constantly monitored by domestic and transnational organizations, the situation in Vietnam is rather off the radar. Official statistics on acid attacks in the country are hard to record. Most of Vietnam's acid attack victims spend their lives isolated and ignored and also blamed for their condition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's brutal acid attack epidemic |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/travel-life/vietnam-s-brutal-acid-attack-epidemic-3685509.html |publisher=VNExpress International}}</ref> Kevin Hawkins, an American lawyer working for Vietnam-based VILAF law firm, notes the alarming prevalence of using acid in attacks, mostly for revenge and particularly in relation to failed romantic relationships or pursuits. The current Vietnamese penal code stipulates that those who use acid to attack their victims face a charge of “intentionally injuring others,” rather than “murder,” which thus fails to discourage potential offenders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accessibility to blame for brutal acid attacks in Vietnam: foreigners |url=https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/features/20140404/accessibility-to-blame-for-brutal-acid-attacks-in-vietnam-foreigners/29030.html |publisher=Tuoi Tre News}}</ref>

=== Europe ===

==== The Balkans ====
There has recently been a surge in high-profile, public acid attacks in [[Bulgaria]]<ref name=199a /> and [[Greece]].<ref name=199a>{{cite web|last=Welsh|first=Jane|title="It was like a burning hell": A Comparative Exploration of Acid Attack Violence|url=http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf|publisher=[[Center for Global Initiatives]]|access-date=31 March 2013|year=2009|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123191359/http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Ireland ====
In 2017, a [[Chinese Irish]] woman was targeted in an attack in [[Blackrock, Dublin]], causing facial scars and eye damage. Another foreign woman was suspected of ordering the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/dublin-acid-attack-suspect-was-paid-to-target-victim-s-face-garda%C3%AD-believe-1.3316894|title=Dublin acid attack suspect was paid to target victim's face, gardaí believe|first1=Conor|last1=Lally|first2=Sorcha|last2=Pollak|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanian]] criminals threw acid at a [[Garda Síochána|Garda]] (police officer).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/lithuanian-mafia-gang-dismantled-5404046-Apr2021/|title=Lithuanian mafia gang 'all but gone' in Ireland following garda clampdown|first=Garreth|last=MacNamee|website=TheJournal.ie|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>

In April 2019 in [[Waterford]], three teenagers were attacked by two others, who threw acid at them in a premeditated attack. All three victims suffered severe skin burns in the incident, and one, Tega Agberhiere, suffered severe injuries to his face and body and his eyesight was damaged. Nevertheless, the perpetrators merely got [[Police caution|cautions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/searching-for-new-dreams-after-acid-attack-nightmare-the-remarkable-comeback-of-tega-agberhiere-38945376.html|title=Searching for new dreams after acid attack nightmare: The remarkable comeback of Tega Agberhiere|website=independent|date=11 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/crime/culprits-of-acid-attack-on-waterford-teens-will-only-get-juvenile-cautions-dpp-informs-victims-38914210.html|title=Culprits of acid attack on Waterford teens will only get juvenile cautions, DPP informs victims|website=independent|date=31 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishpost.com/news/feel-ashamed-country-mother-acid-attack-victim-shock-perpetrators-escape-criminal-charges-178752|title='I feel ashamed of this country': Mother of acid attack victim in shock as perpetrators escape criminal charges|first=Harry|last=Brent|website=The Irish Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30986778.html|title=Acid attack victim to challenge decision which means attackers will not face criminal charges|first=Ann|last=O’Loughlin|date=9 March 2020|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref>

On 13 June 2020, a man was attacked with acid in [[Garryowen, Limerick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/gardai-investigate-youth-limerick-injuries-suspected-acid-attack-5125674-Jun2020/|title=Limerick youth (19) in hospital with serious facial injuries after suspected acid attack|first=David|last=Raleigh|website=TheJournal.ie|date=17 June 2020 }}</ref>

In December 2020, a woman threw acid at three women in a [[takeaway]] in [[Tallaght]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/gardai-investigating-acid-attack-three-23166793|title=Gardai investigating horror 'acid attack' on three women at takeaway|first1=Brynmor|last1=Pattison|first2=Darragh|last2=Berry|date=14 December 2020|website=Irish Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishpost.com/news/acid-attack-in-dublin-as-three-young-girls-working-in-takeaway-have-substance-thrown-on-them-by-vile-woman-199923|title='Acid attack' in Dublin as three young girls working in takeaway have substance thrown on them by 'vile' woman|first=Harry|last=Brent|website=The Irish Post}}</ref>

==== Russia ====
On 17 January 2013, [[Russia]]n ballet dancer [[Sergei Filin]] was attacked with acid by an unknown assailant, who cornered him outside of his home in Moscow. He suffered third-degree burns to his face and neck. While it was initially reported that he was in danger of losing his eyesight, his physicians stated on 21 January 2013 that he would retain eyesight in one eye.<ref>{{cite web |title=TimesLIVE |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/celebrity/2013/01/21/bolshoi-ballet-chief-regaining-sight-after-acid-attack |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=Timeslive.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Three men, including dancer Dmitrichenko, were subsequently sentenced to 4–10 years of prison each for orchestrating and executing the crime.<ref>{{cite news |author=Atika Shubert and Alla Eshchenko |date=3 December 2013 |title=3 men sentenced in Bolshoi Ballet acid attack case |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/03/world/europe/russia-bolshoi-acid-attack/index.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
On 31 July 2018, [[Kateryna Handziuk]], an anti-corruption activist and political advisor from the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson, was attacked with sulfuric acid outside her home by an unknown attacker. She died of her injuries on 3 November 2018. She was 33 years old.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Ukrainian Activist and Whistleblower Official Dies After Acid Attack |url=https://en.hromadske.ua/posts/ukrainian-activist-and-whistleblower-official-dies-after-acid-attack |website=en.hromadske.ua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Christopher |date=4 November 2018 |title=Ukrainian Activist Doused With Acid Dies |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-activist-doused-with-acid-dies/29581875.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Further|Acid attacks in the United Kingdom}}

The UK at times has had one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world, though recent studies suggest that this is due to gang-related violence and possession offences, rather than traditional attacks found in lower middle-income countries,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moffatt |first1=S |last2=Rhimes |first2=P |date=1 July 2020 |title=Deliberate corrosive substance attacks – A systematic review |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1460408620912568 |journal=Trauma |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1177/1460408620912568 |issn=1460-4086 |s2cid=216413310|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Acid attacks against women in India on the rise; survivors fight back |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/07/27/acid-attacks-women-india-survivors-fight-back/486007001/ |access-date=29 March 2018 |work=USA TODAY |language=en}}</ref> according to [[Acid Survivors Trust International]] (ASTI).<ref>{{cite web |title=ASTI – A worldwide problem |url=http://www.asti.org.uk/a-worldwide-problem.html |website=www.asti.org.uk |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311013520/https://www.asti.org.uk/a-worldwide-problem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NHS hospital figures record 144 assaults in 2011–2012 involving corrosive substances, which can include petrol, bleach and kerosene. Six years earlier, 56 such episodes were noted.<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Laura |date=12 August 2013 |title=Number of UK attacks involving acid and other corrosive substances soars |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/10238174/Number-of-UK-attacks-involving-acid-and-other-corrosive-substances-soars.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813082713/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/10238174/Number-of-UK-attacks-involving-acid-and-other-corrosive-substances-soars.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: Acid attacks around the world - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/11/acid.attack.fact/index.html |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Castella |first=Tom de |date=9 August 2013 |title=How many acid attacks are there? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23631395 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The official records for 2017–2018 shows 150 patients in the UK admitted to hospital for "Assault by corrosive substance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospital records 2017–2018 |url=https://files.digital.nhs.uk/56/99A563/hosp-epis-stat-admi-ext-cau-2017-18-tab.xlsx}}</ref> In 2016, the Metropolitan Police in London recorded 454 attacks involving corrosive fluids in the city, with 261 in the previous year, indicating a rise of 36%. A rise of 30% was also recorded in the UK as a whole.<ref name="telegraph_policestats2">{{cite news |date=22 April 2017 |title=True scale of acid attacks hidden as victims too scared to come forward, police say |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/22/partner-towie-star-wanted-nightclub-acid-attack-thought-have/ |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2017 |title=Sharp rise in attacks involving corrosive fluids in London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-39328233 |access-date=2 June 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Between 2005–2006 and 2011–2012 the number of assaults involving acid throwing and other corrosive substances tripled in England, official records show.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} According to London's [[Metropolitan Police]], 2017 was the worst year for acid attacks in London, with 465 attacks recorded, up from 395 the previous year and 255 in 2015.<ref name="CNN_London2017">{{cite news |last1=Dewan |first1=Angela |date=26 January 2018 |title=2017 was the worst year for acid attacks in London |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/26/europe/london-acid-attacks-2017-intl/index.html |access-date=15 May 2019 |website=CNN}}</ref> Acid attacks in London continued to rise in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Angela Dewan |author2=Euan McKirdy |author3=Muhammad Darwish |date=14 July 2017 |title=5 acid attacks in 1 night in London, 2 teens arrested |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/europe/london-acid-attack/index.html |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> In July 2017, the BBC's George Mann reported that police statistics showed that: "Assaults involving corrosive substances have more than doubled in England since 2012. The vast majority of cases were in London."<ref name="BBC News 14 July 20172">{{cite web |last=Mann |first=George |date=11 May 2014 |title=Acid attacks: What has led to the rise and how can they be stopped? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40559973 |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=[[BBC News Online]] |publisher=BBC}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, motives included organized crime, revenge, and domestic violence.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} According to Newham police, there is no trend of using acid in hate crimes.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2017 |title=Police say there is 'no trend' of using 'acid' in hate crimes in Newham |url=http://www.newhamrecorder.co.uk/news/crime-court/police-say-there-is-no-trend-of-using-acid-in-hate-crimes-1-5095019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718171344/http://www.newhamrecorder.co.uk/news/crime-court/police-say-there-is-no-trend-of-using-acid-in-hate-crimes-1-5095019 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |work=Newham Recorder |publisher=[[Archant]]}}</ref><ref name="Time2">{{cite news |title=U.K.: Acid Attacks Become a Gruesome Trend |url=https://time.com/4858177/rise-in-acid-attacks-britain/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

According to data London's Metropolitan Police,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2017 |title=Everything you know about acid attacks is wrong |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/5d38c003-c54a-4513-a369-f9eae0d52f91 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=BBC Three |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=[PDF] Attacks using acid or a corrosive substance in London Boroughs |url=https://maps.met.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/metropolitan-police/disclosure_2018/august_2018/information-rights-unit---attacks-using-acid-or-a-corrosive-substance-in-london-boroughs-from-june-2013-to-june-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819145014/https://maps.met.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/foi-media/metropolitan-police/disclosure_2018/august_2018/information-rights-unit---attacks-using-acid-or-a-corrosive-substance-in-london-boroughs-from-june-2013-to-june-2018 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> a demographic breakdown of known suspects in London attacks for the period (2002–2016) showed European descent/Whites comprising 32% of suspects, Black Caribbeans 38% and [[Asian people|Asian]] 6%. Victims for the same period were 45% European descent/White, 25% Black Caribbeans and 19% Asian. Of the total population, [[White people|whites]] constitute 60%, [[Black people|blacks]] 13%, and Asians 18% as per the [[Ethnic groups in London|2011 census of London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113321/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Known suspects were overwhelmingly male, 77% of known suspects were male and just 2% of suspects female. Four out of five victims in 2016 were male.<ref name="Time2" /> In January 2018, [[CNN]] reported that acid attacks in London increased six-fold between 2012 and 2017 and that 71% of attackers and 72% of victims were male.<ref name="DewanCNN2">{{cite web |author=Angela Dewan |date=26 January 2018 |title=2017 was the worst year for acid attacks in London |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/26/europe/london-acid-attacks-2017-intl/index.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180126201354/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/26/europe/london-acid-attacks-2017-intl/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

On 3 October 2017, the UK government announced that sales of acids to under 18s would be banned.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2017 |title=Sale of acids to under-18s to be banned, Amber Rudd says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41484909 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

[[Mark van Dongen]] chose to undergo [[euthanasia]] months after he was attacked by his ex-girlfriend Berlinah Wallace during the early hours of 23 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Ex-girlfriend cleared of acid murder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-44159192 |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk" /><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Acid attack to make victim 'less a man' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-43862384 |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> He was left paralysed, scarred, had his lower left leg amputated and lost the sight in his left eye, as well as most of the sight in his right eye, following the incident. Wallace was found guilty of "throwing a corrosive substance with intent" and received a life sentence with a minimum term of 12 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2018 |title=Mark van Dongen acid attack: Berlinah Wallace jailed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-44222057 |access-date=29 April 2021 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="This is because of you": Acid attack victim's chilling deathbed message to ex who caused catastrophic injuries |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/this-because-you-acid-attack-12552802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815180307/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/this-because-you-acid-attack-12552802 |archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2018 |title=Mark van Dongen acid attack: 'I realised his skin was melting' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-43949310 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

In April 2017, a man named Arthur Collins, the ex-boyfriend of [[Ferne McCann]], threw acid inside a nightclub across terrified clubbers in east London forcing a mass evacuation of 600 partygoers flooding into the street. 22 people were injured in the attack. Collins was sentenced to 20 years for the attack.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gayle |first=Damien |date=19 December 2017 |title=Arthur Collins jailed for 'despicable' acid attack in London nightclub |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/19/arthur-collins-jailed-for-acid-attack-in-london-nightclub |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Another similar attack is the [[2017 Beckton acid attack]].<ref name="Daily Telegraph 23 April 20172">{{cite news |author=Press Association |author-link=Press Association |date=23 April 2017 |title=TOWIE star's boyfriend Arthur Collins charged over nightclub acid attack |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/23/reality-stars-boyfriend-arthur-collins-arrested-nightclub-acid/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/23/reality-stars-boyfriend-arthur-collins-arrested-nightclub-acid/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=11 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Katie Piper]] was also attacked in 2008 with acid by her ex-boyfriend Daniel Lynch and an accomplice Stefan Sylvestre.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2012 |title=Acid attack model Katie Piper gets sight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-16918223 |access-date=7 February 2012 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="DailyMirror1">{{cite news |date=19 October 2009 |title=Acid attack model Katie Piper reveals she wanted to die after burns wrecked her face |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/10/19/acid-attack-model-katie-piper-reveals-she-wanted-to-die-after-burns-wrecked-her-face-115875-21757661/ |access-date=20 October 2009 |publisher=Mirror News}}</ref>

In April 2019, a teenage girl, 13, and a woman, 63, were attacked by a man driving a white car, who poured sulphuric acid on them in Thornton Heath, South London.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=Police release e-fit of Croydon man who threw acid in woman and teenager's faces |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/police-release-e-fit-croydon-16299598 |access-date=20 May 2019 |publisher=My London}}</ref>

The UK has subsequently banned possession of sulphuric acid above 15% concentration without a licence and incidents of acid attacks have dropped substantially.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=government introduces tough new measure to prevent acid attacks |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-introduces-tough-new-measure-to-prevent-acid-attacks |access-date=10 March 2023 |publisher=UK Government}}</ref>

On 31 January 2024, nine people, including three police officers, were hospitalised after Abdul Shakoor Ezedi threw an alkaline solution on a car in [[Clapham alkali attack|Clapham, south west London]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mackintosh |first1=Thomas |last2=Price |first2=Ellie |last3=Atkinson |first3=Emily |date=31 January 2024 |title=Clapham attack: Mother and girls among nine injured by 'corrosive substance' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-68161937 |accessdate=1 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Police name suspect after mother and daughters hurt in Clapham alkali attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-london-68164010 |accessdate=1 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Eugène Grasset - La Vitrioleuse.jpg|thumb| "La Vitrioleuse" (The Acid-Thrower, [[Eugène Grasset]], c. 1894)]]
[[File:Tragique épilogue d'une idylle. Une du Petit journal du 11 août 1901.jpg|thumb|''Tragique épilogue d'une idylle'': ''[[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'' cover of 1901, showing a woman throwing acid in the face of a man leaving his wedding.]]
Acid has been used in [[metallurgy]] and for etching since ancient times. The rhetorical and theatrical term "La Vitrioleuse" was coined in France after a "wave of vitriolage" occurred according to the popular press where, in 1879, 16 cases of vitriol attacks were widely reported as [[Crime of passion|crimes of passion]] perpetrated predominantly by women against other women.<ref name=13a/> Much was made of the idea that women, no matter how few, had employed such violent means to an end. On 17 October 1915, acid was fatally thrown on [[Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], heir to the [[House of Koháry]], by his distraught mistress, [[Camilla Rybicka]], who then [[Murder–suicide|killed herself]]. Sensationalizing such incidents made for lucrative newspaper sales.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=TC19160107.2.10|title=Royal Love Tragedy|work=[[The Colonist (New Zealand newspaper)|The Colonist]] |publisher=Papers Past, [[National Library of New Zealand]]|date=7 January 1916}}</ref> Similarly, multiple acid attacks were reported in the UK in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Again, these were seen as a crime carried out by women, although in practice perpetrators were as likely to be male as female.<ref>{{cite web|last=Watson|first=Cassie|date=13 September 2017|title=Acid Attacks in Nineteenth-Century Britain|url=https://legalhistorymiscellany.com/2017/09/13/acid-attacks-in-nineteenth-century-britain/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Legal History Miscellany|language=en}}</ref>

The use of acid as a weapon began to rise in many [[developing country|developing nations]], specifically those in [[South Asia]].<ref name=7a /> The first recorded acid attacks in South Asia occurred in Bangladesh in 1967,<ref name=12a2/> India in 1982, and Cambodia in 1993.<ref name=13a/> Since then, research has witnessed an increase in the quantity and severity of acid attacks in the region. However, this can be traced to significant underreporting in the 1980s and 1990s, along with a general lack of research on this phenomenon during that period.<ref name=2a>{{cite web|title=Baseline Report: Violence Against Women in Bangladesh |url=http://www.iwraw-ap.org/aboutus/pdf/FPvaw.pdf |publisher=International Women's Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific |access-date=6 March 2013 |author=Naripokkho |author2=Bangladesh Mahila Parishad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922173913/http://www.iwraw-ap.org/aboutus/pdf/FPvaw.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2013 }}</ref>

Research shows acid attacks increasing in many [[developing country|developing nations]], with the exception of [[Bangladesh]] which has observed a decrease in incidence in the past few years.<ref name=12a2 />

==Legislation==
Many countries have begun pushing for [[legislation]] addressing acid attacks, and a few have recently employed new [[law]]s against this crime.<ref name=12a2 /> Under the [[Qisas]] law of Pakistan, the perpetrator may suffer the same fate as the victim, and may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes.<ref name="quisas">{{cite web|url=http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1908/context/archive|title=Pakistan's Acid-Attack Victims Press for Justice|access-date=30 May 2008|publisher=Women's eNews|date=13 July 2004|author=Juliette Terzieff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612174357/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1908/context/archive|archive-date=12 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> This law is not binding and is rarely enforced according to a report in ''The New York Times''.<ref name="video.nytimes.com"/> In Pakistan, the Lower House of [[parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] unanimously passed the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill on 10 May 2011. As punishment, according to the bill individuals held responsible for acid attacks face harsh fines and [[life in prison]]. However, the country with the most specific, effective legislation against acid attacks is Bangladesh, and such legal action has resulted in a steady 20–30% decrease in acid violence for the past few years.<ref name=12a2 /> In 2013, India introduced an amendment to the [[Indian Penal Code]] through the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]], making acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which can extend to life imprisonment and with fine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417194151/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2013 }}</ref>

===India===
India's top court ruled that authorities must regulate the sale of acid. The Supreme Court's ruling on 16 July 2013, came after an incident in which four sisters suffered severe burns after being attacked with acid by two men on a motorbike. Acid which is designed to clean rusted tools is often used in the attacks can be bought across the counter. But the judges said the buyer of such acids should in future have to provide a photo identity card to any retailer when they make a purchase. The retailers must register the name and address of the buyer.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's top court moves to curb acid attacks|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/07/2013718134222947132.html|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=18 July 2013|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> In 2013, [[Section 326 A of the Indian Penal Code|section 326 A]] of [[Indian Penal Code]] was enacted by the Indian Parliament to ensure enhanced punishment for acid throwing.

===Bangladesh===
In 2002, Bangladesh introduced the [[death penalty]] for acid attacks and laws strictly controlling the sale, use, storage, and [[international trade]] of acids. The acids are used in traditional trades carving marble nameplates, [[conch]] bangles, goldsmiths, tanneries, and other industries, which have largely failed to comply with the legislation. Salma Ali of the [[Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association]] derided these laws as ineffective.<ref name="Bangladesh laws">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5133410.stm|title=Bangladesh's acid attack problem|access-date=14 June 2008|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2006|author=Roland Buerk}}</ref> The names of these laws are the Acid Crime Control Act (ACCA) and the Acid Control Act (ACA), respectively.<ref name=12a2 />

The ACCA directly impacts the [[criminal law|criminal]] aspect of acid attacks, and allows for the death penalty or a level of punishment corresponding to the area of the body affected. If the attack results in a [[Deafness|loss of hearing]] or [[Loss of sight|sight]] or damages the victim's [[face]], [[breast]]s, or [[sex organ]]s then the perpetrator faces either the death penalty or [[life imprisonment|life sentencing]]. If any other part of the body is maimed, then the criminal faces 7–14 years of [[imprisonment]] in addition to a fine of US$700. Additionally, throwing or attempting to throw acid without causing any physical or mental harm is punishable by this law and could result in a prison term of 3–7 years along with a US$700 fine. Furthermore, [[conspiracy (crime)|conspirators]] that aid in such attacks assume the same [[legal liability|liability]] as those actually committing the crime.<ref name=12a2 />

The ACA regulates the sale, usage, and storing of acid in Bangladesh through the creation of the National Acid Control Council (NACC). The law requires that the NACC implement policies regarding the trade, misuse, and disposal of acid, while also undertaking initiatives that raise awareness about the dangers of acid and improve victim treatment and rehabilitation. The ACA calls for district-level committees responsible for enacting local measures that enforce and further regulate acid use in towns and cities.<ref name=12a2 />

===Pakistan===
Under the [[Qisas]] (eye-for-an-eye) law of Pakistan, the perpetrator could suffer the same fate as the victim, if the victim or the victim's guardian chooses. The perpetrator may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes.<ref name="womensenews.org"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html|title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)|website=www.pakistani.org|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

Section 336B of Pakistan Penal Code states: "Whoever causes hurt by corrosive substance shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than fourteen years and a minimum fine of one million rupees."<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, section 299 defines ''Qisas'' and states: "''Qisas'' means punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the convict as he has caused to the victim or by causing his death if he has committed qatl-iamd (intentional manslaughter) in exercise of the right of the victim or a [[Wali]] (the guardian of the victim)."<ref name=":0" />

===United Kingdom===
After a spate of attacks in London in 2017, the [[Home Office]] said it would consider changes in laws and measures regarding sales of acid, as well as changes in prosecution and sentencing guidelines. As of 2017, it is unlawful to carry acid with the intent to cause harm. Attacks are prosecuted as acts of [[actual bodily harm]] and [[grievous bodily harm]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40621303|work=BBC News|title=Acid attack punishments assessed in government review|date=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/acid-attacks-uk-london-sale-law-change-theresa-may-latest-news-abh-gbh-a7840776.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714133324/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/acid-attacks-uk-london-sale-law-change-theresa-may-latest-news-abh-gbh-a7840776.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Theresa May hints at changing law after 'horrific' acid attacks in London|date=14 July 2017|website=Independent.co.uk|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> Three quarters of police investigations do not end in prosecution, either because the attacker could not be found, or because the victim is unwilling to press charges.<ref name=telegraph_policestats /> According to ASTI, of the 2,078 acid attack crimes recorded for the years 2011–2016 in UK, only 414 of those crimes resulted in charges being brought. Most acid attack crimes happened in London, where over 1,200 cases were recorded over the past five years. From 2011 to 2016 there were 1,464 crimes involving acid or corrosive substance. Northumbria recorded the second highest with 109 recorded attacks, Cambridgeshire had 69 attacks, Hertfordshire 67, Greater Manchester 57 and Humberside 52.

The [[Offensive Weapons Act 2019]] made provisions for crimes related to acid attacks, including bringing in greater regulation of the sale of corrosive products and making it an offence to carry a corrosive substance in a public place without good reason.

==Portrayals in media==
* A fake acid attack between rivals for a husband appears in [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s film ''[[Why Change Your Wife?]]'' (1920).
* In "[[The Adventure of the Illustrious Client]]" by Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], the villainous Baron Adelbert Gruner has [[Sulphuric acid|oil of vitriol]] thrown in his face by a wronged former mistress, disfiguring him. She is prosecuted for this but given the minimum sentence due to extenuating circumstances. In the television adaptation starring Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes, the former mistress, Kitty Winter, reveals that she herself is the victim of an acid attack perpetrated by Gruner.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecIvTXUaV7M |title=Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes - The Illustrious Client [HD] |date=2018-05-16 |last=Your Daily Brew |access-date=2024-08-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[DC Comics]] [[supervillain]] [[Two-Face]]'s [[origin stories]] feature half his face disfigured with acid.
* In the 1982 slasher movie ''[[Hospital Massacre]]'', a deranged killer lures a janitor into a room with a sink full of acid. The killer then ambushes him and pushes his face into the substance, killing him to remove any witnesses of a murder the janitor discovered minutes earlier.
* The 1997 Philippine drama series ''[[Mula sa Puso]]'' and its ''[[Mula sa Puso (2011 TV series)|2011 remake]]'' featured Magdalena "Magda", a character whose face was disfigured by an acid attack committed by the main antagonist of the series, Selina Pereira-Matias.
* In the 2002 series of ''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002 TV series)|He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]'', [[Skeletor]] owes his namesake skeletal face to an acid attack.
*In 2011 American Horror Story Coven has an acid attack in episode 3.
*''[[Saving Face (2012 film)|Saving Face]]'' – A 2012 documentary film by [[Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy]] and [[Daniel Junge]] that follows Pakistani/British plastic surgeon Dr. Mohammad Jawad to his native Pakistan to aid women who were victims of acid attacks, and examines the Pakistani parliament's exercise in banning the act of acid burning. The film won the 2012 [[Academy Award]] for best Documentary Short.<ref>[http://washingtonexaminer.com/entertainment/movies/2012/02/world-heartbreak-%E2%80%94-and-hope-%E2%80%94-oscar-short-docs/269536 A world of heartbreak — and hope — in Oscar short docs] Washington Examiner</ref><ref>[http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=137990 Oscar nominated film features pioneering Pakistani surgeon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715031014/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=137990 |date=15 July 2015 }} Pakistan Observer</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16715099|title=Pakistani nominee has Oscar dream|date=29 February 2012|access-date=8 November 2017|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
* In ''[[Emmerdale]]'', one of the characters, [[Ross Barton]], is a victim of an acid attack (as depicted in a 2018 episode). The [[Michael Parr|actor]] who portrayed [[Ross Barton]] has said that it was his idea that the character should be a victim of an acid attack, as he wanted to create an awareness campaign about this problem.
*''[[Surkh Chandni]]'' – A 2019 Pakistani television series directed by [[Shahid Shafaat]] that follows the story of a girl who survived an acid attack and the harshness of society she has to face there after.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182890|title=Sohai Ali Abro plays an acid attack survivor in drama Surkh Chandni|author=Images Staff|date=30 May 2019|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|language=en|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>
*''[[Dirty God]]'' – a 2019 English film starring [[Vicky Knight]] as an acid attack victim seeking justice and healing. Knight is a real burn victim, although from a domestic fire rather than an acid attack.
* ''[[Infinite Jest]]'' – a 1996 novel featuring a scene in which Joelle Van Dyne's mother tries to throw acid in her husband's face after he confesses his love for their daughter, Joelle, but instead misses and hits her.
* ''[[Uyare]]'' – a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language film focuses on an aspiring pilot, who is a victim of an acid attack and how the situation changes around her.
* ''[[Chhapaak]]'' – a 2020 Indian Hindi-language film based on the life of [[Laxmi Agarwal]], an acid attack survivor.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Haynes |first=Suyin |date=2020-01-10 |title=Violence Against Women Has Made a Resurgence in India. Deepika Padukone's New Film Highlights the Strength of Survivors |url=https://time.com/5762759/deepika-padukone-chhapaak/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leydon |first=Joe |date=2020-01-11 |title='Chhapaak': Film Review |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/chhapaak-review-1203463634/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In [[Bergen (film)|''Bergen'']] – a 2022 biopic about Turkish singer [[Bergen (singer)|Bergen]], the acid attack that left her blind in one eye is depicted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |date=2022-07-22 |title=Turkish Biopic 'Bergen,' About Pop Singer Blinded With Acid and Slain by Husband, Breaks Box Office Records With Arab Moviegoers |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/bergen-turkey-acid-blinded-domestic-violence-1235322827/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In ''[[Coronation Street]]'' in 2023, two characters, [[Daisy Midgeley]] and [[Ryan Connor]] are victims of an acid attack when Daisy's stalker, Justin attacks her with acid. Ryan jumps in between Daisy and Justin and receives more severe burns to his face while Daisy only receives moderate burns on her body.
* In ''[[Top Boy]]'' in 2019, a minor character is depicted being wrestled to the ground and doused with a bottle of unknown acid on his face in a gang attack orchestrated by a main character, Jamie. The victim is then shown at the end of the season wearing an eyepatch with burns on his face. He was also seen in the following season, also with an eyepatch on his face, implying that the acid attack had permanently blinded the victim in one eye.
* In 2023 Indian television series ''[[Jyoti... Umeedon Se Sajee]]'' tells about the story of an hardworking and aspirational women named, Jyoti whose life turns upside down as she is being turned into a victim of acid attack.
* [[Acid (2023 Malayalam film)|''Acid'']] – a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film about Ruhana, who survives an acid attack on her face and overcomes this tragedy through her determination and grit.

==Terms==
'''Vitriolage''' is the deliberate splashing of a person or object with acid, also known as [[vitriol]], in order to deface or kill. A female who engages in such an act is known as a '''vitrioleuse'''. There are instances of this act throughout history and in modern times, often in places where [[honor killings]] are also common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vday.org/contents/violence/glossary/acidattacks |title=V-Day: Acid Attacks |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725072005/http://www.vday.org/contents/violence/glossary/acidattacks |archive-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Caste system]]
* [[Dowry death]]
* [[Femicide]]
* [[Islam and domestic violence]]
* [[Sangita Magar]]
* [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]
* [[Zelyonka attack]]
* [[:Category:Acid attack victims]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book
| last = Dasgupta
| first = Shamita Das
| year = 2008
| contribution = Acid Attacks
| editor-last = Renzetti
| editor-first = Claire M.
| editor-link = Claire Renzetti
| editor2-last = Edleson
| editor2-first = Jeffrey L.
| editor2-link = Jeffrey Edleson
| title = Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence
| edition = 1st
| location = Thousand Oaks, CA
| publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
| volume = 1
| pages = 5–6
| isbn = 978-1-4129-1800-8
}}
* [http://www.sithi.org/temp.php?url=media_view.php&mid=1230&publication=1 Breaking the Silence: Addressing Acid Attacks in Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104040529/http://www.sithi.org/temp.php?url=media_view.php&mid=1230&publication=1 |date=4 November 2020 }} – The Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity

== External links ==
* [http://www.asti.org.uk Acid Survivors Trust International]

{{Violence against women/end}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Social issues in the United States}}
{{Domestic violence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acid attack}}
[[Category:Acid attacks| ]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]
[[Category:Assault]]

Gruhapravesam (1976 film)

2026-03-04T04:49:14Z

MinnieZox45714: stub

{{distinguish|text=the Telugu-language drama [[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)]]}}
{{Other uses|Grihapravesh (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gruhapravesam
| image = Gruhapravesam 1976 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| writer = Nannu Chandra [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] (dialogues)
| producer = T. S. Muthu Swamy [[D. Yoganand]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Sivakumar]] [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]]
| cinematography = P. Bhaskar Rao
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Prosperity Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1976|04|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gruhapravesam''''' ({{translation|[[Grihapravesha|Housewarming]]}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], co-produced and directed by [[D. Yoganand]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Sivakumar]] and [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=181–190 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp19.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160804/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp19.htm |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It was released on 10 April 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2023}}
Raju and Lakshmi live with Ravi, Raju's brother in the same house. They sacrifice everything to make Raju successful in his education and career going so far as to having no children. Ravi too loves and looks up to them. Ravi comes back after completing his education but with Uma introducing her as her lover. Though initially taken aback, seeing Uma is a good girl and a rich girl, they accede and all seems to go well until one day when they realise that Uma has bi-polar disorder and she swings between extremes. How they handle Uma without breaking up the family forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Mechanical Benz Raju
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Lakshmi
* [[Sivakumar]] as Ravi
* [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]] as Uma
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Uma's father
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Velu
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Arulmozhi
* V. R. Thilagam as Kalyani
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]] as Workshop Mechanical man
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as a stage actress
* [[K. K. Soundar]] as Ramu
* Heran Ramasamy as Sankar
* Master Ramu as Babu
}}

== Production ==
Sivakumar who played Ganesan's son in earlier films enacted the role of his younger brother in this film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=26 August 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 61–70 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-08-26/page/n59/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231211154002/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-08-26/page/n59/mode/2up? |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=9 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58–59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at [[Vauhini Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 1974 |title=தம்பியை நினைத்து சிவாஜி நடுக்கம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_92/4.jp2/full/1000,1458/0/default.jpg |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grahapravesam – Avan Oru Sarithiram Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/grahapravesam-avan-oru-sarithiram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926040648/https://mossymart.com/product/grahapravesam-avan-oru-sarithiram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ulagam Perithu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 04:11
|-
| "Aiothi Arasalum" ||T. M. Soundararajan, Kovai Soundararajan, Sasirekha || 06:58
|-
| "Enga Veettu Rani" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]] || 04:16
|-
| "Sathiyathin Sothanaikku" ||T. M. Soundararajan || 04:10
|-
| "Kandru Theadi Varum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:20
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' likened the film to old wine in new bottle.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=25 April 1976 |title=கிரஹப்பிரவேசம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/apr/25-04-1976/p55.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728033807/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/apr/25-04-1976/p55.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=55 |language=ta}}</ref> Nagai Dharman of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, music, dialogues, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-4-119#?xywh=3407%2C2097%2C3826%2C2156&cv=3|date=25 April 1976|access-date=15 November 2025|page=4|work=Navamani|language=ta|title=கிரஹப் பிரவேசம் |first=நாகை |last=தர்மன் |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> 

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films about bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vaalu

2026-03-03T03:05:18Z

MinnieZox45714: basic cleanup structure for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Vijay Chandar}}
{{for|Estonian village|Vaalu, Estonia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaalu
| image = Vaalu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijay Chandar (director)|Vijay Chandar]]
| producer = [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]
| writer = Vijay Chandar
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = [[Shakthi (cinematographer)|Shakthi]]
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| distributor = Simbhu Cine Arts
| studio = NIC Arts
| released = {{Film date|2015|08|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vaalu''''' ({{Translation|Tail/Mischief Maker}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by debutante [[Vijay Chandar (director)|Vijay Chandar]]. The film stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Hansika Motwani]], with [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[VTV Ganesh]] and [[Brahmanandam]] portraying supporting roles. The film was produced by [[S. S. Chakravarthy]] under the banner NIC Arts. S. Thaman composed the music while Sakthi and T. S. Suresh handled the cinematography and editing respectively.

The film's production began on 6 June 2012 in Chennai and lasted until June 2015. The film was predominantly shot in Chennai, with the portions of the film also shot at Hyderabad, Bangalore and Bangkok. After facing multiple delays, the film was released worldwide on 14 August 2015. The film is loosely adapted into the 2016 Kannada film ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''.<ref>[https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/santhu-straight-forward-is-not-remake-of-vaalu "Santhu Straight Forward" is not a remake of "Vaalu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014231958/https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/santhu-straight-forward-is-not-remake-of-vaalu |date=14 October 2019 }}. ''Times of India'' (7 March 2015). Retrieved on 2019-09-02.</ref>

==Plot==

Sharp aka Vaalu is a carefree, jobless youth leading a life without any worry in the world. He falls in love with Priya after seeing her in the rain at a bus stop. Priya has a maternal uncle Anbu, a powerful businessman, whom she is set to marry to fulfill her parents' wishes. The rest of the film deals with Sharp winning over Priya.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Silambarasan]] as Shakthi "Sharp"
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Priya Mahalakshmi "Priya"
* [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as Kribakaran "Tyre"
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Kutti Paiyaa
* [[Brahmanandam]] as MD
* [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] as Anbu
* [[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]] as Mrs. Steven
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Devaraj, Shakthi's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Shakthi's mother
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Priya's father
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Priya's friend
* [[Namo Narayana]]
* [[Sanjana Sarathy]] as Shakthi's sister
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Sathish (Shakthi's friend)
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Dheena, Anbu's henchman
* Archana Mariyappan as Counselor's wife
* [[Munnar Ramesh]]
* [[Cool Suresh]]
* Ravi Venkatraman
* Senrayan
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] in a special appearance
* [[Vijay Chandar (director)|Vijay Chandar]] in a special appearance in "Thaaru Maaru"
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] in a special appearance in "Thaaru Maaru"
}}

==Production==

===Development===
''Vaalu'' was initially announced as [[Vijay Chandar (director)|Vijay Chandar]]'s directorial debut in September 2010, and that actor [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] would in the lead role, but the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921132429/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2010 |title=Jai is 'Vaalu' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] was later impressed with Chandar's script and approached producer [[S. S. Chakravarthy]], who he was working with in ''[[Vettai Mannan]]'', to fund the project. [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[VTV Ganesh]] were later picked to portrayal pivotal roles in the film. [[S. Thaman|Thaman]] was signed to compose the film's music, while [[Shakthi (cinematographer)|Shakthi]] was selected to be the film's cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/vaalu-silambarasan-06-06-12.html |title=Simbu's Vaalu From Today... – Vaalu – Silambarasan – Thaman – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323011805/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/vaalu-silambarasan-06-06-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kannada actor [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Audithya]] was added to the cast to make his debut in Tamil films, after the producers were impressed with his performance in the Kannada film, ''[[Villain (2012 film)|Villain]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audithya-on-his-kollywood-debut-news-kannada-mhzrRCecbejsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151757/http://www.sify.com/movies/audithya-on-his-kollywood-debut-news-kannada-mhzrRCecbejsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Audithya on his Kollywood debut |website=[[Sify]] |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> [[Aadukalam Naren]] and [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] were selected to play Silambarasan's parents, with Naren portraying a railway employee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-02/str-vaalu-09-06-12.html |title=Str's Vaalu At Pachaiyappa's – Str – Vaalu – Hansika – Santhanam – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230651/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-02/str-vaalu-09-06-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Actor Jai, who had simultaneously worked with Silambarasan on ''[[Vettai Mannan]]'', was reported to have joined the cast to play a cameo role in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-01/jai-str-07-08-12.html |title=Str And His Telugu Link – Jai – Str – Vaalu – Santhanam – Brahmanandam – Vettai Mannan – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=7 August 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223150/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-01/jai-str-07-08-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
Prior to the shoot, the makers chose to film a promotional teaser featuring Silambarasan, Motwani, Santhanam and VTV Ganesh. The cinematographer Shakthi and photographer [[Venket Ram]] were involved in the making of the teaser in [[Taramani]] during May 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-01/str-vaalu-04-05-12.html |title=Str And Hansika To Start Tomorrow – Str – Vaalu – Vijay – Hansika – Santhanam – Vtv Ganesh – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231908/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-01/str-vaalu-04-05-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's first teaser was subsequently released on 6 June 2012, with an initial release date of Diwali 2012 announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/strs-ivaalui-teaser-takes-on-dhanush-news-tamil-mggozHiejdfsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203237/http://www.sify.com/movies/strs-ivaalui-teaser-takes-on-dhanush-news-tamil-mggozHiejdfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=STR's Vaalu teaser takes on Dhanush! |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> On the same day, the team began their first schedule with Silambarasan and Motwani in Chennai, with large crowds of onlookers observing the team during a shoot in Triplicane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-ban-gaya-gentleman-news-tamil-mf4r6jdaifbsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202239/http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-ban-gaya-gentleman-news-tamil-mf4r6jdaifbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Simbu ban gaya gentleman! |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-on-a-roll-news-tamil-mihksKifaebsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623075936/http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-on-a-roll-news-tamil-mihksKifaebsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2015 |title=Simbu on a roll |website=[[Sify]] |date=7 August 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> For a particular set of the lead character's home in the film, three different locations in Chennai were combined to show a single spot. A house near [[Pachaiyappa's College]] campus, Aachi house in [[T Nagar]] and a house in [[Royapettah]] were represented as a single building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-04/vaalu-str-28-06-12.html |title=Vaalu's Thillalangadi – Vaalu – Str – Hansika – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230709/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-04/vaalu-str-28-06-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's art director, Ilaiyaraaja also organised sets to be designed in [[Ayanavaram]] and [[Perambur]], to depict a railway backdrop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/vaalu-viswaroopam-02-06-12.html |title=Vaalu's Viswaroopam Connection – Vaalu – Viswaroopam – Vijay – Hansika Motwani – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230647/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-01/vaalu-viswaroopam-02-06-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A wedding scene of Hansika's friend was also then shot on the campus of [[Panimalar Engineering College]] during June 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/vaalu-oru-kal-oru-kannadi-16-06-12.html |title=Vaalu's Okok Connection – Vaalu – Oru Kal Oru Kannadi – Hansika – Silambarasan – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=16 June 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230659/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/vaalu-oru-kal-oru-kannadi-16-06-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team moved to Mumbai to film scenes in August 2012, and the director and editor re-worked scenes as the shoot progressed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-and-ajit-bond-in-mumbai-news-tamil-miyjLdjjhdcsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203058/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-and-ajit-bond-in-mumbai-news-tamil-miyjLdjjhdcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=STR and Ajit bond in Mumbai |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> A second schedule began in [[Hyderabad]] later that month, with Silambarasan working on the film alongside his commitments to finish ''[[Podaa Podi]]'' (2012).<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-01/str-simbu-05-10-12.html |title=Same Day For Vaalu And Poda Podi – Str – Simbu – Vaalu – Poda Podi – Dharan – Varalakshmi Sarath Kumar – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109151029/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-01/str-simbu-05-10-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As ''Podaa Podi'' had been in production since 2008, Silambarasan opted to prioritise finishing that venture and ''Vaalu'' was temporarily put on hold.

In January 2013, director Chandar revealed that only eight scenes and four songs were remaining to be shot, and that the delay of the film had meant that Vincent had replaced Shakthi as cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/8-scenes-and-4-songs-from-strs-vaalu-str-simbu-17-01-13.html |title=8 scenes and 4 songs from STR's Vaalu, STR, Simbu |website=Behindwoods.com |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731110219/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/8-scenes-and-4-songs-from-strs-vaalu-str-simbu-17-01-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A few scenes were shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in February 2013, but the production of the film encountered delays throughout 2013 as Motwani and Santhanam became busy with other film projects, and another schedule only re-began in July 2013 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vaalu-hansika-17-02-13.html |title=Vaalu, Hansika |website=Behindwoods.com |date=17 February 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044053/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vaalu-hansika-17-02-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Action sequences involving Silambarasan were shot under the instructions of stunt choreographer [[Kanal Kannan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-resumes-vaalu-in-hyderabad-news-tamil-nhdkQnehahdsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203202/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-resumes-vaalu-in-hyderabad-news-tamil-nhdkQnehahdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=STR resumes 'Vaalu' in Hyderabad! |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja erected a set at Lingampalli Railway Station, Hyderabad to portray a bomb blast in the film, with the lead pair and Audithya involved in the shoot.<ref name="delay">{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/no-august-release-for-vaalu-vaalu-vijay-chander-25-06-13.html |title=No August release for Vaalu, Vaalu, Vijay Chander |website=Behindwoods.com |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233130/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/no-august-release-for-vaalu-vaalu-vijay-chander-25-06-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2013, Silambarasan was involved in the shoot of the opening song of the film in Binny Mills, Perambur. The shoot lasted four days and the song was choreographed by [[Sathish Krishnan]], after which the team revealed "seventy-five" percent of the film was complete. The continuous delays of the films had arisen as a result of the practical problems of gathering all the artistes and had been hampered further by Chakravarthy's financial problems. During the period, Silambarasan had threatened to distance himself from the producer, after both of his films, ''Vaalu'' and ''Vettai Mannan'' had effectively become stuck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/a-report-on-simbus-vaalu-and-its-status.html |title=A report on Simbu's Vaalu and its status |website=Behindwoods.com |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044100/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/a-report-on-simbus-vaalu-and-its-status.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/simbu-not-dropping-vaalu-and-vettai-mannan-simbu-str-27-05-13.html |title=Simbu not dropping Vaalu and Vettai Mannan!, simbu, str |website=Behindwoods.com |date=27 May 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233601/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/simbu-not-dropping-vaalu-and-vettai-mannan-simbu-str-27-05-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sequences featuring Silambarasan and Santhanam were shot near the Accord Hotel in Chennai in February 2014, as remaining talkie portions were being completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/an-interesting-scene-from-simbus-vaalu.html |title=An interesting scene from Simbu's Vaalu |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220604/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/an-interesting-scene-from-simbus-vaalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team announced that another song was completed after a shoot in [[Bangalore]], while the team travelled to [[Bangkok]] for a further song choreographed by Satish. Following the shoot, the director revealed that ''Vaalu'' was complete after two years of filming.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/the-shoot-for-the-song-of-strs-vaalu-was-wrapped-yesterday.html |title=The shoot for the song of STR's Vaalu was wrapped up yesterday |website=Behindwoods.com |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045718/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/the-shoot-for-the-song-of-strs-vaalu-was-wrapped-yesterday.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-completes-shoot-imagegallery-kollywood-offlf6cjgibsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511025806/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-completes-shoot-imagegallery-kollywood-offlf6cjgibsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2014 |title='Vaalu' completes shoot |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Talking about the film's delays, actress Motwani cited that she had initially agreed to work on the film for sixty days, but had been forced to extend her call sheet by a further eighty days. She also revealed that the team often failed to keep up with schedules and had regularly wasted her dates, prompting her to prioritise other projects instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/hansika-makes-it-clear-about-vaalu.html |title=Hansika makes it clear about Vaalu |website=Behindwoods.com |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505220947/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/hansika-makes-it-clear-about-vaalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The producer later revealed that the shoot of one song was pending, and that he intended to complete it, despite Silambarasan moving on to prioritise his work for another long-delayed project ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2015 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/simbus-vaalu-or-ina-which-one-will-release-first-news-tamil-oinmaidhdichc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202253/http://www.sify.com/movies/simbus-vaalu-or-ina-which-one-will-release-first-news-tamil-oinmaidhdichc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Simbu's 'Vaalu' or 'INA', Which one will release first? |website=[[Sify]] |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Reports in November 2014 suggested that actresses from four different generations would feature in the song and that [[Saroja Devi]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Nayantara]] were amongst those approached to be a part of the shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/khushboo--saroja-devi-to-do-a-jig-with-str-news-tamil-ol3lqUgeegbdg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203033844/http://www.sify.com/movies/khushboo--saroja-devi-to-do-a-jig-with-str-news-tamil-ol3lqUgeegbdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2014 |title=Khushboo & Saroja Devi to do a jig with STR |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-to-dance-with-four-generation-heroines-news-tamil-ol1sb6abicabe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203225/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-to-dance-with-four-generation-heroines-news-tamil-ol1sb6abicabe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=STR to dance with four generation heroines |website=[[Sify]] |date=27 November 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Delays and time constraints meant that the song was not shot and was left out of the film's final version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/strs-vaalu-postponed-yet-again.html |title=STR's Vaalu postponed yet again!!!!! |website=Behindwoods.com |date=13 March 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607081602/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/strs-vaalu-postponed-yet-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team reconvened to shoot the song with Motwani instead in June 2015, scrapping earlier plans of including several actresses. Silambarasan continued dubbing work for the film in midnight sessions in November 2014, as the team aimed to release before the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-hansika-starrer-vaalu-on-dec-24-news-tamil-olvlAIgdcihec.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121171126/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-hansika-starrer-vaalu-on-dec-24-news-tamil-olvlAIgdcihec.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2014 |title=STR-Hansika starrer 'Vaalu' on Dec 24? |website=[[Sify]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

Due to the protracted filming schedules, continuity errors are present in the physique and styling of Motwani and Silambarasan. Motwani appears plump in the initially filmed scenes, and thin in the later filmed ones.<ref name=":0" />

===Litigation===
In September 2012, the producers of ''Vaalu'' were involved in a legal tussle with the makers of another film who had claimed that they had registered the title first. Chandar stated that he had registered the title in 2008, and thus held the rights to use the title. The other film was later christened as ''[[Rettai Vaalu]]'' and also had a delayed release in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-02/vaalu-str-10-09-12.html |title=Vaalu Director Clarifies About The Title Issue – Vaalu – Str – Hansika – Santhanam – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220914/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-02/vaalu-str-10-09-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-in-title-clash-imagegallery-1-kollywood-newkTrbbhbbsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211322/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-in-title-clash-imagegallery-1-kollywood-newkTrbbhbbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Vaalu in title clash |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Cinematographer Shakthi had also threatened legal action against the producers in January 2013 after leaving the project owing to its delays. He claimed that his name was not credited in the film's posters, despite having shot "seventy percent" of the film and lodged a complaint to the cinematographers' union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vaalus-cinematographer-shakthi-to-lodge-a-complaint-vaalu-shakthi-17-01-13.html |title=Vaalu's cinematographer, Shakthi, to lodge a complaint, Vaalu, Shakthi |website=Behindwoods.com |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702151312/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vaalus-cinematographer-shakthi-to-lodge-a-complaint-vaalu-shakthi-17-01-13.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Delays had meant that along with Shakthi, seven other cinematographers had been utilised by the team to film scenes. [[Velraj]], [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]], [[Dinesh Krishnan]], Rahul Dharuman, Vincent Arul, [[M. Sukumar|Sukumar]] and [[R. B. Gurudev|Gurudev]] were all involved in the making of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/want-to-what-is-unique-about-simbus-vaalu.html |title=Want to what is unique about Simbu's Vaalu? |website=Behindwoods.com |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411080428/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/want-to-what-is-unique-about-simbus-vaalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2015, after the producers had announced a preliminary release date of 17 July, the Madras High Court issued an interim ban on the film. Film distribution company Magnum Rays had alleged that they had agreed a deal in principle with NIC Arts to distribute the film across Tamil Nadu in 2013, and that the intervention of T. Rajendar's Simbu Cine Arts thus bypassed the old agreement. The team subsequently managed to amicably sort out the issue.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madras-HC-stays-Vaalus-release/articleshow/47986264.cms Madras HC stays Vaalu's release – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711115217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madras-HC-stays-Vaalus-release/articleshow/47986264.cms |date=11 July 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (8 July 2015). Retrieved on 19 August 2015.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vaalu
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = Vaalu
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 August 2015
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Think Music Nic Audio
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Damaal Dumeel]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Rabhasa]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The music of ''Vaalu'' was composed by [[S. Thaman]], with lyrics written by [[Silambarasan]] and [[Madhan Karky]]. A single track titled "Love Endravan" was released on 14 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-single-track-release-news-tamil-ncfkmNeadbbsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211353/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-single-track-release-news-tamil-ncfkmNeadbbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title='Vaalu' single track release |website=[[Sify]] |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Prior to official release, the film's songs were leaked online during March 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shock-release-for-vaalu.html |title=Vaalu team shocked to find the entire album leaked on the net last night |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050211/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shock-release-for-vaalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "You're My Darling" was remade into the song "Ye Pilla Pilla" for the 2015 Telugu movie, ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'', which also had music by Thaman.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Engathaan Porandha
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]]
| lyrics1 = Silambarasan
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Hey Vasamoakka
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = You're My Darling
| extra3 = [[S. Thaman]]
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = Love Endravan Nee Yaruda
| extra4 = Silambarasan
| lyrics4 = Silambarasan
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Tharumaaru
| extra5 = [[T. Rajendar]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| length5 = 5:18
}}

==Release==
The film's first teaser, released in June 2012, announced that ''Vaalu'' would have a theatrical release during the Diwali season of 2012. However the impending release of [[Silambarasan]]'s other long-delayed project ''[[Podaa Podi]]'' (2012) meant that the makers decided to postpone the release of the film until January 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-05/vaalu-podaa-podi-30-09-12.html |title=Str To Dance Against Vijay's Thuppakki – Vaalu – Podaa Podi – Str – Vallavan – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=30 September 2012 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220314/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-05/vaalu-podaa-podi-30-09-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The date was also missed and by July 2013, the producers indicated that the film may release on either 15 August or during the [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayagar Chaturthi]] and [[Diwali]] season of 2013, though yet again, the film remained incomplete.<ref name="delay"/> In January 2014, the director had stated that the film would release on 1 May 2014, though portions remained incomplete owing to scheduling problems and the film was delayed further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/interesting-information-about-simbus-vaalu.html |title=Interesting information about Simbu's Vaalu |website=Behindwoods.com |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032901/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/interesting-information-about-simbus-vaalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Evading further release dates in November 2014, Silambarasan announced that the film would finally release during Christmas 2014 and promotions for the film began. However several other films had also secured screens for 25 December, and the makers were not willing to compromise for a limited release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/will-simbus-vaalu-release-on-december-24th.html |title=Simbu – ''After two long years even I miss myself on screen'' |website=Behindwoods.com |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050749/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/will-simbus-vaalu-release-on-december-24th.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the film backed out of a Christmas 2014 release, a preliminary date of 3 February 2015 was set, to coincide with Silambarasan's birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-gets-postponed-to-feb-3-news-tamil-ol3qRGifbdhij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419091613/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-gets-postponed-to-feb-3-news-tamil-ol3qRGifbdhij.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2015 |title='Vaalu' gets postponed to Feb 3 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The film had a private screening in early March 2015 for members of the cast and crew's family, and was given a "U" certificate from the censor board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/strs-vaalu-to-be-censored-today-news-tamil-pdlk1Abddbjee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203242/http://www.sify.com/movies/strs-vaalu-to-be-censored-today-news-tamil-pdlk1Abddbjee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=STR's 'Vaalu' to be censored today |website=[[Sify]] |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-on-march-27-str-screens-the-film-for-his-mother--news-tamil-pdilh6ddccgie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309053554/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-on-march-27-str-screens-the-film-for-his-mother--news-tamil-pdilh6ddccgie.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2015 |title='Vaalu' on March 27, STR screens the film for his mother! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The film experienced further delays and after a potential release date of 27 March had also been postponed to 1 May, Silambarasan made an emotional appeal calling for the quick release of the venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-disappointed-over-vaalu-delay-news-tamil-pdqjQ9dfjfhei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316172707/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-disappointed-over-vaalu-delay-news-tamil-pdqjQ9dfjfhei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2015 |title=STR disappointed over 'Vaalu' delay |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-to-be-postponed-again-news-tamil-pdokK6ejaaaif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314140650/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-to-be-postponed-again-news-tamil-pdokK6ejaaaif.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2015 |title='Vaalu' to be postponed again? |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 March 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The team then began promotions through posters for a release on 9 May, which was also later cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/may-9--one-more-release-date-for-strs-vaalu-news-tamil-pekj9Qddbjcbf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184507/http://www.sify.com/movies/may-9--one-more-release-date-for-strs-vaalu-news-tamil-pekj9Qddbjcbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=May 9- One more release date for STR's 'Vaalu' |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Frustrated with the constant delays, Silambarasan's father [[T. Rajendar]] bought the distribution rights of the film from [[S. S. Chakravarthy]] and pledged to release it under his own Chimbu Cine Arts banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vaalu-to-be-released-by-t-rajendar-under-simbu-cine-arts.html |title=Vaalu to be released by T. Rajendar under Simbu Cine Arts |website=Behindwoods.com |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004857/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vaalu-to-be-released-by-t-rajendar-under-simbu-cine-arts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2015, Silambarasan announced a release date of 26 June 2015, delaying the film from 12 June. The film had been postponed two weeks to avoid a clash with [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]'s production ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012107/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-turns-serious-vaalu-on-june-19-news-tamil-pfuliChdfhaif.html STR turns serious! `Vaalu` on June 19?]. Sify.com (20 May 2015). Retrieved on 19 August 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150601112243/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-on-june-26-or-july-3-news-tamil-pgbkjIcdjcjgb.html `Vaalu` on June 26 or July 3!]. Sify.com (1 June 2015). Retrieved on 19 August 2015.</ref> A final trailer was released in late June 2015, stating that the film would release on 17 July 2015.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vaalu-finally-to-hit-screens-on-July-17/articleshow/47730211.cms Vaalu finally to hit screens on July 17 – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622043732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vaalu-finally-to-hit-screens-on-July-17/articleshow/47730211.cms |date=22 June 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (19 June 2015). Retrieved on 19 August 2015.</ref> Shortly before the scheduled release, the [[Madras High Court]] granted interim injunction against the release following a petition filed by Magic Rays, who had claimed that ''Vaalu'''s distribution rights had been sold to them in 2013.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madras-hc-grants-interim-injunction-on-tamil-move-vaalu-2104653 Madras HC grants interim injunction on Tamil move 'Vaalu' | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716234723/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madras-hc-grants-interim-injunction-on-tamil-move-vaalu-2104653 |date=16 July 2015 }}. Dnaindia.com (14 July 2015). Retrieved on 18 September 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003753/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/simbu-s-vaalu-not-releasing-on-july-17/article1-1369453.aspx Simbu’s Vaalu not releasing on July 17]. Hindustantimes.com. Retrieved on 18 September 2015.</ref> The case was cleared on 6 August and the film eventually released on 14 August 2015.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/many-filmy-twists-and-salvation-finally/article7510038.ece Many filmy twists and salvation, finally] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007192739/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/many-filmy-twists-and-salvation-finally/article7510038.ece |date=7 October 2023 }}. The Hindu (7 August 2015). Retrieved on 18 September 2015.</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "debutant director Vijay Chander makes his intentions clear; we are in for an anything-goes movie whose only aim is to keep the fans entertained. This is not necessarily a bad thing and Vaalu ends up as a reasonably enjoyable film", while adding that "the film is too long and at times, Vijay Chander overdoes things".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Vaalu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vaalu/movie-review/48492202.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170128064855/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vaalu/movie-review/48492202.cms |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Vaalu is tedious and trite. However, that you can sit through it at all is a mark of STR's screen presence."<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2015 |title=Vaalu: STR makes the film watchable |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vaalu-str-makes-the-film-watchable/article7541862.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030234730/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vaalu-str-makes-the-film-watchable/article7541862.ece |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=18 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "''Vaalu'' is yet another romantic action entertainer which is watchable just for STR's energetic screen presence and his comic chemistry with Santhanam", going on to call it "average".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vaalu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-review--pioq4Udbdjehe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815064733/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaalu-review--pioq4Udbdjehe.html |archive-date=15 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Vaalu'' is your regular commercial entertainer with a weak plot, poor execution, unrealistic action and some mindless fun."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Review: Vaalu is a regular commercial entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vaalu-is-a-regular-commercial-entertainer/20150814.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817003842/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vaalu-is-a-regular-commercial-entertainer/20150814.htm |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3566698}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. S. Chakravarthy]]

List of awards and nominations received by Devi Sri Prasad

2026-02-23T05:58:00Z

MinnieZox45714:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox musician awards
| name = Devi Sri Prasad
| image =
| caption = DSP with his black lady trophies of [[Filmfare Awards South]] in 2019
| wins = 75
| nominations = 35
| customs = {{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[CineMAA Awards]]|8|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Filmfare Awards South]]|10|12}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|GAMA|7|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Hyderabad Times Film Awards|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[IIFA Utsavam]]|2|2}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[International Tamil Film Awards]]|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Maa Music Awards|2|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]|9|9}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Nandi Awards]]|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Radio City Cine Awards|0|4}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Sakshi Excellence Awards|3|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Santosham Film Awards|9|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]|8|12}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|South Scope Lifestyle Awards|2|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|TSR– TV9 National Film Awards|3|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Vijay Awards]]|0|1}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Vijay Music Awards]]|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]|1|1}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Other Awards|7|1}}
}}[[Devi Sri Prasad]] is an Indian composer, lyricist, singer-songwriter, and performer. He has provided musical scores predominantly for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films apart from a few films in other Indian languages. Although his earlier soundtrack albums received wide response, his compositions in the 2004 Telugu film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' fetched him awards for the first time in his career.

Apart from soundtrack composition, he also received awards for [[Film score|film scoring]], [[Playback singer|playback singing]] and lyrics composition. He performed in various music concerts. His 2012 release ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'', received huge response both from audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-12|title=DSP gets rave reviews for Pilla song in Gabbar Singh {{!}} 123telugu.com|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dsp-gets-rave-reviews-for-pilla-song-in-gabbar-singh-hm.html|access-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312160916/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dsp-gets-rave-reviews-for-pilla-song-in-gabbar-singh-hm.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Devi received several awards for the soundtrack album. "Kevvu Keka" song from the album received cult status over the years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Super-hit item songs of Tollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/super-hit-item-songs-of-tollywood/photostory/48866063.cms|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhandaram|first=Vishnupriya|date=2012-12-25|title=It's reigning melody|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-reigning-melody/article4238000.ece|access-date=2021-05-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-19|title='Kevvu Keka' song shoot completed|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/kevvu-keka-song-shoot-completed.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=123telugu.com}}</ref> In 2021, the album is honored with [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Album of the Decade]] award at [[Mirchi Music Awards South|11th Mirchi Music Awards South]].

He is a recipient of a [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award]], eleven [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], eight [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|SIIMA Awards]], five [[CineMAA Awards]], and one [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Nandi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mahesh-babu-srimanthudu-review/article7512037.ece|title= Srimanthudu review|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2015|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

== [[National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big|date=24 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]
|[[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-04-29|title=CineGoer.com - News (September 2006) - 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards-South Winners|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|access-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arya (2004 film)|''Arya'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare awards for South India – Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada – Telugu Cinema|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2006]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare South awards 2006 - Telugu cinema|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award – South]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 2006: Best Telugu Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2006/102|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[54th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]
|''[[Bommarillu]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2007: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2007|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2007/101|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[56th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 South: The winners - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/56th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-south-the-winners/articleshow/4845030.cms|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Times of India|date=August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[57th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=P. T. I. |date=July 8, 2010 |title=Filmfare awards for south on August 7|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/filmfare-awards-for-south-on-august-7-78274-2010-07-08|access-date=2021-05-18|magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-05|title=Nominations & Winners for 57th South Filmfare Awards {{!}} South Filmfare Awards Pictures and Videos|url=http://www.socialvillage.in/resources/37217-nominations-winners-for-th-south-filmfare|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Techulator}}</ref>
|-
|[[Villu (film)|''Villu'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-10|title=Nominations for 57th South Filmfare Awards|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2010/nomination-57-southfilmfareawards-100710.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[58th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
|''[[Adhurs]]''
| rowspan="14" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-02|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South Telugu Cinema Nominations List 2012|url=http://www.socialvillage.in/resources/40433-idea-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-cinema-2012|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Techulator}}</ref>
|-
|[[59th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]
|[[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2013]]
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-23|title=South Filmfare Awards 2012 winners' list: Dhanush, Samantha win big!|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/editors-pick/south-filmfare-awards-2012-winners-list-dhanush-samantha-win-big-248500/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[61st Filmfare Awards South|2014]]
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirchi (film)|''Mirchi'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|date=2014-07-02|title=61st Filmfare Awards (South) Nominations: 'Attarintiki Daredi' Leads; Complete List of Nominees|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/61st-filmfare-awards-south-nominations-attarintiki-daredi-leads-complete-list-nominees-603521|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|''[[Yevadu]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Maggie|date=2015-06-23|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015: Check out South Indian cinema's favourite nominees|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-checkout-south-indian-cinemas-favourite-nominees-432667/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Winners: 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/52814105.cms|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Winners: Filmfare Award South 2017 {{!}} List of Telugu Filmfare Award Winners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/telugu/winners|access-date=2021-05-18|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards South 2018 Telugu Nominations {{!}} Filmfare|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/telugu/nominations|access-date=2021-05-18|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-18|title=Filmfare Awards South 2018 winners' list: SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2, Fidaa, Aramm win top honours|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-south-2018-winners-list-ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-fidaa-aramm-win-top-honours-4532761.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South|2019]]
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-22|title=Filmfare Awards South 2019: The complete list of winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-complete-list-of-winners-kgf-yash-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-ram-charan-6179256/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/70th-filmfare-awards-south/telugu/winners |title=Winners of the 70th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) Best Music director -Devi Sri Prasad}}</ref>
|}

== [[CineMAA Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2005
|[[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']]
| rowspan="4" |Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=CineMAA Awards 2004|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Bommarillu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Awards Cinemaa Awards 2007|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/awards/cinemaa-awards-2007|access-date=2021-05-18|website=nettv4u}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|last=HaribabuBolineni |date=2010-08-18|title=CineMAA Awards 2010 Winners List|url=https://www.chitramala.in/cinemaa-awards-2010-winners-list-121612.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Chitramala}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=CineMAA awards 2013 winners list - Telugu cinema news|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maaawards2013announced.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|Special Music Award
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-14|title=MAA TV To Telecast CineMAA Awards 2015 on Aug 15th and 16th - Telugu News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maa-tv-to-telecast-cinemaa-awards-2015-on-aug-15th-and-16th-telugu-news-139932.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| rowspan="3" |Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2016-06-12|title=CineMAA Awards 2016 winners list: 'Baahubali' bags 13 awards; Chiranjeevi steals show with his dance [PHOTOS]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/cinemaa-awards-2016-winners-list-photos-live-update-chiranjeevi-perform-dance-live-stage-682355|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=CineMAA Awards 2016 Winners List {{!}} RITZ|date=13 June 2016 |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/cinemaa-awards-2016-winners-list/|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kumari 21F]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2016-06-13|title=CineMAA Awards 2016: Chiranjeevi thrills fans with his dance moves while 'Baahubali' bags 13 Awards|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cinemaa-awards-2016-chiranjeevi-dance-moves-thrills-fans-while-bahubali-bags-13-awards-2223159|access-date=2021-05-18|website=DNA India}}</ref>
|}

== Gulf Andhra Music Awards (GAMA Tollywood Awards) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" |''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-04|title=Photos: Gulf Andhra Music Awards (GAMA) – A Starry Event-Tollywood Stars At GAMA|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/photos-gulf-andhra-music-awards-gama-starry-event-131335-pg1.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Background Score
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=431011757138526208|user=thisisdsp|access-date=2021-05-17|title=Thx to all for 3 GAMA Awards in DUBAI.! BEST Melody/ BEST Background Score/ BEST MUSIC DIRECTOR..!! :)))|author=Devi Sri Prasad}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
|Best Background Score
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=DSP wins big at GAMA Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dsp-wins-big-at-gama-awards/articleshow/46163508.cms|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|"Legend" from ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
|Best Title Song
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=GAMA Tollywood Music Awards 2014 Photos|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/29006/gama-awards-2014-photos.aspx|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
|-
|"Ayyo Papam" from ''[[Yevadu]]''
|Best Item Song
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gama Tollywood Music Awards 2014|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/2951--2|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.vikatan.com|date=7 February 2015 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|"Super Machi" from ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' (along with [[Sravana Bhargavi]])
|Best Commercial Song
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=GAMA Awards 2015 Winners List|url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/GAMA-Awards-2015-Winners-List/37129|access-date=2021-05-17|website=tupaki|date=14 February 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulf Andhra Events to organise 'GAMA Awards 2015' on Feb 12|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/nri/gulf-andhra-events-to-organise-gama-awards-2015-on-feb-12|access-date=2021-05-18|website=NewsKarnataka|date=8 February 2016 }}</ref>
|}

== Hyderabad Times Film Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2013
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-06|title=Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2012 - Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Hyderabad-Times-Film-Awards-2012/articleshow/26743534.cms|access-date=2021-05-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206043309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-02/news-interviews/44656166_1_best-actor-hyderabad-times-film-awards-role-sudeep|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

== [[IIFA Utsavam]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|2016]]
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=iifa Utsavam|url=https://iifautsavam.com/nominees-tel.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=iifautsavam.com|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225101132/https://iifautsavam.com/nominees-tel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Super Machi" from ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|Best Lyricist
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2017]]
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017|title=IIFA Utsavam 2017 Telugu nomination list: Janatha Garage, Oopiri get most nods|website=[[International Business Times]]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331191628/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356|archive-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-30|title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner's list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

== [[International Tamil Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Venghai]]''
|[[ITFA Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lights, Camera, Action: International Tamil Film Awards 2012 - Vasantham on xinmsn Entertainment|url=http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=5964537|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005658/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=5964537|archive-date=2013-12-03|access-date=2013-11-25}}</ref>
|}

== Maa Music Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Most Popular Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maa Music Awards 2012 - Telugu cinema|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/maamusicawards2012.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|"Kevvu Keka" from [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Best Item Song
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-01-25|title=MAA music awards to honour Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/MAA-music-awards-to-honour-Sirivennela-Sitarama-Sastry/article13380531.ece|access-date=2021-05-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|"Ringa Ringa" from ''[[Arya 2]]''
|Song of the Year – Jury Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2009 1|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mirchi-music-awards-south-2009-imagegallery-kollywood-khtqsfagedhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518074917/https://www.sify.com/movies/mirchi-music-awards-south-2009-imagegallery-kollywood-khtqsfagedhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-18|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|Album of the Year – Jury Choice
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
| rowspan="2" |[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Album of the Year – Jury Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-29|title=Photos: Winners List Of Mirchi Music Awards 2013|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/photos-winners-list-for-mirchi-music-awards-2013-115794.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|Album of the Year – Listeners' Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India TV News|date=2013-07-29|title=Southern stars honoured at Mirchi Music Awards South 2012 (view pics)|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/mirchi-music-awards-south-2012-8932.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
|-
|"Akasam Ammayaithe" from [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Song of the Year – Jury Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2013|url=https://www.apnnews.com/mirchi-music-awards-south-2013/|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|"Kevvu Keka" from [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Song of the Year – Listeners' Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi music awards south 2013 - Latest News in Telugu, Photos, Videos, Today Telugu News on Mirchi music awards south 2013|url=https://m.sakshi.com/tags/mirchi-music-awards-south-2013|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Music Composer of the Year
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-03|title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2013 In Hyderabad On Aug 16|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/mirchi-music-awards-south-2013-in-hyderabad-on-august-16-155852.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|"Who R U?" from ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|Male Vocalist of the Year
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Movies|first=iQlik|title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2014|url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/events/gallery/Mirchi-Music-Awards-South-2014/3|access-date=2021-05-18|website=iQlikmovies}}</ref>
|-
|''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|Album of the Year – Jury Choice
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-30|title=Radio Mirchi announces the "Mirchi Music Awards" South 2013|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/radio-mirchi-announces-the-mirchi-music-awards-south-2013/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=MediaNews4U}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|Album of the Year – Listeners' Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=mahi|date=2016-07-28|title=Highlights of Mirchi Music Awards South 2016 - TeluguMirchi.com|url=https://www.telugumirchi.com/en/movies/highlights-of-mirchi-music-awards-south-2016.html|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|"Super Machi" from ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|Song of the Year – Listeners' Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fourth chapter of Mirchi Music Awards South to take place in Chennai|url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-02133/fourth-chapter-of-mirchi-music-1373576640276|access-date=2021-05-18|website=EVENTFAQS Media}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| rowspan="3" |Album of the Decade – Listeners' Choice
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=Mirchi Music Awards South's ode to film music|url=https://telanganatoday.com/mirchi-music-awards-souths-ode-to-film-music|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Telangana Today|date=April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Mirchi Music Awards South's ode to film music|url=https://deccan.news/mirchi-music-awards-souths-ode-to-film-music/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Deccan News}}</ref>
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=mirchi music awards south 2021 {{!}} Radioandmusic.com|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/keyword/mirchi-music-awards-south-2021|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| rowspan="2" |Album of the Decade – Jury Choice
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divo grabs the "Viral song of the Decade (Tamil)" at Mirchi Music Awards South 2021 for "Rowdy Baby"|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/music-services/210326-divo-grabs-the-viral-song-the-decade-tamil|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|"Super Machi" from ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|Song of the Decade – Listeners' Choice
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|"Aaradugula Bullettu" from ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|Music Composer of the Decade
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== [[Nandi Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2013|2013]]
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2017|title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/|access-date=8 July 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

== Radio City Cine Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simon|first=Praneeth|title=Tollywood scores big in Radio City Cine Awards|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tollywood-scores-big-in-radio-city-cine-awards|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bojja|first=Santhosh Kumar|date=2019-03-02|title='రంగ‌స్థ‌లం'కు అవార్డుల పంట: ఉత్తమ నటుడు రామ్ చరణ్|url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/whats-new/radio-city-cine-awards-telugu-season-2-crowns-winners-074029.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=filmibeat.com|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Best Background Score
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=City-Cine Awards|url=https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.radiocity.in|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131301/https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Yentha Sakkagunnave" from ''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Best Male Singer
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Midday|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/Ram-Charan-Keerthy-Suresh-Sukumar-crowned-as-winners-of-City-Cine-Awards-Telugu-Season-2-20500160|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| rowspan="5" |Most Popular Music Director of the Year
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners - 2015 - Popular Awards|url=http://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Winners&pageid=9&subpageid=23&subsubpageid=68|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|''[[Kumari 21F]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners - 2016 - Popular Awards|url=http://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Winners&pageid=9&subpageid=25&subsubpageid=72|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-15|title=ఘనత 'గౌరవం' గుర్తింపు|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/2016-sakshi-excellence-awards-476089|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-11|title=సందడిగా హుందాగా సాక్షి అవార్డుల వేడుక|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sakshi-excellence-awards-2019-1214673|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>
|}

== [[Santosham Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2005
|[[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']]
| rowspan="6" |[[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Cinema function - Santosham Film Awards 2004|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Awards Santosham Awards 2006|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/awards/santosham-awards-2006|access-date=2021-05-18|website=nettv4u}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Bommarillu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Awards Santosham Awards 2007|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/awards/santosham-awards-2007|access-date=2021-06-23|website=nettv4u}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santosham film awards 2009 - Telugu cinema function|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2009.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-04|title=Santosham Awards 2013 Winners List|url=https://businessoftollywood.com/santosham-awards-2013-winners-list/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Business of Tollywood}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Santosham Awards to be aired on Sep 21 – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/santosham-awards-to-be-aired-on-sep-21/articleshow/42695801.cms|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Times of India|date=17 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|[[BigFM]] Music Award
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santosham Awards 2015|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/santosham-awards-2015/ss-BBm4Dt7|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Santosham Film Awards|2016]]
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-16|title=List of Winners Santosham Awards 2016 – Complete Details|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/awards/santosham-awards-2016-winners-list/5546|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Scooptimes}}</ref>
|-
|[[21st Santosham Film Awards|2022]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=4 December 2022 |title=Santosham Film Awards: ‘సంతోషం’లో స్టెప్పులేయనున్న బాలీవుడ్ బ్యూటీ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/bollywood-beauty-urvashirautela-shaking-legs-on-santosham-film-awards-stage-277101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320175304/https://ntvtelugu.com/news/bollywood-beauty-urvashirautela-shaking-legs-on-santosham-film-awards-stage-277101.html |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>
|}

== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
|''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
| rowspan="6" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=SIIMA Awards 2012: Winners List - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2012-winners-list/articleshow/14371865.cms|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2013 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=siima.in|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2014 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=siima.in|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165255/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-16|title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Nominations List Of Telugu Movies|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2015/siima-awards-2015-nominations-list-of-telugu-movies-manam-race-gurram-187083.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2016 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=siima.in|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2017 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2017/winners.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=siima.in|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723162843/http://siima.in/2017/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2017|access-date=2021-05-18|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2018-08-05|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out: Date, place of 7th edition revealed|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-16|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 nominations: Vijay's Mersal leads with nine nods, followed by Vikram Vedha|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2019 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2019/winners.html|access-date=8 July 2020|website=siima.in|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422085301/http://siima.in/2019/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== [[South Scope|South Scope Lifestyle Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Jalsa]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Scope Style Awards Presentation|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/1287/south-scope-style-awards-presentation.aspx|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Guests at South Scope Style Awards2009 - Telugu cinema|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/southscopestyleawards2009.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southscope Awards 2010 Function Photo Gallery (Prabhudeva, Nayanathara at South Scope Function Photos)|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/1894/southscope-awards-2010-function-photo-gallery.aspx|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
|}

== [[TV9 Telugu|TSR– TV9 National Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Damarukam]]''
| rowspan="3" |Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners List of TSR-TV9 National Film Awards 2011 and 2012|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/5232/winners-list-of-tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2011-and-2012.aspx|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=snippet by suresh|date=2015-07-17|title=TSR-TV9 award winners announced|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-bollywood/article/tsr-tv9-award-winners-announced|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=IBT Entertainment|date=2015-07-20|title=TSR TV9 National Film Awards 2013-14 Winners List: Chiranjeevi Honours Balakrishna, Mohan Babu [VIDEO]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2013-14-winners-list-chiranjeevi-honours-balakrishna-mohan-babu-639811|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2017-04-09 |title=TSR TV9 National Film Awards 2015, 2016 Winners lists: Baahubali, Srimanthudu, SOS bag maximum awards |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2015-2016-winners-lists-baahubali-srimanthudu-sos-bag-maximum-722492 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== [[Vijay Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2010
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lakshmi|first=K.|date=2010-05-30|title='Pasanga' steals show at Vijay awards|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lsquoPasanga-steals-show-at-Vijay-awards/article12079593.ece|access-date=2021-05-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== [[Vijay Music Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2011
|"Kadhal Vandale" from ''[[Singam]]''
|Popular Song of The Masses
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-25|title=Vijay Music Awards on May 11 in Chennai|url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/9312-vijay-music-awards-on-may-11-in-chennai|access-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825081815/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/9312-vijay-music-awards-on-may-11-in-chennai|archive-date=25 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

== [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2019|title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]''
|Best Album of the Year
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Cine Awards Telugu 2020 Full Winners List: Megastar Chiranjeevi, Samantha Akkineni, Pooja Hegde win big|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-full-winners-list-megastar-chiranjeevi-samantha-akkineni-pooja-hegde-win-big|access-date=2021-05-18|website=PINKVILLA|date=12 January 2020 }}</ref>
|}

== Other Awards and recognitions ==

* 2009: Sitara Awards – Special Award for Best Music Director (for ''[[Jalsa]]'' and ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=1st Annual Vivel Sitara Awards|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/10598/1st-annual-vivel-sitara-awards.aspx|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
*2009: Isai Aruvi Tamil Music Awards – Best Music Director (for ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meera Isaiaruvi Tamil Music Awards 09|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/meera-isaiaruvi-tamil-music-awards-09-imagegallery-kollywood-jhqmxnggghdsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225054445/http://www.sify.com/movies/meera-isaiaruvi-tamil-music-awards-09-imagegallery-kollywood-jhqmxnggghdsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2015|access-date=2021-05-17|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
*2013: Audi Ritz Icon Awards<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebs at Audi Ritz Icon Awards 2013 Photos|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/EVENTS/View/39096/Celebs-at-Audi-Ritz-Icon-Awards-2013-Photos1|access-date=2021-05-17|website=APHerald [Andhra Pradesh Herald]}}</ref>
*2013: Big Telugu Entertainment Awards – Best Music Director (for ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-09|title=Big Telugu Entertainment Awards to air on ETV Telugu|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/mar/mar76.php|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Margadarsi Big Telugu Entertainment Awards 2013 Press Meet - Photo Coverage|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/6239/margadarsi-big-telugu-entertainment-awards-2013-press-meet.aspx|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>
* 2016: Sri Kala Sudha Telugu Association 18th Ugadi Purakaskaralu – Best Music Director<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Kala Sudha Telugu Association Ugadi Awards|url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Sri-Kala-Sudha-Telugu-Association-Ugadi-Awards/38594|access-date=2021-05-18|website=tupaki|date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>
*2017: Zee Golden Awards – Best Music Director (for ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' and [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)|''DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham'']])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2018-01-01|title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 winners list and photos|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-telugu-golden-awards-2017-winners-list-photos-755196|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
*2017: Nominated for Best Music Director (for ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'', [[Jai Lava Kusa]] and [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)|''DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham'']]) at Mango Telugu Cinema Awards 2017

== References ==
<references />{{Devi Sri Prasad}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician|Prasad, Devi Sri]]
[[Category:Devi Sri Prasad|Awards]]

Rashtriya Lok Morcha

2026-02-15T07:03:06Z

MinnieZox45714: creating new article nd citations

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Rashtriya Lok Morcha
|party_logo = [[File:Logo of Rashtriya Lok Morcha.jpg|200px]]
|abbreviation = RLM
|colorcode = {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|president = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|treasurer = Roshan Raja
|founder = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2023|02|20}}

|headquarters = 24M Stand Road Patna pincode-800014
|split = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|students = Chhatra Lok Morcha
|predecessor = [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]]
|dissolution =
|symbol = [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|150px]] Gas Cylinder
|website =
|eci = Registered unrecognized party
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2023 – present)
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|4|243|hex={{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|75|hex={{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|State President =
|flag = [[File:Flag of Rashtriya Lok Morcha.jpg|250px]]
|general_secretary = Madhav Anand
|secretary = Fazal Imam Mallick
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|national_convener =
}}

The '''Rashtriya Lok Morcha''' (abbr. '''RLM'''), originally established as '''Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra Kushwaha Resigns From Bihar CM Nitish's JDU, Floats Own Party Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/jdu-rebel-upendra-kushwaha-announces-new-political-party-check-details-bihar-nitish-kumar-1583345 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=ABP Live |date=20 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra Kushwaha quits JD(U), floats Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/upendra-kushwaha-quits-jdu-announces-new-party-rashtriya-lok-janata-dal-2337151-2023-02-20 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=India Today |date=20 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian political party formally announced by [[Upendra Kushwaha]] on 20 February 2023, in [[Bihar]] after resignation from [[Janata Dal (United)]]. The party's ideology is based on the ideals of [[Karpoori Thakur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/upendra-kushwaha-quits-jdu-floats-new-party-8456230/|title=Upendra Kushwaha quits JD(U), floats new party|website=Indian express|date=20 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jdu-kushwaha-new-party-nitish-kumar-8456831/|title=Cutting ties with JD(U), Kushwaha floats new party with eye on NDA, targets Nitish|website=Indian express|date=20 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The foundation of the party was preceded by a two day conference organised by [[Upendra Kushwaha]] in [[Patna]], in which he invoked the participation of all the members of Mahatama Phule Samata Parishad, a socio-political organisation and his trusted aides in [[Janata Dal (United)]]. In the backdrop of this conference the foundation of the party was announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-shows-rebellious-upendra-kushwaha-the-door/articleshow/97672269.cms|title=JD(U) shows rebellious Upendra Kushwaha the door|website=Times of India|date=7 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kushwaha-urges-jdu-leaders-to-join-meeting-on-partys-special-deal-with-rjd/article66475451.ece|title=Kushwaha urges JD(U) leaders to join meeting on party's 'special deal' with RJD|website=The Hindu|date=6 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Jitendra Nath who hails from [[Sheikhpura]] was made the party's vice president.<ref>{{Cite news |title=आरएलएम के राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष जीतेन्द्र नाथ के वाहन पर हमला |trans-title=RLM National Vice President Jeetendra Nath's vehicle attacked |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/shekhapura/news/attack-on-the-vehicle-of-rlm-national-vice-president-jitendra-nath-132695116.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:The Minister of State for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the inauguration of the National Conference of ‘Bank of Ideas and Innovations’, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Upendra Kushwaha (then the president of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]]) in 2014, as the Minister of State for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation, addressing at the inauguration of the National Conference of ‘Bank of Ideas and Innovations’, in [[New Delhi]].]]
In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], [[Upendra Kushwaha]], then the president of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] (RLSP), formed a third front called [[Grand Democratic Secular Front]], which included parties with minor presence in Bihar. The front included [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-elections-upendra-kushwaha-rlsp-gdsf-votes-kingmaker-6909172/|title=Bihar elections: Third front may prove kingmaker with 10% votes|website=Indian express|date=30 October 2020 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The coalition performed poorly in Bihar Assembly elections of 2020, winning only 6 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-election-results-churning|title=The Numbers Hide a Political Churning in Bihar|website=The Wire|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The Rashtriya Lok Samata Party failed to win any seat, but was responsible for defeat of [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU) in over dozens of constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/politics/why-nitish-is-unlikely-to-expel-kushwaha-from-jdu-lose-core-votebank-despite-widening-rift/1336208/|title=Why Nitish is unlikely to expel Kushwaha from JD(U) & lose 'core votebank', despite widening rift|website=The Print|date=26 January 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Due to shift of [[Kushwaha]] voters to RLSP, JDU became a junior partner in [[National Democratic Alliance]], with its seats significantly reduced in Bihar Legislative Assembly in comparison to its partner [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jdu-tally-lowest-in-15-yrs-nitish-unwilling-but-bjp-persuades-him-to-stay-bihar-cm-7048392/|title=JDU tally lowest in 15 yrs, Nitish 'unwilling' but BJP persuades him to stay Bihar CM|website=Indian express|date=12 November 2020 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref>

After the results were out, JDU reorganised itself by analysing the causes of its defeat and Upendra Kushwaha was invited to join the party once again. Kushwaha merged his Rashtriya Lok Samata Party into Janata Dal (United) and was made the President of Parliamentary Board of JDU.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rlsp-merges-with-jdu-kushwaha-made-chairman-of-partys-parliamentary-board-7228475/|title=RLSP merges with JD(U), Kushwaha made chairman of party's parliamentary board|website=Indian express|date=15 March 2021 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The JDU also nominated him to [[Bihar Legislative Council]]. Few months later, the rumours of Nitish Kumar selecting [[Tejashwi Yadav]] as his successor caused uneasiness for many members of JDU. Kushwaha now emerged as the critic of Tejashwi Yadav.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/upendra-kushwaha-interview-nitish-tejashwi-bihar-leader-jdu-8433110/|title= Upendra Kushwaha interview: 'Nitish's move to project Tejashwi as Bihar's future leader signals JD(U)'s end'|website=Indian express|date= 9 February 2023|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref>
He demanded his share in JDU and refused to accept the leadership of Yadav.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/seeking-my-share-in-jdu-like-nitish-did-from-lalu-upendra-kushwaha-8416308/|title= Seeking my share in JD(U) like Nitish did from Lalu: Upendra Kushwaha|website=Indian express|date= February 2023|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Amidst verbal attacks by the spokespersons and leaders of JDU, he organised a two day conference in [[Patna]], in which all the members of his defunct Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, who were in JDU were invited.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/lalan-singh-slams-kushwaha-dubs-his-two-day-convention-unauthorised-101676827642828.html|title=Lalan Singh slams Kushwaha, dubs his two-day convention 'unauthorised'|website=Hindustan Times|date=19 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The members of another organisation led by him called Mahatma Phule Samata Parishad were also invited in this conference.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/mf-factor-of-upendra-political-power-know-that-kushwaha-is-giving-sleepless-nights-to-jdu/articleshow/97724126.cms|title=उपेंद्र की सियासी ताकत का 'MF' फैक्टर, जानिए इसी के सहारे JDU की नींद हराम कर रहे कुशवाहा|language=Hindi |website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> On 20 February 2023, in this two day conference, the Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal(Later renamed as Rashtriya Lok Morcha) was founded.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/upendra-kushwaha-resigns-jdu-announces-formation-new-political-party-rashtriya-lok-janata-dal/article66531680.ece|title=Upendra Kushwaha resigns from JD(U), announces formation of a new political party|website=The Hindu|date=20 February 2023 |accessdate= 3 March 2023}}</ref>

Kushwaha launched his ''Virasat Bachao Yatra'', a statewide tour in Bihar after the foundation of Rashtriya Lok Morcha.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rljd-leader-upendra-kushwaha-begins-virasat-bachao-yatra-in-bihar/articleshow/98320330.cms|title=RLJD leader Upendra Kushwaha begins 'Virasat Bachao Yatra' in Bihar|website=Times of India|date=March 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/feb/28/kushwaha-to-launch-birasat-bachao-naman-yatra-from-west-champaran-on-february-28-2551733.html|title=Kushwaha to launch 'Birasat Bachao Naman Yatra' from West Champaran on February 28|website=new Indian express|date=28 February 2023 |accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref> The party was said to be formed in a bid to prohibit the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] leader [[Tejashwi Yadav]] from becoming the new face of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] and the successor of [[Nitish Kumar]] as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kushwaha-okay-with-anybody-except-tejashwi-as-lead/2975323/|title=Upendra Kushwaha okay with anybody except Tejashwi Yadav as lead|website=financial express|date=8 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/upendra-kushwaha-interview-nitish-tejashwi-bihar-leader-jdu-8433110/|title=Upendra Kushwaha interview: 'Nitish's move to project Tejashwi as Bihar's future leader signals JD(U)'s end'|website=Indian express|date=9 February 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> The RLM also organised Samrat Ashok Jayanti (celebration of anniversary of [[Ashoka]] in [[Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre]] (Bapu Sabhagaar), Patna on 2 March 2023 in a bid to attract the [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) caste to the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bihar-politics-rallying-around-emperor-ashoka-to-woo-kushwaha-votes-1503167711.html |title= Bihar politics rallying around Emperor Ashoka to woo Kushwaha votes|website=The Statesman|accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amit-shah-bihar-nitish-kumar-ashoka-8530801/|title=
Amit Shah coming to Bihar, Nitish invokes the new king among castes — Emperor Ashoka|website=indian express|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Few days after it, the party announced the list of its office bearers. The list included some of the old allies of Upendra Kushwaha like Fazal Imam Mallick and Madhav Anand, who were associated with him from the time of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]]. Some new entrants were also given significant position; Jitendra Nath, who is reported to have significant hold on [[Dhanuk]] and [[Kurmi]] caste in [[Magadh division|Magadh region]] was made National Vice President while former Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ziradei Assembly constituency]], [[Ramesh Singh Kushwaha]] was appointed as the Bihar state president of the party.<ref name=Navbharat>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/upendra-kushwaha-given-responsibility-jeetendra-nath-as-vice-president-attempts-to-luv-kush-vote-bank/articleshow/99186709.cms|title= Upendra Kushwaha: जीतेंद्र नाथ को उपेंद्र कुशवाहा ने बनाया उपाध्यक्ष, लव-कुश वोट बैंक में सेंधमारी की कोशिश|language=Hindi|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Party's name changed on 18 February 2024 to Rashtriya Lok Morcha as [[Election Commission of India]] refused to assign it the name of [[Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-politics-upendra-kushwaha-became-leader-of-rashtriya-lok-morcha-election-commission-did-not-give-old-party-name/articleshow/107797591.cms|title=उपेंद्र कुशवाहा बने RLM के नेता, चुनाव आयोग ने नहीं दिया 'राष्ट्रीय लोक जनता दल' का नाम|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=10 March 2023}}</ref>

In [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], the party contested from 6 seats as part of [[National Democratic Alliance]] and won from 4 of these. However, [[Deepak Prakash]], the son of Upendra Kushwaha was made the minister for panchayati raj in [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry]] in place of any of the victorious candidates of party. This led to rebellion and resignation of some of the key members of party including state president Mahendra Kushwaha and vice president Jitendra Nath over accusations of 'dynastic politics'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjps-bihar-ally-faces-revolt-as-7-leaders-quit-hit-out-at-chief-upendra-kushwaha-desperate-to-promote-family-10389153/|title=BJP's Bihar ally faces revolt as seven leaders quit party...|website=Indian express|accessdate=3 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/upendra-kushwahas-party-faces-rebellion-seven-members-quit-over-dynastic-politics/article70331366.ece|title=Upendra Kushwahas party faces rebellion seven members quit over dynastic politics|website=The Hindu|accessdate=3 December 2025}}</ref>

==Organisation==
[[File:Route of office of Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal in Hajipur.jpg|thumb|Route to Kushwaha Ashram, the headquarter of RLM in [[Hajipur]], where official meetings are conducted involving party workers.]]
*Jitendra Nath, Vice President (Organization)
*Madhav Anand, Principal General Secretary
*Fazal Imam Mallick, General Secretary cum Spokesperson
*Narendra Kumar, National General Secretary cum spokesperson

===Important members===
Source:<ref name=Navbharat/>
*Madan Chowdhary, Vice President, and caretaker State president, bihar (Organization)
*Subhash Chandravanshi, General Secretary
*Brajendra Kumar Pappu, General Secretary cum spokesperson
*Rahul Kumar, General Secretary cum Spokesperson
*Rampukar Sinha, General Secretary cum Spokesperson
*Himanshu Patel, State President, Youth Cell
*Ashok Ram, State President, [[Scheduled Caste]] Cell
*Sonu Verma, State General Secretary [It Cell]
*Roshan Raja, State President (IT Cell)

== Electoral Performance==
===Lok Sabha (General) election results===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color: white"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color: white"|Lok sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Seats won/Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Overall vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Ref.
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|rowspan=3|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|1
(Under [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
|{{Composition bar|0|1}}
|{{Steady}}
|
|{{new}}
|
|-
|}

===Bihar Assembly Elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color: white"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color: white"|Lok sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Seats won/Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Overall vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}};color:white"|Ref.
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17th Assembly]]
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|4|6|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|1.06
|{{new}}
|
|}

==Performance of Candidates in 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! AC No.
! AC Name
! Candidate name
! Gender
! Age
! Total Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
| 208
| [[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]
| [[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
| Female
| 56
| 105,006
| 47.49
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 36
| [[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
| [[Madhav Anand]]
| Male
| 43
| 97,956
| 46.38
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 27
| [[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti]]
| [[Rameshwar Mahto]]
| Male
| 50
| 99,144
| 45.02
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 210
| [[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
| [[Alok Kumar Singh (RLM politician)|Alok Kumar Singh]]
| Male
| 49
| 78,338
| 41.88
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 134
| [[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| Prashant Kumar Pankaj
| Male
| 50
| 86,424
| 37.58
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 97
| [[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]]
| Madan Chaudhary
| Male
| 57
| 66,445
| 29.12
| Lost {{cross}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Janata Parivar parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Bihar]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Samata Party| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2023]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Morcha]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir

2026-02-14T23:34:45Z

MinnieZox45714: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir''' is a major issue. Belonging to a [[patriarchy|patriarchal society]], they have had to fight [[gender inequality|inequality]] and routine [[discrimination]].<ref>Kazi, Seema. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191213021611/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1 ''Gender and Militarization in Kashmir'']. ''Oxford Islamic Studies Online''. Oxford University Press. "Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done."</ref><ref>Chinkin, Christine. "Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law." ''[[European Journal of International Law]]'' 5.3 (1994): 327. "women in Kashmir who have suffered rape and death under the administration of the Indian army."</ref><ref name=":43">Inger Skjelsbæk (2001) [[doi:10.1080/13533310108413896|Sexual violence in times of war: A new challenge for peace operations?]], International Peacekeeping, 8:2, 75–76 "</ref><ref name="Frederick2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU-6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|title=Rape: Weapon of Terror|publisher=World Scientific|year=2001|isbn=978-981-4350-95-2|pages=101–|author=Sharon Frederick|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420060202/https://books.google.com/books?id=gU-6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF "RAPE IN KASHMIR: A Crime of War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904012347/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF |date=4 September 2012 }} (PDF). ''Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch''. '''5''' (9): 6.</ref><ref name="Swati Parashar 2011">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/1057610X.2011.551719| title=Gender, ''Jihad'', and Jingoism: Women as Perpetrators, Planners, and Patrons of Militancy in Kashmir| journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism| volume=34| issue=4| pages=295–317| year=2011| last1=Parashar| first1=Swati}}</ref><ref name="BakshHarcourt2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SupcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA683|title=The Oxford Handbook of Transnational Feminist Movements|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-994349-4|pages=683–|author1=Rawwida Baksh|author2=Wendy Harcourt}}</ref>
Women's rights in [[Kashmir Valley]] has major issues<ref>{{cite web | title=The disappointing case of patriarchy and rising crimes against women | website=Kashmir Times | url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=97260 | access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref> as there is harassment of young muslim women participating in sports activities,<ref>{{cite web | title=Kashmir's suffocating patriarchy! | website=Daily Excelsior | date=2020-09-25 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kashmirs-suffocating-patriarchy/ | access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref> demands of [[dowry]] after marriage,<ref>{{cite web | author=Guest | title=Victims of Dowry in Srinagar: Five Case Studies | website=Kashmir Reader | date=2020-09-25 | url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/09/26/victims-of-dowry-in-srinagar-five-case-studies/ | access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref> [[domestic violence]] incidents,<ref>{{cite web | title=Patriarchal Society: Celebrate individual excellence of women | website=Rising Kashmir | date=2020-09-07 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/article/patriarchal-society--celebrate-individual-excellence-of-women | access-date=2020-09-26}} {{dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> acid attacks on women ,<ref>{{cite web | last=Jamwal | first=Anuradha Bhasin | title=Kashmiri Women as Stone Pelters: It Is Not Just Anti-Militarism, It | website=The Citizen | date=2020-09-26 | url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/10538/Kashmiri-Women-as-Stone-Pelters-It-Is-Not-Just-Anti-Militarism-Its-About-Empowerment | access-date=2020-09-26 | archive-date=2020-09-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923135221/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/10538/Kashmiri-Women-as-Stone-Pelters-It-Is-Not-Just-Anti-Militarism-Its-About-Empowerment | url-status=dead }}</ref> and men being generally taken in a higher regard than women. Many small organisations have been formed to struggle for women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>[http://shur.luiss.it/files/2009/05/ray.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201811/http://shur.luiss.it/files/2009/05/ray.pdf|date=2017-09-18}} Dr. Ayesha Ray "Kashmiri Women and the Politics of Identity" (paper presented to SHUR Final Conference on Human Rights and Civil Society, Rome, June 2009) at 14.</ref>

==Education==
J&K's social, economic and political conditions have increased gender disparity in the region, with men dominating its [[socioeconomics|socio-economic]] and political processes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Mohd Amin |title=IDWGS: Her Voice in Science |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/idwgs-her-voice-in-science/371259 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref> Women's roles have traditionally been domestic, and women in [[rural area]]s do not have access to education.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} According to a 2011 census, the [[literacy]] rate in J&K was 68.74 per cent; literacy among women was 58.01 per cent.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The female high-school [[Dropping out|dropout rate]] is higher than the male rate, and one out of every three adult women in J&K is unable to read or write (compared with one out of five adult males).{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In many rural areas, the birth of a son is celebrated; the birth of a daughter is not. Males are seen as able to get a job and help support a family; females are seen as an expense, since they will marry and leave home.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Article 10 of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]'s [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] recognises that such gender inequality can be eliminated only by education.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]], realising that gender disparity in education must be removed for women in the [[Kashmir Valley]], has begun a number of initiatives.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Qualified female teachers are underemployed, however; school [[infrastructure]] is poor, and [[student-teacher ratio]]s are high.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Citizenship==
According to the UN General Assembly's [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the principle of [[citizenship]] operates on the assumption of [[Social equality|equality]] between men and women.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/097152150601400109|title = Citizenship Rights of Women in Jammu and Kashmir|journal = Indian Journal of Gender Studies|volume = 14|pages = 157–171|year = 2007|last1 = Singh|first1 = Jasbir|last2 = Vohra|first2 = Anupama}}</ref> In Jammu and Kashmir, however, citizenship is unequal among men and women.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/> If a woman from J&K marries a [[alien (law)|foreigner]], she loses her right to [[inheritance|inherit]], own or buy immovable property in the state;<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011">{{cite journal |author=Nyla Ali Khan |title=Negotiating the boundaries of gender, community and nationhood: A case study of Kashmir |year=2011 |volume=18 |issue=1 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan |pages=1–13}}</ref> no such law affects a male in a similar situation.<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/> [[Secularist]]s and [[ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalists]] believe that J&K can survive amid [[globalization]] with its identity intact only by protecting [[culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri culture]],<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/> and Kashmiri women are discouraged from crossing the cultural threshold;<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/> inequality in citizenship is justified as preserving the state.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/>

On 7 October 2002, the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] overturned the established legal position.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/> The court ruled that by marrying an outsider, a J&K woman did not lose her permanent-resident status.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/> It was further stated that the original document that had been used as evidence for depriving women of their citizenship did not expressly state so.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/> The decision was contested by the state's political parties, who drafted a bill known as the Daughters Bill or the Permanent Residents' (Disqualification) Bill stripping a woman of permanent resident-status if she married a foreigner.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com"/> According to law minister [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig|Muzaffar Beg]], it was "universally accepted that the woman follows the [[domicile (law)|domicile]] of her husband."<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article-kashmir-vs-women-1374449 |title=Kashmir vs Women |access-date=2017-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006001513/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article-kashmir-vs-women-1374449 |archive-date=2017-10-06 |url-status=live |date=2010-04-23 }}</ref>

Although the bill was not passed, a similar bill was introduced in March 2010 ostensibly to stave off [[demography|demographic]] change;<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> however, the rationale did not address the male role (through intermarriage) in demographic change.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> That bill was not passed, but it has considerable support.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>

==Role of women in the conflict==
In 1989, Kashmiri dissatisfaction with Indian rule led to the Kashmir conflict resulting in the abuse of women in the region<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> According to a report by Human Rights Watch in 1993, the Indian security forces use rape as a method of retaliation against Kashmiri civilians during reprisal attacks after militant ambushes.<ref name=":42">Inger Skjelsbæk (2001) [[doi:10.1080/13533310108413896|Sexual violence in times of war: A new challenge for peace operations?]], International Peacekeeping, 8:2, 75-76.</ref><ref name=":12">[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF "Rape in Kashmir: A Crime of War"] (PDF). ''Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch''. '''5''' (9): 1.</ref><ref>Littlewood, Roland. "Military Rape". ''[[Anthropology Today]]'', vol. 13, no. 2, 1997, pp. 7–16.</ref> Professor William Baker states that rape in Kashmir was not the result of a few undisciplined soldiers but an active attempt by the Indian security forces to humiliate and intimidate the Kashmiri population.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0049085715589471| title=A Gender Critique of AFSPA: Security for Whom?| journal=Social Change| volume=45| issue=3| pages=440–457| year=2015| last1=Ranjan| first1=Amit}}</ref>

When public support of the militancy began to diminish, many militants turned to the political arena; however, the voices of women have not been accorded their rightful place in the dialogues of the Kashmiri conflict and politics.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> Although women have been the hardest-hit victims of the conflict and have played pivotal roles in [[separatism]] and the armed insurgency,<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> their activities are barely mentioned in mainstream narratives of Kashmiri militancy.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> The media seems uneasy with the idea of female Kashmiri involvement in militancy; when a woman is charged as an overground operative of a militant group, the media swiftly declares her innocent or justifies her.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/>

==={{anchor|Dukhtaran-e-Milat (DeM)}}Dukhtaran-e-Milat===
[[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]] (DeM) is a women's organisation which was founded in 1981 by [[Asiya Andrabi]].<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> The group's early goal was to educate [[Muslim]] women about [[Islam]] and make them aware of their rights.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> Over time, however, it began morally policing women and encouraged them to support militants waging [[jihad]] in Kashmir.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> The group has often had to go underground after the government prohibited its activities.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> In 1987, the organisation became more political and demanded seats reserved for women on [[public transport]]; the government ignored their demands.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> When the insurgency began in 1988, DeM appealed to women to run their households and support the mujahideen.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/>

According to Andrabi, she has stopped many young women from going to Pakistan for training in armed combat at militant camps.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> DeM's timeline is full of bans and arrests under the Public Safety Act.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> DeM can be classified as a [[Islamic extremism|radical religious group]] which uses coercion to impose a [[conservatism|conservative]] version of Islam on Kashmiri women.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> Its moral-police initiatives primarily target what are considered centres of immorality, including cafes, restaurants and shops selling alcohol and gifts.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> DeM campaigns for [[sex segregation]] and strict [[gender role]] based on the [[five pillars of Islam]].<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> Viewing the Kashmir conflict as religious in nature, they seek the unification of J&K with Pakistan.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/> Although DeM has not been proven to engage in direct armed struggle, Andrabi said in an interview that the women might take up arms or become [[suicide attack|suicide bombers]] if needed.<ref name="Swati Parashar 2011"/>

Organisations which share DeM's [[ideology]] promote a homogenous culture, without the liberties and choices for women which are traditionally an integral part of the Kashmiri culture.<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/> Their strict measures, such as imposition of the [[burqa]], strengthen the patriarchal structure of Kashmiri society.<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/> According to some commentators, DeM's efforts would be more effective if directed at the creation of [[women in government|quotas for women]] in [[Parliament]], the [[legislative assembly]] and the [[judiciary]]; female representation would increase, triggering a cultural shift in gender-role expectations.<ref name="Nyla Ali Khan 2011"/>

=== {{anchor|Women's Self Defense Corps (WSDC)}}Women's Self Defense Corps ===
In 1947, the volunteer Women's Self Defense Corps (WSDC) was founded as the female wing of the Jammu and Kashmir National Militia. The group's aim is "to train women for self-defense and to resist invaders".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gfgrg.org/women-and-resistance-in-kashmir-by-yogesh-mishra/|title=Women and Resistance in Kashmir|last=Mishra|first=Yogesh|date=June 27, 2018|website=Gender and Feminist Geographies Research Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193301/http://www.gfgrg.org/women-and-resistance-in-kashmir-by-yogesh-mishra/|archive-date=December 5, 2018|url-status=usurped|access-date=November 30, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In addition to weapons training, the group also provided a forum where women "steeped in centuries-old traditions, abysmal ignorance, poverty and superstition could discuss their issues".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam, Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Nyla Ali|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|pages=134}}</ref> The corps also worked at a political and cultural level for increased impact.

== {{anchor|Cross-border Collaborations}}Cross-border collaboration ==
{{See also|Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir}}
Cross-border collaborations can be traced back to the beginning of conflict between India and Pakistan. Women in both countries shared a number of issues, such as public and domestic violence, [[Rape during the Kashmir conflict|rape]], [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human-rights abuses]] and inequality, and the environment created by the Kashmir conflict had a negative impact. Groups and initiatives fostering cross-border collaboration created a space for the women and an atmosphere for developing human relationships and substantive dialogue on issues like the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani wars]].

Women's cross-border initiatives have changed and contributed to peace between [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]]. It provides opportunities for face-to-face interactions and dialogue, and has facilitated much-needed understanding between the people of both countries. Women have participated in several processes through meetings with government officials and civil-society groups, addressed concerns such as education and visas, and initiated a media exchange between the countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sewak|first=Manjiri|date=2004|title=Women's Initiatives for Peace between Pakistan and India|journal=Pakistan Horizon|volume=57|issue=3|pages=121–126|jstor=41394062}}</ref> When only civil-society groups and government officials had the right to make decisions, groups and initiatives like this were negotiated and sustained cross-border dialogue.<ref name=":0" /> Women's experiences and groups are an alternative, nonviolent means of negotiating an end to conflict.

=== Women's Bus for Peace ===
In 1999, 40 Indian women of different religions and political views took a 12-hour bus trip from [[New Delhi]] to [[Lahore]] which was organized by the Women's Initiative for Peace in South Asia (WIPSA). The Women's Bus for Peace was one of many several cross-border collaborations by women from Pakistan and India.<ref name=":0"/> The initiative began with communication, since the women had common issues and struggles. What brought them together was the need to build strategies for peace. The Women's Bus for Peace focused on the need for communication between the people of Pakistan and India.

=== {{anchor|LOC Conference}}Line of Control conference ===
A November 2007 conference for Pakistani and Indian women, "Connecting Women across the Line of Control (LOC)", was held in [[Kashmir]]. Discussion topics at the conference ranged from aiding victims of violence and untreated illnesses to mobilizing women in the political and social arenas. The participants "vehemently endorsed diplomacy and peaceful negotiations in order to further the India–Pakistan peace process; withdrawal of forces from both sides of the [[Line of Control|LOC]]; decommissioning of militants; rehabilitation of [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s to rebuild the syncretic fabric of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] society; and rehabilitation of detainees".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam, Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Nyla Ali|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|pages=142}}</ref> Regardless of ethnicity, the women worked together to find solutions to problems caused by the Kashmir conflict and end the decades-long feud.

==See also==
*[[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Pragaash]] band controversy

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/back.htm Behind the Kashmir conflict]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/lead-article-politics-of-rape-in-kashmir/article6909603.ece Politics of rape in Kashmir]
* [https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/india/report-india/ Amnesty International on human rights abuses in Kashmir]
* [https://www.awid.org/news-and-analysis/womens-resistance-kashmir Women's Resistance in Kashmir]
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

Mir Alam Tank

2026-02-14T04:45:39Z

MinnieZox45714: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Reservoir in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Mir Alam Tank
| caption =Multi Arch Dam
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =Multi Arch Dam
| location = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| coords = {{coord|17|21|N|78|26|E|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow =Musi
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Mir Alam tank within Hyderabad, Telangana
| outflow =Musi
| catchment = {{convert|5.9|km2|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="HansInd"/>
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|1.298|km|abbr=on}}
| width =
| area = {{Convert|464|acre|abbr=on}}<ref name="HansInd"/>
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|15|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}<ref name="HansInd"/>
| volume = {{convert|270|e6ft3|e6m3|-1|abbr= on}}<ref name="HansInd"/>
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|511.8|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="HansInd"/>
| islands =
| cities =Hyderabad
|date-built={{start date and age|1806|06|08}}<ref name="TelangTours"/>
}}
'''Mir Alam Tank''' is a [[reservoir]] in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is located to the south of [[Musi River, India|Musi river]]. It was the primary source of drinking water to Hyderabad before [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]] were built.
==History==
[[File:MirAlamTank JFHurst.jpg|thumb|left|215px|A view from east by J. F. Hurst in 1888]]
The tank is named after [[Mir Alam|Mir Alam Bahadur]], then [[List of Prime Ministers of Hyderabad State|Prime Minister of Hyderabad State]] (1804 - 1808), during the reign of [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Asaf Jah III]], the third [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] state. Mir Alam laid the foundation for the tank on 20 July 1804 and it was completed in about two years on 8 June 1806.<ref name="HansInd">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/mir-alam-tank-likely-to-get-facelift-529510|title=Mir Alam Tank likely to get facelift|newspaper=Hans India|date=2019-05-15|last1=Esa Bin|first1=Abdul Rehman}}</ref> The tank was reportedly planned by [[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond]]. The reservoir with 21 arches was reportedly designed by a French engineering company.<ref name="TelangTours">{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/boating/MirAlamTankBoating|title=MIR ALAM TANK BOATING|publisher=TELANGANA TOURISM| access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref> This reservoir with its 21 semi circular masonry dams were once the primary source of drinking water for Hyderabad.<ref name="SiasatSep24">{{Cite news|url=https://www.siasat.com/will-hydra-clear-mir-alam-tank-encroachments-in-hyderabad-3088031/|title=Will HYDRA clear Mir Alam Tank encroachments in Hyderabad?|publisher=[[The Siasat Daily]]|first=Mir|last=Alamgir|date=2024-09-03|access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-a-city-shaped-by-its-historic-water-reservoirs-2369863/|newspaper=[[The Siasat Daily]]|title=Hyderabad: A city shaped by its historic water reservoirs|first=|last=|date=2022-07-15|access-date=2024-12-05}}</ref>

==Today==
[[File:Mir Alam tank.jpg|thumb|left|215px|Mir Alam tank covered with [[Pontederia crassipes|water hyacinth]]]]
Similar to most other lakes in Hyderabad, the Mir Alam Tank is also being encroached by various residential buildings surrounding the lake. The water is heavily polluted and is no longer used for drinking. The area covered by lake has reduced by half from 1967 to 2021. As of 2021 the area covered by the lake was {{convert|1050000|m2|acre|-1|abbr= on}} (i.e. down from {{convert|1880000|m2|acre|-1|abbr= on}} covered in 1967).<ref name="SiasatSep24"/> [[Nehru Zoological Park]] lies adjacent to the tank and Telangana Tourism operates boats on the lake, for which one has to enter through the zoo.<ref name="TelangTours"/> The polluted waters of Mir Alam tank is reportedly harming the animals located in the adjacent zoo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad-zoo-gets-contaminated-water-from-mir-alam-says-chief-wildlife-warden|title=Hyderabad Zoo Gets Contaminated Water from Mir Alam, Says Chief Wildlife Warden|first=Pratyush|last=Nalella|date=2024-04-14|access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref>

==Transport==
Mir Alam Tank is serviced by [[Rajendranagar]] bus depot, and [[Falaknuma]] bus depot among others. Bus Route No. 7Z, 49 from [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Railway station]], 94, 95 from Kothi, 74, 73, 251 from Afzal Gunj.
The nearest [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]] station is situated at [[Dabirpura railway station|Dabirpura]]<ref name="TelangTours"/>
== Mir Alam Park ==
The park is being constructed with various attractions using Deccani theme, traditional arts, 3D paintings etc. A science park will also be developed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/mar/23/mir-alam-tank-park-to-bask-in-past-glory-1954703.html|title=Mir Alam Tank Park to bask in past glory|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
*[[Mir Alam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060616190140/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/09/stories/2006060918640200.htm The Hindu feature]

{{Authority control}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Telangana]]
[[Category:Lakes of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (physicist)

2026-02-10T02:54:39Z

MinnieZox45714: creating basic info first draft

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{About|the physicist|the historian|R. C. Majumdar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
| image =
| birth_date = 1 March 1904
| birth_place = Patgram, [[Dhaka Division|Dacca district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|12|29|1904|03|01}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]], [[University of Jena]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students = [[Asoke Nath Mitra]]
| known_for =
| footnotes =
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institution = [[Bose Institute]], [[Delhi University]]
| prizes =
| religion =
}}
'''Ramesh Chandra Majumdar ''' (1904-1995) was an Indian physicist who made contributions in several branches of theoretical physics, notably statistical mechanics and ionospheric physics. He played a key role in setting up the Department of Physics and Astrophysics at the [[University of Delhi]], which he headed for around nine years, and also was pro-vice-chancellor of the university.<ref name="insabiography">{{cite web |title=Biographical Memoirs: RAMESH CHANDRA MAJUMDAR (1904 - 1995) |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM21_9907.pdf |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and was general secretary of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].

== Early life ==
Majumdar was born on 1 March 1904 in Patgram, a village in [[Dhaka Division|Dacca district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]], now in [[Bangladesh]]. His father, Mahesh Chandra Majumdar worked in a tea estate in Jalpaiguri district of [[West Bengal]]. He had his schooling in Jalpaiguri. After completing his undergraduate studies at [[Rajshahi College]], he went to [[Calcutta]] to study for his master's degree in physics.

Majumdar studied physics at [[Calcutta University]] in the laboratory of [[Bidhu Bhushan Ray|B. B. Ray]], where he carried out an experiment that demonstrated the [[Raman effect]] in X-rays; this was published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1931.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Majumdar|first1=R C|title=Part-Absorption Phenomena of X-Rays|journal=Nature|date=17 January 1931|volume=127|issue=3194|page=92|doi=10.1038/127092a0|bibcode=1931Natur.127...92M|s2cid=4130239|doi-access=free}}</ref> After completing his Master's in 1927, he moved to [[Allahabad University]], where he wrote a research paper with [[Meghnad Saha]]. For the rest of his career, he concentrated on [[theoretical physics]]. With Saha's encouragement, he went abroad for his doctoral studies and obtained his Ph.D. from the [[University of Jena]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Panchapakesan|first1=N.|title=DS Kothari and Delhi University|journal=Defence Science Journal|date=July 1994|volume=44|issue=3|pages=199–202|url=http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/view/4169/2430|accessdate=9 April 2017|doi=10.14429/dsj.44.4169|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> During this period, he was a frequent visitor to [[Cambridge University]], where his friend and collaborator [[Daulat Singh Kothari]] was working for his Ph.D. According to one source, Majumdar went to Cambridge, "arriving — it is said — on the doorstep of Lord Rutherford's home on a Sunday afternoon".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Robert S.|title=Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India|date=May 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BcKqXOeSbAC&q=majumdar+physics+allahabad+university&pg=PA44|accessdate=4 April 2017|isbn=9780226019772}}</ref>

== Career ==
After his return to India, Majumdar taught for a short period at Panjab University in [[Lahore]]. He then worked at the [[Bose Institute]] in Calcutta,<ref name="bose">{{cite web|title=Appendix III|url=http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2765/3/BI-BRI-APPENDIX-III-1917-38.pdf|website=Bose Institute|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="gill">{{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=Piara Singh|title=Up Against Odds: Autobiography of an Indian Scientist|date=1992|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMTZg_jhuEYC&q=r+c+majumdar|accessdate=4 April 2017|isbn=9788170233640}}</ref> before joining the Physics Department (later renamed Department of Physics and Astrophysics) of the University of Delhi in 1944. Along with Daulat Singh Kothari, who was then head of the department, he played an important role in building up the department by hiring key people to start new research groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Panchapakesan|first1=N.|title=LIVING LEGENDS IN INDIAN SCIENCE: Asoke Nath Mitra|journal=Current Science|date=10 January 2014|volume=106|issue=1|pages=106–109|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/01/0106.pdf|accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> He headed the department from 1948 to 1951. In 1961, when Kothari was appointed chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC), Majumdar again took over as head of the department, and held the position until his appointment as pro-vice-chancellor in 1967.<ref name="insabiography" /> During his tenure as head, the department was recognised as a Centre of Advanced Studies by the UGC. Majumdar held the post of pro-vice-chancellor of the university from 1967 to 1969. Upon his retirement, he was appointed professor ''emeritus'' for life.

Both as head and as pro-vice chancellor, Majumdar was responsible for new facilities being set up in the department.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ivanov|first1=Y. N.|title=Liquid Nitrogen Plant (Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi)|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001822/182209eb.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref> He held a visiting assignment at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in 1948. According to [[Piara Singh Gill]], who held Majumdar in high regard as representing "the best traditions of scholarship", the Tata Institute authorities wanted Majumdar to stay on in Bombay, but he chose to return to Delhi.<ref name="gill" /> Majumdar was also a founding member of the Delhi University Teachers' Association.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bali|first1=Arun P.|title=College Teachers: Challenges and Responses : a Case Study of Delhi University|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Northern Book Centre|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6ScOymzacC&q=r+c+majumdar+pro+vice+chancellor+delhi&pg=PA156|accessdate=11 April 2017|isbn=9788185119212}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
* Premchand Roychand Research Student, University of Calcutta<ref name="bose" />
* Fellow, Indian National Science Academy (elected 1941)<ref>{{cite web|title=Deceased Fellow: Professor R. C. Majumdar|url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail/N41-0430|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref>
* General secretary, The National Academy of Sciences, India (1953, 1954)<ref>{{cite web|title=Past General Secretaries|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/pastgs.htm|publisher=The National Academy of Science, India|accessdate=4 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Pro-vice-chancellor, University of Delhi<ref name="insabiography" />
*Professor Emeritus, University of Delhi<ref name="insabiography" />

== Books authored/edited by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar ==
* ''Bosons: Presented to Satyendra Nath Bose on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday'', edited by R. C. Majumdar, Hindustan Publishing, 1964

== Legacy ==
Majumdar's role as an institution-builder is important in the context of physics in India. As mentioned above, he played a major role in building up the Department of Physics and Astrophysics, both by hiring faculty to build up specific research areas and by setting up research facilities. He was also an influential teacher. Many students who attended his classes were inspired to take up research careers.<ref name="insabiography" /> Overall, Majumdar, through his life and work, reinforced the idea that it was possible to do high-quality physics research in a university, as evidenced by his turning down the TIFR offer.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Majumdar also started a tradition of organising summer schools on topics of current interest. These were typically directed at Ph.D. students, and held at various hill stations in Northern India.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra}}

[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka Division]]

Kondotty taluk

2026-02-02T14:25:39Z

MinnieZox45714:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kondotty Taluk
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Subdistricts of Malappuram (August 2020).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.152610|N|75.956678|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kondotty]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673638
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-84
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kondotty''' Taluk, otherwise called '''Western Eranad''', in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Its [[headquarters]] is the town of [[Kondotty]]. Kondotty Taluk contains [[Kondotty]] municipality and a few [[Gram panchayat]]s.

==History==
Kondotty Taluk was declared as the seventh taluk in [[Malappuram district]] by chief minister Oommen Chandy on 23 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece| title = 12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala - The Hindu}} </ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cabinet-nod-for-12-new-taluks/article4718125.ece| title = Cabinet nod for 12 new taluks - The Hindu}} </ref> It was formed by carving the villages included in the erstwhile [[Kondotty]] [[Revenue block]] out of Eranad and Tirurangadi Taluks.

== Villages ==
[[Kondotty]] [[Taluk]] comprises 12 villages (sub-divisions):<ref>[[Taluks of Kerala]]</ref>

*[[Vazhakkad]]
*[[Vazhayur]]
*[[Cherukavu]]
*[[Pulikkal]]
*[[Kondotty]]
*[[Muthuvallur]]
*[[Pallikkal]]
*[[Chelembra]]
* [[Cheekkode]]
*[[Nediyiruppu]]
*[[Morayur]]
*[[Kuzhimanna]]

== Taluks of Malappuram ==
{{Malappuram Labelled Map}}

== See also ==
* [[List of villages in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)]]
* [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala]]
* [[Malappuram district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/]

{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Taluks of Kerala]]
[[Category:Geography of Malappuram district]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

R. Nagarathnamma

2026-01-16T08:20:09Z

MinnieZox45714: improved article and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian theatre personality}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Nagarathnamma
| image = The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. R. Nagarathnamma, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2012.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Nagarathnamma receiving the [[Padma Shri Award]] from President [[Pratibha Patil]] in 2012
| birth_date = 1926
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 6 October 2012
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]]
| othername =
| occupation = Theatre personality
| yearsactive = since 1938
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = two daughters and a son
| parents =
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Kannada Rajyotsava Prashasti]] Tagore Ratna Award Gubbi Veeranna Award
}}
'''R. Nagarathnamma''' (1926–2012) was an Indian theatre personality and the founder of ''Stree Nataka Mandali'', an all-women theatre group based in Bengaluru. A recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],<ref name="SNA">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=SNA | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2014 | access-date=30 November 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archive-date=30 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> she was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Nagarathnamma was born in 1926<ref name="Oxford Reference">{{cite book | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0390 | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | isbn=9780195644463}}</ref> in a family with moderate financial means, in [[Mysore]],<ref name="Indian Express" /> in the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-theatre-bids-adieu-to-nagarathnamma/article3975137.ece | title=The Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 October 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> She started working in professional theatre at the age of 12,{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} working with such troupes as Sri Chamundeshwari Nataka Sabha, Gubbi Company run by [[Gubbi Veeranna]], Mitra Mandali of Hirannaiah and HLN Simha.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Later, in 1958, Nagarathnamma established ''Stree Nataka Mandali'',<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1289974.ece | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141201102326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1289974.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 December 2014 | title=Indian Express | publisher=Indian Express | date=8 October 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> reported to be the first all-women theatre troupe from Karnataka<ref name="The Hindu" /> where she performed as an actor and was the director of their plays.<ref name="Oxford Reference" />

Nagarathnamma is known for her depiction of male characters, especially mythological ones.<ref name="Daily Pioneer">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/staging-india.html | title=Daily Pioneer | publisher=Daily Pioneer | date=10 June 2013 | access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> She is credited with notable performances as [[Kamsa]], [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]], [[Ravana]], [[Duryodhana]] and [[Bheema]].<ref name="Indian Express" /><ref name="The Hindu" /> She has travelled in many other states in India with her troupe and ''Krishna Garudi'' is stated to be one of her major plays.<ref name="The Hindu" /> She has also acted in 15 [[Kannada film industry|Kannada]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films,{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} ''Kamanabillu'', ''Parasangada Gendethimma'' and ''Rosapoo Ravikkaikari'' being some of the notable ones.<ref name="The Hindu" />

Nagarathnamma died on 6 October 2012,<ref name="Indian Express" /> at the age of 87,{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} after a brief period of illness.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Awards and recognitions==
Nagarathnamma was a recipient of many awards such as Tagore Ratna Award<ref name="Indian Express" /> and Gubbi Veeranna Award.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} She has been honored by the [[Government of Karnataka]] with their second highest civilian award of [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1992.<ref name="SNA" /> In 2012, the [[Government of India]] included her in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" /><ref name="Indian Express" /> She was also conferred [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna]] in 2012 as special awards to commemorate 150th Birth Anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gubbi Veeranna]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0390 | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | isbn=9780195644463}}
* {{cite book | title=The Act of Becoming: Actors Talk | publisher=Niyogi Books | author=Amal Allana | year=2014 | pages=372 | isbn=978-9381523988}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony 2012 | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarathnamma, R.}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mysore]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]

Edwin J. F. D'Souza

2026-01-09T14:27:05Z

MinnieZox45714: new

{{Short description|Indian writer (1948–2023)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Edwin J. F. D'Souza
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Edwin Joseph Francis D'Souza
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = Valencia, [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|09|13|1948|df=yes}}
| death_place = Mangaluru, India
| occupation = Writer, editor, academic administrator
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], English
| education = [[St. Aloysius College (Mangaluru)|St. Aloysius College]]
| notable_works = ''Kallem Bhangar'' (novel)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016)
| spouse = Jane D'Souza
| children = 1
}}

'''Edwin Joseph Francis D'Souza''' (1948 – 13 September 2023) was an Indian writer and editor from [[Mangaluru]], recognized for his extensive contributions to [[Konkani literature]]. Over a career spanning nearly six decades, he published 33 novels and more than 100 short stories. In 2016, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Kallem Bhangar'' (Black Gold).<ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue">{{Cite news |date=2016-12-23 |title=For Edwin D'Souza, mother tongue always comes first |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/For-Edwin-D%E2%80%99Souza-mother-tongue-always-comes-first/article16927325.ece |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Kutam">{{Cite news |date=2015-09-22 |title=Edwin J F D'Souza to receive Konkani Kutam award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/edwin-j-f-dsouza-to-receive-konkani-kutam-award/articleshow/49072479.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
D'Souza was born in 1948 in the Valencia area of Mangaluru. He attended [[St. Aloysius College (Mangaluru)|St. Aloysius College]], where he earned a degree in commerce. He later pursued post-graduate studies in the arts.<ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue" /><ref name="TOI_Kutam" />

==Career==
===Literary work===
D'Souza began his writing career in 1964 with the publication of his first short story, titled "Aasha". His literary output eventually grew to include 33 novels and approximately 100 short stories, alongside various columns and articles. He wrote primarily in Konkani using the [[Kannada script]], though he also wrote in English and translated some of his own short stories for English publications.<ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue" /><ref name="TOI_Kutam" />

Among his most prominent works are the trilogies ''Vajrakant'' and ''Aashellem Raj''. His novel ''Kallem Bhangar'' gained national recognition, earning him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2016. Other notable books include ''Hanv Jiyetan'' and ''Poinn'', the latter being a collection of short stories.<ref name="Daiji_Obit">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Obituary: Edwin J F D'Souza (75), Mangaluru |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/chan/obituaryDisplay?obituaryID=15859 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Kutam" />

===Academic and editorial roles===
In his professional life, D'Souza served as the executive director of the Konkani Institute at St. Aloysius College. He held editorial positions for several publications, including the monthly ''Bhakti'' and the journal ''Amar Konkani''. He was also a member of the General Council of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] in New Delhi and served on the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy.<ref name="Daiji_Obit" /><ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue" />

==Personal life==
D'Souza resided at ‘Vailankanni’ in the Lower Bendore area of Mangaluru. He was married to Jane D'Souza, a retired principal. The couple had one son, Navin, who became a physician.<ref name="Daiji_Obit" />

==Awards and honors==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016) for the novel ''Kallem Bhangar''.<ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue" />
* Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy Award (received eight times).<ref name="Hindu_MotherTongue" />
* Konkani Kutam Bahrain Award (2015).<ref name="TOI_Kutam" />
* Dr. T.M.A. Pai Foundation Manipal Award for the book ''Hanv Jiyetham''.<ref name="TOI_Kutam" />
* Goa Konkani Bhasha Mandal Award for ''Aashellem Raj''.<ref name="Daiji_Obit" />

==Death==
D'Souza died on 13 September 2023 at the age of 75.<ref name="Daiji_Obit" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Edwin J. F.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Atta (flour)

2025-12-13T05:31:38Z

MinnieZox45714: Created New Stub - done

{{Short description|Type of wheat flour}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Atta flour
| image = Atta flour.jpg
| caption = ''Atta'' in a bowl
| alternate_name =
| country = Indian subcontinent
| region = South Asia
}}
'''''Atta''''' ({{langx|hi|[[wikt:आटा|आटा]]}}) is a type of [[wheat flour]], originally from the [[Indian subcontinent]], used to make [[flatbread]]s.<ref name="Bakerpedia">{{cite web |title=Atta |url=http://bakerpedia.com/ingredients/atta/ |website=Bakerpedia |date=10 June 2015 |accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>

It is the most widespread flour in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Mollenhauer and Popper">{{cite web |last1=Mollenhauer |first1=Martina |last2=Popper |first2=Lutz |title=From flatbread to sandwich loaf |url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/7869-from-flatbread-to-sandwich-loaf |website=World-Grain.com |accessdate=17 August 2018 |date=4 November 2017}}</ref>

==Properties==
Whole [[common wheat]] (''[[Triticum aestivum]]'') is generally used to make atta; it has a high [[gluten]] content, which provides elasticity, so the [[dough]] made out of atta flour is strong and can be rolled into thin sheets.<ref name="Bakerpedia" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.food-india.com/ingredients/i026_i050/i048.htm |title=Atta (Indian Whole Wheat Flour) |website=food-india.com |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224100315/http://www.food-india.com/ingredients/i026_i050/i048.htm}}</ref><ref name="Sciencedirect">{{cite journal |title=Characterisation of Indian wheat varieties for chapatti (flat bread) quality |journal=Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.jssas.2017.02.005 |last1=Panghal |first1=Anil |last2=Chhikara |first2=Navnidhi |last3=Khatkar |first3=B.S. |volume=18 |pages=107–111 |s2cid=126134405 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The word "whole" is used to describe atta as it includes every component of the grain, meaning the bran, germ and the endosperm.

Atta was traditionally [[Mill (grinding)|ground]] in the home on a stone chakki mill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Sakhare |first1=Suresh D. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh |date=January 2014 |title=Indian Atta (whole wheat flour) industry: History and recent trends |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285165441 |journal=Agro Food Industry Hi Tech |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=66–69 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> This is useful when using a [[tandoor]], where the flatbread is stuck to the inside of the oven, and also makes chapatis softer as the dough absorbs more water.<ref name="Bakerpedia" /><ref name="Mollenhauer and Popper" /> Atta is also produced in industrial flour mills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajansı |first=Dijital Reklam |date=May 8, 2014 |title="The future of flour industry is bright in Pakistan" |url=https://millermagazine.com/blog/the-future-of-flour-industry-is-bright-in-pakistan-1931 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=millermagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Chapaticooking.jpg|Rolling of atta dough
File:Tandoor roti.jpg|[[Roti]] cooking in a [[tandoor]]
File:Mintparatha2.0.jpg|[[Paratha]]
File:Puri.jpg|[[Puri (food)|Puri]]
File:Grinder at Amber Fort.jpg|A chakki mill used to make atta
File:Thar Desert, India, Preparing bread.jpg|[[Chapati]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Maida flour]]
*[[Roti]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=J. |last2=Weinmann |first2=S. |last3=Heine |first3=D. |last4=Conde-Petit |first4=B.|title=A new standard for the industrial production of high quality Atta flour |journal=Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods |date=8 August 2012 |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=151 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-837X.2012.00160.x |doi-access=free }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atta Flour}}

[[Category:Wheat flour]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]

Devendra Satyarthi

2025-11-25T05:53:01Z

MinnieZox45714: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian folklorist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Devendra Satyarthi
| image = Devendra_Satyarthi.jpg
| caption = Satyarthi c. 1935 noting a Pathan folksong
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|05|28
}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadaur]], [[Barnala district|Barnala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|02|12|1908|05|28

}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer
| yearsactive = 1927–2003
| known for = Punjabi folklore
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Hindi Sahitya Sadhna Samman
}}
'''Devendra Satyarthi''' (28 May 1908 – 2003) was an Indian folklorist and writer of [[Hindi literature|Hindi]], [[Urdu literature|Urdu]], [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi]] literature.<ref name="Amazon profile">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B001ICKXMO | title=Amazon profile | publisher=Amazon | authorlink=2015}}</ref><ref name="Satyarthi, Devendra">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82043495/ | title=Satyarthi, Devendra | publisher=Worldcat | date=2015 | accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Open Library profile">{{cite web | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2842A/Devendra_Satyarthi | title=Open Library profile | publisher=Open Library | date=2015 | accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born at [[Bhadaur]] ([[Barnala]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hunpanjabi.net/article/article.aspx?nc=29 |title=ਰਾਮਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੁੱਕਦੀ ਫੁਲਕਾਰੀ: ਦਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਤਿਆਰਥੀ |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213654/http://www.hunpanjabi.net/article/article.aspx?nc=29 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> he did not complete his education and started travelling from 1927<ref name="Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/sathyarthi/ | title=Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead | publisher=Apna | date=2015 | accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref> collecting folk songs which he published in his first folk song anthology in 1935 under the name ''Giddha'',<ref name="Giddha">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQnYGwAACAAJ | title=Giddha | publisher=Navyug | author=Devedra Satyarthi | year=1970 | pages=223}}</ref> which is considered by many as a seminal work.<ref name="Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead" />
[[File:Devendra Satyarthi 1942.jpg|thumb|Image of Devendra Satyarthi, his wife and daughter published in ''Modern Review'' (1942)]]
Satyarthi published over 50 books composed of novels,<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Devendra+Satyarthi+biography&pg=PA167 | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=1987 | accessdate=27 June 2015 | author=Amaresh Datta | pages=987 | isbn=9788126018031}}</ref> short stories,<ref name="Selected Punjabi Short Stories">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBiiMdQu3j0C&dq=Devendra+Satyarthi&pg=PA8 | title=Selected Punjabi Short Stories | publisher=Diamond Pocket Books | date=2004 | accessdate=27 June 2015| isbn=9788128804786 }}</ref> poems, essays and folksong anthologies in [[Urdu]], [[Hindi languages|Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] languages, but reportedly on advice from [[Rabindranath Tagore]], he wrote mostly in Punjabi language towards the end.<ref name="Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead" /> ''Mere Saakshatkaar'',<ref name="Mere Saakshatkaar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pio-BZrtK7EC&dq=Devendra+Satyarthi&pg=PA90 | title=Mere Saakshatkaar | publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan | author=Devendra Satyarthi | pages=192 | isbn=9788170166702}}</ref> ''Miss Folklore'',<ref name="Miss Folklore">{{cite book | url=http://www.bookdepository.com/Miss-Folklore-Devendra-Satyarthi/9788185134703 | title=Miss Folklore | publisher=Pustakayan | author=Devendra Satyarthi | isbn=9788185134703}}</ref> ''Meet My People - Indian Folk Poetry'',<ref name="Meet My People - Indian Folk Poetry">{{cite book | url=https://jsks.biz/meet-my-people-devendra-satyarthi | title=Meet My People - Indian Folk Poetry | publisher=Navyug Publishers | author=Devendra Satyarthi | year=1987}}</ref> ''Pañjābī loka-sāhita wica sainika'',<ref name="Pañjābī loka-sāhita wica sainika">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RveBAAAAMAAJ | title=Pañjābī loka-sāhita wica sainika | publisher=Punjab University Publication Bureau | author=Devendra Satyarthi | year=1989}}</ref> ''Lanka Desa hai Kolambu'',<ref name="Lanka Desa hai Kolambu">{{cite book | title=Lanka Desa hai Kolambu | publisher=Navyug Publishers | author=Devendra Satyarthi | year=1991 | pages=235 | isbn=978-8185267548}}</ref> ''Brahmaputra'',<ref name="Brahmaputra">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgRAAAAAIAAJ | title=Brahmaputra | publisher=Asia Publications | author=Devendra Satyarthi | year=1956 | pages=466}}</ref> and ''Rath ke Pahiye''<ref name="Rath ke Pahiye">{{cite book | title=Rath ke Pahiye | publisher=Praveena Publications | author=Devendra Satyarthi | year=1993 | pages=276 | oclc=36640372}}</ref> are some of his notable works.

A winner of the Hindi Sahitya Sadhna Samman,<ref name="Signposts">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/20011001-devendra-satyarthi-awarded-hindi-sahitya-sadhna-samman-for-contribution-to-hindi-literature-774325-2001-09-30 | title=Signposts | publisher=India Today | date=1 October 2001 | access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> Satyarthi was awarded the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1977.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |accessdate=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He died on 12 February 2003, at the age of 94, succumbing to old age illnesses.<ref name="Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead" /> ''Pancham'', a monthly magazine published from [[Lahore]], brought out a 300-page special issue on him in April 2003 and his life has been documented in a biography, ''Satyarthi – Ik [[Dant katha|Dant-katha]]'', written by [[Nirmal Arpan]].<ref name="Footloose darwesh Satyarthi is dead" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Folklore of India]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyarthi, Devendra}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Tabish Khair

2025-11-24T05:34:09Z

MinnieZox45714: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
'''Tabish Khair''' is an [[Indian English]] author and [[associate professor]] in the Department of English, [[University of Aarhus]], Denmark. His books include ''Babu Fictions'' (2001), ''The Bus Stopped'' (2004), which was shortlisted for the [[Encore Award]] (UK) and ''The Thing About Thugs'' (2010), which has been shortlisted for a number of prizes, including the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dscprize.com/global/updates/2012-shortlist-announced.html |title=DSC Prize 2012 Shortlist Announced |work=The DSC Prize for South Asian Literature |year=2012 |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref> and the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]]. His poem ''[[Birds of North Europe]]'' won first prize in the sixth [[The Poetry Society (India)|Poetry Society]] All India Poetry Competition held in 1995. In 2022, he published a new Sci Fi novel, ''The Body by the Shore''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doctor |first=Geeta |date=2022-10-28 |title=A post-pandemic dystopia: review of Tabish Khair's The Body by the Shore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-post-pandemic-dystopia-review-of-tabish-khairs-the-body-by-the-shore/article65979661.ece |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Biography==

Born and educated mostly in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], India, Khair has received honours and awards including first prize in the sixth [[The Poetry Society (India)|Poetry Society (India)]] Competition held in 1995, an honorary fellowship for creative writing from the Baptist University of Hong Kong, fellowships at New Delhi's universities and a by-fellowship at [[Churchill College]], [[Cambridge University]], UK. He is currently based in [[Denmark]].

''Other Routes'' (2005), an anthology of travel writing by Africans and Asians, was edited by Khair (with a foreword by [[Amitav Ghosh]]). Khair's Encore shortlisted novel, ''The Bus Stopped'', has already appeared in French, Italian and Portuguese. His novel ''Filming'' (2007) is set against the backdrop of the [[Partition of India]] and the 1940s [[Bollywood|Bombay film industry]]. It has been greeted with acclaim: "...in keeping with Khair's pertinent and thought-provoking musings on self-deception".<ref>''[[New Statesman]]'', London, 26 July 2007.</ref> An excerpt of the novel has been anthologised in [[Ahmede Hussain]]'s ''The New Anthem: The Subcontinent in its Own Words''. In June 2008, it was shortlisted for the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] in India. ''Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry''<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry|url=http://bigbridge.org/BB17/poetry/indianpoetryanthology/Tabish_Khair.html|publisher=BigBridge.Org|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref> (United States).

Khair's study ''The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness'' was released by Palgrave ([[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]) in the UK and US in the winter of 2009. His novel ''The Thing About Thugs'' was published by [[HarperCollins]] in summer 2010 and shortlisted for [[Hindu Best Fiction Award|''The Hindu'' Best Fiction Award]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article859866.ece|title=All set for The Hindu Best Fiction Award 2010|date=31 October 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] 2012, and [[Man Asian Literary Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/tabish-khair/ |title=Tabish Khair |work=Man Asian Literary Prize |year=2014 |accessdate=28 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809033432/http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/tabish-khair/ |archivedate=9 August 2014}}</ref> Khair's works have been translated into various languages; the Danish translation of ''Filming: A Love Story'' was shortlisted for Denmark's top translation/literature award (the ALOA prize).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://globalnyt.dk/content/aloa-prisen-2011-gar-til-colombianske-evelio-rosero |title=ALOA-prisen 2011 går til colombianske Evelio Rosero |trans-title=ALOA Prize 2011 goes to Colombian Evelio Rosero |work=globalnyt.dk |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=16 June 2018|language=da}}</ref>

His novel ''How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position'' was released in India in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asianage.com/book-reviews/islamist-axe-effect-497 |title=The Islamist axe effect |first=Javed |last=Anand |work=The Asian Age |date=13 May 2012 |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

*{{cite book| title=Where Parallel Lines Meet |publisher=Penguin |year= 2000}}
*{{cite book| title=Babu Fictions: Alienation in Indian English Novels|publisher=Oxford UP|year= 2001}}
*{{cite book| title=The Bus Stopped|publisher=Picador|year= 2004}}
*{{cite book| title=Other Routes|publisher=Signal Books and Indiana University Press|year= 2006 |isbn=9781904955122|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C_6I7iKgwX0C&q=Other+Routes:+1500+Years+of+African+and+Asian+Travel+Writing}}
*{{cite book| title=Filming: A Love Story|publisher=Picador|year= 2007}}
*{{cite book| title=The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere|publisher=Palgrave|year= 2009}}
*{{cite book| title=Man of Glass: Poems|publisher=HarperCollins|year= 2010}}
*{{cite book| title=The Thing About Thugs|publisher=HarperCollins|year= 2010}}
*{{cite book| title=The Thing About Thugs| url=https://archive.org/details/thingaboutthugs0000khai| url-access=registration|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year= 2012| isbn=978-0-547-73160-5}}
*{{cite book| title=Reading Literature Today |publisher=Sage|year= 2011}} (Co-authored with Sebastien Doubinsky)
*{{cite book| title=How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position |publisher=HarperCollins |year= 2012}}
*{{cite book| title=How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position |publisher=Corsair (Constable and Robinson / Little, Brown)|year= 2014}}
*{{cite book| title=The New Xenophobia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2016}}
*{{cite book| title=Jihadi Jane |publisher=Penguin (India) |year= 2016}}
*{{cite book| title=Just Another Jihadi Jane |publisher=Periscope (UK) and Interlink (USA) |year= 2016}}
*{{cite book| title=Night of Happiness |publisher=Picador (India) |date= May 2018}}

''' Appearances in the following poetry anthologies:'''
* ''Travelogue : The Grand Indian Express'' (2018), ed. by Dr. Ananad Kumar and published by Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''A New Book of Indian Poems in English'' (2000), ed. by [[Gopi Kottoor]] and published by [[Poetry Chain]] and [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]

'''Interview :'''

* "The Brooklyn Rail : In conversation with Tabish Khair"<ref>[https://brooklynrail.org/2012/10/express/among-the-thugstabish-khair-with-seb-doubinsky Among The Thugs Tabish Khair with Seb Doubinsky]</ref>
* "Cha: An Asian Literary Journal"<ref>[https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/1793/205/ An Interview with Indian Author Tabish Khair]</ref>
* "Interview with Tabish Khair"<ref>[http://thewritescene.com/blog/tabs-khair-award-winning-author Interview :Tabish Khair ]</ref>
* "Tabish Khair with Ankit Khandelwal at The Times of India"<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/citizen-journalists/citizen-journalists-reports/ankit-khandelwal/Keep-going-and-stay-true-to-your-original-impulse-Tabish-Khair/articleshow/17986971.cms Keep going and stay true to your original impulse: Tabish Khair ]</ref>
* "Interview : IANS"<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/celebrate-differences-don-t-eliminate-them-writer-tabish-khair-ians-interview-116011200226_1.html Celebrate differences, don't eliminate them: Writer Tabish Khair (IANS Interview)]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Review of The Body by the Shore [https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tabish-khair/the-body-by-the-shore/]
* [http://www.tabishkhair.co.uk Official author website]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130127233448/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17783 Poetry International]}} Web page on Khair
* [https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/tabish-khair/ Tabish Khair page] at HarperCollins India
* Nilanshu Kumar Agarwal, [http://epiphany.ius.edu.ba/index.php/epiphany/article/view/5/6 "From Coolie Hinterland to Babu Stardom: An Interview with Tabish Khair"]. ''Epiphany'': Online Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, ISSN 1840-3719 / Volume 1 / No. 1, Fall 2008.

* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/aug/29/how-to-fight-islamist-terror-from-the-missionary-position-tabish-khair-review How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position by Tabish Khair – review] at Guardian

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khair, Tabish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Postcolonial theorists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:All India Poetry Prize]]

Rushi Kota

2025-11-13T03:58:01Z

MinnieZox45714: creating new stub first draft.

{{Short description|Indian American actor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rushi Kota
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|4|16}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], India
| education = [[Farmingdale State College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
 [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–present
| children = 1
}}

'''Rushi Kota''' (born April 16, 1987) is an Indian American actor. He is best known for his role as Prashant in the [[Netflix]] show [[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|''Never Have I Ever'']] and as Dr. Vik Roy in ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2021 |title=Meet Rushi Kota, your man crush from Netflix's Never Have I Ever |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3147272/meet-rushi-kota-heartthrob-netflixs-never-have-i-ever |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DemoReel |url=https://demoreel.com/rushikota |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=DemoReel |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=eputri |title=Rushi Kota on Being Part of The Change {{!}} DA MAN Magazine |date=August 23, 2021 |url=https://daman.co.id/rushi-kota-on-being-part-of-the-change/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=RUSHI KOTA IS REPPING FOR INDIA |url=https://www.rivalmagazinela.com/rival-online/rushi-kota-interview |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Rival Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kota was born in [[Secunderabad]], India. He was raised by his mother in [[Queens, New York]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Luparello |first=Joseph |date=December 28, 2021 |title=Chillin' with Rushi Kota |url=https://chilledmagazine.com/chillin-with-rushi-kota/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Chilled Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Initially he wanted to go into [[automotive engineering]], so he doubled majored in Industrial Management Technology and Business Administration at [[SUNY-Farmingdale|Farmingdale State College]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Due to the [[Great Recession]], he decided to take a different career path. This led him to pursue acting in New York. After two years of acting, he got accepted into [[Harvard University]]'s MFA program for Acting. This led to an internship in [[Russia]] at Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theater School.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Kota has appeared in TV shows such as [[The Royals (TV series)|''The Royals'']], ''[[General Hospital]]'', [[CBS]]'s [[Extant (TV series)|''Extant'']] with [[Halle Berry]], [[Ryan Murphy (producer)|Ryan Murphy]]'s [[9-1-1 (TV series)|''9-1-1'']], [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]'s ''[[Famous in Love]]'', and [[Funny or Die]]'s ''ESL: English is the Second Language''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

He has appeared in films like ''[[The Divorce Party]]'' starring [[Matilda Lutz]] and [[Thomas Cocquerel]], ''[[Useless Humans]],'' and ''The One I wrote For You'' directed by [[Andrew Lauer]] and starring [[Kevin Pollak|Kevin Pollack]] and [[Cheyenne Jackson]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

He also done some stage work such as ''[[Guards at the Taj|Guards At The Taj]]'' at the [[Marin Theatre Company|Marin Theater Company]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janiak |first=Lily |date=May 11, 2017 |title=Guard yourself from 'Guards at the Taj' |url=https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Guard-yourself-from-Guards-at-the-Taj-11124687.php |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity'' with the Capital Stage Company, ''Boston Abolitionist Project'', ''Great Catherine'', ''Blanco Posnet'', and ''Hansel and Gretel'' at the [[American Repertory Theater]], ''and Imaginary Invalid'' at [[Moscow Art Theatre]].<ref name=":0" />

His first major recurring role was in 2017 on ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' as Dr. Vik Roy where he appeared for 16 episodes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=December 2, 2020 |title='Bridge And Tunnel' Casts Barrett Wilbert Weed; Rushi Kota Returns To 'Never Have I Ever' |url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/bridge-and-tunnel-casts-barrett-wilbert-weed-rushi-kota-never-have-i-ever-1234635993/ |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

After that, he appeared on shows like [[ICarly (2021 TV series)|''iCarly'']], ''[[Ordinary Joe]]'',<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Fleshman |first=Cu |date=September 20, 2021 |title='Never Have I Ever'{{'s}} Rushi Kota Is Hollywood's New Indian American Heartthrob |url=https://charactermedia.com/never-have-i-evers-rushi-kota-is-hollywoods-new-indian-american-heartthrob/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Character Media |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]'', and ''[[CSI: Vegas]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=I wish I had this show when growing up, I wouldn't have felt marginalized: Rushi Kota on Never Have I Ever |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/i-wish-i-had-show-when-growing-i-wouldnt-have-felt-marginalized-rushi-kota-never-have-i-ever-851531 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kota is married and has one child.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pather |first=Karusha |date=May 11, 2020 |title=Never Have I Ever Star Rushi Kota – "I'm Happy to be part of the Change" |url=https://urbanasian.com/crown-the-brown/2020/05/never-have-i-ever-star-rushi-kota-im-happy-to-be-part-of-the-change/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref> His acting influences are [[Ryan Reynolds]], [[Idris Elba]], and [[Chadwick Boseman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rushi Kota {{!}} On Netflix's 'Never Have I Ever' |url=https://flaunt.com/blog/rushi-kota-never-have-i-ever |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=flaunt.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2010
|''Afghan Hound''
|Third Incarnation of Zemar
|First Movie Role according to IMDb
|
|-
|2014
|''The One I Wrote for Your''
|Joe Barry
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2017
|''Super Mehra Bros''
|AJ Mehra
|Lead Role in Movie
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Divorce Party]]''
|Young Executive
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2020
|''[[Useless Humans]]''
|Louis
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2021
|''Phobias''
|Billy McNerny
|
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Scrambled''
|Jeff
|
|
|-
|''[[Dumb Money]]''
|[[Baiju Bhatt]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=October 24, 2022 |title='Never Have I Ever's Rushi Kota Boards Sony's 'Dumb Money'; Russo Brothers' Netflix Pic 'The Electric State' Adds 'C'mon C'mon' Breakout Woody Norman |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/rushi-kota-joins-dumb-money-the-electric-state-adds-woody-norman-1235153716/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2022 |title='Never Have I Ever's Rushi Kota Boards Sony's 'Dumb Money'; Russo Brothers' Netflix Pic 'The Electric State' Adds 'C'mon C'mon' Breakout Woody Norman |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/never-ever-rushi-kota-boards-212653528.html |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Pool''
|Evan
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[The Girl in the Pool]]''
|Kevin
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2014
|''[[The Royals (TV series)|The Royals]]''
|Jay D
|First Television Role according to IMDb
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[General Hospital]]''
|Dr. Curtis
|
|
|-
|''The 101''
|Jay D
|
|
|-
|''[[Extant (TV series)|Extant]]''
|Humanich Tech
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''Fruitless''
|Parvesh
|
|
|-
|''ESL – English as a Second Language''
|Jeevan
|TV Movie
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|''Terms and Conditions''
|Dustin
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Famous in Love]]''
|Lenny
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''
|Dr. Vikram Roy
|
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2018 |title='Grey's Anatomy' Finally Corrected Its Biggest Flaw This Season {{!}} Decider |url=https://decider.com/2018/01/23/greys-anatomy-rushi-koti/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Grey's Anatomy: The Webisodes''
|Dr. Vikram Roy
|
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|2019
|''Arranged''
|Raj
|
|
|-
|2020–2022
|''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]''
|Prashant
|
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[ICarly (2021 TV series)|iCarly]]''
|Luke Tyler
|
|
|-
|''[[Ordinary Joe]]''
|Sai
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2022
|''[[CSI: Vegas]]''
|Damien Pak
|
|
|-
|2023
|''The Mindful Adventures of Unicorn Island''
|Amar
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Chicago Fire (TV series)|Chicago Fire]]''
|Ambrose Sterling
|
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm3911903}}
*[https://www.instagram.com/rushikota/ Rushi Kota] on [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kota, Rushi}}
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Farmingdale State College alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]

Sameer Athalye

2025-11-02T17:18:27Z

MinnieZox45714: Created Initial Post Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2019}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

'''Sameer Athalye''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] from [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]. He has worked for more than 200 Hindi and Marathi movies since the 1990s. He is married to actress [[Alka Kubal]].

==Filmography==
*[[Bharat Aala Parat]] (2007)
*Kay Dyache Bola (2005)
*Khatarnak (2000)
*Jigar (1998)
*Aisi Bhi Kya Jaldi Hai (1996) (as Sameer Athlye)
*Veer Savarkar
* Navari Mile Navaryala
* Dhumdhadaka
*[[Masoom (1996 film)|Masoom]] (1996)

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|1333089}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athalye, Sameer}}
[[Category:Cinematographers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]
{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam

2025-11-01T00:52:22Z

MinnieZox45714: Content updated and refined

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Ambedkar People Movement
| native_name = Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam
| colorcode = #1446DA
| president = Ilamurugu Muthu
| foundation = 1970
| ideology = [[Ambedkarism]] [[Social justice]]
| country = India
| abbreviation = AMI
| founder = [[V. Balasundaram]]
| flag = [[File:Ambedkar_People_Movement_-2022.png|250px]]
}}

'''Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambedkarmakkaliyakkam.com/|title=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam – Social Justice in the Indian society}}</ref> (Ambedkar People Movement) is a [[political movement]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] working for the upliftment of [[Dalits]]. The founder of AMI was Dr. [[V. Balasundaram]]. Dr.Vai. Balasundaram formed 'Ambedkar People Movement' in 1977 in a ceremony held at [[Rajaji Hall]], [[Chennai]], in the esteemed presence of Mr. [[Prabhudas Patwari]], Hon’ble then Governor of [[Tamil Nadu]].Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam is constantly fighting for social welfare, equality, human rights, women welfare, [[Panchami Land]] recovery and educational upliftment.
After demise of Vai Balasundaram, his brother Vai Ramalingam was elected as president for the party in the general body meeting held at Pudukkottai on 25 January 2020. In that same general body meeting '''Ilamurugu Muthu'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambedkarmakkaliyakkam.com/about-us/|title=About Us – Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam}}</ref> was elected as President for the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_Qke7eC0Ns |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/A_Qke7eC0Ns |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=டாக்டர் அம்பேத்கர் மக்கள் இயக்கத்தின் தலைமை நிலைய பொதுக்குழு கூட்டம் புதுக்கோட்டையில் நடைபெற்றது...!|date=25 January 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Ambedkar Makkal Iyakka president Ilamurugu Muthu met Tamil Nadu DGP [[C. Sylendra Babu]] and raised a complaint against Rathnakumar and Chitra Lakshmanan for the controversy talk about maestro [[Ilaiyaraaja]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/director-producer-speech-bad-about-ilayaraja-1627438439 | title=இளையராஜா சாதியை சொல்லி இழிவுபடுத்திய டைரக்டர், தயாரிப்பாளர்! கொந்தளித்த இசைஞாணி!! | publisher=IBC Tamil Nadu | date=28 July 2021 | accessdate=28 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045254/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/10/stories/2007011004350200.htm Demonstration seeking judicial probe] The Hindu, 10 January 2007
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ex-mayor-passes-away/article30233835.ece Ex-Mayor passes away] The Hindu, 8 December 2019
* [https://ambedkarmakkaliyakkam.com AMI Official Website]
* [https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/director-producer-speech-bad-about-ilayaraja-1627438439]

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite political parties]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1977]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Javji Bamble

2025-10-14T16:30:57Z

MinnieZox45714: brief expanded article to improve readability also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Koli military leader in Maratha Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

The '''Javjirao Hirajirao Bamble''' also known as '''Jivaji Bamble''' was a [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Mansabdar]] of [[Rajur]] in the [[Maratha Empire]], was the [[Deshmukh]] of 60 villages and chief of the Bamble [[clan]]. His family had been [[Vassal]]s since the time of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mahadev Kolis|publisher=Popular Book Depot|year=1957|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=12|language=en}}</ref> After the death of his father Hiraji Bamble, he succeeded his father.

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Mansabdar]] of [[Rajur]]
| name = Deshmukh Javjirao Hirajirao Bamble
| honorific_suffix = [[Deshmukh]]
| death_date = 1789
| death_place = [[Rajur]], Rajur Subah, [[Maratha Empire]]
| nickname = Jiwaji Naik
| birth_name = Jiwaji Bamble
| allegiance = [[Maratha Empire]]
| branch = [[Maratha Army]]
| rank = Governor ([[Mansabdar]]) of [[Rajur]] [[Subah]]
| unit = [[Mavala]]
| children = Hiraji Bamble (son) chief of [[Deccan Koli Corps]]
| relations = * Tuljabai (mother) sister of Ramjirao Manajirao Bhangare 
* Ramji Bhangare (uncle)
* Valoji Bhangare (grand uncle)
* [[Raghoji Bhangre|Raghojirao Ramjirao Bhangare]] (cousin)
* [[Bapuji Bhangare|Bapujirao Ramjirao Bhangare]] (cousin)
}}
In 1760, Javji Bamble revolted against the [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]]. The reason for the rebellion was Javji Bamble was not given his father's fief and title, due to which Javji took up arms against the Peshwa, and shook the peace of [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DroEAQAAIAAJ|title=Crime and Criminality in British India|date=1985|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5|pages=174|language=en}}</ref>

== Rebellion ==
Javji started plundering the area under the [[Narayan Rao|Peshwa]], after which the Peshwa wanted to compromise, citing Javji and asking him to stop the rebellion happening in the [[Konkan]] region. He refused because he had no faith in the Peshwa, and went to [[Khandesh]]. So the Peshwa arrested Bamble's family and sent the [[Maratha Army]] to capture Javji. [[Subedar]] Ramji Sabant, heading the Maratha army, captured three of Javji's kolis, including a cousin Javji had sent to see to the well-being of his family. After that Javji killed Ramji Sabant's brother. Ramji Sabant sought reinforcements from the Peshwa and began a search for Javji. In spite of his large army, Ramji could not catch him, and was killed along with one of his sons, and this greatly shook the Peshwa. After this, the Peshwa made Sabant's elder son Subedar but he also was killed by Javji, in [[Junnar]]. After this, the Maratha government declared Javji Bamble a [[Dacoity|dacoit]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ|title=Histories for the Subordinated| date=2007| publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-38-8|language=en}}</ref>

== Capture of forts ==
After being declared as Dacoit, Javji Bamble continued the 'Koli rebellion' and joined with [[Raghunathrao]]. Along with Koli rebels, he captured [[Lohagad]] fort of [[Pune]] from the Peshwa in 1770, [[Bhairavgad (fort)|Bhairogarh Fort]], Shidgarh Fort, Kotah Fort along with many other forts in [[Thane]], not only [[Nashik|Nashik's]] [[Alang]] Fort and also Ratangarh and Madangarh forts in [[Ahmednagar]] from Peshwa. Subsequently, [[Nana Fadnavis]], the minister of high rank in the Maratha Empire, sent Subedar Dauji Kokate to kill Javji but Kokate was killed by Javji. Javji Bamble stopped his revolt with the behest of his friend [[Maharaja]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] of [[Indore State|Indor State]] and returned the captured forts to the Peshwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gāre|first=Govinda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ|title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis|publisher=Shubhada Saraswat|year=1976|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Frederick Bruce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC|title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|pages=231–83–95|language=en}}</ref>

== Mansabdari and death ==
After returning the forts to Peshwa, Javji Bamble was made the Mansabdar of Rajur in the Maratha Empire and the land property ([[Jagir]]) of his father was returned, along with the title of Deshmukh. Javji Bamble died in 1789 and succeeded by his son Hiraji Bamble.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamble, Javji}}
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Nashik]]
[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bahmani Sultanate]]

Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights

2025-10-05T22:58:41Z

MinnieZox45714: starting basic details initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights''' (KSCPCR) a [[Karnataka Government]]al commission, established on 3 July 2009 by the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (an Act of Parliament) and thus is a statutory body. Its objective is "to protect, promote and defend child rights" in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=kscpcr>{{cite web|title=Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights|url=http://kscpcr.blogspot.in/|publisher=Official Blog|accessdate=13 April 2014|archive-date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320114220/http://kscpcr.blogspot.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> KSCPCR is the sixth such commission in the country. As defined by the commission, child includes those up to the age of 18 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|url=http://ncpcr.gov.in/|accessdate=12 May 2012|archive-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405210425/http://ncpcr.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Commission's role is to review and examine the safeguards meant for the protection of child rights and its effective implementations by recommending measures. Petitions related to the violation of child rights are heard by the commission which functions as a civil court. The complaints relating to [[right to education]] are also enquired as per its mandate. The chairperson of the commission was Dr. Kripa Amar Alva.<ref name=Hindu_Nina>{{cite news|title=We hope to be the eyes and ears of child protection: Dr.Kripa Amar Alva|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070354210400.htm|accessdate=13 April 2014|date=3 July 2009|archive-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415151340/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070354210400.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Functions==
The Commission's functions as mentioned in the Act are as follows:

1. The Commission can perform following functions, namely;
:a. To review and examine the safeguards meant for the protection of rights of children and its effective implementations by recommending measures.
:b. Present periodical reports of those safeguards to Government.
:c. Inquiry into child rights violation and initiation of case proceedings.
:d. Factors inhibiting rights of children that are affected by HIV/ [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]], prostitution, trafficking, torture, exploitation, pornography, terrorism, riots, communal and domestic violence and natural disasters will be examined appropriate remedial measures to be recommended
:e. To recommend appropriate remedial measures to children needing special care and protection, in distress, marginalised, without family, children of prisoners, children in conflict with law and juveniles.
:f. International laws and treaties to be studied and a regular review of existing programmes, policies and activities on child rights to be conducted and recommend for its effective implementation.
:g. To Research on child rights.
:h. To use advertisements and other means to spread awareness of child rights and the safeguards available for protection of child rights, in the society.
:i. The views of children to be promoted, respected and considered in work of all Government bodies that deal with children.
:j. Promote activity for Inclusion of right of children into the school curriculum, training of teachers and personnel dealing with children.

2. Places where children are lodged or detained for treatment, reformation or protection such as juvenile home or any place of residence for children can be inspected or asked to be inspected by the commission and remedial action, if needed can be requested.
:a. Complaints related to below matters should be enquired and suo motu action can be taken, related to:
::i. Child rights violation and its deprivation.
::ii. Lack of implementation of laws meant for child development and protection.
::iii. Lack of compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions to reduce hardships, provide relief and ensuring child welfare. And to take these issues appropriate authorities
:b. Any other function that can be necessary for the promotion of child rights and above functions.

==Powers of the Commission==
The Commission has all powers of the Civil Court while enquiring a case. Some of the major power are to Summon individuals, discovery and production of documents, receiving evidence on Affidavits, requesting any Public record from courts, Issuing commissions for witnesses or documents examination and to forward cases to Magistrates to try cases which falls in their jurisdiction.

After completing the inquiry in a case the below actions can be taken.
#To recommend the Government for prosecution or necessary action on any violation.
#To approach the High Court or the Supreme Court for necessary orders, directions or writs.
#To recommend the Government or authority to provide required relief to the victim or his family members.

==Children's Courts==
To provide speedy trial of cases related to children the State Government will set up Children's courts and provide all the necessary personnel and infrastructure for conducting the cases.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

==See also==
*[[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]]
*[[Constitution of India]]
*[[Convention on the Rights of the Child|UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Children's rights organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Child-related organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]

TVS Sport

2025-09-22T13:38:58Z

MinnieZox45714: Created Initial Entry W/ Refs

{{Infobox Motorcycle
|image=
|name=TVS Sport
|manufacturer=[[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]]
|engine = {{cvt|109.7|cc|abbr=on}}, [[Four-stroke engine|four stroke]], [[Single-cylinder engine|single]]
|transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
|power = 8.18 bhp @ 7350 rpm
|torque = 8.7 Nm @ 4500 rpm
|length=
|wheelbase=
|fuel_capacity = {{convert|10|L|abbr=on}}
|suspension = [[Telescopic fork|Telescopic]] hydraulics front forks (110mm),5 stage adjustable rear shock (79mm)
|brakes = Front:130 mm [[Drum brakes|drum]], rear:110 mm drum
|predecessor=
|successor=
|production = 2007–present
|related= TVS Star City
}}

'''TVS Sport''' (known as '''TVS Metro''' in Bangladesh) is a ''110 cc'' motorcycle commuter bike manufactured in India by [[TVS Motor Company]] Ltd. Initially launched in 2007, it received updates in 2015 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-04 |title=TVS Sport BS6 with 110 cc engine and 15% more mileage launched, priced from INR 51,750 |url=https://www.indianautosblog.com/tvs-sport-bs6-higher-mileage-launched-p320240 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Indian Autos Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TVS Metro Plus 110 launched, here are complete details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/bikes/story/tvs-metro-plus-110-launched-here-are-complete-details-2319207-2023-01-09 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The design features in areas of style, mileage, and pricing created a demand for this vehicle among new-generation motorcyclists. According to the company, the enhanced features focused on the [[fuel efficiency]] of the motorcycle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=New advertising campaign for TVS Sport bike launched - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/motorcycles/new-advertising-campaign-for-tvs-sport-bike-launched/58239856 |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2017 TVS Motor Company launched the TVS Sport with the BS-IV engine which comes with a large fuel tank with 10-litre capacity. It is one of the high fuel tank capacity models in the 110 cc segment in the Indian motorcycle market.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TVS Sport Price, Mileage, Review - TVS Bikes |url=https://auto.ndtv.com/tvs-bikes/sport |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=CarAndBike |language=English}}</ref>

The 2017 TVS Sport is suspended over standard [[telescopic fork]]s up front and 5-step adjustable twin shocks in the rear. The bike measures 1,950 mm in length, 705 mm in width, and 1,080 in height with a [[ground clearance]] of 170 mm. The Brakes include a 130mm drum in the front and a 110 mm unit in the rear. The all-gear electric start enables the vehicle to start at any gear. The vehicle sports body graphics, a chrome-plated exhaust muzzle, and a compact taillight.

==Engine==
TVS Sport comes with a [[4-stroke engine|4 stroke]] Duralife engine powered by a 109.7cc single-cylinder motor. TVS Sport's Duralife Engine comes with Roller Cam Follower Technology that reduces friction and provides less stress on the engine leading to more efficient fuel consumption as stated by the company. This engine enables a churning out 7.8 PS of peak power 7,350 rpm and 8.7 Nm of maximum torque at 4,000 rpm. TVS Sport achieved a record on-road mileage of 110.12km per litre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVS Sport sets a new fuel efficiency record, achieves mileage of 110.12kmpl |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tvs-sport-sets-a-new-fuel-efficiency-record-achieves-mileage-of-11012kmpl-67252 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>
==JD Power Award==
TVS Sport is Ranked No.1 amongst Economy Segment Motorcycles in the [[J.D. Power]] APEAL Study 2015 and 2017. This prestigious award makes TVS Sport "The Most Appealing Economy Motorcycle".{{cn|date=December 2020}}

==See also==
*[[TVS_Motor_Company|TVS Motor]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tvsmotor.com/tvs-sport TVS Sport] official page

[[Category:TVS motorcycles]]
[[Category:Motorcycles of India]]
[[Category:Single-cylinder motorcycles]]
[[Category:Motorcycles introduced in 2007]]

2019 Punjab State Super Football League

2025-09-22T09:34:06Z

MinnieZox45714: Created A Post - done

{{one source|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Punjab State Super Football League]]
| season = 2019
| winners = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab FC]]
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 43
| total goals = 105
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2018 Punjab State Super Football League|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2020-21 Punjab State Super Football League|2020-21]]
| updated = 20 October 2019
}}

The '''2019 Punjab State Super Football League''' is the 33rd season of the [[Punjab State Super Football League]], the top-tier [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab FC]] are the defending champions. The league commenced from 8 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=33rd JCT Punjab State Super Football League 2019|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/|work=indiafooty.com|date=15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2019|title=Minerva Punjab FC Beat Punjab Police to Win 2nd Straight Punjab Super League Title|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/minerva-punjab-fc-beat-punjab-police-to-win-2nd-straight-punjab-super-league-title-2353189.html|website=news18.com|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416064401/https://www.news18.com/news/football/minerva-punjab-fc-beat-punjab-police-to-win-2nd-straight-punjab-super-league-title-2353189.html}}</ref>

==Round dates==
The 33rd season of the [[Punjab State Super Football League]] consist of Phase 1, Phase 2 and Final Phase.
The schedule will be as follows.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Round
!Match dates
!Number of teams
!Qualification
|-
|Phase 1
|8–20 August 2019
|12 teams (4 groups)
|Top 2 teams advance to phase 2
|-
|Phase 2 (qualifying round)
|22–26 August 2019
|8 teams (2 groups)
|Top 2 teams advance to final phase joining 6 teams
|-
|Final phase
|28 August 2019 – 11 October 2019
|10 teams (2 Groups)
|Top 4 teams advance to semi-finals
|-
|Semi-finals
|17 - 18 October 2019
|4
|
|-
|Final
|20 October 2019
|2
|
|}

==Teams==
'''Phase 1 teams :'''
* [[Doaba Football Club]]
* [[Guru Football Club]]
* [[JCT F.C.|JCT Academy]]
* [[Jagat Singh Palahi FA]]
* [[Khalsa Warriors FC]]
* [[Olympian Jarnail FA]]
* [[Principal Harbhajan SC]]
* [[SGHS Football Academy]]
* [[Sikh Regiment Centre FC]]
* United FC
* [[United Punjab FC]]
* [[Young Football Club]]

'''Final phase teams :'''
* BSF, Jalandhar
* CRPF, Jalandhar
* [[Dalbir Football Club]]
* [[Kehar Sporting Club]]
* [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab FC]]
* Punjab Police, Jalandhar

==Phase 1==

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team3=UP |team2=PH |team1=GF
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_UP=0 |draw_UP=0 |loss_UP=2 |gf_UP=0 |ga_UP=5
|win_PH=1 |draw_PH=0 |loss_PH=1 |gf_PH=3 |ga_PH=3
|win_GF=2 |draw_GF=0 |loss_GF=0 |gf_GF=6 |ga_GF=1

|name_UP=United Punjab FC
|name_PH=Principal Harbhajan SC
|name_GF=Guru Football Club


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to phase 2 (qualification round) }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team3=UF |team2=YF |team1=JC
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_UF=0 |draw_UF=0 |loss_UF=2 |gf_UF=2 |ga_UF=5
|win_YF=1 |draw_YF=1 |loss_YF=0 |gf_YF=3 |ga_YF=2
|win_JC=1 |draw_JC=1 |loss_JC=0 |gf_JC=4 |ga_JC=3

|name_UF=United FC
|name_YF=Young Football Club
|name_JC=[[JCT F.C.|JCT Academy]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to phase 2 (qualification round) }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team3=DF |team1=OJ |team2=KW
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_DF=1 |draw_DF=0 |loss_DF=1 |gf_DF=2 |ga_DF=3
|win_OJ=1 |draw_OJ=0 |loss_OJ=1 |gf_OJ=4 |ga_OJ=3
|win_KW=1 |draw_KW=0 |loss_KW=1 |gf_KW=3 |ga_KW=3

|name_DF=Doaba Football Club
|name_OJ=Olympian Jarnail FA
|name_KW=Khalsa Warriors FC


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to phase 2 (qualification round) }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team3=JS |team1=SG |team2=SR
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_JS=0 |draw_JS=1 |loss_JS=1 |gf_JS=1 |ga_JS=2
|win_SG=1 |draw_SG=1 |loss_SG=0 |gf_SG=3 |ga_SG=2
|win_SR=1 |draw_SR=0 |loss_SR=1 |gf_SR=2 |ga_SR=2

|name_JS=Jagat Singh Palahi FA
|name_SG=SGHS Football Academy
|name_SR=Sikh Regiment Centre FC


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to phase 2 (qualification round) }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

==Phase 2 (qualification round)==

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team1=KW |team3=PH |team2=GF |team4=OJ
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_PH=1 |draw_PH=0 |loss_PH=1 |gf_PH=2 |ga_PH=2
|win_GF=1 |draw_GF=1 |loss_GF=0 |gf_GF=1 |ga_GF=0
|win_OJ=0 |draw_OJ=0 |loss_OJ=2 |gf_OJ=0 |ga_OJ=2
|win_KW=1 |draw_KW=1 |loss_KW=0 |gf_KW=2 |ga_KW=1

|name_OJ=Olympian Jarnail FA
|name_KW=Khalsa Warriors FC
|name_PH=Principal Harbhajan SC
|name_GF=Guru Football Club


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to Final Phase}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team3=YF |team4=JC |team2=SG |team1=SR
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_YF=1 |draw_YF=0 |loss_YF=1 |gf_YF=1 |ga_YF=2
|win_JC=1 |draw_JC=0 |loss_JC=1 |gf_JC=1 |ga_JC=3
|win_SG=1 |draw_SG=0 |loss_SG=1 |gf_SG=2 |ga_SG=1
|win_SR=1 |draw_SR=0 |loss_SR=1 |gf_SR=3 |ga_SR=1

|name_YF=Young Football Club
|name_JC=[[JCT F.C.|JCT Academy]]
|name_SG=SGHS Football Academy
|name_SR=Sikh Regiment Centre FC


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to Final Phase }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}

==Final phase==

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team5=KW |team2=KS |team4=GF |team1=MP |team3=BS
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_BS=1 |draw_BS=2 |loss_BS=1 |gf_BS=7 |ga_BS=5
|win_GF=1 |draw_GF=1 |loss_GF=2 |gf_GF=3 |ga_GF=3
|win_MP=4 |draw_MP=0 |loss_MP=0 |gf_MP=11 |ga_MP=1
|win_KW=0 |draw_KW=0 |loss_KW=4 |gf_KW=2 |ga_KW=13
|win_KS=2 |draw_KS=1 |loss_KS=1 |gf_KS=6 |ga_KS=7

|name_BS=BSF
|name_KW=Khalsa Warriors FC
|name_MP=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|name_GF=Guru Football Club
|name_KS=Kehar Sporting Club


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to Semi-finals}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 August 2019
|time =
|team1 = BSF
|score = 0-4
|report =
|team2 = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = BSF Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = Guru Football Club
|score = 0-0
|report =
|team2 = BSF
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = Lyallpur Khalsa College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = Kehar Sporting Club
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = Khalsa Warriors FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = DAV College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|score = 5-1
|report =
|team2 = Kehar Sporting Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Mohali]]
|stadium = Doan
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = Khalsa Warriors FC
|score = 1–3
|report =
|team2 = Guru Football Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Kharar, SAS Nagar]]
|stadium = MC Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = BSF
|score = 1-1
|report =
|team2 = Kehar Sporting Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = DAV College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Guru Football Club
|score = 0-1
|report =
|team2 = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = Lyallpur Khalsa College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Khalsa Warriors FC
|score = 0-6
|report =
|team2 = BSF
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Kharar, SAS Nagar]]
|stadium = MC Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Kehar Sporting Club
|score = 1-0
|report =
|team2 = Guru Football Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = DAV College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|score = 1-0
|report =
|team2 = Khalsa Warriors FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Mohali]]
|stadium = Doan
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/]

|team5=CR |team2=DF |team3=SG |team1=PU |team4=SR
|result1=KO
|result2=KO

|win_CR=0 |draw_CR=2 |loss_CR=2 |gf_CR=3 |ga_CR=6
|win_DF=1 |draw_DF=3 |loss_DG=0 |gf_DF=5 |ga_DF=4
|win_SG=1 |draw_SG=2 |loss_SG=1 |gf_SG=5 |ga_SG=5
|win_SR=1 |draw_SR=2 |loss_SR=1 |gf_SR=4 |ga_SR=4
|win_PU=1 |draw_PU=3 |loss_PU=0 |gf_PU=6 |ga_PU=4

|name_PU=Punjab Police
|name_CR=CRPF
|name_SG=SGHS Football Academy
|name_SR=Sikh Regiment Centre FC
|name_DF=Dalbir Football Club


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to Semi-finals) }}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 29 August 2019
|time =
|team1 = Punjab Police
|score = 2-2
|report =
|team2 = CRPF
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = PAP Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 31 August 2019
|time =
|team1 = Sikh Regiment Centre FC
|score = 2-2
|report =
|team2 = Dalbir Football Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = Lyallpur Khalsa College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = CRPF
|score = 0-2
|report =
|team2 = SGHS Football Academy
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = CRPF Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = Dalbir Football Club
|score = 0-0
|report =
|team2 = Punjab Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Patiala]]
|stadium = Punjabi University
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 September 2019
|time =
|team1 = SGHS Football Academy
|score = 0-2
|report =
|team2 = Sikh Regiment Centre FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Banga, India]]
|stadium = SN College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Punjab Police
|score = 2-2
|report =
|team2 = SGHS Football Academy
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = PAP Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Dalbir Football Club
|score = 2-1
|report =
|team2 = CRPF
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Patiala]]
|stadium = Punjabi University
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = CRPF
|score = 0-0
|report =
|team2 = Sikh Regiment Centre FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = CRPF Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = SGHS Football Academy
|score = 1-1
|report =
|team2 = Dalbir Football Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Banga, India]]
|stadium = SN College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 October 2019
|time = 4:00 PM
|team1 = Sikh Regiment Centre FC
|score = 0-2
|report =
|team2 = Punjab Police
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Jalandhar]]
|stadium = Lyallpur Khalsa College Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 October 2019
|time =
|team1 = Punjab Police
|score = 3-0
|report =
|team2 = Kehar SC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Ludhiana]]
|stadium = Kartar Singh Sarabha Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 October 2019
|time =
|team1 = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|score = 1-0
|report =
|team2 = Dalbir Football Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Ludhiana]]
|stadium = Kartar Singh Sarabha Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Final==
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 20 October 2019
|time =
|team1 = [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|score = 2–2
|aet = yes
|report =
|team2 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
| location = [[Ludhiana]]
|stadium = Kartar Singh Sarabha Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|penaltyscore= 6–7<ref>{{cite web|title=33rd JCT Punjab State Super Football League 2019|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/|work=indiafooty.com|date=15 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031121805/http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab State Super Football League}}
{{2019–20 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Punjab State Super Football League seasons]]
[[Category:2019–20 in Indian football leagues]]

Gangs of वासेपुर 2

2025-08-19T22:40:30Z

MinnieZox45714: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gangs of Wasseypur 2]]
{{R from other language|und|en}}

1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone

2025-07-20T01:23:45Z

MinnieZox45714:

{{Short description|1977 weather event}}
{{lead too short|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = Nov1977indiatc.png
| caption = Satellite image of the storm on 19 November, prior to making landfall in Andhra Pradesh
| formed = {{start date|df=yes|1977|11|14}}
| remnant = {{start date|df=yes|1977|11|20}}
| dissipated = {{start date|df=yes|1977|11|21}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 125
| pressure = 943
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| basin = nio
| winds = 110
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1977
| damage = 196290000
| fatalities = 10,000 (official) Estimated up to 50,000
| areas = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone''' was a devastating [[tropical cyclone]] that hit [[Andhra Pradesh]] in November 1977, killing at least 10,000 people.<ref name=":0">The storm in Orissa. Economist, 00130613, 11/6/1999, Vol. 353, Issue 8144</ref> The worst affected areas were in the [[Krishna River]] delta region. The island of [[Diviseema]], which was hit by a {{convert|7|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|abbr=off|spell=in}} storm surge, experienced a loss of life running into the thousands. The large loss of life prompted the establishment of early warning meteorological stations on the coast of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Cyclone shelters and other measures for disaster management were also taken. A memorial, at the point of furthest advance of the tidal wave, near the town of [[Avanigadda]], was built in memory of the people who died in the storm.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|06B 1977 track.png}}

The origins of the 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone can be traced to a weak tropical disturbance which was first noted on satellite imagery on the morning of 14 November while located roughly {{convert|520|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the [[Nicobar Islands]].{{refn|All dates are based on Coordinated Universal Time unless otherwise noted.|group="nb"}}<ref name="JTWC">{{cite report|last1=Morford|first1=Dean R.|last2=Lavin|first2=James K.|title=1977 Annual Typhoon Report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1977atcr.pdf|website=Naval Oceanography Operations Command|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=2 March 2019|location=Guam, Mariana Islands, United States|pages=51–54|date=1978|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925075853/https://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1977atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Traveling due west at {{convert|25|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} along the southern periphery of the mid-tropospheric subtropical [[Trough (meteorology)|ridge]], the disturbance steadily organized, with increased banding noted on satellite imagery. This increase in organization prompted the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) to report that the disturbance had intensified into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|deep depression]] later that morning,{{refn|The [[India Meteorological Department]] is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|year=2011|accessdate=2 March 2019|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref name="johns">{{cite journal|last1=Johns|first1=B.|last2=Dube|first2=S. K.|last3=Mohanty|first3=U. C.| last4= Sinha|first4=P. C.|date=October 1981|title=Numerical simulation of the surge generated by the 1977 Andhra cyclone|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=107|issue=454|pages=919–934|doi= 10.1002/qj.49710745411|bibcode=1981QJRMS.107..919J }}</ref> and the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) to issue a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] for the system at 13:10 UTC that afternoon.{{refn|The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] is a joint [[United States Navy]] – [[United States Air Force]] task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.<ref>{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement|year=2011|accessdate=2 March 2019| url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archivedate=26 July 2007}}</ref>|group="nb"}} At 08:00 UTC on 15 November, the JTWC issued its first advisory on the system as satellite data indicated that the storm had continued to strengthen, with estimated one-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="JTWC"/>

While the system was initially developing, an upper tropospheric [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] had formed over northern and central India and produced a break in the subtropical ridge. As the storm traveled towards this break in the ridge on 15 November, the mid-tropospheric [[anticyclone]] over the system weakened, reducing the storm's steering flow and causing the system to slow to a {{convert|7|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} northwestwards movement. In addition, the divergent southwesterly flow produced by the trough resulted in the system beginning a period of rapid intensification. Early on 16 November, the system intensified into a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]; an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] was observed on satellite imagery later that morning.<ref name="JTWC"/>
[[File:Cyclones 05B and 06B.png|thumb|The cyclone alongside 05B on 17 November]]
For the next two days, the tropical cyclone continued to strengthen while traveling generally towards the north-northwest. During this time period, increased organization, such as tighter banding features and a progressively more distinct eye, were observed on satellite imagery. At 10:30 UTC on 17 November, the ship ''Jagatswami'' reported winds of {{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|948|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} off the Indian coast.<ref name="cyclone-history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|title=Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970-1999|author=India Meteorological Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925101914/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|archive-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="ap-cyclone-trends">{{Cite journal|last1=Raghavan|first1=S.|last2=Rajesh|first2=S.|date=May 2003|title=Trends in Tropical Cyclone Impact: A Study in Andhra Pradesh, India: A Study in Andhra Pradesh, India|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=en|volume=84|issue=5|pages=635–644|doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-5-635|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref> The next evening, the JTWC estimated that the system had attained its peak intensity as a Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone, with one-minute sustained winds of {{convert|205|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, while located roughly {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} off the coast of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="JTWC"/> Around this time, the IMD estimated that the system had three-minute sustained winds of {{convert|230|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}—which would classify the system as a modern-day [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|super cyclonic storm]]—and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|943|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="johns"/><ref name="IMDWind">{{cite journal|author1=G.S. Mandal|author2=Akhilesh Gupta|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Indian Meteorological Society|journal=Advances in Tropical Meteorology|year=1996|location=New Delhi, India|title=The Wind Structure, Size and Damage Potential of Some Recent Cyclone of Hurricane Intensity in the North Indian Ocean|page=421|issue=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery|date=September 2011|accessdate=2 March 2019|title=Cyclones, storm surges, floods, landslides|page=9|url=https://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/files/1_Introduction.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055441/https://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/files/1_Introduction.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="ap-cyclone-trends"/>

As the cyclone approached the Indian coast, it accelerated to {{convert|17|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} while slightly weakening from its peak intensity. The storm made landfall near [[Chirala]], in the [[Prakasam district]] of central Andhra Pradesh, around 11:00 UTC on 19 November with one-minute sustained winds of {{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Moving northwards over flat agricultural lands, the storm weakened, with the JTWC issuing its final warning at 20:00 UTC that evening.<ref name="JTWC"/> The IMD continued tracking the system, reporting that it weakened into an area of low pressure on the evening of 20 November before dissipating over southeastern [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]] the next evening.<ref name="cyclone-history"/>

== Impact ==
The worst affected areas were in the [[Krishna River]] delta region. The island of [[Diviseema]], which was hit by a {{convert|7|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|abbr=off|spell=in}} [[storm surge]], experienced a loss of life running into the thousands. Hundreds of bodies were floating in the waters and bodies bloated beyond recognition were consigned to mass pyres. [[Landslides]] ripped off the railway lines in the Waltair-Kirandal route. About 100 people who had left their homes to seek shelter in a church in [[Bapatla]] town were killed when the building collapsed. Fields of paddy and cash crops were submerged by the [[storm surge|tidal waves]]. Thirteen sailing vessels, including some foreign ones, went missing in the [[storm]].

About 100 villages were marooned or washed away by the cyclonic storms and the ensuing floods and a total of 10,841 killed or missing, and 34 [[lakh]] rendered [[homeless]]. According to the Janata party, at least 50,000 people were believed to have been killed by the storm, substantially higher than reported by the government.<ref name="BDN1"/>

== Aftermath ==
The large loss of life prompted the establishment of early warning meteorological stations on the coast of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Cyclone shelters and other measures for disaster management were also taken. A memorial, at the point of furthest advance of the tidal wave, near the town of [[Avanigadda]], was built in memory of the people who died in the storm.

The next [[cyclone]] ([[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|1990]]) that also occurred in Andhra Pradesh, showed that there was a large improvement in [[disaster management]], effective warnings ahead of time, and better meteorological equipment which dramatically reduced the death rate (compared to the cyclone in 1977).<ref name="ap-cyclone-trends"/>

In the wake of the disaster, officials in India were accused of covering up the scale of damage and loss of life. Members of the [[Janata Party|Janata party]], an opposing political group to the state government in place at the time, claimed that the cover up was to hide criminal negligence which resulted in tens of thousands of fatalities.<ref name="BDN1">{{cite news|author=The Associated Press|work=Bangor Daily News|date=November 28, 1977|accessdate=November 14, 2010|title=Coverup alleged in India's cyclone disaster|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=np8zAAAAIBAJ&dq=india%20cyclone&pg=1236%2C4367318}}</ref> Following these accusations, five high-ranking government officials resigned from their positions.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2, 1977|title=5 in India Resign Over Cyclone Aid}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[1984 Sriharikota cyclone]]
*[[Typhoon Gay (1989)]]
*[[1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Super Cyclonic Storms}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1977 Andhra Pradesh Cyclone}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1977|Andhra Pradesh Cyclone, 1977]]
[[Category:1977 in India|Andhra Pradesh Cyclone, 1977]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]]

1942 Tokyo Conference

2025-07-07T14:28:44Z

MinnieZox45714: Created Stub

{{distinguish|Greater East Asia Conference}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Tokyo Conference''' was a conference held between March 28 and 30, 1942 at [[Tokyo]] by South-East Asian Indian Nationalist groups including the [[Indian Independence League]], the [[Indian National Council]], and smaller local Indian associations and clubs.<ref name="Fay 1993 91">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=91}}</ref><ref name=Kratoska174>{{harvnb|Kratoska|2002|p=174}}</ref> This conference led to the decision to establish an all-unifying Indian Independence League. The conference was held at the invitation of [[Rash Behari Bose]] who was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by the Indian nationalists and ultimately to support actively the Indian freedom struggle abroad. Bose was also elected the leader of the Indian movement in South-East Asia during this conference. However, the Tokyo conference failed to reach any definitive decisions due to the differences between various regional factions, and also because of differences both with Rash Behari especially given his long connection with [[Japan]] and the current position of Japan as the occupying power in South-east Asia, and also because many were wary of vested Japanese interests.<ref name="Fay 1993 91"/> The Tokyo conference however, did agree on the decision to meet again in [[Bangkok]] to establish an all-unifying IIL at a future date.<ref name="Fay 1993 91"/> Rash Behari arrived in Singapore in April with the returning Indian delegation.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Green
| given1 = L.C.
| year = 1948
| title = The Indian National Army Trials. The Modern Law Review, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Jan., 1948), pp. 47-69.
| url =
| publisher = London, Blackwell.
| ISBN =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fay
| given1 = Peter W.
| year = 1993
| title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.
| url =
| publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
| ISBN = 0-472-08342-2
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Bose
| given1 = Sisir
| year = 1975
| title = Netaji and India's Freedom: Proceedings of the International Netaji Seminar.
| url =
| publisher = Netaji Research Bureau
| ISBN =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Corr
| given1 = Gerald H
| year = 1975
| title = The War of the Springing Tiger
| url =
| publisher = Osprey
| ISBN = 0-85045-069-1
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Ghosh
| given1 = K.K
| year = 1969
| title = The Indian National Army: Second Front of the Indian Independence Movement.
| url =
| publisher = Meerut, Meenakshi Prakashan
| ISBN =
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Kratoska
| given1 = Paul H
| year = 2002
| title = Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire.
| url =
| publisher = Routledge.
| ISBN = 0-7007-1488-X
}}.
{{Indian National Army}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World War II conferences]]
[[Category:Indian Independence League]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Tokyo in World War II]]
[[Category:1942 in India]]
[[Category:1942 in Japan]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:1942 conferences]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]
[[Category:March 1942 in Asia]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Aizawl Theological College

2025-05-12T11:43:41Z

MinnieZox45714: enhanced citations as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name= Aizawl Theological College
|native_name=
|image = [[File:ATC, Mizoram.jpg|200px|frameless|centre]]
|caption=
|established={{start date and age|1907}}
| motto = Service to God and Humankind
|principal=[[Reverend|Rev.]] Prof. Tlanghmingthanga
|students=
|city = [[Aizawl]]
|state = [[Mizoram]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|campus=Urban
|affiliations=[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
|website={{URL|atc.edu.in}}}}

'''Aizawl Theological College''' is an [[ecumenical]] [[seminary]] of the [[Presbyterian Church]] in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India. It is affiliated to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Graduate & Post-graduate Colleges |url=http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/graduates-post-graduate-colleges.html |publisher=Senate of Serampore |accessdate=17 August 2012 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316125341/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/graduates-post-graduate-colleges.html |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df= }}</ref> The college is owned by the [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church]] and administered by the Mizoram Synod through its Theological Education Board.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATC run by Mizoram Synod|url=http://mizoramsynod.org/index.php?phek=bawm&bid=15|publisher=Synod Info|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Hundreds of pastors and church leaders have received their academic training and ministerial formation under the standards laid down by the Senate of Serampore College since its inception in 1907.

==Location==
The College is located at the top of a mountain, north of Aizawl, at Durtlang.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://atc.edu.in/history |website=atc.edu.in |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

==History==
Aizawl Theological College was started by Rev. D.E. Jones, popularly known as Pu Zosaphluia among the Mizos, in 1907 as a humble theological school to train native Christians for various ministries of the church. It was originally named "Aijal Theological School". In 1924, the theological school was shifted from Aizawl to Durtlang at the present site of the Presbyterian Hospital. Rev. F.J. Sandy managed the administration. But Sandy unexpectedly died and the school was moved back to Aizawl proper and headed by Rev. E.L. Mendus. The school was closed in 1937 affected by circumstances of the [[Second World War]]. It was revived in 1951 to become a proper theological college. Rev. J.M. Lloyd became the first designated Principal and the college was located at Mission Vengthlang, Aizawl. The Senate of Serampore College granted affiliation to the college at the level of Licentiate in Theology (L.Th.) in 1965. The college was then officially named "Aizawl Theological College."

When Rev. J.M. Lloyd returned to Wales he was succeeded by Rev. C. Pazawna who became the first Mizo Principal of the College. He remained in office for seventeen years. In 1971, the College was upgraded to the B. Th. level by the Senate of Serampore College, replacing the L. Th. diploma course programme. In 1994 that the Senate of Serampore College allowed Aizawl Theological College to start the B.D. programme. In June 1998 the Council for Academic Affairs of the Senate of Serampore College granted Aizawl Theological College the status of a full-fledged B.D. College. The Master of Theology (M.Th) programme in Christian Theology had been introduced since 2002 and M.Th. (New Testament and Missiology) and Doctor of Ministry (D.Min) respectively are also being introduced from 2007 academic session.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vanlalauva|first=H.|title=Aizawl Theological College-in Kum 100 hmel a hmu ta|language=Mizo |trans-title= Aizawl Theological College has turned 100|url=http://mizoramsynod.org/index.php?phek=thuthar&nid=580|publisher=Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:23em; max-width:40%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"| List of Principals<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Principals |url=https://atc.edu.in/list_of_principals |website=atc.edu.in |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>
(Name of the Principal, Period)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] D.E. Jones (1907-1923),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] F.J. Sandy (1923-1926),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] E.L. Mendus (1926-1937),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] J.M. Lloyd (1951-1964),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] C. Pazawna (1964-1981),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] Lalsawma Acting (1971-1974),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] Lalchhuanliana (1981-1986),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] C. Biakmawia (1986-1990),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] H. Remthanga (1990-1993),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] C. Rosiama (1993-1994),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] Zaihmingthanga (1994-1999),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] H. Vanlalauva (1999-2007),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] Roger Gaikwad (2008-2010),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] Vanlalchhuanawma (2011-2014),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] C. Lalhlira (2015-2018),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] Vanlalnghaka Ralte (2019-2021),
* [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Dr.]] Tlanghmingthanga (2022-till date)
|}

== Courses offered ==
Internal Study:
* Bachelor of Divinity (B.D)
* Master of Theology (M.Th)
* Doctor of Theology (D.Th)
External Study:
* Certificate Course in Christian Studies
* Bachelor of Christian Studies (BCS)
* Master of Christian Studies (MCS)
* Diploma in Clinical Pastoral Counselling (DCPC)

== Publications ==
* ''The Mizoram Journal of Theology'', an academic journal is also published bi-annually since 1999.
* ''Didakhe'', a bimonthly theological journal has been published since 1972, with a circulation of 4,700 copies. This is an important medium by which theological discussions on relevant issues are kept alive.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.atc.edu.in/index.php/ Official site of Aizawl Theological College]

{{coord|23.7616|92.7350|type:edu_region:IN-MZ|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Presbyterian universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Education in Aizawl]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1907]]

Hericium yumthangense

2024-12-13T07:14:36Z

MinnieZox45714: starting first details needs work

{{Short description|Species of fungus}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Hericium yumthangense
| authority = K. Das, Stalpers & Stielow, 2013
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Hericium yumthangense''''' is a species of fungus in the family [[Hericiaceae]] native to [[Sikkim]] in India, first described by K. Das, Stalpers & Stielow in 2013 based on specimens from [[Yumthang]] (hence the name). It can be distinguished from other ''[[Hericium]]'' by its small rooting base, intricate three-tier branching system, and its spines which are {{Convert|8-13|mm|frac=8}} long.<ref name="Das 2013">{{cite journal |author1=Das K |author2=Stalpers JA |author3=Stielow JB |title=Two new species of hydnoid-fungi from India |journal=IMA Fungus |year=2014 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=359–69 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.15|pmid=24563842 |pmc=3905948 }} {{open access}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IndexFungorum|800641}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q107739314}}

[[Category:Russulales]]
[[Category:Fungi of India]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 2013]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani

2024-04-17T02:45:00Z

MinnieZox45714: redirect

#REDIRECT [[H. K. Chainani]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kalluru revenue division

2024-02-28T18:43:55Z

MinnieZox45714: starting first stub basic info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalluru revenue division
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Administrative division
| image_skyline = File:Kalluru revenue division.png
| image_caption = Kalluru revenue division in blue
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Telangana
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Khammam
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1 =
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kalluru revenue division''' (or '''Kalluru division''') is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Khammam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-05 |title=Survey for 4-lane greenfield highway begins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/survey-for-4-lane-greenfield-highway-begins/article31996962.ece |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|2 revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of 6 [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RDO /Municipal Commisioners/Tehsildars {{!}} Khammam District {{!}} India |url=https://khammam.telangana.gov.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kallur is the divisional headquarters of the division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2020-09-29 |title=TRS takes out massive rallies in support of new Revenue Act in Khammam district |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/trs-takes-out-massive-rallies-in-support-of-new-revenue-act-in-khammam-district-648626 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
The mandals in the division are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S No.
!Mandal Name
|-
|1
|[[Enkuru mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Kalluru mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Penuballi mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Sathupalli mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Thallada mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Vemsoor mandal]]
|}

== References ==
<references />
{{Khammam district}}

{{Coord|17.1415|N|79.6236|E|display=title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Khammam district]]

Sassoon

2024-02-03T02:58:20Z

MinnieZox45714: Created New Info From Scratch

'''Sassoon''' may refer to:
*[[Sassoon (name)]]

* [[Sassoon (typeface)]]
* [[David Sassoon Library]], in Mumbai, India
* [[Sassoon Docks]], in Mumbai, India
* [[Sassoon Eskell]] (1860–1932), Iraqi statesman and financier
* [[Sassoon Road]], in Hong Kong

{{disambiguation}}

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

2024-01-29T12:52:49Z

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Bharatpedia:Naming conventions (Indian constituencies)

2024-01-12T14:25:52Z

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{{Subcat guideline|naming convention|Indian constituencies|WP:INDIANCONSTITUENCYNAME|WP:INCONSTNAME|Sortkey=Indian constituencies}}
Indian Parliamentary constituencies (current or defunct) should have a uniform suffix of "Lok Sabha constituency", whether or not this is required for disambiguation.

Indian Legislative Assembly constituencies (current or defunct) should have a uniform suffix of "Assembly constituency", whether or not this is required for disambiguation.
==Handling duplicate names==
* Duplicate names should be disambiguated using "Place, state" followed by the applicable suffix.
** If two identically-named constituencies are in same state then use "Place, district" followed by the applicable suffix.
** If two constituencies have same name and one of them is defunct, then the defunct constituency should use "Place, State" followed by the applicable suffix. The currently active constituency can be considered the [[WP:PRIMARYTOPIC|primary topic]] and can use "Place" followed by the applicable suffix.

==Examples==
*[[Sujanpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)]] (disambiguation necessary, entry in [[Sujanpur (disambiguation)]]). Should be named [[Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency]] vs [[Sujanpur, Punjab Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency]] vs [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency]] (defunct) vs [[Rajgarh Assembly constituency]] Active in MP
==Reference==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Indian_politics&oldid=1101135644#Proposal_:_Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_Indian_constituencies Consensus discussion] on [[WT:WikiProject Indian politics]]
[[Category:Wikipedia naming conventions|India constituencies]]