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White tiger

2026-05-08T09:56:37Z

Minguel: new data

{{short description|Tiger morph}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Standing white tiger.jpg|thumb|A [[captive animal|captive]] white tiger at the [[Singapore Zoo]]]]

The '''white tiger''' is a [[leucism|leucistic]] [[polymorphism (biology)|morph]] of the [[tiger]], typically the [[Bengal tiger]]. White tigers have the typical black stripes of a tiger, but its [[coat (animal)|coat]] is otherwise white or near-white, and it has blue eyes. Natural occurrences of this mutation are occasionally reported in the wild in India. The vast majority of white tigers are a result of intentional inbreeding for human entertainment, a practice which is banned by the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] for institutions wishing to be accredited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Leigh |date=July 13, 2021 |title=The Truth About White Tigers |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/the-truth-about-white-tigers |access-date=September 2, 2025 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=White tigers, lions, and alligators, and king cheetahs: Welfare and Conservation Implications of Intentional Breeding for the Expression of Rare Recessive Alleles |url=https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza_white_paper_inbreeding_for_rare_alleles_18_jan_2012.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2025 |website=Board Approved Policies and Position Statements}}</ref>

== Variation ==
[[File:MadridZoo-Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|right|thumb|A white tiger at the [[Zoo Aquarium de Madrid|Madrid Zoo]]]]

White tigers have been recorded in India since the 16th century CE. The first white tiger was captured in 1915. A white tiger named Mohan was captured by the king of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], [[Martand Singh]], in 1951 from the forest of [[Mukundpur]], [[Sidhi district]], which is now part of the [[Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve]]. Many white tigers found in zoos around the world are the offspring of Mohan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The White Tigers of Rewa |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/inspire-me/wildlife/white-tigers-rewa/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=What is the origin of the white tiger?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/what-is-the-origin-of-the-white-tiger/articleshow/470223.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=18 November 2006|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQOPXzvk4zcC&pg=PA113|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh|chapter=Sanjay Dubri Game Sanctuary|author=Tiwari, S.K|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|pages=113–116|year=1997|isbn=9788170248101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Wardens in Shackles|chapter=Reintroduction of White Tiger in Sanjay Tiger Reserve|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HViRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|author=Pabla, HS, Dr|publisher=Educreation Publishing|pages=173–174|year=2019|isbn=9781795878876}}</ref> According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958.<ref name="sankhala1977" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Iverson" /> White Bengal tigers are distinctive due to the color of their fur. The white fur is caused by a lack of the pigment [[pheomelanin]], which is found in Bengal tigers with orange fur. When compared to orange Bengal tigers, the white Bengal tigers tend to grow faster and become heavier than the orange Bengal tiger.{{fact|date=December 2022}} They also tend to be somewhat bigger, both at birth, and as adults.{{fact|date=December 2022}} White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. White male tigers reach weights of {{convert|200|to|230|kg|lb}} and can grow up to {{convert|3|m|ft|sp=us}} in length. As with all tigers, the white Bengal tiger's stripes are like fingerprints, with no two tigers having the same pattern. The stripes of the tiger are a pigmentation of the skin; if an individual were to be shaved, its distinctive coat pattern would still be visible.<ref name="animalcorner.co.uk">{{cite web|title=White Bengal Tiger|url=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/bengalwhite.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401075203/http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/bengalwhite.html|archive-date=2008-04-01|website=Animal Corner}}</ref>

For a white Bengal tiger to be born, both parents must carry the unusual gene for white colouring, which happens naturally only about once in 10,000 births.<ref name="animalcorner.co.uk"/> Dark-striped white individuals are well-documented in the Bengal tiger subspecies (''Panthera tigris tigris'') as well as having been reported historically in several other subspecies.<ref name="animalcorner.co.uk"/> Currently,{{When|date=February 2025}} several hundred white tigers are in captivity worldwide, with about one hundred being found in India. Their unique colouring has made them popular at zoos, and in entertainment showcasing exotic animals. Their rarity could be because the recessive allele is the result of a one-time mutation, or because white tigers lack adequate camouflage, reducing their ability to stalk prey or avoid other predators.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Genetics ==
[[File:WhiteTiger-TobuZoo2012.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=1|A white tiger in a zoo in Japan]]
[[File:White tiger Nandankanan.jpeg|thumb|Pseudo-[[Melanism|melanistic]] white tiger]]
A white tiger's pale coloration is due to the lack of the red and yellow pheomelanin pigments that normally produce the orange coloration.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title=The Genetic Basis of White Tigers |last1=Xu |first1=Xiao |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054 |last2=Dong |first2=Gui-Xin |last3=Hu |first3=Xue-Song |last4=Miao |first4=Lin |last5=Zhang |first5=Xue-Li |last6=Zhang |first6=De-Lu |last7=Yang |first7=Han-Dong |last8=Zhang |first8=Tian-You |last9=Zou |first9=Zheng-Ting |last10=Zhang |first10=Ting-Ting |last11=Zhuang |first11=Yan |last12=Bhak |first12=Jong |last13=Cho |first13=Yun Sung |last14=Dai |first14=Wen-Tao |last15=Jiang |first15=Tai-Jiao |last16=Xie |first16=Can |last17=Li |first17=Ruiqiang |last18=Luo |first18=Shu-Jin |journal=Current Biology |pmid=23707431 |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1031–5|display-authors=8 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013CBio...23.1031X }}</ref> This had long been attributed to a mutation in the gene for the [[tyrosinase]] (TYR) enzyme. A [[knockout mutation]] in this gene results in [[albinism]], the ability to make neither pheomelanin (red and yellow pigments) nor eumelanin (black and brown pigments), while a less severe mutation in the same gene in other mammals results in selective loss of pheomelanin, the so-called ''Chinchilla'' trait. The white [[phenotype]] in tigers had been attributed to such a ''Chinchilla'' mutation in tyrosinase,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Shukar>{{cite book|last=Shuker|first=Karl P. N.|title=Mystery Cats of the World: From Blue Tigers to Exmoor Beasts|year=1989|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Searle|first=Antony Gilbert|title=Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/comparativegenet0000sear|url-access=registration|year=1968|pages=[https://archive.org/details/comparativegenet0000sear/page/149 149–50]}}</ref> and in the past white tigers were sometimes referred to as 'partial albinos'.<ref name=Shukar /><ref>{{citation|title=A rare albino cat comes to live in the Washington zoo|work=Life Magazine|date=19 December 1960|pages=47–8}}</ref> While [[whole genome sequencing]] determined that such a TYR mutation is responsible for the [[white lion]] leucistic variant, a normal TYR gene was found in both white tigers and [[snow leopard]]s.<ref name="Yun Sung Cho 2013">Yun Sung Cho et al. (2013). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes", ''Nature Communications'' 4: 2433, {{doi|10.1038/ncomms3433}}</ref> Instead, in white tigers, a naturally occurring [[point mutation]] in the [[SLC45A2]] [[transport protein]] gene was found to underlie its pigmentation. The resultant single amino acid substitution introduces an [[alanine]] residue that protrudes into the transport protein's central passageway, apparently blocking it, and by a mechanism yet to be determined, this prevents pheomelanin expression in the fur.<ref name=":0" /> Mutations in the same gene are known to result in 'cream' coloration in horses,<ref name=":0" /> and play a role in the paler skin of humans of European descent.<ref name="pmid16847698">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soejima M, Koda Y | title = Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 121 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–9 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 16847698 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z | s2cid = 11192076 }}</ref> This is a [[recessive trait]], meaning that it is seen only in individuals that are [[homozygous]] for this mutation,<ref name=":0" /> and that while the progeny of white tigers will all be white, white tigers can be also bred from colored Bengal tiger pairs in which each possesses a single copy of the unique mutation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Save the White Tigers|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/save-the-white-tigers/|work=Scientific American|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yun Sung Cho 2013" /> [[Inbreeding]] promotes recessive traits and has been used as a strategy to produce white tigers in captivity, but this has also resulted in a range of other genetic defects.

The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes. Another [[Genetics|genetic]] characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called ''snow-white'' or "pure white". White tigers, [[Siamese cats]], and [[List of rabbit breeds#Himalayan|Himalayan rabbits]] have [[enzyme]]s in their fur which react to temperature, causing them to grow darker in the cold. At [[Bristol Zoo]], a white tiger named Mohini was whiter than her relatives, who showed more cream tones. This may have been because she spent less time outdoors in the winter.<ref name="leyhousen">{{cite journal|last=Leyhausen|first=Paul|author2=Reed, Theodore H. |title=The white tiger: care and breeding of a genetic freak|journal=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=April 1971}}</ref> [[Kailash Sankhala]] observed that white tigers were always whiter in [[Rewa State]], even when they were born in New Delhi and returned there. "In spite of living in a dusty courtyard, they were always snow white."<ref name="sankhala1977">{{cite book |last=Sankhala |first=K. |title=Tiger! The Story Of The Indian Tiger |year=1997 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-00-216124-4}}</ref> A weakened [[immune system]] is directly linked to reduced pigmentation in white tigers.

=== Stripeless tigers ===
[[File:Whitetigermirage.jpg|thumb|A white tiger with almost no stripes at [[The Mirage]] in [[Las Vegas]], the United States of America]]

An additional genetic condition can result in near-complete absence of stripes, making the tiger almost pure white. One such specimen was exhibited at [[Exeter Exchange|Exeter Change]] in London in 1820, and described by [[Georges Cuvier]] as "A white variety of Tiger is sometimes seen, with the stripes very opaque, and not to be observed except in certain angles of light."<ref name="cuvier">{{cite book |last=Cuvier |first=Georges |author-link=Georges Cuvier |title=The Animal Kingdom they can grow to as tall as |publisher=G & C & H Carvill |year=1832}}</ref> Naturalist [[Richard Lydekker]] said that, "a white tiger, in which the fur was of a creamy tint, with the usual stripes faintly visible in certain parts, was exhibited at the old menagerie at Exeter Change about the year 1820."<ref name="lydekker1">{{cite book |author=Lydekker, R. |author-link=Richard Lydekker |title=The Royal Natural History |url=https://archive.org/details/royalnaturalhist06lyde |publisher=Frederick Warne |year=1893}}</ref> Hamilton Smith said, "A wholly white tiger, with the stripe-pattern visible only under reflected light, like the pattern of a white tabby cat, was exhibited in the Exeter Change Menagerie in 1820" and [[John George Wood]] stated that, "a creamy white, with the ordinary tigerine stripes so faintly marked that they were only visible in certain lights." [[Edwin Henry Landseer]] also drew this tigress in 1824.

The modern strain of snow-white tigers came from repeated brother–sister matings of Bhim and Sumita at [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]]. The gene involved may have come from a [[Siberian tiger]], their part-Siberian ancestor, Tony. Continued inbreeding appears to have caused a recessive gene to become homozygous and produce the stripeless phenotype. About one fourth of Bhim and Sumita's offspring were stripeless. Their striped white offspring, which have been sold to zoos around the world, may also carry the gene for the stripeless trait. Because Tony's genome is present in many white tiger pedigrees, the gene may also be present in other captive white tigers. As a result, stripeless white tigers have appeared in zoos as far afield as the [[Czech Republic]] ([[Liberec#Zoo and botanical garden|Liberec]]), Spain and Mexico. Stage magicians [[Siegfried & Roy]] were the first to attempt to selectively breed for stripeless tigers; they owned snow-white Bengal tigers taken from [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] (Tsumura, Mantra, Mirage and Akbar-Kabul) and [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], Mexico (Vishnu and Jahan), as well as a stripeless Siberian tiger called Apollo.<ref name="providing2007">{{Cite news |title=Litter of white tigers debuts in Mexico |date=6 July 2007 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19627911 |website=NBC News }}</ref>

In 2004, a blue-eyed, stripeless white tiger was born in a wildlife refuge in [[Alicante]], Spain. Its parents are normal orange tigers. The cub was named "Artico" ("Arctic").

=== Defects ===
Outside of India, inbred white tigers have been prone to crossed eyes, a condition known as [[strabismus]],<ref name="illustrated1986">{{cite magazine |last=Geringer |first=Dan |title=Now He's The Cat's Meow |magazine=Sports Illustrated |volume=65 |date=21 July 1986}}</ref> due to incorrectly routed [[Visual system|visual pathways]] in the brains of white tigers. When stressed or confused, all white tigers cross their eyes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Truth About White Tigers and Why Their Breeding Needs to Stop |website=One Green Planet|url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/the-truth-about-white-tigers-and-why-their-breeding-needs-to-stop/ |author=Aisling Maria Cronin |date=30 April 2014 }}</ref> Strabismus is associated with white tigers of mixed Bengal and Siberian ancestry. The only pure-Bengal white tiger reported to be cross-eyed was Mohini's daughter, Rewati. Strabismus is directly linked to the white gene and is not a separate consequence of inbreeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cross-eyed tigers|journal=Scientific American |volume=229 |date=August 1973|issue=43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Guillery, R.W. |author2=Kaas, J.H. |title=Genetic abnormality of the visual pathways in a 'white tiger' |journal=Science |date=22 June 1973 |pmid=4707916 |doi=10.1126/science.180.4092.1287 |volume=180 |issue=92 |pages=1287–9 |bibcode=1973Sci...180.1287G|s2cid=28568341 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernays |first1=M.E. |last2=Smith |first2=R. |title=Convergent strabismus in a white tiger |journal=Australian Veterinary Journal |volume=77 |year= 1999 |pmid=10197239 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11220.x |issue=3 |pages=152–5 }}</ref>

[[File:White Tiger Deformed.jpg|thumb|left|Kenny, a victim of inbreeding rescued by the [[Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge]] in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turpentinecreek.org/KittyCorner/9kenny_and_willie.htm|title=Kenny and Willie|last=Quinn|first=Patricia A.|website=[[Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314215103/https://www.turpentinecreek.org/KittyCorner/9kenny_and_willie.htm|archive-date=2007-03-14}}</ref> He experienced many health problems over the course of his life and died in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turpentinecreek.org/advocacy/action-bcpsa/|title=Action Gives Hope|website=[[Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge]]|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517152655/https://www.turpentinecreek.org/advocacy/action-bcpsa/|archive-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>]]
The orange litter-mates of white tigers are not prone to strabismus. Siamese cats and [[albino]]s of every species which have been studied all exhibit the same visual pathway abnormality found in white tigers. Siamese cats are also sometimes cross-eyed, as are some albino [[ferret]]s. The visual pathway abnormality was first documented in white tigers in the brain of a white tiger named Moni after he died, although his eyes were of normal alignment. The abnormality is that there is a disruption in the [[optic chiasm]]. The examination of Moni's brain suggested the disruption is less severe in white tigers than it is in Siamese cats. Because of the visual pathway abnormality, by which some [[optic nerve]]s are routed to the wrong side of the brain, white tigers have a problem with spatial orientation, and bump into things until they learn to compensate. Some tigers compensate by crossing their eyes. When the neurons pass from the retina to the brain and reach the optic chiasma, some cross and some do not, so that visual images are projected to the wrong hemisphere of the brain. White tigers cannot see as well as normal tigers and suffer from [[photophobia]], like albinos.<ref name="Gorham">Gorham, Mary Ellen, DVM. ''Genetic defects do little to mar beauty of India's rare white tigers''. March 1986</ref>

Other genetic problems include shortened tendons of the forelegs, [[club foot]], kidney problems, an arched or crooked backbone and a twisted neck. Reduced fertility and miscarriages, noted by "tiger man" Kailash Sankhala in pure-Bengal white tigers, were attributed to [[inbreeding depression]].<ref name="sankhala1977"/> A condition known as "star-gazing" (the head and neck are raised almost straight up, as if the affected animal is gazing at the stars), which is associated with inbreeding in big cats, has also been reported in white tigers.<ref name="Gorham"/>

There was a {{convert|450|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} male cross-eyed white tiger at the [[Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo]] in [[Hawaii]], which was donated to the zoo by [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] magician Dirk Arthur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hilo Area Attractions |website=tripsavvy |date=12 December 2017 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/hilo-area-attractions-1532636 |author=Fischer, John |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> There is a photo of a white tiger which appears to be cross-eyed on just one side in the book ''Siegfried and Roy: Mastering the Impossible''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Siegfried and Roy: Mastering the Impossible|isbn=0688105513|last1=Fischbacher |first1=Siegfried |last2=Horn |first2=Roy Uwe Ludwig |last3=Tapert |first3=Annette |last4=Roy |first4=Siegfried and |year=1992 |publisher=W. Morrow }}</ref> A white tiger, named Scarlett O'Hara, who was Tony's sister, was cross-eyed only on the right side.

A male tiger named 'Cheytan', a son of Bhim and Sumita who was born at the Cincinnati Zoo, died at the San Antonio Zoo in 1992, from anaesthesia complications during [[root canal therapy]]. It appears that white tigers also react strangely to anaesthesia. The best drug for immobilizing a tiger is CI 744, but a few tigers, white ones in particular, undergo a re-sedation effect 24–36 hours later.<ref>Bush, Mitchell; Phillips, Lindsay G.; & Montali, Richard J. (1987) "Clinical Management of Captive Tigers", p. 186 in Ronald Lewis Tilson, Ulysses S. Seal (eds.) ''Tigers Of The World, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species'', Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA, {{ISBN|0815511337}}.</ref> This is due to their inability to produce normal tyrosinase, a trait they share with albinos, according to zoo [[veterinarian]] [[David Taylor (veterinarian)|David Taylor]]. He treated a pair of white tigers from the Cincinnati Zoo at Fritz Wurm's safari park in Stukenbrock, Germany, for [[salmonella]] poisoning, which reacted strangely to the anaesthesia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=David|title=Vet On The Wild Side|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-312-05529-5|url=https://archive.org/details/vetonwildside00tayl}}</ref>

Mohini was checked for [[Chédiak–Higashi syndrome]] in 1960, but the results were inconclusive.<ref name="Maruska">Maruska, Edward J. (1987) "White Tiger Phantom Or Freak?", Chapter 33, Part IV White Tiger Politics, in Ronald Lewis Tilson, Ulysses S. Seal (eds.) ''Tigers Of The World, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species'', Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA, {{ISBN|0815511337}}.</ref><ref name="BRRG">{{cite journal |last=Berrier |first=H.H. |author2=Robinson, F.R. |author3=Reed, T.H. |author4=Gray, C.W. |title=The white tiger enigma|journal=Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician|year=1975|volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=467–472|pmid=1038910 }}</ref> This condition is similar to albino mutations and causes bluish lightening of the fur color, crossed eyes, and prolonged bleeding after surgery. Also, in the event of an injury, the blood is slow to coagulate. This condition has been observed in domestic cats, but there has never been a case of a white tiger having Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. There has been a single case of a white tiger having central [[Progressive retinal atrophy|retinal degeneration]], reported from the Milwaukee County Zoo, which could be related to reduced pigmentation in the eye.<ref name="Maruska"/><ref name="MBP">{{cite journal|last1=Beehler|first1=B.A.|last2=Moore |first2=C.P. |last3=Picket |first3=J.P. |title=Central retinal degeneration in a white Bengal tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') |journal=Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. |year=1984}}</ref> The white tiger in question was a male named Mota on loan from the Cincinnati Zoo.

There is a myth that white tigers have an 80% infant mortality rate. However, the infant mortality rate for white tigers is no higher than it is for normal orange tigers bred in captivity. Cincinnati Zoo director Ed Maruska said:
<blockquote>"We have not experienced premature death among our white tigers. Forty-two animals born in our collection are still alive. Mohan, a large white tiger, died just short of his 20th birthday, an enviable age for a male of any subspecies, since most males live shorter captive lives. Premature deaths in other collections may be artifacts of captive environmental conditions...in 52 births we had four stillbirths, one of which was an unexplained loss. We lost two additional cubs from viral pneumonia, which is not excessive. Without data from non-inbred tiger lines, it is difficult to determine whether this number is high or low with any degree of accuracy."<ref name="Maruska"/></blockquote> Ed Maruska also addressed the issue of deformities:
<blockquote>"Other than a case of hip dysplasia that occurred in a male white tiger, we have not encountered any other body deformities or any physiological or neurological disorders. Some of these reported maladies in mutant tigers in other collections may be a direct result of inbreeding or improper rearing management of tigers generally."<ref name="Maruska"/></blockquote>

== Inbreeding and outcrossing == 
[[File:White Tiger 6 (3865790598).jpg|thumb|A captive white tiger in [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom]]
[[File:Siberian Tiger, Yerevan Zoo (2).jpg|thumb|A captive white tiger in [[Yerevan Zoo]], Armenia]]
Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild,<ref name="sankhala1977"/> the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958.<ref name="sankhala1977"/><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Sunquist|first=Fiona|title=The Secret Of The White Tiger|journal=National Geographic World|date=December 2000|page=26}}</ref><ref name="Iverson">{{cite journal|last=Iverson|first=S.J.|year=1982|title=Breeding White Tigers|journal=Zoogoer|volume=11|pages=5–12}}</ref> Today, a large number of white tigers are in captivity. A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to [[Marwell Wildlife|Marwell Zoo]] in the United Kingdom developed white spots, and bred them accordingly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutant Big Cats-White Tiger (Page 2) |url=http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/tigers-white2.htm |website=Hybrid and Mutant Animals}}</ref> The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay had four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.

It has also been possible to expand the white-gene pool by [[outcrossing]] white tigers with unrelated orange tigers and then using the cubs to produce more white tigers. The white tigers Ranjit, Bharat, Priya and Bhim were all outcrossed, in some instances to more than one tiger. Bharat was bred to an unrelated orange tiger named Jack from the [[San Francisco Zoo]] and had an orange daughter named Kanchana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tongren|first=Sally|title=To keep them alive|location=New York|publisher=Dembner Books: Distributed by Norton|year=1985|isbn=978-0934878661|url=https://archive.org/details/tokeepthemalivew0000tong}}</ref> Bharat and Priya were also bred with an unrelated orange tiger from [[Knoxville Zoo]], and Ranjit was bred to this tiger's sister, also from Knoxville Zoo. Bhim fathered several litters with an unrelated orange tigress named Kimanthi at the Cincinnati Zoo.<ref name="Iverson"/>

The last descendants of [[Bristol Zoo]]'s white tigers were a group of orange tigers from outcrosses which were bought by a Pakistani senator and shipped to Pakistan. Rajiv, Pretoria Zoo's white tiger, who was born in the Cincinnati Zoo, was also outcrossed and sired at least two litters of orange cubs at Pretoria Zoo. Outcrossing is not necessarily done with the intent of producing more white cubs by resuming inbreeding further down the line. Outcrossing is a way of bringing fresh blood into the white strain. The New Delhi Zoo loaned out white tigers to some of India's better zoos for outcrossing, and the government had to impose a [[Whip (politics)|whip]] to force zoos to return either the white tigers or their orange offspring.

[[File:WhiteTiger25.jpg|thumb|left|A white Bengal tiger at the [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]]]]
Siegfried & Roy performed at least one outcross.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last=Fischbacher|first=Siegfried|author2=Horn, Roy Uwe Ludwig|author3=Tapert, Annette|title=Siegfried and Roy: mastering the impossible|isbn=978-0688105518|location=New York|publisher=W. Morrow|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/siegfriedroymast00fisc}}</ref> In the mid-1980s they offered to work with the Indian government in the creation of a healthier strain of white tigers. The Indian government reportedly considered the offer;<ref name="rai">{{cite news|last=Rai|first=Usha|title=Will they outlast this century?|newspaper=The Times of India|location=New Delhi|date= 15 March 1987}}</ref> however, India had a [[moratorium (law)|moratorium]] on breeding white tigers after cubs were born at New Delhi Zoo with arched backs and clubbed feet, necessitating [[euthanasia]].<ref name="rai"/> [[Siegfried & Roy]] have bred white tigers in collaboration with the [[Nashville Zoo]].

To better preserve genetic diversity and avoid genetic defects, the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] barred member zoos from intentionally breeding to produce white tigers, [[white lion]]s, or [[king cheetah]]s in a white paper adopted by the board of directors in July 2011. The paper explains that selecting for or against any particular allele would result in a loss of genetic diversity. Instead, the alleles should be maintained at their natural frequencies. Inbreeding to produce abnormal appearances can also produce congenital defects that impact health and welfare. Sometimes the traits themselves can cause problems, such as albinism's visual and neural effects. Additionally, animals with an abnormal appearance do not serve as well as ambassadors for their species in the zoos' mission to educate the public.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Welfare and Conservation Implications of Intentional Breeding for the Expression of Rare Recessive Alleles |url=https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza_white_paper_inbreeding_for_rare_alleles_18_jan_2012.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2025 |website=White tigers, lions, and alligators, and king cheetahs: Welfare and Conservation Implications of Intentional Breeding for the Expression of Rare Recessive Alleles |publisher=Association of Zoos & Aquariums}}</ref>

[[File:Panthera tigris tigris, Liberec.jpg|thumb|A White tiger in [[Liberec]] Zoo]]

== See also ==
* [[Black panther]]
* [[Tiger#Colour_variations|Black tiger]]
* [[Cat coat genetics]]
* [[Conservation genetics]]
* [[Golden tiger]]
* [[Inbreeding]]
* [[Inbreeding depression]]
* [[White horse]]
* [[White lion]]
* [[White panther]]
* [[White squirrel]]
* [[White Tiger (mythology)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== External links ==
{{Commons category|White tigers}}
* [http://www.tigerlink.org/ Tigerlink.org]
* [http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/tigers-white.htm White Tigers (with genealogy charts)]
*[https://awhitetiger.com/2019/11/26/white-tiger-facts-and-information/#more-55 White tigers]
* [http://www.indiantiger.org Indian Tigers Welfare Society]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224054517/http://www.indiantiger.org/ |date=24 February 2018 }}
* [http://www.whozoo.org/students/deechh/bengal.htm White Bengal Tiger]
* [https://tigerexch.com.in/ Tiger Exchange]

{{DEFAULTSORT:White Tiger}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Bengal tiger]]
[[Category:Fauna of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tiger color morphs]]

Khurda Industrial Estate

2026-05-06T21:32:22Z

Minguel: put up new post

'''Khordha Industrial Estate'''<ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=Industrial Area Profile: Khurdha |url=https://www.industryexperts.co.in/industrial-area-profile/khurdha/odisha |website=IndustryExperts |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> is an industrial area located in [[Khordha]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Spread across 35 hectares,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDCO Land Rate Circular |url=https://www.idco.in/guidelines/file/099a1e42-2514-4a1d-8578-30c0d43a5309 |website=IDCO |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref><ref name="profile"/> it has been developed to support small and medium-scale industries and forms part of the broader industrial infrastructure network promoted by the [[Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About IDCO |url=https://industries.odisha.gov.in/en/about-us/associate-bodies/IDCO/about-IDCO |website=Industries Department, Government of Odisha |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> The estate accommodates a range of [[manufacturing]] and [[ancillary]] units, contributing to local economic activity and employment generation in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Khorda District |url=https://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/BIPS-Khorda-2012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India |via=MSME Development Institute, Cuttack |date=2012 |access-date=2026-04-22 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Industrial Potential Survey Report of Khordha District, 2019–20 |url=http://www.msmedicuttack.gov.in/press-release/MOSx4nIfBIPS-Khordha-2019-20.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India |via=MSME Development Institute, Cuttack |date=2019–20 |access-date=2026-04-22 |format=PDF}}</ref> Its development reflects state-level efforts to decentralise industrial growth beyond major hubs and to facilitate industrialisation in semi-urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy {{!}} Khordha |url=https://khordha.odisha.gov.in/en/about-district/economy |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=khordha.odisha.gov.in}}</ref> The estate benefits from its proximity to [[Bhubaneswar]] and connectivity through regional road and rail networks,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Industrial Estate, Khordha (Industrial Parks/Infrastructure) |url=https://investodisha.gov.in/MIO/download/IP-26.pdf |publisher=Industrial Promotion and Investment Corporation of Odisha Limited (IPICOL) |website=Invest Odisha |access-date=2026-04-22 |format=PDF}}</ref> which supports logistics and access to markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tripuntold |url=https://www.tripuntold.com/india/odisha/khordha/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.tripuntold.com}}</ref> Over time, it has served as a base for diverse industrial activities, although detailed data on the number of units and scale of operations is limited in publicly available sources.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85mez64lwjs |title=Reporter Live: Khordha To Become Industrial Hub: CM Inaugurates 15 Projects, Lays Foundation Stone |date=2025-04-03 |last=Kanak News |access-date=2026-04-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDCO |url=https://www.idco.in/service/3181#:~:text=Odisha%20has%20many%20industrial%20estates,%20including:%20*,Bhubaneswar%20*%20Towers%20at%20Dhamra%20&%20Jharsuguda |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.idco.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odisha-stub}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Industrial estates in Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Economy of Odisha]]
[[Category: Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category: Industrial parks in Odisha]]

Khadija Mumtaz

2026-05-02T05:53:35Z

Minguel: put up details

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Khadija Mumtaz
| image = Kadeeja mumthaz.jpg
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = [[Kattoor, Thrissur|Kattoor]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala state]], India
| occupation = [[Obstetrician & Gynaecologist]], [[Writer]], [[Professor]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]], [[Kozhikode Medical College]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]'', ''Aathuram'', ''Mathrukam''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Khadija Mumtaz''' (born 1955) is a [[Malayalam]] author from [[Kerala state]], India. She is a medical doctor by profession and is known for her second novel ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]'' which won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2010.

== Personal life ==
She applied for voluntary retirement from government service in June 2013 to protest against her transfer from Calicut Medical College.<ref name=dchron>{{cite news |last=Kurian |first=Jose |title=Dr. Mumtaz calls it quit over transfer order |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130606/news-current-affairs/article/dr-mumtaz-calls-it-quits-over-transfer-order |access-date=28 June 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607130756/http://deccanchronicle.com/130606/news-current-affairs/article/dr-mumtaz-calls-it-quits-over-transfer-order |archive-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Mumtaz started her literary career with ''Athmatheerthangalil Munginivarnnu'', which was first published as a [[serial novel]] in ''[[Chandrika Weekly|Chandrika]]'' weekly and later as a book by Current Books in 2004. Mumtaz rose to fame with her novel ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]'' (2007), which was a great critical and popular success.<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/8th-impression-of-khadheeja-mumthss-barsa.html "Barsa—a story unveiling truths"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511091832/http://www.dcbooks.com/8th-impression-of-khadheeja-mumthss-barsa.html |date=11 May 2013 }}. [[DC Books]]. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</ref> The book, which won critical acclaim for its forceful but humorous presentation of the restrictions under which Muslim women are forced to live.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} It won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the year 2010.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article1451050.ece "Sahitya Akademi fellowships, awards presented"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216072507/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article1451050.ece |date=16 February 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref> Mumtaz's next novel, ''Athuram'', released on 28 January 2011 at the 12th International Book Festival in [[Kochi]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012959280200.htm "Reading habit poor in State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202190449/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012959280200.htm |date=2 February 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2008.</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Athmatheerthangalil Munginivarnnu'' (Novel, Current Books, Thrissur, 2004)
* ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]'' (Novel, [[DC Books]], Kottayam, 2007) '' Translated to English, Tamil & Kannada ''
* ''Doctor Daivamalla'' (Memoirs, DC Books, Kottayam, 2009)
* ''Athuram'' (Novel, DC Books, Kottayam, 2010)
* ''Sargam, Samooham'' (Essays, Bookpoint, [[Kozhikode]], 2011)
* ''Balyathil Ninnu Irangi Vanna Oral'' (Short stories, Piano Publications, Kozhikode, 2011)<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042051210200.htm "New publishing house "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726221611/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042051210200.htm |date=26 July 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</ref>
* ''Mathrukam'' (Scientific literature, DC Books, Kottayam, 2012)
* ''Purushanariyatha Sthreemukhangal'' (Essays, [[Mathrubhumi]] Books, Kozhikode, 2012)
* ''Pirakkum munbe karuthalode'' (Science fiction, Current Books, Thrissur, 2013)
* ''Neettiyezhuthukal'' (Novel, DC Books, Kottayam, 2017)
* ''Naam Jeevitham Chuttedukkunnavar'' (Short Stories, Granma Books, Kozhikode, 2017)
* ''Khayalat'' (Articles, Space Kerala Publications, Kozhikode, 2017)
* ''Pranayam, Laingigatha, Sthree vimochanam'' (Articles, Olive Publications, Kozhikode, 2018)

== Awards ==
* 2008: K. V. Surendranath Literary Award for ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]''<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/11/stories/2008091154300500.htm "Surendranath awards"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914101134/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/11/stories/2008091154300500.htm |date=14 September 2008 }}. ''The Hindu''. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</ref>
* 2010: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Barsa''
* 2010: [[Cherukad Award]] for ''Barsa''
* 2018: Thrissur Sahithya Vedi Award for ''Neettiyezhuthukal''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Khadija Mumtaz}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumtaz, Khadija}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Government Medical College, Kozhikode, alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Leaf Bank

2026-04-26T20:04:38Z

Minguel: Creating new article with sources

{{Short description|Environment Conservation Organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Leaf Bank
| full_name =
| native_name = लीफ बैंक
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Leaf_collection_for_Delhi_Leaf_Bank.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = 21 March 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=About The Samajh |url=https://www.thesamajh.in/about_thesamajh.aspx |website=www.thesamajh.in |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606224749/https://www.thesamajh.in/about_thesamajh.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| founder = RJ Raawat<ref>{{cite news |title=जागरूकता की तरकीब से साफ्टवेयर इंजीनियर ने उठाया प्रदूषण कम करने का बीड़ा |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-software-engineer-took-the-initiative-to-reduce-pollution-in-the-way-of-awareness-jagran-special-22521967.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
| founding_location =
| dissolved =
| merger =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| tax_id =
| registration_id = DL/2019/0230403
| status =
| purpose = Environment Conservation
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| location = New Delhi, [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.579691|77.259850|display=inline,title}}
| origins =
| region_served =
| products =
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = Board Members
| parent_organization = The Samajh<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Leaf Bank |url=https://www.thesamajh.in/project/delhi_leaf_bank.aspx |website=www.thesamajh.in |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606234832/https://www.thesamajh.in/project/delhi_leaf_bank.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| ror_id =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers = 150<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Leaf Bank : स्वच्छ पर्यावरण के लिए 150 सदस्य चला रहे ये लीफ बैंक |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b94JmXxaTa4 |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=JANBHAWANA TIMES |language=en}}</ref>
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| awards =
| website = 
| remarks =
| former_name = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''Leaf Bank''' is a bank located in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=leaf bank: Leaf Bank in Delhi promotes clean environment {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/leaf-bank-in-delhi-promotes-clean-environment/videoshow/99229147.cms |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> People deposit the fallen dry leaves of the [[autumn]] season in the Delhi Leaf Bank, and receive compost from the next year as [[interest]].<ref>{{cite news |title=यह है Delhi का Leaf Bank, जहां इकट्ठे किए जाते हैं पेड़ के सूखे पत्ते {{!}} #shorts #leafbank #delhi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bsu77Dbxjs |work=India TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഇലകൾക്കായൊരു ബാങ്ക് {{!}} leaf bank |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2T1dReVRW0 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=en}}</ref> People are also given [[Certificate of deposit|certificates]] from this bank after depositing the leaves, by showing which people can get [[compost]].<ref>{{cite news |title=सूखे पत्ते के बदले खाद-पतझड़ का त्यौहार 'द समझ' का पर्यांवरण को समर्पित अभियान {{!}} Online Newspaper |url=https://epapervirarjun.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&eddate=3%2f17%2f2023&querypage=2&parentid=21539 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=epapervirarjun.com}}</ref>

== Process ==
The leaves are collected in large quantities. These leaves are kept in polythene bags for a few days. After this, [[nitrogen]] is sprayed on these leaves from time to time. Slowly the leaves [[Decomposition|decompose]] and within a few months the compost is ready.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unique Bank दिल्ली में पत्तों का एक ऐसा बैंक जहां ब्याज के रूप में मिलती है खाद |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/state/new-delhi/a-bank-of-leaves-in-delhi-where-compost-is-available-as-interest/dl20230329171036589589308 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Banks]]
[[Category:Composting]]
[[Category:Environment and health]]
[[Category:Environmental conservation]]

Chandu Champion

2026-04-23T15:37:09Z

Minguel:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Kabir Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandu Champion
| image = Chandu Champion film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
| writer = Kabir Khan Sumit Arora Sudipto Sarkar
| based_on =
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] Kabir Khan
| starring = [[Kartik Aaryan]]
| narrator = [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = Nitin Baid
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Score:''' [[Julius Packiam]]
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] Kabir Khan Films
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|14}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chandu-champion-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixnte5 |title=''Chandu Champion'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614085338/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chandu-champion-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixnte5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|70–140 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soni |first=Narendra |date=14 June 2024 |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/chandu-champion-budget-kartik-aryan-fees-for-chandu-champion-how-much-collection-will-make-chandu-champion-blockbuster-5879684 |title=जानें कितना है चंदू चैंपियन का बजट, कितनी ली कार्तिक आर्यन ने फीस और ब्लॉकबस्टर बनने के लिए फिल्म को कमाने होंगे कितने करोड़ |trans-title=Know what is the budget of Chandu Champion, how much fee did Kartik Aaryan take and how many crore will the film have to earn to become a blockbuster |publisher=NDTV |language=hi |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618133606/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/chandu-champion-budget-kartik-aryan-fees-for-chandu-champion-how-much-collection-will-make-chandu-champion-blockbuster-5879684 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bud1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-grosses-96-cr-triumphs-at-the-box-office-1503316791.html |title=‘Chandu Champion’ grosses 96 cr, triumphs at the box office |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="bud2">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion-surpasses-production-budget-with-worldwide-gross-collection-of-rs-96-cr-2763284.html |title=Kartik Aaryans Chandu Champion Surpasses Production Budget With Worldwide Gross Collection Of Rs 96 Cr |work=[[Zee News]] |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|88.73 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{cite news |title=Chandu Champion Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chandu-champion/box-office/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805052504/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chandu-champion/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chandu Champion''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[sports drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] along with producer [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] under [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Kartik Aaryan]] in the titular role as India's first [[Paralympics]] gold medalist, [[Murlikant Petkar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan completes shooting of Kabir Khan's 'Chandu Champion' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kartik-aaryan-completes-shooting-of-kabir-khans-chandu-champion/article67799809.ece |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212183656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kartik-aaryan-completes-shooting-of-kabir-khans-chandu-champion/article67799809.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan's astonishing transformation for 'Chandu Champion' leaves Arjuna Awardee Virdhawal Khade in awe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kartik-aaryans-astonishing-transformation-for-chandu-champion-leaves-arjuna-awardee-virdhawal-khade-in-awe/articleshow/107278908.cms |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212183909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kartik-aaryans-astonishing-transformation-for-chandu-champion-leaves-arjuna-awardee-virdhawal-khade-in-awe/articleshow/107278908.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place from July 2023 to January 2024, with filming held in [[London]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu, and Kashmir]]. ''Chandu Champion'' was released on 14 June 2024 to mixed-to-positive reviews, with praise for Aaryan's performance, Khan's direction and cinematography.<ref name=dh>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-films-8-minute-long-single-shot-war-sequence-2723225 |title=Chandu Champion: Kartik Aaryan films 8-minute-long single-shot war sequence |date=12 October 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121118/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-films-8-minute-long-single-shot-war-sequence-2723225 |url-status=live}}</ref> It emerged as a [[Box-office bomb|commercial failure]], grossing ₹88.73 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Kabir Khan on Chandu Champion failure: 'There have been repeat viewings on OTT' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-khan-on-chandu-champion-failure-there-have-been-repeat-viewings-on-ott-101724660668587.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> At the [[70th Filmfare Awards]], the film received 4 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]], and won the award for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Aaryan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

An aged [[Murlikant Petkar]] arrives at a local police station, saying he wants to file a complaint against the [[President of India]] for not being awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] for his achievements. He adds that his winning the award would help develop his village. When questioned by an officer about his eligibility, he recounts his remarkable journey:

Murlikant grew up in a small village called [[Peth Islampur]] in [[Maharashtra]]. At a young age, he develops the ambition to win an [[Olympic medal|Olympic gold medal]] for India, for which he is mocked and made fun of by his classmates and also scolded by his father.

Events lead him to run away from home and join the [[Indian Army Corps of EME]], where he is selected and trained as a boxer. He was selected to represent India in boxing at the International Services Sports Meet 1964 in [[Tokyo]], where he did well, but lost in the final round because he was distracted and not focused enough. Disappointed at his losing in spite of his potential, his coach Tiger Ali refuses to train him further.

Their unit is involved in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], in which their camp comes under air attack. He is severely injured, with a bullet injuring his spine, rendering him a [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]]. He is admitted to an infirmary for the war wounded, where, depressed at his condition and that he can never win an Olympic Gold, he has given up on life and attempts suicide.

His former coach Tiger Ali visits him in the infirmary, and inspires him to compete in the [[Paralympic Games|Paralympics]]. He trains hard and qualifies for the [[1972 Summer Paralympics]] in the 50m [[freestyle swimming]] event. While he is there, the [[Munich massacre|Palestinian terrorist attack on the Olympics]] takes place, due to which the Paralympics are shifted to a different venue in [[Heidelberg]]. He successfully progresses through the multiple heats at the new venue and ultimately wins the Gold Medal, setting a new [[World record]]. Once news reaches his village, he becomes a celebrity and is welcomed back by the villagers with great fanfare.

However, his achievements have been forgotten over the years. The police inspector is impressed by his story but still suspicious about its authenticity. He contacts a journalist to write an article about him. Upon reading the article and receiving Petkar's application for the Arjuna Award, he is visited by a senior government official, who tells him that the Arjuna Award is too small an award for his achievements, and the government has instead decided to award him the [[Padma Shri]].

On 20 March, he received the Padma Shri from the President of India.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=198325074 |title=PRESIDENT PADMA AWARDS MURLIKANT RAJARAM PETKAR |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 June 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617190632/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=198325074 |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is narrated at the end that the inspiring story of [[Murlikant Petkar]] is a fruitful and befitting reply to all ups and downs in life, crossing all obstacles, every mocking and every fun made of, with the dialogue by Murli, ''Ae, hasta kaiko hai?'' (Why are you laughing?).

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] as [[Murlikant Petkar]] alias Chandu Champion
** Ayan Khan Sroha as young Murlikant
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Tiger Ali, Murli's mentor
* [[Bhuvan Arora]] as Karnail Singh, Murli's friend
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Uttam Singh
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Topaz, hospital wardboy later Murli's friend
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Jagannath Rajaram Petkar, Murlikant's elder brother
** Samyak Shringirishi as young Jagannath
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Inspector Sachin Kamble
* Nitin Bhajan as Murlikant's father
* [[Hemangi Kavi]] as Murlikant's mother
* Ganesh Yadav as Ganpat Bhau
* [[Bhagyashri Borse]] as Journalist Nayantara<ref>{{cite news |title=REVEALED: Meet Bhagyashri Borse, the mystery girl who features in Kartik Aaryan-starrer Chandu Champion |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/revealed-meet-bhagyashri-borse-mystery-girl-features-kartik-aaryan-starrer-chandu-champion/ |date=25 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525065943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/revealed-meet-bhagyashri-borse-mystery-girl-features-kartik-aaryan-starrer-chandu-champion/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as a journalist, who writes the article about Murlikant Petkar
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Brigadier at Secunderabad
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as a prisoner at police station
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as Doctor
* [[Dilnaz Irani]] as Nurse
* [[Adonis Kapsalis]] as Carlos Pedroza
* Shivraj Walvekar as Minister Vishwas Patil
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Kabir Khan first announced the film in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-khan-announces-next-film-with-kartik-aaryan-8036085/ |title=Kabir Khan announces next film with Kartik Aaryan, says actor will be in a completely new avatar |date=18 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628164751/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-khan-announces-next-film-with-kartik-aaryan-8036085/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was officially announced with a motion poster on 4 July 2023 by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], to be directed by Kabir Khan and starring Kartik Aaryan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kartik-aaryan-kabir-khans-film-titled-chandu-champion-to-release-in-june-2024/article67041193.ece |title=Kartik Aaryan-Kabir Khan's film titled 'Chandu Champion', to release in June 2024 |date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108191645/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kartik-aaryan-kabir-khans-film-titled-chandu-champion-to-release-in-june-2024/article67041193.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-release-date-kabir-khan-sajid-nadiadwala-101688467489199.html |title=Chandu Champion: Kartik Aaryan announces title and release date of film with Kabir Khan, Sajid Nadiadwala |date=4 July 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-release-date-kabir-khan-sajid-nadiadwala-101688467489199.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Kartik Aaryan]] was chosen to play the lead in his second collaboration with producer [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] after ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryans-film-with-kabir-khan-titled-chandu-champion-release-date-announced-8743538/ |title=Kartik Aaryan's film with Kabir Khan titled Chandu Champion, release date announced |date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121118/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryans-film-with-kabir-khan-titled-chandu-champion-release-date-announced-8743538/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Aaryan underwent a significant physical change for the role, reducing his body fat percentage from a remarkable 39% to a slender 7% over only 14 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Chandu Champion: Kartik Aaryan shares photo of dropping his body fat percentage from 39% to 7% in just 14 months: "From being an insomniac to turning into a fitness enthusiast" 39 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-shares-photo-dropping-body-fat-percentage-39-7-just-14-months-insomniac-turning-fitness-enthusiast/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608072733/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/chandu-champion-kartik-aaryan-shares-photo-dropping-body-fat-percentage-39-7-just-14-months-insomniac-turning-fitness-enthusiast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced on 12 July 2023 with a [[Muhurta]] puja in [[London]], where the first schedule was completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/after-satyaprem-ki-katha-kartik-aaryan-starts-shooting-chandu-champion-with-kabir-khan-1615548 |title=Kartik Aaryan Starts The Shoot Of Chandu Champion With Kabir Khan |date=13 July 2023 |work=[[ABP News]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121118/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/after-satyaprem-ki-katha-kartik-aaryan-starts-shooting-chandu-champion-with-kabir-khan-1615548 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Sajid Nadiadwala's 30th film 'Chandu Champion' starring Kartik Aaryan to be shot in Kashmir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sajid-nadiadwalas-30th-film-chandu-champion-starring-kartik-aaryan-to-be-shot-in-kashmir/articleshow/104045128.cms |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212184202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sajid-nadiadwalas-30th-film-chandu-champion-starring-kartik-aaryan-to-be-shot-in-kashmir/articleshow/104045128.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The second schedule commenced on 24 September 2023 in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kartik-aaryan-to-shoot-for-chandu-champion-in-kashmir |title=Kartik Aaryan to shoot for Chandu Champion in Kashmir |date=18 September 2023 |work=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121119/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kartik-aaryan-to-shoot-for-chandu-champion-in-kashmir |url-status=live}}</ref> The crew also filmed the movie at [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] village in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=From the UK to Wai, Kartik Aaryan's 'Chandu Champion' movie has been extensively shot in and outside India |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/from-the-uk-to-wai-kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion-movie-has-been-extensively-shot-in-and-outside-india-23333731 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212190221/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/from-the-uk-to-wai-kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion-movie-has-been-extensively-shot-in-and-outside-india-23333731 |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming wrapped after eight months on 31 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kartik Aaryan wraps up Chandu Champion by tasting rasmalai after a year of sugar-free diet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-wraps-up-chandu-champion-by-tasting-rasmalai-after-a-year-of-sugar-free-diet/cid/1997581 |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201055303/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-wraps-up-chandu-champion-by-tasting-rasmalai-after-a-year-of-sugar-free-diet/cid/1997581 |url-status=live}}</ref> A challenging 8-minute single-shot war sequence was shot at [[Aru, Jammu and Kashmir|Aru Valley]] in [[Jammu]] at 9000 feet above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik shoots 8-minute war sequence for 'Chandu Champion': Most difficult... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kartik-aarya-shoots-8-minute-war-sequence-for-chandu-champion-most-difficult-2447962-2023-10-12 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=India Today |date=12 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212184835/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kartik-aarya-shoots-8-minute-war-sequence-for-chandu-champion-most-difficult-2447962-2023-10-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan Breaks Down Chandu Champion's "Single Shot War Scene" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-on-chandu-champion-s-8-minutes-long-single-shot-war-scene-4473787 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212185558/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-on-chandu-champion-s-8-minutes-long-single-shot-war-scene-4473787 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Chandu Champion
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 June 2024
| recorded = 2023–24
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:45
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Metro... In Dino]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|9nN83ZhkiCg&pp|Chandu Champion - Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Chandu Champion
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Satyanaas
| single1date = 24 May 2024
| single2 = Tu Hai Champion
| single2date = 30 May 2024
| single3 = Sarphira
| single3date = 8 June 2024
}}
}}

The music for the film is composed by [[Pritam]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Satyanaas (From "Chandu Champion") Song Download: Play & Listen Satyanaas (From "Chandu Champion") all MP3 Song by Pritam @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/satyanaas-from-chandu-champion |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en}}</ref>, while the lyrics are written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], IP Singh and [[Kausar Munir]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Chandu Champion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Pritam, Amitabh Bhattacharya, IP Singh & Kausar Munir on Apple Music |date=2024-06-15 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/chandu-champion-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1752275443 |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>. The first single titled "Satyanaas" was released on 24 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandu Champion Song Satyanaas: Kartik Aaryan Dances Like Nobody Is Watching |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-song-satyanaas-kartik-aaryan-dances-like-nobody-is-watching-5737656 |date=24 May 2024 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525014854/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-song-satyanaas-kartik-aaryan-dances-like-nobody-is-watching-5737656 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single, "Tu Hai Champion," was released on 30 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandu Champion song Tu Champion Hai: Kartik Aaryan turns trials into triumph in Arijit Singh's inspiring song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-song-tu-champion-hai-kartik-aaryan-turns-trials-into-triumph-9362038/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531202120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-song-tu-champion-hai-kartik-aaryan-turns-trials-into-triumph-9362038/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The third single titled "Sarphira" was released on 8 June 2024.

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Satyanaas
| length1 = 3:25
| lyrics1 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Dev Negi]]
| title2 = Tu Hai Champion
| length2 = 3:36
| lyrics2 = IP Singh
| extra2 = Arijit Singh, [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
| title3 = Sarphira
| length3 = 3:25
| lyrics3 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra3 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| title4 = Jamoore
| length4 = 3:53
| lyrics4 = Amitabh Bhattacharya
| extra4 = [[Mame Khan]], Kailash Waghmare
| title5 = Na Door Hai Na Paas Hai
| length5 = 4:07
| lyrics5 = Kausar Munir
| extra5 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| title6 = Jeet Ka Geet
| length6 = 4:20
| lyrics6 = Kausar Munir
| extra6 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| title7 = Sarphira
| note7 = Climax Version
| length7 = 7:58
| lyrics7 = Kausar Munir
| extra7 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]
| total_length = 30:45
}}

== Marketing ==
The film's trailer was released on 8 May 2024 at [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]] in Aaryan's hometown, [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic launch of Chandu Champion's Trailer in Gwalior |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/historic-launch-of-chandu-champion-s-trailer-in-gwalior-101716273333770.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608153943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/historic-launch-of-chandu-champion-s-trailer-in-gwalior-101716273333770.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Aaryan promoted the film at the dance reality show [[Dance Deewane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan dances with 'legendary' Madhuri Dixit to Chandu Champion song Satyanaas. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-dances-with-legendary-madhuri-dixit-to-chandu-champion-song-satyanaas-watch-101716631040377.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608170125/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-dances-with-legendary-madhuri-dixit-to-chandu-champion-song-satyanaas-watch-101716631040377.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A special film screening was held for the [[Indian Army]] officers on 5 June 2024 in [[Delhi]], where Petkar was felicitated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Kabir Khan on the special screening of Chandu Champion for army officials, "It was a very emotional moment" : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kabir-khan-special-screening-chandu-champion-army-officials-emotional-moment/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608153943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kabir-khan-special-screening-chandu-champion-army-officials-emotional-moment/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 14 June 2024.<ref name=dh/>

=== Home media ===
The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 July 2024 |title='Chandu Champion' coming on OTT: Here's where you can watch Kartik Aaryan's gritty sports drama |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/chandu-champion-coming-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-kartik-aaryans-gritty-sports-drama/articleshow/112063575.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728015106/https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/chandu-champion-coming-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-kartik-aaryans-gritty-sports-drama/articleshow/112063575.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
''Chandu Champion'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for Aaryan's performance, Khan's direction and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Chandu Champion' coming on OTT: Here's where you can watch Kartik Aaryan's gritty sports drama |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/chandu-champion-coming-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-kartik-aaryans-gritty-sports-drama/articleshow/112063575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211090402/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chandu-champion-coming-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-watch-kartik-aaryans-gritty-sports-drama/articleshow/112063575.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=The movie hit the theatres on June 14 and opened to rave reviews from the critics. Aaryan in particular was inundated with praises for a tour-de-force performance as a man who was let down by life but refused to give up.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandu Champion day 5 box office: Kartik Aaryan starrer nears Rs 30 crore mark |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-day-5-box-office-collection-kartik-aaryan-starrer-nears-rs-30-crore-mark-636561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211090847/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chandu-champion-day-5-box-office-collection-kartik-aaryan-starrer-nears-rs-30-crore-mark-636561.html |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |quote=Kartik Aaryan's Chandu Champion, which debuted on June 14, has been getting mixed reactions from both critics and spectators.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=87|2=5.9|count=15|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=16 June 2024}}

A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Chandu Champion'' rests on Kartik Aaryan's powerful performance and some strong moments."<ref>{{cite news |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |title=Chandu Champion Movie Review: CHANDU CHAMPION rests on Kartik Aaryan's powerful performance. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chandu-champion/critic-review/chandu-champion-movie-review/chandu-champion-rests-on-kartik-aaryans-powerful-performance/ |magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615115020/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chandu-champion/critic-review/chandu-champion-movie-review/chandu-champion-rests-on-kartik-aaryans-powerful-performance/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nishad Thaivalappil of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Overall, Chandu Champion, skillfully directed by Kabir Khan, proves irresistible with its powerful feel-good story."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandu Champion Review: Kartik Aaryan Delivers Best Performance of His Career in Kabir Khan's Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chandu-champion-review-kartik-aaryan-kabir-khan-film-8931388.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=News18 |date=13 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614014031/https://www.news18.com/movies/chandu-champion-review-kartik-aaryan-kabir-khan-film-8931388.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Kartik Aaryan delivers an earnest performance in Murlikant Petkar's inspiring story."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title='Chandu Champion' movie review: Kartik Aaryan delivers an earnest performance in Murlikant Petkar's inspiring story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-earnest-performance-in-murlikant-petkars-inspiring-story-13781903.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628164752/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-earnest-performance-in-murlikant-petkars-inspiring-story-13781903.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "What makes the Kartik Aaryan-led film worth a watch is the way that Kabir Khan truly believes in his story and turns it into a feel-good experience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandu Champion Review: Kartik Aaryan, Vijay Raaz turn formulaic sports drama into a worthy watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-kabir-khan-vijay-raaz-2553077-2024-06-14 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=India Today |date=14 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628164752/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-kabir-khan-vijay-raaz-2553077-2024-06-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and notes, "''Chandu Champion'' is Kartik Aaryan's most ambitious work so far, and the actor's muscular gusto is undeniable. There's visible fire in the man's belly, but not enough soul."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandu Champion review:Crowd Pleasing Melodrama |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chandu-champion-review/20240614.htm |date=14 June 2024 |website=Rediff |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615115022/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chandu-champion-review/20240614.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Kartik Aaryan makes you root for his character even though Kabir Khan's film falls into declarative, underlined patches."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Chandu Champion movie review: Kartik Aaryan goes full-tilt in Kabir Khan's by-the-numbers biopic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-goes-full-tilt-in-kabir-khans-by-the-numbers-biopic-9391993/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616065508/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-goes-full-tilt-in-kabir-khans-by-the-numbers-biopic-9391993/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
As of 11 July 2024, ''Chandu Champion'' has grossed {{INR|74.35 crore}} in India and {{INR|13.79 crore}} overseas for a worldwide total of {{INR|88.14 crore}}.<ref name="bo" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''Chandu Champion'' – Awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|[[Best Film]]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]] {{ndash}} [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|NGE]] [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] {{ndash}} Kabir Khan Films
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Director]]
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|{{won}}
|-
! |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |Indie Film Festival Awards
|[[Best Film]]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]] {{ndash}} [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|NGE]] [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] {{ndash}} Kabir Khan Films
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{win}}
|-
|[[Best Director]]
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|[[Best Film]]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]] {{ndash}} [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|NGE]] [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] {{ndash}} Kabir Khan Films
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Director]]
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[IReel Awards|News18 Showsha Reel Awards]]
|[[Best Film]]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]] {{ndash}} [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment|NGE]] [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] {{ndash}} Kabir Khan Films
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Best Director]]
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|{{win}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |FOI Online Awards
|Best Cinematography
|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Bosco–Caesar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! [[Ahmedabad International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-09 |title=Spiritual healer Omguru's another feat: Organises 16th edition of Ahmedabad International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/spiritual-healer-omgurus-another-feat-organizes-16th-edition-of-ahmedabadinternational-film-festival/articleshow/121030024.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| Festival Mention
|[[Kartik Aaryan]] [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|{{win}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Rohit Chaturvedi
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|Rajnish Hednao
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27470893}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | chandu_champion }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|chandu-champion}}

{{Kabir Khan}}{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films set in 1952]]
[[Category:Films set in 1964]]
[[Category:Films set in 1965]]
[[Category:Films set in 1972]]
[[Category:Films set in 2017]]
[[Category:Films set in 2018]]
[[Category:Films about the Paralympics]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]

Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao

2026-04-23T01:04:46Z

Minguel: new new biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 1994
| term_end1 = 1999
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2019
| constituency = [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| predecessor = [[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He is the current Member of the Legislative Assembly for the state of Andhra Pradesh representing [[Gurazala Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Assembly Constituency 168 - Srikalahasti (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/gurazala-constituency-result-1100 }}</ref>

== Elections Results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 1,28,201
|percentage = 55.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]
|votes = 98,715
|percentage = 42.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tiyyagura Yalamanda Reddy
|votes = 2,156
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,888
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,486
|percentage = 12.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,33,046
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]|party=YSRCP|votes=1,17,204|percentage=52.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao|votes=88,591|percentage=39.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jana Sena Party|candidate=Chintalapudi Srinivasa Rao|votes=12,503|percentage=5.55|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,613|percentage=12.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,25,114|percentage=83.81|change=+3.20}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,598|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=94,827|percentage=48.85%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]|votes=87,640|percentage=45.15%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,187|percentage=3.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,94,112|percentage=81.35%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,623|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=72,250|percentage=43.58|change=-1.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Ala Venkateswarlu|votes=62,229|percentage=37.53|change=-13.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate= Gurram Gopi Sridhar|votes=24,563|percentage=14.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,021|percentage=6.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=165,849|percentage=78.21|change=+10.04}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,059|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=73,358|percentage=50.55|change=+2.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate= Yarapatineni Srinivasarao|votes=65,015|percentage=44.80|change=-3.53}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,343|percentage=5.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,147|percentage=68.17|change=+3.51}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,908|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Janga Krishna Murthy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=64,035|percentage=48.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=63,904|percentage=48.33%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=131 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=135,969|percentage=66.49%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,508|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=62,943 |percentage=51.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Rameshchandra Dath Kanakam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,976|percentage=32.11%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,967 |percentage=19.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,082|percentage=67.61%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,515 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Pelli SandaD

2026-04-22T20:32:00Z

Minguel: Added The Data V1!

{{Short description|2021 Indian film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pelli SandaD
| image = Pelli SandaD.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Gowri Ronanki
| producer = Madhavi Kovelamudi [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda Prasad Devineni]]
| writer = Shiva Shakti Datta Sreedhar Seepana
| based_on =
| starring = [[Roshan Meka]] [[Sreeleela]] [[Shivani Rajashekar]]
| narrator =
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = Sunil Kumar Nama
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = RK Film Associates [[Arka Media Works]]
| distributor = Great India Films
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Pelli SandaD''''' ({{Translation|Wedding celebration}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant Gowri Ronanki under the supervision of [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. Produced by Madhavi Kovelamudi, [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]], the film features [[Roshan Meka]], [[Sreeleela]], and [[Shivani Rajashekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Mahesh Babu unveils 'Pelli SandaD' trailer, sends best wishes to the team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-unveils-pelli-sandad-trailer-sends-best-wishes-to-the-team/articleshow/86421356.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film is a [[spiritual sequel]] of the 1996 film [[Pelli Sandadi|of the same name]]. It marks the acting debut of Raghavendra Rao (who directed the previous film) and the Telugu debut of Sreeleela.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=PVeteran director K Raghavendra Rao to debut as actor with 'Pelli SandaD' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-director-k-raghavendra-rao-debut-actor-pelli-sandad-153228 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] with cinematography by Sunil Kumar Nama and editing by Tammiraju. It was released on 15 October 2021.

==Plot==
Maya is an aspirant [[filmmaker]], who expresses interest to helm the biopic of [[Dronacharya award]]ee Vasishta. She threatens her father to commit suicide in case Vasishta does not authorize the project and tell his story. After several comical pleadings of her father, the reluctant Vashshta budges and goes down the memory to narrate his story of how he won over his love interest Sahasra. In 1996, Vasishta and Sahasra met at a wedding, and it is love at first sight for both of them. The main obstacle to their union is Sahasra's father Pattabhi Ramayya, the strict family patriarch who is completely against [[love marriage]]. How Vasishta convinces the headstrong father and proves that he is a worthy match for his daughter forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Roshan Meka]] in a [[double role]] as
** Ravipati Vasishta
** Arjun Ravipati Vasishta
*** [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] as old Vasishta<ref name="c2:toi">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Director K Raghavendra Rao all set to make his acting debut with 'Pelli SandaD'; see first look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-k-raghavendra-rao-all-set-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-pelli-sandad-see-first-look/articleshow/84889994.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sreeleela]] as Kondaveeti Sahasra<ref name="c1:index">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Sreeleela to make Tollywood debut with Pelli Sandadi remake opposite Roshan Meka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jan/13/sreeleela-to-make-tollywood-debut-withpelli-sandadi-remake-oppositeroshan-meka-2249267.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as old Sahasra
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]] as Maya
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Maya's father
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kondaveeti Veera Venkata Pattabhi Seetharamayya, Sahasra's father
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Vashishta's father
* [[Vithika Sheru]] as Janaki, Sahasra's sister
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Kanchukatla Anjaneyulu
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Chintu, Sahasra's fiancée
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Vashishta's uncle
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Sahasra's grandmother
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Priest Mangalam
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Maya's father's assistant
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Vashishta's Mother
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Ramayya's henchmen
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Vashishta's uncle
* [[Pragathi]] as Vashishta's aunt
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Ram, Sahasra's brother-in-law
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Subbayya Babai
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* Bharani
{{Colend}}

==Production==
The film was planned in October 2020 as sequel to 1996 film ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' that starred [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Ravali]] and [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]. K. Raghavendra Rao decided to supervise the direction of the sequel with Gowri Ronanki making her directorial debut. Incidentally Srikanth's elder son, Roshan Meka, was selected to play the male lead in the sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2020 |title=Srikanth's son Roshan to star in Pelli Sandadi sequel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/09/srikanths-son-roshan-to-star-in-pelli-sandadi-sequel-20700.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Initially, it was reported that actor [[Sridevi]]'s daughter [[Khushi Kapoor]] would be the female lead opposite Roshan, but it was not finalized.<ref name="p2:toi">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=''Pelli Sandadi'' sequel: K Raghavendra Rao roped in these actors to play lead roles? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-sandadi-sequel-k-raghavendra-rao-roped-in-these-actors-to-play-lead-roles/articleshow/78634114.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In October 2020, actress [[Malavika Nair]] was signed to pair opposite Meka,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Malavika Nair signs Pelli SandaD |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/27/malavika-nair-signs-pelli-sandad-20998.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> but she was later replaced by Sreeleela in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Sreeleela to make Tollywood debut with Pelli Sandadi remake opposite Roshan Meka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jan/13/sreeleela-to-make-tollywood-debut-withpelli-sandadi-remake-oppositeroshan-meka-2249267.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Filming was completed in July 2021, and post-production began in the same month.<ref name="p1:toi">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title='Pelli SandaD' to release in September 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-sanda-d-to-release-in-september-2021/articleshow/84631925.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pelli SandaD
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 September 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:32
| language = Telugu
| label = Aditya Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Konda Polam#Soundtrack|Konda Polam]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[RRR (soundtrack)|RRR]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|2MhXCdHfQ-c|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and lyrics are penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. "Premante Enti" first track of the soundtrack was released on 27 April 2021 by Aditya Music.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=u9X47fdDWRw |title=Premante Enti Singers: Haricharan, Shweta Pandit Lyrics :Chandrabose |date=27 April 2021 |publisher=YouTube |work=Aditya Music}}</ref> "Bujjulu Bujjulu" the second song was unveiled on 23 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title='Bujjulu Bujjulu' from Pelli SandaD: Sreeleela shines in the mass number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bujjulu-bujjulu-from-pelli-sandad-sreeleela-shines-in-the-mass-number/articleshow/82881090.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Title track "Pelli SandaD" was released on 12 August 2021, and fourth track "Madhura Nagarilo" was released on 29 September 2021, along with audio album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2021 |title=Pelli SandaD, Album by M. M. Keeravani |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pelli-sandad/DgoEa-V0Gn4_ |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:32
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Premante Enti
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Bujjulu Bujjulu
| extra2 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Mangli]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Pelli SandaD
| extra3 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], Deepu, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Madhura Nagarilo
| extra4 = Sreenidhi, Nayana Nair, [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| length4 = 3:34
| title5 = Gandharva Lokala
| extra5 = Hemachandra, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length5 = 3:27
| title6 = Hayam Vashishta
| extra6 = Kaala Bhairava, Lipsika
| length6 = 2:26
}}

==Release==
The film was initially planned for release in September 2021, but was postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="p1:toi" /> It was released on 15 October 2021.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Later, it premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Roshan Meka's Pelli SandaD To Stream On This OTT Platform From June 24 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/roshan-mekas-pelli-sandad-to-stream-on-this-ott-platform-from-june-24-5420299.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Thadhagath Pathi reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Pelli SandaD'' remains a strictly watchable fare with the lead actors coming into their own. But don't expect anything fresh or remotely logical."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thadhagath Pathi |date=15 October 2021 |title=Pelli SandaD Movie Review: Story goes for a toss while paying homage to Raghavendra Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pelli-sandad/movie-review/87040497.cms |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Y Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that "the film is a Manmohan Desai style of ending with a battle between the divine and the evil where a young, small-built Roshan has a showdown with big-bodied men amidst spears, colour and a Hanuman idol. The film can be touted as a costly showreel for Roshan and Sree Leela".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=2021-10-16 |title='Pelli SandaD' movie review: Done and dusted old school romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |access-date=2021-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' stated that soundtrack and performance of lead actors are the positives, and, screenplay, story and first-half are the negatives of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli SandaD Review: రివ్యూ: పెళ్లి సందD - raghavendra rao and roshan pelli sandad movie review |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/raghavendra-rao-and-roshan-pelli-sandad-movie-review/0201/121212277 |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=www.eenadu.net |language=te}}</ref> A reviewer of [[NTV (Indian TV channel)|''NTV'']] criticized film's screenplay and felt that it has an outdated story. They also stated that Raghavendra Rao's acting is a minus for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=రివ్యూ: పెళ్ళి సందD |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/pelli-sandad-movie-review/ |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=NTV |language=en-US |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021052341/https://ntvtelugu.com/pelli-sandad-movie-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15427878|title=PellisandaD}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 musical films]]

Thrissur Zoological Park Puthur

2026-04-21T09:36:14Z

Minguel: new info

{{Short description|Zoo in Thrissur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conservation & Research Centre
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image =
|image_caption =
|location = [[Puthur, Thrissur]], [[Thrissur]] City
|date_opened = 28 October 2025 <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-10-28 |title=CM opens country’s first designer zoo and Asia’s second largest at Puthur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-opens-countrys-first-designer-zoo-and-asias-second-largest-at-puthur/article70213397.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|date_closed =
|coordinates =
|area = 336 acres
|num_species =
|num_animals =
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors =
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list">
{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|access-date=4 July 2011}}
</ref>
|exhibits = Wildlife
|website = {{URL|https://www.museumandzoo.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conservation & Research Centre''', commonly known as '''Thrissur Zoological Park''', is an under construction [[Zoo|zoological park]] [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Thrissur+Zoological+Park/@10.4898351,76.2879035,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3ba7fb005dc58f43:0xf9a0904f288dec25!8m2!3d10.4898351!4d76.2879035!16s%2Fg%2F11y0m70sz7?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MTAwNi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D situated] at [[Puthur, Thrissur|Puthur]], near [[Ollur]] in the city of [[Thrissur]] of the [[South India|South Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]. It will be India's first designer zoo and is also touted as one of the largest zoos in Asia. It will be the first zoo in the state which will be developed and managed by the [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]]. The Zoological Park is being set up as a replacement for [[Thrissur Zoo]] at a cost of Rs 300 crore on 350 acres of land by recreating the natural habitat of animals and birds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=joyal.jose |title='ഇത്തരമൊന്ന് അപൂര്‍വവും ശ്രമകരവും'; തൃശൂര്‍ മൃഗശാലയിലെ മൃഗങ്ങളെ സുവോളജിക്കല്‍ പാര്‍ക്കിലേക്ക് മാറ്റാന്‍ അനുമതി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/central-permits-animal-transfer-from-thrissur-zoo-to-puthur-zoological-park-joy-s0mkex |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

==History==
The 13-acre [[Thrissur Zoo]] plot in the heart of the City of [[Thrissur]] where the zoo is currently located has been found unsuitable. Space constraints are affecting animals. Due to unavailability of Revenue Land, the zoo is being relocated to a 336-acre forest land in [[Puthur, Thrissur|Puthur]]. Thereby, the management of the Zoo will be handed over to [[Department of Forests and Wildlife (Kerala)]] and it will not attract the stringent provisions of the [[Forest Conservation Act, 1980]]. The zoological park was announced for Thrissur in 2000 by the then [[Kerala]] Forest Minister [[K. Sudhakaran]]. The project is being set up in the 150 acres of forest land near [[Puthur, Thrissur|Puthur]]. The zoological park is designed by Jon Coe, a leading international zoo designer from [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/kochi/36236877_1_zoological-park-forest-minister-first-phase
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/kochi/36236877_1_zoological-park-forest-minister-first-phase
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-11-09
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Finance department allots Rs 5 crore for zoo in Puthur
|access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3819473.ece
|title=Green signal for Puthur Zoological Park
|publisher=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/06/stories/2007080655780800.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921225704/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/06/stories/2007080655780800.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-09-21
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Thrissur zoo to be relocated to Puthur within five years
|date=2007-08-06
|access-date=2013-03-05}}</ref> The zoo is being constructed up on 336 acres at [[Puthur, Thrissur|Puthur]] at the estimated cost of Rs 130 crore.

The zoological park is being constructed in three phases. The [[Government of Kerala]] has released Rs 5 crore for the first phase of the zoological park in 2013 and would cost Rs 150 crores when it is completed. The funds will be also provided by the Central Government. In the first stage, ticket counter, construction of wall, sideways, canteen and enclosures to house animals were constructed. The enclosures will be in 10 acres. Shifting of animals from Thrissur Zoo was started after the enclosures were done. In the second phase, staff quarters and other facilities will be constructed. The total construction costs of the zoo may cost between Rs 300 to Rs 350 crores.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/construction-of-puthur-zoo-to-be-launched-on-march-16/article4503619.ece
|title=Construction of Puthur zoo to be launched on March 16
|publisher=The Hindu
|access-date=2013-03-14}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The main attraction of the new zoo is the special enclosures to exhibit wildlife in their natural habitat. Around 23 such places have been set up in Thrissur Zoological Park. Three of these are vast special habitats for different species of birds. It also has a veterinary hospital complex and feeding centers for animals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=350 ഏക്കറിൽ ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യ ഡിസൈനർ മൃഗശാല; പുത്തൂർ സുവോളജിക്കൽ പാർക്ക് യാഥാർഥ്യമാവുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/features/puthur-zoological-park-thrissur-to-be-opened-soon-1.8886077 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thrissur District]]

Thrissur Zoological Park Puthur [https://keralaclassify.com/listings/thrissur-zoological-park-puthur/ Location Map]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zoos of India}}
{{thrissur topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation and Research Centre}}
[[Category:Zoos in Kerala]]
[[Category:Parks in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]

Rajadurai Foundation

2026-04-18T16:08:26Z

Minguel: Added Basic Stub More To Come!

{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2024}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=October 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rajadurai Foundation
| logo = Rajadurai Foundation for Future.png
| logo_size = 200px
| founded = 2009
| founder = Sivanandi Rajadurai
| location = [[Myladi, Tamil Nadu|Mylaudy, Tamilnadu]], [[India]]
| key_people = Sivanandi Rajadurai, Chairman Fatima Rajadurai, Director
| focus = [[Education|Education Advancement]], [[Environment Protection]], [[Social welfare function|Societal Welfare]]
| method = [[Motivation]] & [[Mentorship]], [[Agriculture|Scientific Agriculture]], [[Awareness|Awareness Program]]
| website = [http://rajaduraifoundation.com/ www.rajaduraifoundation.com]
}}

'''Rajadurai Foundation''' was established in 2009 by Sivanandi Rajadurai. It aims to build [[Personal development|human potential]] through advancement of professional [[Aspiration Management|aspiration]], academic [[scholarship]], [[Environmental protection|environment]] protection, and [[Society|societies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajaduraifoundation.com|title=Rajadurai Foundation|website=Rajadurai Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Rajadurai Foundation conducts mentorship programs by delivering scientific and motivational lectures to students, academicians and educators. It promotes the idea of emission control.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Rajadurai is involved with various Research Institutes to close the gap between Innovative Inventions and Industrialization since 1990. He is a Chairman of Industry Institute Interaction Cell (IIIC) in 2011 and Member of Governing Council since 2012, Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industry Institute Interaction Cell AVCE|url=https://vdocuments.net/avce-admission-ppt.html|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409141132/https://vdocuments.net/avce-admission-ppt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Council AVCE|url=http://www.avce.edu.in/Governingcouncil.html|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129031707/http://www.avce.edu.in/Governingcouncil.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rajadurai Foundation established a merit award in [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] for the best student of M.Sc. chemistry in the name of Rev. Fr. Sebastian Kalarickal S.J, to recognize his dedicated services to students from the year 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loyolacollege.edu/docs/ANNUALREPORT2008.pdf|title=Loyola College - Merit Award|publisher=loyolacollege.edu|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> He instituted Gurusmrithi Award in 2006 in [[Mar Ivanios College]] to be given to the Best Student of M.Sc. Chemistry every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marivanioscollege.com/img/2331Handbook%202015-16.pdf|title=Marivanios College - Gurusmrithi Award|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210111/http://www.marivanioscollege.com/img/2331Handbook%202015-16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Dr.Rajadurai delivering Motivational Lecture to SRM University Students, 2014.jpg|thumb|Sivanandi Rajadurai delivering [[Motivation|Motivational Lecture]] to [[SIM University|SRM University]] Students, September, 2014|230x230px]]

[[File:Dr. Rajadurai Inaugurated SAE India Collegiate Club at Annai Vailankanni college of Engineering, 2012.jpg|thumb|Rajadurai Inaugurated SAE India Collegiate Club at [[Annai Vailankanni College of Engineering]], 2012|230x230px]]

Rajadurai Foundation provides awareness education programs in order to develop [[Cleaning|clean]] and [[green]] environment and to achieve carbon neutral earth.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} He Initiated and inaugurated Green Technology Centre in James Engineering College to motivate professors and students for a global approach to protect the environment from challenges such as [[acid rain]], [[global warming]], [[ozone depletion]], [[rainforest]] deterioration, river contamination, [[sea level rise]], accumulation of [[hazardous waste]]s, [[air pollution]] and [[Human overpopulation|over population]],<ref name="Reporter 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/green-technology-centre-inaugurated-in-college/article2644986.ece|title=Green technology centre inaugurated in college|author=Staff Reporter|date=2011-11-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> assisted [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] to develop [[Baja SAE|SAE BAJA]] Formula Race with [[Carbon dioxide|CO2 reduction]], also achieved [[Vehicle emissions control|Near Zero Emission]] and received National Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaicitynews.net/news/srms-formula-racing-team-unveils-new-race-car-26838/|title=SRM's Formula Racing Team unveils new race Car {{!}} ChennaiCityNews|last=editor|website=www.chennaicitynews.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134309/http://www.chennaicitynews.net/news/srms-formula-racing-team-unveils-new-race-car-26838/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/srm-university-unveils-newly-developed-cr-16-race-car-116072501002_1.html|title=SRM University unveils newly developed CR 16 race car|last=ANI|date=2016-07-25|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

Rajadurai Foundation supports sports and cultural activities like [[volleyball]], [[kabaddi]], and cricket, through sponsorships.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational foundations]]
[[Category:Environmental education]]
[[Category:Social welfare charities]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]

Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:18:16Z

Minguel: put up info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karjat Jamkhed
| map_image = 227-Karjat Jamkhed.svg
| map_caption = Rohit Pawar, present MLA of Karjat Jamkhed
| mla = [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 227
| electors = 348,007
}}

'''Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Karjat taluka]] and [[Jamkhed taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-11}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ram Shinde]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat Jamkhed<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Karjat Jamkhed">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Karjat Jamkhed |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13227.htm |access-date=8 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108161428/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13227.htm |archive-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 127,676 |percentage = 48.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Shinde|Prof. Ram Shankar Shinde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 126,433 |percentage = 48.17% |change={{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohit Chandrakant Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,489 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 601 |percentage = 0.23% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 0.47% |change= {{decrease}}17.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 263,050 |percentage = 75.59% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 262,449}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,007|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat Jamkhed<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 135,824 |percentage = 57.19% |change={{increase}}33.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Shinde|Prof. Ram Shankar Shinde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,477 |percentage = 38.94% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Housrao Jadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,849 |percentage = 1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Rangnath Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,070 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 867 |percentage = 0.37% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,347 |percentage = 18.25% |change= {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 238,537 |percentage = 74.35% |change= {{increase}}8.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 237,493}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 320,843|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat Jamkhed<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Shinde|Prof. Ram Shankar Shinde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,058 |percentage = 43.31% |change={{increase}}18.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khade Ramesh Bhivrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,242 |percentage = 23.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Phalke Jaysingrao Anandrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,164 |percentage = 23.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Kiran Annasaheb Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,477 |percentage = 4.88% |change={{decrease}}14.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kapase Dagadu Bapurao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,408 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Viswnath Samudra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,176 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,816 |percentage = 19.48% |change= {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,370 |percentage = 66.07% |change= {{decrease}}0.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,084}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,715|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat Jamkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Shinde|Prof. Ram Shankar Shinde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,845 |percentage = 25.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Keshavrao Alias Bapusaheb Raosaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,673 |percentage = 19.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Madhu (Aba) Shahurao Ralebhat |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,508 |percentage = 16.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Phalke Jaysingrao Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,904 |percentage = 11.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pai Pravin (Dada) Vitthalrao Ghule Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,057 |percentage = 9.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadas Shankar Pisal |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,586 |percentage = 9.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Potare Sachin Sakharam |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,594 |percentage = 2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,172 |percentage = 5.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,271 |percentage = 65.84% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,145|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.55|75.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kashmir Observer

2026-04-17T03:51:43Z

Minguel: put up new info

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Kashmir Observer
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| editor = [[Sajjad Haider]]
| founded = 1996
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]]
| website = {{URL|kashmirobserver.net}}
}}
'''''Kashmir Observer''''' is a daily English language newspaper published from [[Srinagar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Anurag |date=2016-10-03 |title=J&K Govt Shuts Down Newspaper For Inciting Violence |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/10/03/jk-govt-shuts-down-newspaper-for-inciting-violence |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Besieged by threats and arrests, Kashmir's newspapers try to survive under Delhi's rule |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/besieged-threats-and-arrests-kashmirs-newspapers-try-survive-under-delhis-rule |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |language=en}}</ref> [[Sajjad Haider]], a past president of Kashmir Editors Guild, is its editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-16 |title=Viewpoint: 'Killing the truth' in Kashmir |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11553695 |access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lepeska |first=David |date=2023-05-31 |title='No thought, no progress'— when libraries began dying in Kashmir, educated started reading less |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/no-thought-no-progress-when-libraries-began-dying-in-kashmir-educated-started-reading-less/1603847/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Besides the print and online formats, its stories are republished by other media outlets.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYRIEAAAQBAJ |title=Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh |last2=Sultan |first2=Farah |date=2021-07-28 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-257-9092-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-21 |title=Kashmir Observer |url=https://scroll.in/author/12581 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==

Police raided offices of several newspapers in Srinagar including ''Kashmir Observer'' in 2016, and halted printing presses, confiscated printed papers due for delivery, and briefly detained printing and delivery staff.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hameed |first=Mustafa |date=2016-07-18 |title=Indian authorities shut down media outlets in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://cpj.org/2016/07/indian-authorities-shut-down-media-outlets-in-jamm/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2016-07-16 |title=Major crackdown on media in Kashmir: Police raid newspaper offices, block cable TV |url=https://scroll.in/latest/811881/kashmir-unrest-toll-rises-to-39-as-tension-continues-in-the-valley-for-the-eighth-day |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Auqib Javed, a reporter with ''Kashmir Observer'', was questioned by the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) in 2018 in the [[Asiya Andrabi]] case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joy |first=Shemin |title=Kashmiri journalist questioned in Asiya Andrabi case |language=en |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kashmiri-journalist-questioned-681982.html |access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-15 |title=NIA questions Auqib for 3 hours, summoned again today |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/nia-questions-auqib-for-3-hours-summoned-again-today/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

Mushtaq Ahmed Ganai, a reporter for ''Kashmir Observer'', was thrashed and arrested by the police when he was out for work during [[COVID-19|COVID]] lockdown in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raza |first=Danish |date=2020-07-31 |title=India arrests dozens of journalists in clampdown on critics of Covid-19 response |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/31/india-arrests-50-journalists-in-clampdown-on-critics-of-covid-19-response |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=One more blow to press freedom in India |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/pegasus-spyware-scandal-one-more-blow-to-press-freedom-in-india/article35790735.ece |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 establishments]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1996]]

Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:16Z

Minguel: new first data v1!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency in Odisha|its eponymous town|Gopalpur, Odisha|the constituencies in other states|Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|and|Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gopalpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 132
| type = SLA
| map_image = 132-Gopalpur.svg
| map_caption = Gopalpur Assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Bibhuti Bhusan Jena.jpg
| mla = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,27,313{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Gopalpur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=132|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Gopalpur (132) District: Ganjam|accessdate= 21 March 2014|archive-date= 22 March 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140322194817/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=132|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], Ward Nos. 25 to 27 of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]], Rangailunda block and 4 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Hugulapatta, Gurunthi, Barigan and Nimakhandi) of Kukudakhandi block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp74.htm|title= 74 - Gopalpur (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.11}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.69}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.98}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.77}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.55}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.13}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|48.38}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|62.83}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.67}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|74.53}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.44}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 12 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Gopalpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Gopalpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/gopalpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 19 June 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gopalpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Gopalpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/gopalpur-constituency-result-18132 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>{{efn|Expelled from party}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Trinath Behera
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Ramachandra Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Ghanasyam Behera
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Mohan Nayak
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bikram Kumar Panda]] by a margin of 9,062 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]],Gopalpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|votes = 72,071
|percentage = 50.11
|change = {{up}}6.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Kumar Panda]]
|votes = 63,009
|percentage = 43.81
|change = {{down}}1.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shayam Sundar Sahu
|votes = 3,361
|percentage = 2.34
|change = {{down}}5.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,200
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{down}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,062
|percentage = 6.3
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,839
|percentage = 63.28
|change = {{up}}0.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In the 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]] by a margin of 2673 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Gopalpur<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |accessdate=8 November 2022 |date=24 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|votes = 61,628
|percentage = 45.69
|change = {{down}}1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|votes = 58,955
|percentage = 43.71
|change = {{up}}13.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Dharmaraj Reddy
|votes = 10053
|percentage = 7.45
|change = {{down}}11.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,293
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{down}}0.18
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,673
|percentage = 1.98
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,888
|percentage = 62.91
|change = {{down}}4.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In the 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]] by a margin of 20,112 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise Odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Gopalpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Gopalpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18132.htm?ac=132|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Gopalpur (132)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=132|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140619125548/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=132|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|votes = 55,265
|percentage = 46.98
|change = {{up}}4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|votes = 35,153
|percentage = 29.88
|change = {{up}}14.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagaban Gantayat
|votes = 21,741
|percentage = 18.48
|change = {{down}}2.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,337
|percentage = 1.14
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,112
|percentage = 17.09
|change = {{down}}4.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,17,643
|percentage = 67.26
|change = {{up}}11.71
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 174905
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Trinath Behera by a margin of 18,758 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=18758 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Gopalpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|votes = 37,612
|percentage = 42.77
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Trinath Behera
|votes = 18,854
|percentage = 21.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anuja Kumar Nayak
|votes = 14,679
|percentage = 16.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|votes = 13,112
|percentage = 14.91
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,758
|percentage = 21.33{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,010
|percentage = 55.55{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 59.29%}}
|change = {{down}}3.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.26|84.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Nadbai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:05Z

Minguel: Creating initial post added tags!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nadbai
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-74-Nadbai.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 74
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<ref name="election2021">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/six-turncoat-mlas-put-congress-in-a-spot-in-rajasthan/articleshow/86667002.cms |title=Six turncoat MLAs put Congress in a spot in Rajasthan |date=1 October 2021 |author= Bhanupratap Singh |agency=TNN |access-date= 15 December 2021}}</ref>
| electors = {{formatnum:291897}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Nadbai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2018|2018]] || [[Joginder Singh Awana]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2013|2013]] || [[Krishnendra Kaur]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|| 2008 || [[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|| 2003 || [[Krishnendra Kaur]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|| 1998 || Yashvant Singh (Ramu) || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|| 1993 || [[Vishwender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1990 || Yadunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|| 1985 || [[Yadunath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|| 1980 || Yadunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|| 1977 || Hari krishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|| 1972 || [[Natha Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1967 || Nathi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 1962 || Nathi Lal
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagat Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:103795}}
|percentage = 50.15
|change = +24.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joginder Singh Awana S/O Girwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:88028}}
|percentage = 42.53
|change = +21.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Khaimkaran Singh Tauli
|votes = {{formatnum:10301}}
|percentage = 4.98
|change = -23.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:570}}
|percentage = 0.28
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15767}}
|percentage = 7.62
|change = +5.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206955}}
|percentage = 70.9
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Joginder Singh Awana]]
|votes = {{formatnum:50976}}
|percentage = 28.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]]
|votes = {{formatnum:46882}}
|percentage = 25.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Himanshu Katara
|votes = {{formatnum:38136}}
|percentage = 21.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Khaim Karan Singh Touli
|votes = {{formatnum:29529}}
|percentage = 16.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajay Katara
|votes = {{formatnum:6399}}
|percentage = 3.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Vijendra singh Deshwal
|votes = {{formatnum:4845}}
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1214}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4094}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180985}}
|percentage = 68.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 24 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]]
|votes = 60990
|percentage = 39.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ghanshyam (BABA)]]
|votes = 46434
|percentage = 29.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Girish chaudhary
|votes = 34111
|percentage = 21.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sumran Singh
|votes = 7571
|percentage = 4.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = Nota
|votes = 1146
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Surjeet singh
(CHHUTTAN DON)
|votes = 922
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Devendra singh Fauzdar
|votes = 808
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Indian Peoples Green Party
|candidate = Dalchand
|votes = 698
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sunita singh
|votes = 653
|percentage = 0.421
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Jai Bharat Samanta Party
|candidate = Sughad singh
|votes = 650
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Vipas Mohan
|votes = 607
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Aishwarya Singh
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|candidate = Dungar singh
|votes = 228
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|candidate = Nobat Singh Jatab
|votes = 211
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Jago Party
|candidate = Ramesh Chand
|votes = 167
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Ramjilal
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Sharma
|votes = 141
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 14556
| percentage = 9.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 155876
|percentage = 69.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="delimitation2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]]
|votes = 45495
|percentage = 35.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yashavant Singh Ramu
|votes = 39315
|percentage = 30.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gireesh Kumar
|votes = 33156
|percentage = 25.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = PT. Ramkishan
|votes = 6332
|percentage = 4.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sirmohar Singh
|votes = 1200
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Toran Singh
|votes = 630
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Keshav Dev
|votes = 583
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Mohar Singh
|votes = 581
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Surendra Singh
|votes = 514
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Navab singh
|votes = 481
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Naval singh
|votes = 434
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = LAKHAN SINGH KUSHAVAH
|votes = 367
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bharat Singh
|votes = 223
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Indian People's Congress
|candidate = Megh Singh
|votes = 200
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Bhagwan Singh
|votes = 124
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 6180
| percentage = 4.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 129635
|percentage = 64.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)]]
|votes = 27,299
|percentage = 28.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = 20,239
|percentage = 21.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yashavant Singh Ramu
|votes = 19,150
|percentage = 20.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Singh
|votes = 13,949
|percentage = 14.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = [[Rajasthan Samajik Nyaya Manch]]
|candidate = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|votes = 5,969
|percentage = 6.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Swaraj Devi
|votes = 3802
|percentage = 4.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nawab Singh
|votes = 1194
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Chandra Kanta Singh
|votes = 924
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Panna Lal
|votes = 900
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
|candidate = Ramendera Singh
|votes = 617
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Bablu
|votes = 507
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gordhan Singh
|votes = 468
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 7060
| percentage = 7.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 95018
|percentage = 69.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Independent politician
| swing =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Yashavant Singh Ramu
|votes = 16623
|percentage = 20.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Natthi Singh
|votes = 12824
|percentage = 15.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ghamandi Singh
|votes = 8582
|percentage = 10.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Govind Singh
|votes = 6496
|percentage = 8.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rambabu
|votes = 6415
|percentage = 7.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surender Singh
|votes = 5348
|percentage = 6.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = LT.COL.Ram Saneshi Singh Deshwal
|votes = 4195
|percentage = 5.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = RADHEY LAL
|votes = 4063
|percentage = 5.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rukmani
|votes = 3673
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Kamal Singh
|votes = 3567
|percentage = 4.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Dharam Singh
|votes = 2761
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Navab singh
|votes = 2334
|percentage = 2.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ghandhi Dev
|votes = 1642
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ved Prakash
|votes = 1078
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 837
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 3799
| percentage = 4.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 80438
|percentage = 70.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Independent politician
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vishwender Singh
|votes = 53745
|percentage = 65.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Yadunath Singh
|votes = 20367
|percentage = 24.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Daram Vir Singh
|votes = 4656
|percentage = 5.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Satish Tiwari
|votes = 660
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Hari Charan
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kanchan Lal
|votes = 458
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = DOORDARSHI PARTY
|candidate = Gajender Singh
|votes = 406
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Siya Ram
|votes = 314
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bhim Singh Gurjar
|votes = 187
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sughar Singh
|votes = 76
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rewati Prasad
|votes = 76
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rajnarain
|votes = 73
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Amar Singh
|votes = 33
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 33378
| percentage = 40.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 81583
|percentage = 71.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Yadunath Singh
|votes = 27845
|percentage = 45.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sujan Singh
|votes = 16999
|percentage = 27.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ghamandi Singh
|votes = 10208
|percentage = 16.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Revati Prasad Jatav
|votes = 2228
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Chandra Kanta Singh
|votes = 2026
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Randhir Singh
|votes = 782
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = DOORDARSHI PARTY
|candidate = Gajender Singh
|votes = 608
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nawab Singh
|votes = 409
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kaushalendra Singh
|votes = 314
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = SOCIALIST PARTY
|candidate = Mahavir Singh
|votes = 149
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nahar singh
|votes = 90
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = AKHIL BHARATIYA HINDU MAHASABHA
|candidate = Udai Ram Jindal
|votes = 87
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Brajendra Singh
|votes = 67
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nathi Lal
|votes = 46
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 10846
| percentage = 17.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 61858
|percentage = 59.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Lokdal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lokdal
|candidate = Yadunath Singh
|votes = 22750
|percentage = 50.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madhuban Singh
|votes = 11605
|percentage = 25.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian Congress (J)
|candidate = Ghanshyam Sharma
|votes = 9282
|percentage = 20.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gajendra Singh
|votes = 471
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gyasi Ram
|votes = 385
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Padam Singh
|votes = 373
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 11145
| percentage = 24.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 44866
|percentage = 52.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Lokdal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lokdal
|loser = JNP(SC)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai}}
{{Election box winning candidate
|
|party = JNP(SC)
|candidate = Yadunath Singh
|votes = 16599
|percentage = 34.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|candidate = Ghan shyam
|votes = 12138
|percentage = 25.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (I)
|candidate = Moti Lal Parashar
|votes = 10425
|percentage = 21.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = JANATA PARTY (JP)
|candidate = Girraj Singh
|votes = 5573
|percentage = 11.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ram Pratap
|votes = 1372
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Girwar Prasad
|votes = 579
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = JANATA PARTY (SR)
|candidate = Girdhar Singh
|votes = 451
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Padam Singh
|votes = 342
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Het Ram
|votes = 274
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nathi Lal
|votes = 209
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bhagwan Singh
|votes = 197
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Balvir Singh
|votes = 126
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 4461
| percentage = 9.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 48283
|percentage = 64.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold
|
|winner = JNP(SC)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Hari Krishan
|votes = 22146
|percentage = 47.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = SUJAN SINGH
|votes = 8372
|percentage = 18.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = RAM CHARAN
|votes = 4706
|percentage = 10.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = JAGDISH PRASAD SHARMA
|votes = 3259
|percentage = 7.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = BAL BIR SINGH
|votes = 2688
|percentage = 5.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = GIRDHAR SINGH
|votes = 2194
|percentage = 4.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = SUNDER SINGH
|votes = 1015
|percentage = 2.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = RAJENDRA PRASAD
|votes = 927
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = YAD RAM SINGH
|votes = 266
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = LAXMAN
|votes = 212
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = SURAJMAL
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = SUMERA
|votes = 114
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = ARUN SINGH
|votes = 87
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 13774
| percentage = 29.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 46149
|percentage = 69.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = NATHA SINGH
|votes = 21501
|percentage = 46.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = BHARATIYA JANA SANGH
|candidate = RATTAN LAL
|votes = 18058
|percentage = 39.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = NATHI LAL
|votes = 2341
|percentage = 5.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = SAMYUKTA SOCIALIST PARTY
|candidate = RAMJI LAL
|votes = 1820
|percentage = 3.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = SWATANTRA PARTY
|candidate = SUNDER SINGH
|votes = 1497
|percentage = 3.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = TIKAM
|votes = 969
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 3443
| percentage = 7.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 46186
|percentage = 66.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nadbai<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = NATHI LAL
|votes = 12110
|percentage = 36.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = SANGHATA SOCIALIST PARTY
|candidate = SUKHCHAND
|votes = 10531
|percentage = 31.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = SAATYAPAL
|votes = 9104
|percentage = 27.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = SWATANTRA PARTY
|candidate = HARIPRASAD
|votes = 1247
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = TUNDA
|votes = 604
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 1579
| percentage = 4.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 33596
|percentage = 58.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Independent politician
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.22|77.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]

List of female lieutenant governors and administrators in India

2026-04-15T01:50:59Z

Minguel: Creating basic page added tags!

{{Short description|Indian female
lieutenant governors and administrators}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Female Governors of Indian States.png|thumb|Map showing the number of the female Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators served in Indian States and Union Territories]]
In the [[India|Republic of India]], a [[lieutenant governor]] is the constitutional head of five of the [[Union territory|eight union territories]]. The lieutenant governor is appointed by the [[President of India]] for a term of five years, and holds office at the President's pleasure. Since the union territories of [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] have a measure of self-government with an elected [[State Legislature (India)|legislature]] and [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]], the role of the lieutenant governor there is mostly a ceremonial one, akin to that of a [[States and union territories of India|state's]] [[Governor (India)|governor]]. In [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Ladakh]] however, the lieutenant governor holds more power, being both the head of state and head of government.

The other three union territories—[[Chandigarh]]; [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]; and [[Lakshadweep]]—are governed by an [[Administrator of the government|administrator]]. Unlike the lieutenant governors of other territories, they are usually drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) or [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS). Since 1985 the [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] has also been the ''[[ex-officio]]'' [[List of Administrators of Chandigarh|Administrator of Chandigarh]].

[[Chandrawati]] was the first woman to become the lieutenant governor of an Indian union territory, [[Kiran Bedi]] is the longest-serving female lieutenant governor with almost 5 years tenure. [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] is the only woman to serve both as a lieutenant governor and [[Governor (India)|governor]].

As of 29 June 2024, no woman has served as the administrator of the three union territories. Till date all of the female lieutenant governors have been appointed only to [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Delhi, Andamans & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh, Ladakh doesn't have woman governor.

==Chronological list==
;Key
{{legend inline|1=#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} Incumbent lieutenant governor
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Home state
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|Union territory
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
!rowspan=2|Ref.
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Chandrawati]]''' (1928–2020)
|[[Haryana]]
|19 February 1990
|18 December 1990
|302 days
|rowspan=5|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|
|-
!2
|[[File:Rajendra Kumari Bajpai Lok Sabha photo.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]''' (1925–1999)
|[[Bihar]]
|2 May 1995
|22 April 1998
|2 years, 355 days
|[[Shanker Dayal Sharma]]
|
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Rajani Rai]]''' (1931–2013)
|[[Maharashtra]]
|23 April 1998
|29 July 2002
|4 years, 97 days
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|
|-
!4
|[[File:Dr. Kiran Bedi in 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Kiran Bedi]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|29 May 2016
|16 February 2021
|4 years, 263 days
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kiran-bedi-assumes-charge-as-lieutenant-governor-of-puducherry/articleshow/52492499.cms |title=Kiran Bedi assumes charge as Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[File:Tamilisai Soundarajan with President Kovind (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1961)
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|16 February 2021
|18 March 2024
|3 years, 31 days
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|<ref name="Soundarajan Ref4">{{cite news |title=Tamilisai Soundararajan sworn in as Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamilisai-soundararajan-sworn-in-as-lieutenant-governor-of-puducherry-7193689/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=18 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of female governors in India]]
* [[List of female chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female deputy chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female legislative speakers and chairpersons in India]]
* [[List of female opposition leaders in India]]
* [[List of female chief justices in India]]
* [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators}}

[[Category:Lists of lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian union territories|*]]
[[Category:Women union territory lieutenant governors and administrators of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of women politicians in India|Lieutenant governors]]

Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy

2026-04-11T21:55:50Z

Minguel: new new data - done

{{Short description|Biographical book}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy
| image = Sanjay Dutt- The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy.jpg
| caption = Book cover
| author = [[Yasser Usman]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Juggernaut Books]]
| published = 13 March 2018
| media_type = Print
| pages = 256<ref name="book">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |date=13 March 2018 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-93-86228-58-1 |location=New Delhi, India |author-link=Yasser Usman}}</ref>
| isbn = 978-81-93284-18-6
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy''''' is a biography by [[Yasser Usman]], detailing the life and career of the Indian film actor [[Sanjay Dutt]]. It chronicles his birth to actors [[Sunil Dutt]] and [[Nargis]], his relationship with the actress [[Madhuri Dixit]], covered extensively in the media at the time, being jailed because of his involvement in the [[Bombay riots]], and his 47-year film career. The book was released on 13 March 2018 by [[Juggernaut Books]] and praised by critics.

Usman began writing the book in 2017 after meeting Dutt to talk about the latter's life and career. He spent eighteen months interviewing people who were close to him, including several of his school friends and teachers at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]], police officers and co-inmates when he was jailed, as well as politicians, filmmakers, and co-stars. He also watched all of Dutt's films, and collected books, magazines, journals and interviews with him.

== Summary ==
The book opens with [[Sanjay Dutt]] winning an [[air guitar]] contest in 1982. Usman then examines Dutt's involvement in the [[Bombay riots]], which occurred 11 years later and his imprisonment afterward. It follows with the story of his birth in 1959 to Indian actors [[Sunil Dutt|Sunil]] and [[Nargis]] who used [[crowdsourcing]] conducted by the Urdu magazine ''[[Shama (magazine)|Shama]]'' to choose his name. His career, including his first film ''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]'' (1981), which was a box office success but received poor critical reviews, and the thriller ''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]'' (1986), the film that became the turning point of his career are examined. The book also details several commercially and critically successful films with his co-star [[Madhuri Dixit]] (with whom Dutt had a relationship that ended after he was jailed). These include ''[[Saajan (1991 film)|Saajan]]'' (1991) and ''[[Khal Nayak]]'' (1993), both of which earned him nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. Usman also discusses Dutt's marriages to [[Richa Sharma (actress)|Richa Sharma]] between 1987 and 1996, [[Rhea Pillai]] in between 1998 and 2008 and [[Manyata Dutt]] in 2008.

== Development and writing ==
{{quote box
| quote="Sanjay was the original bad boy of Bollywood ... [He] is, in a sense, the template, the pioneer; others have followed his footsteps. He was a model of masculinity in the 1980s and early 1990s, and perhaps the only stars in the Hindi film industry to have become synonymous with drugs, guns, leather jackets, ripping muscles, long hair, drinking, smoking, and partying."
| source =Usman on [[Sanjay Dutt]], ''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy'', 2018<ref name="book" />:xi
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}
Continuing his "untold" trilogy, [[Yasser Usman]]'s ''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy'' is his third biography following ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'' and ''[[Rekha: The Untold Story]]'' (2016). He revealed he was motivated to write it because his father is a big fan of Dutt, adding, "... every time the Dutt[s] passed through a frightening tragedy, it was Sunil Dutt who we empathised with". Usman describes Dutt's life as "spectacular", and observes that his "attempt to document this story—the good, the bad and ... the disastrously absurd—is a journalistic one, complete with the conflicts, the mistakes, the many heart-breaking tragedies, and the overwhelming triumphs".<ref name="The Asian Age">{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=25 March 2018 |title=A life not seen through rose-tinted glasses |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/250318/a-life-not-seen-through-rose-tinted-glasses.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105127/https://www.asianage.com/books/250318/a-life-not-seen-through-rose-tinted-glasses.html |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> According to ''[[The Indian Express]]'', the main theme of the book was based on [[Ivan Turgenev]]'s 1862 novel ''[[Fathers and Sons (novel)|Fathers and Sons]]''.<ref name="Interview by Eekta Malik">{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Eekta |date=10 August 2018 |title='I am so tired of goody-goody hagiographies' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605161135/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |archive-date=5 June 2018}}</ref>

Usman began writing ''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy'' in 2017. He met Dutt one evening to ask him about his life and career, "When you look back upon your life, what is it that would like to change?", according to the book's foreword. Dutt, however, immediately refused to answer his question. Usman interviewed many people close to Dutt, including his school friends and teachers at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]], police officers and co-inmates when he was jailed, politicians, filmmakers and co-stars.<ref name="book" />:ix–x<ref name="The Asian Age" /> Although most of them did not want to talk about him, several others agreed to be interviewed, including a restaurant waiter from [[Goa]] who had worked as Dutt's hairstylist in ''Khal Nayak'' (1993).<ref name="book" />:x–xi Continuing his research, Usman watched all of Dutt's films, and collected books, magazines journals, and interviews with him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=21 March 2018 |title=The Lives of Others |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-lives-of-others-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425055321/https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-lives-of-others-2/ |archive-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

Usman felt that Dutt's life has "a film-like quality",<ref name="book" />:xv describing the book's story as being "about [his] father who refused to give up on his son, and a son who refused to grow up".<ref name="Interview by Eekta Malik" /> He confessed that the audience's perception of Dutt after he was jailed in 1993 dismayed him and felt the prison sentence "over-defined him". Writing for ''[[The Asian Age]]'', Usman said the research for the book was "extremely long" and "tedious, because there is no one-point reference source". Beside that, he added, "It is the story of a family of film stars that is sometimes difficult to comprehend with such moments of insanity that are often stranger than any fiction."<ref name="The Asian Age" />

== Release and reception ==
The book was published on 13 March 2018 as a hardcover by [[Juggernaut Books]].<ref name="book" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rekha: The Untold Story Hardcover – 29 August 2016 |date=29 August 2016 |id={{ASIN|8193284186|country=in}}}}</ref> The release, however, became controversial after Dutt decried the book being published. He sent a legal notice to the publisher saying he had not authorized the biography adding, "from the excerpts that are appearing in the newspaper are partly based on my old interviews, but rest all seemed to be based on hearsay, 1990s' tabloids and gossip magazines, most of which are figments of imagination and not true". In response, Juggernaut Books stated that the book was "painstakingly footnoted, and the sources the book has relied upon have clearly been mentioned". They added, "To pay respect to Mr. Dutt's wishes, we won't put out any more extracts from the book in short-form media."<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=21 March 2018 |title=Sanjay Dutt upset over 'unauthorised' biography, plans to take legal action |work=[[India Today]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sanjay-dutt-biography-legal-case-yasser-usman-1194125-2018-03-21 |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624065653/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sanjay-dutt-biography-legal-case-yasser-usman-1194125-2018-03-21 |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> A second hardcover printing was released on 31 March,<ref name="Amazon02" /> and its paperback and [[Amazon Kindle]] editions followed on 20 September 2019 and 1 June 2020, respectively.<ref name="Amazon03" /><ref name="Amazon04" />

Critics wrote mostly positive reviews of ''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy''. ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that the book was "a meticulously researched testament to a Bollywood star's life and times and exhibits some unknown and shocking anecdotes". Aaqib Raza Khan, from the same publication, spoke of how Usman "has crafted a seemingly transparent profile" of Dutt, adding, "[...]  the book reads seamlessly with no personal tilt apparent".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2018 |title=Micro review: Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-sanjay-dutt-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywoods-bad-boy/articleshow/64459624.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610035109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-sanjay-dutt-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywoods-bad-boy/articleshow/64459624.cms |archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''{{'}} reviewer Pooja Bhula noted that "Usman peppers the book with enough anecdotes, or perhaps scoops, to keep people reading".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhula |first=Pooja |date=22 April 2018 |title=Book Review: The crazy untold story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/review-book-review-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywood-s-bad-boy-2607304 |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115645/https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/review-book-review-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywood-s-bad-boy-2607304 |archive-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of [[Bollywood Hungama]], who gave it a rating of two-and-a-half stars, observed, "Nonetheless, the good part is that the book makes for a quick-fire read and hence you can wrap it up in a couple of hours." He described the book as "a very-easy read", saying, "The build-up is fine, the setup is good, the situations are reasonably well explained, the narrative is intact and certain moments hold your attention well too."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=11 April 2018 |title=Book Review: Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-sanjay-dutt-crazy-untold-story-bollywoods-bad-boy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224155804/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-sanjay-dutt-crazy-untold-story-bollywoods-bad-boy/ |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Rohini Nair, writing for the ''[[Firstpost]]'' website, felt the book "covers pretty comprehensively the transformation" of Dutt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Rohini |date=22 March 2018 |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy chronicles a life stranger than fiction |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywoods-bad-boy-chronicles-a-life-stranger-than-fiction-4400745.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712073039/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywoods-bad-boy-chronicles-a-life-stranger-than-fiction-4400745.html |archive-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> In a review published by the [[Indo-Asian News Service]], the critic Radhika Bhirani wrote that the biography is a "compelling narrative".<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=21 March 2018 |title=Book review — Bollywood's original bad boy: Sanjay Dutt's life uncensored |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/culture/book-review-bollywoods-original-bad-boy-sanjay-dutts-life-uncensored-2092047.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402040020/http://zeenews.india.com/culture/book-review-bollywoods-original-bad-boy-sanjay-dutts-life-uncensored-2092047.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Writing for ''Business Standard'', Uttaran Das Gupta elaborated, "What emerges from this narrative, however, is not merely a morality tale about a spoilt star-kid gone wrong and his reformation, but also a history of the changing landscape of Bollywood as well as political and social life in India."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Uttaran Das |date=23 March 2018 |title=Sanjay Dutt's biography: The crazy untold story of Bollywood's bad boy |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sanjay-dutt-s-biography-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywood-s-bad-boy-118032301156_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530173543/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sanjay-dutt-s-biography-the-crazy-untold-story-of-bollywood-s-bad-boy-118032301156_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Sanjukta Sharma of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' noted that "it is impossible to write a biography of Bollywood figures impartially". She was appreciative of Usman for taking "the next best way out" and letting "the ugly speak for itself".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=24 March 2018 |title=Do we need to retell the Bollywood bad boy story? |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MR8b4LKPQiyNFwkgJt625I/Do-we-need-to-retell-the-Bollywood-bad-boy-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616035154/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MR8b4LKPQiyNFwkgJt625I/Do-we-need-to-retell-the-Bollywood-bad-boy-story.html |archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> Aprita Das of ''[[Film Companion]]'' and ''The Times of India'' subsequently included the book in their listings of "Top 7 Books on Cinema in 2018" and "12 Most Amazing Indian Non-fiction Reads of 2018", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Aprita |date=19 December 2018 |title=Top 7 Books On Cinema In 2018 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806153857/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2018 |title=The 12 most amazing Indian non-fiction reads of 2018 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/photo-stories/the-12-most-amazing-indian-non-fiction-reads-of-2018/photostory/67158643.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226093344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/photo-stories/the-12-most-amazing-indian-non-fiction-reads-of-2018/photostory/67158643.cms |archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

== Publication history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Region
! scope="col"|Release date
! scope="col"|Format
! scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |India
|13 March 2018
|Hardcover
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="book" />
|-
|31 March 2018
|Hardcover
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Amazon02">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |date=31 March 2018 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-86228-58-1}}</ref>
|-
|20 September 2019
|Paperback
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Amazon03">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |date=20 September 2019 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-53450-50-2}}</ref>
|-
|1 June 2020
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Amazon04">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy Kindle Edition |date=1 June 2020 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |id={{ASIN|B081RQZFW6|country=in}}}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [https://yasserusman.com/ Yasser Usman's official website]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=fK5oDwAAQBAJ ''Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy''] on [[Google Books]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Books by Yasser Usman]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Juggernaut Books books]]
[[Category:Unauthorized biographies]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Prabhu Mundkur

2026-04-09T05:22:47Z

Minguel: Added Basic Details V1!

{{short description|Indian model and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhu Mundkur
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Mundkur in 2025
| birth_name = Narasimha Prabhu Mundkur 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|12|05}}
| birth_place = [[Manipal]], [[Udupi]] .[[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]];
[[University of Madras]]

| other_names =
| years_active = 2017–present
| occupation = Actor, Writer
| spouse = {{marriage|Kavita|2012|2026|end=separated}}
| children = 3
| notable_works =
}}

'''Prabhu Mundkur''' is an Indian film actor who hails from [[Manipal]]. He started his career with Kannada television soap ''Kulavadhu'' in 2016. His movie debut happened in 2017 through [[Urvi (film)|''Urvi'']], a critically acclaimed movie in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]].

== Early life and family ==

Prabhu Mundkur was born on 5 December 1988 to a Konkani speaking orthodox family in [[Manipal]], in [[Udupi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/lavalavk/food/actor-prabhu-mundkur-food-habit/articleshow/70290275.cms|title=ಸಿಲೆಬ್ರಿಟಿ ಟೇಸ್ಟ್‌: ನಟ ಪ್ರಭುಗೆ ಸೀಫುಡ್‌ ಇಷ್ಟ|date=2019-07-20|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085052/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/lavalavk/food/actor-prabhu-mundkur-food-habit/articleshow/70290275.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his schooling at [[Bangalore]] and [[Udupi]] and graduated from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], [[Mangalore]]. He also holds a post graduate degree in Applied Microbiology from the [[University of Madras]]. Prior to pursuing acting, he worked as a research associate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prabhu-shifts-to-romance-and-comedy-after-a-grey-start-with-urvi/articleshow/58093056.cms|title=Prabhu shifts to romance and comedy after a grey start with Urvi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511205017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prabhu-shifts-to-romance-and-comedy-after-a-grey-start-with-urvi/articleshow/58093056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> for [[Biocon]] and [[ITC (company)|ITC Limited]]. He married Kavita Kudtarkar (Nakshatra Prabhu) in 2012 and they have a daughter and twin boy and girl. The couple separated in early 2026.

== Film career ==
After earning a postgraduate degree in Applied Microbiology and working as a research scientist, Prabhu Mundkur transitioned into acting via television and short films before debuting in Kannada cinema with [[Urvi]] (2017). He gained early notice in the non-linear thriller [[Maya Kannadi]] (2020), where critics observed that “Mundkur portrays the different shades admirably” ⸺ a testament to his range and versatility. In Ranchi (2023), he portrayed Deepak, an aspiring filmmaker enmeshed in crime; [[The Times of India]] praised him, stating “Prabhu Mundkur easily scores a century as the lead,” while [[ZoomTV]] highlighted his “nuanced performance that captures the essence of a filmmaker caught in crime and deception.”

In [[Maryade Prashne]] (2024), Mundkur turned heads playing Rocky, a privileged and morally grey antagonist. [[The Times of India]] review noted he was the “biggest surprise package” on screen, while [[Deccan Herald]] wrote he “steals the show” as a “filthy-rich brat,” and the [[Film Critics Guild]] observed that the film “shines thanks to the writing, framing and performances,” with specific praise for Mundkur’s portrayal of entitlement and arrogance. During promotion, Mundkur described Rocky as “an epitome of a spoilt brat,” emphasising the complexity of exploring privilege and villainy.

=== Breakthrough with Murphy (2024) ===
In [[Murphy]] (2024), Mundkur took on a multi-hyphenate role—co-writing, serving as associate director and producer, and starring in a dual time‑travel role. [[The New Indian Express]] observed he “delivers a neat performance that adeptly captures a wide spectrum of emotions,” while [[Hollywood Reporter India]] praised how he “essays his dual role with ease… separating the two characters with subtle shifts in body language.” Though the film had modest theatrical footfalls (~30,000), it amassed over 3 million OTT views within two weeks. Fans on X dubbed it “a dreamy cinematic visual poetry,” and outlets such as [[Cinema Express ]], [[Times Now ]], and Filmibeat emphasized its poetic visuals and content-driven narrative. Mundkur himself commented, “With [[Murphy ]], I can confidently say I have arrived,” underlining the personal significance of this project.

=== Recent and Upcoming Projects ===
In early 2025, Mundkur appeared in [[Choo Mantar]] (Jan 2025), a horror-comedy directed by Navneeth and produced by Tarun Studios, portraying Alex D’Costa. Reviews noted that “Prabhu Mundkur is fantastic as Alex D’Costa” ([[Deccan Herald ]]), and [[The Times of India]] said he “shines and grabs the opportunity” in his smaller role. [[Cinema Express]] added that he “leaves a lasting impression,” even among an ensemble cast, praising his screen presence. Meanwhile, [[OTTplay]] commented that he “does justice to what’s expected of him” in a genre-blending narrative. [[Maryade Prashne]] and [[Choo Mantar]] both demonstrated his ability to add depth even when not the central character.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2017
|[[Urvi (film)|''Urvi'']]
|Prakash
|Debut film
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2018
|''Double Engine''
|Sunil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/14/double-engine-movie-review-strong-performances-a-saving-grace-for-slapstick-story-1842947.html|title='Double Engine' movie review: Strong performances, a saving grace for slapstick story|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181552/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/14/double-engine-movie-review-strong-performances-a-saving-grace-for-slapstick-story-1842947.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[D/O Parvathamma]]''
|Rajesh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/apr/30/hariprriyas-do-parvathamma-is-based-on-a-true-incident-1808015.html|title=Hariprriya's 'D/o Parvathamma' is based on a true incident|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205002020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/apr/30/hariprriyas-do-parvathamma-is-based-on-a-true-incident-1808015.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/may/25/do-of-parvathamma--hariprriya-effectively-carries-this-taut-cop-thriller-1981425.html|title=D/o of Parvathamma movie review: Hariprriya effectively carries this taut cop thriller|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205041031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/may/25/do-of-parvathamma--hariprriya-effectively-carries-this-taut-cop-thriller-1981425.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Relax Satya]]''
|Sathya
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Maya Kannadi (2020 film)|Maya Kannadi]]''
|Sandy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maya Kannadi Movie Review: A film that released a year too late|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maya-kannadi/movie-review/74337444.cms|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715114725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maya-kannadi/movie-review/74337444.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/23/maya-kannadi--takes-up-blue-whale-challenge-1968088.html|title=Maya Kannadi takes up Blue Whale challenge|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205035227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/23/maya-kannadi--takes-up-blue-whale-challenge-1968088.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Mysore Diaries''
|Likith
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhananjay Ranjan's directorial debut is a tribute to Kannada culture and Mysuru - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjay-ranjans-directorial-debut-is-a-tribute-to-kannada-culture-and-mysuru/articleshow/61454602.cms |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512210629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjay-ranjans-directorial-debut-is-a-tribute-to-kannada-culture-and-mysuru/articleshow/61454602.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhu excited about realistic Mysuru Diaries |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/01/prabhu-excited-about-realistic-mysuru-diaries-1689571.html |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/01/prabhu-excited-about-realistic-mysuru-diaries-1689571.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhu Mundkur plays a US-returned guy in his next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prabhu-mundkur-plays-a-us-returned-guy-in-his-next/articleshow/60860444.cms |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514030843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prabhu-mundkur-plays-a-us-returned-guy-in-his-next/articleshow/60860444.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Ranchi''
|Deepak
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Shashikant to relive his horrifying days with Ranchi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/17/director-shashikant-to-relive-his-horrifying-days-with-ranchi-1899183.html |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726083550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/17/director-shashikant-to-relive-his-horrifying-days-with-ranchi-1899183.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Tota Roy Choudhury to debut in Kannada |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/tota-roy-choudhury-debut-kannada |access-date=2019-07-26 |website=Box Office India |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726083550/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/tota-roy-choudhury-debut-kannada |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Murphy (film)|Murphy]]''
|David
|Also co-writer, Associate Director & Executive Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Murphy'starring Prabhu Mundkur and Roshini Prakash to Release On September 27 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-and-roshani-prakash-to-release-on-september-27-article-111558311 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Times Now News |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721164728/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/murphy-starring-prabhu-mundkur-and-roshani-prakash-to-release-on-september-27-article-111558311 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maryade Prashne]]'' || Rocky || SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Kannada) Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]]
||<ref>{{cite news |title=A middle class story - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-middle-class-story/articleshow/111294018.cms |work=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |date=27 June 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629015237/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-middle-class-story/amp_articleshow/111294018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Choo Mantar]]''
|Alex
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8857453}}
* https://x.com/prabhu_mundkur?s=21
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundkur, Prabhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Amit Rawal

2026-04-07T14:02:03Z

Minguel: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice (Retd.)'''
| name = Amit Rawal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Justice Amit Rawal.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start = 12 November 2019
| term_end = 20 September 2025
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start1 = 25 September 2014
| term_end1 = 11 November 2019
| nominator1 = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|09|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/prjudges.html#|High Court of Kerala}}
}}

'''Amit Rawal''' (born 21 September 1963) is an Indian [[judge]], who is a former judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], which is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phhc.gov.in/enq_caseno.php?var1=CWP&var2=20436&var3=2017 |title=Case Details For Case CWP-20436-2017 |website=phhc.gov.in |publisher=[[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryana-violence-murder-of-statute-HC-Judge/articleshow/51162077.cms |title=Haryana violence 'murder of statute': HC Judge |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 February 2016 }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Rawal graduated from [[DAV College, Chandigarh]] in 1983, and received a law degree from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], in 1986 and was enrolled as member of Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana. He represented the Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana in the High Court and other institutions. He was designated as Senior Advocate on 8 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/sub_pages/left_menu/publish/advocates/sr_advocate.pdf|title=Appointment as Senior Advocate|website=highcourtchd.gov.in}}</ref> After a short stint in the office of Advocate General, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] as Additional Advocate General, he was elevated as an additional judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 25 September 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/12-judges-cleared-for-high-court/
|title=New Judges appointment of Punjab and Haryana High Court|date=2014-09-10|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="highcourtchd1">{{cite web|url=https://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=chief
|title=Sitting Judges of Punjab and Haryana High Court|website=doj.gov.in}}</ref> and was appointed permanent judge of that court on 23 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/justice-ahluwalia-nine-others-take-oath-as-punjab-and-haryana-high-court-judges/story-YVQwF2POnElakz35NKWdiN.html|title=Justice Ahluwalia, nine others take oath as Punjab and Haryana high court judges|date=24 May 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/noti_9_14%20%20%2023%20%281%29.pdf
|title=Appointment as Additional Judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court|website=doj.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="highcourtchd1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawal, Amit}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]

Rajendra (radar system)

2026-04-05T06:26:16Z

Minguel: put up the stub nd citations.

{{refimprove|date=December 2017}}
{{Short description|Fire-control radar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox Radar
| name = Rajendra radar
| image = Rajendra Radar during Republic Day 2019.jpg
| caption = Rajendra Troop Level Radar during [[Republic Day]], 2019.
| country = [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Electronics Limited]]
| designer = [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] ([[DRDO]]) [[IIT Delhi]]
| introdate =
| number = 32
| type = [[Fire-control radar]]
| frequency = '''Surveillance:''' [[G band (NATO)|G]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]] '''Engagement:''' [[I band (NATO)|I]]/[[J band (NATO)|J band]]
| PRF = 
| pulsewidth = 
| RPM = 15 and 7.5
| range = {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} for ≥2m2
| altitude = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| diameter =
| azimuth = ±45°
| elevation = -5° to +65°
| precision =
| power =≥70 kW
| other names =
}}

'''Rajendra''' ({{Lit|Lord of Kings}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/index.php | title=MW }}</ref> is a [[passive electronically scanned array]] [[radar]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). This acts as the [[fire-control radar]] for [[Akash (missile)|Akash weapon system]].<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.drdo.gov.in/rajendra-radar | title =Rajendra Radar |website =DRDO | access-date =19 July 2021 }}</ref> It is a multifunction radar, capable of surveillance, tracking and engaging low radar cross section targets. It is a ground surveillance radar and is a great source of surveillance operating at a frequency around 20 GHz.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/06.missile/karte017.en.html | title = Rajendra | website = Radar Tutorial | location = Europe | access-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Description ==
Rajendra is a slewable [[Passive electronically scanned array|passive phased array radar]] used for 3-D target detection, multi-target tracking and multiple missile guidance under an extreme hostile EW environment. It makes use of a passive phased array to search a volume of space, distinguish between hostile and friendly targets, automatically track up to 64 targets and command one of several launchers to engage up to 4 targets simultaneously. Initially designed as a standalone system, Rajendra is now equipped with the ability to integrate with a network of sensors, including long and medium-range surveillance radars of foreign and domestic origin.

Rajendra's multi-element antenna arrangement folds flat when the vehicle is in motion. The Radar consists of a surveillance antenna array with 4000 phase control modules (PCM's) operating in the G/H-Band (4-8 GHz), an engagement antenna array with 1000 PCM's operating in the I/J-Band (8-20 GHz), a 16-element IFF array and steering units. A powerful high-end computer computes phases for all the elements of the array. Rajendra controls the beam positioning sequence through beam requests for each track at adaptive data rates and performs multifunctional roles like search –confirm –track -interrogate targets, assign and lock on launchers, and launch/acquire/ track/guide missiles. The RDP supplies track data to the remote group control centre. Rajendra features a dual-channel radar receiver and a C-band transmitter, although the complete transmitting and receiving features and bands are unknown.

Rajendra radar uses phase shifters integrated in large numbers for electronic beam steering. This allows Rajendra radar to simultaneously track multiple aircraft and also guide multiple missiles towards these targets. The phase shifter was designed and developed by Prof Bharati Bhat, a scientist from the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics (CARE) of IIT, Delhi, and her team.

The phased array radar rotates 360 degrees on a rotating turnstile at a moderate speed. This allows it to perform 360-degree surveillance. The phased array itself has 45-degree scan limits to either side, giving a total scan coverage of 90 degrees, if the radar array is static.

During Multisensor Tracking, a 2-D battery surveillance radar (BSR) with 360-degree coverage and a larger detection range provides track data to the multifunction, slewable, 3-D phased array radar. This is useful when a single battery of the Rajendra is detached from the group to fight alone, and early warning from the 3-D CAR is not available. The 2-D BSR data is then integrated by Rajendra's radar vehicle. The multisensor direction finder in Rajendra processes the track data from the phased array radar and the BSR to identify the targets reported by both sensors and maintains a common track database. For those BSR tracks, which are not being reported by Rajendra, though under its coverage, target acquisition is initiated with elevation search in the designated direction. The antenna is skewed in the direction of threat to acquire the targets, which are outside the covered airspace. The Rajendra's tracking range is 60 km against fighter aircraft flying at medium altitude.

The major functions of the Rajendra are:

*Surveillance of the assigned volume of space
*Acquisition of aircraft targets either independently or handed over from the group control centre via the 3-D CAR or from the battery surveillance radar
*Tracking of targets (64)
*Tracking of assigned targets (up to 4) and missiles (up to 8) during engagement
*Command guidance of missiles (up to 8)
*Integrated IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) functions

== Trials ==
By 2005, Rajendra II had participated in more than 15 flight trials at the Balasore missile testing range. The flight trials have been spread over 4 missions in both group and autonomous mode. High altitude engagement, far boundary engagement, crossing and receding target engagement and multiple missions against multiple targets capabilities have been established. Consistency in the performance of radar in guiding missiles as close as 15m has been established. During a mission, a Pilot less Target Aircraft (PTA) was neutralised while engaging a crossing and receding target.
In 2007, the Akash system cleared the Indian Air Force's user trials with the Rajendra tracking and engaging several targets with warhead-equipped missiles. Prior to that, the Akash system elements, including the Rajendra, underwent mobility trials at Pokhran, and the radar successfully demonstrated its performance in an EW environment and its ECCM features at the IAF Electronic Warfare Range at Gwalior.

== Deployment ==
Each [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] battery has a single Rajendra radar, which is linked to up to 4 Akash launchers, each with 3 missiles. Each Rajendra radar can guide up to 2 of these missiles against a single target, with 8 missiles in the air at the same time.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/heres-about-indias-supersonic-akash-missile/where-is-it-made/slideshow/72346296.cms |title =Here's all about India's supersonic Akash Missile | website = Economic Times | date =3 December 2019 | access-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>
4 Akash batteries make up a group in the Indian Army configuration, with a central [[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|3D CAR]] radar acting as the early warning sensor for the entire group. In 2007, the [[Indian Air Force]] ordered 2 Akash squadrons to begin with. Each squadron consists of a minimum of two batteries, and hence at least 4 Rajendra radars are on order. Many more orders are expected to come over time, as the Indian Air Force phases out its older [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|Pechora]] systems. The IAF had 30 Pechora squadrons of which 9 were to be replaced by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)-[[Israel_Aerospace_Industries|IAI]] [[Barak 8|MRSAM]] project. The rest were to be replaced by the Akash, over time. As of May 2008, the [[Barak 8|LRSAM]] project is on hold on account of Indian Government investigations over the earlier Barak SAM deal with the Indian Navy.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1162928 LRSAM project on Hold, May 2008]</ref> This is expected to put more emphasis on orders for the Akash SAM, as the Indian Air Force moves towards revamping its SAM inventory.
[[File:Rajendra Radar for Akash SAM.jpg|thumb|''Rajendra'' Radar for [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] [[Surface-to-air missile|SR-SAM]] of [[Indian Air Force]]]]

== Current status ==
The Rajendra multi-function phased array radar system, designed at the [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE), part of DRDO, is currently in production at [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL). It is named after India's first [[President of India|President]], [[Rajendra Prasad]].

The LRDE is working on the Rajendra III radar for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>[http://frontierindia.net/lrde-working-on-rajendra-iii-radar/ LRDE working on Rajendra III radar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233853/http://frontierindia.net/lrde-working-on-rajendra-iii-radar/|date=2007-09-26}}</ref> Rajendra III is a slewable phased array radar based on the [[T-72]] chassis built by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]]'s [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. As of 2007, the BLR-III vehicle on the T-72 chassis was ready for a track test. The phased array antenna is fabricated at BEL, Ghaziabad. The collimated beam pattern and D/S curve for all 16 spot frequencies have been taken.

Current orders for the Rajendra and its derivatives are at least 32 units, consisting of the order for 2 squadrons of the Akash system by the Indian Air Force and the intent for 28 weapon locating radars by the Indian Army.

=== Weapon locating radar ===
The Army intends to use a Rajendra radar derivative in the artillery locating role. During tests at Chandipur for the Akash missile system, engineers noticed the Rajendra radar was able to detect and track [[artillery]] shells being test-fired at a nearby range. This led to the development of the domestic [[Counter-battery radar|weapon locating radar]], called the [[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar]], an item in high demand by the Indian Army's artillery units, especially after the [[Kargil War]]. 28 LRDE Rajendra-based WLR's have been ordered by the Indian Army. In June 2008, the WLR was accepted for induction by the Army, and 28 units are being produced by BEL.<ref name="India Strategic">{{cite news | first = Gulshan | last = Luthra | title = Indian Army acquiring 28 indigenous Weapon Locating Radars | url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories130.htm | work = India Strategic Magazine | location = [[New Delhi]] | date = July 2008 | access-date = 2008-07-28 }}</ref>

== Operators ==
;{{flag|India}}
*[[Indian Air Force]]
*[[Indian Army]]

;{{flag|Armenia}}
*[[Armenian Armed Forces]] (used for Akash Defence System)

== See also ==
*[[Indian Doppler Radar|INDRA]] (2D radar for low detection)
*[[BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar]] (man-portable 2D radar for battlefield)
*[[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar]] (weapon locating radar)
*[[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar]] (very long range radar for ballistic missiles detection )

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ground radars]]
[[Category:Military radars of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rajendra Prasad]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s]]

Panki railway station

2026-03-25T14:41:43Z

Minguel: Added Basic Entry From Scratch!

{{short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Panki Dham
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = Station Road, [[Panki, Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4596|80.2383|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Kanpur]]–[[Delhi]] line
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|130|m|ft}}
| structure =
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 5
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_hPAQAAMAAJ&q=panki+station|title=Indian Railways|date=15 April 1981|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = PNKD
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| passengers = 50,000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| services = 
}}

'''Panki Dham railway station''' is a large railway station in [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Panki Dham is the fourth-largest railway station in [[Kanpur]] city, for which is serves. Its code is '''PNKD'''. The station consists of 3 platforms and has many Express/Mail trains stoppage.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/panki-pnk/2637| title=PNK/Panki |website=India Rail Info}}</ref> [[Shram Shakti Express]] which travels between {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} and {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} only stops at Panki Dham between Kanpur and Delhi.

==Overview==

Panki is an important [[industrial suburb]] in Kanpur city. Duncan's Fertilizer Unit (now owned by [[Jaypee Group]]) situated here is one of the largest fertilizer-manufacturing plants in India. Panki also has [[Panki Hanuman Temple]] which is visited by thousands of people every year from all over North India. Panki Station being on Howrah–Delhi main line serves people from [[Kalianpur]], Panki, [[Armapur Estate]], [[Kakadeo]], Vijay Nagar and Fazalganj and if station have a direct entrance through Kalpi Road then it may also cover area like Bhaunti, [[Barra, Kanpur|Barra]] [[Dabauli]] i.e. almost 40% of Kanpur city.
There should be a City bus stop in new entrance too.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
Panki railway station nameplate.JPG|Panki railway station platform board
Panki station.JPG|Inside platform view
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division|P]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1981]]

Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam

2026-03-25T11:46:56Z

Minguel:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Boopathy Pandian]]
| writer = Boopathy Pandian
| producer = Vimala Geetha
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[Shriya Saran]]
| cinematography = [[Vaidy S.]]
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = R. K. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|12|17}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam''''' ({{translation|''The Divine Game Begins''}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Boopathy Pandian]]. The film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Shriya Saran]], while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Karunas]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan]] play supporting roles. The film, which had music composed by [[D. Imman]], was released on 17 December 2006. Its total worldwide collection was reportedly around ₹210 million, with a budget of ₹100 million, making it a "super hit". It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Takkari]]'' (2007) in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' (2011) and in [[Bengali]] as ''[[Daring Lover]]'' (2014).
== Plot ==
Thirukumaran "Thiru" is a carefree and unemployed but street-smart man who spends time hanging out with his friends. His father berates him for being unemployed, and he is looked down by his little younger brother while he finds solace with his mother. One day, Thiru meets Priya in a temple and falls in love with her. Thiru later learns that Priya is the younger sister of Guru, a rich business tycoon, and tries to woo her. After several hilarious attempts, Priya and Thiru fall in love.

Guru witnesses Priya hanging out with Thiru and beats him up. Priya, upon learning this, attempts suicide which shocks Guru, who meets up with Thiru to give up his love since Priya is his only sister whom he brought up with lot of love and care while mocking Thiru's societal status as he would be unable to provide Priya with all her needs. Thiru negotiates with Guru for a hefty sum of money to give up his love, which Guru begrudgingly agrees. Thiru takes the money home but is driven out of the house by his father, who suspects him of obtaining the money illegally. Thiru uses the money to establish a business and in a span of few months grows into a rich businessman.

Priya soon learns of Thiru's dealings with Guru and breaks up with him for misusing their love. Thiru's business empire grows larger, and he becomes a hotshot, surpassing even Guru, who tries various ways to thwart his business but fails. Guru later realises that to push Thiru off the edge, he would have to get Priya married to someone else. Guru hires goons to kill Thiru, but Thiru defeats them and makes it to the marriage hall just in time and hands over the money that he had borrowed from Guru. Thiru explains that he used his love as a collateral for building his business as love was all that he was left with and had to risk it up. Guru, impressed by Thiru's business ethics, accepts him as Priya's groom.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Thirukumaran "Thiru"
* [[Shriya Saran]] (voice: [[Savitha Radhakrishnan|Savitha]]) as Priya
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Guru
* [[Karunas]] as Tiger Kumar
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Saradha, Thirukumaran's mother
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] as Chandramohan, Thirukumaran's father
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Tidel Park Venugopal
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Muthukrishnan
* [[Grace Karunas]] as Grace, Priya's friend
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Shiva
* Karthik Kannaiyan as Swaminathan
* Varnika as Valarmathi
* Meena Kumari as Gowri
* [[Pasi Sathya]]
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Inspector
* [[Singamuthu]] as Bus Conductor
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
* Kadugu Ramamoorthy
}}

== Production ==
[[Boopathy Pandian]] had initially discussed the lead role with [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], but the actor's refusal meant that [[Dhanush]] was chosen,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=6 August 2016 |title=In search of a hit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-search-of-a-hit/article14555209.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111075011/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-search-of-a-hit/article14555209.ece |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> reuniting with the director after ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]'' (2005).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=30 November 2006 |title=Commercial and comical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/commercial-and-comical/article3231510.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227142329/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/commercial-and-comical/article3231510.ece |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Naveena Thiruvilayadal'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2005 |title=Danush, Naveena Thiruvilaiyadal |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03092005-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203223505/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03092005-4.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and later shortened to ''Thiruvilayadal'', prompting actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s fan club to request the producer, Vimala Geetha, to retitle the film. They felt the title was reminiscent of Ganesan's [[Thiruvilaiyadal|1965 film]], and felt that the new venture would defame the old film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2005 |title=Dhanush in a dilemma! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-a-dilemma-news-tamil-kkfv0aefcddsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008115717/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-a-dilemma-news-tamil-kkfv0aefcddsi.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=21 October 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The director said the film's title was a reference to the games played by Dhanush's character Thiru to achieve his goals; nevertheless it was retitled ''Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam''.<ref name="chennaionline">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=14 December 2006 |title=Thiruvilayaadal Arambham |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/12thiruvilayaadal.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209175039/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/12thiruvilayaadal.asp |archive-date=9 February 2007 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> [[Shriya Saran]] initially opted out of the film, owing to her commitment to work in ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'', but returned after she was able to allot dates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2006 |title=Is Shriya on a contract? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-shriya-on-a-contract-news-tamil-kkfvilidcji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129140803/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-shriya-on-a-contract-news-tamil-kkfvilidcji.html |archive-date=29 January 2014 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> One of the film's two fight sequences was shot on a set created at [[Binny and Co.|Binny Mills]].<ref name="chennaionline" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unakkum Enakkum - Thiruvilayadal Aarambam - Tamil Audio CD by Devi Sri Prasad - D. Imman |url=https://mossymart.com/product/unakkum-enakkum-thiruvilayadal-aarambam-tamil-audio-cd-by-devi-sri-prasad-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123060555/https://mossymart.com/product/unakkum-enakkum-thiruvilayadal-aarambam-tamil-audio-cd-by-devi-sri-prasad-d-imman/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> It includes a remixed version of the song "Ennama Kannu", composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the film ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Mix and match |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mix-and-match/article3023973.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130161142/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mix-and-match/article3023973.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The remix retains the original lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], and adds new ones by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref name=":0" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:29
| title1 = Adara Ramma
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[D. Imman]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Ennama Kannu
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ranjith (singer)|K. G. Ranjith]]
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Kannukkul Yetho
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Madurai Jilla
| lyrics4 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra4 = Karthik, [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = Theriyaama Parthuputen
| lyrics5 = Thiraivannan
| extra5 = Ranjith, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length5 = 4:16
| title6 = Vizhigalil Vizhigalil
| lyrics6 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra6 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length6 = 4:46
}}

== Release ==
''Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam'' was released on 17 December 2006,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam (2006) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruvilaiyaadal-aarambam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227022643/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruvilaiyaadal-aarambam |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and, as of January 2007, had grossed {{INRConvert|100|m|year=2007}} in Tamil Nadu – the highest for a Dhanush film at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2007 |title=Chennai box-office- (Jan 5-8 ) |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14366925 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235213/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14366925 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Shwetha Bhaskar of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that "Director Boopathy Pandian has a looser hold on pacing, ensuring that the interest never flags", adding that "the real reason to watch ''Thiruvilaiyadal Aarambam'' is Dhanush, who epitomises the new age hero: he is no superman, he is not even close to perfect, and he is thoroughly unapologetic about it all."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Shwetha |date=19 December 2006 |title=Old wine, brand new bottle |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/19ta.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120083523/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/19ta.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "Dhanush as the hyperactive Thiru is simply superb and his ability to deliver funny lines casually is uncommendable. Prakash Raj does his role to perfection, while Shriya looks good and her costumes are fabulous."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvilayadal Arambam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thiruvilayadal-arambam-review-tamil-14352289.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235216/http://www.sify.com/movies/thiruvilayadal-arambam-review-tamil-14352289.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Bhoopathi Pandian for narrating a simple plot in an interesting and humorous manner within three hours while praising the performances of Dhanush and Prakash Raj and the clashes between them, dialogues and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=7 January 2007 |title=திருவிளையாடல் ஆரம்பம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-01-07/page/18/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240413141219/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-01-07/page/18/mode/2up |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=13 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=18–19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote the film "is a wholesome, light-hearted family entertainer sans scenes that make you squirm for {{sic|i|t's}} overt glamour or violence. You can [forget] your blues and laugh through this one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 December 2006 |title=Dhanush in Thiruvilayaadal Arambham |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/12thiruvilayaadal-arambham.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106050556/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/12thiruvilayaadal-arambham.asp |archive-date=6 January 2007 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
In 2007, the film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Takkari]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=23 August 2007 |title=Return of the vagabond |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/return-of-the-vagabond/article2273463.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129205241/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/return-of-the-vagabond/article2273463.ece |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> It was also remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' in 2011, with Prakash Raj reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title='Yogi doesn't copy Dhanush' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Yogi-doesnt-copy-Dhanush/articleshow/4833855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912232436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Yogi-doesnt-copy-Dhanush/articleshow/4833855.cms |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title=Yogi-Andrita in Dhool |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yogi-andrita-in-dhool-news-kannada-kkfrETaifgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231232159/http://www.sify.com/movies/yogi-andrita-in-dhool-news-kannada-kkfrETaifgc.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Boopathy Pandian}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boopathy Pandian]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Gujarat Giants (WPL)

2026-03-21T17:50:07Z

Minguel: new the post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Gujarat Giants
| image = Gujarat Giants WPL logo.svg
| league = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| city = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| colours = Orange and Gold {{color box|orangered}} {{color box|gold}}
| coach = [[Michael Klinger]]
| captain = [[Ashleigh Gardner]]
| owner = [[Adani Group]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| ground = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| title1 = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]]
| title1wins = 0
| website ={{URL|https://www.gujaratgiants.com/|Gujarat Giants}}
| t_pattern_la = _goldborder
| t_pattern_b = _gg_wpl26
| t_pattern_ra = _goldborder
| t_pattern_pants = _goldsides
| t_leftarm = FF4A1A
| t_body = FF4A1A
| t_rightarm = FF4A1A
| t_pants = FF4A1A
}}

The '''Gujarat Giants''' are an Indian professional [[women's cricket]] team that compete in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL), based in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]. The team is owned by the [[Adani Sportsline]], part of the [[Adani Group]]. The team is coached by [[Michael Klinger]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klinger replaces Haynes as Gujarat Giants head coach at WPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2024-michael-klinger-replaces-rachael-haynes-as-gujarat-giants-head-coach-1419993 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> and captained by [[Ashleigh Gardner]].

==History==
In October 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wipl-2023-inaugural-womens-ipl-likely-to-be-played-from-march-3-to-26-1348845 |title=Inaugural Women's IPL likely to be played from March 3 to 26 |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process. The <ref name="rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-indians-delhi-capitals-royal-challengers-bangalore-adani-group-capri-global-to-own-womens-ipl-teams-1355823 |title=Owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals, RCB win bids to own Women's Premier League teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> [[Adani Group]], the owners of the [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants kabaddi]] team, bought the rights to one of the franchises,<ref name="rights"/> which they would go on to also call Gujarat Giants.

The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023, with Gujarat Giants signing 18 players for their squad. [[Beth Mooney]] was appointed captain, but an injury in their very first game led to [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] replacing her as captain for the rest of the tournament. The side finished bottom of the group stage at the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural tournament]].<ref name="23table">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |title=Women's Premier League 2022/23 - Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, Gujarat Giants acquired 10 players in the WPL Auction, which included [[Kashvee Gautam]], [[Lauren Cheatle]], [[Phoebe Litchfield]], and [[Veda Krishnamurthy]]. However, before the tournament began, Lauren Cheatle and Kashvee Gautam were both ruled out due to injury. [[Lea Tahuhu]] and Sayali Satghare were their respective replacements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Kashvee Gautam, WPL's most expensive uncapped Indian, ruled out, Gujarat Giants name replacement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/kashvee-gautam-wpls-most-expensive-uncapped-indian-ruled-out-gujarat-giants-name-replacement-101708404808390.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2024, [[Michael Klinger]] took over as the head coach of Gujarat Giants, replacing [[Rachael Haynes]]. Gujarat Giants began the second season of the WPL with a loss to Mumbai Indians and once again ended up at the bottom of the table. During the tournament, [[Harleen Deol]] got injured, leading to Bharti Fulmali replacing her midway through the season.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Klinger replaces Haynes as Gujarat Giants head coach at WPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2024-michael-klinger-replaces-rachael-haynes-as-gujarat-giants-head-coach-1419993 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

===2023===
The first season of the Women's Premier League began on 4th March 2023, with the match between Mumbai Indians and Gujarat Giants at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai. Beth Mooney was injured in their first over of the second innings. She was replaced by [[Laura Wolvaardt]] in the squad.

[[Kim Garth]], who was signed as a replacement for the injured [[Deandra Dottin]], became only the second bowler after [[Tara Norris]] to pick up a 5-wicket haul in the WPL. She achieved the feat against UP Warriorz.

England opener [[Sophia Dunkley]] registered the fastest fifty in the history of the Women's Premier League, doing so against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]].

[[Laura Wolvaardt]] scored 2 back-to-back fifties in the tournament. She scored 57 off 45 balls against [[Delhi Capitals in 2024 (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] and followed it up with 68 in 42 balls against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]].

[[Ashleigh Gardner]] was the standout performer for the Gujarat Giants, finishing as their highest run-scorer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2022/23 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-15174 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> while also being their second-highest wicket-taker. She scored 204 runs, which included 2 fifties, and took 10 wickets in 8 games. Kim Garth was the highest wicket-taker for the Gujarat Giants with 11 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2022/23 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-15174 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

===2024===
Ahead of the second season of the Women's Premier League, the Gujarat Giants appointed [[Michael Klinger]] as the coach of the side to replace [[Rachael Haynes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klinger replaces Haynes as Gujarat Giants head coach at WPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2024-michael-klinger-replaces-rachael-haynes-as-gujarat-giants-head-coach-1419993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921155941/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2024-michael-klinger-replaces-rachael-haynes-as-gujarat-giants-head-coach-1419993 |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> They added 10 players in the Auction: [[Phoebe Litchfield]], Kashvee Gautam, [[Lauren Cheatle]], [[Meghna Singh]], Tarannum Pathan, [[Veda Krishnamurthy]], Priya Mishra, Trisha Poojitha, [[Kathryn Bryce]] and [[Mannat Kashyap]]. [[Lauren Cheatle]] was later replaced by New Zealand's [[Lea Tahuhu]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-02-10 |title=WPL 2024: Gujarat Giants names Lea Tahuhu as replacement for Lauren Cheatle |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/wpl-2024-gujarat-giants-lea-tahuhu-replaces-lauren-cheatle/article67832383.ece |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> while [https://www.wplt20.com/players/sayali-satghare-wpl-profile-83633#:~:text=About%20Sayali%20Satghare,Mumbai%20in%20the%20domestic%20arena Sayali Satghare] replaced Kashvee Gautam.

Despite strong individual performances, the Giants had a similar run in the second season as they had in the first.

Gujarat Giants played their first game against [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] on 25th February. They could only score 126/9 while batting first, and Mumbai chased it down in 18 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GG-W vs MI-W Cricket Scorecard, 3rd Match at Bengaluru, Feb 25, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/gujarat-giants-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-3rd-match-1417718/full-scorecard|access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In their next match against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]], they could only score 107/7, and Bangalore chased it down within 13 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCB-W vs GG-W Cricket Scorecard, 5th Match at Bengaluru, Feb 27, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/royal-challengers-bangalore-women-vs-gujarat-giants-women-5th-match-1417720/full-scorecard|access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In their next match against [[UP Warriorz]], they scored 142/5, and UP chased it down within 16 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title= GG-W vs UPW-W Cricket Scorecard, 8th Match at Bengaluru, Mar 01, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/royal-challengers-bangalore-women-vs-gujarat-giants-women-5th-match-1417720/full-scorecard|access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Meghna Singh]] picked up 4 wickets against the [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]], but the Giants lost by 25 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC-W vs GG-W Cricket Scorecard, 10th Match at Bengaluru, March 03, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/delhi-capitals-women-vs-gujarat-giants-women-10th-match-1417725/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Laura Wolvaardt]] and [[Beth Mooney]] put on a 140-run stand in the game against Royal Challengers Bangalore, where Mooney scored 85 in 51 deliveries while Wolvaardt scored 76 in 45 balls. Gujarat won the match by 19 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GG-W vs RCB-W Cricket Scorecard, 13th Match at Delhi, March 06, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/gujarat-giants-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-13th-match-1417728/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Mooney scored 66 in her next game against Mumbai Indians while [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] scored 74 in 40 balls. Gujarat Giants scored 190 for 7 in their 20 overs. [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] scored 95 in 48 deliveries and Mumbai Indians won the game by 7 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GG-W vs MI-W Cricket Scorecard, 16th Match at Delhi, March 09, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/gujarat-giants-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-16th-match-1417731/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Mooney registered another 50 in the next game against [[UP Warriorz]]. She scored 74 in 52 balls to help the Giants score 152. Shabnam Shakil took 3 wickets for 11 runs and the Giants won the game by 8 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GG-W vs UPW-W Cricket Scorecard, 18th Match at Delhi, March 11, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/gujarat-giants-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-18th-match-1417733/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In their final league match against Delhi, they scored 126/9 while batting first, and Delhi chased it down in 13 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC-W vs GG-W Cricket Scorecard, 20th Match at Delhi, March 13, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/gujarat-giants-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-16th-match-1417731/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

[[Beth Mooney]] finished as the highest run-scorer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2023/24 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-15955 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> for the Gujarat Giants, scoring 285 runs in 8 games, while Tanuja Kanwer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanuja Kanwer {{!}} WPLT20 |url=https://www.wplt20.com/players/tanuja-kanwer-wpl-profile-70721 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Womens Premier League |language=en}}</ref> was the highest wicket-taker<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League, 2023/24 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-15955 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> with 10 wickets.

=== 2025 ===
2025 WPL Season Overview The third season of the Women's Premier League commenced on February 14, 2025, with Gujarat Giants taking on Royal Challengers Bengaluru at the newly-constructed [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium|BCA Stadium]] in Vadodara. This marked an important shift for the franchise as Ashleigh Gardner took over the captaincy from Beth Mooney, becoming the leading figure for the Giants in their pursuit of their first title.

=== Historic Playoff Qualification ===
Gujarat Giants displayed a significant improvement in the 2025 season compared to their previous campaigns. After two consecutive seasons of finishing at the bottom of the league table, the team made considerable progress, achieving a historic milestone by qualifying for the playoffs for the first time. They secured the third position in the league stage, demonstrating strong competitiveness by finishing the initial phase with an even record of 4 wins and 4 competitive fixtures.

=== Key Matches and Fierce Competition ===

* Season Opener (Vadodara): In their opening match against Royal Challengers Bengaluru, Gujarat Giants posted a massive 201/5 in their 20 overs—a powerful statement of intent. Captain Ashleigh Gardner produced a stellar performance, scoring 79 not out off 37 balls. While RCB successfully chased down the target by 6 wickets, the Giants proved they were a formidable high-scoring side.
* Bengaluru Leg: The Giants showcased their ability to adapt in the reverse fixture at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], registering a commanding 6-wicket victory over Royal Challengers Bengaluru. Gardner again led from the front with a match-winning 58 off 31 balls.
* Lucknow Leg: Later in the season at the Ekana Stadium, Gujarat Giants recorded a dominant 81-run victory over UP Warriorz. Beth Mooney remained unbeaten on 96, anchoring the innings, while the bowling attack led by Kashvee Gautam and Tanuja Kanwar delivered a clinical performance.

=== The Eliminator: A Strong Finish to the Campaign ===
Despite a strong mid-season run, Gujarat Giants’ inaugural playoff campaign concluded at the final hurdle. In the Eliminator on March 13 at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in Mumbai, they faced Mumbai Indians. Mumbai Indians, setting a demanding target, posted 213/4, spearheaded by high scores from [[Hayley Matthews]] and Nat Sciver-Brunt. Gujarat Giants fought hard in their chase, managing 166 all out, marking a 47-run margin against the eventual finalists. The team demonstrated resilience and fighting spirit until the final over, confirming their place among the league's top contenders.

=== Statistical Milestones ===
The season saw major personal milestones for the leadership group. By the end of the 2025 campaign:

* Ashleigh Gardner solidified her status as a franchise legend, reaching a career tally of 567 runs and 25 matches played for the Giants since 2023.
* Beth Mooney continued her consistency, crossing the 500-run mark for the franchise (522 runs in 18 career matches), with her unbeaten 96 against UP Warriorz standing out as a season highlight.

=== 2026 ===

=== Gujarat Giants WPL 2026 Squad (The New Roster) ===
Following a major Mega Auction held on November 27, 2025, the [https://www.wplt20.com/teams/gujarat-giants-3515/squad Gujarat Giants] dramatically restructured their squad, retaining only two key players. Their 2026 campaign will be built around this new roster, focusing on key international experience and new Indian pace talent.

The [https://www.wplt20.com/news/tata-womens-premier-league-2026-schedule-announced Women's Premier League 2026] season is set to commence on January 9, 2026.
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
!Name
!Nationality
|-
|Batter
|[[Danni Wyatt-Hodge]]
|{{crw|ENG}}
|-
|Batter
|[[Bharti Fulmali]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Batter
|Anushka Sharma
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Ashleigh Gardner]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Tanuja Kanwar]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Sophie Devine]]
|{{crw|NZL}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Georgia Wareham]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Kim Garth]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Kanika Ahuja]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|All-Rounder
|[[Ayushi Soni]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Wicket-keeper
|[[Beth Mooney]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|-
|Wicket-keeper
|[[Yastika Bhatia]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Wicket-keeper
|Shivani Singh
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Bowler
|[[Kashvee Gautam]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Bowler
|[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Bowler
|[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Bowler
|[[Titas Sadhu]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|-
|Bowler
|Happy Kumari
|{{crw|IND}}
|}

=== Key Roster Changes ===

* Retentions: Only Captain Ashleigh Gardner and Beth Mooney were retained, forming the core leadership.
* Big Buys: The team invested heavily in world-class players like New Zealand veteran Sophie Devine and Indian pace spearhead Renuka Singh.
* Notable Releases: The Giants released several 2025 players including Laura Wolvaardt, Deandra Dottin, Phoebe Litchfield, and Harleen Deol.

== Support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach|| [[Michael Klinger]]
|-
|Batting coach || [[Daniel Marsh]]
|-
|Bowling coach || [[Pravin Tambe]]
|-
|Fielding coach || [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]]
|-
|}

Source: Official website<ref name="auto"/>

== Kit manufacturers and sponsors ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Kit manufacturer
!Main shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
|-
|2023
| rowspan=2|T10 Sports
| rowspan=4|[[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja Cement]]
| rowspan=4|[[Adani Wilmar|Fortune]]
|-
|2024
|-
|2025
|rowspan=2|UYP
|-
|2026
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Played
!Won
!Loss
!Success Rate
!League table standing
!Final standing
|-
![[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
| rowspan="2"| 8
| rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2"| 6
| rowspan="2"| 25.00
| rowspan="2"| 5/5
| rowspan="2"| League Stage
|-
![[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|-
! [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
| rowspan="2"| 9
| 4
| 5
| 44.44
| 3/5
| style="background: lightgreen;" | Playoffs
|-
! [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
| 5
| 4
| 55.56
| 2/5
| style="background: lightgreen;" | Playoffs
|}

=== Head to Head Records ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Opponent
! Played
! Won
! Loss
! Success Rate
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)| Delhi Capitals]]
| 9
| 4
| 5
| 44.44
|-
! [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)| Mumbai Indians]]
| 9
| 1
| 8
| 11.11
|-
! [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)| Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 8
| 3
| 5
| 37.50
|-
! [[UP Warriorz]]
| 8
| 5
| 3
| 62.50
|-
! Total
! 34
! 13
! 21
! 38.24
|}

== Honours ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Award
! Recipient
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
| [[List of Women's Premier League (Cricket) awards#Most Sixes|Most Sixes]]
| [[Ashleigh Gardner]]
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (Cricket) awards#Fair Play Award|Fair Play Award]]
| Gujarat Giants
|}

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Player
! Duration
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Best Result
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
| 2023
| 7
| 2
| 5
|'''5th ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]])'''
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Beth Mooney]]
| 2023–2024
| 9
| 2
| 7
|'''5th ([[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]])'''
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashleigh Gardner]]
| 2025–present
| 18
| 9
| 9
| style="background: lightgreen;" | '''Playoffs ([[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025, 2026]])'''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Gujarat Giants (WPL)}}
{{Gujarat Giants WPL squad}}

[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) teams]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Gujarat Giants (WPL)]]

Quit India Movement

2026-03-13T22:48:04Z

Minguel: corrected information as per guidelines for consistency

{{Short description|Indian freedom movement against the British}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox protest
| title = Quit India Movement
| image = Quit_india_Movement_Collage.png
| caption = First: [[Gandhi]] discusses the movement with [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] Second: Procession at Bangalore by Indian National Congress Third: Another Procession at [[Bangalore]] by [[Indian National Congress]]. Fourth: Public lecture at [[Basavanagudi]], [[Bangalore]] organised by [[Indian National Congress]].
| date = 1942–1945
| place = [[South Asia]]
| side1 = [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalists]]
* {{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]]
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]]
| side2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|British India}} [[British Raj|India]]
''Supported by:''
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg}} [[All-India Muslim League]]
* {{flagicon image|Hindu Mahasabha.png}} [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
* {{flagicon image|CPI-M-flag.svg}} [[Communist Party of India]]
| result =
| coordinates =
| casualties1 = '''British estimates''': 1,028 killed<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book | last=Kumar | first=Raj | title=Essays on Indian Freedom Movement | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | series=History and culture series | year=2003 | isbn=978-81-7141-705-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kP5AgYYV5AC | page=108}}</ref> 3125 wounded<ref name="Kumar"/> Over 100,000 arrested<ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi for the Twenty-First Century|page=228|publisher=Lexington Books|author=Douglas Allen}}</ref> '''Congress estimates''': 4,000–10,000 killed<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="Green">{{cite book | last=Green | first=Jen | title=Gandhi and the Quit India Movement | publisher=Capstone Global Library | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4062-6909-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yo6pDwAAQBAJ | page=38}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 63 officers killed<ref name="Arnold 2014"/> 2,000 officers wounded<ref name="Arnold 2014"/> 200 officers fled or defected<ref name="Arnold 2014">{{cite book | last=Arnold | first=David | title=Gandhi | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Profiles In Power | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-88234-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWzXAwAAQBAJ | page=194}}</ref>
| leadfigures1 = {{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]] {{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]
| leadfigures2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[Winston Churchill]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]
----
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] {{flagicon image|Hindu Mahasabha.png}} [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] {{flagicon image|CPI-M-flag.svg}} [[Puran Chand Joshi]]
}}
{{Indian people sidebar|history}}

The '''Quit India Movement''' was a political campaign launched at the Bombay session of the [[All India Congress Committee]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on 8 August 1942, during [[World War II]], demanding an end to [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. After Britain failed to secure Indian support for the British war effort with the [[Cripps Mission]], Gandhi made a call to ''Do or Die'' in his [[Quit India speech]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://wp.stu.ca/worldhistory/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/08/Quit-India-Speeches.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803201845/https://wp.stu.ca/worldhistory/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/08/Quit-India-Speeches.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=wp.stu.ca |url-status=live }}</ref> delivered in Bombay on 8 August 1942 at the [[Gowalia Tank|Gowalia Tank Maidan]]. Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Linlithgow]] described the movement as "by far the most serious rebellion since 1857".<ref name="Panigrahi">{{cite book | last=Panigrahi | first=Devendra | title=India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-135-76812-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJGRAgAAQBAJ | page=403}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Rose | first1=Patrick | last2=Jeffreys | first2=A. | title=The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-317-02764-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEGrCwAAQBAJ| page=232}}</ref>

The All India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was at war, Britain was prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the [[Indian National Congress]] was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Viceroy's Council]], of the [[All India Muslim League]], the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], the princely states, the [[Indian Imperial Police]], the [[British Indian Army]], and the [[Indian Civil Service]]. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India Movement. The major outside support came from the Americans, as President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] pressured Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] to give in to some of the Indian demands.<ref name="Herman">{{cite book|author=Herman, Arthur |title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA359|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|page=359|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA359|archive-date=1 January 2016|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5}}</ref>

The movement included anti-British boycotts and rejection of transactions involving the colonial government. Various violent incidents took place around the country against British rule, and the colonial government arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the issue for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zachariah |first=Benjamin |date=2011-03-01 |title=Zachariah, 'Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence' |url=https://www.academia.edu/7426304 |journal=History Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=Do or Die: The Quit India Movement of 1942 |url=https://thenonviolenceproject.wisc.edu/2021/08/19/quit-india-movement/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Nonviolence Project |language=en-US}}</ref> The movement ended in 1945 with the release of all jailed nationalists. Prominent independence activists who died during the movement include [[Mukunda Kakati]], [[Matangini Hazra]], [[Kanaklata Barua]], [[Kushal Konwar]], [[Bhogeswari Phukanani]] and others.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women's Emancipation Movement in India|page=67|author=Kanaka Mukhārji|publisher=National Book Centre}}</ref> In 1992, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the [[Golden jubilee|Golden Jubilee]] of the Quit India Movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU |title=1 Rupee Coin of 1992 – Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee |website=[[YouTube]] |date=March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406094346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU |archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

==World War II and Indian involvement==
In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British [[Governor-General of India]], [[Victor Alexander John Hope|Lord Linlithgow]], brought India into the war without consultation with them. The Muslim League supported the war, but Congress was divided.

At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working committee in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against the Axis,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/the_congress_and_the_freedom_movement.htm#the. |title=The Second World War and the Congress |access-date=28 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005002204/http://www.aicc.org.in/the_congress_and_the_freedom_movement.htm |archive-date=5 October 2006 |publisher=Official of the Indian National Congress}} URL accessed on 20 July 2006</ref> but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return:

{{Blockquote|If the war is to defend the status quo of imperialist possessions and colonies, of vested interest and privilege, then India can have nothing to do with it. If, however, the issue is democracy and world order based on democracy, then India is intensely interested in it... If Great Britain fights for the maintenance and expansion of democracy, then she must necessarily end imperialism in her possessions and establish full democracy in India, and the Indian people have the right to self-determination... A free democratic India will gladly associate herself with other free nations for mutual defence against aggression and for economic co-operation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Panigrahi, D. N. |title=Quit India and the Struggle for Freedom |year= 1984|publisher= New Delhi|pages=13–14}}</ref>}}

Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]] and proposed even against [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini]], and [[Hideki Tojo]]). However, at the height of the [[Battle of Britain]], Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained divided. The long-term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India's budget, while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices doubled: although many Indian businesses benefited from increased war production, in general business "felt rebuffed by the government" and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for wartime production.<ref>Srinath Raghavan (2016). ''India's War – The Making of Modern South Asia 1939–1945'', Allen Lane, London. {{ISBN|978-1-846-14541-4}}, p. 320.</ref>

[[Subash Chandra Bose]] remarked that a "new chapter in Indian freedom struggle began with the Quit India Movement".<ref>{{cite book|title=Assamese Women in Indian Independence Movement: With a Special Emphasis on Kanaklata Barua|page=5|author=Guptajit Pathak|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref> After the onset of the world war, Bose had organised the ''[[Indian Legion]]'' in [[Germany]], reorganised the [[Indian National Army]] with Japanese assistance and, soliciting help from the [[Axis powers]], conducted a [[guerrilla war]] against the British authorities.

Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Linlithgow]] remarked the movement to be "by far the most serious rebellion since 1857". In his telegram to [[Winston Churchill]] on 31 August he noted:

<blockquote>I am engaged here in meeting by far the most serious rebellion since that of 1857, the gravity and extent of which we have so far concealed from the world for reasons of military security. Mob violence remains rampant over large tracts of the countryside and I am by no means confident that we may not see in September a formidable attempt to renew this widespread sabotage of our war effort. The lives of Europeans in outlying places are in jeopardy.<ref name="Panigrahi"/><ref name="Wolpert Wolpert">{{cite book | last=Wolpert | first=Stanley | title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-19-539394-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC&pg=PA46 | page=46}}</ref></blockquote>

When American Republican presidential candidate [[Wendell Willkie]] and [[YMCA]] official [[Sherwood Eddy]] planned to meet Gandhi, Linlithgow deemed it to be American interference in "our own business" and asked Churchill to dissuade them.<ref name="Wolpert Wolpert"/> The Indian nationalists knew that the [[United States]] strongly supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed the Indians.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pullin, Eric D. |title='Noise and Flutter': American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=34|issue=2|pages=275–298|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00849.x|year=2010|jstor=24915981}}</ref>

===Cripps mission===
In March 1942, faced with a dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under [[Stafford Cripps]], the [[Leader of the House of Commons]], in what came to be known as the [[Cripps Mission]]. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the [[Indian National Congress]] a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for [[devolution]] and distribution of power from the crown and the [[Viceroy]] to an elected Indian legislature. The talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was unacceptable to the Indian movement.<ref name="b" />

===Factors contributing to the movement's launch===
In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India became a party to the war by being a constituent component of the British Empire. Had enough Indian states agreed to form a Federal Government under the terms of the 1935 Act, then the Viceroy could not have acted unilaterally in declaring war on India's behalf. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans. At the same time, the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain was waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace in the world. He also stated that after the war the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance with the desires of the Indians.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/quit-india-movement-british-raj-mahatma-gandhi-do-or-die-8079136/|title=Explained: Recalling 'Quit India', when ordinary Indians took to the streets with a vow to 'Do or Die'|date=9 August 2022 }}</ref>

Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for the leader of the Muslim League, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He called the date i.e. 22 December 1939 [[Day of Deliverance (India)|The Day of Deliverance]]. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate electorate, Pakistan.

Meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as prime minister. This meant that the Marquis of Zetland who had piloted the 1935 Act, much to Churchill's chagrin, resigned as Secretary of State for India. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of the worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred to as the "[[August Offer]]". However, Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.

In the context of the widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha, Gandhi revealed his plan to launch individual civil disobedience. Once again, the weapon of ''[[satyagraha]]'' found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British. [[Vinoba Bhave]], a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti-war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavours. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3 December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.

Cripps' mission of March 1942 and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A draft declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like the establishment of Dominion, the establishment of a Constituent Assembly, and right of the provinces to make separate constitutions. However, these were to be only implemented after the cessation of the World War II. According to Congress, this declaration offered India an only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said, "It is a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and the realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India.

==Resolution for immediate independence==
The Congress Working Committee meeting at [[Wardha]] (14 July 1942) adopted a resolution demanding complete independence from the [[British government]]. The draft proposed massive [[civil disobedience]] if the British did not accede to the demands. It was passed at Bombay

However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader, [[Chakravarti Rajgopalachari]], quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional level organisers. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Maulana Azad]] were apprehensive and critical of the call, but backed it and stuck with Gandhi's [[leadership]] until the end. [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like [[Asoka Mehta]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].

[[Allama Mashriqi]], head of the [[Khaksar Tehrik]], was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]]. He also sent a copy to [[Bulusu Sambamurti]] (former Speaker of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly#Madras Presidency|Madras Assembly]]). The telegram was published in the press, and stated:

{{Blockquote|I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's letter of 8 July. My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature. The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical [[Pakistan]], and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India. If the British refuse, start total disobedience.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2007). ''Hidden facts behind British India's freedom: a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and [[Quaid-e-Azam]]'s political conflict''. AMZ Publications, p. 137. {{ISBN|0976033380}}</ref>}}

The resolution said:
{{Blockquote|The committee, therefore, resolves to sanction for the vindication of India's inalienable right to freedom and independence, the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale, so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle... they [the people] must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement.}}

==Guidelines==

The guidelines of the movement that prevailed throughout the movement included [[Civil disobedience|disobedience]] of law, general strike among students, general strike amongst labour, formations of free Government, breaking of communications, refusal to pay taxes and others.<ref name="Sengupta Chatterjee"/>

On 8 November 1942, Congress told people to perform ten duties 'without any risk':

# No transaction with any business either with the Britishers or their Government
# Every home and window exhibit tricoloured flag
# Do not see movies because this money "goes to the tyrant Government"
# Do not enter the Courts
# Do not purchase the foreign goods
# Withdrawal of your money from the Government Banks
# Boycott the servants of the British Government
# Do not transact any business for which you are asked to go to court
# Leave the cities and go to villages
# Let the grain and other things remain with the peasant.<ref name="Sengupta Chatterjee">{{cite book | last1=Sengupta | first1=Syamalendu | last2=Chatterjee | first2=Gautam | author3=National Archives of India | title=Secret Congress Broadcasts and Storming Railway Tracks During Quit India Movement | publisher=Navrang | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-7013-050-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAdAAAAMAAJ | pages=17–27}}</ref><ref name="Thakkar">{{cite book | last=Thakkar | first=Usha | title=Congress Radio: Usha Mehta and the Underground Radio Station of 1942 | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2021 | isbn=978-93-5492-166-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1k7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT301 | page=301}}</ref>

==Opposition to the Quit India Movement==
[[File:Quit India Movement 2017 stampsheet 2.jpg|thumb|A 2017 stamp sheet dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Quit India Movement. It features the [[Martyr's Memorial Patna]] (bottom-left), Gandhi delivering his "Do or Die" speech on 8 August 1942 (3rd stamp), and a part of it: "The mantra is 'Do or Die'. We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery." (1st stamp).]]
Several political groups active during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the [[#Muslim League|Muslim League]], the [[#Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]] and [[#Princely States|princely states]] as below:

===Hindu Mahasabha===
Hindu nationalist parties like the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.<ref name="Bapu2013" /> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled ''Stick to your Posts'', in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. But later after requests and persuasions and realising the importance of the bigger role of Indian independence he chose to join the Indian independence movement.<ref name="Bapu2013" />

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,<ref name="Bapu2013" /> [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by [[Krishak Praja Party]] of [[Fazlul Haq]]), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:<blockquote>Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.</blockquote> In this way he managed to gain insights of the British government and effectively give information of the independence leaders.<ref name="Mookerjee2000" />{{sfn|Noorani|2000|p=56}} Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha, would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:<blockquote>The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.{{sfn|Noorani|2000|p=56}}</blockquote>

===Others===

The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] opposed the movement. Jinnah supported British war effort in the world war.<ref name="Wells 2022">{{cite book | last=Wells | first=Audrey | title=The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Contributions to International Relations | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-87552-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2VXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99| page=99}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskaran 1999">{{cite book | last=Bhaskaran | first=Krishnan | title=Quit India Movement: A People's Revolt in Maharashtra | publisher=Himalaya Publishing House | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayJuAAAAMAAJ | page=138}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of India]] opposed the Quit India movement and supported the British war effort after [[Soviet Union]] was under attack.<ref name="Sarkar Bandyopadhyay">{{cite book | last1=Sarkar | first1=Tanika | last2=Bandyopadhyay | first2=Sekhar | title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-351-58172-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 | page=178}}</ref>

While the movement had impact on princely states, some princes opposed the movement and funded the opposition.<ref name="Wolpert1984" /><ref name="Samal 1988">{{cite book | last=Samal | first=J. K. | title=Princely States of Orissa, 1905–1947 | publisher=Vohra Publishers & Distributors | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-85072-29-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApQeAAAAMAAJ | quote=The Quit India Movement provided a large-scale opportunity for the princely state people to join enthusiastically the campaign for opposing the British under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. | page=48}}</ref><ref name="Siddiqui 2004">{{cite book | last=Siddiqui | first=A. U. | title=Indian Freedom Movement in Princely States of Vindhya Pradesh | publisher=Northern Book Centre | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7211-150-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ps1_lvyBxMC&pg=PA139| page=139}}</ref>

==Local violence and parallel governments==
[[File:Picketing in front of Medical School at Bangalore during examination during Quit India movement, organised by Indian National Congress.jpg|right|thumb|Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru]]

The movement significantly impacted military preparations of British Empire during the World War II as 57 infantry battalions were used to quell protests for months when they had to be used in the war. Airfield construction was also delayed for four to six weeks.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GZECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Military Economics, Culture and Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945|publisher=Routledge|author=Dunlop, Graham |year=2015|isbn=978-1317316244 }}</ref>

According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India Movement:
:...attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings. There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut. The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar. The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order.<ref name="Riddick2006" />

At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local impact in some areas. especially at [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in Maharashtra, [[Talcher]] in Odisha, and [[Midnapore District|Midnapore]].<ref name="BC" />{{page needed|date=August 2020}} In [[Tamluk]] and [[Contai]] subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel government [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar|Tamluk National Government]], which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944.<ref name="BC" />{{page needed|date=August 2020}} A minor uprising took place in [[Ballia]], now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special importance in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e. going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there.<ref name="shukla" /> In Adas village in [[Kaira district]], six people died and many more wounded in [[1942 Adas shooting|police shooting incident]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jamindar |first=Rasesh |date=2001-01-01 |title=અડાસનો ગોળીબાર |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref>

In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fuelled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the [[Bengal famine of 1943|great famine of 1943]] suspended the movement in Bengal.<ref name="sen" />

==Result of the movement==
One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and until then relatively unknown [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent in large groups and strikes were called.

The demonstrations sometimes turned violent. At some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut, and transport and communication lines were severed.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dunn | first=J. M. | title=Birth of Modern India | publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC | series=World History | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4205-1218-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1xmDwAAQBAJ | page=63}}</ref>

[[File:Quit India Movement.ogv|thumb|Film footage of the days during Quit India Movement]]
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over the clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough for a battleship to be specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to [[South Africa]] or [[Yemen]]. However, that step was ultimately not taken out of fear of intensifying the revolt.<ref name="c" /> Leadership of the underground movement included names like Achyut Rao Patwardhan, [[Aruna Asaf Ali]], [[Sucheta Kripalani]], [[Daljit Singh (Delhi politician)|Daljit Singh]] and [[Nana Patil]].

A sense that the movement could not gain prompt results had depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents such as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] sought to gain political mileage, criticising Gandhi and the Congress Party.

The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife [[Kasturbai Gandhi|Kasturba Gandhi]] and his personal secretary [[Mahadev Desai]] died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, he kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.

In 1945, when World War II had almost come to an end, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party of the United Kingdom]] won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Studlar | first=D. T. | title=Great Britain: Decline Or Renewal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-429-96865-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | page=117|quote=The Labour Party promised independence for India in its campaign in the general election of 1945.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ram | first=J. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ | page=76|quote= Labour Party had promised freedom for India if they came to power
}}</ref> The jailed political prisoners were released in 1945.<ref>{{cite book|title=Right to Property in India|page=36|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1990|author=Naveen Sharma}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]]
*[[British Raj]]
*[[Government of Azad Hind]]
*[[Indian Independence Movement]]
*[[Indian nationalism]]
*[[Kallara-Pangode Struggle]]
*[[Non-Cooperation Movement]]
*[[Rahul Sankrityayan]]
*[[Congress Radio]]

==References==
{{Reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="b">{{cite journal|author=Tarak Barkawi|title=Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=325–355|doi=10.1177/0022009406062071|jstor=30036389|year=2006|s2cid=145364543}}</ref>
<ref name="BC">Bidyut Chakraborty (1997) ''Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919–1944)''. Manohar.</ref>
<ref name="Bapu2013">{{cite book|author=Prabhu Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|pages=103–}}</ref>
<ref name="c">{{cite book|author=D. Fisher and A. Read|year=1998|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|publisher=[[WW Norton]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/proudestdayindia00read/page/229 229–330]|isbn=9780393045949|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/proudestdayindia00read/page/229}}</ref>





<ref name="Mookerjee2000">{{cite book|author1=Syama P. Mookerjee|author2=Śyāmāprasāda Mukhopādhyāẏa|title=Leaves from a Diary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFfCAQAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565097-6|page=179}}</ref>
<ref name="Riddick2006">{{cite book|author=John F. Riddick|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32280-8|page=115}}</ref>
<ref name="sen">{{cite journal|author=Sunil Sen|title=Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement: Midnapur, 1942–44|journal=Indian Historical Review|year=1985|volume=12 |issue =1–2|pages= 300–316}}</ref>
<ref name="shukla">{{cite journal|author=Jaykumar R. Shukla|title=The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra|journal=Quarterly Review of Historical Studies|year=1981|volume= 21|issue=1 |pages= 3–8|jstor=44142014}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolpert1984">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|author-link = Stanley Wolpert|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OFtAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7|pages=209, 210, 215}}</ref>
}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC |year=2000 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-81-87496-13-7 }}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* [[M. J. Akbar|Akbar, M.J.]] ''Nehru: The Making of India'' (Viking, 1988), popular biography
* {{cite journal|author=Buchanan, Andrew N. |title=The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December 1941 – September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma|journal=Global War Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=5–31|doi=10.5893/19498489.08.02.01|year=2011}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|title=Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=4|pages=791–814|jstor=312940|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010076|year=1992|s2cid=146564132}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|title=Defiance and Confrontation: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur|journal=Social Scientist|volume=20|issue=7/8|pages=75–93|doi=10.2307/3517569|jstor=3517569|year=1992}}
* {{cite journal|author=Chopra, P. N.|title='Quit India' Movement of 1942|journal=Journal of Indian History|year=1971|volume=49 |issue =145–147|pages=1–56}}
* Clymer, Kenton J. ''Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence'' (Columbia University Press, 1995) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100518849 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103133609/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100518849 |date=3 January 2005 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Greenough, Paul R.|title=Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=17|issue=3|pages=353–386|jstor=312297|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00007538|year=1983|s2cid=146571045}}
* {{cite book|author=Herman, Arthur|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA494|year=2008|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0553804638}}
* Hutchins, Francis G. ''India's Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement'' (1973) {{ISBN?}}
* {{cite journal|author=Johnson, Robert|title=The Army in India and Responses to Low-Intensity Conflict, 1936–1946|journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research|volume= 89|issue=358 |year=2011|pages= 159–181|jstor=44231836}}
* Krishan, Shri. "Crowd vigour and social identity: The Quit India Movement in western India." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 33.4 (1996): 459–479.
* Panigrahi; D. N. ''India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat'' (Routledge, 2004) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108519176 online edition]{{dead link|date=July 2024 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Pati, Biswamoy|title=The climax of popular protest: The Quit India Movement in Orissa|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=29|pages=1–35|doi=10.1177/001946469202900101|year=1992|s2cid=143484597}}
* Patil, V. I. ''Gandhiji, Nehruji and the Quit India Movement'' (1984){{ISBN?}}
* Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; ''The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence'' (W. W. Norton, 1999) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101073461 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627162355/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101073461 |date=27 June 2008 }}; detailed scholarly history
* Venkataramani, M. S.; Shrivastava, B. K. ''Quit India: The American Response to the 1942 Struggle'' (1979){{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |title=The way out to freedom: an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants|author=Zaidi, A. Moin |publisher=Orientalia (India)|year=1973|page=85 }}
* Muni, S. D. "The Quit India Movement: A Review Article", ''International Studies'', (Jan 1977), 16#1 pp 157–168,
* Shourie, Arun (1991). "The Only fatherland": Communists, "Quit India", and the Soviet Union. New Delhi: ASA Publications. {{ISBN|978-8185304359}}
* [[Mansergh, Nicholas]], and E. W. R. Lumby, eds. ''India: The Transfer of Power 1942–7. Vol. II. 'Quit India' 30 April–21 September 1942'' (London: [[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]], 1971), 1044pp [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460044 online]
* {{cite book |title=Quit India Movement: British secret documents, Vol. 1|author=Pran Nath Chopra|author2=Shri Ram Bakshi |publisher=Interprint|year=1986 |isbn=978-81-85017-32-7 |page=17 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Quit India Movement}}
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/420427a.html Rejected 'Quit India' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942]

{{World War II}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Quit India Movement| ]]
[[Category:1942 protests]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1942 in India]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:Asian resistance to colonialism]]
[[Category:History of Siwan district]]

Punnami Naagu (2009 film)

2026-03-05T12:40:45Z

Minguel: fixed details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punnami Naagu
| image = Punnami Naagu (2009 film).jpg
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| producer = G. Vijay Kumar Goud
| story = [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| writer =
| starring = [[Mumaith Khan]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = P. N. Babu
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = Sound & Clap
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|04|10}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Punnami Naagu''''' ({{translation|Full moon [[Nāga]]}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language female-centric horror film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jukrDwAAQBAJ&q=Punnami+Nagu+the+hindu&pg=PT260|title=Indian Horror Cinema: (En)gendering the Monstrous|first=Mithuraaj|last=Dhusiya|date=13 September 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781351386487|via=Google Books|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308024034/https://books.google.com/books?id=jukrDwAAQBAJ&q=Punnami+Nagu+the+hindu&pg=PT260#v=onepage&q=Punnami%20Nagu%20the%20hindu&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumaith Khan plays dual roles as a snakewoman and a model (city woman).<ref name="Academia">{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/6979675|title=LET THE GHOST SPEAK: A STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY INDIAN HORROR CINEMA|first=Ritam|last=Khanna|via=[[academia.edu]]|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308024049/https://www.academia.edu/6979675/LET_THE_GHOST_SPEAK_A_STUDY_OF_CONTEMPORARY_INDIAN_HORROR_CINEMA|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''Pournami Nagam'' (2010).<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Aug/29/female-lead-squared---a-look-at-dual-roles-played-by-female-actors-in-tamil-cinema-1120.html|title=Female Lead Squared - A look at dual roles played by female actors in Tamil cinema|work=[[Cinema Express]]|last=Rajendran|first=Gopinath|date=10 August 2020 |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as
**Nagamani, the female snake
**Honey, a model
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]]
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] as Gangamma Lakshmi
*[[Nizhagal Ravi]] as Honey's father
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Gangamma Lakshmi's uncle
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Mayadevi Bhairavi
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Sajid Khan]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as a priest
*[[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as a poacher
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as a poacher
*[[Manobala]] as SI Velangara Ramana Reddy
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Dr. Pallalokam
* [[Aditya Om]] as the male snake dancer (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
[[Mumaith Khan]] plays a snake woman who believes in love and not revenge, and the people from the village think that her character is a [[devadasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/mumaits-hiss-tell/articleshow/4305173.cms|title=Mumait's hiss and tell|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2009|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Academia" /> A childhood scene regarding Mumaith Khan's character was shot in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Academia" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Punnami Naagu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:04
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = S. A. Rajkumar
| chronology = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| prev_title = [[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Maa Annayya Bangaram]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|4LgPDlNtndc|Punnami Naagu – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music is composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Punnami Nagu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/punnami-nagu/i9VJyaH,biw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> The film features a remix of "Ragulutondi" from ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983) and also reuses archival footage from the said film.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/-punnami-naagu-reptile-repulsion/articleshow/22172594.cms|title=Punnami Naagu: Reptile repulsion|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=11 April 2009|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506103154/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/-punnami-naagu-reptile-repulsion/articleshow/22172594.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Boddu Kinda Cheera
| length1 = 4:48
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = Gayatri
| title2 = Raguluthondi
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = Abhinaya Srinivas
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Suchitra]]
| title3 = Ajare Ajare
| length3 = 4:44
| lyrics3 = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra3 = S. A. Rajkumar, Suchitra
| title4 = Om Namah Shivaya
| length4 = 3:31
| lyrics4 = [[Siva Shakthi Datta]]
| extra4 = [[Gopika Poornima]], [[Rahul Sipligunj|Rahul]]
| title5 = Poojinchey Punnami Nagu
| length5 = 4:48
| lyrics5 = Siva Shakthi Datta
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length = 22:04
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "[i]t is for the people who still want to see bhakti cinemas made on snakes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-punnaminagu.html|title=Punnami Nagu review - Telugu cinema Review - Mumaith Khan & Rajiv Kanakala|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211021939/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-punnaminagu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "The story itself is pretty old-fashioned and sans logic".<ref name="B"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:2009 horror films]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Political activism in Kerala

2026-03-04T06:34:04Z

Minguel: Added Initial Details Added Tags

{{Short description|Overview of the political activisim in Kerala, India}}
{{for|an overview about the politics in Kerala|Politics of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Vyttila Junction - A harthal day view.JPG|thumb|Vyttila junction during a hartal]]
[[File:Cpmernakulam (37).jpg|thumbnail|SIgnboard by CPI(M) for blockading the Ernakulam Collectorate]][[File:Kerala2006 (19).JPG|thumb|Mural by Farmers' Union, Alappuzha]]
[[File:Kerala2006 (12).JPG|thumb|Ranadive Memorial, Alappuzha]]
[[File:CPIM election decorations.JPG|thumb|Election campaign in Kerala]]
[[File:Aitucallepeytoddyworkers (33).jpg|thumb|A rally by toddy worker's trade union]]

[[File:Vypin strike.jpg|thumb|Vypin Strike]][[File:Kiss of love protest 2014 in Kerala at Ernakulam.JPG|thumb|Kiss of Love protest 2014]]
[[Kerala]] is a politically-active society in [[India]], with a politically active and aware population. Many of the news events happening in Kerala are related to the political events happening in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala.html|title=Onmanorama Kerala News|work=OnManorama|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref>

==Hartals==
A record total of 223 [[hartal]]s were observed in 2006. There were around 363 "[[Hartal]]s", called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012. Hartals are called for various political, economic and social reasons.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120916004752/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/363-hartals-7-years-kerala-203 "363 Hartals in 7 years in Kerala!" - A News Report on] 16-09-2012 from [[Deccan Chronicle]]</ref><ref>[http://www.pressenza.com/2012/09/india-363-hartals-in-7-years-in-kerala/ "India - 363 hartals in 7 years in Kerala!" - A News Report on] 17-09-2012 from Pressenza</ref>

==Political violence==
Between 2000 and 2017, Kerala reported at least 80 political murders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-31|title=Kerala and political killings: As CPM-RSS clash, here's a list of those killed from both camps in past year|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kerala-and-political-killings-as-cpm-rss-clash-heres-a-list-of-those-killed-from-both-camps-in-past-year-3875567.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The state also reported the third-highest number of murders committed (12) due to political reasons in 2015, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-07|title=Kerala: In BJP-RSS vs CPM clashes, roughly equal number of deaths on both sides|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-in-bjp-rss-vs-cpm-clashes-roughly-equal-number-of-deaths-on-both-sides/story-bTFP8vUBzFfyHInwiaLJaI.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In the last 17 years, 85 CPM workers, 65 RSS or BJP workers, 11 workers of Congress and IUML each have been killed - mostly by their political rivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Several Clashes Between CPM, BJP Supporters Reported Across Kerala|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/several-clashes-between-cpm-bjp-supporters-reported-across-kerala-1777555|access-date=2020-09-01|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Between 2000 and 2016, Kannur district in Kerala reported 69 political murders, with RSS losing almost as many workers as CPM, according to ''The Hindustan Times.'' Kannur is considered to be a bastion of Kerala’s communist movement since the 1930s. The district is the homeland of communist veterans like former [[Member of Parliament]] [[A K Gopalan|A. K. Gopalan]], former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[E. K. Nayanar]] and [[Azhikodan Raghavan]]. Kannur is said to be the state’s most violent territory – more so with the advent of the RSS in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alison Saldanha|first=Factchecker in & Gangadhar Patil|title=In Kannur, RSS-BJP and CPI(M) have lost equal numbers to political violence|url=https://scroll.in/article/831083/in-kannur-rss-bjp-and-cpi-m-have-lost-equal-numbers-to-political-violence|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Scroll.in|date=7 March 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> Clashes between the RSS and the CPI(M) have claimed over 300 lives since 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2016|first=Jeemon|last=Jacob|title=The killing fields of Kannur|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20161031-kerala-kannur-political-murders-pinarayi-vijayan-829758-2016-10-20|access-date=2020-09-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Political murders after 2010==
{| class="wikitable sortable" valign=" centre"
|-
!Sl. No.
!Date
!Name
!Organisations
!Location
|-
|1
|15.11.2021
|Sanjith
|RSS
|Palakkad
|-
|2
|18.12.2021
|KS Shan
|SDPI
|Alappuzha
|-
|3
|19.12.2021
|Ranjith Srinivas
|RSS
|Alappuzha
|-
|4
|15.04.2022
|Subair
|SDPI
|Palakkad
|-
|5
|16.04.2022
|Sreenivasan
|RSS
|Palakkad
|-
|6
|14.08.2022
|Shajahan
|CPIM
|Palakkad
|}

== Kiss of Love protest ==
'''Kiss of Love protest''' was a non-violent protest against [[Moral police|moral policing]], which started in [[Kerala]], [[India]], and later spread to other parts of [[India]].<ref name="in.reuters.com4">{{cite news |date=10 November 2014 |title='Kiss of Love' protests rattle Modi's conservative India |newspaper=Reuters |publisher= |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-kissing-idINKCN0IU1QB20141110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224936/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-kissing-idINKCN0IU1QB20141110 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2016 |accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title='Kiss of Love' spreads to Kolkata |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/kiss-of-love-spreads-to-kolkata_1494889.html |accessdate=26 November 2014 |work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Kiss of Love' Campaign Spreads to Kolkata, Delhi - New America Media |url=http://newamericamedia.org/2014/11/kiss-of-love-campaign-spreads-to-kolkata-delhi.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111050723/http://newamericamedia.org/2014/11/kiss-of-love-campaign-spreads-to-kolkata-delhi.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2014 |accessdate=26 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=K C |first1=Ramesh Babu |date=29 October 2014 |title='Kiss of Love' to protest moral policing in Kerala |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-mass-kissing-drive-leaves-cops-high-and-dry/article1-1280010.aspx |url-status=dead |accessdate=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029071403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-mass-kissing-drive-leaves-cops-high-and-dry/article1-1280010.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hashim |first1=Farmis |date=3 November 2014 |title=Demonstrators kiss to protest 'moral policing' in Kerala |work=The Observers |publisher=[[France24]] |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20141103-kiss-protest-moral-policing-kerala |accessdate=5 November 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417051440/http://observers.france24.com/content/20141103-kiss-protest-moral-policing-kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref> The movement began when a [[Facebook]] page called 'Kiss of love' called forth the youth across Kerala to participate in a protest against moral policing on 2 November 2014, at Marine Drive, [[Cochin]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2014 |title=Kiss of Love: Kochi's version of Pink Chaddi campaign to fight moral policing |work=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network 18]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kiss-of-love-kochis-version-of-pink-chaddi-campaign-to-fight-moral-policing-1778187.html |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |date=28 October 2014 |title=Youth to mark Nov 2 as 'Kiss Day' to challenge moral policing in Kerala |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/youth-to-mark-nov-2-as-kiss-day-to-challenge-moral-policing-in-kerala/ |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> The movement received widespread support with more than 154,404 'Likes' for the Facebook page.<ref name="facebook.com4">https://www.facebook.com/kissoflovekochi: {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews.com4">{{cite web |title='Kiss of love' plan gets more support in Kerala |date=30 October 2014 |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/kiss-of-love-plan-gets-more-support-in-kerala-1.1406074 |accessdate=26 November 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> After the initial protest in Kochi, similar protests were organised in other major cities of the country. It received opposition from various religious and political groups like [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], [[SDPI]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], [[Shiv Sena]], [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Hindu Sena]] and [[Ernakulam]] wing of [[Kerala Students Union]].<ref name="ReferenceA4">{{Cite web |title=Wary Cops Nab Around 50 'Kiss of Love' Protesters |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Wary-Cops-Nab-Around-50-Kiss-of-Love-Protesters/2014/11/03/article2504805.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106161510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Wary-Cops-Nab-Around-50-Kiss-of-Love-Protesters/2014/11/03/article2504805.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle4">https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141103/nation-current-affairs/article/kiss-love-protest-police-blamed-giving-free-hand-miscreants: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203031000/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141103/nation-current-affairs/article/kiss-love-protest-police-blamed-giving-free-hand-miscreants|date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com4">{{cite web |title=Kerala's 'Kiss of Love' Protest, Planned for Sunday, Draws Opposition |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/kerala-s-kiss-of-love-protest-planned-for-sunday-draws-opposition-613289: |accessdate=26 November 2014 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com4">{{Cite news |date=31 October 2014 |title=Student organisations condemn 'Kiss of Love' |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/student-organisations-condemn-kiss-of-love/article6551314.ece:}}</ref> On specific occasions but not exclusively, both the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Delhi High Court]] have made it clear that kissing in public is not an obscene act and no criminal proceedings can be initiated, for kissing in public, through landmark judgments.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com4">{{cite web |title=SC clean chit to Gere in Shilpa kissing row |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-clean-chit-to-gere-in-shilpa-kissing-row/61177-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110200352/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-clean-chit-to-gere-in-shilpa-kissing-row/61177-8.html |archive-date=10 November 2014 |accessdate=26 November 2014 |work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk4">{{cite news |date=14 March 2008 |title=BBC News - South Asia - Richard Gere cleared of obscenity |publisher= |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7295797.stm |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2009 |title=BBC News - South Asia - India couple's kiss 'not obscene' |publisher= |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7866478.stm |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com4">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031185728/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms|date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia.com4">http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090218/jsp/opinion/story_10552589.jsp: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112032716/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090218/jsp/opinion/story_10552589.jsp|date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

== Legal remedies ==
In 2015, the provincial government in Kerala introduced a law that tried to control hartals and bandhs. According to this new bill, a notification of three days is required for any public agitation. The draft gives the government powers to cancel a strike announced by any party. A punishment of six months' imprisonment is included in the draft bill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2015 |title=Kerala government introduces new bill against Hartal |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala-government-introduces-new-bill-against-hartal-bandh-strike-1847577.html}}</ref>

== Leftist inclination ==
The social thought and behaviour of the State in general has a strong inclination towards [[Leftist|leftism]] and thus the [[Communist party|communist parties]] have made strong inroads in Kerala. Kerala was the first Indian state where the communists were voted to power.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3693425.stm Snapshots - India's final voting day BBC News]</ref> The Malabar region, particularly [[Kannur]] and [[Palakkad]] are considered to heartland of communist parties. The [[Kollam]] and [[Alapuzha]] districts, where trade unions have very strong presence, are generally inclined towards the left parties; though the Congress-led UDF have won elections from the constituencies of these districts several times. The largest communist party in terms of membership is [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] followed by [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].

== History ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!SL No
!Date
!Called By
!Reason
!Ref
|-
|1
|18-01-2012
|Mullaperiyar Samrakshna Samiti
|[[Mullaperiyar Dam#Interstate dispute|Mullaperiyar Dam Row]]
|<ref name="MP.14">{{cite web |title=News Report on 18-01-2012 from Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=119109 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130128102616/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=119109 |archivedate=2013-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|2
|28-02-2012
|[[Trade unions in India]]
|Protest against the 'neo-liberal economic & labour policies' pursued by the [[Government of India|Central Government]]
|<ref name="TU.14">{{cite web |title=News Report on 28-02-2012 from Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120645 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301161809/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120645 |archivedate=2012-03-01}}</ref>
|-
|3
|05-05-2012
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|[[TP Chandrasekharan#Death|Protest Against Murder of T. P. Chandrasekharan]]
|
|-
|4
|24-05-2012
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] & [[BJP]]
|Petrol Price Hike
|
|-
|5
|02-08-2012
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Protest Against the arrest of CPM Kannur district secretary P Jayarajan
|
|-
|6
|15-09-2012
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] & [[BJP]]
|Petrol Price Hike
|
|}

== Hartals in 2018 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!SL No
!Date
!Called By
!Reason
!Ref
|-
|1
|22-Jan-2018
|CITU, AITUC, INTUC, Trade Unions
|[Privatisation of PSUs, Labour Laws]
|{{cite web |title=News Report on 2018-01-22 from Business Line |date=2 September 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/trade-unions-strike-hits-normal-life-kerala-karnataka-most-affected/article7607094.ece}}
|-
|1
|02-Apr-2018
|CITU, AITUC, INTUC, STU, HMS, UTUC, Trade Unions
|[Fixed Term Employment Rules]
|{{cite web |title=News Report on 2018-03-31 from Manorama News |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/03/22/new-employment-norms--trade-union-strike-in-kerala-on-april-2.html}}
|-
|1
|9-Apr-2018
|Dalit Organisations
|[Police action against Dalits in north India]
|{{cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=News Report on 2018-04-09 from News 18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-hartal-exams-postponed-bus-services-hit-as-dalits-take-to-streets-1712475.html}}
|-
|2
|29-May-2018
|UDF,BJP,BDJS, KC(M)
|[Kevin Joseph Murder]
|{{cite news |date=29 May 2018 |title=News Report on 2018-05-29 from Hindu News |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/opposition-hartal-in-kottayam-today/article24018073.ece}}
|-
|2
|07-Aug-2018
|CITU, AITUC, INTUC
|[Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill 2017]
|{{cite web |title=News Report on 2018-05-29 from Manorama |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/08/06/motor-vehicles-amendment-bill-strike.html}}
|-
|2
|10-Sep-2018
|LDF, UDF
|[Fuel Price Hike]
|{{cite web |title=News Report on 2018-05-29 from UNI |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/hartal-normal-life-affected-in-kerala/States/news/1346234.html}}
|-
|2
|16-Oct-2018
|UDF
|[Anti-people policies by the state and Centre]
|{{cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title=News Report on 2018-05-29 from HT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-shutdown-by-congress-led-udf-affects-normal-life/story-adt57MDMLvUX5uqeeuns7I.html}}
|-
|3
|14-Dec-2018
|BJP
|[Sabarimala Issue]
|{{cite news |title=News Report on 14-12-2018 from TOI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/bjp-calls-for-hartal-in-kerala/articleshow/67086034.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2018 }}
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Hartal]]
* [[Bandh]]
* [[Gherao]]
* [[Satyagraha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chandran |first=VP |title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 |publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode |year=2018 |edition=Malayalam |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{cite book |author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |isbn=9788126415786}}
{{refend}}{{Kerala}}{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Political history of Kerala]]
[[Category:General strikes in India]]
[[Category:History of Kerala (1947–present)]]

Bhula Na Dena

2026-03-03T23:50:22Z

Minguel: quick expanded citations for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhula Na Dena
| image = Bhula Na Dena.jpg
| caption = Lobby card
| director = Hersh Kohli
| producer = Kumar Butani<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhula Na Dena Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhula-na-dena/cast/}}</ref>
| writer =
| starring =
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
'''''Bhula Na Dena''''' is a 1981 Hindi [[Romance film|romance]] [[drama film]] directed by Harsh Kohli and produced by Kumar Butani,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhula Na Dena 1981 Rakesh Kajal Bollywood Hindi Movie Song Rare Press Booklet |url=https://www.ebay.com.au/itm/176424303505 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=eBay |language=en-au}}</ref> starring [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Jayshree T.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Bhula Na Dena (1981) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/bhula-na-dena-1981-hindi-movie |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rakesh Roshan]]
* [[Kajal Kiran]]
* [[Sujit Kumar]]
* [[Shekhar Kapur]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* [[Jayshree T.]]

==Music==
All songs were written by [[Amit Khanna]], while "D Le Gayi" was penned by Shaily Shailendra.

#"Sikho To Sikhaye Tumhe Pyar Ka Sabak, Bhula Na Dena" - [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]
#"Batli Wali Ne" - [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
#"Dil Humne Jise" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Dil Le Gayi" - [[Bappi Lahiri]]
#"Socha Na Samjha" - Asha Bhosle

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0361376}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Chaahat (1996 film)

2026-03-03T23:28:38Z

Minguel: adjusted page per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaahat
| image = Chaahat (1996).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| writer = [[Robin Bhatt]] [[Akash Khurana]] [[Javed Siddiqui]]
| producer = Robin Bhatt Viral Lakhia
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| cinematography = Ashok Behl
| editing = Bharat Singh
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Amar Haldipur]]
| distributor = Bhatt Productions
| released = {{Film date|1996|06|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chaahat''''' ({{Translation|Desire}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi-language]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], and [[Anupam Kher]]. Shah Rukh Khan acquired the rights of this film from [[Mahesh Bhatt]] in October 2013 under the banner, [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan acquires rights of his film 'Chahat' from Mahesh Bhatt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-acquires-rights-of-his-film-chahat-from-mahesh-bhatt/|date=9 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Mumbai|accessdate=15 July 2021}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''Prem Rogi'' in 2009.

== Plot ==
Roop Singh Rathore is a singer in Rajasthan just like his father, Shambunath Singh Rathod. Shambunath falls sick and needs immediate medical care in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Roop and his father immediately transfer to Bombay, where Roop finds work in a hotel owned by Ajay Narang. One day, while he is singing at Ajay Narang's hotel, Ajay's sister Reshma falls in love with Roop. Reshma is a spoiled girl and Ajay sees through all of her wishes. Unfortunately, Roop is in love with a nurse who works at the hospital his father is being treated at named Pooja. Meanwhile, Reshma becomes obsessed with Roop, and asks her brother to call him again to sing in their hotel. But when she sees that all the girls are flattered over Roop, she gets very jealous and asks him to sing only for her now from then onwards. However, Roop prefers to work for Ajay's rival, Patel, rather than take Reshma's offer. Ajay's obsession with keeping his sister happy at all costs comes into play and Patel is brutally beaten by him until he agrees to throw Roop out of his hotel. Desperately in need of money for his father's operation, Roop has no option but to work for Reshma and Ajay. Reshma slowly becomes creepily obsessed towards Roop, treating anyone that stands in the way of her love towards him. To protect her and his family, Roop decides it is best to break up with Pooja, despite her efforts to console him.

Shambunath's undergoes an operation, which goes well, but seeing Roop extremely unhappy with his new life saddens him, and he decides to leave Bombay. Roop later tries to leave Bombay himself, along with his father and Pooja, but his plans are interrupted when Reshma tries to commit suicide, causing Ajay to have an outburst of anger. Nevertheless, Pooja and Roop get married. Frustrated with such a turn of events, Reshma and her brother devise a plan to make their lives miserable. After tracking Roop, Shambunath, and Pooja down, Ajay puts Roop's father on gallows and a rope tied around his neck with Roop on his feet, leaves with Pooja, and asks Roop to save Pooja or his father. Although Roop refuses to leave his father in such a horrible situation, Roop's father kicks him, sacrificing himself so that he could save Pooja and his son could be happy. Roop sets out to save Pooja, which brings him to a party Ajay is throwing at his hotel. Roop crashes Ajay's party where Pooja is being held hostage. Ajay and Roop begin to fight and brawl, during which Reshma threatens to kill Pooja if Roop doesn't stop fighting with her brother. Ajay then tries to shoot Roop, but Pooja, who just sees him, pushes Roop out of the way and Reshma gets shot, getting killed. Ajay is left in a shocked and [[catatonic state]], while Roop and Pooja escape.

The film ends with Roop and Pooja crying on a sidewalk, embracing each other bloodily and distressed.

== Cast ==
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Ajay Narang, the main antagonist.
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Roop Singh Rathod
*[[Pooja Bhatt]] as Nurse Pooja Singh Rathod, Roop's love interest and wife.
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Shambunath Singh Rathod, Roop's father.
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Reshma Narang, Ajay Narang's sister.
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Mama, Pooja's maternal uncle.
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Anna
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Traffic Cop
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as Raja (cameo appearance)
*[[Anant Jog]] as Minister K.K Singh
*[[Razak Khan]] as Pooja's Brother (cameo appearance)
*[[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as Patel
*Sharad Sankla as Charlie, Pooja's brother (cameo appearance)
*[[Laxmikant Berde]] as Bhaaji Rao (cameo appearance)
*[[Omkar Kapoor]] as Vicky
*[[Amrit Patel]] as Chacha, Pooja's paternal uncle.
*Naushaad Abbas as Fighter

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chaahat
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|1996}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 48:41
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the album was composed by [[Anu Malik]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chaahat Na Hoti
| extra1 = [[Vinod Rathod]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = 08:04
| lyrics1 = [[Nida Fazli]]|
| title2 = Dil Ki Tanhai Ko
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length2 = 07:27
| lyrics2 = Nida Fazli|
| title3 = Kabhi Dil Se Kam
| extra3 = Kumar Sanu and [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length3 = 05:23
| lyrics3 = Nida Fazli|
| title4 = Nahin Jeena Yaar Bina
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length4 = 05:54
| lyrics4 = [[Dev Kohli]]|
| title5 = Nahin Lagta
| extra5 = Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik
| length5 = 06:57
| lyrics5 = Nida Fazli|
| title6 = Tumne Dikhaye Aise Sapne
| extra6 = [[Vinod Rathod]]
| length6 = 06:40
| lyrics6 = Neeraj Pathak|
| title7 = Daddy Cool
| extra7 = [[Sudesh Bhosale]] and [[Devang Patel]]
| length7 = 08:22
| lyrics7 = [[Maya Govind]]|
| total_length = 48:41
}}

== Box office ==
''Chaahat'' grossed {{INRConvert|11.61|c}} in India and $250,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}87.50 [[lakh]]) in other countries, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|12.48|c}}, against its {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of {{INRConvert|2.99|c}}, and grossed {{INRConvert|5.16|c}} in its first week.<ref name="Chaahat Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/chaahat#.VbG3scFVikr|title=Chaahat Box office|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707015449/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/chaahat#.VbG3scFVikr|archivedate=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the 14th-highest-grossing film of 1996 worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1996|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805001507/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1996|archivedate=5 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== India ===
It opened on Thursday, 06 June 1996, across 190 screens, and earned {{INRConvert|61|l}} nett on its opening day. It grossed {{INRConvert|1.77|c}} nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of {{INRConvert|3.05|c}} nett. The film earned a total of {{INRConvert|6.87|c}} nett, and was declared "Below Average" by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref name="Chaahat Box office" /> It is the 15th-highest-grossing film of 1996 in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1996|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805004507/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1996|archivedate=5 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
It grossed $250,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}87.50 [[lakh]]) outside India.<ref name="Chaahat Box office" /> Overseas, It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1996#|title=Top Overseas Gross 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805003028/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1996|archivedate=5 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0172234}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]

Kaadhal Kavithai

2026-03-03T04:46:09Z

Minguel: enhanced references for accuracy also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaadhal Kavithai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Agathiyan]]
| producer = [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prashanth]]|[[Isha Koppikar]]|[[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi Yadav]]
| editing = Lancy-Mohan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Metro Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|1998|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kaadhal Kavithai''''' ({{translation|''Poem of love''}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Agathiyan]] and produced by [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]], [[Isha Koppikar]] (in her Tamil debut) and [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]], while [[Manivannan]] and [[Srividya]] play supporting characters. The film had music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while duo Lancy-Mohan and Ravi Yadav handled the editing and cinematography respectively.

The storyline revolves around a classical dancer who, while touring Europe, visits [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]]'s memorial at [[Althorp]]. Browsing through the various messages left by the public, she comes across a poetic, poignant epistle in Tamil that captivates her and impels her to scribble a response. While returning a few days later, she finds the author of that note has left another one, prompting her to begin to search for the author. After opening on 25 December 1998, the film went on to gain success critically and became a commercially successful venture.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2023}}
Vishwa spends his time hanging out with Anandham to avoid his mother, who always quarrels with his father. To find peace, he plays tricks on others. Among the victims is Jothi. The story moves to London, where Vishva visits [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]]'s grave and leaves a beautiful poem behind. At the same time, Jothi too visits the grave and leaves a note after reading the poem. Then begins a warm relationship between Jothi and Vishwa without seeing each other. Whether the two are united form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Vishwa
*[[Isha Koppikar]] as Jothi
*[[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] as Swapna
*[[Manivannan]] as Vishwa's father
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajiv]] as Jothi's father
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Vishwa's mother
*[[Srividya]] as Jothi's mother
*[[Charle]] as Anandham
*[[Nikita Aria|Supriya Nikita Palekar]] as Shoba
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Pandiyan
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] in a special appearance
*[[Raju Sundaram]] as himself in a special appearance
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as herself in a special appearance
*[[Saranya Nag]] as Jothi's friend (child artiste)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of the 1998 film ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'', its co-producer [[Ashok Amritraj]] agreed to work with actor [[Prashanth]] again in his next film and thus signed on to finance a film to be directed by [[Agathiyan]].<ref name="Dub-a-dub-a-dub">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=16 January 1999 |title=Dub-a-dub-a-dub |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/16ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928194633/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/16ss.htm |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 1998 |title="GENES" PRODUCER'S NEXT TAMIL VENTURE! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/27-04-98/genes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023142720/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/27-04-98/genes.htm |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 1999 |title=Rahman in Hollywood |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/08spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026090450/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/08spice.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film, initially untitled, began filming in [[Tamil Nadu]] in August 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Sandya S. |title="Having watched the wonderful films in India, I was quite 'crazy' about films" |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/ashok.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175549/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/ashok.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Amritraj later sold the project, later titled ''Kaadhal Kavithai'', to [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]] of Cee I TV Limited.<ref name="diana">{{Cite web |date=28 October 1998 |title=When love grows where Di died |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/28ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022546/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/28ss.htm |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[Isha Koppikar]] made her debut as an actor in Tamil cinema with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |author-link=Shoma A. Chatterji |date=26 July 2008 |title='I want to get out of the item number trap' |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080726/saturday/main2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608045342/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080726/saturday/main2.htm |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> The team had earlier approached [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] to be a part of the film, though she did not accept the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 1998 |title=Prashanth In Shankar, Agaththiyan Films |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/27-06-98/prashant.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312040740/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/27-06-98/prashant.htm |archive-date=12 March 2005 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> [[Monal Naval|Monal]] auditioned for the film, but did not make the final cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 1999 |title=Simran's Sister Monal! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/26-12-99/jothiga.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023142518/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/26-12-99/jothiga.htm |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] was originally chosen for an important role; however he was replaced by [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] while [[Indraja]] was originally offered [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]]'s role which she refused due to the role being glamorous. [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] made a cameo appearance for a song which was originally offered to [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 December 1998 |title=பெங்களூரிலிருந்து ஒரு மேகம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-12-06/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230607132933/https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-12-06/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Raju Sundaram]] choreographed a belly dance song shot in Rajasthan featuring Kasthuri.<ref name="Dub-a-dub-a-dub" /> Part of the film was shot in [[London]], with locations including near the [[River Thames]], the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]], [[Piccadilly Circus]] and [[Althorp]], where the memorial to [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] was located.<ref name="diana" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=KAADHAL KAVITHAI |url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224123201/http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/review.htm |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Oocities.org}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 1998 |title=Kadhal Kavithai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kadhal-kavithai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/686351545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608052507/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kadhal-kavithai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/686351545 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadhal Kavithai / Manam Virumbuthey Unnai |url=https://avdigital.in/products/kaadhal-kavithai-manam-virumbuthey-unnai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205103759/https://avdigital.in/products/kaadhal-kavithai-manam-virumbuthey-unnai |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> and became one of the most sold Tamil albums in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadhal Kavidhai |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Music/Reviews/98/Kaadhal_Kavidhai_19231.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020107051823/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Music/Reviews/98/Kaadhal_Kavidhai_19231.html |archive-date=7 January 2002 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Aalana Naal Mudhala" || [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Sowmya Raoh]] || 05:06
|-
| "Hey Konji Pesu" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || 05:05
|-
| "Alai Meethu" || [[Bhavatharini]] || 03:04
|-
| "Diana Diana" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:11
|-
| "Kadhal Meethu" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:08
|-
| "Manasa Thotta Kadhal" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 04:37
|-
| "Thathom" || [[Ila Arun]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 04:59
|}

== Release and reception ==

D. S. Ramanujam from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review, praising the director's work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=1 January 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Kaathal Kavithai/Cheran Chozhan Pandiyan/There's something About Mary |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990101/09/09010224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010906110301/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990101/09/09010224.htm |archive-date=6 September 2001 |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref> Kala Krishnan Ramesh from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' mentioned that the film is "visually a delight, the songs and music are pleasant, especially when they harmonise with the locations, which they don't always." The reviewer adds that "Prashanth is alright though he seems a little narcissistic, you always feel that he's looking at a mirror someone's holding up. The heroine is new, and not unpleasant. Srividya is wasted, though brightening."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Kala Krishnan |date=10 January 1999 |title=Kadal Kavithai |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/4E8B272E9878BC126525694000620183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203041234/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/4E8B272E9878BC126525694000620183 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

G. Ulaganathan from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that both Prashanth and Koppikar performed well and "Prashanth, especially after his ''Jeans'' has matured as an actor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=27 December 1998 |title='KK'hangover |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/076FF238CBFF48D26525694000570F70?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024005929/http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/076FF238CBFF48D26525694000570F70?OpenDocument |archive-date=24 October 2007 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Manivannan and Ambika and poetic dialogues and felt the characterisation of parents of both main leads were more memorable than the lead pair but questioned Agathiyan for reusing the plot of his ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' instead of coming up with something new while panning the acting of Prashanth and Kasthuri's character design and concluded saying certain special features from the film may not attract the attention of fans because it is a familiar story but if you think the story doesn't matter, there are many other aspects of the film to consider.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=10 January 1999 |title=காதல் கவிதை |url=https://ibb.co/2N9fm3C |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608055503/https://ibb.co/2N9fm3C |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=81 |language=ta}}</ref>

Prashanth, with ''Kaadhal Kavithai'', capped off a hat-trick of hit films in 1998 after the successes of Shankar's ''Jeans'' and Ravichandran's ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 January 1999 |title=Luring the audiences back to theatres |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411023141/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220222.htm |archive-date=11 April 2001 |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> Koppikar won plaudits from critics for her performance with Rediff.com stating that with her "strong screen presence, and acting skills that belie her newbie status, she could be the latest to storm the TN industry".<ref name="Dub-a-dub-a-dub" /> The film won her further offers and actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] signed her on for his film ''[[Nenjinile]]'' after seeing her performance in ''Kaadhal Kavithai''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=7 June 1999 |title=Exploring fresh avenues |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226045726/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> She went on to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 1999 |title=Filmfare awards presented at a dazzling function |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/324A4A470734BB1E6525694000620184 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323102405/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/324A4A470734BB1E6525694000620184 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Agathiyan}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 romance films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agathiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Pilata Bigidigala

2026-02-26T12:50:12Z

Minguel: quick cleanup article for consistency also and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|2015 Indian Odia film directed by Basant Sahoo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Pilata Bigidigala
|image = Pilata Bigidigala Film Poster.jpg
|caption = Film Poster
|director = [[Basant Sahoo]]
|producer = Pooja Bharalawala
|screenplay = Basant Sahoo
|story = Rajani Ranjan
|starring = {{ubl | [[Sabyasachi Mishra]] | [[Archita Sahu]] | [[Papu Pom Pom]]}}
|music = [[Prem Anand]]
|cinematography = Biraja Prasanna Kar
|editing = Rajesh Dash
|studio = Saurav Entertainments
|released = {{Film date|2015|08|14|df=yes}}
|country = India
|language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget = 60Lakhs
| gross =
}}

'''''Pilata Bigidigala''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]] [[romantic comedy film]] directed by Basant Sahoo and produced by Pooja Bharalawala. Its music was directed by Prem Anand. The film is a remake of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Carry On Jatta]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title = Pilata Bigidigala|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4944592/releaseinfo?ref_=ttfc_sa_1|date = 2015-08-14|accessdate = 2015-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Odisha: Audio of Odia film Pilata Bigidigala released, Odisha Entertainment News, Odisha Latest Headlines|url = http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=60759|website = www.orissadiary.com|accessdate = 2015-09-09|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105359/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=60759|url-status = dead}}</ref> which was inspired by the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]''.

== Plot ==
Buggi is a happy-go-lucky guy who lives with his father, Advocate Chaturbhuja Mohanty, his brother, and sister-in-law. He is friends with Twiter, who lives with his father [[Sub-inspector]] Durjyodhan Sahoo.

He meets Nisha at his friend Akash's marriage and falls in love with her. While trying to win her heart, Buggi lies to her, telling her he is an orphan. He proposes to her and marries her in the presence of her brother. Due to his lie, Buggi was unable to take Nisha home and so he lives in a rented house. She finds Buggi's home for rent, which creates tension for Buggi and Twiter.

To save his marriage and save himself from his family's anger, Buggi introduces Twiter as Nisha's husband. Meanwhile, Twiter marries Mithi, who comes to Buggi's home as their daughter-in-law. Buggi's family assumes Mithi is Buggi's wife, which brings more misery. Buggi explains the situation to Mithi and pleads for help.

Buggi wants to take Nisha out of his house, so he asks Twiter to escape with Mithi. This causes his family members to become angry with Nisha and throw her out of their house. This backfires when family members Buggi, Twiter, Mithi, and Nisha follow them. Seeing the danger, Buggi comes to save them. They finally know the truth from Buggi and plead forgiveness from Nisha. Twiter introduces Mithi to his father. The film ends with the title line.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sabyasachi Mishra]] as Buggi
* [[Archita Sahu]] as Nisha
* [[Mihir Das]]
* [[Papu Pom Pom]] as Twiter
* [[Bijoy Mohanty|Bijay Mohanty]] as Advocate Chaturbhuja Mohanty
* [[Kuna Tripathy]] as Sub-inspector Durjyodhan Sahu
* Jeevan Panda
* Shelly Mishra
* Birendra Ku Mishra
* Lipsa Mishra
}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by Prem Anand. The singers are Sabyasachi, Bibhu Kishor, Humane Sagar, Sricharan, Sohini Mishra, Sasmita Mishra, and Sanju, among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ollywood - Pilata Bigidigala 2015 Official Trailer (feat. Sabyasachi/Archita) + Cast & Crew Details - Odia Portal : Latest News, Tricks, How To's In ODIA Language, Odisha|url = http://www.odiaportal.in/2015/07/Pilata-Bigidigala-2015.html|website = OdiaPortal.in|accessdate = 2015-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/pilata-bigidigala-odia-movie|title = Pilata Bigidigala odia movie of Sabyasachi, Archita, Papu Pom Pom|date = 13 August 2015}}</ref> Sabyasachi sang the title track "Pila-Taa Bigidi-Galaa".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sabyasachi turns singer yet again! | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/jul/13/sabyasachi-turns-singer-yet-again-1842846.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Five tunes made up the soundtrack:
* Nisa Nisa
* Pilata Bigidigala
* Bomata Phuti Gala Re
* Hatara Mehendi
* Nauty Nauty

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4944592}}

[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Punjabi films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

{{Oriya-film-stub}}

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

2026-02-20T00:30:26Z

Minguel:

{{Short description|Regional organization focused on disaster risk reduction and resilience in Asia–Pacific}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since v1 from 2024; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLMs, apparent chatbot directions in inbox params etc}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
| logo = 
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1986}}<ref name="l356">{{cite web | title=亚洲备灾中心简介_国防动员知识_天津市国防动员办公室 | website=
天津市国防动员办公室
| date=27 Aug 2014 | url=https://gfdy.tj.gov.cn/ztzl/rfzs/202009/t20200927_3935526.html | language=zh | ref={{sfnref|
天津市国防动员办公室
|2014}} | access-date=21 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| founders = [[#Representatives|9 member countries]]
| headquarters = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| region_served = [[Asia-Pacific]]
| key_people = Hans Guttman (Executive director)<ref name="w713">{{cite web | title=Asian Disaster Preparedness Center | website=The Embassy and Permanent Mission of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand | date=29 Aug 2023 | url=https://bangkok.embassy.gov.lk/adpc-asian-disaster-preparedness-center/ | access-date=21 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| purpose = Disaster risk reduction, climate resilience, emergency preparedness
| fields = Capacity building, technical assistance, disaster risk management, climate adaptation
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[United Nations]]|[[World Bank]]|[[Asian Development Bank]]|[[ASEAN]]|[[SAARC]]}}
| membership = [[#Representatives|List]]
| website = [https://www.adpc.net/ www.adpc.net]
}}

The '''Asian Disaster Preparedness Center''' (ADPC) is an autonomous, [[regional organization]] established to strengthen [[disaster risk reduction]] (DRR) and climate resilience in Asia and the Pacific.<ref name="p911">{{cite web | title=India takes over as chair of disaster risk reduction organisation ADPC | website=The Economic Times | date=26 Jul 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-takes-over-as-chair-of-disaster-risk-reduction-organisation-adpc/articleshow/112047083.cms?from=mdr | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> Founded in 1986 and headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand, ADPC provides technical assistance, [[capacity building]], research, and policy support to governments, [[international organization]]s, and communities.<ref name="e785">{{cite web | title=Ratification of the Charter of Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) | website=กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ | date=17 Sep 2018 | url=https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/5d5bd1ac15e39c3060025d4e?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683e | language=th | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

With a focus on reducing vulnerabilities to [[natural disaster|natural]] and human-induced disasters, the organization promotes [[sustainable development]] and regional cooperation across the disaster-prone [[Asia-Pacific]] region.<ref name="w478">{{cite web | title=News on AIR | website=News on AIR | date=26 Jul 2024 | url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/india-assumes-chair-of-asian-disaster-preparedness-centre/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
ADPC was established in 1986 as a collaborative effort between [[local government|regional government]]s, the [[United Nations]], and academic institutions. Initially launched as a project under the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), it aimed to address the growing need for [[disaster preparedness]] in Asia, which is highly vulnerable to [[natural hazard]]s like [[flood]]s, [[cyclone]]s, [[earthquake]]s, and [[tsunami]]s.<ref name="t097">{{cite web | title=Asian Disaster Preparedness Center | website=ReliefWeb | date=30 Jul 2024 | url=https://reliefweb.int/organization/adpc | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref name="d961"/>

Over time, ADPC evolved into an independent organization, expanding its focus from [[emergency preparedness]] to include a broader range of disaster risk management strategies, [[climate change adaptation]], and [[Resilience (engineering and construction)|resilience-building initiative]]s. Since its inception, ADPC has played a central role in advancing DRR in the region, contributing to key frameworks such as the [[Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction]].<ref name="i652">{{cite web | title=ADPC and UNDRR Sign a Statement of Cooperation to Promote Climate and Disaster Resilience | website=UNDRR | date=10 Aug 2021 | url=https://www.undrr.org/news/adpc-and-undrr-sign-statement-cooperation-promote-climate-and-disaster-resilience | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Collaboration and partnerships ==
ADPC collaborates with various organisations to promote disaster preparedness and risk reduction. Key partnerships include United Nations agencies like the [[United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction]] (UNDRR),<ref name="w490">{{cite web | title=Asian Disaster Preparedness Center | website=UNDRR | url=https://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/partners/profile/asian-disaster-preparedness-center.html | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref> the [[World Bank]], the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), and the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO). ADPC also works closely with regional bodies such as the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) to promote coordinated disaster management efforts across borders. By facilitating knowledge-sharing, capacity-building programs, and joint initiatives, ADPC supports regional cooperation and fosters innovation in DRR practices.<ref name="k144">{{cite web | title= Inputs provided by: ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTER, Bangkok, Thailand| url=https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/cancun_adaptation_framework/loss_and_damage/application/pdf/adpc.pdf | access-date=20 Sep 2024 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref>

== Governance and structure ==
ADPC is governed by a [[board of trustees]] comprising representatives from its founding member countries, which include Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand.<ref name="e785"/> The board oversees the strategic direction and policies of the organization. ADPC's headquarters are located in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, and the organization operates through a network of regional offices and project sites throughout Asia. The center's governance structure ensures [[accountability]] and [[disaster response|responsiveness]] to the evolving disaster risks and needs of the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name="j512">{{cite web | title=Board of Trustee (BoT) | website=Asian Disaster Preparedness Center | url=https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1846 | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Charter ==
Initially established in 1986 as regional institution, it was registered as a [[foundation (nonprofit)|foundation]] in 1999. As the organization expanded its scope and membership, the need for a [[charter|formal legal framework]] became apparent, leading to the drafting and adoption of the charter. This led to the drafting and adoption of the Charter of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, which established ADPC as an [[intergovernmental organization]] with a legal and [[institutional framework]].<ref name="e785"/>

The Charter outlines the mission, objectives, [[governance]] structure, and operational mechanisms of ADPC,<ref name="u720">{{cite web | title=การเปลี่ยนสถานะของมูลนิธิศูนย์เตรียมความพร้อมป้องกันภัยพิบัติแห่งเอเชีย (Asian Disaster Preparedness | website=ryt9.com | date=20 Feb 2018 | url=https://www.ryt9.com/s/cabt/2785627 | language=th | access-date=21 Sep 2024}}</ref> which is dedicated to enhancing disaster resilience and reducing disaster risks in the Asia-Pacific region. Adopted by its member states, the Charter defines the [[principle]]s that guide the organization's work in [[disaster risk reduction]] (DRR), climate change adaptation, and capacity-building.<ref name="e785"/>
=== Background ===
The ADPC Charter was drafted in 2001 however, it was formally signed by Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand in 2005. These countries were among the first to formally sign and ratify the charter. Their [[ratification]] of the charter also marked the transition of ADPC into a recognized intergovernmental organization, solidifying its role in promoting disaster preparedness and response in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name="e785"/>
=== Instrument of Ratification ===
A critical aspect of the ADPC Charter is the Instrument of Ratification, a formal [[document]] that each member country submit to officially become part of the ADPC. By ratifying the Charter, countries commit to supporting ADPC's mission, adhering to its principles, and participating in its governance and programs.<ref name="e785"/>

The Charter emphasizes ADPC's role in fostering partnerships with international organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank, as well as regional organizations like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).<ref name="e785"/>

== Representatives ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Country<ref name="e785"/>
! scope="col" | Ministry/Department
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| 1.
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief]]<ref name="x417">{{cite web | title=Technical Consultant for Disaster Management Fund Activation | website=ReliefWeb | date=20 Sep 2024 | url=https://reliefweb.int/job/4092010/technical-consultant-disaster-management-fund-activation | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| Member
|-
| 2.
| {{flag|Cambodia}}
| [[National Committee for Disaster Management]] (NCDM)<ref name="a642">{{cite web | title=Cambodia | website=Asian Preparedness Partnership (APP) | date=30 May 2023 | url=https://app.adpc.net/cambodia/ | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| Member
|-
| 3.
| {{flag|China}}
| [[Ministry of Emergency Management]]
| Former chair<ref name="s831"/>
|-
| 4.
| {{flag|India}}
| [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]]
| Chair<ref name="s831">{{cite web | title=India assumes Chair of Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre | website=The Statesman | date=26 Jul 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-assumes-chair-of-asian-disaster-preparedness-centre-1503324994.html | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 5.
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| [[National Disaster Management Authority (Pakistan)|National Disaster Management Authority]]<ref name="l748">{{cite web | title=National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) | website=National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) | url=https://www.ndma.gov.pk/pages/single-news/chairman-ndma-meets-with-executive-director-of-adpc | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}</ref>
| Member
|-
| 6.
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council]] (NDRRMC)<ref name="ESCAP">{{cite web | title= Project Terms of Reference| url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/TTF18TOR-ADPC.pdf | access-date=20 Sep 2024 |website=ESCAP}}</ref>
| Member
|-
| 7.
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority]] (NDRRMA)
| Member
|-
| 8.
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Ministry of Disaster Management]]
| Member
|-
| 9.
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| [[Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation]] (DDPM)
| Member
|}
=== Regional Consultative Committee ===
The Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) includes 16 member countries, such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Pakistan, [[Papua New Guinea]], South Korea, [[East Timor]] and Vietnam.<ref name="d961">{{cite web | last=জনকণ্ঠ | first=দৈনিক | title=এশিয়া দুর্যোগ প্রস্তুতি কেন্দ্রের নেতৃত্বে বাংলাদেশ | website=দৈনিক জনকণ্ঠ | url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/563187 | access-date=21 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | title=Early Adopters | website=NASA SWOT | date=23 Aug 2024 | url=https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/applications/early-adopters/ | ref={{sfnref|NASA SWOT|2024}} | access-date=20 Sep 2024}}

[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:International organizations based in Thailand]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Nepal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Colombo]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Thailand]]

Vinita Mahesh

2026-02-12T06:14:57Z

Minguel: new a post - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinita Mahesh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 25 August
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = Shashank Kunwar
}}

'''Vinita Mahesh''' (also credited as '''Vinita Joshi Thakkar'''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5879266/ Vinita Mahesh IMDb] Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref>) is an Indian television actress. She is best known for portraying the role of Yamini Singh on Indian soap opera ''[[Bhatak Lena Baware]]'' that aired on [[Life OK]], as Rajkumari Maan Kawar in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' and as protagonist Mohi on [[StarPlus|StarPlus's]] ''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150823/entertainment-tvmusic/article/mohi-happened-overnight-me-vinita-joshi|title=Mohi happened overnight for me: Vinita Joshi|last=coutinho|first=natasha|date=2015-08-24|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

==Career==
Thakkar's first show was ''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vinitas-childhood-dream-comes-true/articleshow/9235720.cms|title=Vinita's childhood dream comes true! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 July 2011 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> in which she played Navya's best friend Ritika Joshi. She landed her second role in ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' and portrayed the cousin sister of Kumud, Kumari. She played a lead role as Yamini Singh in ''[[Bhatak Lena Baware]]'' after which she has starred as the lead in ''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne (TV series)|Mohi]]''.

== Personal life ==
Vinita was married to her college friend, Tejas Thakkar from the age of 20 to 22 but the couple filed for divorce due to compatibility issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-divorce-Vinita-Joshi-finds-love-again/articleshow/48283583.cms|title=After divorce, Vinita Joshi finds love again - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> She dated and later married Shashank Kunwar in a small, private ceremony in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/352859/vinita-joshi-aka-mohi-ties-knot|title=Vinita Joshi aka Mohi ties the knot!|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725032110/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/352859/vinita-joshi-aka-mohi-ties-knot|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/vinita-joshi-aka-mohi-ties-the-knot-319393|title=CONGRATULATIONS: Vinita Joshi aka 'Mohi' ties the knot|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2016-04-10|website=www.abplive.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011-2012
|''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]''
|Ritika Joshi
|
|-
|2012
|[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']]
|Shruti
|Episodic role
|-
|2012
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Vaishali
|
|-
|2012
|[[Arjun (TV series)|''Arjun'']]
|Anjali Yadhav
|Episode 34
|-
|2013
|''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)]]''
|Kumari
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Bhatak Lena Baware]]''
|Yamini Singh
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|Rajkumari Maan Kanwar
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Yashika
|
|-
|2015-2016
|[[Mohi (TV series)|''Mohi'']]
|Mohi
|Protagonist<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vinita-Joshi-lead-actor-of-Mohi-quits-show/articleshow/49922504.cms|title=Vinita Joshi, lead actor of 'Mohi', quits show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 November 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Dr. Mihika
|
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''
|Mala Sethiya
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Mahakali- Anth hi Aarambh hai]]''
|Devi [[Rati]]
|Episodic role
|-
|
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Shewta
|Episode 2331
|-
|
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Aayushi Raheja
|Episode 2303
|-
|2018
|Zindagi Ke Crossroads
|Jhanvi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/vinita-mahesh-joshi-and-mehul-kajaria-sony-tv-s-zindagi-ke-crossroads-180620|title=Vinita Mahesh Joshi and Mehul Kajaria in Sony TV's Zindagi Ke Crossroads|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Devi Adi Parashakti|Devi adi parashakti]]''
|[[Ashokasundari|Asokasundari]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh, Vinita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Munisha Rajpal

2026-02-08T17:56:16Z

Minguel: Creating first page basic info!

{{BLP sources|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = MunishaRajpal.jpg
| caption = Munisha Rajpal
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| years_active = 1995 – present
| occupation = Writer, Actress
}}

'''Munisha Mahajan Rajpal''' is an Indian story, screenplay and dialogue writer currently writing for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' on Star Plus.

== Career ==

She writes both fiction and Non-fiction and worked for the shows ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', [[Shree (TV series)|''Shree'']], ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'', ''[[Ek Packet Umeed]]'', ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]'', ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]'', ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora'', ''[[Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family]]'', ''[[Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

She also works as a writer for dubbing scripts for films.<ref>
{{cite web |title=The New Wordsmiths - Financial Express |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/the-new-wordsmiths/904350 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228210456/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/the-new-wordsmiths/904350 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=archive.financialexpress.com |accessdate=2015-02-11}}</ref>

Currently she is writing dialogues for ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starplus.in/crewdetails.aspx?sid=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091941/http://www.starplus.in/crewdetails.aspx?sid=26|archive-date=2014-04-30|url-status=dead|title=Crew Details|accessdate=2015-02-13}}</ref> and ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Filmography ==

===Television writer===
* ''[[Ek Packet Umeed]]''
* ''[[Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family]]''
* ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
* ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora''
* ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]''
* ''[[Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag]]''
* ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]''
* ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''
* ''[[Yeh Ishq Hai]]''
* ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2009–present)
* ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' (2021–present)

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Role !! Work !!Notes
|-
| 2014
| [[Star Guild Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/12/heres-a-list-of-the-star-guild-award-winners-from-last-night/|title=Here's a List of the Star Guild Award Winners from Last Night!}}</ref>*<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.com/entertainment/star-guild-awards-2015-full-winners-list-priyanka-chopra-shahid-kapoor-deepika-padukone-mohit-raina-ronit-roy-win-top-honours-245765/|title=Star Guild Awards 2015 full winners list: Priyanka Chopra, Shahid Kapoor, Deepika Padukone, Mohit Raina, Ronit Roy win top honours|date=12 January 2015}}</ref>
| Best Writer
| Won
| Story & Dialogue Writer
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| co-writer Bhawna Vyas
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm1589275}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajpal, Munisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian women television writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Women writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Biju Toppo

2026-02-06T06:05:12Z

Minguel: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian documentary filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Biju Toppo
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Biju Toppo in the [[United States]], in 2018.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mahuadanr]], [[Latehar district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]
| occupation = Director, Producer, Video-Editor, Cinematographer
| years_active = 1990–present
| notable_works = Naachi Se Baanchi, Iron is Hot, The Hunt, Gadi Lohardaga Mail, Jharia, Kora Rajee
| children = 3
| honours = [[59th National Film Awards]] & [[65th National Film Awards]]
| website =
}}

'''Biju Toppo''' is an anthropological and national award-winning tribal documentary filmmaker from Ranchi, Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/reel-stint-for-special-learners-film-maker-duo-pick-15-from-ranchi-for-video-training/cid/441585 | title=Reel stint for special learners - Film-maker duo pick 15 from Ranchi for video training | date=24 March 2012 | newspaper=The Telegraph | accessdate=21 October 2018 }}</ref> He uses film as a medium for social activism on behalf of marginalized indigenous communities, and teaches video production at St. Xaviers College, Ranchi, [[Jharkhand]], India. He belongs to the ethnic group [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://akhra.in/akhrateam.php |title=Archived copy |website=akhra.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817220237/http://akhra.in/akhrateam.php |archive-date=17 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Introduction==
Biju Toppo and [[Meghnath]] belong to [[AKHRA]], a film production house working in the field of culture and communication in [[Jharkhand]], India. Akhra is a pioneering group that has been making films on indigenous peoples' issues since 1995. Its many award-winning films have taken up burning issues relevant to indigenous people's survival in India. On 9 September 2011, the duo Meghnath and Biju Toppo were awarded the prestigious National Film Award by the [[President of India]] at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.focusmagazine.in/biju-toppo/ |title=Biju Toppo | FOCUS Magazine |website=www.focusmagazine.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626120507/http://www.focusmagazine.in/biju-toppo/ |archive-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Editor
!Language
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1996
|'''Saheed Jo Anjan Rahe'''
| Biju Toppo
| [[AKHRA]]
| Biju Toppo
| Hindi
|Saheed Jo Anjan Rahe ''(Unknown Martyrs)'', is a film about the brutal massacre of the indigenous persons on 19 April 1985, in which a former [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] named Fr. [[Anthony Murmu]] and fourteen others were killed in Banjhi, [[Sahebganj district]] of [[Jharkhand]] over a minor pond dispute at Banjhi. It is often termed as "Banjhi Massacre".<ref name="The Telegraph for Banjhi Massacre">{{cite web |title=Remembering a dark chapter|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/remembering-a-dark-chapter/cid/664735|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1997
|'''Ek Hadsa Aur Bhee'''
| Biju Toppo
| [[AKHRA]]
| Biju Toppo
| Hindi
|Ek Hadsa Aur Bhee'' (Yet Another Accident)'' is a film about a controversial dam incident in August 1997 which took place in [[Palamu district]] of [[Jharkhand]]. In order to silence the villagers’ protests against the construction of the [[North Koel River#North Koel Project|Kutku-Mandal Dam]], the temporary /sluice gate of the dam was shut. Thirty-two nearby villages were submerged overnight in the resulting floods, and approximately 1100 families were affected. Twenty-one people drowned, a large number of animals died and a lot of people’s property and goods were destroyed.<ref name="The Third Pole">{{cite web |title=Jharkhand dam resurrected despite past bloodshed|date=27 June 2016 |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2016/06/27/jharkhand-dam-resurrected-despite-past-bloodshed/|publisher=The Third Pole.net}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|'''Jaha Chinti Ladi Hathi Se''' ''(Where Ants are Fighting Elephants)''
|
|
|
|
|About indigenous peoples’ struggle against bauxite mining.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|'''Hamare Gaon Me Hamara Raj'''
| Biju Toppo
| Biju Toppo
| Biju Toppo
| Hindi
|Hamare Gaon Me Hamara Raj ''(Tribal Self Rule)'' is a film on Panchayati Raj Extension in Scheduled Areas Act 1996. The film deals with the Grama Sabha movement.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|'''Vikas Bandook Ki Nal Se'''
|Biju Toppo and Meghnath
|[[AKHRA]]
|Raja
|Hindi
|Vikas Bandook Ki Nal Se ''(Development Flows from the Barrel of the Guns)'' is a film which presents and examines orchestrated state violence against indigenous and local peoples when they rally and protest against development projects on their lands. Rather than focusing on a single instance, the filmmakers strengthen their thesis by recording examples from all over the country: Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh. In each case, using the local police force, the state has brutalised and killed protestors, often on trumped-up charges of violence.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|'''From Kalinga to Kashipur'''
|
|
|
|
|On the people’s struggle against an aluminium factory in Kashipur block of Koraput district in Orissa.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|'''Kora Rajee'''
|Biju Toppo
|
|
|[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
|Kora Rajee'' (The land of the diggers)'' is the first film in [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], a tribal language. The film is on the issue of Adivasi labourers in the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|tea-garden communities of Assam and Bengal]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2007
|'''Khorar desher joler kotha''' ''(Story of water from the land of drought)''
|
|
|
|
|On best practices of preservation and use of water in Purulia a drought-prone district of West-Bengal.
|-
|'''Power for change'''
|
|
|
|
|Is on use alternative development in rural Orissa especially on the use of Micro-Hydel power.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|'''100 Din Milega Kaam''' ''(100 days of work for you)''
|
|
|
|
|It is a film on the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act that promises to provide 100 days of work in the rural area and what is the ground reality.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2010
|'''Loha Garam Hai''' ''(Iron is hot)''
| Biju Toppo and Meghnath
| [[AKHRA]]
| Biju Toppo
| Hindi
|It is on the issue of the sponge iron industry and its pollution and how people are trying to cope with it.
|-
|'''Gadi Lohardaga Mail'''
| Biju Toppo and Meghnath
| [[AKHRA]]
| B. Ajit
| Hindi and Jharkhand folk songs
|Nostalgic songs on the narrow gauge. Lohardaga passenger train which became history in January 2004.
|-
|'''Ek Ropa Dhan'''
|
|
|
|
|It is a film on the SRI method of rice cultivation, that explains how productivity can be increased by just changing the process of cultivation.
|-
|'''Mukta Gyana Kutir'''
|
|
|
|
|It is a film on alternative education for tribal girls who were dropout from regular schools. In the remote area of Orissa.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2011
|'''Sona Gahi Pinjra'''
| Biju Toppo
|
|
|[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
|Sona Gahi Pinjra ''(The Golden Cage)'' is a film in Kurukh language which portrays about those people who desire to participate in their village festivals but are deprived because of their job. The film depicts how mobile phone becomes the living link in this situation.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2015
|'''Taking Side'''
| Biju Toppo and Meghnath
| Forum of Religious
| Biju Toppo and Deepak Bara
| Hindi and English
|For centuries people have laid down their life taking side with the oppressed. This film is the story of Sr. Valsa John. She was born in Kerala and worked for the Adivasi of Jharkhand. She leads the struggle against coal mining and laid down her life.
|-
|'''Accumulated Injustice'''
| Biju Toppo and Meghnath
| [[AKHRA]]
| Biju Toppo
| Hindi
|Adivasi people’s living condition on the dark side of [[Rourkela Steel Plant]].
|-
|'''The Hunt'''
| Biju Toppo
| Rajiv Mehrotra, Ridhima Mehra and Tulika Srivastava
| Deepak Bara
|[[English language|English]] & [[Hindi]]
|Today, our Government thinks Maoist is a major threat to internal security. They want to eliminate them from the red corridor as Maoist is a hindrance to secure the mineral resources of these areas for the corporate partners. Tribal who are fighting to save their ancestral land, are branded as Maoist. The Film ‘The Hunt’ explores the lives of the people sandwiched between Maoist and the State.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|'''Naachi Se Baanchi''' ''(Those who dance will survive)''
| Biju Toppo and Meghnath
| [[Films Division of India]]
| Amit Bahadur
| Hindi
|In his lifetime itself Dr Ram DayalMunda has become a symbol of indigenous cultural reawakening. Ram DayalMunda was the leading intellectual who has contributed to Jharkhand movement immensely. Dr Munda has represented Adivasi voices in RajyaShabha and United Nations. He has been awarded Sahitya Academy Award and Padmashree in 2009. He died in September 2011.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2018
|'''Mundari Srishtikatha'''
| Tuhin Paul
| Meghnath
| Rupesh
| Hindi
|Unlike us, our children have missed the opportunity to hear folklore from their elders. Folklore helps and give us dignity and self-esteem and is helpful in building our personality. This is AKHRA's humble effort to narrate the creation of myths. These stories were created thousands of years ago when is science was not as developed as it is today. So we must enjoy them, but always keep a scientific approach to life.
|-
|'''Jharia''' ''(The Spring)''
|Biju Toppo
|[[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]]
|Rupesh Sahu
|Hindi
|It’s a film about an eighty-five-year-old man, Simon Oraon, The Water Man from Jharkhand who has been working relentlessly on water management and environmental protection in the villages of Jharkhand since he was fourteen.
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of awards conferred on films made by Biju Toppo
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Awards
! scope="col" | Awarding body
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" |Travelling Film Southasia (TFSA)
| Travelling Film Southasia (TFSA)
| rowspan="2" | '''Vikas Banook Ki Nal Se''' ''(Development Flows from the Barrel of the Guns)''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="TFSA'2004'">{{cite web |title=EKTA - Travelling Film Festival Southasia|url=http://www.ektaonline.org/events/tfsa2004/films/Toppo.htm|publisher=Travelling Film Southasia (TFSA)}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
! scope="row" | Vatavaran Star Award for Best Documentary
|CMS Vatavaran
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="CMS Vatavaran'2005'">{{cite web |title=CMS Vatavaran 2005 Award Winners|url=http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/vatavaran2007/winner2005.asp|publisher=CMS Vatavaran}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
! scope="row" | Second Best Documentary Film / Video
| [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]
| '''Kora Rajee''' ''(The land of the diggers)''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MIFF'2006'">{{cite web |title=MIFF'2006 Award Winning Films|url=https://miff.in/miff2006-award-winning-films/|publisher=[[Mumbai International Film Festival]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
! scope="row" | Best Environmental Film Award
| Indian Documentary Producers’ Association (IDPA)
| rowspan = "2" | '''Loha Garam Hai''' ''(Iron is Hot)''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="India Together">{{cite web |title=The iron is hot|date=9 September 2009 |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/loha-reviews|publisher=India Together}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| 2010
! scope="row" | [[58th National Film Awards]]
| [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Telegraph for Iron is Hot">{{cite web |title=Film on rice harvests silver - Mumbai documentary body to fete state filmmaker duo|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/film-on-rice-harvests-silver-mumbai-documentary-body-to-fete-state-filmmaker-duo/cid/474506|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Silver Medal
| Indian Documentary Producers’ Association (IDPA)
| rowspan="2" | '''Ek Ropa Dhan'''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Telegraph for Ek Ropa Dhan">{{cite web |title=Awards haul for reel duo|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/awards-haul-for-reel-duo/cid/393996|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[58th National Film Awards]]
| [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |title=Film on rice harvests silver - Mumbai documentary body to fete state filmmaker duo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ek-ropa-dhaan-is-a-promotional-film-that-encourages-the-farmer-to-adopt-a-new-technique-of-paddy-plantation-While-reviewing-the-27-minute-documentary-Jury-appreciated-the-effort-as-the-citation-read-A-succinct-and-well-researched-film-looking-closely-at-an-innovation-applied-effectively-in-the-farming-of-rice-The-film-engages-successfully-with-the-issue-and-makes-a-strong-case-for-the-promotion-of-the-practice-called-Ek-Ropa-Dhan-/articleshow/8470894.cms|work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" | Best Short Film Award
| International Folk Music Film Festival, Nepal
| '''Gadi Lohardaga Mail'''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Telegraph for Gadi Lohardaga Mail">{{cite web |title=Nostalgia Mail is a festival winner - Short film about Lohardaga's one-time lifeline feted in Nepal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nostalgia-mail-is-a-festival-winner-short-film-about-lohardaga-s-one-time-lifeline-feted-in-nepal/cid/472444|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
! scope="row" | Special Jury Award
| CMS Vatavaran Environment and Wildlife Film Festival
| rowspan="5" | '''The Hunt'''<ref name="PSBT">{{cite web |title=The Hunt|url=https://psbt.org/films/the-hunt/|publisher=PSBT}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Telegraph for The Hunt in Patna'">{{cite web |title='Hunted' & awarded|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/hunted-amp-awarded/cid/1346555|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 2016
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Best Documentary Award
| International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Adivasi Resurgence">{{cite web |title=Adivasi filmmaker wins best short documentary award in '9th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala'|date=16 June 2016 |url=http://www.adivasiresurgence.com/adivasi-filmmaker-biju-toppos-hunt-wins-best-short-documentary-award-9th-international-documentary-short-film-festival-kerala/|publisher=Adivasi Resurgence}}</ref>
|-
| International Film Festival of Shimla
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="IFFS '2016'">{{cite web |title=MIFF'2006 Award Winning Films|url=http://www.iffs.in/awards-2016.html|publisher=International Film Festival of Shimla}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Cinema of Resistance
| SiGNS Festival, Kerala
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="SiGNS '2016'">{{cite web |title=Archive 2016 SiGNS|url=https://www.signsfestival.in/archive-2016/|publisher=SiGNS Festival, Kerala}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017
! scope="row" | Golden Bodhisattva Award
| Bodhisattva International Film Festival in Patna
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Telegraph for The Hunt in Patna'"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| 2018
! scope="row" | [[65th National Film Awards]]
| [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| rowspan="3" | '''Naachi se Baanchi'''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite web |title=An exemplary Adivasi|date=25 May 2018 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/an-exemplary-adivasi-1502640743.html|publisher=The Statesman}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Jury Mention Award
| [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Scroll.in">{{cite web |title=An exemplary Adivasi|date=22 January 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/865641/a-rich-spread-of-documentaries-from-india-and-elsewhere-at-biennial-films-division-festival|publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Special Jury Documentary
| International Film Festival of Shimla
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="IFFS '2018'">{{cite web |title=An exemplary Adivasi|url=http://www.iffs.in/awards-2018.html|publisher=International Film Festival of Shimla}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toppo, Biju}}
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Film directors from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank

2026-02-04T21:11:36Z

Minguel: Creating first article initial version!

{{Short description|Indian interstate bank (1968–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank
| logo =
| caption =
| type = cooperative
| traded_as =
| genre =
| fate = Licence cancelled by [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] on 1 June 2012
| foundation = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat ({{Start date|df=yes|1968|10|10}})
| founder =
| defunct = yes
| location_city = Ahmedabad
| locations =
| area_served = Interstate
| key_people = BKR Maruti(CEO) Ramesh Parikh (Chairman)<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhavpura Bank repays depositors |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/fixed-income/madhavpura-bank-repays-depositors_177937.html |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=23 May 2014 |date=26 August 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524024715/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/fixed-income/madhavpura-bank-repays-depositors_177937.html |archive-date=24 May 2014 }}</ref> Devendra Pandya (Managing Director)
| industry = Banking
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income = – {{INRConvert|1147.13|c}}
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =

}}
'''Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank''' ('''MMCB''') was a [[Gujarat]]-based interstate [[cooperative bank]] that became defunct and lost its licence after it was unable to pay back the money it owed public depositors. [[Reserve Bank of India]] cancelled its licence in June 2012 under section 22 of the Banking regulations Act, 1949.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-licence-cancelled/article3501112.ece |title=Madhavpura Mercantile Co-op Bank licence cancelled | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522103609/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-licence-cancelled/article3501112.ece |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank was registered as a [[cooperative society]] in [[Gujarat]] on 27 September 1968. It began business within a fortnight, on 10 October, in [[Ahmedabad]]'s Madhavpura spice-market area dealing with grocery traders. It received its banking licence 26 years later, on 19 August 1994, and became an interstate cooperative bank in April 1996. Three years later, in 1999, its status improved to that of a scheduled bank.<ref name="June">{{cite web|title=RBI annuls Madhavpura Mercantile Co-op Bank licence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/rbi-annuls-madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-licence/article3501813.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=8 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200757/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/rbi-annuls-madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-licence/article3501813.ece |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=IBS>{{cite web|title=Co-operative Bank Scams in India |url=http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Finance/Finance%20-%20Co-operative%20Bank%20Scams%20in%20India.htm |website=icmrindia.org |publisher=IBS Centre for Management Research |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201301/http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Finance/Finance%20-%20Co-operative%20Bank%20Scams%20in%20India.htm |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Involvement with stock brokers and impact of the 2001 Sensex crash==
In 1999–2000, when the bank had 50,000 public depositors, it started lending out large sums of money to stock brokers in gross violation of [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) rules and regulations. The MMCB had issued pay orders worth {{INRConvert|1200|c}} to stock broker [[Ketan Parekh]], which he discounted at [[Bank of India]].<ref name=reckoner>{{cite web|title=Madhavpura Bank: A ready reckoner |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/mar/31spec.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=31 March 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233248/http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/mar/31spec.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> The bank had also lent money to Mukesh Babu and Sirish Maniar of the brokerage firm Maniar Group. At the time banks in India were not allowed to lend more than {{INRConvert|15|c}} to stock brokers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harshad Mehta & Ketan Parekh Scam |url=http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx |work=Flame |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028143815/http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref> In early 2001 Parekh and other brokers made a large sum of money when the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]'s [[Sensex]] saw a [[Bull market|bull run]]; however, when the [[dotcom bubble]] burst, the Sensex dropped down to 3,000 points, and Parekh and the bank started having problems. On 8 March 2001, the news broke out that the bank had given a huge guarantee to Parekh which he lost in the stock crash. As little remained in the bank's coffers, public depositors began withdrawing their money; only a few were successful.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMCB to request Rs 500 cr central aid |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-request-rs-500-cr-central-aid-104073101071_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=24 May 2014 |location=Ahmedabad, Gujarat |date=31 July 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232249/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-request-rs-500-cr-central-aid-104073101071_1.html |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>

Prior to the scam, the Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank was the largest urban cooperative bank in Gujarat.<ref name="business-standard1"/> It had a deposit base of {{INRConvert|1200|c}} in March 2001, half of which was from other banks. Seeing the condition of the bank and fear of losing their money among the depositors the RBI restricted the bank's operations on 13 March 2001. The Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies superseded the bank's board, whose 12 members were<ref name=reckoner/>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
# Ramesh Chandra Parikh (Chairman)
# Devendra Pandya (MD)
# Ramanlal Parikh
# Natverlal Desai
# Manilal Shah
# Prabhudas Kothari
# Purushottamdas Shah
# Pravinchandra Shah
# Pravinchandra Patel
# Dinesh Majumdar
# Sevantilal Shah
# Natverlal Thakker
{{div col end}}

==Investigation and steps taken by RBI==
On 13 March 2001 the RBI found out that the bank's net worth was −{{INRConvert|1147.13|c}}, its deposit erosion was 90.9% and gross [[non-performing asset]]s were 88.2% and {{INRConvert|1192.81|c}}. The next day, the registrar superseded the board and appointed an administrator as the overseer of the bank. On 23 August a scheme for reconstruction of the bank was approved by the RBI for a period of 10 years.<ref name=newsanalysis>{{cite web|last=Jacob |first=Ruby |title=Madhavpura Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd looses banking license |url=http://www.newsanalysis.fintotal.com/Madhavpura-Mercantile-Co-operative-Bank-Ltd-looses-banking-license/1926 |work=Fintotal |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=8 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214118/http://www.newsanalysis.fintotal.com/Madhavpura-Mercantile-Co-operative-Bank-Ltd-looses-banking-license/1926 |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> Further investigations revealed that after chairman Ramesh Chandra Parikh's son Vinit had lost {{INRConvert|50|c}} in the stock-market crash, his losses were paid for through the bank's funds.<ref name=reckoner/>

By February 2004 the bank was able to recover {{INRConvert|200|c}} from other banks; Ketan Parekh had returned only {{INRConvert|6|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMCB to refund Rs 200 crore by August |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-refund-rs-200-crore-by-august-104022701097_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=27 February 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200641/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-refund-rs-200-crore-by-august-104022701097_1.html |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> He was arrested that August, and in December a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) court set up for the case cancelled Parekh's conditional bail after he failed to pay the promised {{INRConvert|380|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ketan Parekh faces non-bailable arrest warrant |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ketan-parekh-faces-non-bailable-arrest-warrant-104122101067_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=21 December 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523010845/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ketan-parekh-faces-non-bailable-arrest-warrant-104122101067_1.html |archive-date=23 May 2014 }}</ref> In June 2003, a New Delhi court granted the CBI a five-day remand of the two Maniar Group stockbrokers – Shirish Manyar and Mukesh Babu.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 stock brokers remanded in Madhavpura case |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/06/13/stories/2003061302630300.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=13 June 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195518/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/06/13/stories/2003061302630300.htm |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> Chargesheets were filed against MMCB chairman Parikh, its CEO Devendra Pandya, Ketan Parekh and his associate Dharmesh Joshi. Joshi's bank account in London containing £6 million was frozen by the CBI in March 2006.<ref name=news.one>{{cite web|title=London account of Stock broker Ketan Parekh's associate frozen|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/30/london-account-of-stock-broker-ketan-parekhs-associate-frozen-1143723915.html|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=24 May 2014|date=30 March 2006}}</ref>

==Cancellation of licence==
Reserve Bank of India found out on 31 March 2011 that the bank's net assets were worth -{{INRConvert|1316.50|c}} and deposit erosion was 100 percent, the gross non performing assets were -{{INRConvert|1126.55|c}} and losses were {{INRConvert|1357.41|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Atmadip|title=RBI cancels scam-hit Madhavpura Coop Bank's licence|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/news/32101089_1_urban-cooperative-banks-banking-regulator-reserve-bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/news/32101089_1_urban-cooperative-banks-banking-regulator-reserve-bank|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2014|work=Economic Times|access-date=24 May 2014|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Mohan">{{cite web |last=Mohan |first=Raghu |title=Madhavpura Mercantile Coop Bank: A Short Life |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-a-short-life/417725/page-1.html |work=businessworld.in |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195737/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-a-short-life/417725/page-1.html |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> After the reconstruction scheme expired on 23 August 2011 and after seeing no major improvement in the bank's performance the RBI advised the Government of India on 26 December to liquidate the bank.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/gujarat-s-urban-cooperative-banks-112070400046_1.html |title=Gujarat's urban cooperative banks |publisher=Business Standard |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091227/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/gujarat-s-urban-cooperative-banks-112070400046_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> On 4 January 2012 the Central Task Force for Cooperative Urban Banks also gave the same advice to the [[Government of India]].<ref name="June"/>

The Reserve bank issued a showcause notice to the bank on 16 March 2012 asking why it banking licence should not be cancelled. The cooperative bank replied that the main reason for the failure of the restructuring scheme was the unwillingness of the other cooperative banks to fulfill their commitments and it suggested another revival plan in which an NRI was willing to give {{INRConvert|500|c}} to the bank for a period of 10 years through the [[World Bank]].<ref name="Mohan"/> It was able to recover only {{INRConvert|3|c}} from public defaulters and {{INRConvert|800|c|year=2001}} were debt on Ketan Parekh. Also the bank neither had any background information regarding the NRI who was willing to help nor the source of his funds. Seeing this the RBI cancelled the bank's licence with effect from 4 June 2012.<ref name="June"/><ref name=newsanalysis/><ref>{{cite web|title=Reserve Bank Cancels the Licence of The Madhavpura Mercantile Co-perative Bank Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=26606 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525202930/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=26606 |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>

As of 5 June 2012 Parekh had paid only {{INRConvert|329|c}}. Parekh alone had to pay {{INRConvert|569|c}} at the interest rate of 12% per year resulted {{INRConvert|668|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-cancels-madhavpura-mercantile-s-banking-licence-112060500071_1.html |title=RBI cancels Madhavpura Mercantile's banking licence |work=Business Standard |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090854/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-cancels-madhavpura-mercantile-s-banking-licence-112060500071_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref>

As of June 2013, 700 civil and 230 criminal cases filed by the bank were pending in various courts.<ref name=dna>{{cite web|title=Madhavpura Bank plans OTS for recovery |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-madhavpura-bank-plans-ots-for-recovery-1844105 |work=DNA India |access-date=24 May 2014 |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525201000/http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-madhavpura-bank-plans-ots-for-recovery-1844105 |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> Several cases were filed against the bank and in 70 of these cases trial hadn't begun as of March 2014.<ref name=ahmedabad>{{cite web |last=Zala |first=Vijay |title=Taarikh pe taarikh |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2014032020140320024636484f9ab36dd |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232515/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2014032020140320024636484f9ab36dd |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>
One of the accused Ramesh Chandra Parikh, former chairman of the bank died in 2007 while in judicial custody.<ref name=ahmedabad/><ref name=yahoo>{{cite web|title=Re-investigate Madhavpura Cooperative Bank scam: Prosecutor |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/investigate-madhavpura-cooperative-bank-scam-prosecutor-20110107-070830-701.html |work=Yahoo |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213336/https://in.news.yahoo.com/investigate-madhavpura-cooperative-bank-scam-prosecutor-20110107-070830-701.html |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> In January 2011 the public prosecutor in the case, Chetan Shah demanded re-investigation of the case.<ref name=yahoo/>

==Aftermath==
After the scam was unfolded the RBI restricted the cooperative banks from providing money to brokerage firms, giving assistance against securities such as shares and debentures and formed task forces to formulate revival plans for the banks that were affected. In most cases the affected bank was merged to a bigger Urban Cooperative Bank. The banking regulatory authority increased the number of inspections of balance sheets of cooperative banks from once in two years to every year. A [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] panel was set up to investigate in the stock market scam. The panel found out that the urban cooperative banks were manipulating their activities and that in absence of any inspecting authority many brokerage firms were using funds provided by these banks to manipulate the market.<ref name="business-standard1"/> After the scam cooperative banks found it difficult to win back the trust and confidence of their customers. Chairman of the National Federation of Urban Cooperative Banks & Credit Societies Ltd, H K Patil had said;<ref name="business-standard1"/>
<blockquote>The MMCB episode came as a big storm to the cooperative movement. However, the movement withstood and overcome the storm and for past few years, cooperative banks are seen doing fairly well. The regulator, too, has taken a note of the operations of UCBs,<ref name="business-standard1"/></blockquote>The Bank filed a large number of cases against various defaulters. CID and Central Bureau of Investigation filed several charge sheets. In the case, a defaulter agreed to pay back the withstanding amount case against him was closed. Over 40 cases against defaulters were still pending in Mumbai as of July 2012.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Government bodies like [[Bank of India]] and Deposit Insurance & Credit Guarantee Corporation were given priority for due recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-govt-bodies-to-get-dues-first-112060600012_1.html |title=MMCB: Govt bodies to get dues first |work=Business Standard |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522085353/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-govt-bodies-to-get-dues-first-112060600012_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> After the scam [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], the regulatory body for the Indian stock markets was given more power in investigating cases against manipulation and insider trading and to impose heavy penalty and initiate criminal proceedings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/market-regulator-shifts-focus-to-manipulation-price-rigging-112061400031_1.html |title=Market regulator shifts focus to manipulation, price rigging |work=Business Standard |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522085450/http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/market-regulator-shifts-focus-to-manipulation-price-rigging-112061400031_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> Chartered accounted M.M. Chitale played a key role in the formulation and execution of restructuring scheme. The committee under Chitale recommended that the bank should be allowed to make payments under a restructuring scheme. He refused to accept any fees for his work.<ref name=Chitale>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bs-people-m-m-chitale-111012700073_1.html |title=BS People: M M Chitale |work=Business Standard |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522084901/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bs-people-m-m-chitale-111012700073_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> MMCB repaid {{INRConvert|665|c}} due to 268 banks in installments.<ref name=Chitale/>
The RBI issued a circular on 21 July 2004 to the banks that had deposited money with the MMCB to treat their deposits to the bank as non-performing assets and submit the particulars of their deposits to the reserve bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/co-op-banks-told-to-write-mmcb-deposits-off-104072601028_1.html |title=Co-op banks told to write MMCB deposits off |work=Business Standard |date=26 July 2004 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522085926/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/co-op-banks-told-to-write-mmcb-deposits-off-104072601028_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> MMCB auctioned properties of defaulters worth {{INRConvert|85|c}} on 3 November 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-sell-defaulters-properties-104102001086_1.html |title=MMCB to sell defaulters' properties |work=Business Standard |date=20 October 2004 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091033/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-to-sell-defaulters-properties-104102001086_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> Parekh was arrested after the scam garnered media attention. A lower court granted him bail on the condition that he will pay back {{INRConvert|380|c}} to the bank in three years<ref name=AmitShah>{{cite web|title=Amit Shah took bribe from scamster Ketan Parekh? |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/amit-shah-took-bribe-from-ketan-parekh/20100727.htm |work=Reddif |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=27 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524073000/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/amit-shah-took-bribe-from-ketan-parekh/20100727.htm |archive-date=24 May 2014 }}</ref> ending 24 August 2004. He failed to fulfill the condition and filed a plea in the [[Gujarat High Court]] to change the terms and conditions of the bail but the court asked him to withdraw the plea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/parekh-told-to-withdraw-plea-on-mmcb-case-104120201077_1.html |title=Parekh told to withdraw plea on MMCB case |work=Business Standard |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090916/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/parekh-told-to-withdraw-plea-on-mmcb-case-104120201077_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> [[Ketan Parekh]] offered to pay {{INRConvert|50|c}} in 5 installments by May 2005 but the MMCB rejected his proposal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-rejects-new-kp-payment-plan-104122401039_1.html |title=MMCB rejects new KP payment plan |work=Business Standard |date=24 December 2004 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522085253/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-rejects-new-kp-payment-plan-104122401039_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref> Nitin Constructions agreed to pay {{INRConvert|11.50|c}} it owed to the MMCB and Dharnendra Agro Foods that owed Rs {{INRConvert|6.91|c}} to the bank agreed to pay back the withstanding amount.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-initiates-steps-to-recover-rs-18-41-cr-105041901045_1.html |title=MMCB initiates steps to recover Rs 18.41 cr |work=Business Standard |date=19 April 2005 |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091153/http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/mmcb-initiates-steps-to-recover-rs-18-41-cr-105041901045_1.html |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref>
In August 2005 the bank disbursed {{INRConvert|140|c}} which included 25% of the principal amount and interest at the rate of 3% per annum to its public depositors and other cooperative banks in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhavpura Bank repays depositors |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/mmcb/20050826.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195944/http://www.rediff.com/money/report/mmcb/20050826.htm |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> Till March 2011 there were 1,645 Urban Cooperative Banks registered with the Reserve Bank of India. RBI had received 158 proposals for merging some of these banks and it issued no-objection certificates to 95 of these proposals. Only 6 UCBs had assets greater than {{INRConvert|500|c}}.<ref name="Mohan"/>

==Political allegations==
In July 2010 [[Arjun Modhwadia]], an [[Indian National Congress]] politician alleged that [[Amit Shah]] who was a former director of the bank, had received {{INRConvert|2.50|c}} in bribe from Ketan Parekh in exchange for help in the case.<ref name=AmitShah/> During the [[2014 Indian general election]] Digvijay Singh also made similar allegations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Saubhaddra |title=Amit Shah had a deal with Ketan Parekh: Digvijaya |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/election-beat/amit-shah-had-a-deal-with-ketan-parekh-digvijaya/article1-1216995.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=9 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232603/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/election-beat/amit-shah-had-a-deal-with-ketan-parekh-digvijaya/article1-1216995.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> In August 2011 before the term for the restructuring scheme was to finish a delegation representing the banking industry met with the Secretary of Union agriculture ministry P K Basu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scam-hit Madhavpura Mercantile Co-op Bank's fate hangs in balance |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scamhit-madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-s-fate-hangs-in-balance/835245/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=22 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525194948/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scamhit-madhavpura-mercantile-coop-bank-s-fate-hangs-in-balance/835245/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> However RBI cancelled the bank's licence in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI cancels licence of scam-tainted Madhavpura Mercantile Bank |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rbi-cancels-licence-of-scamtainted-madhavpura-mercantile-bank/959113/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=24 May 2014 |date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195241/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rbi-cancels-licence-of-scamtainted-madhavpura-mercantile-bank/959113/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Liquidation committee==

In 2013 the bank had to recover {{INRConvert|1467|c}} from a total number of 851 defaulters including 18 members of the broker Parikh's group which owed {{INRConvert|1117|c}} and another {{INRConvert|350|c}} owed by 833 defaulters. Chaman Kumar, a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer had been appointed the liquidator.<ref name=dna/> The other members of liquidation committee were;
* P S Shenoy (former chairman of [[Bank of Baroda]])
* Siddharth Sinha (IIMA professor)
* Kaushik Patel ([[Chartered accountant]])

In 2012 the bank owed a total of {{INRConvert|1596|c}}:
* {{INRConvert|665|c}} to 281 banks
* {{INRConvert|436|c}} to Deposit Insurance & Credit Guarantee Corporation
* {{INRConvert|166|c}} as interest
* {{INRConvert|144|c}} to [[Bank of India]]
* {{INRConvert|98|c}} to public account holders
* {{INRConvert|87|c}} to Reserve Bank of India
Till 2013 the bank had launched 5 One time settlement schemes; in 2000, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2013.<ref name=dna/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1968]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2012]]

Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline

2026-02-02T12:03:21Z

Minguel:

{{Short description|Natural gas pipeline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) gas pipeline
| type = [[Natural gas]]
| map = TAPI-EIA.png
| map_caption =
| country = {{flag|Turkmenistan}} {{flag|Afghanistan}} {{flag|Pakistan}} {{flag|India}}
| coordinates =
|construction = 2015
| photo =
| caption = A map of the TAPI route
| partners = [[Türkmengaz]]
| length_km = 1814
| discharge = {{Cvt|33|e9m3/a|abbr=off}}
| direction = North–South
| start = [[Galkynysh gas field]], [[Turkmenistan]]
| finish = [[Fazilka]], [[India]]
| est =
| through = [[Herat]] [[Kandahar]] [[Quetta]] [[Multan]]
| par = [[Kandahar–Herat Highway]]
}}

'''Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI)''' is a [[natural gas]] [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] being developed by the Galkynysh – TAPI Pipeline Company Limited with participation of the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://caspianpost.com/turkmenistan/turkmenistan-aims-to-start-gas-supplies-to-afghanistan-via-tapi-by-2027 |title=Turkmenistan Aims to Start Gas Supplies to Afghanistan via TAPI by 2027 |work=The Caspian Post |date=26 October 2025 |access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref> The pipeline will eventually extend about {{cvt|1814|km}} in length and transport natural gas from the [[Galkynysh Gas Field]] in [[Turkmenistan]] through [[Afghanistan]] into [[Pakistan]] and then to [[India]].<ref name=":0" />

The TAPI pipeline was completed on the Turkmenistan side in 2024. A year later [[Kazakhstan]] showed interest in joining the pipeline project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eurasiabusinessnews.com/2025/11/26/kazakhstan-to-join-tapi-gas-pipeline-project-with-a-30-stake/ |title=Kazakhstan to join TAPI gas pipeline project with a 30% stake |work=Eurasia Business News |date=November 26, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref> The project is currently expanding southbound in [[Herat Province]] of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2026/02/01/afghan-turkmen-officials-discuss-key-economic-infrastructure-projects/ |title=Afghan, Turkmen officials discuss key economic, infrastructure projects |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> Proponents of the project see it as a modern continuation of the [[Silk Road]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = TAPI project will be the new Silk Route, says Deora
| first = Sujay | last = Mehdudia
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/TAPI-project-will-be-the-new-Silk-Route-says-Deora/article15589321.ece
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = December 4, 2011
| access-date = 2011-06-28
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = U.S. brings Silk Road to India
| first = M. K. | last= Bhadrakumar
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/U.S.-brings-Silk-Road-to-India/article15605598.ece
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = December 24, 2010
| access-date = 2011-06-28
}}</ref>

==History==
The roots of this project lies in the involvement of international oil companies in [[Kazakhstan]] and Turkmenistan in the beginning of 1990s. As [[Russia]], who controlled all export pipelines of these countries, consistently refused to allow the use of its pipeline network, these companies needed an independent export route avoiding both [[Iran]] and Russia.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Brisard |first1= Jean-Charles |first2= Guillaume |last2= Dasquie |title= Forbidden Truth – U.S. Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for bin Laden |publisher= Nation Books |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-56025-414-0 |pages= ? |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/forbiddentruthus00bris }}</ref><ref name=LeVine>{{cite book | last=LeVine | first=Steve | title=The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea | url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1 | url-access=registration | publisher=Random House | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781588366467 | page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w0b1/page/291 291]}}</ref>

The original project started on 15 March 1995 when an inaugural memorandum of understanding between the governments of Turkmenistan and Pakistan for a pipeline project was signed. This project was promoted by [[Argentina|Argentinian]] company [[Bridas Corporation]]. The U.S. company [[Unocal]], in conjunction with the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] oil company Delta, promoted an alternative project without Bridas' involvement. On 21 October 1995, these two companies signed a separate agreement with Turkmenistan's president [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]. In August 1996, the [[CentGas|Central Asia Gas Pipeline, Ltd. (CentGas)]] [[consortium]] for construction of a pipeline, led by Unocal, was formed. On 27 October 1997, CentGas was incorporated in formal signing ceremonies in [[Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan, by several international oil companies along with the [[Government of Turkmenistan]].<ref name=eiu>{{cite book | title = Country Report: Turkmenistan | publisher = [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] | year = 1998 | page = 24}}</ref>

Since the pipeline was to pass through Afghanistan, it was necessary to work with the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/construction-of-afghanistan-section-of-tapi-gas-pipeline-launched/ |title=Construction of Afghanistan section of TAPI gas pipeline launched |work=Ariana News |date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> The U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, [[Robert B. Oakley|Robert Oakley]], left his post and was hired by CentGas in 1997. In January 1998, the Taliban, selecting CentGas over Argentinian competitor [[Bridas Corporation]], signed an agreement that allowed the proposed project to proceed. In June 1998, Russian [[Gazprom]] relinquished its 10% stake in the project. On 7 August 1998, [[1998 United States embassy bombings|American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam were bombed]]. The United States alleged that [[Osama bin Laden]] was behind those attacks, and all pipeline negotiations halted, as the Taliban's then leader, [[Mullah Omar]], announced that bin Laden had the Taliban's support. Unocal withdrew from the consortium on 8 December 1998, and soon after closed its offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref name=croissant>
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3lyCPmitLkQC&pg=PA87
| title = Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region
| first1 = Michael P. | last1 = Croissant
| first2 = Bülent | last2 = Aras
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| page = 87
| year = 1999
| isbn = 9780275963958
}}</ref>
[[File:Murli Deora seen with the Presidents of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan at a Summit meeting at Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) at the signing of agreement regarding Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline project.jpg|thumb|Summit in [[Ashgabat]] for the signing of agreement regarding the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) pipeline project on 11 December 2010]]
[[File:TAPI-ceremony-Serhetabat.jpg|thumb|Ceremony on completion of the Turkmen section of the TAPI pipeline]]
The new deal on the pipeline was signed on 27 December 2002 by government officials in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref name="bbc1">
{{cite news
| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2608713.stm
| title = Central Asia pipeline deal signed
| first = Ian | last = McWilliam
| agency= BBC
| date = 2002-12-27
| access-date = 2008-05-18}}
</ref> In 2005, the Asian Development Bank submitted the final version of a feasibility study designed by British company [[Penspen]]. The project has drawn strong US support as it would allow the Central Asian republics to export energy to Western markets "without relying on Russian routes". Then-US Ambassador to Turkmenistan [[Tracey Ann Jacobson]] noted, "We are seriously looking at the project, and it is quite possible that American companies will join it".<ref name="newint">
{{cite web
|url= https://www.newint.org/features/2009/10/01/blowback-extended-version/
|title=Our Terrorists
|author= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed
|author-link= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed
|date=October 2009
|publisher=New Internationalist
|access-date=2009-12-07}}
</ref> Due to increasing instability, the project has essentially stalled; construction of the Turkmen part was supposed to start in 2006, but the overall feasibility was questionable since the southern part of the Afghan section ran through territory under ''[[de facto]]'' Taliban control.<ref name="newint" />

On 24 April 2008, Pakistan, India and Afghanistan signed a framework agreement to buy natural gas from Turkmenistan.<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article153168.ece
| title = Trio sign up for Turkmen gas
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date = 2008-04-25
| access-date = 2008-05-18}}
</ref> The intergovernmental agreement on the pipeline was signed on 11 December 2010 in [[Ashgabat]].<ref>
{{cite news
|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/agreement-sought-on-afghan-pakistan-gas-pipeline/articleshow/7083485.cms
|title = Agreement sought on Afghan-Pakistan gas pipeline
|agency = Associated Press
|publisher = The Economic Times
|date = December 11, 2010
|access-date = 2010-12-11}}
</ref> However, in April 2012, India and Afghanistan have failed to agree on transit fee for gas passing through Afghan territory. Consequently, Islamabad and New Delhi too could not agree on the transit fee for the segment of the pipeline passing through Pakistan, which has linked its fee structure to any India-Afghanistan agreement.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/tapi-india-afghanistan-fail-to-agree-on-transit-fee/
| title = TAPI: India, Afghanistan Fail to Agree on Transit Fee
| newspaper = The Gazette of Central Asia
| publisher = Satrapia
| date = 2012-04-18
| access-date = 2012-05-06}}
</ref> On 16 May 2012, the [[National Assembly of Afghanistan|Afghan Parliament]], approved the agreement on a gas pipeline and the day after, the Indian Cabinet allowed state-run gas-firm [[GAIL]] to sign the [[Gas Safe Register|Gas Sale]] and Purchase Agreement (GSPA) with [[Türkmengaz]], Turkmenistan's national oil company.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/india-authorizes-to-sign-tapi-gas-sales-and-purchase-pact/
| title = India Authorizes to Sign TAPI Gas Sales and Purchase Pact
| newspaper = The Gazette of Central Asia
| publisher = Satrapia
| date = 2012-05-18
| access-date = 2012-05-18}}
</ref>

The TAPI project started in Turkmenistan on 13 December 2015 and was completed by mid-2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="brecorder.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.brecorder.com/2019/07/08/508207/pakistan-turkmenistan-to-discuss-tapi-gas-pipeline-groundbreaking-in-august |title=Pakistan and Turkmenistan to discuss TAPI gas pipeline |publisher=Business Recorder |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref> Work on the Afghan side was scheduled to start in February 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-to-protect-tapi-gas-pipeline-project/4268767.html |title=Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project |first=Hasib Danish |last=Alikozai |publisher=Voice of America |date=February 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/tapi-moves-into-afghanistan-taliban-promise-to-protect-the-project/ |title=TAPI Moves into Afghanistan, Taliban Promise to Protect the Project |first=Catherine |last=Putz |publisher=The Diplomat (magazine) |date=February 27, 2018 |access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> but was delayed until late 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2024/09/11/afghanistan-begins-practical-work-on-tapi-gas-pipeline/ |title=Afghanistan begins practical work on TAPI gas pipeline |work=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-190672 |title=Islamic Emirate, Turkmenistan Strengthen Ties with Launch of TAPI Project |work=TOLOnews |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> After securing an implementation plan with Pakistan a year earlier,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40246658 |title=TAPI Pipeline: Pakistan and Turkmenistan sign implementation plan |date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-06-08 |publisher=Business Recorder |language=en}}</ref> in August 2024 the Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan [[Raşit Meredow]] met virtually with Mullah [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]], Afghanistan's Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs. Following this meeting, Foreign Minister Meredow "said that Turkmenistan is ready to begin work on the TAPI project in Afghanistan with the aim of developing political and economic relations."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-190149 |title=Baradar: Turkmenistan FM Pledged Readiness for gvrcfeTAPI Project |work=TOLOnews |date=August 9, 2024}}</ref> Work later resumed on the project around the [[Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border]] region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/muttaqi-turkmen-fm-visit-tapi-project-in-afghanistan/ |title=Muttaqi, Turkmen FM visit TAPI project in Afghanistan |work=Ariana News |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=2025-01-24}}</ref> It was announced that by the end of 2026 the gas pipeline will reach the city of [[Herat]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/tapi-pipeline-project-197680 |title=TAPI Pipeline Work Continues Through Winter in Herat |work=TOLOnews |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

==Technical features==
The pipeline will be {{cvt|1420|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter with a working pressure of {{cvt|100|atm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=alex2>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.gasandoil.com/news/central_asia/c945d096920b47dd8cfa1c9be30c5389
| title = Gas pipeline project Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India approved
| publisher = Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections
| date = 2006-11-21
| access-date = 2021-07-10}}
</ref> The capacity will be {{cvt|33|e9m3|abbr=on}} of natural gas per year of which {{cvt|5|e9m3|abbr=on}} will be provided to Afghanistan and {{cvt|14|e9m3|abbr=on}} to each Pakistan and India.<ref name=diplomat031215>
{{cite news
| url = https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/a-fillip-for-the-tapi-pipeline/
| title = A Fillip for the TAPI Pipeline
| newspaper = The Diplomat
| first = Micha'el | last = Tanchum
| date = 2015-12-03
| access-date = 2015-12-13}}
</ref> Six compressor stations would be constructed along the pipeline.<ref name=alex2/>

Originally, the cost of the pipeline project was reportedly estimated at US$7.6 billion, but a more recent estimate was $10 billion.<ref name=upi031214>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/12/03/Kazakhstan-keen-on-TAPI-gas-pipeline/1741417604335/
| title = Kazakhstan keen on TAPI gas pipeline
| first = Daniel J. | last=Graeber
| agency = [[United Press International|UPI]]
| date = 2014-12-03
| access-date = 2015-02-25}}
</ref> The leading partner of the project is [[Türkmengaz]].

==Route==
The {{cvt|1814|km|adj=on|abbr=on}} pipeline will run from the world's second largest gas field namely [[Galkynysh Gas Field|Galkynysh gas fields]] in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.<ref name=":0" /> In Afghanistan, TAPI pipeline will be constructed alongside the [[Kandahar–Herat Highway]] in western Afghanistan, and then via [[Quetta]] and [[Multan]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ariananews.af/afghanistan-turkmenistan-discuss-tapi-rail-and-power-projects-in-herat-meeting/ |title=Afghanistan, Turkmenistan discuss TAPI, rail and power projects in Herat meeting |work=Ariana News |date=February 1, 2026 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> The final destination of the pipeline will be the Indian town of [[Fazilka]], near the border between Pakistan and India.<ref name=alex2/>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Afghanistan Oil Pipeline]]
* [[Transport in Afghanistan]]
* [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]] (BTC)
* [[Enron]]'s [[Dabhol Power Company]]
* [[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline]]
* [[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
* [[CentGas]]
* [[Port of Chabahar]]
* [[Ashgabat Agreement]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|tMr0KaZV0aM|ټاپي پروژه دې پروخت بشپړه شي}}
*{{YouTube|UCh2n5jQC2o|د ټاپي او اړوندو نورو پروژو د پرانیستې بشپړ حال}} (Pajhwok Afghan News, Sept. 11, 2024)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline}}
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in India]]
[[Category:Proposed pipelines in Asia]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]

Gustav Mann

2026-01-18T22:36:48Z

Minguel: put up new info

{{Short description|German botanist}}
[[File:Gustav Mann. Photograph, 1905. Wellcome V0026803.jpg|thumb|Image of Gustav Mann]]
'''Gustav Mann''' (1836–1916) was a [[Germans|German]] [[botanist]] who led expeditions in [[West Africa]] and was also a gardener at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].

Born in the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] in 1836, he was chosen by [[William Jackson Hooker]], Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to take part in [[William Balfour Baikie]]'s expedition to West Africa. While there, he sent numerous specimens back to Kew.

Mann's exploration of the [[Cameroon mountains]] is described by [[Sir Richard Burton]] in ''Abeokuta and the Camaroon Mountains'' vol. 2 <ref>Burton, Richard, [http://burtoniana.org/books/1863-Abeokuta%20and%20the%20Cameroon%20Mountains/burton-1863-abeokuta-vol2.pdf Abeokuta and the Cameroon Mountains], burtoniana.org, vol. II, 1863. Accessed 31 July 2012.</ref> Mann later collected specimens in [[Darjeeling]], [[India]], before retiring to [[Munich]], [[Germany]], in 1891.

Some 349 species of plants, the genera ''[[Manniella (plant)|Manniella]]'' [[Hook.f.]] and ''Manniophyton'' Muell. Arg.; and Mann's Spring on the [[Cameroon Mountain]] bear his name.
{{botanist|G.Mann|Mann, Gustav|border=0}}

== Personal life ==
He married Mary Anne Stovell in 1863. He died in 1916.

== Publications==

* Mann, G., H. Wendland, Hooker, Sir J. D. ''On the palms of western tropical Africa''. R. Taylor, 1864, London
* Mann, G. ''List of Assam ferns''. C. Wolf & Sohn, 1898, München
* Mann, G. "Physiological Histology, Methods and Theory". Clarendon Press, 1902, Oxford

== External links ==

* For more information<ref>[http://www.kew.org/herbcat/gotoMann.do HerbWeb - Gustav Mann Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220094218/http://www.kew.org/herbcat/gotoMann.do|date=2007-02-20}} at www.kew.org</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Gustav}}
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Hanover]]
[[Category:19th-century German botanists]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Kew Gardens]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Africa]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Plant collectors]]

{{Germany-botanist-stub}}

Poyanje railway station

2026-01-06T00:14:22Z

Minguel: Added A Entry Needs Work!

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Poyanje
| native_name = पोयंजे
| type =
| style =
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates =
| line = [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]]
| other =
| structure = On Ground
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels = 1m
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = PYJE
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
| former = Mohope
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| route_map = {{MSR Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Poyanje
}}

'''Poyanje railway station''', formerly '''Mohope railway station''', is a station on [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panvel–Karjat suburban corridor costing Rs 2,782 crore to be completed by March|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/panvel-karjat-suburban-corridor-10383815/|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=2025-11-24}}</ref> The preceding station on the line is [[Chouk railway station]] and the next station is [[Chikhale railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohope Railway Station on Panvel-Karjat line in Maharashtra renamed as Poyanje|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-mohope-railway-station-on-panvel-karjat-line-renamed-as-poyanje-23606328|website=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2025-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway renames Mohope station on Panvel-Karjat line as Poyanje|url=https://www.news18.com/agency-feeds/railway-renames-mohope-station-on-panvel-karjat-line-as-poyanje-9750640.html|website=[[News18]]|date=2025-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}
{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Karjat-Panvel rail line]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

Naga Hospital Authority

2025-12-31T02:52:22Z

Minguel: Creating new stub from scratch

{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}

{{Coord|25.669886|N|94.095927|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima
| org_group = 
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| logo =
| location = [[Naga Hospital Ward]]
| region = Kohima
| state = Nagaland
| country = India
| coordinates = 
| type = General
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| affiliation = [[Nagaland Medical College]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/naga-hospital-authority-will-support-nagaland-medical-college-phom.html|title=Naga Hospital Authority will support Nagaland Medical College: Phom|publisher=Northeast Now|access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref>
| beds = 300
| founded = {{start date and age|1905}}
| website =
}}

'''Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima''' ('''NHAK''') is a government-run tertiary hospital in [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]].

== History ==
It was established in 1905 as a ten-bedded dispensary.<ref name=":0" /> The foundation for the present hospital was laid after the Second World War. Villages in and around Kohima participated in levelling the ground. The occasion continued the tradition of [[Kene (Naga wrestling)|kene]] (wrestling) competitions between the volunteers, from villages and communities, as friendly contests between work time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Richa |first=Avinu Veronica |title=Wrestling Out Youth Development Through Indigenous Sports and Games: An Account of Naga Wrestling |date=2023 |work=Handbook of Youth Development |pages=135–147 |editor-last=Deb |editor-first=Sibnath |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-99-4969-4_8 |access-date=2025-10-09 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-4969-4_8 |isbn=978-981-99-4968-7 |last2=Khatsu |first2=Neivikuolie |last3=Richa |first3=Amenu |editor2-last=Deb |editor2-first=Shayana|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The dispensary was then upgraded to Kohima Civil Hospital with 60 beds. It was later renamed as Naga Hospital Authority.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://nagahealth.nagaland.gov.in/district_details?id=MTA-&district=S29oaW1h#gsc.tab=0| title=Naga Hospital Authority, Kohima - Department of Health & Family Welfare, Nagaland|publisher=[[Government of Nagaland]]|access-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref> The hospital was conferred to autonomous status in 2003 through the Naga Hospital Authority Bill by the Government of Nagaland.

== Courses ==

=== Nursing ===
Previously, the [[Government of Nagaland]]'s Department of Health and Family Welfare ran the 'General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) course at the hospital's School of Nursing which completed 75 years in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=8 October 2024 |title=Nurturing Nurses, Transforming Lives: Celebrating a Legacy, NHAK School of Nursing 75th anniversary |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nurturing-nurses-transforming-lives-celebrating-a-legacy-nhak-school-of-nursing-75th-anniversary/ |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> The course was discontinued starting in 2025-26 as the school was upgraded to a college. Starting in 2025, this College of Nursing started a new B.Sc. (Nursing) degree with an intake of 20 students. The admission was conducted through the Combined University Entrance Test (CUET-UG), and seats were announced through the Directorate of Technical Education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title=Nagaland Health Department to discontinue GNM course from 2025-26 |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-health-department-to-discontinue-gnm-course-from-2025-26 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=Eastern Mirror}}</ref>

== Certifications ==
In 2011, the hospital became the first in Nagaland to achieve the certification of [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) 9001:2008 given by the [[Indian Register Quality System]] which was undertaken with technical support of [[National Health System Resource Centre]] under NRHM.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of hospitals in Nagaland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1905]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1905]]

Bharat Rakshak

2025-12-30T08:18:58Z

Minguel: fix information for consistency

{{Infobox website
| name = Bharat Rakshak
| logo = Bharat Rakshak Logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| screenshot = Bharat Rakshak 28th Jan 2008 Screenshot.PNG
| screenshot_size = 250px
| caption = Bharat Rakshak home page on 28 January 2007
| url = {{Official URL}}
| commercial = No
| type = Military information and community website
| language = [[English language|English]]
| registration = Optional (required for forum)
| owner = Seetal Ramesh Patel
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1997|07|01}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Bharat Rakshak''' ({{lit|Defenders of India}}) is a website devoted to discussing the [[Military of India]]. It was started and is run by military enthusiasts.

==History==
Bharat Rakshak was started in April 1997 by bringing together the individual websites of Indian Defence enthusiasts.<ref name='celeb'>{{cite news | first=Sangeeta | last=Cavale | title=Online Celebration of the Nation | date=2004-01-25 | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/online-celebration-of-the-nation/articleshow/444729.cms | work =Times of India | accessdate = 2008-02-06 }}</ref> The website was officially launched on 1 July 1997 by Seetal Patel and Rupak Chattopadhyay. While the concept of [[Open Source Intelligence|Open Source intelligence]], as defined by the [[United States Intelligence Community|United States intelligence community]], is still evolving in India, Bharat Rakshak has been cited as a website that could be held in the same category as its western counterparts.<ref>{{cite news | first=Prashant | last=Bakshi | title=Open Source Intelligence a 'Force Multiplier' | date=2001-06-24 | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010624/spectrum/main3.htm | work =The Tribune | accessdate = 2008-02-06 }}</ref> The forum has many members with experience in Indian Armed Forces and defence technology firms.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

The site gained some notoriety in December 2007, when it was cited for leaking the Official War Histories written by the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) that had remained classified for sometime.<ref>{{cite news | first=Ajai | last=Shukla | title=History or Mystery | date=2007-12-03 | publisher=New Delhi Tele Vision | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/videopod/default.aspx?id=20338 | work =NDTV | accessdate = 2008-02-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080313223703/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/videopod/default.aspx?id=20338| archive-date= 13 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Features==

*An active [[discussion forum]], which has been referred to in the press as a think-tank of Indian military issues.<ref name='celeb'/>
*Discussion forums have threads in the following categories:
*#Military Issues & History Forum
*#Strategic Issues & International Relations Forum
*#Technology & Economic Forum
*#General Discussion Forums (Accessible only to registered members)
*The first three forum thread categories were available to public and the last general discussion forums was only available to registered members and was not visible for non-members.
*Discussions in first three forums focused on current military, strategic and technical/economic affairs of the day. With threads, highly active dedicated to [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]], [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] among others it remains a credible place to form viewpoint.
*The site also has detailed [[Military history of India|history]] on conflicts e.g. [[Siachen conflict|Siachen]], and [[Kargil War]]
*An online bookstore, which specialises in the sourcing of books related to the Indian Military.
* A multimedia section, with a considerable number of video clippings and audio recordings of Military marches played by the bands of Indian Army, the Navy and Air Force. It also includes a significant collection of books devoted to various topics like Military History, Security Issues and Nuclear Issues. Their articles on nuclear issues have received press coverage.<ref>{{cite news | first=Kaveree | last=Bamzai | title= N-Sub Project -- George, Bhagwat Fight over who Leaked What | date=1999-04-14 | url =http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990414/ige14023.html | work =Indian Express | accessdate = 2008-02-06 }}</ref>

==Related sites==
On 15 August 2000, Bharat Rakshak launched a sister website called Amar Jawan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} The Amar Jawan website is dedicated to the personnel of India's [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]; it means "Immortal Soldier" in [[Hindi]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

[[Category:Military-themed websites]]
[[Category:Indian websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1997]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

{{Internet-forum-stub}}

Ghudda

2025-12-30T01:18:07Z

Minguel:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations|date=December 2024}}

'''Ghudda''' is a village in [[Bathinda]] district in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It was founded in the 17th century by Baba Ghudda.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The 2011 census reported a population of 5320.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghudda (89) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=40057 |accessdate=15 May 2023}}</ref>

The village has a sports school,<ref name="Sports School Ghudda">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/education/29799744_1_sports-school-sports-events-minister-parkash-singh-badal |title=Badal reviews progress of sports school - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929125504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/education/29799744_1_sports-school-sports-events-minister-parkash-singh-badal |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a horse riding institute,<ref name="R&V Squarden of NCC at Ghudda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101109/bathinda.htm#2|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition}}</ref> a veterinary college and a hospital.<ref name="Govt opens 50 bed hospital in Ghudda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120921/battrib.htm#3|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - BATHINDA TRIBUNE}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
Agriculture is the primary occupation of residents.

==Education==
The [[Central University of Punjab]] is a notable educational institution in the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bathinda district}}
{{coord|30|07|N|74|47|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Gurramkonda

2025-11-24T01:01:24Z

Minguel: cleaned up structure for accuracy and updated info

{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gurramkonda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] Gurrumonda
| image_skyline = File:Gurramkonda-Maqbara Tomb-1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nawab Mir Raza Ali Khan's tomb, Maqbira, Gurramkonda
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|46|56|N|78|35|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Gurramkonda
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15,158
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 517297
| registration_plate = AP 03, AP 39
| blank1_name_sec1 =
Nearest Cities
| blank1_info_sec1=[[Madanapalle]], [[Rayachoti]]
| blank2_name_sec1=
Assembly Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1=[[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
| blank3_name_sec1=
[[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1=[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampeta]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Gurramkonda''' is a village in [[Annamayya district]] of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the Mandal headquarters of Gurramkonda Mandal.<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=19 June 2015|pages=446, 509|format=PDF}}</ref> Gurramkonda Fort is one of the oldest fort in the district. Gurramkonda (village) is a village in the Gurramkonda Mandal of the state of Andhra Pradesh, Annamayya district.

As per the 2011 census of India, the village covers 3111 hectares with 2501 houses and a population of 10642. The number of males in the village is 5480, the number of females is 5162. The Scheduled Castes population is 511 and the Scheduled Tribes population is 126.<ref>{{cite news|title=Many Chittoor temples, forts in a shambles|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Many-Chittoor-temples-forts-in-a-shambles/articleshow/5983494.cms|accessdate=19 June 2015|work=Times of India|date=28 May 2010|location=Tirupati}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gurramkonda Fort]]

== Transport ==
The [[National Highway 340 (India)|National Highway 340]] passes through the village.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archivedate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Gurramkonda}}

[[Category:Villages in Annamayya district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Annamayya district]]

Limnopoa

2025-10-04T01:47:26Z

Minguel: put up basic article added tags.

{{Short description|Genus of grasses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author= Rehel, S. |date=2011 |title= ''Limnopoa meeboldii'' |volume=2011 |article-number= e.T177255A7400510 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177255A7400510.en |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Limnopoa
| parent_authority = [[C.E.Hubb.]]
| species = meeboldii
| authority = ([[Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer|C.E.C.Fisch.]]) [[C.E.Hubb.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=y>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=422691 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Coelachne meeboldii'' C.E.C.Fisch.
}}

'''''Limnopoa''''' is a [[genus]] of [[India]]n plants in the [[Poaceae|grass family]].<ref>Hubbard, Charles Edward. 1943. Hooker's Icones Plantarum 35: plate 3432 and accompanying description</ref><ref>[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00345.htm Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora]</ref><ref>Fischer, Cecil Ernest Claude. 1934. Kew Bulletin 1934: 169</ref> The only known species is '''''Limnopoa meeboldii''''', native to the [[State of Kerala]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=y/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3753276|from2=Q15510399}}

[[Category:Micrairoideae]]
[[Category:Grasses of India]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]
[[Category:Monotypic Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Edward Hubbard]]

{{Poaceae-stub}}

Pallom

2025-09-19T21:43:21Z

Minguel: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pallom
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages Malayalam
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> 629609
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pallom''' is a block situated 6.5 km south of [[Kottayam]] town and 12.4 km north of [[Changanassery]], in the [[Indian state]] of Kerala.

The history of Pallom(Pallam) is described in the book India Gazateer & Bhoomisasthra Nighandu by Joseph Edamaruk. Edathil Palace of Thekkumkoor Dynasty is located here.

== Notable people ==

* Pallom Madhavan, [[Kathakali]] musician<ref>{{Cite news|last=Madhavan|first=Pallom|title=Kadhakali Award 2011|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/State-Kathakali-awards-announced/article13426281.ece}}</ref>

* [[E. C. George Sudarshan|Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan]], theoretical physicist

== See also ==
* [[Kottayam]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[Kottayam-Malabar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Bharathi Kannamma 2

2025-08-28T07:28:20Z

Minguel: adding initial info w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = BharathiK2.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = {{ubl|
* Salachanthiran Rathinavel
* Santhuru Thuraiyappa
'''Dialogue by''' 
* Bharathi Thambi
}}
| director = Praveen Bennett
| screenplay = V.K Amirtharaj
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Vinusha Devi]]
* [[Sibbu Suryan]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| editor = Viknesh Arjun
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 133
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = Saravanan
| producer = Venkatesh Babu, Nabil .S
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = Global Villagers
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|06|df=yes}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| related = [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]
}}

'''''Bharathi Kannamma 2''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series produced by Global Villagers and directed by Praveen Bennett.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharathi kannamma season 2 இணையத்தில் வைரலாகும் சூப்பர் எடிட்கள்...!|url=https://www.searcharoundweb.com/article/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-serial-coming-with-second-season-soon--13691|website=www.searcharoundweb.com|date=9 December 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா முடியுதா..? குறுக்க இந்த கௌஷிக் (2வது சீசன்) வந்தா? இயக்குநர் சொல்வது என்ன?|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/is-bharathi-kannamma-season-2-coming-director-viral-post.html|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> A spin-off series of ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial Bharathi Kannamma to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/97526630.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> it stars [[Vinusha Devi]] and [[Sibbu Suryan]] along with [[Farina Azad]], [[Roopa Sree]] and [[Deepa Shankar]] in supporting roles, whilst Reshma Muralidharan made a cameo appearance as Kannamma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharathi Kannamma 2: ரீ-என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா...! பார்ட் 2வில் பாரதி யார் தெரியுமா..?|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-2-is-coming-soon-with-sun-tv-roja-serial-fame-sibu-suryan-vinusha-in-the-lead-roles-99531|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=2 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2 ஆட்டநாயகனாக களமிறங்கபோகும் ரோஜா சீரியல் பிரபலம்|url=https://manithan.com/article/bharathi-kannamma-2-serial-hero-details-1675326597?itm_source=parsely-external|website=manithan.com|language=ta}}</ref>

It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 6 February 2023 from Monday to Friday, and ended on 6 August 2023, and is also available on the digital platform on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா: பல்வேறு நட்சத்திரங்களின் கேமியோவுடன் முடிவடையும் தொடர் - சீசன் 2-வில் என்ன நடக்கும்?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/bharathi-kannamma-series-is-to-end-this-week-whats-special-in-the-climax|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ஊர் சுற்றும் குடிகார பாரதி... ஜெயிலில் கண்ணம்மா... மாறுபட்ட கதைக்களத்துடன் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சீசன் 2 முதல் எபிசோட்|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-2-1st-episode-today-100231|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=7 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Vinusha Devi]] as Chitra<ref>{{cite web |title=சித்ரா கண்ணம்மாவாக மாறிய தருணம்.. பாரதி கண்ணம்மா தொடரில் ட்விஸ்ட்!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-tv-s-bharathi-kannamma-season-2-serial-new-promo-makes-more-expectations-105060.html|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=12 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> alias "Kannamma"
* [[Sibbu Suryan]] as Bharathi

===Supporting===
* [[Farina Azad]] as Venba (Main Antagonist)
* Reshma Prasad as Madhu
* [[Roopa Sree]] as Soundarya
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Bhakyalakshmi
* [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] as Sharmila
* Guhan Shanmugam as Vijay
* Udumalai Ravi as Selvam
* Baby George
* Anuradha Krishnamoorthy as N. Nandini
* Priyanka Dass / Sai Rithu as Anjali
* VJ Annamalai as Akilan
* Shathiga as Shanthi
* KMK Kailash As Dhandapaani
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Anbu

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Reshma Muralidharan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=கண்ணம்மாவாக என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஜீ தமிழ் பிரபலம் ரேஷ்மா... இன்றைய எபிசோடில் காத்திருக்கும் ட்விஸ்ட் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-2-today-episode-8-2-23-reshma-muralidharan-gives-entry-as-kannamma-100647|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=8 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> as the real "Kannamma" (Dead)
** Lisha Rajkumar as young Kannamma
* Samyutha as young Anjali
* Sherine Farhana as young Venba
* Sahasraa as young Madhu
* Aneesha as young Shanthi
* Sasilaya as a guest speaker in a drawing competition
* Diya Dharmaraj as a guest speaker in a drawing competition

==Production==
The first promo was released on 3 February 2023.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Barathi Kannamma Season 2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWssge9xco4|title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2 {{!}} Barathi Kannamma Season 2 {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2' சீரியலில் ஹீரோ... ஹீரோயின் இவர்கள் தானா? வெளியான ப்ரோமோ கொண்டாட்டத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/bharathi-kannamma-part-2-hero-heroine-reveled-in-first-promo-rpimk3|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=அடுத்த சீசனுக்கு தயாரான பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சீரியல்.. கலக்கல் ப்ரமோ வெளியீடு!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/vijay-tv-s-bharathi-kannamma-2-serial-starts-on-6th-of-february-and-the-promo-released-104782.html|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=4 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnamoorthy |first1=Mohan |title=யூட்யூபில் கடும் போட்டி போடும் ரோஜா சீரியல் ஜோடி.. ஜெயிக்கப் போவது யார்?|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/sita-raman-vs-bharathi-kannamma-2-promo-video/210966/|website=kalakkalcinema.com|date=4 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பிப்.6 முதல் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2.. அதே கதையா? புதிய கதையா? கலர்ஃபுல் ப்ரோமோ.|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/serial-bharathi-kannamma-season-2-promo-story-plot.html|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=6 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

===Casting===
The second season stars [[Vinusha Devi]], who played Kannamma in the first season, was also play in the second season of this series. [[Sibbu Suryan]], who was widely recognised for his good acting in [[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]], was cast as Bharathi.<ref>{{cite web |title=ரோஜா சீரியல் அர்ஜூன் இப்ப பாரதி கண்ணம்மாவில்... இன்று முதல்!|url=https://www.instanews.city/cinema/bharathi-kannamma-season-2-today-episode-1196052|website=www.instanews.city|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா 2வது பாகம், சீரியலில் ஹீரோ இவரா?|url=https://www.instanews.city/cinema/bharathi-kannamma-2-serial-hero-1195174|website=www.instanews.city|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சீசன் 2 -ல் ஹீரோவாக நடிக்கிறாரா பிரபல சன் டிவி சீரியல் ஹீரோ..?|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/sibbu-suryan-doing-a-hero-role-in-bharathi-kannamma-2-deets.html|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=2 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதியாக மாறிய ரோஜா அர்ஜூன் : பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சீசன் 2 ப்ரமோ வைரல்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actor-sibbu-suryan-and-vinusha-devi-bharathi-kannamma-season-2-promo-viral-587890/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=3 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Roopa Sree]] reprised her role as Bharathi's mother from [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]] marking her return to Tamil television.<ref>{{cite news |title=New TV serial 'Bharathi Kannamma 2' to premiere today; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-2-to-premiere-today-deets-inside/articleshow/97647168.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
Due to the serial not gaining as much traction as the [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|previous season]], the serial was brought to an abrupt end on 6 August 2023.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/barathi-kannamma/1260003598 ''Bharathi Kannamma 2''] at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|10195820}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Diocese of Udaipur

2025-08-24T08:00:38Z

Minguel: new first article more to come

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Udaipur
|latin = Dioecesis Udaipurensis
|local = उदयपुर के सूबा
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Our Lady of Fatima Cathedral in [[Udaipur]]
|cocathedral =
|patron=[[Our Lady Queen of Apostles]] [[St. Paul]]|area_km2 = 47,000
|population = 8,112,000
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 23,867
|catholics_percent= 0.3
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Devprasad John Ganawa]]
|metro_archbishop = Albert D'Souza
|emeritus_bishops =
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.udaipurdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
|map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Udaipur.png
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Udaipur''' ({{langx|la| Udaipuren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Udaipur]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra]] in India.

==History==
* 3 December 1984: Established as Diocese of Udaipur from the [[Diocese of Ajmer–Jaipur]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Udaipur ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Joseph Pathalil]] (3 December 1984 – 21 December 2012)
** Bishop [[Devprasad John Ganawa]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] (21 December 2012 – present)

==Causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Fr. Charles de Ploemeur (Alfred Le Neouannis)<ref>{{Cite web |title=1941 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1941.htm |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/udai0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dudai.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|24.5969|N|73.6986|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

INS Kulish (P63)

2025-03-05T14:37:45Z

Minguel: fix article per sources and updated info

#REDIRECT [[INS Kulish]]

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Mutha Mestri

2022-09-12T18:23:57Z

Minguel: enhanced lead further to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Muta Mestri]]

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Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)

2022-05-23T13:25:43Z

Minguel: updated information for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency]]

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Tisgaon Dam

2022-04-28T14:27:24Z

Minguel: new a stub

{{Infobox dam
| name = Tisgaon Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Tisgaon Dam D02974
| dam_crosses = Parashri river
| location = Dindori
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1674|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|24.9|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1080|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1995<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tisgaon_D02974 | title=Tisgaon D02974 | accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|12440|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|292|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.2581307|73.9527943|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Tisgaon Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Parashri river near [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]], [[Nashik district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|24.9|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1674|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1080|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|15140.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]
* [[Bhalerao 701]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]

2015 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election

2021-08-03T15:00:38Z

Minguel: adding a data w/ sources.

#REDIRECT [[2015 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election]]

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