Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Haptik

2026-05-08T09:56:33Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{short description|Indian enterprise conversational AI platform}}
{{COI|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Haptik
| logo = Haptik logo.svg
| screenshot =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Jio Platforms]] (2019-present)
| employees = 196
| url = {{URL|https://haptik.ai}}
| alexa =
| advertising =
| registration = Yes
| language = English
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2013|8}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = United States, India, Middle East, South East Asia, Europe, and Australia]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Aakrit Vaish ([[Co-founder]] & [[CEO]])|Swapan Rajdev (Co-founder & [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])|Kartik Poddar ([[Chief business officer]])}}
| website_type = [[Enterprise software]]
| current_status = Active
}}
{{Infobox software
| name =
| developer = [[Jio Platforms]]
| released = 2013
| platform = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Web browser]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Intelligent personal assistant]], [[Chatbot]]
| license =
| website =
}}

'''Haptik''' is an Indian [[Enterprise software|enterprise]] [[conversational AI]] platform founded in August 2013,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brandon|first1=John|title=Haptik built an A.I. personal assistant in India. Here's what they learned|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/15/haptik-built-an-a-i-personal-assistant-in-india-heres-what-they-learned|work=[[Venturebeat]]|date=15 July 2016|archive-date=23 December 2017|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223033419/https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/15/haptik-built-an-a-i-personal-assistant-in-india-heres-what-they-learned/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="techcrunch.com">{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Jon|title=Haptik, an India-based mobile concierge service, raises $11.2M from Times Internet|url=https://techcrunch.com/tag/haptik|work=[[Techcrunch]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> and acquired by [[Reliance Industries Limited]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Jio acquires majority stake in AI firm Haptik for about Rs 700 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/reliance-jio-acquires-majority-stake-in-ai-firm-haptik-for-about-rs-700-crore/story-fbWekhtbLYbHO1T1mPFyJK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Haptik was the pioneer chatbot and one of the first modern Conversational AI and Generative AI.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/artificial-intelligence-ai/pioneering-conversational-ai/29485/ | title=Pioneering conversational AI | date=15 October 2018 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2026}} The company develops technology to enable enterprises to build [[conversational AI]] systems that allow users to converse with applications and electronic devices in free-format, natural language, using speech or text.<ref>{{cite news|title=Making chatbots your mouthpiece|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/making-chatbots-your-mouthpiece/article23605636.ece|publisher=[[Business Line]]|date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite news|last1=Madanapalle|first1=Aditya|title=Inside Haptik.ai. A made in India and for India personal assistant and end to end chatbot Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inside-haptik-ai-a-made-in-india-and-for-india-personal-assistant-and-end-to-end-chatbot-platform-4128927.html|work=Firstpost|date=10 October 2017}}</ref> The company has been accorded numerous accolades including the [[Frost & Sullivan|Frost & Sullivan Award]], [[NASSCOM]]'s Al Game Changer Award,<ref name="VCCircle1">{{cite news|title=Meet the 10 winners of Nasscom's AI game changer awards|url=https://techcircle.vccircle.com/2018/07/17/meet-the-10-winners-of-nasscom-s-ai-game-changer-awards|publisher=[[VCCircle]]|date=17 July 2018}}</ref> and serves [[Fortune 500]] brands globally in industries such as [[financial]], [[insurance]], [[healthcare]], [[technology]] and [[communications]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Haptik acquires conversational commerce platform Buzzo.ai |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/haptik-acquires-conversational-commerce-platform-buzzo-ai |work=[[The Quint]] |date=24 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Haptik crosses 3 million users in engagement on Samsung My Galaxy - ETtech |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobile/haptik-crosses-3-million-users-in-engagement-on-samsung-my-galaxy/67257967 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Haptik was founded by Aakrit Vaish<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Aindrila |title=#TechSpecial: This Guy's Personal Assistant Mobile App Haptik Is Making Your Life Easy |publisher=[[AskMen]] |url=http://in.askmen.com/in-the-spotlight/1117340/article/techspecial-this-guys-personal-assistant-mobile-app-haptik-i |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> and Swapan Rajdev, in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Sandeep |date=28 May 2016 |title=Behind the Scenes of Haptik, Chat Based Personal Assistance |publisher=[[Entrepreneur.com]] |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/276629}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2015 |title=Haptik app: A mobile personal assistant that brings information at your fingertips |publisher=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/haptik-app-a-mobile-personal-assistant-that-brings-information-at-your-fingertips-3667777.html}}</ref> The company launched its first product Haptik app in March 2014, which is a chat-based personal assistant which lets its users get things done for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] platforms in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sriram |date=13 August 2015 |title=Haptik 3.0 Product Assistant App Brings Task-Based Actionable Messaging |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/haptik-30-product-assistant-app-brings-task-based-actionable-messaging-727533}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost3">{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Ivan |date=12 December 2016 |title=Haptik Personal Assistant App Introduces Wallet, Promises Response Under 30 Seconds |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/12/haptik-personal-assistant-app-introduces-wallet-promises-respon_a_21623980/}}</ref> By September 2014, the platform added 125 chat experts who helped users with their queries.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Over time the company upgraded it into a complete conversational commerce app.<ref name="deccanchronicle3">{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Understanding conversational commerce: What works and what doesn't |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/140518/understanding-conversational-commerce-what-works-and-what-doesnt.html}}</ref> The app received 2 million downloads and 15 million installations.<ref name="pcmag3">{{cite news |date=10 April 2018 |title=Step aside human, chatbots will take over from here |publisher=[[PC Magazine]] |url=https://in.pcmag.com/artificial-intelligence/120344/step-aside-human-chatbots-will-take-over-from-here |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107020920/https://in.pcmag.com/artificial-intelligence/120344/step-aside-human-chatbots-will-take-over-from-here |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2015, Dan Roth joined Haptik's board of advisers who helped scale the platform's [[Natural language processing]] (NLP).<ref name="MediaNama3">{{cite news |last1=Johari |first1=Sneha |date=5 October 2015 |title=Haptik partners with Mumbai City FC to provide Indian Super League info |publisher=MediaNama |url=https://www.medianama.com/2015/10/223-haptik-mumbai-city-fc/}}</ref> In the same year, Haptik was appointed as the official personal assistant of [[Mumbai City FC]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2015 |title=Chat-Based App Haptik Teams Up With Mumbai City Fc as Their Official Personal Assistant |publisher=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/chat-based-app-haptik-teams-up-with-mumbai-city-fc-as-their-official-personal-assistant-3672075.html}}</ref> It also provided a customer support chatbot to SwipeTelecom.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 Feb 2015 |title=Swipe Technologies partners with Haptik messaging assistant |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-swipe-technologies-partners-with-haptik-messaging-assistant-2058060}}</ref>

In November 2017, the company launched a full-scale enterprise-level bot management platform including an analytics dashboard.<ref name="firstpost3">{{cite news |last1=Madanapalle |first1=Aditya |date=10 October 2017 |title=Inside Haptik.ai. A made in India and for India personal assistant and end to end chatbot Firstpost |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inside-haptik-ai-a-made-in-india-and-for-india-personal-assistant-and-end-to-end-chatbot-platform-4128927.html}}</ref>

In 2019, Haptik launched a voice bot for one of the largest food chains in the world, allowing its customers to place orders using Alexa. It also helps users find the nearest outlet of the food chain and provides information on product availability on a real-time basis.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |date=21 January 2019 |title=Haptik enables ordering using a voice bot for KFC - ETtech |language=en |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/haptik-enables-ordering-using-a-voice-bot-for-kfc/67626240}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] signed a partnership pact with Haptik to develop a [[chatbot]] for its Aaple Sarkar platform. The bot provides conversational access to information regarding 1,400 services managed by the state government.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Varun |date=5 March 2019 |title=Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot |language=en |work=[[Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/maharashtra-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot/article26438199.ece}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shweta |date=6 March 2019 |title=Haptik partners with Maharashtra govt for public services chatbot |work=[[VCCircle|Techcircle]] |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/03/06/haptik-partners-maharashtra-govt-over-an-ai-based-chatbot-for-public-services}}</ref>

In April 2019, [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] bought an 87% stake in the company in a $100 million deal. This was followed by the acquisition of [[Mumbai]]-based start-up, Buzzo.ai, that develops customizable [[Artificial Intelligence]] software for [[e-commerce]].<ref name="VCCircle">{{cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |date=24 September 2019 |title=Reliance-controlled Haptik acquires conversational commerce startup |work=[[VCCircle]] |url=https://www.vccircle.com/reliance-controlled-haptik-acquires-mumbai-based-conversational-commerce-startup}}</ref><ref name="Mint">{{cite news |last1=Vankipuram |first1=Meera |date=24 September 2019 |title=Reliance Jio-backed Haptik acquires conversational commerce platform Buzzo.ai |language=en |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-jio-backed-haptik-acquires-conversational-commerce-platform-buzzo-ai-1569289843461.html}}</ref>

In April 2019 [[Jio|Reliance Jio Infocom Ltd]] bought an 87% stake in the company in a $100 million deal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pitchiah |first1=Vijayakumar |date=4 April 2019 |title=Reliance to acquire 87% stake in chatbot maker Haptik |work=[[VCCircle]] |url=https://www.vccircle.com/reliance-to-acquire-87-stake-in-chatbot-maker-haptik/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nishant |date=5 April 2019 |title=The AI Assistant That Can Help Mukesh Ambani Take On Siri And Alexa |language=en |work=[[BloombergQuint]] |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/the-ai-assistant-that-can-help-mukesh-ambani-take-on-siri-and-alexa}}</ref> The company was renamed Jio Haptik Technologies Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parekh |first=Kalpen |date=2019-10-12 |title=Reliance Jio Digital Services is now Jio Haptik Techologies |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-jio-digital-services-is-now-jio-haptik-techologies-11570858970635.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Jio]] is a $65 billion Internet conglomerate, with businesses across Telecom, E-commerce, Media & Entertainment, Healthcare, and more.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=2020-05-04 |title=Silver Lake to Invest $750M in Indian Tech Giant Jio |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/silver-lake-invest-750m-indian-tech-giant-jio-1293046/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last=Bloomberg |date=2020-07-15 |title=Google is in advanced talks to invest $4 billion in Jio Platforms |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/google-is-in-advanced-talks-to-invest-4-billion-in-jio-platforms-120071500008_1.html |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref>

In July 2019, Haptik acquired [[Los Angeles|Los-Angeles]] based startup, Convrg to expand its technical expertise and business outreach in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |date=23 July 2019 |title=India's Haptik acqui-hires Los Angeles startup Convrg in international expansion push |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/23/haptik-convrg-acquihire/}}</ref>

After getting acquired by [[Jio|Reliance Jio]], Haptik acquired a [[Mumbai]]-based start-up, Buzzo.ai, which develops customizable [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] software for e-commerce.<ref name="VCCircle"/><ref name="Mint"/> The combined reach of Jio Platforms is close to 500 million customers<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goled |first=Shraddha |date=2020-11-27 |title=Why Google Invested In Jio? |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/why-google-invested-in-jio/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news |title=Jio Platforms agrees to invest $200 million in internet company Glance for 17% stake |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/jio-platforms-agrees-to-invest-200-million-in-internet-company-glace-for-17-stake/articleshow/89573937.cms |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref> and it counts marquee names such as [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Silver Lake (investment firm)|Silver Lake]], [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]] amongst some of its notable investors.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":42" />

In November 2019, the company appointed Saumil Shah as the Vice President of Engineering.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2019 |title=Haptik appoints Saumil Shah as VP, Engineering - ET BrandEquity |language=en |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/haptik-appoints-saumil-shah-as-vp-engineering/72237383}}</ref>

In December 2019, Haptik developed a chatbot for Tata Mutual Fund called 'Prof. Simply Simple' that helps with resolving routine, repetitive queries, and frees the customer support team to solve complex queries.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2019 |title=Meet 'Prof. Simply Simple', Tata Mutual Fund's chatbot developed by Haptik - ET BrandEquity |language=en |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/meet-prof-simply-simple-tata-mutual-funds-virtual-assistant-developed-by-haptik/72488078}}</ref>

In March 2020, The [[Government of India]] launched a [[WhatsApp]] chatbot called ''MyGov Corona Helpdesk'' to create awareness about [[coronavirus]]. The bot was built by Haptik.<ref name="Techcrunch3">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |date=21 March 2020 |title=India launches WhatsApp chatbot to create awareness about coronavirus, asks social media services to curb spread of misinformation |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/21/india-whatsapp-mygov-corona-helpdesk-bot/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Haptik-powered corona chatbot sees over 2 crore users |language=en |work=[[Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/haptik-powered-corona-chatbot-sees-over-2-crore-users/article31261902.ece#}}</ref><ref name="HT3">{{cite news |last1=Bhushan |first1=Kul |date=7 April 2020 |title=In focus: Mumbai-based Haptik which developed India's official WhatsApp chatbot for Covid-19 |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/in-focus-mumbai-based-haptik-which-developed-india-s-official-whatsapp-chatbot-for-covid-19/story-SkSTENvrXVmvfM9YWEKXBP.html}}</ref>

In October 2021 Haptik launched [[Interakt]] App for MSMEs: The launch came amid the growth of Direct To Consumer (D2C) brands on the internet that were looking to leverage personalised interactions with customers through chat platforms such as WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2021 |title=How MSMEs can manage sales, customer interactions on WhatsApp with new app from Reliance Jio's Haptik |language=en |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/msme-tech-reliance-jio-platforms-haptik-launches-app-for-msmes-to-manage-sales-customer-interactions-on-whatsap}}</ref>

In December 2021, Haptik was awarded a special honour by the Minister of State for External Affairs - Meenakshi Lekhi, for partnering with Mygov on the Corona Helpdesk.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In 2022, the company has also announced to build a chatbot for RedDoorz, a hotel management and ticket booking platform in [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=RedDoorz to Enhance Customer Experience with Haptik |url=https://www.apnnews.com/reddoorz-to-enhance-customer-experience-with-haptik/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=APN News |date=21 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Products built ==

* Self-serve Enterprise CX platform that helps launch [[Virtual assistant|Intelligent Virtual Assistants]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Jio Platforms' Haptik launches new self-serve Enterprise CX Platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/jio-platforms-haptik-launches-new-self-serve-enterprise-cx-platform/articleshow/87308614.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Life insurance chatbot that acts as a financial guide to help users choose appropriate life insurance plans based on 60-second quiz<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=HDFC Life brings country's first life insurance Chatbot with Haptik |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hdfc-life-brings-countrys-first-life-insurance-chatbot-with-haptik/articleshow/57518145.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref>
* Voice bot that helps the food chain customers to place orders and find the nearest outlet and provides real-time availability status of products<ref name=":02"/>
* A chatbot for a state government that provides conversational access to the government's 1400 services<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":22"/>
* WhatsApp Chatbots pertaining to various industries like e-commerce, financial sectors, and telecom sector<ref name="Techcrunch3"/><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":62"/><ref name=":02"/>
* WhatsApp chatbot that provides coronavirus-related information in English and Hindi to 50 million users and also gives key information on Co-Win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=WhatsApp chatbot MyGov Corona Helpdesk surpasses 30 million users |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/whatsapp-chatbot-mygov-corona-helpdesk-surpasses-30-million-users-71616512009963.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Anumeha |title=WhatsApp Chatbot 'MyGov Corona Helpdesk' surpasses 30 million users in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/whatsapp-chatbot-mygov-corona-helpdesk-surpasses-30-million-users-in-india/articleshow/81653180.cms |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref>

== Partnership and customer base==
Haptik built the world's largest [[WhatsApp]] chatbot for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Manas |title=EXCLUSIVE: How India got world's biggest chatbot for coronavirus |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-exclusive-how-india-got-world-s-biggest-chatbot-for-coronavirus-123978 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=13 April 2020}}</ref> This was the official helpline for the [[Government of India]] which was utilized by over 21 million users across the country.<ref name="HT3"/> The MyGov Corona Helpdesk was engineered to fight rumors, educate the masses and bring a sense of calm to the pandemic situation. Haptik built the Helpdesk ground-up using official data shared by the Government.<ref name="Techcrunch3"/>

[[Kotak Life Insurance|Kotak Life]] partnered with Haptik to develop an AI-driven conversational assistant called KAYA which provides 24X7 assistance to consumers.<ref>{{cite news |title=For customer experience, Kotak Life announces AI-based 'Kaya' solution developed by Haptik - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital/for-customer-experience-kotak-life-announces-ai-based-kaya-solution-developed-by-haptik/73938458 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The company partnered with [[Amazon Pay]],<ref name="gn">{{cite news|title=Haptik partners with Amazon to power payments for flight bookings, bill payments and more|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/haptik-partners-with-amazon-pay-to-power-payments-for-flight-bookings-bill-payments-and-more/articleshow/60019673.cms|publisher=Gadgets Now|date=11 August 2017}}</ref> [[HDFC Life]],<ref name="tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |date=8 March 2017 |title=Now, chat with HDFC Life Haptik Bot for your insurance |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate/now-chat-with-hdfc-life-haptik-bot-for-your-insurance/57528550}}</ref> [[Ola Cabs]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Sriram|title=Haptik Partners Ola to Enable Cab Bookings on Chat|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/haptik-partners-ola-to-enable-cab-bookings-on-chat-769305|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=24 November 2015}}</ref> [[Uber]],<ref name="thbl"/> [[Times Internet]], [[Mumbai City FC]],<ref name="MediaNama3"/> [[Coca-Cola]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sprite Signs up with Haptik for a 'Clear' Brand Fit|url=http://www.coca-colaindia.com/choices/sprite-signs-up-with-haptik-for-a-clear-brand-fit|publisher=Coca-Cola India|date=8 November 2017}}</ref> Ziman,<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news|title=Haptik with Ziman provides chatbot security services|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/enterprise-services-and-applications/haptik-with-ziman-provides-chatbot-security-services/61061505|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 October 2017}}</ref> [[Zomato]],<ref name="ttoi"/> BookMyShow,<ref name="ttoi">{{cite news|title=Haptik reboots its food and movie categories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/Haptik-reboots-its-food-and-movie-categories/articleshow/53856993.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="thbl">{{cite news|last1=Kurup|first1=Rajesh|title=Haptik updates app with SmartWallet|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/haptik-updates-app-with-smartwallet/article9415711.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref> [[Cleartrip]], [[Goibibo]], Zoop,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoop Enables Food Order & Delivery on Trains via WhatsApp |url=https://www.haptik.ai/resources/case-study/zoop |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=www.haptik.ai |language=en-us}}</ref> UrbanClap, [[Via.com]], Dineout, [[Flipkart]], and [[Kotak Life Insurance|Kotak Life]] to run campaigns on Haptik app.<ref>{{cite news|last1=MK|first1=Nidheesh|title=Haptik to offer customer services to Amazon, Flipkart users|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/XUT5ktIconbEjjb23Yi9oJ/Haptik-to-offer-customer-services-to-Amazon-Flipkart-users.html|publisher=[[Livemint]]|date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

In March 2018, the company partnered with [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) to provide Al-enabled conversational solutions{{buzzword inline|date=November 2020}} to customers in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Haptik bots to use Amazon Web Services AI technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/haptik-bots-to-use-amazon-web-services-ai-technology/articleshow/63211825.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2018}}</ref>

Haptik has entered into a strategic partnership with [[Y Combinator]]-backed Leena AI to provide enterprises for all types of bot solutions.{{buzzword inline|date=November 2020}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Haptik, Leena AI sign a strategic partnership for enterprise bot solutions |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate/haptik-leena-ai-sign-a-strategic-partnership-for-enterprise-bot-solutions/66634545|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

Haptik's repertoire of chatbot customers in [[India]] includes [[Samsung]],<ref name="techcrunch.com"/> [[Future Group]],<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|title=Haptik chatbots enable Future Group to boost customer engagement on its digital wallet app Future Pay|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/haptik-chatbots-enable-future-group-to-boost-customer-engagement-on-its-digital-wallet-app-future-pay/articleshow/66428012.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 October 2018}}</ref> [[KFC]], [[Dream11]], [[Sharekhan]], [[Edelweiss Broking Limited|Edelweiss]], Tokio, [[Club Mahindra]] and [[IIFL]] among others.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Haptik's chatbots are helping large enterprises keep customers engaged|url=https://techcircle.vccircle.com/2018/10/31/how-haptik-s-chatbots-are-helping-large-enterprises-keep-customers-engaged/|publisher=[[VCCircle]]|date=31 October 2018}}</ref> Haptik has also built assistants for TOI,<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=TOI App now has a personal assistant|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/toi-app-now-has-a-personal-assistant/articleshow/61254007.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2017}}</ref> [[Samsung]], [[Ziman]]<ref name="economictimes"/> and Akancha Against Harassment, an online Cyber Safety Initiative.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haptik and Akancha launch a unique Chatbot against cyber harassment|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/050118/haptik-and-akancha-launch-a-unique-chatbot-against-cyber-harassment.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

Haptik is one of the world's largest conversational AI platforms.<ref name="The Economic Times"/> In October 2017, The Times of India app incorporated Haptik's virtual personal assistant service with Sprite as the exclusive brand partner.<ref name="TOI"/> Samsung was the second partner who uses Haptik to power its 'My Assistant' service that is pre-installed on the [[Galaxy S7|Samsung Galaxy S7]] and [[Samsung Galaxy S7|Galaxy S7 Edge]] in [[India]].<ref name="techcrunch.com"/>

Haptik built a scalable Support Bot for [[Dream11]] which helped the online handle 8x their volume without a large support staff during [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haptik's Chatbot handled 30x scale for Dream11 During IPL 2018 - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/haptiks-chatbot-handled-30x-scale-for-dream11-during-ipl-2018-90520.html |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Exchange4media |date=14 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==
Haptik raised $11.2M in its Series B funding round from [[Times Internet]] in April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=Priya|title=Haptik raises Series B funding from Times Internet; Kalaari exits|url=https://www.vccircle.com/haptik-raises-series-b-funding-times-internet-kalaari-exits/|publisher=[[VCCircle]]|date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Haptik raises undisclosed sum in Series B funding from Times Internet|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/haptik-raises-undisclosed-sum-in-series-b-funding-from-times-internet/articleshow/51691880.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=5 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="techcrunch.com" /> Times Internet thus acquired a majority stake in Haptik. Earlier, the company had received funding of $1 million from [[Kalaari Capital]] in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnamurthy|first1=Krithika|title=Messaging app Haptik raises $1 million from Kalaari Capital|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/messaging-app-haptik-raises-1-million-from-kalaari-capital/articleshow/42795030.cms?intenttarget=no|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Android app Haptik gets $1-mn funding from Kalaari Capital|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/androidapp-haptik-to-get-funding-from-kalaari-capital/article6416005.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=16 September 2017}}</ref>

Haptik is a part of the [[Reliance Industries Limited]], which acquired a majority stake in the company in a $100 million deal in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Russell |first1=Jon |title=Reliance Jio's latest acquisition is a $100M bet on the future of internet users in India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/04/reliance-jio-buys-haptik-for-100-million/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=4 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Kalpana |title=Reliance Jio arm acquires 87% in AI chatbot firm Haptik Infotech |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-jio-arm-acquires-87-in-ai-chatbot-firm-haptik-infotech-1554306574585.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=3 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Software overview ==
Haptik builds [[Conversational AI]] that understands context.<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Has Given Us Renewed Sense of Purpose: Haptik Cofounder |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/2019-has-given-us-renewed-sense-of-purpose-haptik-cofounder/ |work=Inc42 |date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Companies embrace AI to woo employees|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/010918/companies-embrace-ai-to-woo-employees.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Anzar|first1=Khalid|title=This AI-backed personal assistant is all you need to get your work done|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/this-ai-backed-personal-assistant-is-all-you-need-to-get-your-work-done-117051500734_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=15 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Businessworld">{{cite news|title=Meet the New Haptik your Virtual Assistant Powered by AI|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Meet-the-New-Haptik-your-Virtual-Assistant-Powered-by-AI-/07-12-2016-109344/|publisher=[[Businessworld]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

== Others ==
Haptik has open sourced its proprietary [[Named-entity recognition|Named Entity Recognition]] system that powers the chatbots behind Haptik app at the Chatbot Summit held in [[Berlin]] on 26 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Velayanikal|first1=Malavika|title=India's chatbots pivot for survival in the age of Siri and Alexa|url=https://www.techinasia.com/chatbots-pivot-for-survival-in-the-age-of-siri-alexa-google-assistant|publisher=Techinasia.com|date=26 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vignesh|first1=J|title=Haptik opens up AI assistant technology that powers its chatbots|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobile/haptik-opens-up-ai-assistant-technology-that-powers-its-chatbots/59317818|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Alisa (virtual assistant)]]
*[[Amazon Alexa]]
*[[Bixby (virtual assistant)]]
*[[BlackBerry 10|BlackBerry Assistant]]
*[[Clova (virtual assistant)]]
*[[Cortana (software)|Microsoft Cortana]]
*[[Evi (software)|True Knowledge Evi]]
*[[Google Assistant]]
*[[S Voice|Samsung S Voice]]
*[[Siri|Apple Siri]]
*[[Viv (software)|Samsung Viv]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|Internet|Companies|India}}
{{Intelligent personal assistant software}}
{{Reliance Industries Limited}}

[[Category:Virtual assistants]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:Natural language processing software]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Android (operating system)]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 software]]
[[Category:Instant messaging]]
[[Category:Jio]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries]]

Sanjeev Bagai

2026-05-07T06:20:27Z

Mihmbathinda: New new page

{{Short description|Indian paediatrician and medical administrator (born 1965)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=March 2025}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjeev Bagai
| image = Dr. Sanjeev Bagai.jpg
| caption = Dr. Sanjeev Bagai – Pediatrician and medical administrator.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|03|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]
| occupation = Pediatrician Medical administrator
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards|Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.drsanjeevbagai.in|Official website}}
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = Pediatric Nephrology and Neonatology
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Sanjeev Bagai''' ([[Malayalam]]: born 31 March 1965) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[pediatrician]] and [[nephrologist]] recognized for his expertise in pediatric [[nephrology]] and [[neonatology]]. He serves as the [[chairman]] of the Nephron Clinic in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nephrologist Dr. Sanjeev Bagai blk super speciality hospital delhi |url=https://www.ask4healthcare.com/healthcaresolutions/DesktopModules/SearchCommon/ResDoctorDetailInHospital.aspx?hd_id=25502 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.ask4healthcare.com}}</ref><ref name="drsanjeevbagai.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.drsanjeevbagai.in/ |title=Best Paediatric Kidney Nephrologists, Paediatric Surgery Delhi India |last=Ltd |first=Sai Webtel Technologies Pvt |date=2015-02-10 |website=www.drsanjeevbagai.in |language=en |access-date=2023-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214022017/http://www.drsanjeevbagai.in/}}</ref> Bagai has been a [[Visiting scholar|visiting professor]] of [[pediatrics]] at Saint Justin Hospital in [[Canada]] and the [[University of Toledo]], [[Ohio]].<ref name="drsanjeevbagai.in" /> Bagai has also taught at the [[University of New South Wales]], [[Sydney]].<ref name=RLC>{{cite web |date=11 November 2012 |title=Dr Sanjeev Bagai, Dean and Director, Radiant Life Care, Delhi |url=http://eindia.eletsonline.com/2012/dr-sanjeev-bagai-dean-and-director-radiant-life-care-delhi/ |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=eIndia |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182451/http://eindia.eletsonline.com/2012/dr-sanjeev-bagai-dean-and-director-radiant-life-care-delhi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bagai was a gold medalist at Mumbai University and the recipient of both the Sir Dorab Tata Merit Scholarship and the Mumbai University Merit Scholarship.

== Career ==
In 2008, Bagai was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions to medical science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also received the prestigious [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards|Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] the same year.<ref name=MyCity>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Dr. Sanjeev Bagai - My City 4 Kids |work=mycity4kids |url=http://www.mycity4kids.com/parenting/author/Dr.%20Sanjeev%20Bagai |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=My City 4 Kids |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181825/http://www.mycity4kids.com/parenting/author/Dr.%20Sanjeev%20Bagai |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He completed his graduation, [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] from the [[G. S. Medical College and Hospital|GS Medical College]] & [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM Hospital]] Mumbai; [[Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health|DCH]], MD (Paed) from Wadia Children’s Hospital; [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|MNAMS (Pediatric)]]; DNBE (Pediatric); MIPA (USA); [[Fellow|Fellowship]] in Prince Of Wales Children's Hospital, [[Australia]] (FSCH); FIMSA; PhD (honoris causa) (USA) Doctorate in Pediatric Nephrology, National American University, [[Delaware|Delaware, USA.]]{{cn|date=March 2025}}

He has been the vice chairman, CEO, director, and dean of numerous corporate [[Hospital network|hospital chains]] that he created and commissioned. He was formerly the Vice Chairman of the [[Manipal Hospitals|Manipal Hospital]] Dwarka,<ref name="drsanjeevbagai.in" /> New Delhi; CEO of Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=eHealth |date=2012-01-28 |title=Dr Sanjeev Bagai, CEO, Batra Hospital @Healthcareleaders'forum - Elets eHealth |url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2012/01/dr-sanjeev-bagai-ceo-batra-hospital-healthcareleadersforum/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=eHealth Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and Radiant Life Care, New Delhi. <ref name="drsanjeevbagai.in" /> He has also been the medical advisor and director at Rockland Hospital, New Delhi.

== Written work ==
Bagai has written several health-related articles for The [[The Hindu|Hindu]], a prominent Indian newspaper.<ref name="Beat hidden hunger">{{cite news |last1=Bagai |first1=Dr Sanjeev |date=26 October 2014 |title=Beat hidden hunger |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/beat-hidden-hunger/article6533775.ece |access-date=8 December 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Blame it on medicines">{{cite news |last1=Bagai |first1=Dr Sanjeev |date=31 July 2010 |title=Blame it on medicines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/blame-it-on-medicines/article541859.ece |access-date=8 December 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="A Patient is our religion and a hospital is our temple">{{cite web |date=2 July 2015 |title=A Patient is our religion and a hospital is our temple |url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/health-files/a-patient-is-our-religion-and-a-hospital-is-our-temple/738 |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> He also served as editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Pediatric Nephrology. In addition, Bagai authored a thesis on pediatric [[enuresis]].<ref name=RLC/> He has published in national and international peer-reviewed, indexed medical journals. He has contributed to the development of numerous research protocols and serves on several expert research committees for medical associations.

== See also ==
* [[Enuresis]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGXApKH3L04 | title=Dr Sanjeev Bagai, CEO, Batra Hospital | publisher=Healthcare Leaders Forum | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=17 January 2011 | access-date=8 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xtOj0Ccusc | title=Dr Sanjeev Bagai talks about Sonali Mukhejee and her treatment at BLK Super Specialty Hospital | publisher=Navneet Anand | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=28 August 2012 | access-date=8 December 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagai, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:Indian nephrologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Vinay Kumar Dwivedi

2026-04-29T19:56:20Z

Mihmbathinda: New biography...

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Kumar Dwivedi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Mehnaun Assembly constituency|Mehnaun]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]
}}
'''Vinay Kumar''' Dwivedi is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mehnaun Assembly constituency]] of [[Gonda district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite news |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18295/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="prsindia">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/vinay-kumar-dwivedi |title=Vinay Kumar Dwivedi |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gonda-uttar-pradesh-assembly-mehnaun-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-vinay-kumar-dwivedi-nandita-shukla-qutubuddin-khan-diamond-shiv-kumar-rajesh-tiwari-nodnc-4053969.html |title=Mehnaun Assembly Seat Result: मेहनौन में बीजेपी के विनय कुमार जीते |language=hi |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="prsindia"/><ref name="ourneta">{{Cite news |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/vinay-kumar-dwivedi/ |title=Vinay Kumar Dwivedi, BJP MLA from Mehnaun |website=ourneta.com |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vinay Kumar Dwivedi was born on 15 October 1971 in [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Ambika Prasad Dwivedi.<ref name="upla"/><ref name="ourneta"/> He married Poonam Dwivedi in 1995, and they had four children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Vinay Kumar Dwivedi completed his post-graduation at [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]], [[Faizabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2870 |title=Vinay Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MEHNAUN(GONDA) |website=myneta.info |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Mehnaun Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Vinay Kumar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dinesh Nandini Dalmia

2026-04-29T04:38:18Z

Mihmbathinda: Added A Article!

{{Short description|Indian writer (1928–2007)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh Nandini Dalmia
| image= Dinesh Nandini Dalmia 2009 stamp of India.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|02|16}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Udaipur State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|10|25|1928|02|16}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| othername = Dineshnandini Dalmia
| occupation = Poet Short story writer Novelist
| known for = Hindi literature
| spouse = [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Sakseria Award Mahila Sasakthikaran Puraskar Prem Chand Award
}}
'''Dinesh Nandini Dalmia''' (16 February 1928 – 25 October 2007), also written as '''Dineshnandini Dalmia''', was an Indian poet, short story writer and novelist of Hindi literature.<ref name="Jinnah's Air India Shares and his Lavish Mansions">{{cite web | url=http://organiser.org/Encyc/2013/8/25/Jinnah%E2%80%99s-Air-India-shares-and-his-lavish-mansions.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140310093827/http://organiser.org/Encyc/2013/8/25/Jinnah%E2%80%99s-Air-India-shares-and-his-lavish-mansions.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 March 2014 | title=Jinnah's Air India Shares and his Lavish Mansions | publisher=Organiser | date=2016 | access-date=7 June 2016 }}</ref> She was the fifth wife of [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]], founder of the [[Dalmia Group]], and three of his four previous wives were still alive and married to him when she became his fifth wife. Nevertheless, she positioned herself in opposition to gender discrimination and [[Purdah|purdah system]], and published poems, prose poems, short stories and novels on the theme of women's emancipation.<ref name="Dineshnandini Dalmia popularised Hindi literature till her last breath">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/dineshnandini-dalmia-popularised-hindi-literature-till-her-last-breath/article160032.ece | title=Dineshnandini Dalmia popularised Hindi literature till her last breath | work=The Hindu | date=12 October 2009 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> ''Shabnam '', ''Niraash Aasha'', ''Mujhe Maaf Kama'' and ''Yeh Bhi Jhooth Hai'' are some of her notable works.<ref name="Yeh Bhi Jhooth Hai">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0072I2YR0 | title=Yeh Bhi Jhooth Hai | author=Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya | year=1996 | isbn=978-8171191659}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2006, for her contributions to literature.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2009, [[India Posts]] released a commemorative stamp on her.<ref name="Stamps India- Dineshnandini Dalmia">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/10/indian-stamps-dineshnandini-dalmia-by-india-post/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106181649/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/10/indian-stamps-dineshnandini-dalmia-by-india-post/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=6 January 2011 | title=Stamps India- Dineshnandini Dalmia | publisher=Indian Stamp Ghar | date=2016 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Dinesh Nandini Dalmia, née Dinesh Nandini Chordia, was born on 16 February 1928 in [[Udaipur]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Dineshnandini Dalmia on Stamp Sathi">{{cite web | url=http://www.stampsathi.in/stamppages/2511-dineshnandini%20dalmia.php | title=Dineshnandini Dalmia on Stamp Sathi | publisher=Stamp Sathi | date=2016 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> She started her literary activities at the age of 13, and though she married [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]], the founder of the [[Dalmia Group]] in 1946 at the age of 18,<ref name="Dalmia never lived at 10-Aurangzeb Road, writes daughter">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dalmia-never-lived-at-10aurangzeb-road-writes-daughter/509705/ | title=Dalmia never lived at 10-Aurangzeb Road, writes daughter | publisher=Indian Express | date=1 September 2009 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> continued her studies to secure a post graduate degree, thus becoming the first woman master's degree holder in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Tribute to a 'firebrand author'">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/tribute-to-a-firebrand-author/article1403865.ece | title=Tribute to a 'firebrand author' | work=The Hindu | date=29 December 2008 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> Her initial works were prose poems, but later wrote poems, starting with ''Niraash Aasha'' and her first published book was ''Shabnam'' which earned her the ''Sakseria Award''.<ref name="Dineshnandini Dalmia popularised Hindi literature till her last breath" /> Subsequently, she also wrote short stories and novels and published 35 of them, besides a number of poetry anthologies.<ref name="Tilak Marg W-point named after Padma awardee">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081229/delhi.htm#12 | title=Tilak Marg W-point named after Padma awardee | work=The Tribune | date=29 December 2009 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> ''Phool ka Dard'', documentary film, is made on her work of the same name.<ref name="DOCUMENTARY FILM SCREENING Phool Ka Dard">{{cite web | url=https://www.delhievents.com/2007/10/documentary-film-screening-ka-dard-on.html | title=DOCUMENTARY FILM SCREENING "Phool Ka Dard" | publisher=Delhi Events | date=2016 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

Dalmia was known to have been a feminist in her views and protested against [[Purdah|Purdah system]] and discrimination against women. She was a member of Indo-China Friendship Society, Lekhika Sangh and the Institute of Comparative Religion and Literature (ICRL) and served as the president of ICRL.<ref name="Dineshnandini Dalmia on Stamp Sathi" /> She was one of the founders of the literary magazine, ''Richa'' and was its chief editor. She received ''Mahila Sasakthikaran Puraskar'' of the Hindi Sahitya Akademi in 2001 and [[Rani Durgavati University]] conferred a doctorate ([[honoris causa]]) on her in 2005. The next year, the Government of India awarded her the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> She was also a recipient of ''Prem Chand Award''.<ref name="Dineshnandini Dalmia on Stamp Sathi" />

Dinesh Nandini Dalmia died on 25 October 2007, at the age of 79 in Delhi.<ref name="Dalmia never lived at 10-Aurangzeb Road, writes daughter" /> Neelima Dalmia Adhar, noted writer, is her daughter.<ref name="Neelima Dalmia Adhar">{{cite web | url=http://neelimadalmiaadhar.com/profile.htm | title=Neelima Dalmia Adhar | publisher=neelimadalmiaadhar.com | date=2016 | access-date=7 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218180144/http://neelimadalmiaadhar.com/profile.htm | archive-date=18 February 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Delhi administration named a market at W-point, Tilak Marg as '' Dineshnandini Dalmia Chowk'' in her honor.<ref name="Tribute to a 'firebrand author'" /> An interview with her was published by Kamal Kishore Goenka in 2002 under the title, ''Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya Se Baatchit''.<ref name="Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya Se Baatchit">{{cite book | title=Dinesh Nandini Dalmiya Se Baatchit | publisher=Hindi Book Centre | author=Kamal Kishore Goenka | year=2002 | pages=175 | isbn=978-8185244655}}</ref> [[India Posts]] issued a commemorative stamp on her in 2009.<ref name="Stamps India- Dineshnandini Dalmia" />

== See also ==
* [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]]
* [[List of postage stamps of India (2005–09)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA231|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|pages=231–}}
* {{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20091011/1359488.html | title=Meira Kumar releases Dinesh Nandini Dalmia commemorative stamp | publisher=Web India News | work=Web article | date=11 October 2009 | access-date=7 June 2016 | archive-date=5 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805094416/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20091011/1359488.html | url-status=dead }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalmia, Dinesh Nandini}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Poets from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Novelists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Sita Swayamvara

2026-04-26T07:59:06Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Short description|Marriage Ceremony of Goddess Sita}}{{Infobox historical event
| title = Sita Swayamvara
| image = Sita Ram Swayamvar.jpg
| partof = [[Ramayana]]
| caption = [[Mithila Painting]] depicting the Princess Sita of Mithila garlanding [[Varamala|Jaymala]] to the Prince Rama of Ayodhya at the popular event of Sita Swayamvara.
| native_name = सीता स्वंवर
| native_name_lang = mai
| venue = Court of the King Shreedhwaja [[Janaka]]
Mithila Kingdom
| Location = [[Janakpurdham]], [[Mithila region]] {{small|(Modern-day part of [[Nepal]])}}
| theme = Marriage of Princess [[Sita]]
| motive = Selection of the best life partner for princess Sita
| organizers = King Shreedhwaja Janaka
| notes = Related to the marriage of Lord Rama and Goddess Sita
}}

'''Sita Swayamvara''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: सीता स्वंवर) is the ''[[Svayamvara|swayamvara]]'' event, culminating in the wedding of the deities [[Rama]] and [[Sita]], the protagonists of the [[Mahakavya|Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''. The event was related to a competition among the kings in the Indian subcontinent to win the hand of the princess Sita of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Kingdom. The competition of the ''Sita Swayamvara'' was organised at the court of Sita's father - King Shreedhwaja [[Janaka]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite news |title=सीता ने स्वयंवर के जरिए ही क्यों चुना राम को अपना पति? क्यों किया जाता था स्वयंवर? |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/story-of-sita-and-ram-marriage-meaning-of-swayamvar-5959488.html/ |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=जानिए, क्या सीता स्वयंवर में गया था लंका नरेश रावण - Know Did Lanka king Ravana Go To Sita Swayamvar |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-know-did-lanka-king-ravana-go-to-sita-swayamvar-22278310.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bombay |first=Anthropological Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyRRAQAAMAAJ&q=sita+swayamvar |title=Journal |date=1907 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{see also|Svayamvara}}
According to [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] including the ''Ramayana'', the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] of the god [[Shiva]] was given to King [[Devarata Janaka]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] for its safe-keeping. Pinaka was received by Shreedhwaja [[Janaka]] in legacy. It was said that the bow was so powerful that no one was able to uplift it. Once, princess [[Sita]] had lifted this bow in her childhood. When the King Janaka saw Sita uplifting the divine bow Pinaka, he was impressed by her power and then he thought that she was no ordinary maiden.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pinak Dhanush in Ramayan: भगवान शिव के धनुष के कारण ही हुआ राम-सीता का विवाह, जानें कथा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/spirituality/religion/ramcharitmanas-know-the-connection-of-ram-sita-swayamvar-and-pinak-dhanush-in-hindi-2023-12-20 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

After King Janaka thought that princess Sita should marry to a more powerful man who can uplift and break the bow. Therefore, when the princess Sita later grew up and became eligible for marriage, then the King Janaka organised ''Swayamvara Shabha'' at his court for the selection of bridegroom to the princess Sita. In the Swayamvara Shabha, the King Janaka put a condition among the participating kings that to become bridegroom of the princess Sita one had to uplift and break the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]].<ref name=":2" />

== Description ==
In different versions of [[Ramayana]], there are some slight differences in the stories of the Sita Swayamvara. In the [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayana serial]] of [[Ramanand Sagar]], Sita Swayamvara ceremony is depicted as a single day ceremony at the [[court of King Janaka]] in which all the kings or princes of the kingdoms in the entire [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]] were invited. But according to some scholars and legends the Sita Swayamvara Shabha ceremony was not organised for a single day but for many different days.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=रामलीला: आखिर राजा जनक ने क्यों रखी सीता विवाह की इतनी कठोर शर्त? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/photogallery/ramleela-ram-and-seeta-vivah-in-janakpuri/photoshow/91035631.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=विवाह के लिए श्रीराम ने जो शिव धनुष तोड़ा था, उसे पांच हजार लोग खींचकर लाए थे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/religion/dharam/news/sita-ram-vivah-shri-ram-showed-bravery-and-humility-by-breaking-the-bow-126167878.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

According to legend, there is also a story of participation of [[Ravana|King Ravan]] without any invitation. In the story ''Banashur'', the ''Shabhapati'' of the assembly for swayamvara, asked introduction with the King Ravana, then Ravana became very angry with him. The dialogue between King Ravana and Banashur is popularly known as ''Ravana-Banashur Samvada''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रावण-बाणासुर संवाद देख रोमांचित हुए दर्शक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/the-audience-was-thrilled-to-see-the-ravana-banasur-dialogue-khatauli-news-mrt6064602146 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> It is said that Ravana tried to uplift the divine bow of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] forcefully there but was not able to uplift the bow. He even failed to move the divine bow a little bit. It is said that princess Sita was also not interested from her heart to adopt Ravana as her life partner. Then he returned from there after being humiliated with the public present in the assembly.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> According to [[Ramcharitmanas|Shree Ramcharitmanas]], the reason behind the failure of [[Ravana]] at the Swayamvar Sabha was his proudness of power. It took love, not power, to uplift the bow. The eligibility and virtues of a person to uplift the divine bow were being kind, soft-spoken, gracious and far from ego.<ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=एबीपी |date=2020-11-02 |title=यूं तो रावण ने उठा लिया था कैलाश पर्वत, फिर माता सीता के स्वयंवर में क्यों हिला भी नहीं सका था धनुष? यह थी वजह! |url=https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/ravan-had-lifted-mount-kailash-then-why-could-not-break-dhanush-in-mata-sitas-swayamvara-1623860 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Before and after the King Ravana, many other powerful kings and princes tried to uplift the divine bow but no one was able to uplift the bow by their powers.

=== Arrival of princes Rama and Lakshmana ===
{{Further information|Rama's Journey in Mithila}}
It is said that [[Vishvamitra|Guru Vishwamitra]] received invitation from the King Janaka to come in the Sita Swayamvara Shabha. After receiving the invitation, Guru Vishwamitra along with his disciples [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] went to the Kingdom of Mithila. After few days they reached at the court of King Janaka where Sita Swayamvara Shabha was organised. In the Swayamvar Sabha, when all the kings and princes became unsuccessful in uplifting the divine bow, then Guru Vishwamitra directed his disciple Rama to uplift the divine bow.

It is said that the prince Rama first bowed to the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and then tried to lift it with the same ease and humility as princess Sita. His spirit succeeded and he was able to uplift the divine bow easily. After that he broke the bow. Then princess [[Sita]] came to prince Rama. She garlanded him with her swayamvara garland and accepted Lord Rama as her life partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा जनक ने सीता जी के स्‍वयंवर के लिए शिव धनुष की शर्त ही क्‍यों रखी? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/ramayana-why-raja-janak-put-condition-about-shiv-dhanush-in-daughter-sita-swayamvar/2074416 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 805296 - The Ramayana.jpeg|thumb|Indian postal stamp showing [[Rama|Lord Rama]] stringing the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] at the ''Sita Swayamvara Shabha'' in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].]]
In the modern times the ''Sita Swayamvara'' ceremony is still played and shown in dramas, theatre and [[Ramlila|Ramleela]], etc. at different parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=रावण-बाणासुर संवाद देख रोमांचित हुए दर्शक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/the-audience-was-thrilled-to-see-the-ravana-banasur-dialogue-khatauli-news-mrt6064602146 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सीता स्वयंवर में पधारे कई देश के राजा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/mahendragarh-13024787.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2016, [[Siya Ke Ram]] television serial of [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] made special and grand episodes on the topic Sita Swayamvara. They also launched 15 days ''Dhanush Yatra'' that traveled 107 major cities of India across Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Punjab for the awareness of the popular epic event "Sita Swayamvara" in [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sita's Swayamvar: An event that ushered in a new era |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sita-s-swayamvar-an-event-that-ushered-in-a-new-era/story-IPuxRu72M3fgm2K4Q2uc3I.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]

Brijendra Pratap Singh

2026-04-23T04:53:09Z

Mihmbathinda: Added A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Brijendra Pratap Singh
| assembly = [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]]
| country =
| image = Brijendra Pratap Singh.jpg
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]]
| constituency2 = [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2013
| office3 = State Minister (Independent charge) for Farmer Development and Agriculture, Public Service Management, Tourism, Sports and Youth Welfare
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2013
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]] {{small|([[Barkatullah University]])}} [[Bachelor of Laws]] {{small|(Awadhesh Pratap Singh University)}}
| children =
| spouse =
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|29 August 1967}}
| predecessor =
| predecessor1 = [[Kusum Mehdele]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ashok Veer Vikram Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Mukesh Nayak]]
| office = Minister of Mineral Resources and Labour Department
| term_start = 2021
| nickname = Dau Sahab
}}

'''Brijendra Pratap Singh''' also known as '''Dau Sahab''' (born 29 August 1967)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/brijendra-pratap-singh/ |title=Brijendra Pratap Singh |website=ourneta |access-date=2022-12-19}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a four time MLA from the [[Panna Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=पंचदश विधानसभा क्षेत्रवार सदस्यों की सूची | language=hi | trans-title=List of members of Fifteenth Legislative Assembly constituency | url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/15mla-no.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125020657/https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/15mla-no.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-25}}</ref> He is serving as minister for mineral resources<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=2 Jul 2021 |title=Madhya Pradesh mining minister Brajendra Pratap Singh visits Buxwah, talks about 'benefits' of project {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-mining-minister-brajendra-pratap-singh-visits-buxwah-talks-about-benefits-of-project/articleshow/84054300.cms |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=खनिज विकास में सक्रिय योगदान के लिये मध्य प्रदेश को दो श्रेणी में मिला प्रथम और द्वितीय पुरस्कार |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/hindi/state-pcs-current-affairs/madhya-pradesh-rewarded-for-mineral-development |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref> and labour department since 2021 in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-13 |title=MP cabinet: CM allocates portfolios, Scindia loyalists get key ministries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-cabinet-cm-allocates-portfolios-scindia-loyalists-get-key-ministries/story-LS2OEU19jocr6mGwmp7OAI.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR - MP |url=http://labour.mp.gov.in/Public/public/View_Telephone_Directory.aspx/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=labour.mp.gov.in |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215122007/http://labour.mp.gov.in/Public/public/View_Telephone_Directory.aspx/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Who {{!}} Mineral and Resource Department |url=https://ekhanij.mp.gov.in/AppPrevious/WhoisWhoReport.aspx |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=ekhanij.mp.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/15thvs/2019_60.pdf|title=सिंह, श्री बृजेन्द्र प्रताप | language=hi | trans-title=Singh, Shri Brijendra Pratap|website=mpvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born to Uday Pratap Singh. He completed his schooling at [[Daly College]], Indore in 1986. Later, he did his Bachelor of Commerce degree at [[Barkatullah University]], Bhopal and L.L.B. at Awdesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. He received the best student award in Daly College, Indore in the year 1985–1986.<ref name=":0" /> He was a national level Squash player.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} He was awarded with a certificate of superior and excellent achievement for shooting in 1986.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Political career ==
Singh first became an MLA winning the [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pawai Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pawai Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pawai-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He was the first leader from the BJP to win in that constituency. He retained the seat in the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] but on [[Bharatiya Janshakti Party]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 2009, he was appointed as the state minister with a portfolio of farmer welfare and agriculture department in second ministry of Shivraj Singh Chauhan. After a year, he was given additional charge of the Department of Public Service Management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results Dates Candidate List Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News, Political Consulting Survey Election Campaign Management Company India |url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/mp/459-mpcouncil-of-ministers2008.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=infoelections.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> In early 2013, due to the illness of senior cabinet minister [[Tukoji Rao Pawar]], the departments of Tourism and Sports and Youth Welfare were also transferred to him.<ref name=":0" />

He won the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on the Bharatiya Janata Party ticket from Panna Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brijendra Pratap Singh, BJP MLA from Panna – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/brijendra-pratap-singh/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> And retained the seat to become an MLA for a fourth term in the 2023 Assembly election.

In 2020, he was included in the 4th cabinet of Shivraj Singh Chouhan. He served as Minister of State (independent charge) for farmers' development and agriculture welfare and tourism and public service management from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=10 ministers take oath in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/10-ministers-take-oath-in-madhya-pradesh/story-U1Nt1Wd3F1WqAkZBBWiqWI.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was also given additional charge of sports and youth welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Inbrief |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/2013-05-28-9478.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* He was awarded with the Krishi Karman Award by the Government of India on 15 January 2013 at the Vigyan Bhawan.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* In June 2012, he was awarded the United Nations Public Service Award 2012. He received the award in the second prize category of Improving the delivery of public services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-27 |title=Madhya Pradesh Gets UN Public Service Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-gets-un-public-service-award/articleshow/14414140.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/brijendra-pratap-singh.html Brijendra Pratap Singh Biography - About, Personal]
* [https://www.mpinfo.org/Home/FrmMinister_Info Department of Public Relations:: Madhya Pradesh]
* [[15th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Brijendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:People from Panna district]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Swapna Majumder

2026-04-21T23:03:55Z

Mihmbathinda: New new data...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Swapna Majumder
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 March 2023
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| predecessor = Sudhan Das
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 12 August 1974
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Tripura University]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Swapna Majumder''' (born 12 August 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. She is serving as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] winning the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[South Tripura district]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=SWAPNA MAJUMDER (Winner) RAJNAGAR (SC) (SOUTH TRIPURA) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6864|access-date=30 December 2024|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url = https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/rajnagar-election-result-s23a034/| title= Rajnagar Election Result Tripura, ASSEMBLY ELECTION 2023| publisher=News18|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-election-winner-list-2023-bjp-ipft-congress-left-winner-candidate-list-for-tripura-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677728980359.html| title = Tripura election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise| publisher =Hindustan Times|date=2 March 2023|access-date = 30 December 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Majumder is from [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]], South Tripura district, Tripura. She married Asim Majumder.<ref name=":0" /> She completed her BA in 1997 at a college affiliated with [[Tripura University]].

== Career ==
Majumder won from Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. She polled 20,849 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Sudhan Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 1,335 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tripura-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-2341581-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-27 |title=Swapna Majumder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/swapna-majumder/articleshow/97926039.cms |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumder, Swapna}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of villages in Mawal taluka

2026-04-21T04:24:47Z

Mihmbathinda: added a location basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Villages in Mawal taluka
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_map = Maval tehsil in Pune district.png
| map_caption = Location of Mawal in [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
}}

[[Mawal taluka]], whose name is also spelled as Maval, is an administrative area of [[Pune district]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], it comprised 187 villages, a figure that was unchanged from 2001.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=10 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> Among those were the six uninhabited villages of [[Nandgaon, Mawal|Nandgaon]], Jevare, Budhele, Pale Pawan Mawal, Shevati and Phagane.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |pages=408, 414 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref>

{{Compact ToC|e=|f=|h=|q=|x=|z=|refs=yes|extlinks=yes}}

==A==
* [[Adavi, Maharashtra|Adavi]]
* [[Adhale Budruk]]
* [[Adhale Khurd]]
* [[Adhe Khurd]]
* [[Ahirvade]]
* [[Ajivali]]
* [[Akurdi, Mawal|Akurdi]]
* [[Ambale, Mawal|Ambale]]
* [[Ambegaon, Mawal|Ambegaon]]
* [[Ambi, Mawal|Ambi]]
* [[Apati, Mawal|Apati]]
* [[Atvan]]
* [[Aundhe Khurd]]
* [[Aundholi]]

==B==
* [[Badhalawadi]]
* [[Baur, Mawal|Baur]]
* [[Bebad Ohol]]
* [[Bedse]]
* [[Belaj, Mawal|Belaj]]
* [[Bhadawali]]
* [[Bhaje]]
* [[Bhajgaon]]
* [[Bhoyare]]
* [[Boraj]]
* [[Borivali, Mawal|Borivali]]
* [[Brahmanoli]]
* [[Brahman Wadi]]
* [[Brahmanwadi]]
* [[Budhavadi]]

==C==
* [[Chandkhed]]
* [[Chavsar]]
* [[Chikhalse]]

==D==
* [[Dahivali, Mawal|Dahivali]]
* [[Dahuli]]
* [[Darumbare]]
* [[Deoghar, Pune|Deoghar]]
* [[Devale, Mawal|Devale]]
* [[Devghar]]
* [[Dhalewadi]]
* [[Dhamane]]
* [[Dhangavhan]]
* [[Divad]]
* [[Done, Mawal|Done]]
* [[Dongargaon, Mawal|Dongargaon]]
* [[Dudhivare]]

==G==
* [[Gahunje]]
* [[Gevhande Apati]]
* [[Gevhande Khadak]]
* [[Ghonshet]]
* [[Godumbare]]
* [[Govitri]]

==I==
* [[Induri]]
* [[Inglun]]

==J==
* [[Jadhavwadi, Mawal|Jadhavwadi]]
* [[Jambavade]]
* [[Jambhavali]]
* [[Jambhul]]
* [[Jovan, Mawal|Jovan]]

==K==
* [[Kacharewadi]]
* [[Kadadhe]]
* [[Kadav]]
* [[Kale, Mawal|Kale]]
* [[Kalhat]]
* [[Kambare Andar Mawal]]
* [[Kambare Nane Mawal]]
* [[Kamshet (village)|Kamshet]]
* [[Kanhe]]
* [[Karandoli]]
* [[Karanjgaon, Mawal|Karanjgaon]]
* [[Karla, Mawal|Karla]]
* [[Karunj]]
* [[Kashal, Mawal|Kashal]]
* [[Katavi, Mawal|Katavi]]
* [[Keware, Mawal|Keware]]
* [[Khadkale]]
* [[Khand, Mawal|Khand]]
* [[Khandashi]]
* [[Kivale]]
* [[Kolechafesar]]
* [[Kondivade Andar Mawal]]
* [[Kondivade Nane Mawal]]
* [[Kothurne]]
* [[Kune Ansute]]
* [[Kune Nane Mawal]]
* [[Kurvande]]
* [[Kusavali]]
* [[Kusgaon Khurd]]
* [[Kusgaon Pawan Mawal]]
* [[Kusur, Mawal|Kusur]]

==L==
* [[Lohagad (village)|Lohagad]]
* [[Lonavala]]

==M==
* [[Mahagaon, Mawal|Mahagaon]]
* [[Majgaon, Mawal|Majgaon]]
* [[Malavandi Thule]]
* [[Malawali Nane Mawal]]
* [[Malawali Pawan Mawal]]
* [[Malegaon Budruk]]
* [[Malegaon Khurd]]
* [[Malewadi]]
* [[Mangarul, Mawal|Mangarul]]
* [[Mau, Mawal|Mau]]
* [[Mendhewadi, Mawal|Mendhewadi]]
* [[Mohitewadi]]
* [[Moramarwadi]]
* [[Morave, Mawal|Morave]]
* [[Mundhavare]]

==N==
* [[Nagathali]]
* [[Nandgaon, Mawal|Nandgaon]]
* [[Nane, Mawal|Nane]]
* [[Nanoli Nane Mawal]]
* [[Nanoli Tarf Chakan]]
* [[Navlakhumbre]]
* [[Nayagaon, Mawal|Nayagaon]]
* [[Nesave]]
* [[Nigade, Mawal|Nigade]]

==O==
* [[Ovale]]
* [[Ozarde]]

==P==
* [[Pachane]]
* [[Pale Nane Mawal]]
* [[Pangaloli]]
* [[Pansoli]]
* [[Parandvadi]]
* [[Paravadi]]
* [[Patan, Mawal|Patan]]
* [[Pathargaon]]
* [[Pawalewadi]]
* [[Phalane]]
* [[Pimpal Khunte]]
* [[Pimpaloli]]
* [[Pimpari]]
* [[Prabhachiwadi]]
* [[Pusane]]

==R==
* [[Rajpuri, Mawal|Rajpuri]]
* [[Rakaswadi]]
* Rasikwadi

==S==
* [[Sadapur]]
* [[Sadavali, Mawal|Sadavali]]
* [[Sai (Mawal)|Sai]]
* [[Salumbare]]
* [[Sangavade]]
* [[Sangavi]]
* [[Sangise]]
* [[Sate (Mawal)|Sate]]
* [[Sawale]]
* [[Sawantwadi, Mawal|Sawantwadi]]
* [[Shilatane]]
* [[Shilimb]]
* [[Shindgaon]]
* [[Shirdhe]]
* [[Shire, Mawal|Shire]]
* [[Shirgaon (Mawal)|Shirgaon]]
* [[Shivali]]
* [[Shivane, Maval|Shivane]]
* [[Somatane]]
* [[Somavadi]]
* [[Sudhavadi]]
* [[Sudumbare]]

==T==
* [[Taje]]
* [[Takave Budruk]]
* [[Takave Khurd]]
* [[Talegaon Dabhade (village)|Talegaon Dabhade]]
* [[Thakursai]]
* [[Thoran, Mawal|Thoran]]
* [[Thugaon]]
* [[Tikona, Mawal|Tikona]]
* [[Tung (Mawal)|Tung]]

==U==
* [[Udhewadi]]
* [[Ukasan]]
* [[Umbare Navalakh]]
* [[Urse (Mawal)|Urse]]

==V==
* [[Vadavali (Mawal)|Vadavali]]
* [[Vadeshwar]]
* [[Vadivale]]
* [[Vagheshwar]]
* [[Valakh]]
* [[Valavanti]]
* [[Varale (Mawal)|Varale]]
* [[Varsoli]]
* [[Varu (Mawal)|Varu]]
* [[Vaund]]
* [[Vehergaon]]
* [[Velhavali]]

==W==
* [[Wahangaon]]
* [[Waksai]]

==Y==
* [[Yelase]]
* [[Yelghol]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mawal taluka| ]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Maharashtra|Mawal]]

Rahul Kumar Singh

2026-04-20T09:06:10Z

Mihmbathinda: new!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahul Kumar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
| predecessor = [[Ajit Kushwaha]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rahul Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]] constituency.<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rahul Kumar Singh won from [[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]] constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 79,411 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ajit Kushwaha]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]], by a margin of 2,105 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dumraon">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dumraon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04201.htm |accessdate=6 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206092256/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04201.htm |archivedate=6 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dumraon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Dumraon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/dumraon |accessdate=6 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archivedate= |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rahul Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Radha Bahin Bhatt

2026-04-19T16:30:27Z

Mihmbathinda: done!

{{Short description|Indian social worker (born 1931)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Bahin Bhatt
| image =
| caption = Radha Bahin Bhatt
| birth_name = Radha Bhatt
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1931|10|16}}
| birth_place = Dhurka village, near [[Almora]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| occupation = [[Social worker]], [[Environmentalist]], [[Activist]]
| known_for = Women's empowerment, Environmental conservation, Gandhian activism, [[Chipko movement]]
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] (1991)
}}
}}

'''Radha Bahin Bhatt''' (born October 16, 1931)''',''' also known as '''Radha Bhatt''', is an Indian [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] social worker, environmentalist, and women's empowerment activist from [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-25 |title=30 unsung heroes, including a 100-year-old freedom fighter Libia Lobo Sardesai, awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unsung-padma-shri-award-recipients/article69140565.ece |access-date=2025-06-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=2025-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403125600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unsung-padma-shri-award-recipients/article69140565.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GarhwalPost_Padma2025">{{cite news |date=2025-01-27 |title=Travel writer couple Hugh, Colleen Gantzer, Radha Bahin Bhatt of Uttarakhand bag Padma Shri |url=https://garhwalpost.in/travel-writer-couple-hugh-colleen-gantzer-radha-bahin-bhatt-of-uttarakhand-bag-padma-shri/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=Garhwal Post |archive-date=2025-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127190024/https://garhwalpost.in/travel-writer-couple-hugh-colleen-gantzer-radha-bahin-bhatt-of-uttarakhand-bag-padma-shri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, in 2025 in the field of social work.<ref name="PIB_Padma2025">{{cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |archive-date=2025-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130112736/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TOI_List_Padma2025">{{cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma awards 2025: 139 distinguished personalities conferred prestigious awards, 7 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri; see full list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-139-distinguished-personalities-conferred-prestigious-awards-7-padma-vibhushan-19-padma-bhushan-and-113-padma-shri-see-full-list/articleshow/117558881.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=2025-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315092800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-139-distinguished-personalities-conferred-prestigious-awards-7-padma-vibhushan-19-padma-bhushan-and-113-padma-shri-see-full-list/articleshow/117558881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and inspiration ==
Radha Bahin Bhatt was born on October 16, 1931 in Dhurka village, near [[Almora]], Uttarakhand.<ref name="Tribune_Profile2015">{{cite news |date=2015-08-24 |title=Radha Bhatt chose social service over married life |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/radha-bhatt-chose-social-service-over-married-life-123525 |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> She was deeply influenced by [[Sarla Behn]], a prominent Gandhian social activist who was a disciple of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="Tribune_Profile2015" /><ref name="ETVBharat_Padma2025">{{cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Uttarakhand's Travel Writer Couple, Social Activist Honoured With Padma Shri |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/uttarakhand-hugh-colleen-gantzer-and-radha-bahin-bhatt-will-be-padma-shree-award-enn25012604651 |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=ETV Bharat |archive-date=2025-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531021143/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/uttarakhand-hugh-colleen-gantzer-and-radha-bahin-bhatt-will-be-padma-shree-award-enn25012604651 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1951, she joined Sarla Behn at the Kasturba Mahila Utthan Mandal in Kausani, an ashram dedicated to the upliftment and education of women in the hills of Uttarakhand.<ref name="JamnalalBajaj_Profile">{{cite web |title=MS. RADHA BHATT Recipient of Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Development & Welfare of Women and Children-1991 |url=https://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/Media/pdf/JBA_1991_Bio_Radha_Bhatt(1).pdf |access-date=2024-05-30 |publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation }}</ref>

== Activism ==
Radha Bhatt's activism was deeply influenced by her Gandhian philosophy. In 1957, she actively participated in the [[Bhoodan movement]] initiated by [[Vinoba Bhave]], joining ''padayatras'' (foot marches) for land reform across Uttar Pradesh and Assam.<ref name="ETVBharat_Padma2025" /> Over the subsequent decades, she became an influential voice of social change in Uttarakhand. She started running the Kasturba Mahila Uthan Mandal in 1966.<ref name="Tribune_Profile2015" /><ref name="TOI_Padma2025">{{cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Gantzers, Radha Bahin Bhatt among Padma Shri awardees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gantzers-radha-bahin-bhatt-among-padma-shri-awardees/articleshow/117561148.cms |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206215018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gantzers-radha-bahin-bhatt-among-padma-shri-awardees/articleshow/117561148.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She established vocational training schools for women, teaching skills like spinning, weaving, and knitting to make them self-sufficient.<ref name="IndiaToday_Padma2025">{{cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Yoga practitioner from Kuwait, travel blogger couple among Padma Award recipients |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-award-2025-yoga-practitioner-travel-blogger-freedom-fighter-social-worker-2670142-2025-01-25 |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=India Today |archive-date=2025-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529140202/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-award-2025-yoga-practitioner-travel-blogger-freedom-fighter-social-worker-2670142-2025-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also spearheaded initiatives like the 'One Hour School' for girls to improve access to education.<ref name="TOI_Padma2025" /> Her efforts included organising women against alcoholism, which led to the closure of liquor shops in several districts.<ref name="JamnalalBajaj_Profile" /><ref name="Tribune_Profile2015" />

During the 1970s, as conservation concerns in Himalayas grew, she became an active participant in the [[Chipko movement]], a non-violent grassroots resistance where villagers, predominantly women, embraced trees to prevent their felling.<ref name="TOI_Padma2025" /> Her activism further extended to advocating for sustainable development practices, and campaigning against open mining operations and large dam constructions in the fragile mountain ecology that threatened local ecosystems and livelihoods.<ref name="JamnalalBajaj_Profile" /> Alongside these protests, she led significant afforestation drives, contributing to the planting of thousands of trees across the Pithoragarh and Almora districts.<ref name="TOI_Padma2025" />

Over her long career, Radha Bhatt has held significant leadership positions in various national Gandhian organizations.<ref name="Tribune_Profile2015" /> She served as the chairperson of the Gandhi Peace Foundation in Delhi and has been closely associated with the Himalaya Sewa Sangh and the Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust, continuing to promote the principles of ''Gram Swaraj'' (village self-rule) and [[Sarvodaya]] (progress for all).<ref name="JamnalalBajaj_Profile" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Padma Awards 2025: A complete list of winners with respective disciplines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-awards-2025-a-complete-list-of-winners-with-respective-disciplines-10033305/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604011209/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-awards-2025-a-complete-list-of-winners-with-respective-disciplines-10033305/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] (1991)<ref name="JamnalalBajaj_Profile" />

== See also ==
* [[Sarla Behn]]
* [[Chipko movement]]
* [[Gandhism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]

Jageshwar Yadav

2026-04-10T00:39:45Z

Mihmbathinda: starting info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jageshwar Yadav
| image = 
| caption = 
| office = Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = Banda
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|07|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = 
| profession = 
| website = 
}}
'''Jageshwar Yadav''' (born 11 July 1917) was an [[Indian politician]] and leader of [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar+Pradesh&lsno=4|title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref> He represented [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda Lok Sabha constituency]] from 1967 to 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2014.htm|title=Members Bioprofile}}</ref>

Yadav was previously associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Praja Socialist Party]]; took part in the 1942 movement and suffered rigorous imprisonment for two years with, five; took part in the food agitation launched by the P.S.P. in 1957 and jailed for 14 days; Gen. Secretary, Maval Congress Committee, Baberu, 1947–48; Member, D.C.C., 1947; Secretary, Junior High School, Patwan, Banda; Manager, Yadav Ashram, Akshabat, Chitrakoot, District Satna; Auditor, Shri Krishna Junior High School, Punahur, District Banda; Convener, Kisan Mazdoor Sammelan, District Banda.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Jageshwar}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Guru Prasad Maurya

2026-04-05T00:10:21Z

Mihmbathinda: starting details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Guru Prasad Maurya
| image = File:Guru Prasad Maurya.jpg
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Phaphamau Assembly constituency|Phaphamau]]
| predecessor = [[Vikramjeet Maurya]]
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = March 2007
| term_end1 = March 2012
| constituency1 = [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency|Nawabganj]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ansar Ahmad (Indian politician)|Ansar Ahmad]]
| successor1 = Constituency abolished
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = 3 February 1968
}}

'''Guru Prasad Maurya''' is an Indian politician from the [[BJP]] party, who is currently Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Phaphamau Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-03-10 |title=Phaphamau Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के GURU PRASAD MAURYA की हुई जीत, AAP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/phaphamau-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078329 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309132714/https://www.abplive.com/elections/phaphamau-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078329 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/allahabad-news/know-who-is-bjp-candidate-guru-prasad-maurya-7325853/|title=UP assembly elections 2022: जाने कौन है भाजपा प्रत्याशी गुरु प्रसाद मौर्य, आज तक दर्ज नहीं हुआ है एक भी मुकदमा|website=Patrika|date=8 February 2022 |accessdate=15 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414193756/https://www.patrika.com/allahabad-news/know-who-is-bjp-candidate-guru-prasad-maurya-7325853/|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, he has been MLA from [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency|Nawabganj]] as [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate from 2007 to 2012 tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=यूपी में प्रमुख पार्टियों की स्थिति |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/specials/1310_up_parties |website=BBC Hindi |publisher=BBC |language=hi |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Guru Prasad}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

16th Light Cavalry

2026-03-29T15:52:47Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Short description|Indian Army unit}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 16th Light Cavalry
| abbreviation =
| image = [[File:Stamp of India - 1976 - Colnect 326720 - Bicentenary 16th Light Cavalry Regiment - Vijayanta Tank.jpeg|250px]]
| caption =
| dates = 1776 – present
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}} [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = Armoured
| role =
| size = Regiment
| command_structure =
| equipment = [[T-72]]

| Past Commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Third Afghan War]] [[World War I]] [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = [[Sholinghur]]-1781 [[Carnatic Wars|Carnatic]]-1784 [[Mysore]]-1792 [[Seringapatam]]-1799 [[Burma]]-1885-1887 [[Afghanistan]]-1919 [[Meiktila]]-1945 [[Capture of Meiktila]]-1945 [[Defence of Meiktila]]-1945 [[Pegu]]-1945 [[Sittang]]-1945 [[Rangoon Road]]-1945 [[Burma]]-1945 [[Punjab]]-1965
}}

The '''16th Light Cavalry''' is a regiment of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]], a primary combat arm of the [[Indian Army]]. Prior to India gaining independence from the British in 1947, it was a regular cavalry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was formed in 1776 and is the oldest [[armoured regiment]] raised in India.<ref name="Invicta">{{cite book |title=India's Army |last=Jackson |first=Major Donovan |year=1940 |publisher=Low, Marston |location=London |isbn=978-81-87226-37-6 |pages=135–142}}</ref> The 16th Light Cavalry saw service in a number of conflicts ranging from the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1781 to [[World War II]]. It has a number of battle honours including "Punjab 1965" earned during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].

==History==
[[File:Lieutenant Henry Briggs, 2nd Madras Light Cavalry, 1832 (c).jpg|thumb|upright|{{circa|1832}} portrait of a 2nd Madras Light Cavalry lieutenant]]
[[File:Sowar, Madras Light Cavalry, 1847 (c).jpg|thumb|{{circa|1847}} painting of a Madras Light Cavalry [[sowar]]]]

===Formation===
The regiment was raised prior to 1776 as the 3rd Regiment of Native Cavalry in the service of the [[Nawab of Arcot]], [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]]. In 1780, while under service with the [[British East India Company]], it formed part of the force that defeated [[Hyder Ali]] during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] and was awarded battle honours for the ''[[Battle of Sholinghur]]'', ''[[Battle of Mysore]]'', ''[[Battle of Carnatic]]'' and the ''[[Battle of Seringapatam]]'' for service during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].
After the Anglo-Mysore Wars the regiment was next in action during the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] and were awarded the Battle Honour of ''Burma 1885-87''.<ref name="cavora">{{cite web |title=16th Light Cavalry |url=http://16cavroa.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310121255/http://16cavroa.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-10 |work=16cavroa.com}}</ref>

===Early 20th Century===
During [[World War I]] (1914–1918) the regiment remained in India for the defence of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]] but they did send drafts to other Indian cavalry regiments serving in [[France]] and the [[Middle East]]. In 1919 the regiment was involved in the brief [[Third Afghan War]], for which they were awarded the battle honour of ''Afghanistan 1919''.<ref name="cavora"/> In 1923, the regiment was selected for ‘Indianisation’, wherein British officers were finally replaced by Indian officers and this became one of the first Indian cavalry regiment to be officered by Indians.<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38377/maratha-war-kargil.html|title='Maratha war to Kargil' in Deccan Herald|date=2019-03-28|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>

===World War II===
In September 1939, when World War II broke out, the regiment was still mounted on horses. The process of mechanisation (converting from horses to armoured vehicles) began in Peshawar in October 1940 when the last mounted parade was held and the process completed in [[Quetta]] in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha war to Kargil |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38377/maratha-war-kargil.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> From 1941 to 1945 the regiment was retained in India.

In 1945, they were selected to undertake operations in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]]. Within three weeks, the regiment covered a distance of 3,500 miles from Quetta to the banks of [[Irrawaddy River]] and was personally complimented by General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Slim]], the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] commander.<ref name="cavora"/>

In Burma the regiment were controlled directly by the 14th Army and were also attached to the [[255th Indian Tank Brigade]], the brigade formation was;

*[[116 Royal Armoured Corps]] (formed from the [[Gordon Highlanders]]) - [[M4 Sherman|Sherman tanks]].
*[[7th Light Cavalry]] - [[M3 Stuart|Stuart]]
*16th Light Cavalry - [[Humber Armoured Car|Humber]] and [[Daimler Armoured Car|Daimler]] armoured cars (B squadron).<ref name="Fowler2009">{{cite book|last=Fowler|first=William|title=We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwRSFWUH7FUC&pg=PT176|date=26 February 2009|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-85761-7|page=176}}</ref><ref name="RMarkDavies">{{cite web |url=http://www.fireandfury.com/painting/burmaarmypaintingguide.pdf |title=British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide |last=Davies |first=R. Mark |work=Fire and Fury Games |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>

In 1947, it was one of the regiments retained by India upon partition.

==Post Independence==

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the regiment was part of the 1 Armoured Brigade and took part in the [[Battle of Phillora]] and Battle of Gadgor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/battle-of-phillora-1965-war/|title='Battle of Phillora 1965 War' in the Indian Defense Review|date=2020-10-20|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com"/> In a major tank battle fought at Gadgor on 8 September, and a subsequent engagement at Alhar Railway Station, they destroyed 16 Patton Tanks of the enemy, against a loss of 6 tanks of their own. 2 officers, 1 JCO and 14 other ranks of the unit were killed in these actions and many wounded. The regiment won the Theatre Honour 'PUNJAB 1965'. The gallantry awards won by its officers and men comprised 1 [[Vir Chakra]], 1 [[Sena Medal]], 8 Mention-in-Dispatches and 3 Commendation Cards from the Chief of Army Staff.<ref name="Ramachandran">{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=DP|title=Empire's First Soldiers|date=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0979617478|page=201}}</ref>

In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the regiment with its [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]] tanks fought the war under the 16th Independent Armoured Brigade in Shakargarh Sector.

Seven Vijayanta tanks from 16 Cavalry fought in Amritsar during Operation Blue Star. At least three entered the Golden Temple compound to provide illumination and machine gun fire, but eventually deployed their main guns against the fortified Akal Takht building.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=L.N. |title=OPERATION BLUESTAR, 05 JUNE 1984 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/283-Operation-Bluestar.html# |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

During a terrorist attack in [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] on 26 September 2013, three terrorist attacked the officers' mess of the regiment. The three terrorists were killed, but the unit lost one officer and three men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/samba-attack-armoured-unit-used-5-tanks-co-tried-to-run-over-terrorist/|title='Samba attack: Armoured unit used 5 tanks, CO tried to run over terrorist' in the Indian Express|date=2013-10-16|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref> Lt Col Bikramjeet Singh was conferred with [[Shaurya Chakra]] posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Shaurya-Chakra-for-Lieutenant-Colonel-posthumously/articleshow/29377357.cms|title=Shaurya Chakra for Lieutenant Colonel, posthumously|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-01-24|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>

==Affiliations==
The regiment was affiliated with the [[Madras Regiment]] in 2003 and with [[INS Talwar (F40)|INS Talwar]], the lead ship of the modern Talwar (modified Krivak) class frigates in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Talwar affiliated with 16th Light Cavalry|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ins-talwar-affiliated-with-16th-light-cavalry_245250.html|work=Zee News|date=2005-09-30|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/37-field-regiment-coorg-affiliated-with-madras-regiment-114120500559_1.html|title='37 Field Regiment (Coorg) affiliated with Madras Regiment' in the Business Standard|date=2014-12-05|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>

==Composition==
During its more than 200 years of existence, the regiment has seen many changes of organisations and designations. Manned originally by men from the [[Madras Presidency]], its composition was changed in 1903 to [[Rajput]]s, [[Jat people|Jats]] and [[Deccani Muslims]]. Since Independence, the regiment has retained its original [[South India]]n composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3103040/16th-Light-Cavalry-Regiment-Military-Defence-Regiment-Armoured-Corps|title=16th Light Cavalry Bicentenary Commemoration Stamp Release|access-date=2020-11-07}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Ramachandran2">{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=DP|title=Empire's First Soldiers|date=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0979617478|page=53}}</ref>

==Lineage==
*1776 – Regiment of Cavalry (Stevenson's), [[Nawab of Arcot]]'s Army
*1784 – 3rd Madras Native Cavalry
*1784 – 1st Madras Native Cavalry
*1786 – 4th Madras Native Cavalry
*1788 – 2nd Madras Native Cavalry
*1819 – 2nd Madras Light Cavalry
*1886 – 2nd Regiment of Madras Lancers
*1901 – 2nd Madras Lancers
*1903 – 27th Light Cavalry
*1922 – 16th Light Cavalry
*1947 – Allocated to India at independence and partition,<ref name="cavora"/> continues in service as 16th Light Cavalry

==Battle honours==
The [[Battle honour|battle and theatre honours]] of the 16th Light Cavalry are:<ref name='Sarbans'>{{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 - 1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-115-6 |page=305 }}</ref>
;Pre-World War I
* [[Battle of Sholinghur|Sholinghur]]
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Carnatic]]
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Mysore]]
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Seringapatam]]
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Burma 1885-87]]
;World War I and later
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
;The Second World War
* [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Meiktila]]
* [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Capture of Meiktila]]
* [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Defence of Meiktila]]
* [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Rangoon Road]]
* [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Pegu 1945]]
* [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Sittang 1945]]
* [[Burma Campaign|Burma 1942-45]].
;Indo Pak Conflict 1965
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Punjab 1965]]

==Notable Officers==
*Major General Thakur Sheodatt Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32916/page/2029/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|date=1924-03-07|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|title=History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941-1971: The Indian cavalry|year=1981|publisher=Vision Books|page=439}}</ref><ref name="Brown">{{cite web|url=https://www.brownpundits.com/2017/05/30/16th-light-cavalry-a-historic-picture-and-an-anecdote-from-kashmir/|title=16th Light Cavalry. A historic picture and an anecdote from Kashmir|date=2017-05-30|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
*Major General [[Hira Lal Atal]] - became the first [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General]] of independent India<ref name="History"/>
*Major General [[Ibrahim Habibullah|Enaith Habibullah]] - First Commandant of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla<ref name="History"/><ref name="Brown"/>
*Major General Ghanshyam Singh<ref name="History"/><ref name="Brown"/>
*Lieutenant General Shiv Dev Verma - First Commandant of [[Defence Services Staff College]], GOC [[XV Corps (India)|15 Corps]]<ref name="History"/><ref name="Brown"/>
*Lieutenant General [[Mohinder Singh Wadalia]] - the first [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-11-18_263.pdf|title=Deputy Army Chief retires|date=1964-11-18|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref><ref name="History"/>
*Lieutenant General Har Prasad {{small|PVSM}} - Commissioned into the [[3rd Cavalry Regiment (India)|3rd Cavalry Regiment]], commanded the regiment between 1949 and 1952, went on to become [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General]] and subsequently [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-12-11_244.pdf|title=New Adjutant General|date=1970-12-11|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>
*General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]}} - 5th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], commanded the unit from September 1944<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1965-AUG-DEC-DURING-INDO-PAK/PDF/DEF-1965-11-09_235.pdf|title=General JN Chaudhuri|date=1965-11-09|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
*Lieutenant General [[Khem Karan Singh]] {{small|MVC}} - General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/lt-gen-khem-karan-singh-an-outstanding-military-leader-670659|title=Lt Gen Khem Karan Singh: An outstanding military leader|date=2018-10-20|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
*General [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, ADC}} - 14th Chief of the army Staff<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=LStPmQwbf2DxqbUfyUUfuQ==&ParentID=VxLJoXAU/621D/iEkGdRbQ==|title=General VN Sharma|access-date=2021-08-08}}</ref>
*Lieutenant General Arun Kumar Gautama {{small|PVSM, ADC}} - Commissioned into the regiment in June 1958, briefly commanded the regiment from May 1974 to October 1974. Later took over command of [[81st Armoured Regiment (India)|81 Armoured Regiment]]. Commanded 34 Armoured Brigade, 29 Infantry Division and [[XXXIII Corps (India)|33 Corps]]. GOC-in-C Central Command from April 1994 to April 1995 and GOC-in-C [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] from April 1995 till October 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/lt-gen-gautama-passes-away-8293539/|title=Ex-Western Army Commander Lt Gen Gautama passes away|date=2022-11-28|access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Kempton, C. (1996). ''A Register of Titles of the Units of the H.E.I.C. & Indian Armies 1666–1947.'' Bristol: British Empire & Commonwealth Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-9530174-0-9}}.
* Gaylor, J. (1992). ''Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991.'' Stroud: Spellmount Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-946771-98-1}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.members.tripod.com/~Glosters/IAcavalry1.htm Uniforms of the late 19th Century]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200310121255/http://16cavroa.com/]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182855/http://www.wolftree.freeserve.co.uk/Burma/Burma.html

{{British Indian Army Cavalry Regiments 1903 - 1946}}
{{Indian Army Armoured Corps}}

[[Category:British Indian Army cavalry regiments]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1776]]
[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]

Akakhora

2026-03-27T16:49:30Z

Mihmbathinda: Adding A Data

{{short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kora
| nativename = {{lang|ack|Aka-Kora}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, Smith Island
| ethnicity = [[Kora people|Kora]]
| extinct = November 2009, with the death of Boro
| ref = <ref name=Boro/>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Northern Andamanese – Kede
| fam3 = [[Northern Andamanese language|Northern Andamanese]]
| iso3 = ack
| linglist = ack.html
| glotto = akak1251
| glottorefname = Akakora
| altname = Cora
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ff7cd7|Aka-Khora}}
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
}}

'''Akakhora''', or '''Kora''' (Cora), is an extinct dialect of the [[Northern Andamanese language]]. It was spoken on the northeast and north central coasts of [[North Andaman]] and on Smith Island.

It has been extinct since November 2009 when its last speaker, Boro, died.<ref name=Boro>{{cite news |title=Andamanese tribes, languages die |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article100977.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 5, 2010 |access-date=2010-02-05 }}</ref> It is likely a variety of a Northern Great Andamanese language, as it is very similar to [[Aka-Jeru language|Aka-Jeru]], without any unique features.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zamponi |first=Raoul |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10137813/1/A-Grammar-of-Akajeru.pdf.pdf |title=A grammar of Akajeru: fragments of a traditional North Andamanese dialect |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |date=2021 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-093-5 |series=Grammars of world and minority languages |location=London}}</ref>

==Name==
The native name for the language was '''''Aka-Kora''''', also spelled '''''Aka-Khora''''' or '''''Aka-Cora''''' ('''''Aka-''''' being a prefix for "tongue"); and this name is often used for the tribe itself. They were divided between shore-dwellers (''aryoto'') and forest-dwellers (''eremtaga'') subtribes.<ref name="weber8"/>

==History==
By the time of the establishment of the first permanent colonial settlement at Port Blair (1858), the estimates size of the Kora tribe was about 500 individuals, out of perhaps 3500 Great Andamanese.<ref name="weber7">George Weber (~2009), ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm Numbers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230544/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter7/text7.htm |date=May 31, 2012 }}''. Chapter 7 in ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm |date=2012-08-05 }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-12.</ref>
However the tribe was discovered only much later, in the work leading to the 1901 census.<ref name="weber7"/> Like other [[Andamanese people]]s, the Kora were decimated during colonial and post-colonial times, by diseases, [[Alcoholic drinks|alcohol]], [[opium]] and loss of territory. The census of 1901 recorded 96 individuals, which decreased to 71 in 1911, 48 in 1921, and 24 in 1931.<ref name="weber7"/>

In 1949, any remaining Kora were relocated, with all other surviving Great Andamanese, to a reservation on [[Bluff Island (Andaman)|Bluff island]].<ref name="mann"/> In 1969 they were relocated again to a reservation on Strait Island.<ref name="mann">Rann Singh Mann (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA149 Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns], page 149. Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-8324-010-0}}</ref>

By 1980 only one person claimed to be a Kora member,<ref name="weber8">George Weber (~2009), ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm The Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507061710/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm |date=2013-05-07 }}''. Chapter 8 in ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm |date=2012-08-05 }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-12.</ref> and by 1994 the Kora tribe no longer existed as a separate unit.<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA75 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 75. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> Although descendants of the Kora were still living in the Great Andamanese reservation of [[Strait Island]] as of 2006, they identified themselves as members of other tribes, mainly [[Jeru people|Jeru]].<ref name="abbiweb">[[Anvita Abbi]] (2006), ''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101023084412/http://www.andamanese.net/generalia.html Great Andamanese Community]}}'' in ''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017094120/http://andamanese.net/index.html VOGA - Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese]}}''. Accessed on 2012-07-12.</ref> The last known speaker of the Kora language died in November 2009.<ref name="abbiweb"/> They were a designated [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Aka-Kora, Language}}
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]]

Tiladi massacre

2026-03-26T01:00:51Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Short description|Massacre in British India}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Tiladi massacre
| partof = [[Indian independence movement]]
| image = 
| caption =
| native_name = तिलाड़ी हत्याकांड
| native_name_lang = hi
| location = Tiladi Sera village, Rawain Valley, Uttarkashi, [[Tehri Garhwal State]], [[British India]]
| coordinates = 
| date = 30 May 1930
| target = Villagers of Rawain Valley protesting forest laws
| type = Massacre
|cause=
| participants =Villagers from Rawain Valley
| fatalities = 18 (official), Over 200 (local accounts)<ref name="jagran2022"/>
| also_known_as = Rawain massacre (रेवाई हत्याकांड) <ref name="f756"/>
| injuries = Over 100 <ref name="jagran2022"/>
| perpetrator = Forces of the [[Tehri Garhwal State|Tehri Garhwal]] princely state, Diwan of Tehri, Chakradhar Juyal <ref name="research"/>
| motive = Suppression of protest against forest taxation and colonial forest policies
}}

The '''Tiladi massacre''' (तिलाड़ी हत्याकांड), also known as the '''Rawain massacre''' (रवाईं हत्याकांड), was the mass shooting of unarmed protesters by the princely state forces of [[Tehri Garhwal State]] on 30 May 1930. The massacre took place in a field of Tiladi village of the Rawain Valley, near present-day [[Barkot, Uttarakhand|Barkot]] in [[Uttarkashi district]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. It occurred during the [[Indian independence movement]], in response to local protests against repressive forest policies imposed under the British-backed [[Tehri Garhwal State|Tehri Garhwal]] [[princely state]]. It led to the death of at least 200 villagers, with over 100 injured.<ref name="jagran2022"/><ref name="k810">{{cite book | title=The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity | page=57 |author=Pradeep Kumar| year=2000|publisher=Kanishka Publishers| isbn=8173913579|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rawain%20massacre | access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="m010">{{cite book | title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective | author=Ajay Singh Rawat |year=2002|publisher = Indus Publishing Company|pages=141–142| isbn=978-81-7387-136-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP_A60L-CMC&dq=Rawain+massacre&pg=PA142 | access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="research">{{cite journal | last1=Naithani | first1=Apala | last2=Naithani | first2=Suneet | last3=Dhasmana | first3=Yogesh | title="Dhandak": A Socio-Environmental Disquiet; Tehri Dynasty, Uttarkhand, India | journal=Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology | publisher=Engineering Skill Development | volume=XVI | issue=9 | date=28 September 2024 | issn=1006-7930 | doi=10.37896/JXAT16.9/34819 | pages=200–202 | doi-broken-date=30 August 2025 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384454361 | access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Rawain Valley [[pargana]] was under the British from 1815 to 1824, but due to administrative convenience, the British later handed it over to Sudarshan Shah, then ruler of the princely state of [[Tehri Garhwal]]—a British protectorate.<ref name="jagran2022"/> Due to the rapid expansion of railways in the post-1857 period, the British wanted to use the vast forest resources for free. This fast commercialisation brought them into direct conflict with the local inhabitants, as they wanted to take over reserve forests till now held as [[communal land]] by villagers, who used it for sustenance.<ref name="journal">{{cite web | title= Society and Environmental Resources|author=[[Madhav Gadgil]] | url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sdev/mg/pdfs/mg044.pdf |publisher= A Journal of Nehru Centre, Vol. 5, No. 3|date= July–September 1982| page= 5| access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> The period between 1850 and 1930 was marked by socio-environmental upheaval in the Tehri Garhwal region.<ref name="research"/>

Subsequently, in 1927–28, the Tehri State imposed forest settlements under King Narendra Shah, stripping villagers of time-honoured rights to water, grazing, fodder collection for cattle, fuelwood, and community festivals. A tax of ₹1 per head of cattle and sweeping bans on traditional use triggered growing discontent among the forest-dependent people of Rawain Valley. These regulations curtailed the traditional forest rights of local communities in Rawain Valley. Notable policies included: A tax of ₹1 per livestock head for grazing sheep and goats, Prohibitions on grazing, fodder collection, and fuelwood harvesting and Bans on local forest-based festivals and rituals. These measures disrupted agrarian life and triggered widespread resentment. In early 1930, locals organised an “Azad Panchayat”, a symbolic assertion of justice and self-governance.<ref name="jagran2022"/><ref name="AmarUjala"/>

'''20 May 1930''': On 20 May 1930, in the court of Rawain pargana's [[Sub-divisional magistrate]] (SDM) Surendra Dutt, leaders of the forest rights movement, Dayaram, Rudra Singh, Ram Prasad, and Jaman Singh, were declared guilty, sentenced, and sent to Tehri Jail. But near Dandalgaon, villagers surrounded the officials. The then Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) opened fire, killing three villagers. The villagers, in turn, took the SDM hostage.<ref name="jagran2022"/><ref name="AmarUjala">{{cite web |title=Tiladi Kand History: People of Rawain Valley Rise Even Today After Remembering the Tragedy |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi/tiladi-kand-history-people-of-raiw-valley-rise-even-today-after-remembering-the-tragedy-utter-kashi-news-drn34565085 |publisher=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> Maharaja invited the representative for negotiation to Rajgarhi but got them arrested instead. This led to widespread protests in the region. Soon, people became violent to free their leaders. They captured Subdivisional Magistrate, Surendradutt, though forest officer Padmadutta Raturi managed to escape to [[Narendranagar|Narendra Nagar]].<ref name="gazette"/>

== The massacre ==

On 30 May 1930, thousands of villagers assembled in the field of Tiladi Sera village near the [[Yamuna River]] in a peaceful ''[[mahapanchayat]]'' (village council) for the first time, a powerful grassroots assertion of community rights. It demanded the repeal of the forest laws, restoration of forest rights and the release of local activists who had been previously arrested. But Maharaja, via the Diwan of [[Tehri Garhwal State]], Chakradhar Juyal, ordered Colonel Sundar Singh, the Commander of the Tehri army, to open fire on the rebels. However, Colonel Sundar Singh refused to suppress the people. As a result, Diwan Chakradhar Juyal removed him from his post, expelled him from the Tehri kingdom, and appointed Natthu Singh Sajwan as the new army chief. Subsequently, under the leadership of Natthu Singh Sajwan, on 30 May 1930, the Tehri state army troop of 300 soldiers surrounded the protestors from three sides and opened fire on the unarmed protesters at least 200 villagers (actual figures vary in different sources), with over 100 injured. Many villagers drowned while escape the gunfire by jumping into the Yamuna river, and cross over.<ref name="laundry"/><ref name="research"/><ref name="ExamPillar">{{cite web |title=Ravani Kand or Tiladi Kand - A Dark Chapter in Tehri's History |url=https://theexampillar.com/ravani-kaand-or-tilari-kand/ |website=The Exam Pillar |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="gazette"/><ref name="jagran2022">{{cite web | last=Bohra | first=Nirmala | title=उत्तराखंड की टिहरी रियासत में भी हुआ था जलियांवाला बाग जैसा कांड, यमुना के बागी बेटों ने दिया बड़ा बलिदान | website=Jagran | date=11 August 2022 | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi-independence-day-2022-jalliangwala-bagh-like-incident-happened-in-tehri-riyasat-jagran-special-22972054.html | language=hi | access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> The official death toll was 18, but some local accounts suggest 80–100 people may have died, while recent sources put the death toll to be exceeding 200. Another 194 wounded villagers were arrested; 70 were tried for [[sedition]], and 16 reportedly died in custody. Subsequently, 65 people received various terms of imprisonment under the Sedition Act.<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news |title=92 Years of Tiladi Massacre: Activists Hold Demonstrations, Discussions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/92-years-of-tiladi-massacre-activists-hold-demonstrations-discussions/articleshow/91901264.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="gazette">{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Uttarkashi District: History|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/uttar-pradesh-district-gazetteers-uttarkashi|author=Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi|year=1979|page = 26|access-date=17 June 2025|website=Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="amar2020">{{cite web | last=ब्यूरो | first=देहरादून | title=तिलाड़ी कांड: हकहकूकों के लिए पंचायत कर रहे ग्रामीणों को भून दिया था गोलियों से | website=Amar Ujala | date=29 May 2020 | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi/tiladi-kand-history-people-of-raiw-valley-rise-even-today-after-remembering-the-tragedy-utter-kashi-news-drn34565085 | language=hi | access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The news of the Tilari massacre spread through newspapers and reached even the British government.<ref name="jagran2022"/> The brutality of the massacre was likened to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 1919.<ref name="research"/><ref name="f756">{{cite web | title=Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of Uttarakhand: The Rawain Kand | website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India | date=4 May 2023 | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?17196 | access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> It intensified local resistance against the princely state and contributed to the broader freedom movement in the Himalayan region.

Later, under mounting public pressure, the Maharaja Narendra Shah revoked some forest taxes and eased restrictions.<ref name="AmarUjala" /> However, after the protests were suppressed, the reserve forests were taken over without any compensation given to land owners, and the tree felling continued. Now that the ownership of the forest was with the Government, local society lost interest in the preservation of forests. Now they were more keen to clear out the forest and start cultivation rather than sustaining themselves meagrely as forest labourers.<ref name="journal"/>

== Legacy ==
A memorial commemorating the incident known as ''Tiladi Shaheed Smarak'' (Tiladi Martyrs Memorial) was constructed at the site. The massacre is commemorated annually as the annual ''Tiladi Martyrs’ Day'' observance in the Rawain region, especially at the site since 1949. Here, families of local martyrs, which included Ajit Singh, June Singh, Tulsi, Kisya, Gaur Singh, and others, are facilitated.<ref name="AmarUjala" /><ref name="jagran2022"/> It remains a symbol of indigenous resistance to colonial and feudal oppression. Scholars and activists continue to demand greater national recognition of the event.<ref name="ResearchGate">{{cite web |last=Negi |first=Dr. Balwant Singh |title=Human Rights Crusade in Uttarakhand: Past to Present – A Dialogue |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350048323 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

Based on the incident, Vidyasagar Nautiyal published his book ''Yamuna ke Baagi Bete'' (The Rebel Sons of Yamuna, 2012), which also describes the plight of the local people during their socio-environmental struggle.<ref name="laundry">{{cite web | last=मैखुरी | first=इंद्रेश | title=तिलाड़ी कांड: जल, जंगल, ज़मीन पर हक के लिए पहली शहादत | website=Newslaundry | date=30 May 2018 | url=https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2018/05/30/uttarakhand-tiladi-tihari | language=hi | access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khejarli massacre]]
* [[Forest Satyagraha]]
* [[Chipko movement]]
* [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]

==Bibliography==
* ''Yamuna Ke Bagi Bete'' (Hindi) by Vidyasagar Nautiyal. Samayik Publisher, 2012. {{ISBN|8171381103}}
* [https://pahar.org/tilari-kand-uttarakhand-ka-jaliawalan-bagh/ तिलाड़ी काण्ड – उत्तराखण्ड का जालियाँवाला बाग (Hindi)] Pahar.org, January 12, 2024.

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1930]]
[[Category:Massacres in British India]]
[[Category:1930 in India]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Trees and humans]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:Environmental protests]]
[[Category:History of environmentalism]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttarakhand]]

Global Vipassana Pagoda

2026-03-22T05:00:12Z

Mihmbathinda: Added Info!

{{short description|Meditation hall in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{coord|19|13|41|N|72|48|21.79|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Global pagoda

|image = GlobalVipasanaPagoda.JPG
|image_caption = Global Vipassana Pagoda in 2012
|building_type = Meditation Dome Hall
|architectural_style = [[Culture of Myanmar|Burmese]]
|structural_system = Stone dome, with self-supporting interlocking stones
|location = [[Gorai]], Village, [[Borivali]] West, Mumbai
|construction_start_date = 2000
|completion_date = 2008
|opened_date = 8 February 2009
|architect = {{unbulleted list
|Archirect. Pervez Dumasia
|Consulting Engineer: N.R.Varma, Sompura
|Consultant: Chandubhai Sompura
}}
|structural_engineer = Nandadeep Building Center (NPPCPL) Aurangabad M.S.
}}
The '''Global Vipassana Pagoda''' is a [[meditation#Buddhism|meditation]] dome hall with a capacity to seat around 8,000 Vipassana meditators (the largest such Meditation hall in the world) near [[Gorai]], and is also the main attraction in Gorai, in the north western part of [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. The Global Vipassana Pagoda is "'''declared as one of the ‘Seven Wonders of Maharashtra'''" by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) in partnership with ABP Majha, a Marathi news channel, after they reviewed 350 destinations. The results of this selection were declared on 6th June, 2013. The [[pagoda]] was inaugurated by [[Pratibha Patil]], the then President of India, on 8 February, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1228804|title=Global Vipassana Pagoda inaugurated in Mumbai|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=8 February 2009|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> It is built on donated land on a peninsula between the [[Gorai]] creek and the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pagoda is to serve as a monument of peace and harmony. The Global Vipassana Pagoda has been built out of gratitude to [[Sayagyi U Ba Khin]] (1899-1971), a Vipassana teacher and the first Accountant-General of Independent Burma, who was instrumental in Vipassana returning to India, the country of its origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vridhamma.org/en2005-08|title = The Global Pagoda: Lighting a Beacon to the World | Vipassana Research Institute}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Stuart|first=Daniel M.|title=S.N. Goenka: Emissary of Insight|url=https://www.shambhala.com/s-n-goenka.html|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]]|year=2020|isbn=9781611808186}}. See pages 140–143 and 251–260 in particular.</ref>

Built entirely through voluntary donations, the purpose of the Global Vipassana Pagoda is to share information about Vipassana and about the Buddha and his teachings.

[[Vipassanā]] is the practical quintessence of the universal, non-sectarian teachings of the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vridhamma.org/en1997-08 |title=Vipassana Research Institute |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201135653/http://www.vridhamma.org/en1997-08 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Its Burmese-style design shows gratitude to Myanmar for preserving the practice of [[Vipassana]]. The shape of the pagoda is a copy of the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] (Golden Pagoda) in [[Yangon]], Myanmar. It was built by combining ancient Indian and modern technology to enable it to last for a thousand years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gstf.in/papers/gstf2007/the_making_of_the_global_pagoda-mr.nayan_shah.wiz|title=Global Stone Technology Forum|access-date=2009-05-19}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1228804|title=Global Vipassana Pagoda inaugurated in Mumbai|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=8 February 2009|access-date= 9 June 2013}}</ref>

==Description==
The center of the Global Vipassana Pagoda contains the world's largest stone dome, built without any supporting pillars. The height of the dome is approximately 29 meters, while the height of the building is 99.06 meters, which is twice the size of the previously largest hollow stone monument in the world, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] Dome in [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], India. The external diameter of the largest section of the dome is 97.46 m, and the shorter sections are 94.82 m. The internal diameter is 85.15 m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpagoda.org/Default3.aspx?parentid=3&levelid=18|title=Salient Features – Global Pagoda website|access-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213224628/http://globalpagoda.org/Default3.aspx?parentid=3&levelid=18|archive-date=13 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The inside of the pagoda is hollow and serves as a very large meditation hall, with an area covering more than 6,000 m2 (65,000  ft2). The massive inner dome seats over 8,000 people, enabling them to practice the non-sectarian Vipassana Meditation as taught by [[S. N. Goenka,]] and is now being practiced in over 100 countries. An inaugural one-day Meditation course was held at the pagoda on 21 December 2008, with Goenka in attendance as the teacher.

Ten-day Vipassana Meditation courses are held free of charge at the Dhamma Pattana Meditation center, which is part of the Global Vipassana Pagoda complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pattana.dhamma.org/|title=Dhamma Pattana Vipassana Centre website|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref>

==Construction history==

===Timeline===
[[File:Global Vipassana Pagoda 1.jpg|thumb|right|Global Vipassana Pagoda under construction]]
Planning for the construction of the Global Vipassana Pagoda began in 1997, while actual building work started in 2000.
The pagoda consists of three sub-domes. The first and largest dome was completed in October 2006 when [[Relics associated with Buddha|bone relics of Gotama Buddha]] were enshrined in the central locking stone of the dome on 29 October 2006, making it the world's largest structure containing [[Śarīra|relics]] of the Buddha. The relics were originally found in the stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]], Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, South India.<ref>[http://www.globalpagoda.org/concept-and-planning Concept and Planning of Global Vipassana Pagoda | Global Vipassana Pagoda]. Globalpagoda.org. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref> They have been donated by the Mahabodhi Society of India and the prime minister of Sri Lanka to be kept at the Global Vipassana Pagoda.<ref>Goenka, S.N. (2007). ''For The Benefit Of Many''. Vipassana Research Institute. {{ISBN|81-7414-230-4}}</ref><ref>Goenka, S.N. (2006). ''Vipassana: The Practical Path to Unity in Diversity''. Global Vipassana Foundation.</ref> The second and third domes sit atop the first dome. Construction of the third dome was structurally completed on 21 November 2008.

The Global Vipassana Pagoda complex is an evolving construction. A museum depicts the historical life and non-sectarian teaching of Gotama the Buddha. The Global Vipassana Pagoda's educational displays communicate the Buddha's teaching of the universal practice of Vipassana as a path towards real happiness.

The Global Vipassana Pagoda complex consists of the following structures:
*Pagoda dome containing relics of the Buddha. The pillar-less structure of the massive Pagoda dome encompasses a Meditation hall to seat around 8,000 Vipassana meditators - the largest such Meditation hall in the world.
*Vipassana Meditation centre Dhamma Pattana
*Museum depicting the historical life of the Buddha
*Two smaller pagodas on the north and south side
*Library and study rooms
*Circumambulation path around the dome
*Administration building
*Underground parkade
*Vipassana Research Institute office and facility for Pali study program
*Dhammalaya Guest House for Vipassana meditators

The south pagoda contains 108 Meditation cells for use by Vipassana students taking a Meditation course at the adjoining Meditation centre.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AApojj6Slv4&t=464s S.N. Goenka: "His Life His Dhamma, Part 4"]</ref>

===Construction materials===
The foundation of the dome consists of basalt, while the dome itself is made from sandstone, brought from Rajasthan. The individual blocks of sandstone weigh between 600–700 kg each and are kept in place due to the unique design of the bricks. Each of the bricks interlocks with the ones adjacent to it, and lime mortar is used to fill in any remaining gaps. The circumambulation path is laid in marble.

The pinnacle of the pagoda is adorned with a large crystal. The spire is covered in real gold, while the rest of the pagoda is covered in gold paint. The spire is topped with a special ornamental umbrella piece donated by the Burmese. The main doors to the pagoda are wooden and hand-carved in Myanmar (Burma).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Truly gold Global Vipassana Pagoda.jpg|left|View from the Arabian sea
Pagoda_at_Mumbai.jpg|Night view of main entrance
Pagoda sunset view.jpg|View of the pagoda from Gorai Creek at sunset
Amazing monuments in the Global Vipassana Pagoda.jpg|Amazing monuments in the Global Vipassana Pagoda
Motif on Global Vipassana Pagoda.jpg|right|Motif on Global Vipassana Pagoda
Pagoda Meditators.jpg|Meditators seated inside the Global Pagoda dome
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Satipatthana Sutta]]
* [[Vipassanā]]
* [[Ledi Sayadaw]]
* [[Webu Sayadaw]]
* [[Sayagyi U Ba Khin]]
* [[Vipassana Movement]]
* ''[[Doing Time, Doing Vipassana]]''
* ''[[The Dhamma Brothers]]''
* [[Cetiya]]
* [[Burmese pagoda]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.globalpagoda.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107014958/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HJ25Df03.html Asia's spectacular monument of gratitude] 2006 Asia Times article
* [http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/leisure-travel/2009011918224.htm India's President to inaugurate Global Vipassana Pagoda] Press release
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131055146/http://hindu.com/2009/01/29/stories/2009012952322000.htm Indigenous tribute to the Buddha] Online news article in The Hindu
* [http://www.nandadeep.org: Official Site of Consulting and Structural Engineer]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}

[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2009]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Pagodas in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Maharashtra]]

Paud Phata metro station

2026-03-19T16:55:10Z

Mihmbathinda: new

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Paud Phata
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Entrance of Ideal Colony metro station, Pune.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Sankalp Society, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.50910|73.82208|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = ICY
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|left=Anand Nagar|right=Nal Stop|to-right=Ramwadi}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Paud Phata''' (until Dec. 2025 '''Ideal Colony''') is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro and was the first to be completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to August 2023, the Aqua Line was operational between Vanaz and Garware College.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about
|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about|website=Urban Transport News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The extended section between Garware College to [[Ruby Hall Clinic metro station|Ruby Hall Clinic]] was inaugurated on 1 August 2023. So the metro operated from Vanaz to Ruby Hall Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=It’s official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later the remaining stretch was completed and the line operates till [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] from 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Paud Phata track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Anand Nagar}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Nal Stop}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] '''Next Station:''' [[Nal Stop metro station|Nal Stop]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[Anand Nagar metro station (Pune)|Anand Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
{{Pune Metro}}

Dubai

2026-03-19T01:53:12Z

Mihmbathinda: cleanup

{{Short description|City in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{distinguish |Duba, Saudi Arabia}}
{{About|the city|the emirate|Emirate of Dubai|||other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dubai
| native_name = {{lang|ar|دبي}}
| other_name = Dubayy
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| translit_lang1_type = [[Arabic script|Arabic]]
| translit_lang1_info = دبي
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Dubai Skyline mit Burj Khalifa (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Dubai|Dubai's skyline]]
| image2 = Burj_Khalifa_2021.jpg
| caption2 = [[Burj Khalifa]] and [[Downtown Dubai|Downtown]]
| image3 = The_view_of_Dubai_Creek.jpg
| caption3 = [[Dubai Creek]]
| image4 = Dubai Marina Skyline.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dubai Marina]]
| image5 = Artificial Archipelagos, Dubai, United Arab Emirates ISS022-E-024940 lrg.jpg
| caption5 = [[Palm Jumeirah]] and [[The World (archipelago)|The World Islands]]
| image6 = Burj_Al_Arab_@_Madinat_Jumeirah_@_Dubai_(15851725086).jpg
| caption6 = [[Burj Al Arab]]
| image7 = Dubai_Highrise.jpg
| caption7 = [[E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)|Sheikh Zayed Road]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Dubai.svg
| image_map = {{MergedMap|mapQuery = UAE#OSM#customMap1#Persian Gulf#Middle East#Asia|customMap1 =Dubai by Copernicus Sentinel-2 in false-colour.jpg}}
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the United Arab Emirates
| coordinates = {{coord|25|12|17|N|55|16|15|E|type:adm1st_region:AE-DU|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirate]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Dubai}}
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1095
| established_title1 = First established
| established_date1 = 1822
| founder = [[Al Maktoum|Obeid bin Said & Maktoum bin Butti Al Maktoum]]
| p2 = [[Al Aweer]]
| p3 = Al Lusayli
| p4 = Marqab
| p5 = [[Al Faqa|Al-Faqaʿ]]<ref name="DSC 2015">{{cite web |publisher=Dubai Statistics Center, [[Government of Dubai]] |title=Population Bulletin |url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Publication/Population%20Bulletin%20Emirate%20of%20Dubai%202015.pdf |year=2015 |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407161314/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Publication/Population%2520Bulletin%2520Emirate%2520of%2520Dubai%25202015.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| p6 = Ud al-Bayda
| p7 = Urqub Juwayza
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| governing_body = Dubai Executive Council
| leader_title = [[Dubai Municipality|Director General of Dubai Municipality]]
| leader_name = Marwan Bin Ghalita<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director General |url=https://www.dm.gov.ae/about-dubai-municipality/director-general/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Dubai Municipality |language=en-US}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Ruler of Dubai]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan {{!}} The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/transport-and-infrastructure/dubai-2040-urban-master-plan |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=u.ae |language=en}}</ref>
| area_urban_km2 = 1491
| area_urban_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 = 3913
|population_rank=[[List of cities in the United Arab Emirates|1st]]
| population_total = 3,944,751
| population_footnotes = <ref name=DSC/>
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_urban = 4,945,000
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name=Demographia/>
| population_metro = 6359527
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=DSC/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[wikt:Dubaian|Dubaian]]
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_are.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—UAE Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112133106/https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_are.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[City]]
| demographics2_info1 = US$ 134.6 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title2 = Metro
| demographics2_info2 = US$ 202.8 billion (2023)
| demographics2_title4 = Per capita
| website = {{URL|https://tec.gov.ae/en/web/tec/home}}
| utc_offset = +04:00
| timezone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE Standard Time]]
| image_seal = Coat of Arms of Dubai (2024).svg
| image_blank_emblem = Dubai official logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]]
| nicknames = ''[[DXB]], Dar Al-Hay, The Pearl of the Gulf,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://u.ae/ar-AE/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/dubai|title=إمارة دبي | البوابة الرسمية لحكومة الإمارات العربية المتحدة|website=u.ae}}</ref> The Venice of the Gulf,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.albayan.ae/opinions/2009-12-18-1.503429|title=ستبقى دبي داراً للحي|website=www.albayan.ae}}</ref> The City of the World,<ref name="auto"/> The City of Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/01/05/dubai-trying-to-live-up-to-its-nickname-city-of-gold/ |title=Dubai trying to live up to its nickname "City of Gold" |date=5 January 2013 }}</ref>''
| blank_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Hot desert climate]] (BWh)
}}

'''Dubai'''{{efn|[[Help:IPA/English|/duːˈbaɪ/]] [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''doo-BYE'']]; [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|دُبَيّ}}; [[Emirati Arabic|Emirati Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|دِبَيّ}}, [[Romanization of Arabic|romanised]]: [[Help:IPA/English|/diˈbej/]]}} is the [[List of cities in the United Arab Emirates#Major cities|most populous city]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the capital of the [[Emirate of Dubai]].<ref name="dxbpopulation">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-12&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |title=United Arab Emirates: metropolitan areas |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064703/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-12&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> It is on a [[Dubai Creek|creek]] on the southeastern coast of the [[Persian Gulf]]. As of 2025, its population stands at 4 million,<ref name=DSC>{{cite web |title=Dubai Statistics Center, Population Clock |url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=dsc.gov.ae}}</ref> 92% of whom are [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|expatriates]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP |url=https://cdn.occrp.org/projects/dubai-unlocked/en/ |website=How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate - OCCRP |language=en |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516021738/https://cdn.occrp.org/projects/dubai-unlocked/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wider [[urban area]] includes [[Sharjah]] and has a population of 5 million people as of 2023,<ref name=Demographia>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas 19th Annual: 202308|work=Demographia|date=31 August 2023|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> while the [[Dubai–Sharjah–Ajman metropolitan area]] has a population of 6 million people.

Founded in the early 18th century as a [[Cultured pearl|pearling]] and fishing settlement, Dubai became a regional trade hub in the 20th century after declaring itself a [[free port]] (1901) and extending the Creek (1961).<ref name=":11" /> Modest oil revenue helped accelerate Dubai's development from the 1960s to the 1990s, when the city started to diversify [[Economy of Dubai|its economy]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=Dubai - Trade, Tourism, Oil {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubai-United-Arab-Emirates/Economy |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, oil production contributed less than 1% to the emirate's GDP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winkler |first=Matthew A. |date=14 January 2018 |title=Dubai's the Very Model of a Modern Mideast Economy |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-01-14/dubai-s-the-very-model-of-a-modern-mideast-economy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317113009/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-01-14/dubai-s-the-very-model-of-a-modern-mideast-economy |archive-date=17 March 2018 |work=Bloomberg }}</ref>

Rapid construction since the 1990s has produced one of the world's densest skylines,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities by Number of 150m+ Buildings - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> including the [[tallest building in the world|world's tallest building]], the [[Burj Khalifa]]. Extensive [[Land reclamation|land-reclamation]] projects have added more than {{convert|300|km}} of artificial coastline. The city has a large real estate market, especially in the luxury segment.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-22/dubai-luxury-property-boom-hit-new-record-before-tariff-turmoil Dubai Luxury Property Boom Hit New Record Before Tariff Turmoil], ''Bloomberg'', 22 May 2025</ref>

Dubai's economy centres on trade, [[Tourism in Dubai|tourism]], aviation, [[financial services]], and real estate.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Traffic |title=Dubai's GDP expands by 3.1% in the first nine months of 2024 to reach AED339.4 billion |url=https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/february/06-02/over-aed-339-billion-of-dubai-total-gdp-for-9-months-of-2024 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Government of Dubai Media Office |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dubai International Financial Centre]] (DIFC) is [[Global Financial Centres Index|one of the world's major financial centres]]. In 2024, Dubai was the seventh [[List of cities by international visitors|most-visited city globally]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=Euromonitor International reveals world's Top 100 City... |url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/december-2024/euromonitor-international-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2024 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Euromonitor |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport]] (DXB) is the [[List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic|world's busiest airport for international passenger traffic]], handling over 92 million passengers in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamel |first=Deena |title=Dubai airport's passenger traffic hit record 92.3 million last year |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2025/01/30/dubai-airports-passenger-traffic-hits-record-92-million-in-2024/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Many theories have been proposed about the origin of the word "Dubai". One theory suggests the word used to be the ''[[souq]]'' in Ba.<ref name=jundi>{{cite journal|last=Alyazya |date=July 2011 |script-title=ar:مسميات مناطق دبي قديماً |trans-title=Old names areas of Dubai |language=ar |journal=Al Jundi |volume=444|page=76}}</ref> The linguist Zana Vahidzadeh (Dana Pishdar) holds that the word comes from 'money', a reference to the prosperity of the trading centre or that the word refers to 'two brothers'—Deira and Bur Dubai.<ref>Graeme Wilson, Padre di Dubai, Media Prima, 1999, p. 39.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Dubai |url=http://www.sheikhmohammed.ae/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=13d94c8631cb4110VgnVCM100000b0140a0aRCRD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203194320/http://www.sheikhmohammed.ae/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=13d94c8631cb4110VgnVCM100000b0140a0aRCRD |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=www.sheikhmohammed.ae}}</ref>

The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, but to its alternative meaning of "baby [[locust]]" ({{lang|ar|[[wikt:جراد|جراد]]}}) due to the abundance of locusts in the area before settlement.<ref name="UAEI">{{cite web |url = http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/rss-news.asp?ID=24335 |title = How Did Dubai, Abu Dhabi and other Cities Get Their Names? Experts Reveal All |date = 30 March 2007 |website = UAE Interact |access-date = 24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043402/http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/rss-news.asp?ID=24335 |archive-date = 7 April 2014 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Dubai}}

{{For timeline}}
[[File:Bronze & Iron Dagger, Saruq Al Hadid.jpg|thumb|upright=0.47|left|Bronze and iron alloy dagger, [[Saruq Al Hadid]] archaeological site (1100 BC)]]

The history of human settlement in the area now defined as the United Arab Emirates is complex and extensive, formed by the extensive trading links between the civilisations of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]] and [[Mesopotamia]], and even by cultures as far afield as the [[Levant]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weeks|first1=Lloyd|last2=Cable|first2=Charlotte|last3=Franke|first3=Kristina|last4=Newton|first4=Claire|last5=Karacic|first5=Steven|last6=Roberts|first6=James|last7=Stepanov|first7=Ivan|last8=David-Cuny|first8=Hélène|last9=Price|first9=David|date=26 April 2017|title=Recent archaeological research at Saruq al-Hadid, Dubai, UAE|journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy|volume=28|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1111/aae.12082|issn=0905-7196|doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaeological finds in the emirate of Dubai, particularly at [[Al-Ashoosh]], [[Al Sufouh]], and the notably rich trove from [[Saruq Al Hadid]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/brushing-off-sands-of-time-at-the-archaeological-site-of-saruq-al-hadid-1.150378|title=Brushing off sands of time at the archaeological site of Saruq al-Hadid|work=The National|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081526/https://www.thenational.ae/uae/brushing-off-sands-of-time-at-the-archaeological-site-of-saruq-al-hadid-1.150378|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> show settlement through the [[Ubaid period|Ubaid]] and [[Hafit period|Hafit]] periods, the [[Umm al-Nar culture|Umm Al Nar]] and [[Wadi Suq culture|Wadi Suq]] periods, and the three [[Iron Age]]s in the UAE. The area was known to the [[Sumer]]ians as [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] and was a source of metallic goods, notably copper and bronze.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.une.edu.au/uneresearch/sharp-the-saruq-al-hadid-archaeological-research-project/|title=SHARP – the Saruq al-Hadid Archaeological Research Project|date=3 September 2017|work=Research Plus|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081611/https://blog.une.edu.au/uneresearch/sharp-the-saruq-al-hadid-archaeological-research-project/|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, becoming part of the city's present coastline.<ref name="hist_trad">{{cite web |url=http://uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf_2006/English_2006/eyb4.pdf |title=History and Traditions of the UAE |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326030609/http://uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf_2006/English_2006/eyb4.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> Pre-Islamic ceramics have been discovered from the 3rd and 4th centuries.<ref name="preislam" /> Before the introduction of Islam to the area, people in this region worshiped ''[[Bajir]]'' (or ''Bajar'').<ref name="preislam">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA79|title=United Arab Emirates: A perspective|last=Ibrahim Al Abed, Peter Hellyer|year=2001|publisher=Trident Press|access-date=31 July 2009|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710101126/https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref> After the spread of Islam in the region, the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] of the eastern Islamic world conquered southeast [[Arabia]] and drove out the [[Sassanians]]. Excavations by the [[Dubai Museum]] in the region of ''Al-Jumayra'' ([[Jumeirah]]) found several artefacts from the Umayyad period.<ref name="balbi">{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/03.pdf |title=The Coming of Islam and the Islamic Period in the UAE. King, Geoffrey R. |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116151947/http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/03.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

An early mention of Dubai in 1095 is in the ''Book of Geography'' by the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]-[[Arab]] [[geographer]] [[Abu Abdullah al-Bakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai Rich History: Unveiling the Past |url=https://www.palmmonorail.com/blog/a-timeless-tale-unveiling-dubais-rich-history-and-enchanting-palm-jumeirah/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Palm Monorail |language=en}}</ref> The [[Venice|Venetian]] pearl merchant [[Gasparo Balbi]] visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai (as ''Dibei'') for its [[pearl hunting|pearling]] industry.<ref name=balbi />

===Establishment of modern Dubai===
[[File:Al Fahidi-Fort.jpg|thumb|left|Al Fahidi fort in the 1950s]]
Dubai is thought to have been established as a pearling and fishing village in the early 18th century<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates|last=Heard-Bey|first=Frauke|publisher=Longman|year=1990|isbn=978-0-582-27728-1|location=UK|page=238}}</ref> and was, by 1822, a town of some 700–800 members of the [[Bani Yas]] tribe and subject to the rule of [[Tahnun bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan|Sheikh Tahnun bin Shakhbut]] of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Islands and Maritime Boundaries of the Gulf 1798–1960|last = Schofield|first = R|publisher = Archive Editions|year = 1990|isbn = 978-1-85207-275-9|location = UK|page = 545}}</ref> In 1822, a British naval surveyor noted that Dubai was at that time populated by a thousand people living in an oval-shaped town surrounded by a mud wall, scattered with goats and camels. The main footpath out of the village led to a reedy creek, while another trailed off into the desert and merged into caravan routes.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Krane |first=Jim |url=http://archive.org/details/dubaistoryofworl0000kran |title=Dubai: The Story of the World's Fastest City |publisher=Atlantic |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84887-009-3 |location=London, England |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=17}}

In 1833, after tribal feuds, members of the [[House of Al Falasi|Al Bu Falasah]] tribe seceded from Abu Dhabi and established themselves in Dubai. The exodus from Abu Dhabi was led by [[Obeid bin Said bin Rashid|Obeid bin Saeed]] and [[Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail|Maktoum bin Butti]], who became joint leaders of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836, leaving Maktoum to establish the [[Al Maktoum|Maktoum dynasty]].<ref name=":0" />

Dubai signed the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]] with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] along with other [[Trucial States]], following the [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|British campaign in 1819]] against [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. This led to the 1853 [[Perpetual Maritime Truce]]. Dubai—like its neighbours on the [[Trucial States|Trucial Coast]]—entered into an exclusivity agreement in which the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] took responsibility for the emirate's security [[Trucial States–United Kingdom Treaty of 1892|in 1892]].

[[File:Dubai Museum and Al Fahidi Fort.jpg|thumb|left|[[Al Fahidi Fort]] houses the Dubai Museum.]]

In 1841, a [[smallpox]] epidemic broke out in [[Bur Dubai]], forcing residents to relocate east to [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]].<ref name="hist_karim">{{cite web |url=http://www.alshindagah.com/september99/architecture.htm |title=Modernity and tradition in Dubai architecture |last1=Karim |first1=Luiza |publisher=Al Shindagah Magazine |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930191053/http://www.alshindagah.com/september99/architecture.htm |archive-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> In 1896, fire broke out in Dubai, a disastrous occurrence in a town where many family homes were still constructed from ''barasti'' (palm fronds). The conflagration consumed half of Bur Dubai's houses, and the Deira district was said to have been destroyed. The next year, more fires broke out. An enslaved woman was caught in the act of starting one such blaze and was put to death.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf|last=Lorimer|first=John|publisher=British Government, Bombay|year=1915|page=750}}</ref>

[[File:A Round Watchtower (Name Unknown).jpg|thumb|upright|A watchtower in [[Bur Dubai]], c. 19th century]]
In 1901, [[Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum]] established Dubai as a free port with no taxation on imports or exports, and also gave merchants parcels of land and guarantees of protection and tolerance. These policies led merchants not only to move directly from Lingeh, but also from those who had settled in [[Ras Al Khaimah]] and [[Sharjah]] (which had historical links with Lingeh through the [[Al-Qasimi|Al Qawasim]] tribe) to Dubai.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=McNabb |first=Alexander |title=Children of the Seven Sands |publisher=Motivate Media Group |year=2025 |isbn=9781860635120 |location=Dubai |pages=251}}</ref> An indicator of the growing importance of the port of Dubai is the movements of the steamer of the Bombay and Persia Steam Navigation Company, which from 1899 to 1901 paid five visits annually to Dubai. In 1902, the company's vessels made 21 visits to Dubai, and from 1904 on,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf|last=Lorimer|first=John|publisher=British Government, Bombay|year=1915|page=743}}</ref> the steamers called fortnightly, trading 70,000 tons of cargo in 1906.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Father of Dubai|last=Wilson|first=Graeme|publisher=Media Prima|year=1999|page=34}}</ref> The frequency of these vessels only accelerated Dubai's role as an emerging port and trading hub of preference. Lorimer notes the transfer from Lingeh "bids fair to become complete and permanent",<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Lorimer |first=John |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf |publisher=British Government, Bombay |year=1915 |page=2236}}</ref> and also that the town had by 1906 supplanted Lingeh as the chief entrepôt of the Trucial States.<ref name="Lorimer 1915 454">{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol II|last=Lorimer|first=John|publisher=British Government, Bombay|year=1915|page=454}}</ref>

The "Great Storm" of 1908 struck the pearling boats of Dubai and the coastal emirates towards the end of the pearling season that year, resulting in the loss of a dozen boats and over 100 men. The disaster was a major setback for Dubai, with many families losing their breadwinners and merchants facing financial ruin. These losses came at a time when the tribes of the interior were also experiencing poverty. In a letter to the Sultan of [[Muscat]] in 1911, Butti laments, "Misery and poverty are raging among them, with the result that they are struggling, looting and killing among themselves."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Father of Dubai|last=Wilson|first=Graeme|publisher=Media Prima|year=1999|page=39}}</ref>

In 1910, in the [[The Hyacinth incident|Hyacinth incident]], the town was bombarded by [[HMS Hyacinth (1898)|HMS ''Hyacinth'']], with 37 people killed.

===Pre-oil Dubai===
As well as expanding its regional trade links, Dubai was also an important regional centre for the collection, sale, and trade of pearls. The collapse of the pearling industry{{when|date=December 2025}} plunged the city into a deep depression, and many residents lived in poverty or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf.<ref name="hist_trad" />

In 1937, an oil exploration contract was signed, guaranteeing [[Royalty payment|royalty]] rights for Dubai and concessionary payments to Sheikh [[Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum|Saeed bin Maktoum]]. But due to [[World War II]], oil was not struck until 1966.<ref name=":03"/>{{Rp|page=|pages=36–37}}

In its early days, Dubai was constantly at odds with [[Abu Dhabi]]. In 1947, a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their border escalated into war.<ref name=dxbadconflict>{{cite web |url=http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=120 |title=The UAE: Internal Boundaries And The Boundary With Oman. Archived Editions. Walker, J |publisher=Archiveeditions.co.uk |date=18 February 1969 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505121549/http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=120 |archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> Arbitration by the British government resulted in a cessation of hostilities.<ref name=rashasian>The Middle East and North Africa. Schofield, C. p 175</ref>

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Despite a lack of oil, Dubai's ruler from 1958, Sheikh [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]], used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure, initially through loans raised from local merchants and the ruler of Kuwait. Private companies were established to build and operate infrastructure, including electricity, telephone services, and both the ports and airport operators.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates|last=Heard-Bey|first=Frauke|publisher=Longman|year=1996|isbn=978-0-582-27728-1|location=London|page=260}}</ref> An airport of sorts (a runway built on salt flats) was established in Dubai in the 1950s and in 1959, the emirate's first hotel, the Airlines Hotel, was constructed. This was followed by the Ambassador and Carlton Hotels in 1968.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Father of Dubai|last = Wilson|first = Graeme|publisher = Media Prima|year = 1999|isbn = 9789948856450|location = UAE|page = 126}}</ref>

Throughout the late 1950s, the British had urged Sheikh Rashid to approve a town plan to manage an already burgeoning real estate market. In 1959, through the correspondence of the British political agent, Sheikh Rashid invited architect John Harris to Dubai to discuss the parameters of a town plan. In May 1960, Harris returned to Dubai with the plan. Harris, who ran his own architectural practice, had only a matter of weeks to create the plan after receiving aerial photographs of the city that spring. No later than 1961, the British engineering firm [[Halcrow Group|Halcrow]] was marking the city's street system as shown on the plan and hardening designated routes with asphalt. The plan continued to function as a guide for further extensions of Dubai's street system as municipal funding became available. Harris's plan made only minimal proposals to disrupt the commercial and social life in the existing areas of Bur Dubai and Deira. Therefore, new development was proposed outside these areas, further inland from the Gulf. While the town plan of 1960 envisioned a very low-rise city that was not realised, its proposed road system was largely implemented as planned. Harris's firm acted independently of Halcrow, but the plan's accurate representation of ongoing land reclamation and the future Maktoum Bridge, which had not yet been proposed to the municipality, suggests that the two firms kept an open line of communication. The master plan's road system also served as a guide for the municipality in designating utility easements, as these became increasingly necessary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reisz |first=Todd |title=Showpiece city: how architecture made Dubai |date=2021 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0988-4 |series=Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures |location=Stanford, California}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elshestawy |first1=Yasser |title=Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-134-41010-7}}</ref>

In 1959, Dubai's first telephone company was established, with 51% owned by IAL (International Aeradio Ltd) and 49% by Sheikh Rashid and local businesspeople. In 1961, both the electricity and telephone companies rolled out operational networks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Trucial States|last=Donald.|first=Hawley|date=1970|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-953005-8|location=London|page=245|oclc=152680}}</ref> The water company (Rashid was chairman and majority shareholder) constructed a pipeline from wells at Awir and a series of storage tanks and, by 1968, Dubai had a reliable supply of piped water.<ref name=":5" /> The same year, a sand [[tax]] was briefly imposed by Rashid in an effort to boost trade by monetising the Emirate's most abundant resource. The tax was lifted after 11 days, making it the shortest-lived tax in the region's history.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miniaoui |first=Héla |title=Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries |publisher=Springer Nature |publication-place=Singapore |date=26 October 2020 |isbn=978-981-15-6058-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alfaki |first1=Ibrahim |last2=Ahmed |first2=Allam |title=From Oil to Knowledge |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London |date=8 September 2017 |isbn=978-1-351-28502-5 }}</ref>

On 7 April 1961, the Dubai-based MV ''[[MV Dara|Dara]]'', a five-thousand-ton British-flagged vessel that plied the route between [[Basra]] (Iraq), [[Kuwait]], and [[Bombay]] (Mumbai, India), was caught in unusually high winds off Dubai. Early the next morning, in heavy seas off Umm al-Quwain, an explosion tore out the second-class cabins and started fires. The captain gave the order to abandon ship, but two lifeboats capsized, and a second explosion occurred. A flotilla of small boats from Dubai, [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], and [[Umm al-Quwain]] picked up survivors, but 238 of the 819 persons on board were lost in the disaster.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/fifty-years-on-the-tragedy-of-vessel-mv-dara-lingers-1.789262|title=Fifty years on, the tragedy of vessel MV Dara lingers|last=Reporter|first=Mariam M. Al Serkal, Staff|date=9 April 2011|newspaper=Gulf News|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075924/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/fifty-years-on-the-tragedy-of-vessel-mv-dara-lingers-1.789262|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

Construction of Dubai's first airport began on the northern edge of the town in 1959, and the terminal building opened for business in September 1960. The airport was initially serviced by [[Gulf Aviation]] (flying [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Dakotas]], Herons, and [[Vickers Viscount|Viscounts]]) but [[Iran Air]] commenced services to [[Shiraz]] in 1961.<ref name=":5" />

In 1962, the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] noted that "Many new houses and blocks of offices and flats are being built... the Ruler is determined, against advice [from the British authorities] to press on with the construction of a jet airport... More and more European and Arab firms are opening up, and the future looks bright."<ref name=":2" />

In 1962, with expenditure on infrastructure projects already approaching levels some thought imprudent, [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid]] approached his brother-in-law, [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|the Ruler of Qatar]], for a loan to build the first bridge crossing [[Dubai Creek]]. This crossing was completed in May 1963 and was paid for by a toll levied on traffic from the Dubai side of the creek to [[Deira]].<ref name=":4" />

BOAC was initially reluctant to launch regular flights between [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and Dubai, fearing insufficient seat demand. However, by the time the asphalt runway of [[Dubai Airport]] was constructed in 1965, opening Dubai to both regional and long-haul traffic, several foreign airlines were competing for landing rights.<ref name=":4" /> In 1970, a new airport terminal building was constructed, which included Dubai's first [[duty-free shop]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fly Buy Dubai|last = Wilson|first = Graeme|publisher = Media Prima|year = 2008|isbn = 9789948859437|location = UAE|page = 58}}</ref>

Throughout the 1960s, Dubai was the centre of a lively [[gold]] trade, with 1968 imports of gold at some £56 million. This gold was, in the vast majority, re-exported – mainly to customers who took delivery in international waters off [[India]]. The [[Coinage of India|import of gold to India]] had been banned, and so the trade was characterised as smuggling. However, Dubai's merchants were quick to point out that they were making legal gold deliveries and that it was up to the customer where they took it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gold smuggling boosts Dubai economy|last=Thomas|first=Anthony|date=3 March 1969|work=The Times}}</ref>

In 1966, more gold was shipped from [[London]] to Dubai than from almost anywhere else in the world (only [[France]] and [[Switzerland]] shipped more), totaling 4 million ounces. Dubai also took delivery of over $15 million worth of watches and over 5 million ounces of silver. The 1967 price of gold was $35 an ounce, but its market price in India was $68 an ounce – a healthy markup. Estimates at the time put the volume of gold imports from Dubai to India at around 75% of the total market.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Trucial States|first=Donald|last=Hawley|date=1970|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|page=204|oclc=152680|isbn=0049530054}}</ref>

===Oil era===
[[File:Dubai Water Canal Business Bay.jpg|thumb|View of [[Business Bay]]]]
After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring [[Abu Dhabi]], oil was eventually discovered in territorial waters off Dubai in 1966, albeit in far smaller quantities. The first field was named "Fateh" or "good fortune". This accelerated Sheikh Rashid's infrastructure development plans and triggered a construction boom, resulting in a massive influx of foreign workers, primarily from Asia and the Middle East. Between 1968 and 1975, the city's population grew by over 300%.<ref name="pop7">{{cite web |url=http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf |title=Historic population statistics |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326030537/http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref>

As part of the infrastructure for pumping and transporting oil from the Fateh field, located offshore of the Jebel Ali area of Dubai, two 500,000-gallon storage tanks were built, known locally as "Kazzans",<ref>{{cite web|url = http://dubaiasitusedtobe.com/pagesnew/ChicagoBeachDubai.shtm|title = How Chicago Beach got its name...then lost it!|access-date = 20 August 2016|website = Dubai As It Used To Be|last = Chapman|first = Len|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160709050015/http://www.dubaiasitusedtobe.com/pagesnew/ChicagoBeachDubai.shtm|archive-date = 9 July 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> by welding them together on the beach and then digging them out and floating them to drop onto the seabed at the Fateh field. These were constructed by the [[Chicago Bridge & Iron Company]], which gave the beach its local name (Chicago Beach), which was transferred to the Chicago Beach Hotel, which was demolished and replaced by the [[Jumeirah Beach Hotel]] in the late 1990s. The Kazzans were an innovative oil storage solution which meant supertankers could moor offshore even in bad weather and avoided the need to pipe oil onshore from Fateh, which is some 60 miles out to sea.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Trucial States|last=Donald.|first=Hawley|date=1970|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-953005-8|location=London|page=222|oclc=152680}}</ref>

Dubai had already embarked on a period of infrastructural development and expansion. Oil revenue, flowing from 1969 onwards, supported a period of growth, with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of infrastructure development and economic diversification before the emirate's limited reserves were depleted. Oil accounted for 24% of GDP in 1990 but had fallen to 7% of GDP by 2004.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sampler & Eigner |title=Sand to Silicon |publisher=Motivate |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-86063-254-9 |location=UAE |page=11}}</ref>

Critically, one of the first major projects Sheikh Rashid embarked upon when oil revenue began to flow was the construction of [[Port Rashid]], a deep-water free port built by the British company Halcrow. Originally intended to be a four-berth port, it was extended to sixteen berths during construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Rashid: A Brief History 1959-2008 |url=https://www.dubaiasitusedtobe.net/PortRashid1959-2008.shtml |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=www.dubaiasitusedtobe.net |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216035911/https://www.dubaiasitusedtobe.net/PortRashid1959-2008.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The project was an outstanding success, with shipping queuing to access the new facilities. The port was inaugurated on 5 October 1972, although its berths were put to use as soon as they were built. Port Rashid was to be expanded in 1975 by 35 berths before the larger Jebel Ali port was constructed.<ref name=":1" />

Port Rashid was the first of a swath of projects designed to create a modern trading infrastructure, including roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Father of Dubai|last = Wilson|first = Graeme|publisher = Media Prima|year = 1999|isbn = 9789948856450|location = UAE|page = 151}}</ref>

===Reaching the UAE's Act of Union===
[[File:Adi with the three rulers of Dubai.jpg|thumb|left|[[Adi Bitar]] in a meeting with Sheiks [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Rashid Al Maktoum]], [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammad Al Maktoum]], and [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Maktoum Al Maktoum]] in Dubai, 1968]]
Dubai and the other "[[Trucial States]]" had long been a [[British protectorate]] where the British government took care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Gulf, the result of a treaty signed in 1892 named the "Exclusive Agreement". This was to change with Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s announcement, on 16 January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from "East of Aden". The decision was to pitch the coastal emirates, together with [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]], into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum left by the British withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Spirit of the Union|last = Al Maktoum|first = Mohammed bin Rashid|publisher = Motivate|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-86063-330-0|location = UAE|pages = 27–39}}</ref>

The principle of union was first agreed upon between the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968, at a meeting in an encampment at [[Argoub Al Sedirah]], near Al Semeih, a desert stop between the two emirates.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Spirit of the Union|last = Maktoum|first = Mohammed bin Rashid|publisher = Motivate|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-86063-330-0|location = UAE|page = 30}}</ref> The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates, including Qatar and Bahrain, into the union. Over the next two years, negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed—often stormy—as a form of union was thrashed out. The nine-state union never recovered from the October 1969 meeting, when British intervention against aggressive actions by two of the Emirates prompted walkouts by Bahrain and Qatar. They dropped out of talks, leaving six of the seven "trucial" emirates to agree on a union on 18 July 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Abed|first1=Ibrahim|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedarabemirat00vine|title=United Arab Emirates: a new perspective|last2=Hellyer|first2=Peter|publisher=Trident Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|location=London|pages=129–133|url-access=limited}}</ref>

On 2 December 1971, Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi, [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm al-Quwain]], and [[Fujairah]], joined in the Act of Union to form the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the UAE on 10 February 1972, following [[Iran]]'s annexation of the RAK-claimed [[Tunbs]] islands.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsinternati00ahma|url-access=limited|last=Ahmadi|first=Kourosh|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islandsinternati00ahma/page/n106 96]}}</ref>

In 1973, Dubai, along with the other emirates, adopted a uniform currency: the [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]].<ref name="britannica" /> In that same year, the prior [[monetary union]] with Qatar was dissolved, and the UAE dirham was introduced throughout the Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralbank.ae/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148&Itemid=106|title=Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203063733/http://www.centralbank.ae/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148&Itemid=106|archive-date=3 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Modern Dubai===
[[File:Vereinigte Arabische Emirate - Dubai - Palm Jumeirah und Dubai Marina - im Vordergrund das Hotel Atlantis - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dubai Palm Jumeirah and Marina in 2011]]
Throughout the 1970s, Dubai experienced continued growth fuelled by oil and trade revenues, even as the city witnessed an influx of immigrants fleeing the [[Lebanese civil war]].<ref name="nyt2">"Beirut Showing Signs of Recovery From Wounds of War". ''The New York Times''. 26 May 1977. pg.2</ref> Border disputes between the emirates persisted even after the formation of the UAE; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached, putting an end to disagreements.<ref name="lonelyplanet">Dubai. Carter, T and Dunston, L. ''Lonely Planet Publications''</ref> In 1979, the establishment of the [[Jebel Ali]] port, a deep-water port accommodating larger ships, marked a significant development. Initially facing challenges, Sheikh Mohammed established JAFZA ([[Jebel Ali Free Zone]]) around the port in 1985, facilitating the unrestricted import of labour and the export of capital for foreign companies.<ref name="UAEFreeZones">{{cite web|url=http://www.uaefreezones.com/fz_jebel_ali.html|title=Free Zones in the UAE|publisher=uaefreezones.com|access-date=23 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225153052/http://www.uaefreezones.com/fz_jebel_ali.html|archive-date=25 February 2010}}</ref> Simultaneously, Dubai airport and the aviation industry continued their expansion.

The [[Gulf War]] in early 1991 had a negative financial impact on the city, as depositors and traders withdrew funds and halted trading. But Dubai rebounded in a changing political climate and prospered. In the late 1990s, various foreign trading communities—initially from [[Kuwait]] during the Gulf War and later from [[Bahrain]] amid the [[Shia]] unrest—relocated to Dubai.<ref name="asianaffairs">Davidson, Christopher, ''The Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai: Contrasting Roles in the International System''. March 2007.</ref> Dubai served as a refuelling base for allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War and again during the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. Subsequent significant increases in [[price of oil|oil prices]] prompted Dubai to maintain its focus on free trade and tourism.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sand to Silicon: Going Global|last = Sampler & Eigner|publisher = Motivate|year = 2008|isbn = 978-1-86063-254-9|location = UAE|page = 15}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, construction of artificial islands off Dubai's coast, known as the [[Palm Islands]] and [[The World (archipelago)|The World Islands]], began.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Palm and World Islands of Dubai |url=https://dredgebrokers.com/the-palm-and-world-islands-of-dubai/ |website=Dredge Brokers {{!}} Dredges and Dredging Equipment}}</ref> The [[Burj Khalifa]] opened in Dubai in 2010, surpassing the [[Taipei 101]] to become the [[List of tallest structures|tallest skyscraper in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Burj Khalifa {{!}} The Tallest Building in the World |url=https://newlistingdubai.com/burj-khalifa/ |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Dubai's smart city initiatives, including smart tourism, play a key role in advancing the city's growth ambitions, primarily through the Smart Dubai project.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=M. |last2=Woo |first2=Mina |last3=Nam |first3=Kichan |last4=Chathoth |first4=Prakash |date=8 December 2017 |title=Smart City and Smart Tourism: A Case of Dubai |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=2279 |doi=10.3390/su9122279 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sust....9.2279K |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> In 2016, the world's first functioning 3D-printed office building was opened in Dubai,<ref name="Office of the Future">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2017 |title=Office of the Future |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/office-of-the-future_o |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Architect |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420105248/https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/office-of-the-future_o |url-status=live }}</ref> having taken 17 days to build.<ref name="Office of the Future"/> Its architect, [[Killa Design]], was the same architect that designed the [[Museum of the Future]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Future |url=https://www.killadesign.com/portfolio/office-of-the-future/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Killa Design |language=en-GB}}</ref> The construction of [[Dubai Frame]], a 150-meter marvel, commenced in 2014, and was completed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Dubai Frame |url=https://www.dubaiframe-tickets.com/history |website=dubaiframe-tickets.com |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

During [[Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)|heightened tensions in the Middle East in the 2020s]], Dubai's proximity to regional conflict zones led to frequent [[flight cancellations]] and heightened security concerns. In retaliation for [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|a series of joint Israeli-American strikes on Iran]] on 28 February 2026, parts of the city [[2026 Iranian missile strikes on the United Arab Emirates|were bombarded by Iranian strikes]], including the [[Fairmont The Palm]] hotel and [[Dubai International Airport|the municipal airport]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran attacks luxury hotels and airports in Dubai |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/03/01/iran-attacks-luxury-hotels-and-airports-in-dubai_6750972_4.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=1 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Dubai}}

{{See also|List of communities in Dubai}}
[[File:Dubai's Rapid Growth.ogv|thumb|This time-lapse video shows the rate of Dubai's growth at one frame per year from 2000 through 2011. In the false-colour satellite images making up the video, the bare desert is tan, plant-covered land is red, water is black, and urban areas are silver.]]
[[File:Dune bashing, Dubai, 2007 (08).JPG|thumb|Dune bashing in one of the deserts of Dubai]]
[[File:Dubai by Copernicus Sentinel-2 in false-colour.jpg|thumb|Dubai by Copernicus [[Sentinel-2]] satellite in false-colour in 2024]]

Dubai is on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates and roughly at sea level ({{convert|16|m|abbr=on|disp=or}} above). The emirate of Dubai borders Abu Dhabi to the south, [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] to the northeast, and the [[Sultanate of Oman]] to the southeast. [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]], a minor [[exclave]] of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman (in the west) and Ras Al Khaimah (in the north). The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate. Dubai is positioned at {{Coord|25.2697|N|55.3095|E}} and has an area of {{convert|1588|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, a significant expansion beyond its initial {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} designation due to [[Land reclamation#Land amounts added|land reclamation from the sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palm Jumeirah {{!}} History, Description, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palm-Jumeirah |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519193947/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Palm-Jumeirah |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Subraelu |first1=P. |last2=Ebraheem |first2=Abdel Azim |last3=Sherif |first3=Mohsen |last4=Sefelnasr |first4=Ahmed |last5=Yagoub |first5=M. M. |last6=Rao |first6=Kakani Nageswara |date=12 November 2022 |title=Land in Water: The Study of Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands Formation in the UAE Coastal Zone: A Remote Sensing and GIS Perspective |journal=Land |language=en |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=2024 |doi=10.3390/land11112024 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Land...11.2024S |issn=2073-445X}}</ref>

Dubai lies directly in the [[Arabian Desert]]. Still, its topography differs significantly from that of the southern UAE, with much of Dubai's landscape characterized by sandy desert patterns. In contrast, gravel deserts dominate much of the country's south.<ref name=geo1>[http://uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/14.pdf Environmental Development and Protection in the UAE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172707/http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/14.pdf |date=3 March 2016}}. Aspinall, Simon</ref> The sand consists mostly of crushed shells and coral and is fine, clean, and white. East of the city, the salt-crusted coastal plains, known as ''[[sabkha]]'', give way to a north–south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with [[iron oxide]].<ref name=pop7 />

The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western [[Hajar Mountains]], which run alongside Dubai's border with Oman at Hatta. The Western Hajar chain has an arid, jagged, and shattered landscape, whose mountains rise to about {{convert|1300|m|0|abbr=off}} in some places. Dubai has no natural rivers or oases, but it does have a natural inlet, [[Dubai Creek]], which has been dredged to allow large vessels to pass. Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes dotting the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains. A vast sea of dunes covers much of southern Dubai and leads into the desert known as [[The Empty Quarter]]. [[Seismic]]ally, Dubai is in a very stable zone—the nearest seismic fault line, the Zagros Fault, is {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=off}} from the UAE and unlikely to affect Dubai.<ref name=seismic>[https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/science/a-straight-line-to-disaster-1.538545/ Far enough from the fault lines.] ''The National'', 23 April 2008.</ref> Experts also say the probability of a [[tsunami]] in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger one.<ref name=seismic />

The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms. Desert hyacinths grow in the ''sabkha'' plains east of the city. In contrast, acacia and [[prosopis cineraria|ghaf]] trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains. Several Indigenous trees, such as the date palm and [[neem]], as well as imported trees, such as the [[eucalyptus]] and [[jacaranda]], grow in Dubai's natural parks. The [[MacQueen's bustard]], [[striped hyena]], [[caracal]], [[fennec fox|desert fox]], falcon, and [[Arabian oryx]] are common in Dubai's desert. Dubai is on the migration path between Europe, Asia, and Africa, and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through it in spring and autumn. The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 fish species, including the [[hammour]]. Marine life off the coast of Dubai includes tropical fish, jellyfish, coral, [[dugong]], dolphins, whales, and sharks. Various types of turtles are also found in the area, including the [[hawksbill]] turtle and [[green turtle]], which are listed as endangered species.<ref>[http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Flora-fauna-of-Dubai-B0odU6b3Lu.html Flora and fauna of Dubai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702064554/http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Flora-fauna-of-Dubai-B0odU6b3Lu.html |date=2 July 2009}} gowealthy.com</ref><ref>[http://www.uaeinteract.com/nature/default.asp Natural UAE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126010401/http://www.uaeinteract.com/nature/default.asp |date=26 January 2010}} UAE Interact. Retrieved 29 April 2010.</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Dubai}}

Dubai features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] BWh). Summers are extremely hot, prolonged, windy, and humid, with an average high around {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} and overnight lows around {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the hottest month, August. Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are mild to warm, with an average high of {{convert|24|°C|0|abbr=on}} and overnight lows of {{convert|14|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January, the coolest month.

Dubai summers are also known for very high humidity, which can make them uncomfortable for many, with exceptionally high dew points that can exceed {{convert|30|°C|0}}. [[Heat index]] values can reach over {{convert|60|°C|0|abbr=on}} at the height of summer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Al Serkal |first1=Mariam M. |title=64 degrees in Dubai – should you worry? |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/weather/64-degrees-in-dubai---should-you-worry-1.1862007 |website=Gulf News |access-date=17 July 2019 |location=Dubai |date=14 July 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717230446/https://gulfnews.com/uae/weather/64-degrees-in-dubai---should-you-worry-1.1862007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The highest recorded temperature in Dubai is {{cvt|49.0|C|F|abbr=}}.

Very dry, Dubai's average annual precipitation is {{convert|79.2|mm|2|abbr=on}}. But precipitation has been increasing over the last few decades, with annual precipitation reaching {{convert|110.7|mm|2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaiairport.com/dubaimet/MET/Climate.aspx |title=Climate in Dubai across the year. Dubai Meteorological office |publisher=Dubaiairport.com |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218070259/http://www.dubaiairport.com/DubaiMet/MET/Climate.aspx |archive-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> Record-setting [[flooding]] inundated Dubai in April 2024, demonstrating a lack of appropriate [[drainage]] to deal with the immense challenges precipitated by [[climate change]].<ref name=DubaiTorrentialFlooding>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-20/dubai-floods-expose-weakness-to-climate-change-after-uae-heavy-rains|title=Dubai Floods Expose Weaknesses to a Rapidly Changing Climate|author=Zainab Fattah, Laura Millan, and Coco Liu|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=20 April 2024|access-date=11 May 2024|quote=Extreme rains brought to a halt one of the hottest and driest cities on Earth.|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420083803/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-20/dubai-floods-expose-weakness-to-climate-change-after-uae-heavy-rains|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Dubai (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 31.8
| Feb record high C = 37.5
| Mar record high C = 41.3
| Apr record high C = 44.6
| May record high C = 47.0
| Jun record high C = 47.9
| Jul record high C = 49.0
| Aug record high C = 48.8
| Sep record high C = 45.1
| Oct record high C = 42.4
| Nov record high C = 38.1
| Dec record high C = 33.2
| Jan high C = 23.9
| Feb high C = 25.4
| Mar high C = 28.9
| Apr high C = 33.3
| May high C = 37.7
| Jun high C = 39.8
| Jul high C = 40.9
| Aug high C = 41.3
| Sep high C = 38.9
| Oct high C = 35.4
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 26.2
| Jan mean C = 19.1
| Feb mean C = 20.5
| Mar mean C = 23.6
| Apr mean C = 27.5
| May mean C = 31.4
| Jun mean C = 33.4
| Jul mean C = 35.5
| Aug mean C = 35.9
| Sep mean C = 33.3
| Oct mean C = 29.8
| Nov mean C = 25.4
| Dec mean C = 21.2
| Jan low C = 14.3
| Feb low C = 15.5
| Mar low C = 18.3
| Apr low C = 21.7
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 26.9
| Jul low C = 30.0
| Aug low C = 30.4
| Sep low C = 27.7
| Oct low C = 24.1
| Nov low C = 20.1
| Dec low C = 16.3
| Jan record low C = 7.7
| Feb record low C = 7.4
| Mar record low C = 11.0
| Apr record low C = 13.7
| May record low C = 15.7
| Jun record low C = 19.6
| Jul record low C = 24.1
| Aug record low C = 24.0
| Sep record low C = 22.0
| Oct record low C = 15.0
| Nov record low C = 10.8
| Dec record low C = 8.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 20.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 9.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 21.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 3.3
| May precipitation mm = 0.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.02
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.003
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.04
| Oct precipitation mm = 1.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 5.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 14.8
|year precipitation mm = 79.2
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 2.8
| Feb precipitation days = 2.4
| Mar precipitation days = 3.4
| Apr precipitation days = 1.5
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.1
| Jul precipitation days = 0.5
| Aug precipitation days = 0.5
| Sep precipitation days = 0.2
| Oct precipitation days = 0.3
| Nov precipitation days = 1.3
| Dec precipitation days = 3.8
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 64
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 54
|May humidity = 50
|Jun humidity = 55
|Jul humidity = 55
|Aug humidity = 53
|Sep humidity = 59
|Oct humidity = 60
|Nov humidity = 61
|Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 58.7
| Jan dew point C = 12.8
| Feb dew point C = 13.4
| Mar dew point C = 15.0
| Apr dew point C = 16.8
| May dew point C = 19.8
| Jun dew point C = 23.2
| Jul dew point C = 24.8
| Aug dew point C = 24.5
| Sep dew point C = 23.9
| Oct dew point C = 21.5
| Nov dew point C = 17.5
| Dec dew point C = 14.6
| year dew point C =
| Jan sun = 253.1
| Feb sun = 250.8
| Mar sun = 288.0
| Apr sun = 315.6
| May sun = 350.0
| Jun sun = 344.5
| Jul sun = 340.3
| Aug sun = 333.9
| Sep sun = 307.8
| Oct sun = 300.0
| Nov sun = 268.1
| Dec sun = 256.9
| year sun = 3608.9
| Jand sun = 8.1
| Febd sun = 8.6
| Mard sun = 8.7
| Aprd sun = 10.2
| Mayd sun = 11.3
| Jund sun = 11.5
| Juld sun = 10.7
| Augd sun = 10.5
| Sepd sun = 10.3
| Octd sun = 9.9
| Novd sun = 9.3
| Decd sun = 8.2
| Jan uv = 5
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 9
| Apr uv = 11
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 11
| Oct uv = 9
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 5
| source 1 = [[NOAA]] (humidity 1981-2010),<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=Climate Normals for Dubai |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/UAE/CSV/DubaiIntlAirport_41194.csv |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231041043/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/UAE/CSV/DubaiIntlAirport_41194.csv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WMO>{{cite web |title=Climate Normals 1981-2010 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/UnitedArabEmirates/WMO_Normals_Excel_Dubai%20International%20Airport_UAE.XLS|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref> Dubai Meteorological Office (daily sun 1974-2009)<ref name="weather">{{cite web
| url = https://services.dubaiairports.ae/dubaimet/MET/Climate.aspx
| title = Climate (Average Temperatures:1977–2015;Precipitation:1967-2009)
| access-date = 14 February 2019 | publisher = Dubai Meteorological Office
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223556/https://services.dubaiairports.ae/dubaimet/MET/Climate.aspx
| archive-date = 4 October 2013 | url-status=dead
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
| source 2 = UAE National Center of Meteorology,<ref name="UAE NCM Climate">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncm.ae/en/climate-reports-yearly.html?id=8803
| title = Climate Yearly Report 2003–2018
| access-date = 14 February 2019 | publisher = UAE National Center of Meteorology NCM
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050649/http://www.ncm.ae/en/climate-reports-yearly.html?id=8803
| archive-date = 15 February 2019 | url-status=live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Weather.Directory<ref name="Weather.Directory">
{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/ae/dubai
|title= Dubai Weather & Climate Guide
|access-date= 17 October 2025
|website= Weather.Directory}}</ref>
| source =
}}
[[File:Dubai desert - panoramio.jpg| thumb|right | alt=View of desert near Dubai | Dubai desert]]

==Government==
{{Main|Al Maktoum|Government of Dubai|Dubai Municipality|Politics of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum at the World Economic Forum Summit on the Global Agenda 2008 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], Prime Minister and Vice President of the United Arab Emirates and the Ruler of Dubai]]
Dubai has been ruled by the [[Al Maktoum]] family since 1833; the emirate is an [[absolute monarchy]]. Dubai citizens participate in the electoral college to vote representatives to the [[Federal National Council]] of the UAE. The ruler, Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], is also the vice-president and [[Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates]] and a member of the Supreme Council of the Union (SCU). Dubai appoints eight members to the [[Federal National Council]] (FNC) of the UAE, the supreme federal legislative body, for two-term periods.<ref name=uaegovt>US Library of Congress – Legislative Branches</ref>

The [[Dubai Municipality]] (DM) was established by the then ruler of Dubai, [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]], in 1954 for purposes of city planning, citizen services, and upkeep of local facilities.<ref name=dmhistory>Organizational Chart. Dubai Municipality</ref> It has since then evolved into an autonomous subnational authority, collectively known as the [[Government of Dubai]], which is responsible for both the city of Dubai and the greater emirate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The local governments of the seven emirates |publisher=[[United Arab Emirates government|UAE Government]] |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-local-governments-of-the-seven-emirates |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=u.ae |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924212140/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-local-governments-of-the-seven-emirates |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government of Dubai has over 58 governmental departments responsible for security, economic policy, education, transportation, immigration, and is one of only three emirates to have a separate judicial system independent from the federal judiciary of the UAE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kingsley |first1=Jeremy J. |last2=Heap |first2=Melinda |date=1 July 2019 |title=DUBAI: CREATING A GLOBAL LEGAL PLATFORM? |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=14448602&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA656362888&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Melbourne Journal of International Law |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1C}}</ref> The [[Ruler of Dubai]] is the [[head of government]] and [[emir]] (head of state) and laws, decrees, and court judgments are issued in his name, however, since 2003, executive authority of managing and overseeing Dubai Governmental agencies has been delegated to the [[Government of Dubai#Dubai Executive Council|Dubai Executive Council]], led by the [[Crown prince of Dubai|Crown Prince of Dubai]] [[Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]]. Although no legislative assembly exists, the traditional [[Majlis|open majlis]] (council), where citizens and representatives of the Ruler meet, is often used for feedback on certain domestic issues.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salem |first=Fadi |date=25 June 2007 |title=Enhancing Trust in E-Voting Through Knowledge Management: The Case of the UAE |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1498505 |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1498505}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=United Arab Emirates: a new perspective |date=2001 |publisher=Trident Press |others=Ibrahim Abed, Peter Hellyer |isbn=1-900724-47-2 |location=London |oclc=47140175 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Dubai}}

{{Historical populations
|footnote = c-census; e-estimate
|1822<ref name="hist_karim"/>|1200
|1900<ref name="pophist2">{{cite web |url=http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/antalya/143.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624151835/http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/papers/antalya/143.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead |title=3D Modelling and Visualisation OF Al Baskita in Dubai IN Dubai, United Arab Emerites |last=Hadjari |first=Karim |access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> |10000
|1930<ref name="pophist3">{{cite web|url=http://www.uae-embassy.de/DeutschHome/Tourismus/4DubaiGuide.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403184631/http://uae-embassy.de/DeutschHome/Tourismus/4DubaiGuide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2005 |title=Tourism in Dubai |access-date=19 April 2010}}</ref> |20000
|1940<ref name=hist_karim /> |38000
|1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/unarabet.htm|title=The United Arab Emigrates – Historical demographical data of the urban centers|last=Lahmeyer|first=Jan|year=2001|publisher=.populstat|access-date=19 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809185417/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/unarabet.htm|archive-date=9 August 2010}}</ref> |40000
|1968<ref name="pophist5">{{cite web|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/04.pdf|title=The Tribal Society of the UAE and its Traditional Economy|last=Heard-Bey|first=Frauke|publisher=uaeinteract.com|access-date=19 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428195649/http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/04.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2011}}</ref> |58971
|1975<ref name="pophist6">{{cite web|url=http://tedad.ae/english/about_census/background.html |title=Census 2005 U.A.E. |publisher=tedad.ae |access-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516221856/http://www.tedad.ae/english/about_census/background.html |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> |183000
|1985<ref name="pophist7">{{cite web|url=http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf|title=Roundabouts vs. Intersections: The Tale of Three UAE Cities|last=Younes|first=Bassem|publisher=ite.org|access-date=19 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204033/http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H5001.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2011}}</ref> |370800
|1995<ref name=pophist7 /> |674000
|2005 |1204000
|2010<ref name="pophist8">{{cite web|url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/DSC_SYB_2014_01%20_%2001.pdf|title=Number of Population Estimated by Nationality- Emirate of Dubai|publisher=dsc.gov.ae|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311005342/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/DSC_SYB_2014_01%20_%2001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|1905476
|2015<ref name="pophist9">{{cite web|url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/Copy%20of%20DSC_SYB_2016_01%20_%2002.pdf|title=Number of Population Estimated by Nationality- Emirate of Dubai|publisher=dsc.gov.ae|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214003323/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/Copy%20of%20DSC_SYB_2016_01%20_%2002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |2446675
|2019<ref name="pophist10">{{cite web|url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/DSC_SYB_2019_01%20_%2003.pdf|title=Number of Population Estimated by Nationality- Emirate of Dubai|publisher=dsc.gov.ae|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218120209/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/DSC_SYB_2019_01%20_%2003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|3355900
}}

===Ethnicity and languages===
{{See also|Emirati people|Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{As of|2019|September}}, the population is 3,331,420 {{Ndash}}an annual increase of 177,020 people, which represents a growth rate of 5.64%.<ref name="dsc.gov.ae">{{cite web|url=https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/DSC-News/Pages/Dubai-Population-Are-3.3-Million-by-Q3-19.aspx|title=Dubai Population Are 3.3 Million by Q3-19|website=www.dsc.gov.ae|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215235952/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/DSC-News/Pages/Dubai-Population-Are-3.3-Million-by-Q3-19.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The region covers {{convert|497.1|mi2|1|abbr=out|order=flip}}. The population density is 408.18/km2 {{Ndash}}more than eight times that of the entire country. Dubai is the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees| second-most-expensive city]] in the region and the 20th-most-expensive city in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=Cost of living – The world's most expensive cities |publisher=City Mayors |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224033730/http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>

{{As of|2013}}, only about 15% of the emirate's population was made up of [[Emirati people|UAE nationals]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai population jumps 4.8 per cent to 2.17m |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_population_jumps_4.8_per_cent_to_2.17m/56733.htm |publisher=UAE interact |access-date=4 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819034855/http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Dubai_population_jumps_4.8_per_cent_to_2.17m/56733.htm |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> with the rest comprising expatriates, many of whom either have been in the country for generations or were born in the UAE.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-emirates-citizenship-feature-idUKBRE99904J20131010|title=Call to naturalise some expats stirs anxiety in the UAE|agency=Reuters UK|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171325/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/uk-emirates-citizenship-feature-idUKBRE99904J20131010|archive-date=14 July 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/01/gcc-citizenship-debate-a-place-to-call-home/|title=GCC Citizenship Debate: A Place To Call Home|work=Gulf Business|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901125525/http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/01/gcc-citizenship-debate-a-place-to-call-home/|archive-date=1 September 2014|date=5 January 2014}}</ref> Approximately 85% of the [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|expatriate population]] (and 71% of the emirate's total population) was Asian, chiefly [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian]] (51%) and [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Pakistani]] (16%); other significant Asian groups include [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshis]] (9%) and [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filipinos]] (3%).<ref name=migrationinformation>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/dataHub/GCMM/Dubaidatasheet.pdf "Country and Metropolitan Stats in Brief] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143031/http://www.migrationinformation.org/dataHub/GCMM/Dubaidatasheet.pdf |date=12 October 2012}}. MPI Data Hub</ref> A quarter of the population (local and foreign) reportedly [[Iranians in the United Arab Emirates|traces their origins to Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |author=HASSAN M. FATTAH; Nada El Sawy contributed reporting for this article. |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF839550C778CDDAB0994DD404482 |title=Young Iranians Follow Dreams to Dubai |work=The New York Times |date=4 December 2005 |access-date=11 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012837/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF839550C778CDDAB0994DD404482 |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> In addition, 16% of the population (or 288,000 persons) [[Labour force of the United Arab Emirates|living in collective labour]] accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or nationality, but were thought to be primarily Asian.<ref name="pop4">{{cite web|url=http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/retirement/2006_for_report_world.pdf |title=HSBC Reveals "The Future of Retirement: What the World Wants" Survey Results |date=26 April 2006 |publisher=HSBC |access-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204224023/http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/retirement/2006_for_report_world.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref> Some 461,000 [[Westerners]] live in the [[United Arab Emirates]], making up 5.1% of its total population.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=usurped|title=A Breakdown of the United Arab Emirates Population by Nationality – BQ Doha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk-1.549898|title = The other special relationship: The UAE and the UK|date = 21 November 2010|access-date = 7 January 2021|archive-date = 31 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731033135/https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk-1.549898|url-status = live}}</ref> There are over 100,000 British expatriates in Dubai, by far the largest group of Western expatriates in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-leads-british-exodus-overseas-49627.html|title=Dubai leads British exodus overseas|work=Arabian Business|date=21 May 2008|access-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116232224/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-leads-british-exodus-overseas-49627.html|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> The median age in the emirate was about 27 years. In 2014, there were estimated to be 15.54 [[Birth rate|births]] and 1.99 [[Mortality rate|deaths]] per 1,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|title = United Arab Emirates Demographics Profile 2014|url = http://www.indexmundi.com/united_arab_emirates/demographics_profile.html|publisher = indexmundi.com|access-date = 21 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225154722/http://www.indexmundi.com/united_arab_emirates/demographics_profile.html|archive-date = 25 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> There are other Arab nationals, including [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] nationals.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[Arabic language|Arabic]] is the national and official language of the UAE. The [[Gulf Arabic|Gulf dialect]] of Arabic is spoken natively by most Emiratis; some Emiratis also speak [[Shihhi Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Shane|title=Frommer's Dubai|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-71178-1|page=174}}</ref> [[English language|English]] is used as a second language. Other major languages spoken in Dubai due to immigration are [[Malayalam]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=186483|title=Nama Tuluveru all set to entertain UAE with Rangabhoomi's 'Kaala Chakra'|publisher=daijiworld.com|access-date=12 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045706/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=186483|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Kannada]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]], in addition to many others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justlanded.com/english/Dubai/Dubai-Guide/Language/Languages |title=Languages spoken in Dubai |publisher=Justlanded.com |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627204329/http://www.justlanded.com/english/Dubai/Dubai-Guide/Language/Languages |archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{See also|Religion in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| footer = Al Salam Mosque in [[Al Barsha]] and [[St. Mary's Catholic Church, Dubai]]
| image1 = Al Salam Mosque at night.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Saint Mary's Catholic Church 2025.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

Article 7 of the UAE's Provisional Constitution declares [[Islam]] the official state religion of the UAE. The government subsidises almost 95% of mosques and employs all [[Imam]]s; approximately 5% of mosques are entirely private, and several large mosques have large private endowments.<ref name=loc_religion>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf Country Profile: United Arab Emirates (UAE)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326030536/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf |date=26 March 2009}}. United States Library of Congress</ref> All mosques in Dubai are managed by the [[Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department]], also known as "Awqaf", under the Government of Dubai. The Government appoints all [[Imam]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2011/nea/192911.htm|title=Report on International Religious Freedom|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728170924/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2011/nea/192911.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Constitution of the United Arab Emirates provides for [[freedom of religion]]. Expats held to be preaching [[Religious intolerance|religious hatred]] or promoting [[religious extremism]] are usually jailed and deported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619|title=UAE to deport expats abusing religions|last=Staff|date=22 July 2015|work=Emirates 24{{!}}7|access-date=26 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525072642/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dubai (2014)<ref name="RELIGION"/>
|titlebar=
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|DarkBlue|25}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|16}}
{{Bar percent|Others|Gray|2}}
}}
Dubai has large [[Christians|Christian]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Buddhist]], [[Jain]] and other religious communities residing in the city, as well as a small but growing [[Jewish]] community.<ref>[http://www.dubaidreams.net/465/about/religion-in-dubai/ Religion in Dubai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424085123/http://www.dubaidreams.net/465/about/religion-in-dubai/ |date=24 April 2010}}. Dubaidreams</ref> In 2014, more than 56% of Dubai residents were Muslims, while 25% were Christians, 16% were Hindus, and around 2% were adherent of other religions.<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite book|last=Malcolm |first=Russell|title=The Middle East and South Asia 2014|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780521889520|pages=192–193|quote= More than 56% of Dubai residents are Muslims, 25% of the population is Christian and 16% is Hindu. 2% of Dubai's population follows a religion other than Islam.}}</ref> The [[Churches Complex]] in [[Jebel Ali Village]] is an area for several churches and temples of different [[religious denomination]]s, especially [[Christian denomination]]s.<ref name="thingstodopost">{{cite web | url=https://www.thingstodopost.org/the-6-best-churches-cathedrals-in-jebel-ali-emirate-of-dubai-836780 | title=The 6 Best Churches & Cathedrals in Jebel Ali, Emirate of Dubai | first=Fernanda | last=Pittenger | website=thingstodopost.org | access-date=9 March 2022 | archive-date=3 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603010207/https://www.thingstodopost.org/the-6-best-churches-cathedrals-in-jebel-ali-emirate-of-dubai-836780 | url-status=live }}</ref> The largest Christian parish in the world is that of [[St. Mary's Catholic Church, Dubai|St Mary's Catholic Church]] in Dubai, owing to the large number of migrant workers in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cimino |first=Richard |date=9 January 2013 |title=Emirates: world's largest Catholic parish activates its laity in Islamic Dubai |url=https://english.religion.info/2013/01/09/emirates-worlds-largest-catholic-parish-activates-its-laity-in-islamic-dubai/ |website=english.religion.info}}</ref>

Non-Muslim groups may own houses of worship where they can practice their religion freely, provided they obtain a land grant and permission to build a compound. Groups that do not have their own buildings may use facilities provided by other religious organisations or worship in private homes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – United Arab Emirates |date=14 September 2007 |publisher=State.gov |access-date=31 July 2009 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110154648/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Non-Muslim religious groups are also permitted to advertise group functions openly and distribute various religious literature. Catholics are served pastorally by the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia]]. British preacher [[Andrew Thompson (priest)|Reverend Andrew Thompson]] claimed that the United Arab Emirates is one of the most tolerant places in the world towards Christians and that it is easier to be a Christian in the UAE than in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/it-s-easier-being-christian-in-abu-dhabi-than-in-uk-1.1330220 |title='It's easier being Christian in Abu Dhabi than in UK' |work=GulfNews |date=9 May 2014 |access-date=23 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004094524/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/it-s-easier-being-christian-in-abu-dhabi-than-in-uk-1.1330220 |archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> On 5 April 2020, the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] announced the building of one of their temples in Dubai. As part of the announcement, church President Russell M. Nelson said, "The plan for a temple in Dubai comes in response to their gracious invitation, which we gratefully acknowledge."<ref>{{cite web|last=Nelson|first=Russell M.|title=Go Forward in Faith|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2020/04/57nelson?lang=eng|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111181608/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2020/04/57nelson?lang=eng}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Dubai}}

[[File:Burj_Khalifa_2021.jpg|thumb|left|[[Burj Khalifa]] and [[Downtown Dubai]]]]
[[File:Dubai Marina 04.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Marina]]]]

One of the world's fastest-growing economies,<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/dubai-enters-top-five-ranked-fastest-growing-economies-1.116265|title = Dubai enters top five ranked fastest growing economies|last = Everington|first = John|date = 22 January 2015|work = The National|access-date = 24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150311081706/http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/dubai-enters-top-five-ranked-fastest-growing-economies|archive-date = 11 March 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Dubai's gross domestic product is projected at over US$177 billion in 2021, with a growth rate of 6.1% in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.zawya.com/story/Dubai_GDP_growth_seen_at_61_in_2014-ZAWYA20140604041903/|title = Dubai's gross domestic product is expected to reach $107.1 billion, posting a growth rate of 6.1% in 2014 and exceeding Dubai government's estimates of 5%, according to Citibank.|date = 14 June 2014|work = Zawya Thomson Reuters|access-date = 24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331161429/http://www.zawya.com/story/Dubai_GDP_growth_seen_at_61_in_2014-ZAWYA20140604041903/|archive-date = 31 March 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Although a number of core elements of Dubai's trading infrastructure were built on the back of the oil industry,<ref name=oilgas2>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/dubai.htm |title=Dubai – Overview |work=USA Today |access-date=22 July 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808211435/http://www.usatoday.com/marketplace/ibi/dubai.htm |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref> revenues from oil and natural gas account for less than 5% of the emirate's revenues.<ref name="oilrev">{{cite web |date=9 June 2007 |title=Oil share dips in Dubai GDP |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/122863.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926033757/http://www.ameinfo.com/122863.html |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=15 October 2007 |website=[[AMEInfo]]}}</ref> It is estimated that Dubai produces {{convert|50000|to|70000|oilbbl}} of oil a day<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dubais-oil-discoverydubais-debt_440035.html |title=Dubai's oil discovery and Dubai's debt |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=5 February 2010 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530195048/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dubais-oil-discoverydubais-debt_440035.html |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields. The emirate's share in the UAE's total gas revenues is about 2%. Dubai's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years.<ref name=oilgas>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm#Dubai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705161411/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm#Dubai|archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=UAE Oil and Gas |publisher=Uae.gov.ae |date=19 June 1999 |access-date=31 July 2009}}</ref> Real estate and construction (22.6%),<ref name="Ddooo">{{cite web |date=7 September 2005 |title=Dubai diversifies out of oil |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/66981.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219030604/http://www.ameinfo.com/66981.html |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=[[AMEInfo]]}}</ref> trade (16%), ''[[entrepôt]]'' (15%), and financial services (11%) are the largest contributors to Dubai's economy.<ref name=dubchamber>[http://www.dcci.gov.ae/content/Bulletin/Issue10/SectorMonEn_ISSUE10.pdf Prospects of Dubai Economic Sectors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052206/http://www.dcci.gov.ae/content/Bulletin/Issue10/SectorMonEn_ISSUE10.pdf |date=16 February 2008}}. Dubai Chamber of Commerce. 2003.</ref>

Dubai's non-oil foreign trade stood at $362 billion in 2014. Of the total trade volume, imports accounted for the largest share at $230 billion, while exports and re-exports to the emirate totaled $31 billion and $101 billion, respectively.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url = http://www.emirates247.com/business/economy-finance/dubai-s-foreign-trade-steady-at-dh1-331-trillion-in-2014-2015-03-23-1.585144|title = Dubai's foreign trade steady at Dh1.331 trillion in 2014|date = 23 March 2015|work = Emirates 24{{!}}7|access-date = 24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150327014004/http://www.emirates247.com/business/economy-finance/dubai-s-foreign-trade-steady-at-dh1-331-trillion-in-2014-2015-03-23-1.585144|archive-date = 27 March 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

By 2014, China had emerged as Dubai's largest international trading partner, with total trade of $47.7 billion, up 29% from 2013. India was second among Dubai's key trading partners, with trade totaling $29.7 billion, followed by the United States at $22.62 billion. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was Dubai's fourth-largest trading partner globally and its first in the GCC and the Arab world, with a total trade value of $14.2 billion. Trade with Germany in 2014 totalled $12.3 billion; Switzerland and Japan both at $11.72 billion; and the UK at $10.9 billion.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Jebel Ali]]]]
Historically, Dubai and its twin across Dubai Creek, Deira (then independent of Dubai City), were important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area. Dubai remained a major trade hub throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Dubai has a free trade in gold and, until the 1990s, was the hub of a "brisk smuggling trade"<ref name="britannica">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130903094953/http://concise.britannica.com/dday/print?articleId=31319&fullArticle=true&tocId=9031319 "Dubayy"]}}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2008.</ref> of gold [[ingot]]s to India, where gold import was restricted. Dubai's [[Jebel Ali]] port, constructed in the 1970s, has the largest human-made harbour in the world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports.<ref name="jebelali">{{cite web |url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf |title=World Port Rankings – 2008 |publisher=American Association of Port Authorities |date=15 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704163225/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance, with industry-specific [[free economic zone|free zones]] throughout the city.<ref name="Business-Dubai.com">{{cite web|url=http://business-dubai.com/services/business-setup/Dubai-Free-zones/|title=Free Zone Authorities in Dubai|publisher=Business-Dubai.com|access-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021420/http://business-dubai.com/services/business-setup/Dubai-Free-zones/|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> [[Dubai Internet City]], combined with [[Dubai Media City]] as part of TECOM (Dubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority), is one such enclave, whose members include IT firms such as [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[HP Inc.]], [[Halliburton]], [[Google]], [[EMC Corporation]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Microsoft]], [[Dell]], and [[IBM]], and media organisations such as [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC]], [[CNN]], [[BBC]], [[Reuters]], [[Sky News]], and AP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Community Directory of Companies|url=https://dic.ae/the-community/community-directory|access-date=10 March 2021|website=Dubai Internet City|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306230339/https://dic.ae/the-community/community-directory|url-status=live}}</ref> Various programmes, resources, and value-added services support the growth of startups in Dubai and help them connect to new business opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=New report highlights Dubai's startup ecosystem|url=https://www.tradearabia.com/news/BANK_379387.html|access-date=10 March 2021|website=www.tradearabia.com|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301074002/http://tradearabia.com/news/BANK_379387.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:National Bank of Dubai - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|[[National Bank of Dubai]]]]
The [[Dubai Financial Market]] (DFM) was established in 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds, both local and foreign. As of the [[fourth quarter of a calendar year|fourth quarter]] of 2006, its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares, valued at $95 billion. The DFM had a [[market capitalisation]] of about $87 billion.<ref name=pop4 /> The other Dubai-based stock exchange is [[NASDAQ Dubai]], the Middle East's international stock exchange. It enables a range of companies, including UAE and regional small and medium-sized enterprises, to trade on an exchange with an international brand name, with access to both regional and international investors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaqdubai.com/exchange/about-us/overview|title=Nasdaq Dubai {{!}} Exchange Overview|website=www.nasdaqdubai.com|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172348/http://www.nasdaqdubai.com/exchange/about-us/overview|archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Dubai Multi Commodities Centre|DMCC]] (Dubai Multi Commodities Centre) was established in 2002. It is the world's fastest-growing free zone and was nominated for "Global Free Zone of the Year 2016" by The ''Financial Times'' Magazine.

Dubai is also known as the City of Gold because a major part of the economy is based on gold trading, with Dubai's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011 reaching 580 tonnes at an average price of US$1,455 per troy ounce.<ref>gold-dubai (22 February 2016) {{cite web |url=http://gold-dubai.com |title=Gold rate in Dubai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303031957/http://gold-dubai.com/ |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

A ''City Mayors'' survey ranked Dubai 44th among the world's best financial cities in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/financial-cities.html |title=Citgy Mayors: World's best financial cities |publisher=Citymayors.com |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817144812/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/financial-cities.html |archive-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> while another report by ''City Mayors'' indicated that Dubai was the world's 27th richest city in 2012, in terms of [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |title=World's richest cities by purchasing power |publisher=City Mayors |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506064245/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/usb-purchasing-power.html |archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref> Dubai is also an international [[financial centre]] (IFC) and has been ranked 37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index (2007),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/index_2007_us.pdf|title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index 2007|access-date=4 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325052433/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/index_2007_us.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and first within the Middle East. Since it opened in September 2004, the Dubai IFC has attracted leading international firms as a regional hub and has established NASDAQ Dubai, which lists equity, derivatives, structured products, Islamic bonds ([[sukuk]]), and other bonds. The Dubai IFC model is an independent risk-based regulator with a legislative system consistent with English common law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.difc.ae/laws-regulations|title=Laws & Regulations {{!}} Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC)|website=www.difc.ae|access-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226124125/https://www.difc.ae/laws-regulations|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2012, the Global City Competitiveness Index by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranked Dubai at No. 40 with a total score of 55.9. According to its 2013 research report on the future competitiveness of cities, Dubai will rank 23rd overall in the Index in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/07/02/hot-spots-2025-dubai-moves-up-to-23rd-place/ |title=Hot Spots 2025: Dubai Moves Up to 23rd Place Dubai Chronicle |publisher=Dubaichronicle.com |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051658/http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/07/02/hot-spots-2025-dubai-moves-up-to-23rd-place/ |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> Indians, followed by Britons and Pakistanis are the top foreign investors in Dubai real estate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/Indians-top-foreign-investors-in-Dubai-realty/articleshow/21504494.cms|title=Indians top foreign investors in Dubai realty|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923050205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/Indians-top-foreign-investors-in-Dubai-realty/articleshow/21504494.cms|archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>

Dubai has launched several major projects to support its economy and develop different sectors. These include Dubai Fashion 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/06/18/dubai-fashion-2020-to-be-unveiled-soon/ |title=Dubai Fashion 2020 To Be Unveiled Soon Dubai Chronicle |publisher=Dubaichronicle.com |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024055620/http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/06/18/dubai-fashion-2020-to-be-unveiled-soon/ |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> and [[Dubai Design District]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfz.ae/dubai-design-district-freezone |title=Rockefeller Zone |publisher=Rfz.ae |date=17 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115134424/https://www.rfz.ae/ |archive-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> which is expected to become a home to leading local and international designers. The AED 4 billion first phase of the project was completed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/06/09/construction-buildings-dubai-design-district/ |title=Construction of 10 buildings in Dubai Design District already underway |publisher=Dubaichronicle.com |date=9 June 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820024421/http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/06/09/construction-buildings-dubai-design-district/ |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

As of March 2024, Dubai began operating the world's biggest waste-to-energy facility, which will power approximately 135,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Oliva |first1=Ana De |date=17 May 2024 |title=World's biggest waste-to-energy facility will power more than 100,000 homes |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/middleeast/dubai-worlds-biggest-waste-to-energy-facility/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610103852/https://edition.cnn.com/world/middleeast/dubai-worlds-biggest-waste-to-energy-facility/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2024, Dubai signed an agreement to develop a logistics hub for food, fruits, and vegetables, planned to be the world's largest of its kind. UAE Minister of Finance [[Maktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed]] was present at the signing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Dubai to have 'world's largest' logistics hub for trading foodstuffs, fruits, vegetables |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/dubai-to-have-worlds-largest-logistics-hub-for-trading-foodstuffs-fruits-vegetables-1.1720611028517 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711141536/https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/dubai-to-have-worlds-largest-logistics-hub-for-trading-foodstuffs-fruits-vegetables-1.1720611028517 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, the city of Dubai ranked 12 out of 142 cities in the Smart City Index.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bbc.com/travel/article/20240717-whats-it-like-to-live-in-the-worlds-smartest-cities-for-2024 | title=What's it like to live in the world's 'smartest cities' for 2024 | date=17 July 2024 | access-date=15 August 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815113820/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240717-whats-it-like-to-live-in-the-worlds-smartest-cities-for-2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Real estate and property===
[[File:Dubai Creek from Bur Dubai (5374118618).jpg|thumb|Dubai Creek, which separates [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] from [[Bur Dubai]], played a vital role in the economic development of the city.]]
In September 2019, Dubai's ruler Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] ordered the establishment of the Higher Committee for Real Estate Planning to study and evaluate future real estate construction projects, in order to achieve a balance between supply and demand,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed bin Rashid issues directives to establish a committee to ensure balance between supply and demand in the real estate sector |url=http://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/media-center/news/2/9/2019/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9.aspx |website=www.mediaoffice.ae |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105135600/https://www.mediaoffice.ae/404?item=%2fmedia-center%2fnews%2f2%2f9%2f2019%2f%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%af-%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b6%d8%a8%d8%b7-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%82-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a8-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b2-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b9&user=extranet%5cAnonymous&site=GDMOwebsiteMainWWW |url-status=live}}</ref> which is seen as a move to curb the pace of construction projects following a decline in property prices.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Batrawy |first1=Aya |title=Dubai to curb pace of construction projects as prices fall |url=https://www.apnews.com/76375d175bc048baabe4056025be75dd |website=AP NEWS |access-date=7 September 2019 |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904204821/https://apnews.com/76375d175bc048baabe4056025be75dd |url-status=live}}</ref>

The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based, oil-reliant economy to one oriented toward services and tourism increased [[real estate|property]] value, driving property appreciation from 2004 to 2006. A longer-term assessment of Dubai's property market, however, showed depreciation; some properties lost as much as 64% of their value from 2001 to November 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dubai's Palm Jumeirah sees prices fall as crunch moves in |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/3489393/Dubais-Palm-Jumeirah-sees-prices-fall-as-crunch-moves-in.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=20 November 2008 |first=Louise |last=Armitstead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201011113/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/3489393/Dubais-Palm-Jumeirah-sees-prices-fall-as-crunch-moves-in.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The large-scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the [[Emirates Towers]], the [[Burj Khalifa]], the [[Palm Islands]], and the most expensive hotel, the [[Burj Al Arab]].<ref name=burjalarab>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/545499.stm |title=World's Tallest Hotel Opens Its Doors |work=BBC News |date=1 December 1999 |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619185856/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/545499.stm |archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> Dubai's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2012|title=Dubai: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly|url=http://drshem.com/2011/09/25/dubai-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418063228/http://drshem.com/2011/09/25/dubai-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/|archive-date=18 April 2012|access-date=17 March 2012|website=}}</ref> and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate.<ref name="Propertywire.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.propertywire.com/news/middle-east/job-losses-property-decline-dubai-200812032193.html |title=Job losses hasten property decline in Dubai but medium-long term outlook upbeat |publisher=Propertywire.com |date=3 December 2008 |access-date=14 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119123812/http://www.propertywire.com/news/middle-east/job-losses-property-decline-dubai-200812032193.html |archive-date=19 January 2009 }}</ref> By early 2009, the situation had worsened with the [[Great Recession]] taking a heavy toll on property values, construction, and employment.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/world/middleeast/12dubai.html "Laid-Off Foreigners Flee as Dubai Spirals Down"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111092442/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/world/middleeast/12dubai.html |date=11 January 2017}} article by Robert F. Worth in ''The New York Times'' 11 February 2009.</ref> This has had a major impact on property investors in the region, some of whom were unable to release funds from investments made in property developments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/housing-property/jlt-owners-still-waiting-for-homes-promised-in-2007-1.526478|title=JLT owners still waiting for homes promised in 2007|date=12 November 2009|last=Hanif|first=Nadeem|work=Gulf News|access-date=10 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053950/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/housing-property/jlt-owners-still-waiting-for-homes-promised-in-2007-1.526478|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2009|February}}, Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at $80 billion. However, this is a tiny fraction of the world's sovereign debt.<ref>Warner, Jeremy (27 November 2009) [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jeremywarner/100002318/dubai-is-just-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come-for-sovereign-debt/ Dubai is just a harbinger of things to come for sovereign debt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330173433/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jeremywarner/100002318/dubai-is-just-a-harbinger-of-things-to-come-for-sovereign-debt/ |date=30 March 2010}}. ''The Telegraph''</ref>

In Dubai, many of the property owners are residents or genuine investors. However, 2020 Data from the [[Center for Advanced Defense Studies|Centre for Advanced Defense Studies]] (C4ADS) revealed that several real estate owners in the city were either subject to international sanctions or involved in criminal activities. Some others were public officials, with little likelihood of purchasing it with their known incomes. The report "Dubai Uncovered" names 100 [[Russian oligarchs]], public officials, and Europeans involved in [[money laundering]]. Benefiting from Dubai's lack of robust real estate regulations, several corrupt individuals owned properties abroad, laundered illicit funds, and invested in real estate to store their wealth. Names of some of such questionable figures included [[Daniel Kinahan]], [[Alexander Borodai]], Roman Lyabikhov, Tibor Bokor, [[Ruslan Baisarov]], Miroslav Výboh, and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/dubai-uncovered-data-leak-exposes-how-criminals-officials-and-sanctioned-politicians-poured-money-into-dubai-real-estate|title=Dubai Uncovered: Data Leak Exposes How Criminals, Officials, and Sanctioned Politicians Poured Money Into Dubai Real Estate|access-date=3 May 2022|website=OCCRP|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/dubai-uncovered-data-leak-exposes-how-criminals-officials-and-sanctioned-politicians-poured-money-into-dubai-real-estate|url-status=live}}</ref>

For years, Dubai has been labeled a major hub for illicit cash laundering, primarily through its real estate market. Due to the UAE's lack of robust regulations and extradition treaties with many countries, fugitives have found it a perfect hideout. The "Dubai Unlocked" investigation by journalists from 75 media outlets, in coordination with OCCRP and E24, revealed how Dubai's real estate market became a haven for criminals, money launderers, drug lords, fugitives, political figures accused of corruption, and sanctioned individuals seeking to hide their money there. The investigation was based on data leaks from 2020 and 2022, primarily from the Dubai Land Department and publicly owned utility companies. The EU Tax Observatory and Norway's Centre for Tax Research estimated that, in 2022, foreign ownership of real estate in Dubai was approximately $160 billion. Until 2022, there was no obligation for real estate agents, brokers, and lawyers in Dubai to report large cash or cryptocurrency transactions to authorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Is 'Dubai Unlocked'? Everything You Need To Know |date=14 May 2024 |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/dubai-unlocked/what-is-dubai-unlocked-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524192622/https://www.occrp.org/en/dubai-unlocked/what-is-dubai-unlocked-everything-you-need-to-know |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

Following the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, property prices in Dubai rose sharply as wealthy Russians began investing in the UAE's real estate market. Since 2020, property prices in Dubai have increased by 124%. Meanwhile, the EU Tax Observatory and Norway's Centre for Tax Research reported that Russians have invested around $6.3 billion in Dubai's existing and under-development properties since 2022. The increase in property prices pushed out the British expatriates, and forced them to look for property outside Dubai in cities like Ras Al Khaimah.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swan|first=Melanie|title=Russian cash threatens to price British ex-pats out of Dubai|date=8 September 2024|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/09/08/russia-property-cash-ukraine-uae-dubai-brits/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909035031/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/09/08/russia-property-cash-ukraine-uae-dubai-brits/|archive-date=9 September 2024|access-date=2 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite rising property prices, real estate transactions in Dubai reached an all-time high in 2024, totaling 180,987 and worth AED 522.5bn. This marks a 36.5% increase in transaction volume since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salian |first=Neesha |date=10 January 2025 |title=Dubai, Abu Dhabi real estate markets shine in 2024: Property Finder |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/dubai-abu-dhabi-real-estate-markets-shine-in-2024/ |access-date=31 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Tourism and retail===
{{See also|Tourism in Dubai|List of tourist attractions in Dubai}}
[[File:Hotel Atlantis at Sunset, The Palm - Dubai (49510861268).jpg|thumb|left|[[Atlantis The Palm, Dubai|Hotel Atlantis in Dubai]]]]
[[File:Ain Dubai, light show of the ferris wheel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.jpg|thumb|[[Ain Dubai]]]]
Tourism is an essential part of the Dubai government's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash. Dubai's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping,<ref>{{cite web | title=Bargain-hunting Fashionistas Descend onto Dubai | url=http://drshem.com/2012/01/05/bargain-hunting-fashionistas-descend-onto-dubai/ | date=17 March 2012 | access-date=17 March 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418063828/http://drshem.com/2012/01/05/bargain-hunting-fashionistas-descend-onto-dubai/ | archive-date=18 April 2012 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shopping in Dubai |url=http://www.gateway-dubai.com/lifestyle-dubai/shopping/shopping-in-dubai/ |work=Shopping Galore in Dubai |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017113310/http://www.gateway-dubai.com/lifestyle-dubai/shopping/shopping-in-dubai/ |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> but also on its ancient and modern attractions.<ref>{{cite web |title=104 Attractions in Dubai |url=https://www.holidayfactors.com/travel-blog/places-to-visit-in-dubai/ |date=25 September 2017 |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161851/https://www.holidayfactors.com/travel-blog/places-to-visit-in-dubai/ |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2018, Dubai is the fourth-most-visited city in the world based on the number of international visitors and the fastest growing, increasing at a 10.7% rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-visited-cities-in-the-world-2018-9|title=The 20 most visited cities around the world in 2018|last=Murray|first=Tom|website=Business Insider|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174322/https://www.businessinsider.com/most-visited-cities-in-the-world-2018-9|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The city hosted 14.9 million overnight visitors in 2016 and was expected to reach 20 million tourists by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=14.9 million overnight visitors for Dubai in 2016|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/tourism/14-9-million-overnight-visitors-for-dubai-in-2016-1.1974824|work=Gulf News|date=7 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529062634/http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/tourism/14-9-million-overnight-visitors-for-dubai-in-2016-1.1974824|archive-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> A great tourist attraction in Dubai is the [[Burj Khalifa]], the tallest building in the world, although [[Jeddah Tower]] in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] is aiming to be taller.
[[File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC 7260.JPG|thumb|left|[[The Dubai Mall]] Aquarium]]
[[File:Dubai fountain during a show (Pixabay).jpg|thumb|[[The Dubai Fountain]] in Burj Khalifa lake, Downtown Dubai]]
Dubai has been called the "shopping capital of the Middle East".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/efik45ljkd/most-visited-cities-in-the-world-2012-8/ |title=Most Visited Cities In The World 2012 |work=forbes |access-date=2 December 2013 |first=Deborah L. |last=Jacobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011132/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/efik45ljkd/most-visited-cities-in-the-world-2012-8/ |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping centres, including the world's second-largest shopping centre, [[The Dubai Mall]]. As of June 2024, the Emirate real estate developer [[Emaar Properties]] announced plans to expand the 12-million-square-foot mall for 1.5 billion dirhams ($408 million), adding 240 luxury stores, along with new food outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Rebecca |date=6 June 2024 |title=The world's largest shopping mall is about to get even bigger |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/05/travel/dubai-mall-largest-shopping-expansion-hnk-intl-spc/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610102313/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/05/travel/dubai-mall-largest-shopping-expansion-hnk-intl-spc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubai is also known for the historical [[souk]] districts on either side of its creek. Traditionally, [[dhow]]s from East Asia, China, Sri Lanka, and India discharged their cargo, and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks. Dubai Creek played a vital role in sustaining the city's community life and was the resource that originally drove Dubai's economic boom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubai.ae/en/aboutdubai/Pages/DubaiHistory.aspx |title=Dubai History |publisher=dubai.ae |access-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013549/http://www.dubai.ae/en/aboutdubai/Pages/DubaiHistory.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> {{as of|2013|September}}, Dubai Creek has been proposed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/nationgeneral/2013/September/nationgeneral_September157.xml&section=nationgeneral |title=Dubai Creek for World Heritage List |work=Khaleej Times |access-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004340/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Fnationgeneral%2F2013%2FSeptember%2Fnationgeneral_September157.xml&section=nationgeneral |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Many boutiques and jeweler stores are in the city. Dubai is also known as "the City of Gold", as the [[Dubai Gold Souk|Gold Souk]] in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krane|first=Jim|title=City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism|publisher=St. Martin's Press|date=September 2009|isbn=978-0-312-53574-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofgolddubaid0000kran}}</ref>

[[File:Burj Al-Arab (13996844503).jpg|thumb|View of the Palm Jumeirah and [[Burj Al Arab]]]]
Dubai Creek Park in Dubai Creek also plays a vital role in Dubai tourism as it showcases some of the most famous [[tourist attractions in Dubai]] such as the Dolphinarium, Cable Car, Camel Ride, Horse Carriage, and Exotic Birds Shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capturedubai.com/dubai-creek-park/ |title=Dubai Creek Park |work=Capture Dubai |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220210017/http://www.capturedubai.com/dubai-creek-park/ |archive-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>

Dubai has a wide range of parks like Safa Park, Mushrif Park, and Hamriya Park. Each is uniquely distinctive. Mushrif Park showcases different houses from around the world. A visitor can view the architectural features of both the exterior and interior of each home.

Some of the most popular beaches in Dubai are Umm Suqeim Beach, Al Mamzar Beach Park, JBR Open Beach, Kite Beach, Black Palace Beach, and Royal Island Beach Club. [[Mastercard]]'s Global Destination Cities Index 2019 found that tourists spend more in Dubai than in any other city. In 2018, the country topped the list for the fourth consecutive year, with total spend of $30.82 billion. The average daily spend was $553.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/2314/at-30-billion-dubai-takes-in-the-most-global-tourist-dollars-by-far|title=At $30 billion, Dubai takes in the most global tourist dollars by far|access-date=6 September 2019|website=Consultancy-ME|date=6 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915010723/https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/2314/at-30-billion-dubai-takes-in-the-most-global-tourist-dollars-by-far|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Dubai loosened its liquor laws, allowing tourists to purchase alcohol from state-controlled stores. Previously, alcohol was accessible only to locals with special licences. The policy shift came as the [[United Arab Emirates]] witnessed a severe economic crisis that led to a drop in alcohol sales by volume.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hotworldreport.com/world-news/dubai-loosens-liquor-laws-as-uae-alcohol-sales-slump/|title=Dubai loosens liquor laws as UAE alcohol sales slump|access-date=24 October 2019|website=Hot World Report|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030085950/https://hotworldreport.com/world-news/dubai-loosens-liquor-laws-as-uae-alcohol-sales-slump/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, the UAE was ranked among the 20 most dangerous places for LGBTQ tourists to visit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2021/03/23/crime-report-20-riskiest-places-for-gay-travelers-and-the-5-safest/|title=Travel Safety Report: 20 Worst Places For Gay Travelers|access-date=23 March 2022|website=Forbes|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2021/03/23/crime-report-20-riskiest-places-for-gay-travelers-and-the-5-safest/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, several LGBTQ tourists who travelled to Dubai were deported. In March 2022, Thai transgender model Rachaya Noppakaroon visited Dubai to perform at the Expo 2020, but was sent back because her passport gave her sex as male.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/transgender-model-dubai-airport/|title=Trans Model Says She Was Deported at Dubai Border Because of Her Male Passport|access-date=21 March 2022|website=Vice|date=21 March 2022|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkpw4v/transgender-model-dubai-airport|url-status=live}}</ref> In another case, a French influencer on [[TikTok]] and [[Snapchat]], Ibrahim Godin, was sent back from Dubai because the authorities assumed his male friend travelling with him was his boyfriend. Ibrahim filed a complaint for "public defamation because of sexual orientation", and an investigation was opened by the [[Vesoul]] police. He said, "Dubai is not all pretty, all rosy as we see on social networks."<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/lgbt/le-gars-avec-toi-ce-serait-pas-ton-petit-ami-un-influenceur-francais-porte-plainte-apres-avoir-ete-refoule-de-l-aeroport-de-dubai_5201806.html| title="The guy with you, isn't that your boyfriend?": a French influencer files a complaint after being turned away from Dubai airport| access-date=16 June 2022| website=France Info| date=16 June 2022| archive-date=2 January 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/lgbt/le-gars-avec-toi-ce-serait-pas-ton-petit-ami-un-influenceur-francais-porte-plainte-apres-avoir-ete-refoule-de-l-aeroport-de-dubai_5201806.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tiktok.com/@ibrahim.470/video/7099023722740288773|title=Ibrahim Godin TikTok video about trip to Dubai|access-date=18 May 2022|website=TikTok|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.tiktok.com/@ibrahim.470/video/7099023722740288773|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expo 2020===
{{See also|Expo 2020}}
[[File:Dubai Expo Sign.jpg|thumb|Sign of Expo 2020 Dubai UAE at [[Dubai International Airport]]]]
On 2 November 2011, four cities had their bids for Expo 2020<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=Dubai Remains One Of The World's Most Visited Cities: Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index 2019 |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/press-releases/dubai-remains-one-of-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-mastercard-global-destination-cities-index-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130111831/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/press-releases/dubai-remains-one-of-the-worlds-most-visited-cities-mastercard-global-destination-cities-index-2019/ |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=MasterCard Social Newsroom}}</ref> already lodged, with Dubai making a last-minute entry. The delegation from the Bureau International des Expositions, which visited Dubai in February 2013 to examine its readiness for the largest exposition, was impressed by the infrastructure and level of national support. In May 2013, the Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/05/22/dubai-expo-2020-master-plan/ |title=Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan |publisher=dubaichronicle.com |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622152423/http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2013/05/22/dubai-expo-2020-master-plan/ |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Dubai won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerr|first=Simeon|title=Jubilant Dubai wins bid to host 2020 World Expo|url=https://www.ft.com/content/648e8632-5781-11e3-b615-00144feabdc0|work=Financial Times|date=27 November 2013|access-date=7 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219082238/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/648e8632-5781-11e3-b615-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

The leading site of Dubai Expo 2020 was planned to be a 438-hectare area (1,083 acres), part of the new ''Dubai Trade Centre Jebel Ali'' urban development, located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/expo-dubai-2020-a-preview/ |title=EXPO Dubai 2020 – a preview |work=Inexhibit magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217022200/http://www.inexhibit.com/seed/expo-dubai-2020-a-preview |archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> Moreover, the Expo 2020 also created various social enlistment projects and monetary boons to the city targeting the year 2020, such as initiating the world's largest solar power project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfbusiness.com/dewa-launches-worlds-largest-concentrated-solar-power-project/|title=Dubai launches world's largest concentrated solar power project – Gulf Business|date=2 June 2016|publisher=gulfbusiness.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602184917/http://gulfbusiness.com/dewa-launches-worlds-largest-concentrated-solar-power-project/|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref>

The Dubai Expo 2020 was scheduled to take place from 20 October 2020 until 10 April 2021 for 173 days where there would be 192 country pavilions featuring narratives from every part of the globe, have different thematic districts that would promote learning the wildlife in the forest exhibit too many other experiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maintenance.expo2020dubai.com/|title=Expo 2020, Maintenance Page|website=maintenance.expo2020dubai.com|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713211353/https://maintenance.expo2020dubai.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the impact of [[COVID-19]], the organisers of Expo 2020 postponed the Expo by one year to begin in 2021 (the new dates are 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/444082-expo-2020-dubai-set-to-be-postponed-by-one-year-report|title=Expo 2020 Dubai to seek one-year postponement|website=Arabian Business|date=30 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331160951/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/444082-expo-2020-dubai-set-to-be-postponed-by-one-year-report|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abbas|first=Waheed|title=Dubai Expo confirms new dates: Oct 1, 2021 until Mar 31, 2022|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/coronavirus-pandemic/expo-2020-dubai-dates-set-to-be-postponed |date=4 May 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021|website=Khaleej Times|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504180053/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/coronavirus-pandemic/expo-2020-dubai-dates-set-to-be-postponed|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dubai has targets to build an inclusive, barrier-free, and disability-friendly city, which opened as [[Expo City Dubai]]. The city has already implemented changes, including wheelchair-accessible taxis, sloped pavements, and tactile floor indicators at all metro stations for visually impaired passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai/dubai-inches-closer-to-becoming-worlds-best-city-for-the-disabled-1|title=Dubai inches closer to becoming world's best city for disabled people |access-date=3 August 2019|work=Khaleej Times |first1=Saman |last1=Haziq |date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803055658/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai/dubai-inches-closer-to-becoming-worlds-best-city-for-the-disabled-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Dubai|Developments in Dubai}}
[[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Photographic [[silhouette]] of the [[Downtown Dubai]]'s [[skyline]]; [[Burj Khalifa]], the [[List of tallest buildings|world's tallest building]], is visible at the center]]
[[File:Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Unsplash pyX20r3Z-1Y).jpg|thumb|Interior of a [[Dubai Metro]] station]]
[[File:Museum of the Future 12.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of the Future]]]]
Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various [[architectural styles]]. Many modern interpretations of [[Islamic architecture]] are found here, due to a boom in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general, and in Dubai in particular, supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and engineering design firms such as [[Al Hashemi]] and [[Aedas]], but also by top firms of New York and Chicago.<ref name="hist_karim"/> As a result of this boom, modern Islamic – and world – architecture has literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and technology. Dubai now has more completed or topped-out skyscrapers higher than {{convert|2/3|km|ft|abbr=on}}, {{convert|1/3|km|ft|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|1/4|km|ft|abbr=on}} [[List of cities with most skyscrapers|than any other city]]. A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the [[Burj Khalifa]] (Khalifa Tower), now by far the world's tallest building at {{convert|829.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Burj Khalifa's design is derived from the patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture, with the triple-lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert flower [[hymenocallis]] which is native to the Dubai region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/language/en-us/the-tower/design.aspx |title=Design of Burj Khalifa |publisher=Burjkhalifa.ae |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228235427/http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/language/en-us/the-tower/design.aspx |archive-date= 28 February 2011}}</ref>

The completion of the Burj Khalifa, following the construction boom that began in the 1980s, accelerated in the 1990s and reached a rapid pace during the 2000s, leaving Dubai with the world's tallest skyline {{as of|2010|January|4|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Ten Tallest Cities In 2012, the JW Marriott Marquis Dubai opened and is the World's tallest hotel, standing at 72 stories (1,165 ft).|work=Ultrapolis Project|access-date=3 November 2010|url=http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_world_tallest_skylines_cities.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609163127/http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_world_tallest_skylines_cities.htm|archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ultrapolisproject.com/Tallest_25_Skylines_Cities.htm |title=Calculated Average Height of the Twenty-five Tallest (CAHTT) |publisher=Ultrapolisproject.com |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502130623/http://ultrapolisproject.com/Tallest_25_Skylines_Cities.htm |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> [[At the Top (Burj Khalifa)|At The Top]] in Burj Khalifa, the world's second highest observatory deck after the [[Shanghai Tower]] with an outdoor terrace, is one of Dubai's most popular tourist attractions, with over 1.87 million visitors in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burj Khalifa records over 1.87 million visitors in 2013 |work=Khaleej Times |url=http://khaleejtimes.com/business/local/burj-khalifa-records-over-1.87-million-visitors-in-2013 |publisher=khaleejtimes.com |access-date=23 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224053154/http://khaleejtimes.com/business/local/burj-khalifa-records-over-1.87-million-visitors-in-2013 |archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

The [[Dubai Creek Tower|Creek Tower]] had been planned in the 2010s to keep Dubai atop the list of [[List of tallest towers|tallest buildings]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Dubai Creek Tower (The Tower) project timeline and all you need to know |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/dubai-creek-tower-the-tower-project-timeline-and-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Construction Review Online |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811210740/https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/dubai-creek-tower-the-tower-project-timeline-and-all-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, construction was placed on indefinite hold during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]. No date has been announced for the project's continuation.<ref>{{cite news |title="We don't build anymore": Emaar confirms suspension of new construction in Dubai |url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/we-dont-build-anymore-emaar-confirms-suspension-ne/ |work=Global Construction Review |date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708043744/https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/we-dont-build-anymore-emaar-confirms-suspension-ne/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubai is recognised as a "[[Design Cities (UNESCO)|Design City]]" by [[UNESCO]]'s [[Creative Cities Network]].

===Burj Al Arab===
{{Main|Burj Al Arab}}

The Burj Al Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, ''Tower of the Arabs''), a [[luxury resort|luxury]] [[hotel]], is frequently called "the world's only [[hotel rating|7-star]]", though its management has never made that claim. The term "7-star hotel" was coined by a British journalist to describe their experience of the hotel.<ref name="NationalBAA">{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Bundhun|date=14 July 2009|title=Hotel star ratings standards long overdue|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/travel-and-tourism/hotel-star-ratings-standards-long-overdue-1.491056|access-date=31 January 2021|website=The National|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624235044/http://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-tourism/hotel-star-ratings-standards-long-overdue|url-status=live}}</ref> A Jumeirah Group spokesperson said: "There's not a lot we can do to stop it. We're not encouraging the use of the term. We've never used it in our advertising."<ref name="NationalBAA" /> The hotel opened in December 1999.

===Burj Khalifa===
{{Main|Burj Khalifa}}

[[File:Dubai Police Agusta A-109K-2 in flight at sunset.jpg|thumb|Dubai Police Agusta A-109K-2 in flight near Burj Khalifa]]
Burj Khalifa, known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a {{convert|828|m|ft}} high<ref>[http://www.go-gulf.ae/blog/dubai-numbers/ "Dubai In Number"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404074223/http://www.go-gulf.ae/blog/dubai-numbers/ |date=4 April 2015}}, go-gulf.ae, 23 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</ref> skyscraper in Dubai, and the tallest building in the world. The structure of the desert flower inspired the tower ''[[Hymenocallis]]''. It was constructed by more than 30 contracting companies worldwide, with workers from 100 nationalities, from 2004 to 2009. It's also an architectural icon, named after Sheikh [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/middleeast/sheikh-khalifa-uae-ruler-is-dead-at-73.html|title=Sheikh Khalifa, U.A.E. Ruler, Is Dead at 73|access-date=13 May 2022|website=The New York Times|date=13 May 2022|last1=Hubbard|first1=Ben|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513124608/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/13/world/middleeast/sheikh-khalifa-uae-ruler-is-dead-at-73.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The building opened on 4 January 2010.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150411003129/http://www.capturedubai.com/burj-khalifa/ "Iosif Stalin-2"]}}, capturedubai.com, 29 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.</ref>

===Palm Jumeirah===
{{Main|Palm Jumeirah}}

[[File:Dubai Wingsuit Flying Trip (7623566780).jpg|thumb|The [[Palm Jumeirah]]]]
The Palm Jumeirah is an [[Artificial island|artificial]] [[archipelago]], created using [[land reclamation]] by [[Nakheel Properties]], a company owned by the Dubai government, and designed and developed by Helman Hurley Charvat Peacock/Architects, Inc. It is one of three planned islands, the [[Palm Islands]], which extend into the Persian Gulf. The Palm Jumeirah is the smallest and the original of the three Palm Islands, and is in the [[Jumeirah]] coastal area. It was built from 2001 to 2006.<ref name="thepalmae">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepalm.ae/ |publisher=Nakheel |title=The Palm Jumeirah |year=2006 |access-date=11 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217094653/http://thepalm.ae/ |archive-date=17 February 2007}}</ref>

===The World Islands===
{{Main|The World (archipelago)}}

The World Islands is an [[archipelago]] of small artificial islands shaped like a world map in the waters of the Persian Gulf, 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) off the coast of Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=4 October 2007|title=Dubai's Palm and World Islands – progress update|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/133896.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022845/http://www.ameinfo.com/133896.html|archive-date=11 October 2007|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The World islands are mainly made of sand dredged from Dubai's shallow coastal waters and are one of several artificial island developments in Dubai. The islands' areas vary from 250,000 to 900,000 square feet. The islands are arranged in a world map shape, and the archipelago spans about 9 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Islands |url=https://www.axcapital.ae/guides/the-world-islands |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=AX CAPITAL |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091257/https://www.axcapital.ae/guides/the-world-islands |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dubai Miracle Garden===
{{Main|Dubai Miracle Garden}}

On 14 February 2013, the Dubai Miracle Garden, a {{convert|72,000|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} flower garden, opened in [[Dubailand]]. It is the world's largest flower garden. The garden displays more than 50 million flowers with more than 70 species of flowering plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miraclegardenblog.com/50-million-flowers-dubai-miracle-garden|title=50 Million Flowers at Dubai Miracle Garden|last=Masood|first=Usman|website=www.miraclegardenblog.com|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206121840/https://www.miraclegardenblog.com/50-million-flowers-dubai-miracle-garden|url-status=live}}</ref> The garden uses treated wastewater from the city's municipality and utilises the drip irrigation method for watering the plants. During the summer seasons from late May to September, when the climate can get extremely hot with an average high of about {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}}, the garden stays closed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/travel/dubai-miracle-garden-20130305 |title=World's Largest Natural Flower Garden Opens in Dubai |date=13 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110534/http://www.weather.com/travel/dubai-miracle-garden-20130305 |archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The World's most beautiful garden-In Dubai|url=http://gulfnews.com/xpress/the-world-s-most-beautiful-garden-in-dubai-1.1148995|publisher=Xpress|date=20 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043136/http://gulfnews.com/xpress/the-world-s-most-beautiful-garden-in-dubai-1.1148995|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Aeternitas Tower ===
In January 2024, Dubai announced its intention to build the [[Aeternitas]] Tower, which will become the world's tallest residential clock tower at a height of {{Convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}}. That is four times the height of [[London]]'s [[Big Ben]]. The tallest clock tower to date is [[The Clock Towers|Makkah Clock Royal Tower]] in Mecca. The tower's name, "Aeternitas", comes from the ancient [[Roman Religion|Roman]] religion; she was the divine personification of eternity. The project is a joint venture between Dubai-based real estate developer London Gate and Swiss luxury watch manufacturer [[Franck Muller]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cairns |first=Rebecca |date=17 January 2024 |title=Dubai is building the world's tallest residential clock tower |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/dubai-building-worlds-tallest-residential-clock-tower-aeternitas-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610112020/https://www.cnn.com/style/dubai-building-worlds-tallest-residential-clock-tower-aeternitas-spc-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The tower offers luxury apartments, including 1 to 4-bedroom units, as well as Sky Villas and Sky Mansions, with interiors inspired by Franck Muller's designs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luxurious Franck Muller Aeternitas Apartments in Dubai Marina. |url=https://www.londongatedevelopments-obg.com/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.londongatedevelopments-obg.com |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091242/https://www.londongatedevelopments-obg.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dubai Marina===
{{Main|Dubai Marina}}

[[File:View from the Torch - 64th floor.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Marina]]]]
Dubai Marina is an artificial canal city, built along a 3-kilometre (2 mi) stretch of Persian Gulf shoreline. {{As of|2018}}, it had a population of 55,052.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE: Division of Dubai (Sectors and Communities) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uae/dubai/admin/|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111443/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uae/dubai/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref> When the entire development is complete, it will accommodate more than 120,000 people in residential towers and villas.<ref name="designbuild-network.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/dubai-marina/ |title=The Dubai Marina in Dubai Designed by Architects HOK Canada Inc |work=Design Build Network |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033424/http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/dubai-marina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 50 million square feet area of the Dubai Marina boasts a centrepiece that includes a 3.5-kilometer water canal which is the heart of the development and provides dual access to the sea, making Dubai Marina a foremost sailing destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai Marina {{!}} Waterfront Apartments & Penthouses {{!}} Emaar Properties |url=https://properties.emaar.com/en/our-communities/dubai-marina/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Emaar Properties PJSC |language=en-US |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091121/https://properties.emaar.com/en/our-communities/dubai-marina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is on Interchange 5 between [[Jebel Ali Port]] and the area which hosts [[Dubai Internet City]], [[Dubai Media City]], and the [[American University in Dubai]]. The first phase of this project has been completed. Dubai Marina was inspired by the [[Concord Pacific Place]] development along [[False Creek]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://charterclick.com/blog/false_creek|last=Brody|first=Trevor|year=2006|title=False Creek, Dubai|website=charterclick.com|access-date=27 November 2024|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325161436/https://charterclick.com/blog/false_creek|url-status=dead}}</ref> Much marine wildlife (especially whales and sharks) has entered the marina because of its proximity to the open sea.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/whale-shark-spotted-in-dubai-marina-1.1574249 |title=Whale shark spotted in Dubai Marina |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803133711/https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/whale-shark-spotted-in-dubai-marina-1.1574249 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Address Beach Resort and Address Beach Residences===
The structure consists of two towers connected at the bottom, with a [[sky bridge]] at the top that connects the 63rd through the 77th levels. The sky bridge houses luxury apartments on the world's highest occupiable floor at 294.36 metres.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Known as Jumeirah Gate, it opened in December 2020 and is situated along the beach. The towers have the world's highest [[infinity pool]] in a building, on the roof, at a height of 293.906 metres.<ref>{{cite news|author=Maureen O'Hare|title=Address Beach Resort: The world's highest infinity pool has opened in Dubai|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-infinity-pool-highest/index.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=CNN|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517071921/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-infinity-pool-highest/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transportation in Dubai}}

Transport in Dubai is controlled by the [[Roads and Transport Authority (Dubai)|Roads and Transport Authority (RTA)]], an agency of the government of Dubai, formed by royal decree in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rta.ae/ |title=RTA Portal – Home |access-date=18 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419010523/http://www.rta.ae/ |archive-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The public transport network has in the past faced congestion and reliability issues which a large investment programme has addressed, including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for completion by 2020, when the population of the city is projected to exceed 3.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/12/14/10174695.html |title=Gulfnews: Dubai traffic woes inflict losses of Dh4.6b a year |work=Gulf News |access-date=14 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825202355/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/12/14/10174695.html |archive-date=25 August 2009}}</ref> In 2009, according to Dubai Municipality statistics, there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/public-transport-regains-allure-as-car-free-day-gets-under-way-1.584210 |title=Gulfnews: Public transport regains allure as Car-free Day gets under way |work=Gulf News |date=17 February 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093437/https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/car-free-day-gets-under-way-in-dubai-1.584210 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2010, the proportion of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/rta-wants-30-of-dubai-residents-on-public-transport-1.571138 |title=Gulfnews: Rta wants 30 of dubai residents on public transport |work=Gulf News |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124073635/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/rta-wants-30-of-dubai-residents-on-public-transport-1.571138 |archive-date=24 January 2010}}</ref>

===Road===
{{See also|List of roads in Dubai|Dubai route numbering system|List of bridges and tunnels in Dubai}}
[[File:Tolerance Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Tolerance Bridge of [[Business Bay]]]]
[[File:Dubai_Road_2013.JPG|thumb|[[E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)|E 11 Road]]]]

Five main routes – [[E 11 (UAE)|E 11]] (Sheikh Zayed Road), [[E 311 (UAE)|E 311]] (Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road), [[E 44 road (United Arab Emirates)|E 44]] (Dubai-Hatta Highway), [[E 77 (UAE)|E 77]] (Dubai-Al Habab Road), and [[E 66 road (United Arab Emirates)|E 66]] (Oud Metha Road, Dubai-[[Al Ain]] Road, or Tahnoun Bin Mohammad Al Nahyan Road)<ref name="GulfNews 11-2018">{{cite news |work=[[Emirates News Agency|WAM]] |title=Dubai-Al Ain Road renamed |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/transport/dubai-al-ain-road-renamed-1.2296992 |location=[[Al Ain]] |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104020335/https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/transport/dubai-al-ain-road-renamed-1.2296992 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> – run through Dubai, connecting the city to other towns and emirates. Additionally, several important intra-city routes, such as [[D 89 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 89]] (Al Maktoum Road/Airport Road), [[D 85 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 85]] (Baniyas Road), [[D 75 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 75]] (Sheikh Rashid Road), [[D 73 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 73]] (Al Dhiyafa Road now named as 2 December street), [[D 94 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 94]] (Jumeirah Road), and [[D 92 road (United Arab Emirates)|D 92]] (Al Khaleej/Al Wasl Road) connect the various localities in the city. The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by [[Al Maktoum Bridge]], [[Al Garhoud Bridge]], [[Al Shindagha Tunnel]], [[Business Bay Crossing]], and [[Floating Bridge, Dubai|Floating Bridge]].<ref>[http://www.rta.ae/wpsv5/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4g3NvMASYGZJkb6kWhijggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UA8kPctg!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzBfMzZJ Completed projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625002211/http://www.rta.ae/wpsv5/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4g3NvMASYGZJkb6kWhijggRX4_83FT9IH1v_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UA8kPctg!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzBfMzZJ |date=25 June 2010}}. RTA Dubai</ref>

The RTA operates Dubai's public bus transport system. The bus system services 140 routes and transports over 109 million people in 2008. By the end of 2010, there will be 2,100 buses in service across the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/dubai-buses-may-be-privatised-1.552986/ |title=Dubai buses may be privatised – The National Newspaper |work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=14 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118040754/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/dubai-buses-may-be-privatised |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> In 2006, the transport authority announced the construction of 500 air-conditioned passenger bus shelters, and planned for 1,000 more across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/air-conditioned-bus-shelters-for-dubai-1.195356|title=Gulfnews: Air-conditioned bus shelters for Dubai|work=Gulf News|date=6 March 2010|access-date=10 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830071033/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/air-conditioned-bus-shelters-for-dubai-1.195356|archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref>

The RTA licenses all taxi services. Dubai-licensed taxis are easily identifiable by their cream bodywork, with varied roof colours indicating the operator. Dubai Taxi Corporation, a division of the RTA, is the largest operator and operates red-roofed taxis. There are five private operators: Metro Taxis (orange roofs); Network Taxis (yellow roofs); Cars Taxis (blue roofs); Arabia Taxis (green roofs); and City Taxis (purple roofs). In addition, there is a Ladies and Families taxi service (pink roofs) with female drivers, which caters exclusively to women and children. More than 3,000 taxis operate in the emirate, averaging 192,000 trips daily and carrying about 385,000 people. In 2009, taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips, serving around 140.45 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/dubai-metro-gives-boost-to-public-transport-in-city-1.592986 | title=Dubai Metro gives boost to public transport in city| newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=6 March 2010|access-date=29 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412193111/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/traffic-transport/dubai-metro-gives-boost-to-public-transport-in-city-1.592986|archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dtc.dubai.ae/ |title=Dubai Taxi Corporation |publisher=Dtc.dubai.ae |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112164616/http://dtc.dubai.ae/ |archive-date=12 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubai.com/v/cityinfo/#block_1686 |title=Getting Around in Dubai |publisher=dubai.com/ |access-date=14 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924043220/http://www.dubai.com/v/cityinfo/#block_1686 |archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Dubai_-_International_(DXB_-_OMDB)_AN1204297.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dubai International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2018/04/09/ACI-World-releases-preliminary-2017-world-airport-traffic-rankings--Passenger-traffic-Indian-and-Chinese-airports-major-contributors-to-growth---Air-cargo-Volumes-surge-at-major-hubs-as-trade-wars-threaten-|title=ACI World releases preliminary 2017 world airport traffic rankings Passenger traffic: Indian and Chinese airports major contributors to growth Air cargo: Volumes surge at major hubs as trade wars threaten|website=www.aci.aero|date=9 April 2018|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814121026/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2018/04/09/ACI-World-releases-preliminary-2017-world-airport-traffic-rankings--Passenger-traffic-Indian-and-Chinese-airports-major-contributors-to-growth---Air-cargo-Volumes-surge-at-major-hubs-as-trade-wars-threaten-|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Dubai International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: DXB), the hub for the [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] airline, serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country. The airport is the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|third-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic]] and the [[List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic|world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Annual Report |publisher=Dubai Airport |year=2009 |url=http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080429/BUSINESS/400804065 |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111173544/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080429/BUSINESS/400804065 |archive-date=11 January 2010}}</ref> In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is the [[World's busiest airports by cargo traffic|sixth-busiest cargo airport in world]], handling 2.37 million tons of cargo in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaiairports.ae/corporate/media-centre/press-releases/detail/dxb-takes-over-top-spot-for-international-passenger-traffic |title=DXB Takes Over Top Spot for International Passenger Traffic |work=dubaiairports.ae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429044632/http://www.dubaiairports.ae/corporate/media-centre/press-releases/detail/dxb-takes-over-top-spot-for-international-passenger-traffic |archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Emirates is one of the national flag carriers of the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates - Ministry of Economy UAE |url=https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/-/emirates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919143348/https://www.moec.gov.ae/en/-/emirates |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Ministry of Economy UAE |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, it operated internationally, serving over 150 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emirates.com/us/english/destinations_offers/destinations_and_offers.aspx|title=Our Destinations|work=Emirates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512221204/http://www.emirates.com/english/destinations_offers/destinations/alldestinations.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The development of [[Al Maktoum International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: DWC) was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring one A380-capable runway, 64 remote stands, one cargo terminal with an annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo, and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-begins-operations-1.646783|title=Al Maktoum International airport begins operations|date=27 June 2010|work=Gulf News|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630085531/http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-begins-operations-1.646783|archive-date=30 June 2010}}</ref> When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world with five runways, four terminal buildings, and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-receives-first-flight-1.644057|title=Al Maktoum International airport receives first flight|date=21 June 2010|work=Gulf News|access-date=21 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623030828/http://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/al-maktoum-international-airport-receives-first-flight-1.644057|archive-date=23 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hare |first=Maureen |date=30 April 2024 |title=Dubai reveals massive plans for the world's busiest airport |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/dubai-world-cental-al-maktoum-airport-expansion/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

===Rail===
{{Main|Dubai Metro|Palm Jumeirah Monorail|Dubai Tram}}

[[File:Dubai_Blue_Line_stel_5112_to_Creek_(52765713036).jpg|thumb|left|[[Dubai Metro]] is the first kind of rail transportation in the UAE, and is the Arabian Peninsula's first urban train network.<ref name="autogenerated1" />]]
[[File:Dubai_Tram_Alstom_Citadis_402_near_Al_Sufouh.jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Tram]] is one of the first completely [[ground-level power supply]]-based tram networks in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.highways.today/2017/01/12/systra-aecom-win-dubai-tram-extension/|title=SYSTRA and AECOM win the Dubai Tram extension|date=12 January 2017|website=Highways Today|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232247/https://www.highways.today/2017/01/12/systra-aecom-win-dubai-tram-extension/|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[Dubai Metro]] consists of two lines (Red and Green) that run through the city's financial and residential areas. It was opened in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai RTA – Dubai Metro – Blue Line |date=11 September 2009 |publisher=zawya |url=http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid151106013921?cc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617052450/http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid151106013921?cc |archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> UK-based international service company [[Serco]] is responsible for operating the metro. The [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red Line]] is the major backbone, with 29 stations (4 underground, 24 elevated, and one at ground level) running from Rashidiya Station to UAE Xchange Station in Jebel Ali. The [[Green Line (Dubai Metro)|Green Line]], running from the Etisalat Station to the Creek Station, has 20 stations (8 underground, 12 elevated). An extension to the Red Line connecting the EXPO 2020 site opened on 1 June 2021. A [[Blue Line (Dubai Metro)|Blue]] and a [[Purple Line (Dubai Metro)|Purple Line]] have also been planned. The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm|title=Will metro change Dubai car culture?|date=11 September 2009|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916041627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm|archive-date=16 September 2009}}</ref> The trains are fully automated and driverless.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai metro – the world's longest automated rail system |url=https://www.itsinternational.com/feature/dubai-metro-worlds-longest-automated-rail-system |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=ITS International |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430121719/https://www.itsinternational.com/feature/dubai-metro-worlds-longest-automated-rail-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[monorail]] line connecting the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland opened on 30 April 2009.<ref name="timeout">{{cite web |title=Palm monorail tried and tested |url=http://www.timeoutdubai.com/knowledge/news/8723-palm-monorail-tried-and-tested |publisher=Timeoutdubai |date=6 May 2009 |access-date=29 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115001910/http://www.timeoutdubai.com/knowledge/news/8723-palm-monorail-tried-and-tested |archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> It is the first monorail in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aeconline.ae/13/pdcnewsitem/01/69/09/index_13.html|title=First Monorail system in the Middle East takes first paying passengers.|newspaper=AEC Online|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075322/http://www.aeconline.ae/13/pdcnewsitem/01/69/09/index_13.html|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> An extension to connect to the [[Red Line (Dubai Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Dubai Metro]] is planned.<ref name="gn">{{cite web|title=Middle East's first monorail to start services in Palm Jumeirah by April |url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/08/07/10235187.html |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716225656/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/08/07/10235187.html |archive-date=16 July 2009}}</ref>

A tramway located in Al Sufouh runs for {{convert|14.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates with two interchanges with the Dubai Metro Red Line. The first section, a {{convert|10.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}- long tram line serving 11 stations, was opened in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedubaitram.com/about/|title=About|work=The Dubai Tram|access-date=12 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215035242/http://thedubaitram.com/about/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high-speed rail system, which is planned to link with the whole GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council, also known as [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf]]), and then possibly [[Europe]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The high-speed rail will support passengers and cargo.<ref>{{cite web|title=GCC Rail Network |url=http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid190607012406 |publisher=zawya projects |date=14 April 2010 |access-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617080242/http://www.zawya.com/projects/project.cfm/pid190607012406 |archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

===Waterways===
[[File:Madinat Jumeirah dhow (3050971546).jpg|thumb|''[[Abra (boat)|Abras]]'' and ''[[dhows]]'' are traditional modes of waterway transport.]]

There are two major commercial ports in Dubai, [[Port Rashid]] and [[Jebel Ali|Port Jebel Ali]]. Port Jebel Ali is the world's largest human-made harbour, the biggest port in the Middle East,<ref>{{cite web |title=Port of Jebel Ali |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ARE_Port_of_Jebel_Ali_1423.php |publisher=worldportsource.com |date=14 August 2008 |access-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416070712/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ARE_Port_of_Jebel_Ali_1423.php |archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> and the 7th-busiest port in the world.<ref name=jebelali /> One of the more traditional methods of getting across [[Bur Dubai]] to [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] is by ''[[Abra (boat)|abras]]'', small boats that ferry passengers across the [[Dubai Creek]], between abra stations in Bastakiya and [[Baniyas Road]].<ref>[http://www.dubai-online.com/blog/video-dubai-souk-abra-station/ Abra-services] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817012451/http://www.dubai-online.com/blog/video-dubai-souk-abra-station/ |date=17 August 2010}} dubai-online</ref> The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System. The water bus is a fully air-conditioned boat service connecting selected destinations across the creek. One can also use the tourist water bus service in Dubai. The latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi.<ref>{{cite web|title=RTA launches Water Bus System on Dubai Creek |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/129309.html |publisher=AMEinfo |date=16 July 2007 |access-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602074607/http://www.ameinfo.com/129309.html |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> The Water-Taxis can transport a maximum of 20 passengers at a time which provides a smooth journey along Al Mamzar and Dubai Marina via Dubai Creek. It has 40 pickup points across Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterways {{!}} The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/transportation/waterways |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=u.ae |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091047/https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/transportation/waterways |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dubai is increasingly leveraging its logistics and ports to participate in trade between Europe and China, as well as between Europe and Africa, in addition to oil transport. For this purpose, ports such as Jebel Ali and Mina Rashid are rapidly expanded, and investments are made in their technology. The country is historically and currently part of the Maritime [[Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of [[India]] to [[Mombasa]], from there through the Red Sea via the [[Suez Canal]] to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe]], Eastern Europe, and the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/china-invest-34bn-dubai-warehousing-and-trading |title=China to invest $3.4bn in Dubai warehousing and trading |date=29 April 2019 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129214931/https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/china-invest-34bn-dubai-warehousing-and-trading |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/what-are-the-top-ports-in-the-middle-east/ |title=What are the top ports in the Middle East? |newspaper=Port Technology International |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132128/https://www.porttechnology.org/news/what-are-the-top-ports-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business.hsbc.ae/en-gb/ae/article/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-beacons-new-trade-in-menat |title=China's Belt and Road Initiative beacons new trade-in MENAT |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414000706/https://www.business.hsbc.ae/en-gb/ae/article/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-beacons-new-trade-in-menat |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Dubai}}

{{further|Culture of the United Arab Emirates}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Museum of Future - Dubai.jpg
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| footer = [[Museum of the Future]] and interior, showing the annual [[Dubai Future Forum]] (2024)
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The UAE's culture mainly reflects traditional Arab culture. The influence of Arab and Islamic cultures on architecture, music, attire, cuisine, and lifestyle is also pronounced. Five times a day, Muslims are called to prayer from the [[minaret]]s of mosques scattered across the country. Major holidays in Dubai include [[Eid al-Fitr]], which marks the end of [[Ramadan]], and [[National Day]] (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2015 |title=Gulf News Community |url=http://gulfnews.com/guides/life/community/how-the-uae-was-born-1.1610731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102503/http://gulfnews.com/guides/life/community/how-the-uae-was-born-1.1610731 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref>

The city's cultural imprint as a small, ethnically homogeneous pearling community was transformed by the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals—first by Iranians in the early 1900s, and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s. In 2005, 84% of Dubai's metropolitan population was foreign-born, about half of whom were from India.<ref name="migrationinformation" />

From 2006 to 2022, the weekend had been Friday and Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday and Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jonathan Sheikh-Miller |title=UAE Weekend Switchover |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/95027.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212191741/http://www.ameinfo.com/95027.html |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=AMEinfo}}</ref> Before 2006, the weekend was Thursday-Friday. On 1 January 2022, Dubai moved to a four-and-a-half-day working week, with the weekend comprising Friday afternoon, Saturday, and Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of Dubai Media Office |title=The changes to the working week system |url=https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/December/07-12/The-changes-to-the-working-week-system |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513070512/https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/December/07-12/The-changes-to-the-working-week-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Meydan Beach Club, Dubai (8668492594).jpg|right|thumb|Meydan Beach Club, Jumeirah]]

Because of the tourism-driven entrepreneurial approach of many Dubai residents and the high standard of living, Dubai's culture has gradually evolved toward luxury, opulence, and lavishness, with a strong emphasis on leisure-related extravagance.<ref>Luxury Fashion Branding: Trends, Tactics, Techniques – Page 80, Uché Okonkwo – 2007.</ref><ref>Dubai – Page 100, Terry Carter – 2009.</ref><ref>Introduction to Sociology – Page 14, George Ritzer – 2012.</ref> Dubai is known for its nightlife. Clubs and bars are chiefly found in hotels due to liquor laws. ''[[The New York Times]]'' called Dubai "the kind of city where you might run into [[Michael Jordan]] at the Buddha Bar or stumble across [[Naomi Campbell]] celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash".<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Seth |date=9 December 2007 |title=Clubs Bloom in the Desert |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/travel/09party.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084536/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/travel/09party.html |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=23 April 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Annual entertainment events such as the [[Dubai Shopping Festival]]<ref>[http://www.traveldealsfinder.com/travel-packages/dubai-shopping-festival Dubai Shopping Festival 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106131951/http://www.traveldealsfinder.com/travel-packages/dubai-shopping-festival |date=6 January 2011}} More Details</ref> (DSF) and Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues over $2.7 billion.<ref name="dsf">[http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/dsf/milestones.asp DSF Milestones] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317124602/http://dubaicityguide.com/site/dsf/milestones.asp |date=17 March 2010}}. Dubaicityguide</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/in-focus/dubai-shopping-festival/sales-will-account-for-8-of-dubai-s-gdp-1.269917 |title=Sales will account for 8% of Dubai's GDP |work=Gulf News |date=3 May 2009 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508235712/http://gulfnews.com/in-focus/dubai-shopping-festival/sales-will-account-for-8-of-dubai-s-gdp-1.269917 |archive-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> The [[International Festivals and Events Association]] (IFEA), the world's leading events trade association, has crowned Dubai as ''IFEA World Festival and Event City, 2012'' in the cities category with a population of more than one million.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2012 |title=Dubai is world's festival city |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=/data/nationgeneral/2012/September/nationgeneral_September341.xml&section=nationgeneral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924032330/http://khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fnationgeneral%2F2012%2FSeptember%2Fnationgeneral_September341.xml&section=nationgeneral |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=30 September 2012 |publisher=khaleejtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2012 |title=Dubai crowned World Festival and Event City by IFEA |url=http://news.definitelydubai.com/2012/09/23/dubai-crowned-world-festival-and-event-city-by-ifea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928152914/http://news.definitelydubai.com/2012/09/23/dubai-crowned-world-festival-and-event-city-by-ifea/ |archive-date=28 September 2012 |access-date=30 September 2012 |publisher=news.definitelydubai.com}}</ref>

Large shopping malls in the city, such as [[Deira City Centre]], [[Mirdiff City Centre]], [[BurJuman]], [[Mall of the Emirates]], [[Dubai Mall]] (the world's second-largest), [[Dubai Marina Mall]], [[Dubai Hills Mall]], [[Dragon Mart (Dubai)|Dragon Mart]], [[Dubai Festival City Mall]], and [[Ibn Battuta Mall]] as well as traditional [[Dubai Gold Souk]], [[Al Souk Al Kabir]] (known as Meena Bazaar), and other ''souks'' attract shoppers from the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livingindubai.org/top-7-places-to-go-shopping-in-dubai/|title=Top 7 Places to go Shopping in Dubai – Dubai Expats Guide|date=29 September 2013|newspaper=Dubai Expats Guide|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234802/http://www.livingindubai.org/top-7-places-to-go-shopping-in-dubai/|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Emirati cuisine}}
[[File:Spice_Souq_Dubai_13.jpg|thumb|Traditional Middle Eastern spices at the [[Dubai Spice Souk]] in Deira, Old Dubai]]

[[Arab cuisine|Arabic cuisine]] is very popular and is available everywhere in the city, from the small ''[[shawarma]]'' diners in [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] and [[Al Karama, Dubai|Al Karama]] to the restaurants in Dubai's hotels. Fast food, South Asian, and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available. The sale and consumption of pork is regulated and is legally permitted to be sold only to non-Muslims, in designated areas of supermarkets and airports.<ref name=pork>[http://www.stat-usa.gov/agworld.nsf/505c55d16b88351a852567010058449b/898e8206171d628385256d02006df0d7/$FILE/TC3003.PDF Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226222518/http://www.stat-usa.gov/agworld.nsf/505c55d16b88351a852567010058449b/898e8206171d628385256d02006df0d7/%24FILE/TC3003.PDF |date=26 February 2008}}. ''GAIN Report''. United States Department of Agriculture</ref> Similarly, the sale of alcoholic beverages is also regulated. A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol, but it is available at hotel bars and restaurants.<ref name="Dubai Culture">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100306150956/http://www.dubai-livethedream.com/dubai-culture.html Dubai Culture]}} dubai-livethedream.com</ref> ''[[Hookah|Shisha]]'' and ''[[coffee|qahwa]]'' boutiques are also popular in Dubai. [[Biryani]] is also popular in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zomato.com/dubai/best-biryani-restaurants |title=Biryani in Dubai |publisher=zomato.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207234027/https://www.zomato.com/dubai/best-biryani-restaurants |archive-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

The inaugural Dubai Food Festival was held between 21 February and 15 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifoodfestival.com/dff-2015/ |title=Dubai Food Festival |publisher=Dubai Food Festival |access-date=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115191601/http://www.dubaifoodfestival.com/dff-2015/ |archive-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> According to ''[[Vision (magazine)|Vision]]'' magazine, the event was aimed at enhancing and celebrating Dubai's position as the gastronomic capital of the region. The festival was designed to showcase the variety of flavours and cuisines on offer in Dubai, featuring dishes from over 200 nationalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vision.ae/en/articles/taste_of_culture_dubai_food_festival |title=Taste of culture: Dubai Food Festival |publisher=Vision.ae |date=February 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |author=East, Ben |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030181910/http://vision.ae/en/articles/taste_of_culture_dubai_food_festival |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> The next food festival was held between 23 February 2017 and 11 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdubai.com/en/events/dubai-food-festival-2017|title=Dubai Food Festival 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010012413/http://www.visitdubai.com/en/events/dubai-food-festival-2017|archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

===Entertainment===
{{See also|Music of the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:DubaiOpera.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dubai Opera]]]]
Dubai Opera opened its doors on 31 August 2016 in Downtown Dubai with a performance by [[Plácido Domingo]]. The venue is a 2000-seat, multifunctional performing arts centre that can host not only theatrical shows, concerts, and operas, but also weddings, gala dinners, banquets, and conferences. Arabic movies are popular in Dubai and the UAE. Since 2004, the city has hosted the annual [[Dubai International Film Festival]] which serves as a showcase for Arab and Middle Eastern filmmaking talent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/about-diff/what-is-diff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822190629/http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/about-diff/what-is-diff.html|archive-date=22 August 2008|title=About Dubai Film Festival (DFF)|publisher=7th Dubai International Film Festival|access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Dubai Desert Rock Festival]] was also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists but is no longer held in Dubai.

One of the lesser-known sides of Dubai is the importance of its young [[contemporary art]] gallery scene. Since 2008, the leading contemporary art galleries such as Carbon 12 Dubai,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carbon12dubai.com/ |title=Carbon 12's website |publisher=Carbon12dubai.com |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331144906/http://carbon12dubai.com/ |archive-date=31 March 2013}}</ref> Green Art, gallery Isabelle van den Eynde, and The Third Line have brought the city onto the international art map. [[Art Dubai]], the region's growing and reputable art fair, is also a major contributor to the development of the contemporary art scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/art-dubai-adds-artist-residencies|title=Art Dubai to show international artists' vision of the UAE|date=15 March 2018|website=The Art Newspaper|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827132616/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/art-dubai-adds-artist-residencies|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Theatre of Digital Art]] Dubai (ToDA) opened in 2020 and presents immersive [[digital art]], including contemporary work.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whatson.ae/2020/10/the-incredible-theatre-of-digital-art-open-its-doors-this-month/ | title=The incredible Theatre of Digital Art open its doors this month | first=Aarti | last=Saundalkar | date=6 October 2020 | website=whatson.ae | location=UAE | publisher=What's On | access-date=17 April 2022 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209142552/https://whatson.ae/2020/10/the-incredible-theatre-of-digital-art-open-its-doors-this-month/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Media===
{{Main|Dubai Media Incorporated}}

{{See also|List of media outlets in Dubai Media City|Radio and television channels of Dubai|Studio 52}}
[[File:Etisalat tower - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Etisalat]]'s headquarters in Dubai]]
Many international news agencies, such as [[Reuters]], [[Associated Press Television News|APTN]], [[Bloomberg L.P.]], and [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|Middle East Broadcasting Centre]] (MBC), operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City. Additionally, several local network television channels, such as [[Dubai One]] (formerly Channel 33) and [[Dubai TV]] (EDTV), provide programming in English and Arabic, respectively. Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets. ''[[Dar Al Khaleej]]'', ''[[Al Bayan (newspaper)|Al Bayan]]'', and ''[[Al-Ittihad (Emirati newspaper)|Al Ittihad]]'' are the city's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers,<ref name=alkhaleej>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/New_Chart.pdf Largest-Circulation Arabic Newspapers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232009/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/New_Chart.pdf |date=14 June 2011}}. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ''Arab Reform Bulletin'', December 2004.</ref> while ''[[Gulf News]]'', ''[[Khaleej Times]]'', ''Khaleej Mag'', and ''[[7days]]'' are the largest circulating English newspapers.<ref name=gulfnewskhaleejtimes>{{usurped|1=[http://www.zawya.com/pdfstory.cfm?storyid=GN_03022010_040214&l=000000100204 Gulf News continues to lead the way]}}. zawya. February 2010.</ref>

[[Etisalat]], the government-owned telecommunications provider, held a virtual monopoly over telecommunications services in Dubai before the establishment of other, smaller telecommunications companies, such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC—better known as Du) in 2006. The Internet was introduced into the UAE (and therefore Dubai) in 1995. The network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s and supports 49 STM-1 links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/etisalat-ramps-up-uae-bandwidth-62960.html|title=Etisalat ramps up UAE bandwidth|date=11 June 2006|publisher=arabianbusiness.com|access-date=3 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812064751/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/etisalat-ramps-up-uae-bandwidth-62960.html|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System (DNS) data centres in the country (DXBNIC1, DXBNIC2).<ref name="dxbittopology">{{cite web|url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/05/hashim.pdf|title=UAEnicat a Glance|last=Hashim|first=Abdulla|date=5 May 2005|publisher=isoc.org|access-date=21 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311050524/https://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/inet/05/hashim.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates.<ref name=etisalatmon>[http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf United Arab Emirates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909194905/http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf |date=9 September 2008}}. OpenNet Interactive. 2008.</ref> Homosexuality, drugs, and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo.<ref name="Dubai Culture" /><ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/geraldine-bedells-novel-banned-in-dubai-because-of-gay-character-s29pgs609h2|title=Geraldine Bedell's novel banned in Dubai because of gay character|last=Jack|first=Malvern|date=16 February 2009|work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

Internet content is regulated in Dubai. Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content the government deems inconsistent with the values of the country, such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy; sites about dating, gay and lesbian networks, and pornography; and formerly sites originating from [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opennet.net/studies/uae|title=Internet Filtering in the United Arab Emirates in 2004–2005: A Country Study|date=5 May 2005|publisher=OpenNet Initiative|access-date=9 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611125850/http://opennet.net/studies/uae|archive-date=11 June 2010}}</ref> Emirates Media and Internet (a division of Etisalat) notes that {{as of|2002|lc=y}}, 76% of Internet users are male. About 60% of Internet users were Asian, and 25% were Arab. Dubai enacted the Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002, which addresses digital signatures and electronic registers. It prohibits Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from disclosing information gathered in the course of providing services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tecom.ae/law/law_2.htm |title=Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law No.2/2002 |publisher=Dubai Technology and Media Free Zone Authority |access-date=9 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152539/http://www.tecom.ae/law/law_2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2011}}</ref> The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography; however, it does not address cyber crime or data protection.<ref name=privacy>{{cite web|url=http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-103788 |title=Silenced – United Arab Emirates |publisher=Privacyinternational.org |date=21 September 2003 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903044652/http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-103788 |archive-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>

In 2019, the Italian artist [[Princess Bee]] produced "Hi Dubai", the first cross-media project that reveals the "soul of the city" through the life and work experiences of 25 Emirati and expat women. The series also promoted the Emirate's lifestyle and main events to attract young people to visit and live in Dubai. "Hi Dubai" was on air on the national channel Dubai One TV in prime time, after the National News, during the UAE National Day week; then distributed online on Dubai Post and in-flight on [[Emirates (airline)#In-flight_entertainment_system_(ICE)|ICE]] across all Emirates Airlines flights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/mirrors/2016-03-25-1.2602910 | title="مرحبا دبي" برنامج وثائقي برؤية إيطالية | date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|List of sports venues in Dubai}}

{{See also|Traditional sports in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:DTC1.jpg|thumb|[[Aviation Club Tennis Centre|Dubai Tennis Stadium]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in Dubai. The [[International Cricket Council]] is headquartered there. Three football teams ([[Al Wasl FC]], [[Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai FC]], and [[Al Nasr SC (Dubai)|Al Nasr SC]]) represent Dubai in [[UAE Pro-League]].<ref name="Dubai Culture" /> Al-Wasl have the second-most championships in the UAE League, after [[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]]. Dubai also hosts both the annual [[Dubai Tennis Championships]] and [[The Legends Rock Dubai]] tennis tournaments, as well as the [[Dubai Desert Classic]] golf tournament and the [[DP World Tour Championship, Dubai|DP World Tour Championship]], all of which attract sports stars from around the world. The [[Dubai World Cup]], a [[thoroughbred]] horse race, is held annually at the [[Meydan Racecourse]]. The city's top basketball team has traditionally been [[Shabab Al Ahli Basket]]. Dubai also hosts the traditional [[rugby union]] tournament, [[Dubai Sevens]], part of the [[Sevens World Series]]. In 2009, Dubai hosted the [[2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens]].

Auto racing is also a major sport in Dubai; the [[Dubai Autodrome]] hosts many auto racing events throughout the year. Another sporting event in Dubai is the [[Dubai Run]], which is part of the Dubai Fitness Challenge and the world's largest free fun run, a main highlight of the challenge since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/wellbeing/2024/10/27/dubai-run-2024-registration-details/|title=Dubai Run 2024: Date, registration details, bib collection and more|first=One Carlo|last=Diaz|website=The National|access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> It also features a state-of-the-art indoor and outdoor [https://www.dubaiautodrome.com/kartdrome-main/racing/ Kartdrome], popular among racing enthusiasts and recreational riders.

The Indian Premier League cricket competition was held in the UAE in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 12 June, [[Tommy Fleetwood]], 7-time DP World Tour winner, was declared World Global Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Tommy Fleetwood named DP World Global Ambassador |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/golf-in-uae/local/tommy-fleetwood-named-dp-world-global-ambassador-1.1718205382159 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, Dubai introduced the "Dubai Sports Strategy 2033", a long-term framework designed to support the emirate's sports sector and strengthen its position as a global sports destination. The strategy outlines initiatives to expand community participation in physical activity, enhance the quality and number of sporting events, and develop local talent across multiple disciplines. It also aims to increase the economic contribution of Dubai's sports industry through targeted programmes and infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Sports Strategy 2033 unveiled |url=https://thebrewnews.com/thebrew-news/uae/dubai-sports-strategy-2033/ |website=The Brew News |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

===Dress code===
[[File:Al Tayer Motors Sponsors High-class Dubai World Cup Carnival (8490930005).jpg|thumb|Men wearing the [[Thawb|kandurah]] and the traditional [[Keffiyeh|ghotrah]], held in place by an [[Agal (accessory)|egal]]]]
The Emirati attire is typical of several countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Women usually wear the "[[abaya]]", a long black robe, with a [[hijab]] (a headscarf that covers the neck and part of the head, all of the hair and the ears). Some women may wear a [[niqāb|niqab]] that covers the mouth and nose, leaving only the eyes exposed. Men wear the "[[thawb|kandurah]]" also referred to as "dishdasha" or even "thawb" (long white robe) and the headscarf ([[keffiyeh|ghotrah]]). The traditional [[ghutrah]] in the UAE is white and held in place by an accessory called "[[Agal (accessory)|egal]]", which resembles a black cord. Younger Emiratis prefer to wear red-and-white ghutrah and tie them around their heads like turbans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grogan |first=Siobhan |date=26 April 2017 |title=Here's Everything You Need to Know About Emirati Clothing |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/articles/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-emirati-clothing/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref>

The dress code is never compulsory; many people wear Western or other Eastern clothing. However, prohibitions on "indecent clothing" or revealing too much skin are aspects of the UAE to which Dubai's visitors are expected to conform and are encoded in Dubai's criminal law.<ref name="Criminal Law of Dubai">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai|title=Criminal Law of Dubai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095228/http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai|archive-date=6 October 2014|date=23 October 2012}}</ref> The UAE has enforced decency regulations in most public places, aside from waterparks, beaches, clubs, and bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-laws-you-must-know-to-stay-out-of-trouble-2012-02-28-1.445519|title=UAE laws you must know to stay out of trouble|last=Leijen|first=Majorie van|newspaper=Emirates 24{{!}}7|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228163649/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-laws-you-must-know-to-stay-out-of-trouble-2012-02-28-1.445519|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Dubai}}

{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Dubai}}
The school system in Dubai follows the United Arab Emirates' system. {{As of|2009}}, there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people, as well as 207 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Private School Directory |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310202235/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7 |url-status=live}}</ref> The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language, while most of the private schools use English as their medium of instruction. Currently, only the Swiss International Scientific School in Dubai claims to offer parallel streams in different languages – bilingual English/French or English/German.<ref>{{cite news |title=Review, Swiss International Scientific School |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-review/swiss-international-scientific-school-dubai |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925003828/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-review/swiss-international-scientific-school-dubai |url-status=live}}</ref> Most private schools cater to one or more expatriate communities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mansell |first=Warwick |title=Expat guide to the UAE: schools |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/expateducation/7635831/Expat-guide-to-the-UAE-schools.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=30 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925001208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/expateducation/7635831/Expat-guide-to-the-UAE-schools.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
[[File:UOWD Campus.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Wollongong in Dubai]]]]

Some 36 schools offer international education using one or more of the four International Baccalaureate Programmes for students aged 3–19.<ref>{{cite web |title=IB Schools in Dubai |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7&cur%5B%5D=5&cur%5B%5D=55&cur%5B%5D=6&cur%5B%5D=27&cur%5B%5D=7 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |ref=Dubai IB School Directory |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201635/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=1&school_phase%5B%5D=2&school_phase%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=5&school_phase%5B%5D=6&school_phase%5B%5D=7&cur%5B%5D=5&cur%5B%5D=55&cur%5B%5D=6&cur%5B%5D=27&cur%5B%5D=7 |url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, 15 schools<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools offering the IB CP in Dubai |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?cur%5B%5D=55 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920040348/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?cur%5B%5D=55 |url-status=live}}</ref> have introduced the IB Career-related Programme that can be combined with a vocational qualification such as a BTEC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qualifications.pearson.com/en/about-us/qualification-brands/btec.html|title=Welcome to BTEC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507104945/http://qualifications.pearson.com/en/about-us/qualification-brands/btec.html|archive-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

While there are more UK-curriculum-based schools in Dubai than any other curriculum, more students attend Indian-curriculum schools, which tend to be considerably larger and cost less to attend. There are 34 Indian-curriculum schools in the emirate,<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian curriculum schools in Dubai |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=2&cur%5B%5D=44 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201839/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=2&cur%5B%5D=44 |url-status=live}}</ref> most of which offer the CBSE, and just a handful the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) Indian syllabus. Examples of Indian-curriculum schools include [[The Indian High School, Dubai|IHS]], [[Delhi Private School, Dubai|DPS]], and DMHS. There are a small number of Pakistani schools in Dubai offering the FBISE curriculum for expatriate children.

A total of 18 schools offer British primary education through age 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=12&cur%5B%5D=68&cur%5B%5D=42&cur%5B%5D=84&cur%5B%5D=10&cur%5B%5D=11&cur%5B%5D=82&cur%5B%5D=73&cur%5B%5D=1 |title=UAE School Reviews – In-depth reviews, fees, admissions and contact information |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310202040/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&school_phase%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=12&cur%5B%5D=68&cur%5B%5D=42&cur%5B%5D=84&cur%5B%5D=10&cur%5B%5D=11&cur%5B%5D=82&cur%5B%5D=73&cur%5B%5D=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are 64 schools that offer a variation of a UK curriculum style secondary education,<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools offering some level of a British education in Dubai |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=12&cur%5B%5D=68&cur%5B%5D=42&cur%5B%5D=10&cur%5B%5D=11&cur%5B%5D=82 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310202106/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-search?city%5B%5D=4&cur%5B%5D=12&cur%5B%5D=68&cur%5B%5D=42&cur%5B%5D=10&cur%5B%5D=11&cur%5B%5D=82 |url-status=live}}</ref> either a pure GCSE and A-Level offering, or increasingly I/GCSE up to 16, and then the IB Diploma post-16. Currently, no school in the UAE offers IB or A-level courses at age 16, but several schools have said they will offer them in the future. British style eleven-to-eighteen secondary schools offering General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels include [[Dubai College]], [[Dubai British School]], and [[English Language School, Dubai|English Language School Pvt.]] Some schools, such as The [[American School of Dubai]], also offer the curriculum of the United States.<ref name=schlist>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/schools-dubai.php |title=List of schools in Dubai, Dubai school finder |publisher=Dubaifaqs.com |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428081000/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/schools-dubai.php |archive-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>

Dubai has a very active education regulator, the KHDA, which is best known for its school ratings, but actually has a wide mandate<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the KHDA, and what does it do for Dubai parents? |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/guides/what-is-the-khda-and-what-does-it-do-2 |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050323/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/guides/what-is-the-khda-and-what-does-it-do-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> when it comes to school improvement in the emirate. A total of 17 schools are currently rated Outstanding (2020), and a further 40 are rated Very Good. Parents in general rate schools highly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest rated schools, by parents, in Dubai |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/best-schools/60/best-schools-in-dubai |website=WhichSchoolAdvisor.com |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022144121/https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/best-schools/60/best-schools-in-dubai |url-status=live}}</ref>

The top 10 largest universities by student numbers in Dubai according to the [[Knowledge and Human Development Authority|KHDA]] (2024)<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=KHDA - KHDA's data & statistics |url=https://web.khda.gov.ae/en/Resources/KHDA%E2%80%99s-data-statistics |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=web.khda.gov.ae |language=en}}</ref> are [[Middlesex University Dubai]], [[Heriot-Watt University Dubai]], [[University of Wollongong in Dubai]], [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai]], [[American University in Dubai]], [[S P Jain School of Global Management]], [[Rochester Institute of Technology of Dubai]], [[Amity University Dubai]], [[University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham Dubai]], and [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus|Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Dubai]]. They offer courses in all major subjects, with the most popular subject areas being Business, followed by Information Technology, then Engineering.<ref name=":8" /> Most Universities in Dubai are located in the two Educational Zones ([[Knowledge village|Knowledge Village or Academic City]]). In 2013, Synergy University Dubai Campus<ref>{{cite web |author=Synergy University Dubai Campus |title=Synergy University Dubai Campus – Home Page |url=http://synergy.university/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220053929/http://synergy.university/ |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |work=Synergy University Dubai Campus}}</ref> opened its campus in [[Jumeirah Lakes Towers]] being a first University in Dubai to be located outside of Educational Zones (Knowledge Village or Academic City).<ref>{{cite web |author=DEG |title=Synergy University, Dubai Educational Guide |url=http://www.dubaieducationguide.com/upage.asp?uiid=244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025904/http://www.dubaieducationguide.com/upage.asp?uiid=244 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref>

Only 4 Dubai Universities are present in the QS World University Rankings 2024/2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2024 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> To allow the assessment of more UAE Universities, the Ministry of Education launched The National Higher Education Institutions Classification Framework<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Website |first=M. O. E. |title=The National Higher Education Institutions Classification Framework |url=https://www.moe.gov.ae/En/ImportantLinks/Pages/institutionsclassification.aspx |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=www.moe.gov.ae |language=ar-AE}}</ref> which classifies UAE Universities based on their research and teaching. Of the top 10 largest Dubai universities [[University of Wollongong in Dubai]], [[American University in Dubai]], and [[Rochester Institute of Technology of Dubai]], were all classified as "Very Good" within The National Higher Education Institutions Classification Framework.<ref name=":9" />

==Healthcare==
{{Main|Dubai Health Authority|List of hospitals in Dubai}}

{{See also|Dubai Camel Hospital}}
[[File:Dubai_Hospital.jpg|thumb|The [[Dubai Hospital]]]]
Healthcare in Dubai can be divided into two different sectors: public and private. Each Emirate can set healthcare standards in accordance with its internal laws, though the standards and regulations rarely differ significantly. Public hospitals in Dubai were first established in the late 1950s and continued to expand alongside public health initiatives. There are now 28 hospitals in Dubai, six public and 22 private, with three more major hospitals scheduled to be built by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-expo-2020-bid-in-good-health-dubai-gets-new-hospitals-2013-08-19-1.518053 |title=UAE Expo 2020 bid in good health: Dubai gets new hospitals |date=19 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623003659/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-expo-2020-bid-in-good-health-dubai-gets-new-hospitals-2013-08-19-1.518053 |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

By the end of 2012, there were also a total of 1,348 medical clinics, 97% of which were operated privately.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai Healthcare Overview|url=http://www.colliers.com/-/media/83E76364901E465986CBF44594578C2A.ashx?la=en-GB|work=Colliers|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623013727/http://www.colliers.com/-/media/83E76364901E465986CBF44594578C2A.ashx?la=en-GB|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Dubai phased in mandatory health insurance for all inhabitants, thereby leading to increased demand for medical services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dubai's mandatory health insurance law comes into force|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/dubais-mandatory-health-insurance-law-comes-into-force|work=The National|date=15 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623010249/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/dubais-mandatory-health-insurance-law-comes-into-force|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

Dubai Hospital is a [[public hospital]] in Dubai and is part of [[Dubai Health Authority|Dubai Department of Health and Medical Services]]. Although the decision to construct Dubai Hospital was made in 1977, it did not begin admitting patients until March 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.dohms.gov.ae/dh/ |title=Dubai Hospital |access-date=29 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420144238/http://web.dohms.gov.ae/dh/ |archive-date=20 April 2008}}</ref> The [[hospital]] consists of 14 stories, with the lower two for Accident & Emergency and outpatients, and the upper ten floors.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Dubai}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#United Arab Emirates .28UAE.29|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in UAE}}
Dubai is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=توأمة بين مدينتي دبي وكيب تاون|url=https://www.ajmannews.ae/news.php?id=39961&cat_id=2|website=ajmannews.ae|publisher=Ajman News|language=ar|date=16 December 2019|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115818/https://www.ajmannews.ae/news.php?id=39961&cat_id=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], Jordan
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea (2006)
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Cape Town]], South Africa
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Kish Island]], Iran
* {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus]], Syria
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Dundee]], Scotland, UK (2004)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/dubai-dundee-become-sister-cities |title=Dubai, Dundee become sister cities |newspaper=Khaleej Times |date= |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207122741/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/dubai-dundee-become-sister-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Detroit]], USA (2003)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]], Germany (2005)
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Gaza City]], Palestine<ref>{{cite web|title=عون الشوا من الفترة ما بين 1994 وحتى 2001|url=https://www.gaza-city.org/index.php?page=Vm14YVlXRnJOVlpOVm1oVVltdEtVMWxyV2t0aU1WWnhVV3h3YkdKSFVsaFZiRkp6VlZaV1ZVMUVhejA9|website=gaza-city.org|publisher=Gaza City|language=ar|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210184456/https://www.gaza-city.org/index.php?page=Vm14YVlXRnJOVlpOVm1oVVltdEtVMWxyV2t0aU1WWnhVV3h3YkdKSFVsaFZiRkp6VlZaV1ZVMUVhejA9|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[City of Gold Coast|Gold Coast]], Australia (2001)
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangzhou]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_253291.htm|website=eguangzhou.gov.cn|publisher=Guangzhou|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115142206/http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_253291.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1997)
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia (2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=6 Bandar Di Malaysia Yang Berkembar Dengan Bandar Lain di Seluruh Dunia|url=https://iluminasi.com/bm/5-bandar-kembar-di-negara-lain-yang-mempunyai-hubungan.html|website=iluminasi.com|publisher=Iluminasi|language=ms|date=24 April 2018|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127095251/https://iluminasi.com/bm/5-bandar-kembar-di-negara-lain-yang-mempunyai-hubungan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|title=بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري|url=https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx|website=moccae.gov.ae|publisher=Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates|language=ar|date=9 March 2014|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201922/https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], India
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka Prefecture]], Japan (2002)
* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea<ref>{{cite book|last=Corfield|first=Justin|title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196|year=2013|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85728-234-7|page=196|chapter=Sister Cities|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330090156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico
* {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], China

{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Cities|United Arab Emirates}}
* [[Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Al Sufouh Archaeological Site]]
* [[Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve]]
* [[List of buildings in Dubai]]
* [[Outline of Dubai]]
* [[Sanitation in Dubai]]
* [[Sustainability in Dubai]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Further reading==
* Syed Ali. ''Dubai: Gilded Cage'' (Yale University Press; 2010) 240 pages. Focuses on the Arab emirate's treatment of foreign workers.
* Heiko Schmid: ''Economy of Fascination: Dubai and Chicago as Themed Urban Landscapes'', Berlin, Stuttgart, 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-443-37014-5}}.
* John M. Smith: ''Dubai The Maktoum Story'', Norderstedt, 2007, {{ISBN|3-8334-4660-9}}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|c=Category:Dubai|d=yes}}
* [http://xn--ngbn6f.xn--mgbaam7a8h/en/Pages/default.aspx دبي.امارات] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129071827/http://xn--ngbn6f.xn--mgbaam7a8h/en/Pages/default.aspx |date=29 November 2020}}) – official government portal
* [https://www.dm.gov.ae/ www.dm.gov.ae] – [[Dubai Municipality]] website

{{Geographic location
|Centre=Dubai
|North =
|Northeast=
|East =[[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]]
|Southeast=
|South =[[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]]
|Southwest=
|West =
|Northwest=''[[Persian Gulf]]''
}}
{{Dubai topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Neighborhoods in Dubai}}
{{Dubai landmarks}}
{{Developments in Dubai}}
{{Rulers of Dubai}}
{{UAE cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dubai| ]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Persian Gulf]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula]]

Violence against Christians in India

2026-03-14T12:08:33Z

Mihmbathinda: updated article as per guidelines based on references

{{Short description|Anti-Christian violence in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Orissa violence destroyedbuilding.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Remains of church property burnt down during [[2008 Kandhamal violence]] in Orissa in August 2008]]
'''Violence against Christians in India''' is [[religious violence|religiously motivated violence]] against [[Christianity in India|Christians in India]].<ref name="HRW" /> [[Human Rights Watch]] has classified violence against Christians in India as a tactic used by the [[right-wing]] [[Sangh Parivar]] organizations to encourage and exploit [[Communal violence in India|communal violence]] in furtherance of their political ends.<ref name="HRW" /> The acts of violence include [[Church arson|arson of churches]], [[Forced conversion|conversion of Christians by force]], physical violence, sexual assaults, murders, rapes, and the destruction of Christian schools, colleges, and cemeteries.<ref name="MANAS">{{cite web|title=Anti-Christian Violence in India|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002012916/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2002|author=Vinay Lal|work=Manas: India and Its Neighbors|publisher=UCLA College of Letters and Science}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|date=29 September 1999|title=Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/09/30/anti-christian-violence-rise-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211152613/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/1999/09/30/india1626.htm|archive-date=11 February 2009|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

Anti-Christian violence increased dramatically since the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) started its rule at the center, first in March 1998 and more recently in 2014 (incumbent). The [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), [[Bajrang Dal]], and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) are the organizations which have been most frequently accused of inciting the violence.<ref name="HRW" />

Hundreds of incidents of violence against Christians are reported by various organizations every year. India's ministry of internal security and its [[National Commission for Minorities]] officially list more than a hundred religiously motivated attacks against Christians each year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9HOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|title=Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|date=23 March 2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-06691-0|language=en}}</ref>

As of 2020, the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] placed India as Tier-1 in minority persecution along with countries like [[China]], North Korea, [[Pakistan]] and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 April 2020|title=Religious freedom: USCIRF report downgrades India for 'violations'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/religious-freedom-uscirf-report-downgrades-india-for-violations-6383796/|access-date=29 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Adoration Mangalore.jpg|thumb|448x448px|Destroyed property inside the Adoration Monastery, [[Mangalore]], after it was [[vandalised]] by [[lobbyist]]s of ''[[Bajrang Dal]]'', during the [[September 2008 attacks on Christians in Mangalore]]|alt=]]

== Context of violence==
[[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]] were relatively unaffected by communal violence until the end of the 1990s and enjoyed social harmony with the majority Hindu community.<ref name=":0" /> However, the late 1990s saw a significant increase in acts of anti-Christian violence, and the year 1998 was the turning point.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=633}} In the ensuing years, they were denounced in anti-Christian propaganda and they were targeted for violence by Hindu nationalist groups which wanted to prevent tribal voters and lower-caste voters from converting to Christianity.<ref name=":0" /> In March 1998, after the BJP came to power, anti-Christian violence dramatically increased.<ref name="HRW" />{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=634}}{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=641}}

Historically, the BJP and the Hindu nationalistic Sangh Parivar organizations were more likely to accept violence against minorities than their rival Congress Party.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=634}} In most reported cases the named perpetrators are members of the [[Sangh Parivar]] organisations. The Sangh Parivar are small subgroups that formed under the umbrella of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), an umbrella organisation whose roots date back to 1925. The RSS, who promote a form of [[nationalism]], oppose the spread of "foreign religions" like [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]].<ref name="bauman2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India|last=Bauman|first=Chad M.|date=2015-02-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026631-8}}</ref> The [[Human Rights Watch]] report stated that [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), [[Bajrang Dal]], and RSS (the sister organisations of the BJP) are the most accused organizations for violence against Christians in India.<ref name="HRW" /> Although these organizations differ significantly in many ways, have all argued that since Hindus make up the bulk of Indians, India should be a Hindu state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=I. SUMMARY|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-01.htm|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Human Rights watch}}</ref> RSS volunteers are taught to believe that India is a nation solely for the Hindus and that Hindus have suffered at the hands of invaders, notably Muslim rulers and Christian [[British Raj|British]].<ref name=":0" /> The Human Rights Watch reported that the attacks against Christians are part of the right-wing Sangh Parivar organizations' orchestrated effort to encourage and exploit sectarian violence to raise their political power base.<ref name="HRW" />

A 1999 [[Human Rights Watch]] report stated that in many instances, Christian institutions and individuals were singled out for violence in response to their efforts to promote education, good health and financial independence among the members of the tribal and Dalit communities. The Human rights Watch report also noted that a significant reason for the publication and circulation of anti-Christian propaganda and the acts of violence which it contributes to is a vested interest in keeping these communities in a state of economic dependence.<ref name=":1" />

In 2008, the [[National Commission for Minorities]] reported that the State governments which were controlled by the BJP and its allies supported the perpetrators of violence against Christians.<ref name="ptinews.com2">{{cite web|author=|date=21 September 2008|title=NCM blames Bajrang Dal for Karnataka, Orissa violence|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCM-blames-Bajrang-Dal-for-Karnataka-Orissa-violence/articleshow/3509247.cms|access-date=30 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="mangalorean.com2">{{cite news|author=|date=18 September 2008|title=No case of forcible conversion in Udupi district: Qureshi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/no-case-of-forcible-conversion-in-udupi-district-qureshi/article1340238.ece|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> Anti Christian violence also intensified after the BJP came to power in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Saiya|first=Nilay|date=2019-11-01|title=Pentecostalism and Politics of Conversion in India. By Sarbeswar Sahoo|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csz073|journal=[[Journal of Church and State]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=61|issue=4|pages=709–711|doi=10.1093/jcs/csz073|issn=0021-969X}}</ref>
== Manifestation ==
Each year, India's internal security and its National Minority Commission officially list more than a hundred religiously motivated acts of violence which are committed against Christians, but the actual number of such attacks is probably higher, because Indian journalists estimate that only about 10% of such attacks are ever reported. These attacks include the ransacking of churches, monasteries, and other Christian institutions, the burning of copies of the [[Bible]], the desecration of cemeteries, the murder of priests and missionaries, and the sexual assault of nuns.<ref name=":2" />

From 1964 to 1996, at least 38 incidents of violence against Christians were reported. In 1997, 24 such incidents were reported. Since 1998, Christians in India have faced a wave of violence.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite news|last=Stanley|first=Alessandra|date=6 November 1999|title=Pope Lands in India Amid Rise in Anti-Christian Violence|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E4DA163AF935A35752C1A96F958260|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> In 1998 alone, 90 incidents were reported.<ref name="MANAS" /> According to the Indian Parliament, between January 1998 and February 1999, a total of 116 attacks on Christians occurred around the country. Many of the attacks occurred in the north and west, where the Christian community is smaller and has strong Hindu nationalistic sentiments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=III. The Context of Anti-Christian Violence|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-03.htm|access-date=30 January 2021|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A November 2001 survey by the [[National Commission for Minorities]] reported 27 attacks on Christian institutions and Christians in 1997, 86 instances in 1998, 120 instances in 1999 and 216 attacks in 2000. According to the commission, the persecution of Christians had increased since the Bharatiya Janata Party came to power in 1998.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=India: Treatment of Christians by Hindus, particularly the treatment of Christians who have converted from Hinduism; and the protection available to them|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4da823.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> In 2001, the All India Christian Council reported that Indian Christians are attacked every 36 hours.<ref name=":3" />

Multiple news organizations reported an increase in the number of incidents of violence against Christians after the new BJP government under [[Narendra Modi]] came to power after the [[2014 Indian general election|general election in April–May 2014]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Violence against Christians: Cong slams govt|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/violence-against-christians-cong-slams-govt/article7004032.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2015|title=Bearing the cross: Recent attacks against Christians worrisome|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bearing-the-cross-of-communal-discord/article1-1326535.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315085309/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bearing-the-cross-of-communal-discord/article1-1326535.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2015|title=Churches under fire! A list of recent church attacks in the country|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/churches-under-fire-a-list-of-recent-church-attacks-in-the-country-1685114.html|website=One India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|date=9 February 2017|title=Religious Minorities, Dalits Face Discrimination in India: Report|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57055700.cms|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] reported a "steep 30 per cent rise in the number of communal violence incidents in 2013 as compared to 2012, with the maximum number of cases being reported from [[Uttar Pradesh]].”<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 February 2014|title=Communal incidents up by 30%, UP tops list|language=en-US|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/communal-incidents-up-by-30-up-tops-list/|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> Reported incidents of abuse carried out against Christians in India went up to 177 in 2015, and escalated to 300 in 2016, according to the Evangelical Fellowship of India (EFI).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evangelical Fellowship of India Persecution Report 2015|url=http://www.worldea.org/news/4651/evangelical-fellowship-of-india-persecution-report-2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910153755/http://www.worldea.org/news/4651/evangelical-fellowship-of-india-persecution-report-2015|archive-date=10 September 2018|access-date=4 September 2017|website=|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, EFI reported an increase in attacks by right-wing activists on churches on Sundays and other significant days of worship, such as [[Good Friday]], [[Palm Sunday]], Christmas and [[Easter]]. The police are being used to disrupt and prevent worship in churches and homes, particularly Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Christian children traveling to Bible camps were put into detention and held for days on suspicions of conversion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Trivedi|first=Divya|title=Church as target|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24200385.ece|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Frontline|date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

The persecution of Christians in India sharply increased in the year 2016, according to a report which was published by [[Open Doors]].<ref name="OpenDoors2">{{cite web|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=11 January 2017|title=Christians in India increasingly under attack, study shows|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/11/christians-in-india-increasingly-under-attack-study-shows|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> India was ranked 15th in the world in terms of danger to Christians, up from 31st four years earlier. According to the report, it is estimated that a church was burnt down or a cleric beaten on average 10 times a week in India in the year to 31 October 2016, a threefold increase on the previous year.<ref name="OpenDoors2" /> According to the All India Christian Council, there was an attack on Christians recorded every 40 hours in India in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Violent Persecution of Christians Rises in India, 'An Attack Being Recorded Every 40 Hours': Report|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/violent-persecution-christians-india-attack-every-40-hours-report-182039/|website=Christian Post|date=29 April 2017 }}</ref> In a report by the Indian organization, [[Persecution Relief]], the crimes against Christians increased by 60% from 2016 to 2019. There were 330 incidents in 2016, 440 incidents in 2017, 477 in 2018 and 527 incidents of hate crimes in 2019. The organization reported there has been a direct link between BJP gaining power in a state and increase in the attacks against Christians in the state.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=On Narendra Modi's watch, steep rise in crime against Christians between 2016 and 2019|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/on-narendra-modi-watch-steep-rise-in-crime-against-christians-between-2016-and-2019|access-date=19 March 2020|website=[[The National Herald]]|date=28 January 2020|language=en}}</ref> In the first seven months of 2022, over 300 attacks against Christians were reported across the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sumedha |title='Over 300 Attacks Against Christians Till July 2022': NGO Data Based on Distress Calls |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/attacks-against-christians |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] }}</ref>

Mainstream [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Christians are targeted far less frequently than [[Evangelical]] and [[Pentecostal]] Christians.<ref name="bauman2" />

== Causes and effects ==
=== Political factors ===
[[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]], fear that as a result of the arrival of non-Hindus, higher fertility rates among minority groups and [[Conversion to Christianity|conversions to Christianity]], the Hindu majority might become a minority.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=647}} Hindu nationalists feel that if the Christian population increases, it will affect the dynamics of electoral politics and India's status as a Hindu nation.<ref name=":5" /> Basing their fear on their assumption that Christians have opposing allegiances, Hindu Nationalists portray conversions to Christianity as a national threat, because they reduce the number of people who have a shared national identity, a national identity which is vaguely claimed to be Hindu.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=648}} The percentage of Christians, however, has dropped from 2.53% in 1971, 2.43% in 1991 to 2.3% in 2011. However, the VHP, which has a declared agenda of converting Christians and Muslims to Hinduism, opposes the constitutional right of a person to follow any religion. Despite the small number of Christians, as per the BJP's declared agenda of establishing a Hindu Rashtra, the other faiths are seen as enemies and must be ousted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unprecedented attacks against churches and Christians in several parts of India reveal violent new game plan of Hindutva's fringe|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19990111-unprecedented-attacks-against-churches-and-christians-in-several-parts-of-india-reveal-violent-new-game-plan-of-hindutvas-fringe-779827-1999-01-11|access-date=12 February 2021|website=[[India Today]]|date=11 January 1999 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

In the [[2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal|2007 Khandamal violence]], a pro-Kandha tribal group, the Kui Samaj, resisted the request of Pana Christians to modify the official recognition of Panas from [[Scheduled Caste]] to [[Scheduled Tribe]] that could have enabled Pana Christians to benefit from the reservation system even after conversion. The Kui Samaj planned a [[general strike]] to express their case. The members of the local Sangh Parivar who joined the strike caused the violence to rapidly spread by bringing the issue to the locals and they also prevented the police from adequately responding to it.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=648}}

American political Scientist [[Paul Brass]] argued that the generally insignificant, local communal conflicts in India are turned into larger instances of communal violence by groups which he calls 'conversion specialists'.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Rowena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRtBDwAAQBAJ|title=Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India|last2=Kujur|first2=Joseph Marianus|date=17 August 2010|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-86042-93-4|language=en|chapter=Section 12}}</ref> Chad M. Bauman argued that the Sangh Parivar leaders followed the same technique in the [[2008 Kandhamal violence|2008 Kandhamal riots]] by linking their local politics and clashes with broader national fears like extinction of Hinduism, a Christian demographic increase and even a 'Christian [[military coup]]'. Thereby providing justification for the anti-Christian violence and thus issuing a 'national call to arms' for the defense of the Khandamal Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Constructing Indian Christianities : culture, conversion, and caste|editor1=Bauman, Chad M.|editor2=Young, Richard Fox|year=2014|isbn=978-1-138-02018-4|publisher=Routledge India |location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=197|oclc=862102769}}</ref>

===Cultural factors===
The Hindu nationalist version of Hinduism and its [[Sanskrit]] overtones generally do not fascinate the [[adivasi]] people and the Dalits. From the late nineties, affiliates of the Sangh Parivar such as the [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]] began to set up schools for adivasi people and Dalits where simple skills were taught along with Religious teachings which were aimed at bringing the more Sanskrit and all-India upper-caste Hinduism into sync with the Dalit and Adivasi faith and ritualistic practices. The presence of Christian educational institutions in these regions has become a competitive challenge and an obstacle to this Hindu nationalist project.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=649}}

Even though the participation of the non-Christian tribals than the nationalists not from the [[Dang district, India|Dangs district]] in the [[1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district]] is very marginal, which may stem from them benefiting from Christian aided development projects. Even before the violence, there were tensions between both the Adivasis and the Christian Adivasis primarily because Christianity was seen as a cultural disruption. Christians have often rejected [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]], which is a significant part of the regional festivity. Christians often did not take part in village rituals, often performed for the wellbeing and security of the entire village, which were viewed un-neighborly. The very willingness of Christians to break the traditions of the village is seen as a cultural threat. Thus, many members of the lower caste and tribes claim of Christian conversion as something of a deculturation just in the same way as the Hindu nationalists of the upper-castes do.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=649}}

===Economic factors ===
According to Sushil Aaron, Christian societies in India are doing better on indicators of human development such as literacy, education, prenatal treatment, perinatal deaths, and this can be due to the activities of foreign and local missionaries in establishing medical and educational institutions. Therefore, schools, including those where the major percentage of students are non-Christian, are frequently attacked in anti-Christian riots, and so was the case in [[1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district]].{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=646}} In the 2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal, the Dalit Panas Christians were the most targeted. Some members of the Kandha tribal community engaged in the riots as the two groups had grown over time in opposition to each other, with the Adivasi Kandhas traditionally believing themselves dominant to the Christian Dalit Panas. The strife was further fuelled by the fact that the Pana Christians had become much more educated and affluent in the years before the riots. Many Kandhas assumed that the Pana Christians were using their education to control the Kandhas and deprive them of land.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=646}} Similar pressures also prevailed in the Dangs between Christianized tribals and their non-Christian tribal neighbours since the latter seemed to have effectively resisted domination by non-tribal members through the creation of collectives, by better exposure to the outside world and also challenging the power of local village elites.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=646}} In the Kandhamal violence, more affluent Christians were specifically targeted.{{sfn|Bauman|2013|p=647}}

== Major incidents ==
=== 1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat ===
{{Main|1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat}}
During the [[1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat]], the Human Rights Watch reported more than 20 incidents of Churches being burnt down and damaged in and around the Dang District. The organisation also reported assaults against Christians, damages and burning down of Churches and Christian institutions in at least 25 villages all over Gujarat from 25 December 1998 to the next ten days.<ref name="PBOM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a84b4.html|title= Politics by Other Means: Attacks Against Christians in India|website=Refworld|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> In the previous year 1997, 22 churches were burnt or destroyed, and another 16 in Gujarat alone.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002012916/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Current_Affairs/Current_affairs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2002|title=Anti-Christian Violence in India}}</ref><ref name="RampuniyaniPBACV">{{Cite book|title=The politics behind anti Christian violence : a compilation of investigation committee reports into acts of violence against the Christian minorities|date=2006|publisher=Media House|editor=Puniyani, Ram.|isbn=81-7495-237-3|location=Delhi|pages=367–381|oclc=182969294}}</ref>

=== 1999 Ranalai violence ===
{{Main|1999 Ranalai violence}}
The [[1999 Ranalai violence]] occurred on 15 March 1999 in the village of Ranalai in Gajapati district of Orissa. The violence occurred after a dispute of adding religious symbols in the Khamani Hill of the village. A crowd of 2000 people, reportedly followers of the Sangh Parivar, armed with country made guns and weapons, completely burned down 157 Christian houses and looted the remaining Christian houses in the village. 14 Christians were injured including three injured by gunshots. An investigation by the National Commission for Minorities blamed the BJP for the violence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhuri|first=Kalyan|title=Another attack in Orissa|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30257058.ece|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214001315/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30257058.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal ===
{{Main|2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal}}
An outbreak of violence started on 24 December 2007 at Bamunigam village of [[Kandhamal District]] between the Sangh-affiliated Kui Samaj together with the groups led by Sangh Parivar organizations and Christians where more than 100 churches and Christian institutions were burnt down or vandalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/3706-acquitted-in-kandhamal-riots/|title=3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots |date=2020-01-24|website=OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> 3 to 50 Christians were killed.

=== 2008 Kandhamal violence ===
{{Main|2008 Kandhamal violence}}
[[File:Girl sufferedwithburnwounds.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A young Christian girl who was bruised and burnt during the anti Christian violence. It occurred when a bomb was thrown into her house by the extremists.]]
The [[2008 Kandhamal violence]] refers to widespread violence against Christians purportedly incited by [[Hindutva]] organisations in the [[Kandhamal district]] of Orissa, India, in August 2008 after the murder of the Hindu monk [[Lakshmanananda Saraswati]]<ref name="scrollinphotos" /> by seven Pano Catholics<ref name=":63">{{Cite web|title=Odisha Christians sentenced to life terms to appeal|date=22 October 2013 |url=https://www.christiantoday.co.in/news/odisha-christians-sentenced-to-life-terms-to-appeal.html|access-date=2025-09-07|publisher=Christianity Today|language=en}}</ref> and one Maoist from Andhra Pradesh. According to government reports the violence resulted in at least 39 Christians killed and 3906 Christian houses completely destroyed.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa - Update 4 - India|date=12 February 2009 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-eficor-responds-communal-violence-kandhamal-orissa-update-4|access-date=2021-02-01|publisher=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> Reports state, more than 395 churches were razed or burnt down,<ref name=":8" /> over 5,600 – 6,500 houses plundered or burnt down, over 600 villages ransacked and more than 60,000 – 75,000 people left homeless.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/kandhamal-violence-anniversary-remembrance|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-years-after-kandhamal-riots-both-sides-say-they-await-justice-5322057/ |title=10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice|date=2018-08-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-26|title=Kandhamal without closure|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/kandhamal-without-closure-5323775/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Reports put the death toll at nearly 100 and suggested more than 40 women were sexually assaulted. Unofficial reports place number of those killed to more than 500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/kandhamal-beats-gujarat-in-violence-statistics-32868-2008-11-05|website=India Today|date=5 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Many Christian families were burnt alive.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=DAS|first=PRAFULLA|title=Project Orissa|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30197634.ece|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Frontline|date=25 September 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Thousands of Christians were forced to convert to Hinduism under threat of violence.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-new-and-protracted-displacement-ongoing-absence-formalised-response |title=India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response - India|date=22 December 2008 |publisher=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-christians-justice-idINKCN0R821W20150908 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113153028/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-christians-justice-idINKCN0R821W20150908 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2016 |title=Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots|date=2015-09-08|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-13|language=en}}</ref><ref name="scrollinphotos">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/892641/in-photos-damaged-churches-broken-homes-are-the-lingering-scars-of-the-2008-kandhamal-riots |title=In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=5 September 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> This violence was led by the [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the VHP.<ref name="CC137">{{Cite journal |last=Chatterji|first=Angana|date=February 2009 |title=A state of emergency |url=https://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2009/feb09/orissa.html|journal=Communalism Combat|volume=137}}</ref>

After the riots, 20,000 people were sheltered in 14 government established relief camps and 50,000 people fled to the surrounding districts and states. The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|United States Commission on International Religious]] Freedom reported that by March 2009, and at least 3,000 individuals were still in government relief camps.

During the riots a [[2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case|nun was gang-raped]] and later paraded half-naked in the streets, the incident received wide media attention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nun-was-paraded-half-nude-after-rape-govt/story-esC5aJeo3eEK18E9NWyHbL.html|title=Nun was paraded half-nude after rape: Govt|date=2009-07-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>

=== 2008 attacks on Christians in Southern Karnataka ===
{{Main|2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka}}
In 2008, there was a wave of attacks directed against [[Christian churches]] and prayer halls in [[Karnataka]] by the Hindu organisation [[Bajrang Dal]] around 2008.<ref>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep192008/scroll2008091990873.asp?section=frontpagenews UPA govt puts State on notice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226223258/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep192008/scroll2008091990873.asp?section=frontpagenews|date=26 December 2013}} Deccan Herald - 19 September 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21327/adoration-monastery-attack-pre-planned.html ‘Adoration Monastery attack was pre-planned’] ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' - 25 August 2010</ref> The violence started from 14 September 2008 when about 20 churches were vandalised in [[Mangalore]], [[Udupi]], [[Chikkamagaluru]], and in other districts of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Karnataka: 20 churches attacked, Christians accuse police of inaction|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Karnataka:-20-churches-attacked,-Christians-accuse-police-of-inaction-13221.html|access-date=2016-03-06|website=asianews.it}}</ref> Minor violence was later reported from the border state of [[Kerala]].The Christian leaders commented that BJP was inciting violence rather than working to calm the situation. On the other hand, the Central Government had strongly criticized and sent showcase notices to the state Government for not solving the issue effectively.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\story_20-9-2008_pg4_13 India government warns state over anti-Christian attacks] {{dead link|date=February 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Daily Times - 20 September 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India Karnataka: New wave of violence and attacks on Christians. Complicity of authorities|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Karnataka:-New-wave-of-violence-and-attacks-on-Christians.-Complicity-of-authorities-21265.html|access-date=2016-03-22|website=asianews.it}}</ref>

In October 2008, During the [[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]] the police reported 20 graves in a cemetery were desecrated in [[Tamil Nadu]], three churches were stoned in the districts of [[Karur district|Karur]] and Erode, bibles in the outer walls of Chennai and Coimbatore were damaged, a statue of Mary was stolen in Krishnagiri, a Virgin Mary icon was damaged in Kanyakumari and an idol of Jesus in Madurai was vandalized in the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=October 9, 2008 |title=4 held in Tamil Nadu for attacking Christian institutions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/4-held-in-tamil-nadu-for-attacking-christian-institutions-31285-2008-10-09|access-date=2020-03-03|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Four members belonging to the [[Hindu Munnani]] were arrested on 9 October and the number reached 22 on the next day.<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=October 10, 2008 |title=22 arrested in Tamil Nadu for desecrating Christian institutions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/22-arrested-in-tamil-nadu-for-desecrating-christian-institutions-31362-2008-10-10|access-date=2020-03-03|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 Christmas violence in India ===
{{Main|2025 Christmas violence in India}}
The 2025 Christmas violence in India were marked by several reported incidents of violence, vandalism, and disruption across multiple states. These incidents occurred primarily in Christian institutions, prayer gatherings, and public decorations, often under the pretext of preventing alleged "religious conversions"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Christmas marred by vandalism, threats across MP, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vandalism-assam-school-latest-christmas-disruptions-week-10438926/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=40 Charged For Vandalising Christmas Decorations At Raipur Mall |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-magneto-mall-40-charged-for-vandalising-christmas-decorations-at-raipur-mall-9961410 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Avanish Kumar |date=2025-12-25 |title=Jingle Hell? Hate Crimes Against Christians See a Spike Around Christmas Again |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/jingle-hell-hate-crimes-against-christians-see-a-spike-around-christmas-again |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> or preserving "cultural awareness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas celebrations in India marred by rising attacks and tensions |url=https://bayofbengalpost.com/news/Christmas_celebrations_in_India |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Bay of Bengal Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anand |date=2025-12-26 |title=Christmas in India: Faith, Fear, and Mob Violence |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/newsletter/poll-vault-anand-mishra/india-christmas-attacks-hindu-rashtra/article70439045.ece |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Response==
===National Commission for Minorities===
After the [[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]] by [[Bajrang Dal]] and [[Sri Ram Sena]] activists, the [[National Commission for Minorities]] accused the Karnataka government of serious lapses in handling the situation. They were found directly responsible for allowing the violence to spread, and claimed the police failed to solve the issue effectively as the violence continues. They also clarified that there were no reported complaints of forced conversion registered in the state.<ref name="ptinews.com">{{cite web|author=|date=21 September 2008|title=NCM blames Bajrang Dal for Karnataka, Orissa violence|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCM-blames-Bajrang-Dal-for-Karnataka-Orissa-violence/articleshow/3509247.cms|access-date=30 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="mangalorean.com">{{cite news|author=|date=18 September 2008|title=No case of forcible conversion in Udupi district: Qureshi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/no-case-of-forcible-conversion-in-udupi-district-qureshi/article1340238.ece|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>

===National Integration Council of India===
On 13 October 2008, the [[National Integration Council]] of India called a special meeting chaired by [[Manmohan Singh]], then Prime Minister of India, where he condemned the violence of Hindu militant organisations such as Bajrang Dal, VHP etc.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The prime minister had earlier publicly admitted that the ongoing violence against the Christian communities was a matter of great "national shame".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Editorial/India_under_siege_/articleshow/3610403.cms |title=India under siege |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>
===Human rights organizations===
In July 2021, at least 17 human rights organizations including [[Amnesty International]] cosponsored a Congressional briefing in the Washington to request the US Government to take action against the growing persecution of Christians in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fatima |first1=Nikhat |title=Persecution of Christians in India highlighted at Congressional Briefing in US |url=http://twocircles.net/2021jul29/443210.html |website=TwoCircles.net |date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

===Vatican===
On 12 October 2008, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] criticised the continuing anti-Christian violence in India. On 28 October, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] called upon the memory of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for an end to the religious violence in Orissa. In a written address to Hindus, the Vatican office said Christian and Hindu leaders needed to foster a belief in [[non-violence]] among followers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-36186520081028 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030030944/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-36186520081028 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2008 |title=Vatican invokes Gandhi in plea to end Orissa violence |publisher=In.reuters.com |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref>
===US State Department===
In its annual human rights reports for 1999, the [[United States Department of State]] criticised India for "increasing societal violence against Christians."<ref name="Expressindia">{{cite web |date=27 February 1999 |title=US rights report slams India for anti-Christian violence |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990227/ige27064.html |access-date=17 December 2007 |archive-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921223636/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990227/ige27064.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The report on anti-Christian violence listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence, ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christians pilgrims. The incidents listed in the report were attributed to local media reports and information gathered by Christian groups in India.<ref name="Expressindia" />

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Detention of Malayali Nuns in Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Graham Staines]]
*[[2002_Gujarat_riots#Bilkis_Bano_case|Bilkis rape case]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in India]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Freedom of religion in India]]
* [[Persecution of Buddhists]]
* [[Persecution of Christians]]
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]
* [[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Pink chaddi campaign]]
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Hindutva]]
*[[Sri Ram Sena]]
* [[Saffron terror]]
*[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
* [[1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite journal|last=Bauman|first=Chad M.|date=Aug 2013|title=Hindu-Christian Conflict in India: Globalization, Conversion, and the Coterminal Castes and Tribes|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/hinduchristian-conflict-in-india-globalization-conversion-and-the-coterminal-castes-and-tribes/D609BE169609FD3046542572396DD91C|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=72|issue=3|pages=633–653|doi=10.1017/S0021911813000569|s2cid=53125427|issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India|last=Bauman|first=Chad M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-026631-8}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Osuri |first=Goldie |title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415665575}}
* {{cite book |last1=Uma |first1=Saumya |last2=Grover |first2=Vrinda |title=Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course |publisher=MARG - Multiple Action Research Group |location=New Delhi |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-87377-19-1 |url=http://works.bepress.com/saumyauma/31/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529105302/https://works.bepress.com/saumyauma/31/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |title=Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India's Christians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/22/world/asia/india-christians-attacked.html |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=22 December 2021 }}
{{refend}}

{{Asia in topic|Violence against Christians in}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Religious persecution}}

[[Category:Violence against Christians in India| ]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Christians]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Hindus]]
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]

Aasia

2026-03-13T06:40:50Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Short description|Pakistani film actress}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aasia Begum
| image = File:Aasia_Begum.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| native_name = آسیہ بیگم
| birth_name = Firdous Begum
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|11|13|df=y}}<ref name=Dawn/>
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|3|9|1951|11|13|df=y}}<ref name=Dawn/>
| death_place = [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1970–1991<ref name=Dawn/>
| spouse =
| children = 3
| awards = 2 [[Nigar Award]]s
}}

'''Aasia Begum''', better known as simply '''Aasia''', (13 November 1951 – 9 March 2013) was a Pakistani [[film actress]] who was active in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.<ref name=Dawn/>

==Early life==
Aasia was born in 1951 as Firdous in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Sher |date=10 March 2013 |title=Transition: Aasia Begum passes away in Canada |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/518581/transition-aasia-begum-passes-away-in-canada |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=The Express Tribune (newspaper)}}</ref><ref name=Dawn/> She emigrated from India to [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn/> She resided in [[New York (state)|New York]] after retiring from her career, where she died on 9 March 2013, aged 60.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheNation>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/09-Mar-2013/veteran-pakistani-actress-aasia-dies-in-canada |title=Veteran Pakistani actress Aasia dies in Canada |last=INP |work=The Nation (Pakistani newspaper) |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005071530/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/09-Mar-2013/veteran-pakistani-actress-aasia-dies-in-canada |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
She made her debut in the [[Pakistani film industry]] in 1970 in a film by producer [[Shabab Kiranwi]].<ref name=Tribune/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/274126/lal-mohammad-iqbal-the-forgotten-hero-duo |title=Lal Mohammad Iqbal — the forgotten hero duo |author=Amjad Parvez |website=Daily Times (newspaper) |date=28 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> In the same year, she also acted in director [[Riaz Shahid]]'s movie ''Gharnata'' (1970).<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/791639/film-star-aasia-is-no-more |title=Film star Aasia is no more |author=Shoaib Ahmed |newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=10 March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Aasia acted in more than 179 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],<ref name=Dawn/> and several Urdu films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/711879/25th-death-anniversary-of-sultan-rahi-observed |title=25th death anniversary of Sultan Rahi observed |website=Daily Times |date=10 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Aasia is best remembered for her role of 'Mukkho' in the Punjabi film ''[[Maula Jatt]]'' (1979). This role redefined the concept of 'Jatti' and 'Chaudhrani' in Pakistani Punjabi language films. In that film, she had based her Punjabi accent on the [[Sargodha]] and [[Jhang]] accents.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheNation/><ref name=Tribune/>

==Personal life==
She married a Karachi-based businessman, and they had four children together.<ref name=Dawn/>

==Death==
Aasia quit the film industry in the mid-1990s, and had been residing in New York with her family. She had sought treatment for some health issue in 2011 at the [[Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi]] and then returned to [[Canada|New York]].<ref name=Dawn/> She died on 9 March 2013 in New York aged 60, from undisclosed causes.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name="Tribune" /><ref name=TheNation/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/518259/transition-maula-jutt-actor-aasia-begum-passes-away |title=Transition: Maula Jutt actor Aasia Begum passes away |website=The Express Tribune |date=26 March 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''Insaan Aur Aadmi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1971 || ''Raja Rani'' || || Director and producer: Diljeet Mirza; in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| ''Yaaden'' || ||
|-
| ''Parai Aag'' || ||
|-
| ''Gharnata'' || ||
|-
| ''Charagh Kahan Roshni Kahan'' || ||
|-
| ''Dil Aur Dunya'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "6" | 1972 || ''Main Akela'' || ||
|-
| ''Main Bhi To Insan Hun'' || ||
|-
| ''Punnu Di Sassi'' || ||
|-
| ''Do Rangeelay'' || ||
|-
| ''Pazeb'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Umrao Jan Ada (film)|Umrao Jan Ada]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "15" | 1973 ||''Khoon Da Darya'' || ||
|-
| ''Sheru'' || ||
|-
| ''Mastana '' ||Female lead||Director: Al-Hamid; Producers: Khalifa Khursheed Ahmad, Khalifa Sarwar Saeed; in [[Urdu]]
|-
| ''Sehray Kay Phool'' || ||
|-
| ''Chaar Khoon De Pyasay'' || ||
|-
| ''Khuda Tay Maa'' || ||
|-
| ''Beimaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Daku Tay Insaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Maa Tay Qanoon'' || ||
|-
| ''Kehnday Nay Nainan'' || ||
|-
| ''Ghairat Meray Veer Di'' || ||
|-
| ''Jhalli'' || ||
|-
| ''Jeera Blade'' || Azra ||
|-
| ''Khabardar'' || ||Director: Diljeet Mirza; Producer: Atta Ullah Bosan; in Punjabi
|-
| ''Ghulam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "7" | 1974 ||''Shehanshah'' || ||
|-
| ''Khana day Khan Prohnay'' || || Punjabi<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=278 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar (1974 film)|Pyar Hi Pyar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Tum Salamat Raho'' || || Urdu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/481169/waheed-murad-remembering-the-chocolate-hero-of-pakistani-cinema-part-ii |title=Waheed Murad: remembering the Chocolate Hero of Pakistani cinema — Part II |website=Daily Times |date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sasta Khoon Mehnga Pani'' || Rano || Punjabi<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=278 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhola Sajjan'' || ||
|-
| ''Sikandra'' || || Punjabi
|-
| rowspan = "10" | 1975 || ''Khooni Khet'' || ||
|-
| ''Haku'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Rawal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Khanzada (film)|Khanzada]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sharif Badmash]]'' || Balil || Punjabi<ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=281 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sar-e-Aam'' || ||
|-
| ''Hathkari'' || ||
|-
| ''Sheeda Pastol'' || Najma ||
|-
| ''Doghla'' || ||
|-
| ''Shoukan Melay Di'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "17" | 1976 ||''Mout Khed Jawana Di'' || ||
|-
| ''Ajj Di Taza Khabar'' || ||
|-
| ''Yaar Da Sehra'' || ||
|-
| ''Akhar'' || ||
|-
| ''Hukam Da Ghulam'' || Razia ||
|-
| ''[[Ultimatum (1976 film)|Ultimatum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Toofan (1976 film)|Toofan]]'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Chor Nu Mor'' || ||
|-
| ''Jano Kapatti'' || Shanno ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaam (1976 film)|Anjaam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kothay Tapni'' || ||
|-
| ''Dukki Tikki'' || ||
|-
| ''Mehboob Mera Mastana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Waada (1976 film)|Waada]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dara (1976 film)|Dara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chitra Te Shera]]'' || Amina ||
|-
| ''Hashar Nashar'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "17" | 1977 ||''Dharti Lahu Mangdi'' || ||
|-
| ''Dildar Sadqay'' || ||
|-
| ''Aakhri Medan'' || ||
|-
| ''April Fool'' || || [[Urdu]]
|-
| ''Fraud'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Lahori Badshah'' || ||
|-
| ''Haji Khokhar'' || ||
|-
| ''Sher Babbar'' || ||
|-
| ''Qanoon'' || ||
|-
| ''Pehli Nazar'' || ||
|-
| ''BeGunah'' || ||
|-
| ''Jeenay Ki Rah'' || ||
|-
| ''Ghairat Di Mout'' || ||
|-
| ''Baray Mian Deewanay'' || ||
|-
| ''Baghi Tay Qanoon'' || ||
|-
| ''Himmat'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Goli]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "14" | 1978 ||''Nidarr'' || ||
|-
| ''Wafadar'' || ||
|-
| ''Elaan'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Bohat Khoob'' || ||
|-
| ''Guarantee'' || ||
|-
| ''Heera Tay Basheera'' || ||
|-
| ''Prince'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ibrat (film)|Ibrat]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jashan (1978 film)|Jashan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Goga'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Puttar Phannay Khan Da'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ranga Daku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Boycott'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Lalkara'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "16" | 1979 ||''Notan Nu Salam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maula Jatt]]'' || Mukkho Jatti ||
|-
| ''Chalaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Muqabla'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Goga Sher'' || || <ref>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=294 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref>
|-
| ''Attal Faisala'' || ||
|-
| ''Do Jeedar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hathiar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Makhan Khan'' || ||
|-
| ''Aag'' || || Urdu
|-
| ''Jatt Da Kharak'' || ||
|-
| ''Bakka Rath'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Permit (film)|Permit]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Dada Pota'' || ||
|-
| ''Ghunda Act'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Wehshi Gujjar]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "7" | 1980 ||''Dushman Mera Yaar'' || ||
|-
| ''Haseena Maan Jaye Gi'' || ||
|-
| ''Do Toofaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Yaar Dushman'' || ||
|-
| ''Mann Mauji'' || ||
|-
| ''Ladla Puttar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Behram Daku]]'' || Taji ||
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 1981 || ''[[Khan-e-Azam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anokha Daaj]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athra Puttar]]'' || Lachhi ||
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 1982 || ''[[Ik Doli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Lalay Di Jan'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Medan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Bharia Mela'' || || Punjabi
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1983 ||''[[Des Pardes (1983 film)|Des Pardes]]'' || Rano ||
|-
| ''[[Nazra (film)|Nazra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1984 || ''Shanakhti Card'' || || Punjabi
|-
| ''Ilaqa Incharge'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Angara (film)|Angara]]'' || ||Directed and produced by Mohammad Ikram; in Punjabi
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1986 ||''[[Baghi Sipahi (1986 film)|Baghi Sipahi]]'' || Pareeto || Directed and produced by Fiaz Sheikh; in Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Yeh Adam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Meri Hathjori'' || || Directed by Masood Butt
|-
| 1990 || ''Dushmani'' || || Punjabi
|-
| 1991 || ''Chann Meray'' || || Punjabi
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Title !! Ref.
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Nigar Award]]'' || ''Best Actress'' || {{Won}} || ''Qanoon'' ||<ref name=HOT2>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehotspotonline.com/moviespot/bolly/Lollywood/NigarAwards2.htm |date=5 January 2003 |archive-date=25 July 2008 |website=The Hot Spot Online website |title=The Nigar Awards (1972 - 1986) |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725090554/http://www.thehotspotonline.com/moviespot/bolly/Lollywood/NigarAwards2.htm}}</ref><ref name=Tribune/>
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Nigar Award]]'' || ''Best Supporting Actress'' || {{Won}} || ''Aag'' ||<ref name=HOT2/><ref name=Tribune/><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's "Oscars"; The Nigar Awards. |url=https://www.desimoviesreviews.com/index.php/2017/11/24/pakistans-oscars-nigar-awards |website=Desi Movies Reviews |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722111654/https://www.desimoviesreviews.com/index.php/2017/11/24/pakistans-oscars-nigar-awards |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Pakistani actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0007545}}

{{NigarAwardBestSupportingActress }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aasia}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Pashto cinema]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Patiala district]]
[[Category:Pakistani film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Nigar Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani actresses]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Bava Bavamaridi

2026-03-05T02:45:46Z

Mihmbathinda: quick update

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bava Bavamaridi
| image = Bava Bavamaridi.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Sarath
| writer = Rajendra Kumar {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[A. Mohan]]
| story = Manoj Kumar A. Mohan
| based_on = ''[[Pandithurai]]'' (1992)
| producer = C. M. Krishna A. Mohan{{small|(Presents)}}
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Malashri]]
| cinematography = S. Sudharshan Reddy
| editing = A. Bhaskar [[Editor Mohan|A. Mohan]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| studio = M. M. Movie Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|06|04}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bava Bavamaridi''''' is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Sarath. It stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Malashri]], with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref>[https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Jan/15-jan-1993.pdf page 9]</ref> The film is produced by [[A. Mohan|Editor Mohan]], and C. M. Krishna under the M. M. Movie Arts banner. It is a remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Pandithurai]]'' (1992). The film was a commercial hit at the box office. It successfully completed 100 days. The film includes the song "Bavalu Sayya," which continues to enjoy enduring popularity even decades after its release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-13 |title=Playback singer Radhika passes away at 47 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/playback-singer-radhika-passes-away-at-47/articleshow/61607740.cms#:~:text=She%20was%2047.,Sayya%20from%20the%20film%20Bava%E2%80%A6 |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==

Raghava Rao sees a young woman performing pooja at a temple, and instantly falls in love with her. This is Janaki, who belongs to a poor family, consisting of her dad, mom and younger brother named Raju. Raghava Rao sends an emissary to Janaki's Father, who is delighted to give his daughter to Raghava Rao in marriage, and the wedding is celebrated with due ceremony. Janaki is very fond of Raju and takes him along with her to her husband's house. This is the only "gift" that Jankai's impoverished parents are able to give their daughter at the wedding, and it is also beneficial for the young boy to grow up in a more affluent household. At the Raghava Rao's palatial home. After that they had a daughter named Geetha.

The years pass. Raju, now grown up, is intensely attached and loyal to his brother-in-law. Geeta loves Raju. At first he does not accept because of his loyalty to his brother-in-law. After Seeing Geeta's true love he accepts her. Chintamani, a courtesan who sings and dances for a living. Chintamani has no relatives except one brother, an unscrupulous card-sharp named Bhoopathi who lives off his sister's earnings. Chintamani saves Raghava Rao from an accident where they planned and create situation that he make love with Chintamani. Her brother, posing as a respectable man, demands that Raghava Rao marry Chintamani and make the relationship public. Raghava Rao is reluctant. He is attached to his dutiful wife and loving brother-in-law. Raju is horrified to find relation between his brother-in-law and Chintamani. Raju falls at his feet and pleads with him not to take a second wife. His pleas fall on deaf ears; Raghava Rao decides to marry Chintamani. Raju tells his parents of what has happened. They come to Raghava Rao's mansion and create a scene. Annoyed at the commotion, he tells Jankai to make her choice once and for all: she can either accept Chintamani or depart with her parents for good. Jankai chooses to remain with her husband. After that Raju father died because of Shock. Raghava Raju also realises Geeta-Raju's love and he was not ready to give her daughter to Raju. All this creates enmity between Raghava Rao & Raju.

Bhoopathi reveals his plan to his sister and asks her to help him to abduct Raghava Rao's wealth, but Chintamani has undergone a personality change after realizing her mistake when Raghava Rao gave respect to her. She now wants to be a respectable woman and is extremely grateful to Him for having given her the chance to reform. She berates and opposes her brother, and makes it clear that she will inform Raghava Rao about his plan. Bhoopathi feels betrayed by his sister lost his only source of income, which was the money from his sister's song-and-dance performances. In a fit of rage, he plunges a knife into her stomach and kills her. He then makes an effort to frame Raghava Rao for Chintamani's murder.

At Climax Raju dispatches the villains, where Janaki knows real murder of Chintamani and she announces in speaker where fight place in Temple. He fought with villains rescues Geeta and protects Raghava Rao's honour. Raghava Rao, now reconciled with his beloved and loyal Raju, gives Geeta in marriage to him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Raghava Rao
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Raju
** [[Jayam Ravi|Master Ravi]] as Young Raju<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title="I may not be a Telugu, but my heart lies here" |url=https://www.theleonews.com/en/i-may-not-be-a-telugu-but-my-heart-lies-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807043806/https://www.theleonews.com/en/i-may-not-be-a-telugu-but-my-heart-lies-here/ |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=26 September 2025|website=theleonews.com}}</ref>
* [[Malashri]] as Geeta
* [[Jayasudha]] as Janaki
* [[Silk Smitha]] as Chintamani
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Peddapuram Pedda Rayudu
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Pithapuram Pilla Zamindar
* [[Anandaraj]] as Bhoopati
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Raju's father
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Raju's mother
}}

==Music==
The film's music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]], with the song "Bavalu Sayya" emerging as a chartbuster and maintaining its popularity to this day.<ref name=":0" />

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gajja Gallu
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics1= [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]

| title2 = Uttarana Neeli
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics2 = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| length2 =

| title3 = Mayadari Teneteega
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics3 = D Narayana Varma
| length3 =

| title4 = Jayamastu
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics4 = Traditional
| length4 =

| title5 = Konte Konangi
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| length5 =

| title6 = Bavalu Sayya
| extra6 = [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]]
| lyrics6 = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| length6 =
}}

== Awards ==
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for his excellent performance in this film<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sarath (director)}}
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Thutta Mutta

2026-03-03T22:08:33Z

Mihmbathinda: brief expand content for clarity and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Thutta Mutta
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Kishore Sarja]]
|producer = [[Arjun Sarja]]
|writer = Richard Louis
|narrator =
|starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
|music = [[Hamsalekha]]
|cinematography = Ramesh Babu
|editing = K. Balu
|studio = [[Sree Raam Films International]]
|released = {{Film date|1998|01|21|df=y}}
|runtime = 146 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Thutta Mutta''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Kishore Sarja]] and produced by his brother, actor [[Arjun Sarja]]. The story was written by Richard Louis. The film cast includes [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] and [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Kishore Sarja: A talent wasted |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/29/kishore-sarja-a-talent-wasted.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162126/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/29/kishore-sarja-a-talent-wasted.htm |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The original score and soundtrack for the film were composed and written by [[Hamsalekha]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Harsha
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Pooja, Harsha's wife
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Dr. Seema
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Anasuya, Harsha's mother
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* Ashalatha as Kamakshamma
* [[B. V. Radha]] as Savitri, Pooja's mother
* [[Girija Lokesh]]
* Shivarjun
*Nagendra Shah
*Pramod Raj
*Ramesh Rao
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Thutta Mutta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Hamsalekha
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thaare Thaare
| extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thusu Mella Beesu
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Madhana Kama Raja
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Anga Anga Seri
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 =
| title5 = Muttu Kodolu Bandaga
| extra5 = P. Unnikrishnan
| length5 =
| title6 = Thusu Mella Beesu
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra
| length6 =
| title7 = Baligobba Bandhu
| extra7 = [[C. Ashwath]]
| length7 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14826144}}
* [http://southoldmp3.blogspot.in/2013/12/tutta-mutta1998-kannada-movie-mp3-songs.html Tutta Mutta(1998) Kannada Movie Mp3 Songs]

{{Arjun Sarja}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thutta Mutta}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1998 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sarja]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Dorabji Tata

2026-03-03T08:10:09Z

Mihmbathinda: correct structure and added references

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist (1859–1932)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| birth_name = Dorabji Jamsetji Tata
| image = Dorabji_Tata (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sir Dorabji Tata
| office = 2nd [[Chair (officer)|chair]] of [[Tata Sons]] and the [[Tata Group]]
| term = 1904—1932
| predecessor = [[ Jamsetji Tata]]
| successor = [[Nowroji Saklatwala|Sir Nowroji Saklatvala]]
| office1 = 1st [[Indian Olympic Association|President of Indian Olympic Association]]
| term_start1 = 1927
| term_end1 = 1928
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = Maharaja [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1859|8|27}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1932|6|3|1859|9|27}}
| death_place = [[Bad Kissingen]], [[Free State of Bavaria (Weimar Republic)|Free State of Bavaria]], [[Weimar Republic]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]], [[Philanthropist]]
| parents = Hirabai and [[Jamsetji Tata]]
| alma_mater = [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Cambridge University]] [[University of Bombay]]
| spouse = Meherbai Bhabha
| relatives = See [[Tata family]]
| known_for = Founder of [[Tata Steel]], [[Tata Power]] and [[Tata Chemicals]]
}}

''' Sir Dorabji Jamsetji Tata''' (27 August 1859 – 3 June 1932) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist of the [[British Raj]], and a key figure in the history and development of the [[Tata Group]]. He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1910 for his contributions to industry in British India. He was the elder son of [[Jamsetji Tata]], the founder of the [[Tata Group]]. He played a pioneering role by guiding [[India at the Olympics|India to the Olympics]] even before the establishment of an independent National Olympic Association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Harish |date=2020-08-26 |title=Sir Dorabji Tata and the Olympics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/sir-dorabji-tata-and-the-olympics/article32448669.ece |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dorab was the elder son of [[Parsi people|Parsi]] parents, Hirabai and [[Jamsetji Tata]]. Through an aunt, Jerbai Tata, who married a Bombay merchant, Dorabji Saklatvala, he was a cousin of [[Shapurji Saklatvala]] who later became a [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|member of the British Parliament]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 48|year=1904|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=675–676|isbn=0-19-861398-9}}Article on Saklatvala by Mike Squires, who refers to Jamsetji as J. N. Tata.</ref>

Tata received his primary education at the Proprietary High School in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) before travelling to England in 1875, where he was privately tutored. He entered [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], in 1877,<ref>{{acad|id=TT877DJ|name=Tata, Dorabji Jamsetji}}</ref> where he remained for two years before returning to Bombay in 1879. He continued his studies at [[St. Xavier's College, Bombay]], where he obtained a degree in 1882.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorabji Tata |url=https://www.tatacentralarchives.com/documents/e_book/sir-dorabji-tata/index.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.tatacentralarchives.com |language=en}}</ref>

Upon graduating, Dorab worked for two years as a journalist at the ''Bombay Gazette''. In 1884, he joined the cotton business division of his father's firm. He was first sent to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], then a [[French colonies|French colony]], to determine whether a cotton mill might be profitable there. Thereafter, he was sent to [[Nagpur]], to learn the cotton trade at the Empress Mills which had been founded by his father in 1877.

==Marriage==
{{Unsourced|section|date=September 2021}}
Dorabji's father, Jamsetji, had visited [[Mysore State]] in south India on business, and had met Dr. Hormusji Bhabha, a Parsi and the first Indian Inspector-General of Education of that state. While visiting the Bhabha home, he had met and approved of young Meherbai, Bhabha's only daughter. Returning to Bombay, Jamsetji sent Dorab to Mysore State, specifically to call on the Bhabha family. Dorab did so, and duly married Meherbai in 1897. The couple had no children.

Meherbai's grandfather was the industrialist [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] and her brother, Jehangir Bhabha, was a reputed lawyer. He was the father of scientist [[Homi J. Bhabha]]. Thus Dorabji was Homi Bhabha's uncle by marriage. The [[Tata Group]] funded Bhabha's research and his research institutions, including the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]].

==Industrialist career==
Dorabji was intimately involved in the fulfilment of his father's ideas of a modern iron and steel industry, and agreed to the necessity for [[hydroelectric]] electricity to power the industry. Dorab is credited with the establishment of the [[Tata Steel]] conglomerate in 1907, which his father founded and [[Tata Power]] in 1911, which are the core of the present-day [[Tata Group]].{{cn|date=September 2021}}

Dorabji accompanied the [[mineralogist]]s searching for iron fields. It is said that his presence encouraged researchers to search areas that would otherwise have been neglected. Under Dorabji's management, the business that had once included three cotton mills and the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Hotel Bombay]] grew to include India's largest private sector steel company, three electric companies and one of India's leading insurance companies. {{cn|date=September 2021}}

Founder of [[New India Assurance]] Co Ltd. in 1919, the largest General Insurance company in India, Dorabji Tata was knighted in January 1910 by Edward VII, becoming Sir Dorabji Tata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28331/pages/526|title=London Gazette, 21 January 1910}}</ref>

==Non-business interest==
Dorabji was extremely fond of sports, and was a pioneer in the Indian Olympic movement. He played an instrumental role in facilitating necessary arrangements to send [[India at the 1920 Summer Olympics|Indian contingent to mark their first ever Olympic appearance]] during the [[1920 Summer Olympics]], especially coincidentally coming in at a critical juncture when a formal National Olympic Association was not yet established in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Hidden Stories: How India's Olympic Dream found impetus at Pune's Deccan Gymkhana after a decade of trial |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/india-olympic-dream-impetus-pune-deccan-gymkhana-trial-9492436/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He pledged his support to finance the Indian athletes targeting the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, after witnessing impressive performance of the athletes during the 1919 sports meet held at the Deccan Gymkhana, Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-22 |title=Pune 1919: Long years ago, when India's made its tryst with Olympics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pune-1919-long-years-ago-when-indias-made-its-tryst-with-olympics/articleshow/84642651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was revealed that Dorabji's passion in sports was elevated due to his patriotic sentimental values towards his country and it eventually prompted him to finance the athletes participation for the 1920 Summer Olympics.<ref name=":1">[https://olympics.com/en/news/india-first-participation-olympics-games-debut India's first Olympics: A debut in Paris 1900 and beyond]</ref> It was also quite serendipitous occasion when Dorabji himself was invited as a chief guest for the 1919 Deccan Gymkhana's annual sports gala event, where he took notes that some of the athletes nearly touched clocking timings similar to European standards.<ref name=":0" /> He approached Governor of Bombay, Lloyd George to help secure India's participation at the 1920 Olympics and more importantly, Lloyd George was also present at the 1919 Deccan Gymkhana event where he offered prizes for the athletes who had performed exceptionally well during the course of the competition. Dorabji Tata and Lloyd George were integral part of a committee which was formed to discuss on their ambitious attempts to send a contingent representing India at the 1920 Olympics and the committee decided to hold trials for Olympic selection at the Pune's Deccan Gymkhana where they finalised the list of athletes.<ref name=":1" />

As president of the [[Indian Olympic Association]], he financed the Indian contingent to the [[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris Olympics]] in 1924.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Remembering Dorabji Tata, the man who made India's Olympic dream a reality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dorabji-tata-elder-son-of-jamsetji-tata-tata-family-took-india-to-olympics-2588808-2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists.<ref>Claude Markovits, ''Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931–39: The Indigenous Capitalist Class and the Rise of the Congress Party'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) pp. 160–66</ref> Tata was a member of the International Olympic Committee during most of the years between World War I and World War II.<ref>''The Rise and Fall of Olympic Amateurism''</ref>

He also devoted his passion to education aspects and played an instrumental role by assisting his father Jamsetji Tata to lay foundation to the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1909.

==Death==
[[File:Dorabji Tata Mausoleum Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|Mausoleum of Dorabji Tata in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]
Meherbai Tata died of [[leukaemia]] in 1931 at the age of 72. Shortly after her death, Dorabji established the Lady Tata Memorial Trust to advance study of diseases of the blood.

On 11 March 1932, one year after Meherbai's death and shortly before his own, he established a trust fund which was to be used "without any distinction of place, nationality or creed", for the advancement of learning and research, disaster relief, and other philanthropic purposes. That trust is today known as the [[Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts|Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]]. Dorabji additionally provided the seed money to fund the setting up of India's premier scientific and engineering research institution, the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]. He had earlier funded a major new building for the [[Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge]].

Dorabji died in [[Bad Kissingen]], Germany, on 3 June 1932, at the age of 73. He is buried alongside his wife Meherbai in [[Brookwood Cemetery]], [[Woking]], England. They had no children.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Choksi, R. "Tata, Sir Dorabji Jamshed (1859–1932)" in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36420, accessed 28 Jan 2012], a brief scholarly biography.
* Nomura, Chikayoshi. "Selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition," ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' (January/March 2011) 48: pp 83–116, {{doi|10.1177/001946461004800104}}.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216060932/http://www.dorabjitatatrust.org/history/history.asp Biography at the Dorabji Tata Trust] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509113922/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/NLP/Sir%20Dorabji%20Tata.PDF Biography at Tata Central Archives] (archived; PDF)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100205064010/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf Tata family tree] (archived; PDF)

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Jamsetji Tata]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Chairman of [[Tata Group]]|years = 1904–1932}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Nowroji Saklatwala]]}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-new| reason = First holder}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Indian_Olympic_Association#IOA_Presidents|President of the Indian Olympic Association]]|years = 1927–1928}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh|Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chairmen of Tata Group}}
{{Tata Group}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tata, Dorabji}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Tata family|Dorabji]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the coal industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the steel industry]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the insurance industry]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Tata Group people]]
[[Category:Indian International Olympic Committee members]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

Adada Enna Azhagu

2026-03-03T04:20:40Z

Mihmbathinda: Adding A Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adada Enna Azhagu
| image = Adada Enna Azhagu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. M. Jayamurugan]]
| producer = Gowri Ramaswami
| writer = T. M. Jayamurugan
| starring = [[Jai Akash]] [[Nicole (actress)|Nicole]]
| music = T. M. Jayamurugan Jeevan Thomas
| cinematography = Kitchas
| editing = S. Surajkavee
| distributor =
| studio = Alipirie Movie Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|03|20}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Adada Enna Azhagu''''' ({{translation|Wow, how beautiful}}) is a 2009 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[T. M. Jayamurugan]]. The film stars [[Jai Akash]] and newcomer [[Nicole (actress)|Nicole]], with [[Sarath Babu]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Karunas]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] and [[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 20 March 2009. The film was also dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Aaha Entha Andam'' and into [[Hindi]] as ''Tum Ho Sabse Haseen''.

==Plot==

Vasan ([[Jai Akash]]) is the son of the psychiatrist Vaikam ([[Sarath Babu]]), who runs a mental hospital while Nisha (Nicole) is the daughter of the Defence Minister Alexander ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]). Vasan is an avid fan of music but he pursues a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] course for fulfilling his father's wish. Before the graduation ceremony, Vasan shares with his friend ([[Karunas]]) the best moments he had during his college life. Last year, Nisha (Nicole) joined the medical college as a last year student. Vasan fell in love at first sight with his co-student Nisha and they even became friends. Nisha eventually fell in love with him but they couldn't express their love.

At the graduation ceremony, Vasan and Nisha received gold medals from the hands of their fathers but they still cannot declare their love. One day, goons try to kidnap Nisha and her father saves her but, in the process, Nisha suffers a head injury. She is admitted to Vaikam's hospital as a mental patient. Vaikam suggests her father that [[music therapy]] might cure her mental illness and Vasan cures her by singing a song. Alexander is grateful to them so he is ready to give them anything in return for saving his daughter. Vasan and his parents then make a marriage proposal and Vasan tells Alexander that he was in love with Nisha. Alexander, who thinks that money and prestige are more important than anything else, turns down the offers and insults them. Thereafter, Vasan kidnaps Nisha but Alexander uses his powers and they are caught: Nisha is locked in her bedroom while Vasan is held by police officers.

Vasan manages to escape from the police and releases his lover Nisha. Goons who want to kidnap Nisha, Alexander's henchmen and police officers are in pursuit of the young lovers. Afterwards, Alexander changes his mind and approves for their love marriage.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jai Akash]] as Vasan
*[[Nicole (actress)|Nicole]] as Nisha
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Vaikam
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Alexander
*[[Karunas]] as Vasan's friend
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Diana, Nisha's mother
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Vasan's mother
*[[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Nisha's friend
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Mahadevan
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
*A. Mathiazhagan
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Security guard
*Unistar Manohar as Security guard
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]
*Vimalathithan
*Kaviyanban
*N. Sundarrajan
*Bellie as Bellie
*Jasmin
*[[Vengal Rao]]
*[[Raghuvaran]] as himself (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
Nicole played a glamourous role in the film and performed her own stunt of jumping off of the seventh floor of a building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/21/-i-dont-mind-glamourous-roles-34508.html|title=' I don't mind glamourous roles'|date=15 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/whats-wrong-with-kissing-nicole/articleshow/4789830.cms|title=What's wrong with kissing: Nicole|first=Sindhu|last=Vijayakumar|date=2009-07-18|access-date=2025-04-21|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Adada Enna Azhagu
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = T. M. Jayamurugan Jeevan Thomas
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 March 2009
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:35
| label =
| producer = T. M. Jayamurugan Jeevan Thomas
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by T. M. Jayamurugan and Jeevan Thomas. The soundtrack, released in 5 March 2009, features 7 tracks with lyrics written by T. M. Jayamurugan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/Adadaa+Enna+Azhagu+%282008%29|title=Adadaa Enna Azhagu (2008) - Jai Murugan TM, Jeevan Thomas|access-date=19 September 2018|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023065925/https://mio.to/album/Adadaa+Enna+Azhagu+%282008%29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=T0001414|title=Adada Enna Azhagu Songs|access-date=19 September 2018|website=[[Raaga.com]]|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093000/https://www.raaga.com/album/?mid=T0001414|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Adada Enna Azhagu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Gopika Poornima]] || 4:47
|-
|2 || "Unnai Enakku" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 5:05
|-
|3 || "Ulaga Azhagellam" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 4:19
|-
|4 || "Kummu Kummu" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Suchitra]], Kalyani || 5:18
|-
|5 || "Deepavali" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Kalyani, [[Saindhavi]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 5:27
|-
|6 || "Nisha" || Aslam Mustafa || 5:12
|-
|7 || "Theeratha" || [[Mukesh Mohamed]] || 5:27
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[Sify]]'' said, "There is nothing to recommend in the film. Keep away".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adada-enna-azhagu-review-tamil-pclwXHgcihjfd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025222655/https://www.sify.com/movies/adada-enna-azhagu-review-tamil-pclwXHgcihjfd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2021|title=Review : Adada Enna Azhagu (2009)|date=20 March 2009|access-date=19 September 2018|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A reviewer rated the film 1.75 out of 5 and stated, "The director has come out with a routine romantic tale and though the presentation was somewhat okay, the narrative lacked the finesse".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Tamil-_Adada_Enna_Azhagu-Movie-Review-3,679.php|title=Adada Enna Azhagu Movie Review - Bharat Student|access-date=19 September 2018|publisher=bharatstudent.com|archive-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219132941/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Tamil-_Adada_Enna_Azhagu-Movie-Review-3,679.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13613066}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2009 romance films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. M. Jayamurugan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kaashmora

2026-03-03T03:08:37Z

Mihmbathinda: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Gokul}}
{{For|the Telugu film|Kashmora (1986 film)}}
{{Distinguish|Kashmore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaashmora poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Yashwant Mahilwar
*[[John Mahendran]] (dialogue)
*R. Murugesan {{nowrap|(additional dialogue)}}
}}
| screenplay = Gokul
| story = Gokul
| producer = {{plainlist|
*S. R. Prakashbabu
*[[S. R. Prabhu]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Karthi]]
*[[Nayanthara]]
*[[Sri Divya]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]]
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|10|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=Kaashmora box office collection: Karthi's film soars high, mints Rs 12 crore on Day 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaashmora-box-office-collection-karthi-nayanthara-sri-divya-vivekh-349248-2016-10-30 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215142729/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaashmora-box-office-collection-karthi-nayanthara-sri-divya-vivekh-349248-2016-10-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Kaashmora''''' ({{Translation|Deadly spirit}}){{efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[masala film]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=26 October 2016 |title='Kashmora', Rajinikanth & the Horror Masala Genre |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/kashmora-is-the-horror-masala-flick-you-need-to-see-this-diwali-fingers-crossed#read-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231006054617/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/kashmora-is-the-horror-masala-flick-you-need-to-see-this-diwali-fingers-crossed%23read-more |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]. It features [[Karthi]] in a [[dual roles]] as the protagonist and antagonist respectively alongside [[Nayanthara]], and [[Sri Divya]]. The film features soundtrack composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], cinematography handled by [[Om Prakash]] and edited by [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]. It was released worldwide on 28 October 2016, coinciding with [[Diwali]].

== Plot ==
Kaashmora and his family are [[con artists]] who cheat people in the name of [[black magic]] and dark spirits. One day, Yamini, a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] research student, joins Kaashmora to gather evidence and expose him to the public. Kaashmora's fame makes him respected by a superstitious and fraudulent minister. Kaashmora earns Minister Dhanakodi's trust. When the [[Income Tax Department|income tax department]] raids Dhanakodi's house, he asks his henchmen to transfer all the illegal money to Kaashmora's house. Seeing this as an opportunity to escape and settle abroad, Kaashmora's family ran with the money. Meanwhile, Chelapathy Rao seeks Kaashmora's help and brings him to a haunted bungalow on the outskirts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In the house, actual ghosts haunt Kaashmora.

Meanwhile, in [[Chennai]], Dhanakodi learns that Kaashmora is a fraudster and sends his henchmen to kill his family. The henchmen try to get Kaashmora from the bungalow but cannot since the ghost beats them and drags Kaashmora and his family inside the house. The family encounters a broker trapped inside the house for a long time. The broker says that the bungalow was once a princess's palace. Ever since her death, residents and owners of the house have met with an ill fate. He also informs us that there are 13 ghosts in the bungalow. The trapped people meet the ghost of Raj Nayak, the head of all 12 spirits. Raj Nayak asks Kaashmora to help him and his subordinates reach the spiritual world. He then locks them in the castle. That night, a young girl in Kaashmora's dream leads him to a closed door within the palace.

As Kaashmora wakes up, Yamini tells him that Chelapathy Rao, the man who led him here, died 75 years ago, and his spirit took Kaashmora and Yamini here. Kaashmora searches the castle and gets hold of an old book dating back 700 years, narrating about Raj Nayak.

Raj Nayak was a self-obsessed warlord and a womaniser. The king remained silent and did not interfere with Raj Nayak's growing atrocities because of his military prowess. One day, Princess Rathna Mahadevi elopes with her lover, the enemy kingdom's prince. The king announces that he will marry Rathna and give away half of his kingdom to the man who finds her. Raj Nayak kills the prince and brings Rathna back. He demands to be married to the princess and wants the other half of the kingdom to be a dowry. When opposed, he kills the crown prince and the king. Raj Nayak then marries Rathna and crowns himself king. However, Rathna has other plans. She and her friends deceives and seduce Raj Nayak and his subordinates. While Raj Nayak's subordinates are drugged and burned alive, Rathna beheads Raj Nayak when he starts to faint. However, he kills her and her assistants before dying. Before breathing her last breath, Rathna, having magical powers, places a curse on the 13 men, preventing them from reaching the spiritual world.

Afterwards, Raj Nayak and the other 12 ghosts haunted the palace and its occupants. According to an exorcist, Raj Nayak would become immortal if he sacrificed five people in a family born with the same birth star ([[Taurus (constellation)|Rohini]]). A lady who is the only woman in her generation should perform the sacrifice. It should happen during the Navakaali [[Purnima|Pournami]] (special [[full moon]] night), which occurs once every millennium. Kaashmora recollects that his family members all have the same birth sign and that Yamini is the only woman in her family.

That night, Navakaali Pournami occurs, and Raj Nayak forces Kaashmora and his family to the guillotine. The young girl from Kaashmora's dream appears and turns out to be Rathna's reincarnation. While Rathna and Raj Nayak fight each other, Kaashmora fends off the subordinate ghosts with the help of a magical sword. Rathna's conscience leads him to a chamber within the castle where Raj Nayak's remains are. Using the dagger, Kaashmora destroys the remains, making Raj Nayak vulnerable. Rathna's spirit destroys Raj Nayak's spirit, and it goes to the underworld thus escaping his curse. The other spirits flee the castle for the spiritual world. Having escaped the palace, Kaashmora claims he defeated the ghosts and cleansed the centuries-old bungalow. Kaashmora's family gives Dhanakodi his documents and informs him that the spirit kept the stolen money. The camera that Yamini used to record Kaashmora is eventually burnt by his father.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Karthi]] as Kaashmora and Raj Nayak (dual role)
* [[Nayanthara]] as Rathna Mahadevi
* [[Sri Divya]] as Yamini
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Kaashmora's father
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Minister Dhanakodi
* Syed as Minister's P.A.
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Swamy Thirumeni
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Yamini's father
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as show host
* Muruganandam as a property broker
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Amala, Kaashmora's sister
* [[Siddharth Vipin]] as Yamini's groom
* Vinoth Munna as Assistant Commissioner
* David Solomon Raja as Inspector
* Mukhtar Khan as King
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Priest
* Arandhai Rajagopal as Thirumeni's assistant
* [[Raju Sundaram]] special appearance in the song "Dhikku Dhikku Sir"
}}

== Production ==
Production begun in the first week of May 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Karthi's horror movie 'Kashmora' shooting starts |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=18751&catid=10 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=LiveChennai.com |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215190331/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=18751&catid=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> delayed from February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2014 |title=Karthi Sivakumars Kashmora To Roll From February 2015 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/karthi-sivakumars-kashmora-to-roll-from-february-2015-690719 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912231432/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/karthi-sivakumars-kashmora-to-roll-from-february-2015-690719 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Karthi plays two roles, including the title character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2014 |title=Karthi to play a dual role in Kashmora |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-to-play-a-dual-role-in-kashmora/articleshow/40313764.cms |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215132641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-to-play-a-dual-role-in-kashmora/articleshow/40313764.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vadivelu]] was initially cast as this character's father before he was replaced by [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Kashmora crew shooting in full swing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020616/kashmora-crew-shooting-in-full-swing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605201458/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020616/kashmora-crew-shooting-in-full-swing.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=23 January 2024 |title=Director Gokul on 'Singapore Saloon,' and his experience working with RJ Balaji and a slew of veteran actors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-gokul-on-singapore-saloon-and-his-experience-working-with-rj-balaji-and-a-slew-of-veteran-actors/article67766117.ece |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225214559/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-gokul-on-singapore-saloon-and-his-experience-working-with-rj-balaji-and-a-slew-of-veteran-actors/article67766117.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Karthi learnt [[Equestrianism|horseriding]] in preparation for his other role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Karthi wants to fly, for real! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040417/karthi-wants-to-fly-for-real.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405012434/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040417/karthi-wants-to-fly-for-real.html |archive-date=5 April 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The technical crew includes the art director [[Rajeevan]], editor [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]], and cinematographer [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex |date=17 August 2016 |title=Kashmora Release Date: Kaashmora Movie Audio, Trailer |url=http://www.scooptimes.com/release-date/kashmora-release-date/4443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709165133/http://www.scooptimes.com/release-date/kashmora-release-date/4443 |archive-date=9 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Scooptimes}}</ref> The film was marketed as a mix of action and comedy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2015 |title=Makers of Karthi starrer 'Kashmora' use 360-degree camera rig |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/makers-of-karthi-starrer-kashmora-use-360-degree-camera-rig/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828212514/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/makers-of-karthi-starrer-kashmora-use-360-degree-camera-rig/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2016 |title=Karthi's 'tyrant' look in Kashmora |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180816/karthis-tyrant-look-in-kashmora.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818114137/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180816/karthis-tyrant-look-in-kashmora.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The "3D Face scan" technology has been used in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2016 |title=Kashmora joins the Diwali race first |url=http://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/3619-kashmora-joins-the-diwali-race-first |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004000550/http://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/3619-kashmora-joins-the-diwali-race-first |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=WoodsDeck}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2016 |title=Makers of Kashmora to use Motion capture technology |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-makers-of-kashmora-to-use-motion-capture-technology-kashmora-26-02-1615143.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816025913/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-makers-of-kashmora-to-use-motion-capture-technology-kashmora-26-02-1615143.htm |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> ''Kaashmora'' comprises 70 minutes of VFX scenes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2016 |title=VFX supervisor Stalinsays that Kaashmora's CGI will be on par with the work produced in Hollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98All-directors-should-learn-the-basics-of-visual-effects%E2%80%99/article16078762.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117061850/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98All-directors-should-learn-the-basics-of-visual-effects%E2%80%99/article16078762.ece |archive-date=17 November 2022 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Director Gokul says that, 360-degree [[Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera|omnidirectional camera]] rig is used for shooting a particular sequence and this is the first Indian film to use this technology.<ref name=":0" /> This technology covers entire [[360-degree video|360 degree]], approximately entire sphere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2015 |title=Kashmora uses 360-Degree omnidirectional camera rig |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/kashmora-uses-360-degree-omnidirectional-camera-rig/109188/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815154103/http://www.nowrunning.com/kashmora-uses-360-degree-omnidirectional-camera-rig/109188/story.htm |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref> Omnidirectional cameras are used where large visual field coverage is needed, such as in [[panoramic photography]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2015 |title=New Camera Technology in Kashmora |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/New-Camera-Technology-in-Kashmora/2015/06/01/article2842623.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816213010/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/New-Camera-Technology-in-Kashmora/2015/06/01/article2842623.ece |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> This camera is used in this film to shoot a song and few scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2015 |title=Makers of 'Kashmora' use 360-degree camera rig |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/makers-of-kashmora-use-360-degree-camera-rig/articleshow/47480172.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101140143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/makers-of-kashmora-use-360-degree-camera-rig/articleshow/47480172.cms |archive-date=1 November 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Filming wrapped in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=Kashmora is Wrapped up ! |url=http://www.ssmusic.tv/kashmora-is-wrapped-up/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616115732/http://www.ssmusic.tv/kashmora-is-wrapped-up/ |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016 |website=[[SS Music]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaashmora
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album Cover for ''Kaashmora''
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|7}}
| recorded = 2015–2016
| venue =
| studio = Future Tense studios Prism Sounds Studios Studios 301 Studio M1
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:41
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Santhosh Narayanan
| prev_title = [[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|xhxLHzn0ks8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The soundtrack album is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], collaborating with Karthi for the second time after ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014). The audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 30, 2016 |title=Think Music bags Kashmora |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/think-music-bags-kashmora/articleshow/54604296.cms |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215135506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/think-music-bags-kashmora/articleshow/54604296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack album was launched on 7 October 2016, in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Kaashmora audio on October 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaashmora-audio-on-october-7/articleshow/54462485.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215133710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/kaashmora-audio-on-october-7/articleshow/54462485.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5, and stated that "This one's not a usual Santhosh fest, but works in some parts!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=21 October 2016 |title=Music Review: Kaashmora |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Kaashmora/articleshow/54976369.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113173238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Kaashmora/articleshow/54976369.cms |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:41
| title1 = Dhikku Dhikku Sir
| lyrics1 = Lalithanand
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| length1 = 3:15
| title2 = Jagadhammaa
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| extra2 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Oyaa Oyaa
| lyrics3 = Lalithanand
| extra3 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| length3 = 4:57
| title4 = Thakida Thakida
| lyrics4 = Muthamil
| extra4 = Santhosh Narayanan, [[Saisharan]]
| length4 = 3:51
| title5 = Dhikku Dhikku Sir
| note5 = [[Karaoke]]
| length5 = 3:15
| title6 = Oyaa Oyaa
| note6 = Karaoke
| length6 = 4:57
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

== Release ==
''Kaashmora'' was released worldwide on 28 October 2016 with [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] buying the distribution rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=Karthi's Kashmora release date officially announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/karthis-kashmora-release-date-officially-announced-51712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006053732/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/karthis-kashmora-release-date-officially-announced-51712 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> The satellite rights were sold to [[Jaya TV]], where it premiered on 14 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Premieres of blockbuster Tamil films significantly spiked Tamil GECs ratings: BARC |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/premieres-of-blockbuster-tamil-films-significantly-spiked-tamil-gecs-ratingsbarc-68563.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702213238/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/premieres-of-blockbuster-tamil-films-significantly-spiked-tamil-gecs-ratingsbarc-68563.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> Digital rights of the film were bought by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Pongal: Amazon Prime to premiere 'Kaashmora'; stream 'Kabali' & 'Theri' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/video-on-demand/pongal-amazon-prime-to-premiere-kaashmora-stream-kabali-theri-170112 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118195548/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/video-on-demand/pongal-amazon-prime-to-premiere-kaashmora-stream-kabali-theri-170112 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The film contains the usual horror comedy tropes, but presents them all in a slightly different way, and at a grander scale, which makes it feel different, even though it is essentially an old wine in a new, big-budget bottle".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=28 October 2016 |title=Kaashmora Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaashmora/movie-review/55116661.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925170637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaashmora/movie-review/55116661.cms |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "All in all, it is a good effort and should appeal to dark fantasy lovers".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2016 |title=Kaashmora: A fine fantasy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Kaashmora-A-fine-fantasy/article16084490.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007044133/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Kaashmora-A-fine-fantasy/article16084490.ece |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film collected {{INRConvert|8|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] on the first day. The film collected more than {{INRConvert|26|c}} worldwide in two days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=31 October 2016 |title=Kodi vs Kaashmora box office collections: Dhanush film dominates Tamil Nadu, Karthi film rocks worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kodi-vs-kaashmora-box-office-dhanush-film-dominates-tamil-nadu-karthi-film-rocks-worldwide-3729913/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517162901/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kodi-vs-kaashmora-box-office-dhanush-film-dominates-tamil-nadu-karthi-film-rocks-worldwide-3729913/ |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
The film won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: Best Comedy Actress (Madhumita) and Best Stunt Coordinator (Anbariv), sharing the latter award with ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-01-30 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gokul (director)}}
{{S. R. Prabhu}}

[[Category:2010s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gokul (director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Patna Shuklla

2026-03-02T04:39:19Z

Mihmbathinda: pg!

{{Short description|2024 Indian legal drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Patna Shuklla poster.png
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = Vivek Budakoti<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon wraps shoot of film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-wraps-shoot-of-film-patna-shukla/articleshow/96457000.cms |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
| producer = [[Arbaaz Khan]]
| writer = Vivek Budakoti, Sameer Arora, Farid Khan<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon Tries Her Best To Propel The Film But It Is A Losing Battle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-tries-her-best-to-propel-the-film-but-it-is-a-losing-battle-1-5-star-5332808 |access-date=22 May 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 March 2024}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>
| starring = {{ubl|[[Raveena Tandon]]|[[Manav Vij]]|[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]|[[Satish Kaushik]]}}
| narrator =
| music = Karan Kulkarni
| cinematography = Neha Parti Matiyani
| editing = Vini N Raj
| studio = Zeal Z Entertainment Services [[Arbaaz Khan Productions]]
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Patna Shuklla''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by Vivek Budakoti<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Patna Shuklla movie review: Raveena Tandon film champions a feisty woman's fight against the high and mighty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/patna-shuklla-movie-review-raveena-tandon-film-champions-a-feisty-womans-fight-9239408/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> and produced by [[Arbaaz Khan]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It stars [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Manav Vij]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Satish Kaushik]], Anushka Kaushik, Jatin Goswami and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title=Arbaaz Khan: 'Patna Shukla' Is A Very Interesting Story About A Common Woman's Uncommon Fight |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/arbaaz-khan-patna-shukla-is-a-very-interesting-story-about-a-common-woman-s-uncommon-fight-news-237520 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=15 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Patna Shuklla Cast List {{!}} Patna Shuklla Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/patna-shuklla/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en |date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The film was released on 29 March 2024 to negative reviews from critics.

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Tanvi Shukla
* [[Manav Vij]] as Siddharth Shukla
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Neelkanth Misra
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as [[Judge]] Arun Kumar Jha
* Arijeet Kaurav as Sonu
* [[Raju Kher]] as J P Sharma, Tanvi's father
* [[Anushka Kaushik]] as Rinki Kumari
* Ambrish Kumar Shukla as Matadin, Rinki's father
* Jatin Goswami as Raghubir Singh
* [[Alok Chatterjee]] as Daanveer Singh
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Lata Jha, Arun Jha's wife
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Surendra Mohan
* Rio Kapadia as Harsh Sinha
* [[Indra Kumar]] as Income Tax officer
* Rajshree Thakkar as Mahua
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)|Palak Jain]] as Meghna Shrivastav}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon to work in Arbaaz Khan's next social drama film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/raveena-tandon-to-work-in-arbaaz-khans-next-social-drama-film-patna-shukla/1136600/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=20 September 2022}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 16 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaika Arora congratulates ex-husband Arbaaz Khan on new project Patna Shukla, girlfriend Giorgia Andriani also reacts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/malaika-arora-congratulates-ex-arbaaz-khan-on-patna-shukla-girlfriend-giorgia-andriani-8272889/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaika Arora congratulates Arbaaz Khan for his upcoming movie Patna Shukla |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/malaika-arora-congratulates-arbaaz-khan-for-his-upcoming-movie-patna-shukla-101668605065698.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Filming wrapped on 23 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon wraps shoot of film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raveena-tandon-wraps-shoot-of-film-patna-shukla/articleshow/96457000.cms |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Raveena Tandon]] plays the lead role<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Bhawna |title=Arbaaz Khan Collaborates With Raveena Tandon for Social Drama Patna Shukla; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/arbaaz-khan-collaborates-with-raveena-tandon-for-social-drama-patna-shukla-deets-inside-6003781.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon to work in Arbaaz Khan's next social drama film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-to-work-in-arbaaz-khans-next-social-drama-film-patna-shukla |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and she finished her shooting on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raveena Tandon wraps shoot of film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/raveena-tandon-wraps-shoot-of-film-patna-shukla/1278835/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=23 December 2022}}</ref> [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] was finalised for the role of a lawyer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandan Roy Sanyal to play a lawyer in 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chandan-roy-sanyal-to-play-a-lawyer-in-patna-shukla/articleshow/94395785.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chandan Roy Sanyal starts shooting for film 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/chandan-roy-sanyal-starts-shooting-for-film-patna-shukla/articleshow/95422250.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=10 November 2022}}</ref> [[Satish Kaushik]] played the role of the [[Judge]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Bhawna |title=Salman Khan Is All Smiles As He Meets Arbaaz Khan, Satish Kaushik On Sets Of Patna Shukla; See Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-is-all-smiles-as-he-meets-arbaaz-khan-satish-kaushik-on-sets-of-patna-shukla-see-pics-6582721.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=9 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Satish Kaushik to play a judge in upcoming film Patna Shukla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/satish-kaushik-to-play-a-judge-in-upcoming-film-patna-shukla-454827 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] |date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Anushka Kaushik also joined the film with a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuskha Kaushik to star in Patna Shukla |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/news/2022/Sep/26/anuskha-kaushik-to-star-in-patna-shukla-35052.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Kaushik learns Bhojpuri for 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/anushka-kaushik-learns-bhojpuri-for-patna-shukla-449466 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] |date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was premiered on 29 March 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Patna Shuklla OTT release: Know when and where to watch courtroom drama film online |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/how-to/patna-shuklla-ott-release-know-when-and-where-to-watch-courtroom-drama-film-online-71711512577475.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times|HT Tech]] |date=27 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
It received negative reviews from the critics.

Giving a poor 1.5 star out of 5 [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' opined "The title isn't the only thing that is baffling about this film. The choice of Bhopal as filming location for a story set in Patna is strange, to say the least."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon Tries Her Best To Propel The Film But It Is A Losing Battle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-tries-her-best-to-propel-the-film-but-it-is-a-losing-battle-1-5-star-5332808 |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 March 2024}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' opined "A climactic rigmarole mars it, but Patna Shuklla is still one of those you can watch simply because you want to see good women win."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Patna Shuklla movie review: Raveena Tandon film champions a feisty woman's fight against the high and mighty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/patna-shuklla-movie-review-raveena-tandon-film-champions-a-feisty-womans-fight-9239408/ |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "At two hours 13 minutes, the film appears a tad stretched in the second half and could have gone for a crisper editing, especially in the scenes outside the court."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |title=Patna Shuklla movie review: Raveena Tandon's courtroom drama makes for an engaging watch sans any frivolous twists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/patna-shuklla-movie-review-raveena-tandon-courtroom-drama-engaging-no-frivolous-twists-101711709142231.html |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Despite a slow pace, Raveena’s flawless act keeps the viewer interest alive. Manav Vij is well-suited to play Siddharth, a man who has to strike a balance between his wife’s unwavering stand for what’s right and what is practically possible in a small town."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |title=Patna Shuklla Review : Raveena's winning performance powers this no-nonsense legal drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/patna-shuklla/ottmoviereview/108857998.cms |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen for ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 stars out 5 and stated "Bankrolled by Arbaaz Khan, the film gives Raveena Tandon a great platform to perform, something that the actor rightfully deserves."<ref>{{cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title='Patna Shuklla' Review: Raveena Tandon's sincere efforts marred by shaky script |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-earnest-performance-marred-by-shaky-script-2520630-2024-03-29 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' praised Raveena Tandon's performance and stated "Raveena Tandon is the lifeline of Patna Shuklla. She rides the entire film on her own shoulders quite well."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon Triumphs In This Decent Courtroom Drama |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-triumphs-in-this-decent-courtroom-drama |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Pushpangi Raina of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' wrote "The movie doesn’t have abrupt cuts; however, there are a few seconds of black screens here and there, but those can be easily ignored."<ref>{{cite news |last=Raina |first=Pushpangi |title='Patna Shuklla' On Disney+ Hotstar Movie Review: Raveena Tandon Is The Backbone In This Well-Directed Eye-Opening Legal Drama |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/patna-shuklla-on-disney-hotstar-movie-review-raveena-tandon-is-the-backbone-in-this-well-directed-eye-opening-legal-drama |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave poor 2 stars out of 5 and stated "''Patna Shuklla''{{'}}s dull drama struggles to leave any impact as it goes about randomly introducing skeletons in everyone’s closet as its quick fix solution to anything."<ref>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena's Lacklustre Legal Eagle |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/patna-shuklla-review/20240329.htm |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' felt the film "strongly resembles [[Jolly LLB]]". He further stated "The movie itself has many facets that run parallel to Jolly LLB. Judge Jha (late Satish Kaushik) in Patna Shuklla looks very similar to Judge Tripathi (Saurabh Shukla)."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon Starrer Makes For a Good Watch Despite Jolly LLB Flashbacks |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-starrer-makes-for-a-good-watch-despite-jolly-llb-flashbacks-8832186.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Shreyas Pande of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' also found the film similar to ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' movie and stated "The judges in ''Patna Shuklla'' and ''Jolly LLB'' are almost identical, and even the back-and-forth between the lawyers and judges in both films are similar."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |title=Patna Shuklla Movie Review: An uninventive courtroom drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2024/Mar/29/patna-shuklla-movie-review-an-uninventive-courtroom-drama |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Likewise others, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reviewer also stated "The comical side of the judge instantly reminds one of the [[Jolly LLB]] series. It also looks forced. Some of the arguments placed by Tanvi seemed weak and it didn’t look convincing."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Patna Shuklla Movie Review: PATNA SHUKLLA is a well-made courtroom drama. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/patna-shuklla/critic-review/patna-shuklla-movie-review/patna-shuklla-is-a-well-made-courtroom-drama/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 March 2024 |language=en |date=29 March 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' Suparna Sharma commented "What’s worse is that the film can’t stay and applaud Tanvi in her big moment of victory."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title='Patna Shuklla' review: Raveena Tandon carries a heavy role and a middling film with graceful lightness |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/03/29/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandon-carries-a-heavy-role-and-a-middling-film-with-graceful-lightness.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' stated "The flaws in ''Patna Shuklla'' are evident but the film has enough going for it to merit a watch."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |title='Patna Shuklla' Review: Despite Evident Flaws, Raveena Tandon's Film Is Engaging |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/raveena-tandon-new-movie-patna-shuklla-full-movie-review-courtroom-drama-hotstar |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' praised Raveena's performance and opined "The old-fashioned emphasis on moral probity leans a bit too heavily in favour of its crusading heroine. Tanvi’s courtroom tactics and legal acrobatics often bring her intelligence into question."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Patna Shuklla' review: A competently argued legal drama |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1065884/patna-shuklla-review-a-competently-argued-legal-drama |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' wrote "Patna Shuklla is a well made legal drama with a very interesting twist in the last 20 odd minutes of the film."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Patna Shuklla Review: Raveena Tandon's courtroom-drama has an intriguing premise and an unexpected twist |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/patna-shuklla-review-raveena-tandons-courtroom-drama-has-an-intriguing-premise-and-an-unexpected-twist-1290506 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Telangana Today]]'' stated "There are also issues of gender discrimination faced by women. Despite occasional flaws, it goes maintains a steady flow with an engaging narrative, comedy timing, and one-liners."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kodukula |first=Nirupama |title=Movie Review: Raveena Tandon's performance as lawyer Tanvi Shukla impresses everyone in 'Patna Shukla' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-raveena-tandons-performance-as-lawyer-tanvi-shukla-impresses-everyone-in-patna-shukla |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=31 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|23709962}}

[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]

Purushottam Laxman Deshpande

2026-02-27T04:17:24Z

Mihmbathinda: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Indian writer and humorist (1919–2000)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| other_names = Pu. La. Deshpande Bhai
| image = Suresh Joshi with P L Deshpandey (cropped).jpg
| caption = Deshpande, {{c.|1974}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|11|8}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|06|12|1919|11|8}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education =
| occupation = Writer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sunita Deshpande]]|1946}}
| relatives = [[Vaman Mangesh Dubhashi]] (maternal grandfather) [[Satish Dubhashi]] (cousin brother) [[Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)|Dinesh Thakur]] (nephew)
| signature = PL-D-sign.png
| website = {{URL|puladeshpande.net/}}
}}

'''Purushottam Laxman Deshpande''' (alternatively written as '''Pu La Deshpande'''; 8 November 1919 – 12 June 2000) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer and humorist from [[Maharashtra]]. He was also an accomplished film and stage actor, script writer, author, composer, musician, singer and orator. He was often referred to as "Maharashtra's beloved personality".<ref>{{cite web|date=10 June 2018|title=A documentary ode to Pu La Deshpande in Pune on June 12|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/a-documentary-ode-to-pu-la-deshpande-in-pune-on-june-12/story-NoO6GjKPktxXy3tc0rPiSP.html|website=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A cultural icon called PuLa who made Marathis laugh at themselves |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/a-cultural-icon-called-pula-who-made-marathis-laugh-at-themselves/articleshow/66674448.cms|website=The Times of India|date=18 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2018|title=Socially aware PuLa: A conversation tracing the late writer's service to society|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/socially-aware-pula-a-conversation-tracing-the-late-writers-service-to-society-5462199/}}</ref><ref name="Death Anniversary of P.L. Deshpande">{{cite web |title=Death Anniversary of P.L. Deshpande |date=12 June 2019 |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/9651-death-anniversary-of-p-l-deshpande/ |publisher=Mintage World - |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pu La Deshpande Park in Pune|url=http://www.punesite.com/pu-la-deshpande-park-in-pune.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022348/http://www.punesite.com/pu-la-deshpande-park-in-pune.html|archive-date=7 November 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|website=www.punesite.com}}</ref>

Deshpande's works have been translated into several languages including English and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/bangalore/cover-story/two-good-couple-of-translators-bring-joy-to-kannada-marathi/articleshow/59303271.cms|title=Two good: Couple of translators bring joy to Kannada, Marathi – Bangalore Mirror -|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Purushottam Laxman Deshpande was born in Gamdevi Street, Chowpati, [[Mumbai]] in a [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] (GSB)<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|title=Volume 14|page=1519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NauwAAAAIAAJ&q=deshpande&pg=PA1519|quote=Deshpande a college graduate from a progressive Gaud Saraswat Brahmin community..|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|year=1979}}</ref> family to Laxman Trimbak Deshpande and Laxmibai Laxman Deshpande.{{Citation needed|reason=Your EXPLANATION here|date=December 2017}} His maternal grandfather, [[Vaman Mangesh Dubhashi]], was a Marathi poet and writer. He had translated [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Gitanjali]] into Marathi, with the title, "''Abhang Gitanjali''".<ref name="biodictbook1">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Chauhan|first=K.A.|editor-last=Ray|editor-first=N.R. |title=DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY (Supplement) Volume I (A-D)|date=1986|publisher=N. R. Ray Director, Institute of Historical Studies|location=Calcutta|pages=341–342|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.100392/2015.100392.Dictionary-Of-National-Biography-Supplement-Vol-1a-d1986_djvu.txt|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

The family used to stay at Kenway House, Procter Road in the [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] locality in Mumbai. His family then moved to [[Jogeshwari]]. His first 8 years at the newly formed Saraswati Baug Colony are described in the story titled 'Balpanicha Kaal Sukhacha' or ''Bālpaṇicā Kāḷ Sukhācā'' (translation: the happy days of childhood) in his book ''Purchundi''. The family then moved to [[Vile Parle]].<ref name="pld-kala-bio">{{Cite web|url=http://pldkalaacademy.org/p_l_deshpande.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715085645/http://pldkalaacademy.org/p_l_deshpande.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 July 2016|title=P.L.Deshpande Maharashtra Kala Academy, Ravindra Natya Mandir, Prabhadevi, Mumbai|website=pldkalaacademy.org|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

== Education ==

Deshpande studied at [[Parle Tilak Vidyalaya]]. He attended [[Ismail Yusuf College]] after high school and then [[Fergusson College]] in [[Pune]] for BA. Later, he attended [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] for [[LLB]]. He completed Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1950 and then a Master of Arts (MA) degree from [[Willingdon College]], [[Sangli]].<ref name="biodictbook1" /> He also took lessons in playing the harmonium from Dattopant Rajopadhye of ''Bhaskar [[Music school|Sangitalaya]]''{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}.

== Personal life ==
His first wife, Sundar Divadkar, died soon after their wedding. On 12 June 1946, Deshpande married his colleague, [[Sunita Deshpande|Sunita Thakur]].<ref name="biodictbook1" /> She (Sunita Deshpande) was to go on to become an accomplished writer in her own right.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Author-Deshpande-passes-away-at-83/articleshow/5207987.cms|title=Author Deshpande passes away at 83 – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The couple did not have any children of their own. They raised Sunitabai's nephew, [[Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)|Dinesh Thakur]] as their own son. Pu La wrote on Dinesh in his book Gangot.

== Professional life ==
===Educator===
Both Deshpande and his wife served as teachers in Orient High School, Mumbai. He also worked for some years as a college professor in Rani Parvati Devi College, [[Belgaum]] in [[Karnataka]] and [[Kirti M. Doongursee College|Kirti College]] in Mumbai.

===Television===
He also worked for [[Doordarshan]], the state-owned TV channel. He was the first person to interview the then Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on Indian television. He was seconded to the [[BBC]] for a year-long training. After this, he spent some time in France and [[West Germany]]. It was this specific period and stays in these countries that his later [[Travel documentary|travelogue]] "Apoorvai" was to be based upon. His other travelogues are "Poorvaranga" and "Jave Tyanchya Desha".<ref name="biodictbook1" /><ref name="pld-kala-bio" />

===Film and music===
Deshpande was a man of many talents. Apart from writing, the talents he used in filmmaking included writing [[screenplay]]s, directing, acting, composing music, and singing. He was instrumental in establishing the iconic [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]] in Pune. He was a proficient in [[Hindustani classical music]].He composed music for many marathi films of 1940s and '50s including 'Amaldar', 'Gulacha Ganapati', 'Ghardhani', 'Chokhamela', 'Dudhbhat', 'Dev Pavla', 'Devbappa', 'Navrabayako', 'Nave Birhad', 'Manache Paan' and 'Mothi Manase'.<ref name="biodictbook1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Garima |title=NFAI acquires handwritten script of Pu La Deshpande's 1953 film 'Gulacha Ganpati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/nfai-acquires-handwritten-script-of-pu-la-deshpandes-1953-film-gulacha-ganpati/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |issue=November 20, 2015 |publisher=The express group |date=2015}}</ref> He was also the composer for many popular non-film songs in the
"bhavegeet" genre sung by singers such as [[Jyotsna Bhole]], [[Manik Varma]] and [[Asha Bhosale]].

== Death ==

Deshpande died in Pune, Maharashtra, on 12 June 2000, due to complications from [[Parkinson's disease]]. He was aged 80. He died on the couple's 54th wedding anniversary.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Pu La Deshpande passes away|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000613/ifr13022.html|access-date=26 December 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=12 June 2000}}</ref><ref name="toi1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Pu-La-Deshpande-to-come-alive-on-silver-screen/articleshow/19538608.cms|title=Pu La Deshpande to come alive on silver screen – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Main|Purushottam Laxman Deshpande bibliography}}
Most of Deshpande's literary contributions are in the Marathi language.<ref name="pld-kala-bio" /> Although he wrote across several genres, he was particularly well known for his works of humor. He also adapted prominent works from other languages into screenplays - scripts - for films in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Prominent examples include:
* The 1952 film अंमलदार (Ammaldar), based on [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s ''[[The Government Inspector|Inspector General]]'',
* The 1962 book काय वाट्टेल ते होईल (Kay Wattel Te Hoeel), based on the translation of [[Helen Papashvily|Helen]] and [[George Papashvily]]'s script of ''[[Anything Can Happen]]''.
* Teen paishyacha tamasha based on [[The Threepenny Opera]] (Die Dreigroschenoper) by [[Bertolt Brecht]]
The Marathi book eka koliyane ( एका कोळीयानें ) is a translation ( भावानुवाद ) of earnest Hemingway's book old man and the sea.<ref name="BökerDetmers2006">{{cite book|author1=Uwe Böker|author2=Ines Detmers|author3=Anna-Christina Giovanopoulos|title=John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, 1728-2004: adaptations and re-writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAqR9D1WfysC&pg=PA7|year=2006|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-2113-6|pages=7, 26–27}}</ref>

He referred to his adaptations as भावानुवाद (''Bhawanuwad'' or paraphrasing) instead of as conventional "translation"s or "adaptation"s {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}.

==Filmography==
* [[:mr:चित्रपट कुबेर|कुबेर]] (Kuber)&nbsp;– 1947: actor and playback singer
* [[:mr:चित्रपट भाग्यरेखा|भाग्यरेखा]] (Bhagyarekha)&nbsp;– 1948: actor and playback singer
* [[:mr:चित्रपट वंदेमातरम्|वंदेमातरम्]] (Wandemataram)&nbsp;– 1948: actor and playback singer
* [[:mr:चित्रपट जागा भाड्याने देणे आहे|जागा भाड्याने देणे आहे]] (Jaga Bhadyane Dene ahe)&nbsp;– 1949: screenplay and dialogues
* [[:mr:चित्रपट मानाचे पान|मानाचे पान]] (Manache Pan)&nbsp;– 1949: &nbsp;– story, screenplay, and dialogues; co-music director in collaboration with [[Ga Di Madgulkar]]
* [[:mr:चित्रपट मोठी माणसे|मोठी माणसे]] (Mothi Manase)&nbsp;– 1949: music director
* गोकुळचा राजा (Gokulacha Raja)&nbsp;– 1950: Writer of Story, Screenplay, and Dialogues
* जरा जपून (Jara Japoon)&nbsp;– 1950: Writer of Screenplay and Dialogues
* जोहार मायबाप (Johar Maybap)&nbsp;– 1950: Actor
* नवरा बायको (Nawara Bayako)&nbsp;– 1950: Music Director and Writer of Story, Screenplay, and Dialogues
* ही वाट पंढरीची (Hi Wat Pandharichi)&nbsp;– 1950: Actor
* पुढचे पाऊल (Pudhache Paool)&nbsp;– 1950: Actor and Writer of Screenplay and Dialogues in collaboration with [[Ga Di Madgulkar]]
* वर पाहिजे (Var Pahije)&nbsp;– 1950: Actor and Writer of Screenplay and Dialogues in collaboration with Achyut Ranade
* देव पावला (Dewa Pawala)&nbsp;– 1950: Music Director
* दूध भात (Doodh Bhat)&nbsp;– 1952: Music Director and Writer of Story, Screenplay, Dialogues, and Lyrics
* घरधनी (Ghardhani)&nbsp;– 1952: Music Director and Writer of Screenplay, Dialogues, and Lyrics
* नवे बिर्हाड (Nawe Birhad)&nbsp;– 1952: Writer of Story and Screenplay
* माईसाहेब (Maisaheb)&nbsp;– 1952: Music Director and Writer of Screenplay and Dialogues
* संदेश (Sandesh) [in Hindi]&nbsp;– 1952: Writer of Story, Screenplay, and Dialogues (translated by Mir Asgar Ali)
* देवबाप्पा (Dewabappa)&nbsp;– 1952: Music Director and Writer of Story, Screenplay, Dialogues, and Lyrics
* गुळाचा गणपती (Gulacha Ganapati)&nbsp;– 1953: Director, music director, actor, and Writer of Story, Screenplay, Dialogues, and Lyrics<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/nfai-acquires-handwritten-script-of-pu-la-deshpandes-1953-film-gulacha-ganpati/|title=NFAI acquires handwritten script of Pu La Deshpande's 1953 film 'Gulacha Ganpati'|date=20 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* फूल और कलियाँ (Phool Aur Kaliyan) [in Hindi]&nbsp;– 1960: Story writer –
* सुंदर मी होणार (This novel was adopted to make Hindi movie {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Aur Kal (1963 film)|Aaj aur Kal]]}}) [in Hindi]&nbsp;– 1966: Story writer –
* चिमणराव गुंड्याभाऊ (Chimanarao Gundyabhau)&nbsp;– : Narrator
* एक होता विदूषक ([[Ek Hota Vidushak]])&nbsp;– 1993: Screenplay and Dialogues

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Purushottam Laxman Deshpande 2002 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Deshpande on a 2002 stamp of India]]
* [[Punyabhushan]]&nbsp;– 1993
* [[Padma Bhushan]]&nbsp;– 1990<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Gaurav (Bahurupi) Award&nbsp;
* [[Padma Shri]]&nbsp;– 1966<ref name="Padma Awards" />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] ([[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi|Marathi for ''Vyakti Ani Valli'']])&nbsp;– 1965
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]&nbsp;– 1967
* [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]&nbsp;– 1979
* [[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]&nbsp;– 1996
* [[Kalidas Samman]]&nbsp;– 1987
* Honorary [[Doctor of Letters|Doctor of Literature]] Degrees from [[Rabindra Bharati University]] (1979), [[University of Pune]] (1980) and [[Tilak Maharashtra University]] (1993)
* First interviewer to interview [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India, for the then newly founded [[Doordarshan]]
* The "P. L. Deshpande Maharashtra Kala Academy" was established by the Government of Maharashtra in [[Mumbai]] to honour his contributions to Marathi literature{{nbsp}}– 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pldkalaacademy.org/about.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629124557/http://www.pldkalaacademy.org/about.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 June 2014|title=P.L.Deshpande Maharashtra Kala Academy, Ravindra Natya Mandir, Prabhadevi, Mumbai|website=pldkalaacademy.org|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
* A garden, ''[[Pu La Deshpande Garden|Pu. La. Deshpande Udyan]]'' (also known as "Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden"), in [[Pune]] was named after him in [[Memorialization|commemoration]]
* On 8 November 2020 (his 101st birth anniversary), Google honoured him with a [[Google Doodle]]<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web |url =https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/google-doodle-purushottam-laxman-deshpande-7008244/lite/ | title= P.L. Deshpande | work= The Indian Express| date=8 November 2020 | access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>
* A [[computer font]] titled ''PuLa 100'', which mimicked his handwriting, was made available in 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=डिजिटल फॉन्टमधील पुलंच्या अक्षरलेखनाची जादू |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/literature-lovers-download-pula-deshpande-handwriting-in-digital-font-zws-70-2497124/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=June 12, 2021}}</ref>

==Social work==
Pu La Deshpande donated and participated in several social and philanthropic causes.

* Seed donation to Muktangan Deaddiction and Rehabilitation Center<ref name=MuktanganDeaddiction>{{cite news|last=Madaan|first=Neha|title=Pune: 19,000 addicts on the road to recovery|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/pune/29819836_1_deaddiction-internet-addiction-mukta-puntambekar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/pune/29819836_1_deaddiction-internet-addiction-mukta-puntambekar|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=8 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
* Donation to IUCAA Muktangan Vidnyan Shodhika<ref name="iucaa">{{cite web|title=Pulastya&nbsp;– IUCAA's Children's Science Centre|url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Pulastya/index.html|publisher=SciPop IUCAA|access-date=8 November 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112152000/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Pulastya/index.html|archive-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
* Donation to ''Neehar'', a hostel for the children of sex workers<ref name=indiainternational>{{cite web|title=P L Deshpande as a philanthropist|url=http://www.indiainternational.com/pulabahurupi80/pula9.html|access-date=8 November 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223124/http://www.indiainternational.com/pulabahurupi80/pula9.html|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>
* Donation for closed-door [[auditorium]] and an open theatre for the blind students at [[Baba Amte]]'s Anandvan<ref name=indiainternational />
* Supporter of ''Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti'' (Committee for Eradication of blind Superstitions), promoting cultivation of scientific temperament

Pu. La. Deshpande's wife, Sunita Deshpande, donated Rs.25 lakhs to IUCAA towards Muktangan Vidnyan Shodhika, a building aptly named as "PULASTYA" (a name of a star and memory of PULA.) After the demise of Sunita deshpande, the copyrights of most of Pu. La's books were given to IUCAA and the royalties received from Pu La's works is used to spread Science awareness among young kids by IUCAA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2018|title=IUCAA has copyrights of Pu La's works, say his kin {{!}} Pune News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/iucaa-has-copyrights-of-pu-las-works-say-his-kin/articleshow/65737037.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=August 2021}}

==In popular culture==
===Films and television===
*''Gola Berij'', a 2012 Indian Marathi-language film directed by Kshitij Zarapkar, presents a fictionaized account of his life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gola Berij |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/gola-berij/0-0-golaberij |website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>
*''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]'' is the film released on 4 January 2019 on P L Deshpande directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]. The film was criticized by many for taking cinematic liberty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabha Atre decries guru's portrayal in Pu La biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/prabha-atre-decries-gurus-portrayal-in-pu-la-biopic/articleshow/67746790.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A sequel ''[[Bhai - Vyakti Ki Valli 2]]'' was released a month later.
*''[[Namune]]'', a television serial on [[Sony SAB]] based on Deshpande's literature, has the actor [[Sanjay Mone]] play the role of Deshpande. Along with Sanjay Mone, there are various actors from the Hindi and Marathi film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/namune-to-bring-writer-p-l-deshpande-alive-on-small-screen-tv-snippets-118071400022_1.html|title='Namune' to bring writer P.L. Deshpande alive on small screen (TV Snippets)|agency=IANS|date=14 July 2018|via=Business Standard|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003234402/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/namune-to-bring-writer-p-l-deshpande-alive-on-small-screen-tv-snippets-118071400022_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Documentaries ===
Documentary on Pu. La. Deshpande:<ref>{{Citation|title=A Very Rare Documentary on Pu La Deshpande 60th Birthday {{!}} पु ल देशपांडे. अतिशय दुर्लभ चित्रफीत| date=16 July 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCaZNkJGPAY|language=en|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> This is a Govt. of India Films Division documentary, in which Pu La himself reveals his life journey. It was filmed on the occasion of his 60th birthday. There are two other documentaries made on Pu La:
* One by [[Mukta Rajadhyakshya]] and [[Sudhir Moghe]] called Ya Sama Haa on his 75th birthday and
* Pu La Vruttant, made by [[Jabbar Patel]], in which Pu La himself talks about his life.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Purushottam Laxman Deshpande}}
* {{iMDb name|1194308}}
* {{Official website|http://puladeshpande.net}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan|Marathi Sahitya Sammelan&nbsp;– President]]|years=1974 [[Ichalkaranji]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Durga Bhagwat]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Marathi Theatre}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, P. L.}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers|Deshpande, P.L.]]
[[Category:1919 births|Deshpande, P.L.]]
[[Category:2000 deaths|Deshpande, P.L.]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Deshpande, P.L.]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Musicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]

Visappinte Vili

2026-02-22T18:53:46Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Visappinte Vili
| image = Vishappinte vili.jpg
| caption = Malayalam poster
| director = K. J. Mohan Rao
| producer = [[Kunchacko]] K. V. Koshi
| writer = [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Kumari Thankam]] [[Pankajavalli]] Nanukuttan Mathappan [[S. P. Pillai]] Baby Girija [[J. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] [[Adoor Pankajam]]
| music = P. S. Divakar
| cinematography = E. R. Cooper
| editing = S. Williams
| studio = [[Udaya Studio|K&K Combines]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1952|8|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Visappinte Vili''''' ({{Translation|Call of hunger}}) is a 1952 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by K. J. Mohan Rao and produced by [[Kunchacko]] and K. V. Koshi under the banner of [[Udaya Studio|K&K Combines]]. It stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[Kumari Thankam]], [[Pankajavalli]], Nanukuttan, Mathappan, [[S. P. Pillai]] and Baby Girija.

It was the second film in the career of Prem Nazir. It was on the sets of this film that he was renamed Prem Nazir by Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair. He was credited as Abdul Khader in his debut film ''[[Marumakal]]''. ''Visappinte Vili'' became the break in his career. Made on a low budget, the film became the highest-grossing film of the year. There were ten other releases in 1952, out of which only ''[[Amma (1952 film)|Amma]]'' enjoyed success.<ref>Mohandas Kalariykkal. (April 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092336/https://www.janmabhumidaily.com/detailed-story?newsID=136823&page=0&subpage=1 "അബ്ദുള്‍ ഖാദര്‍ പ്രേം നസീര്‍ ആയ കഥ"] (in [[Malayalam]]). ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. Retrieved April 28, 2011.</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Kumari Thankam]]
*[[Pankajavalli]]
*Nanukuttan
*Mathappan
*[[S. P. Pillai]]
*Baby Girija
*[[J. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]
*[[Adoor Pankajam]]
}}

==Soundtrack==

;Malayalam
Lyrics were penned by [[Abhayadev]]. [[Playback singer]]s are [[A. M. Rajah]], T. A. Mothi, Jose Prakash, [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]] & [[Kaviyoor Revamma]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1|author=G. Neelamegam|language=ta|page=37 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition December 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Mohiniye Ennaathma" || A. M. Rajah & P. Leela || rowspan=12|Abhayadev|| 03:06
|-
| 2 || "Karayaathennomanakkunje" || Kaviyoor Revamma || 02:48
|-
| 3 || "Paavana Hridayam" || A. M. Rajah || 02:27
|-
| 4 || "Malaranikkaadukal Thingi Vinngi" || A. M. Rajah, Jose Prakash, Kaviyoor Revamma & P. Leela || 05:55
|-
| 5 || "Kulirekidunna Katte" || A. M. Rajah & Kaviyoor Revamma || 02:42
|-
| 6 || "Chinthayil Neerunna" || Jose Prakash & Kaviyoor Revamma || 03:03
|-
| 7 || "Ha Ha Jayichu Poyi Njan " || Jikki || 02:25
|-
| 8 || "Poyithu Kaalam" || ||
|-
| 9 || "Amma Aarineeyalambham" || ||
|-
| 10 || "Sakhiyaarodum" || T. A. Mothi & P. Leela ||
|-
| 11 || "Nithya Sundara Swargam [Swargavaathil Dance]" || ||
|-
| 12 || "Unnatha Nilayil" || A. M. Rajah ||
|}

;Tamil
Lyrics were penned by [[Kambadasan]], [[K. M. Annal Thango|Annal Thango]] and Paa. Adhimoolam. [[Playback singer]]s are [[A. M. Rajah]], [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[P. Leela]] and [[Kaviyoor Revamma]].<ref name="auto"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Mohiniye En Mohiniye" || A. M. Rajah & P. Leela || Kambadasan || 03:06
|-
| 2 || "Azhuvaadhe En Chella Kanney" || Kaviyoor Revamma || rowspan=4|Paa. Adhimoolam || 02:48
|-
| 3 || "Thooya Iru Manam Sidhainthu" || A. M. Rajah || 02:27
|-
| 4 || "Poo Nirai Maamara Cholai" || A. M. Rajah, Madhavapeddi Satyam, Kaviyoor Revamma & P. Leela || 05:55
|-
| 5 || "Nee Chenru Odhu Kaatrey" || rowspan=2|A. M. Rajah & Kaviyoor Revamma || 02:42
|-
| 6 || "Thollai Tharum Vaazhvil" || rowspan=4|Annal Thango || 03:03
|-
| 7 || "Naane Kalaiyil Therinen" || P. Leela || 02:25
|-
| 8 || "Inbam Tharum Kalai Paadi" || Madhavapeddi Satyam ||
|-
| 9 || "Thaaye Paaril Thunai Ini Yaro"|| ||
|-
| 10 || "Ilavenil Chandrikaiyaai" || A. M. Rajah & P. Leela || ||
|}

== Critical reception ==
Cynic of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' wrote, "Prem Nazir's perfect facial expression and uncluttered speech style is a special merit. The face of this young man has not lost its charm, and if he matures and gains more manhood, Prem Nazir may become one of the most important actors in Malayalam cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു വ്യത്യസ്ത സിനിമാ പരസ്യം |url=https://m3dbcafe.com/article/121344 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=M3DB Cafe |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107074431/https://m3dbcafe.com/article/121344 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film ran for 50 days in 7 release centers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scontent.fblr1-7.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.6435-9/133110598_107133621317589_2211003908141798964_n.jpg?_nc_cat=107&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=4bGNWh9gYF8AX9Tnnfj&_nc_oc=AQmd7ycTP2XmfQSqNqGj3C0QpPA6aORbfKOS1Xydpj4W6wK48HG2jedfqM_frn5ibJc&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-7.fna&oh=00_AfAYNzxD_EMqxMHPJBH7yGoJbffaXIeNnLdB6D1RLbi9Zw&oe=63A938E6 |title=Visappinte Vili 50-days |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126074122/https://scontent.fblr1-7.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.6435-9/133110598_107133621317589_2211003908141798964_n.jpg?_nc_cat=107&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=4bGNWh9gYF8AX9Tnnfj&_nc_oc=AQmd7ycTP2XmfQSqNqGj3C0QpPA6aORbfKOS1Xydpj4W6wK48HG2jedfqM_frn5ibJc&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-7.fna&oh=00_AfAYNzxD_EMqxMHPJBH7yGoJbffaXIeNnLdB6D1RLbi9Zw&oe=63A938E6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Remake==
The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Pasiyin Kodumai''.<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails17.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171116025410/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails17.asp|archive-date=16 November 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=B. |title=Neighbour's pride |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/neighbours-pride/article5582193.ece |access-date=4 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125233408/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/neighbours-pride/article5582193.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Tamil version was not well received and was dubbed in Telugu as ''Aakali'' (1952).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/prem-nazir-malayalam-stars-tamil-cinema-journey-explored/articleshow/128570813.cms|title=Prem Nazir: Malayalam Star's Tamil Journey Explored|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2026|author=Vamanan|access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/AIR/10|title=ఆకలి |language=te|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=28 ''Vishappinte Vili'' (1952)]
* {{IMDb title|0214285}}
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?901 ''Visappinte Vili''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927011649/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?901 |date=27 September 2012 }} at the Malayalam Movie Database

[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1952 Indian films]]

Bankura Hindu High School

2026-02-21T10:00:03Z

Mihmbathinda: improved article

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bankura Hindu High School
| image =
| image_size =
| address = Lalbazar, Bankura – 722101, West Bengal, India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|13|57|N|87|4|41|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=title}}
| school_board = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
| headmaster = Udaybhanu Mitra
| authority =
| affiliation = [http://wbbse.org/ WBBSE]
| founder =
| chairperson =
| Head Master =
| viceprincipal =
| established = 1894<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19132300604|title=Bankura Hindu High School |accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref>
| enrollment = 1650 (approximate)
| grades =
| campus = Urban
| type = [[State school|Govt. Sponsored]]
| faculty = 36 (11.05.2023)
}}

'''Bankura Hindu High School''' is one of the oldest schools in [[Bankura District]], [[West Bengal]], India. This school, popularly known as [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu School]], was founded in 1894. The main language of instruction is [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

==History==

In the year of 1894 A. D., a distinguished person named Dakshinaranjan Barat and some of his associates of the contemporary [[Bankura|Bankura town]], established a middle English school named 'Hindu School' in the town. The school was at first at Doltala locality, then accommodated in a mudbuilt house (on the spot where, there is now '[[Deshbandhu Byayam Vidyalaya]]) and then shifted at the personal initiative of Dakshinacharan to a building erected by him at Nutanganj (now Bankura Town High School building) as a High School. Finally Bankura Hindu High School was shifted to a spacious and majestic building of its own in the year of 1934 A.D. as inscribed on the well sunk in its premises, by the Pilgrim road. It was recognised as a High English School by the [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1900 A.D. The school sprang up just before the shifting of the [[Mission school|Missionary School]] to elsewhere, from [[Kuchkuchia]]. According to some senior teachers of the school, it grew up in a nationalistic spirit to combat the influence of the [[Missionary|missionaries]] in the town and so it was named 'Hindu School.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Affiliation==
This school is affiliated to [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

==See also==
*[[Bankura Zilla School]]
*[[Purulia Zilla School]]
*[[Shyampur High School]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1894]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in British India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

St. Joseph's Boys' School, Jalandhar

2026-02-21T09:48:27Z

Mihmbathinda: New details

{{short description|Day school in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=November 2024}}
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{No significant coverage|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image = Boys' school Jalandhar.png
| image_size = 300px
| name = St. Joseph's Boys' School
| colours = Blue {{color box|blue}} and White {{color box|white}}
| nickname = SJBS
| location = Defence Colony [[Jalandhar]] –144001 [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[India]]
| schooltype = [[Day school]]
| language = English
| motto = ''Knowledge Love Service''
| religious_affiliation = Catholic
| founded = 1973<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/st-josephs-set-to-celebrate-50-years-of-its-inception-452378 |title=St Joseph's set to celebrate 50 years of its inception |publisher=The Tribune India |date= |accessdate=2022-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119030302/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/st-josephs-set-to-celebrate-50-years-of-its-inception-452378 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| founder =
| head_label =
| head =
| gender = ''Primary and Secondary level:'' Boys;
''Higher Secondary level:'' [[Co-educational]]
| headmaster =
| chair_label =
| chair =
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| houses = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Antonians, {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Josephians, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Xavarians and {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Franciscans
| campus =
| affiliation = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]
| publication =
| free_label = Former pupils
| free_text = Ex-Josephites
| website = [http://www.sjbschooljalandhar.in www.sjbschooljalandhar.in]
}}
[[File:THE BOYS SCHOOL.png|thumb|St. Joseph's Boys' School]]
'''St. Joseph's Boys' School''' ('''SJBS''') is a secondary school in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]],<ref name="sjbsjal.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.sjbschooljalandhar.in/|title=St. Joseph's Boys School, Jalandhar | Home|website=www.sjbschooljalandhar.in|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119030303/https://www.sjbschooljalandhar.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> founded in 1973 on the initiative of [[Symphorian Thomas Keeprath]], Bishop of Jalandhar. It is a boys' school up to [[matriculation]] (tenth grade) and a [[co-educational]] school in its [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|higher secondary]] level.

The school provides [[Primary education|primary]], [[Higher education|secondary]] and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|higher secondary]] education,<ref name="auto1"/> as well as [[Kindergarten]] classes. The school has 12 grades plus two Kindergarten and one nursery grade. The tenth grade is equivalent to the final year of [[higher education]]. The curriculum is based on the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (HSC) for the secondary and higher secondary levels respectively.<ref name="sjbsjal.com"/>

The school is affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) in [[New Delhi]]. The examinations conducted are recognized by the [[Government of India]] through an act of Parliament.

The sisters of the congregation of the Sacred Heart run the school under the management of the Diocese of Jalandhar. The Diocesan Board of Education in Jalandhar supervises its education policies.<ref name="sjbsjal.com"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sjbschooljalandhar.in Official school website]

{{coord|31.3098404|75.5956287|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Boys' School, Jalandhar}}
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Punjab, India]]

14th Tamil Nadu Assembly

2026-02-06T10:02:20Z

Mihmbathinda: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|2011–2016 state legislative session}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu
| image = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| body = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
| election = [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| opposition = [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2011|05|16|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|2016|05|22|df=y}}
| before = [[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| after = [[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| website = [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ Official website]
| chamber1 =
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 = 235
| control1 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[P. Dhanapal]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[V. Jayaraman]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[J.Jayalalithaa]]
| chamber1_leader4_type =
| chamber1_leader4 =
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Vijayakanth]]
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}
The '''Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu''' was constituted after the victory of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and allies, in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011 state assembly election]]. [[J. Jayalalithaa]] became the Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]] due to the election. She was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the third time.

== Overview ==
Source: [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] website<ref name="assembly.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/ |title=Home |website=assembly.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Office
!Officer
|-
| rowspan="2" |Speaker
|[[D. Jayakumar]] (27 May 2011 – 9 October 2012)
|-
|[[P. Dhanapal]] (10 October 2012 – 22 May 2016)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Deputy Speaker
|[[P. Dhanapal]] (27 May 2011 – 9 October 2012)
|-
|[[V. Jayaraman|Jayaraman]] (10 October 2012 – 22 May 2016)
|-
|Leader of the House
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|-
|Leader of Opposition
|[[Vijayakanth]] till January 2016
|-
|Chief Government Whip
|[[R. Manoharan]]
|}

== Chief ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chief Minister
!
!Took office
!Left office
!Term
!Notes
|-
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|85px]]
|16 May 2011
|27 September 2014
|{{Age in days|16 May 2011|27 September 2014}} days
|Disqualified from her position as a MLA and was forced to step down from the office of Chief Minister, convicted in a corruption case <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Saptarshi |date=2014-09-27 |title=The Conviction of a Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/the-conviction-of-a-chief-minister/article64931422.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.thehinducentre.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|85px]]
|28 September 2014
|22 May 2015
|{{age in days|28 September 2014|22 May 2015}} days
|Interim Period
|-
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|85px]]
|23 May 2015
|22 May 2016
|{{Age in days|23 May 2015|22 May 2016}} days
|The Karnataka High Court acquits J. Jayalalithaa and all others in the disproportionate assets case, clearing the legal path for her return to office. <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2015-05-11 |title=After acquittal, Jayalalithaa set to return as CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-acquitted-of-all-charges-in-wealth-case/article61470681.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==Members==
[[O. Panneerselvam|Panneerselvam]] became the finance minister in Jayalalithaa's 4th Cabinet.

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:40em"
! colspan=4 | Composition of parties
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Member
! scope="col" | Party
|-
| 1||[[Gummidipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Gummidipundi]] || [[C. H. Shekar]]|| [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 2||[[Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Ponneri (SC)]] || [[Pon. Raja]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 3||[[Tiruttani (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruttani]]||[[M. Arun Subramanian]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 4||[[Tiruvallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvallur]]||[[B. V. Ramanaa]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 5||[[Poonamallee (State Assembly Constituency)|Poonamallee (SC)]] ||[[R. Manimaran]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 6||[[Avadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avadi]]||[[S. Abdul Rahim]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 7||[[Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduravoyal]]||[[G. Beem Rao]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 8||[[Ambattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambattur]]||[[S. Vedachalam]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 9||[[Madhavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Madavaram]]||[[V. Moorthy]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 10||[[Thiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvottiyur]] ||[[K. Kuppan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 11||[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Dr.Radhakrishnan Nagar]] ||[[P. Vetriivel]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 12||[[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]]||[[A. Soundararajan]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 13||[[Kolathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]]||[[M. K. Stalin]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 14||[[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam]]||[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 15||[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (SC)]]||[[V. Neelakandan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 16||[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore (SC)]]||[[K. Nalla Thambi]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 17||[[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]||[[D. Jayakumar]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 18||[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]||[[Pala. Karuppiah]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 19||[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]||[[J. Anbazhagan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 20||[[Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)|Thousand Lights]]||[[B. Valarmathi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 21||[[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]||[[S. Gokula Indira]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 22||[[Virugambakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Virugambakkam]]||[[B. Parthasarathy]]||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 23||[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]||[[G. Senthamizhan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 24||[[Theagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|T. Nagar]]|| [[V. P. Kalairajan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 25 ||[[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore]]||[[R. Rajalakshmi (politician)|R. Rajalakshmi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 26||[[Velachery (State Assembly Constituency)|Velachery]]||[[M. K. Ashok]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 27||[[Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinganallur]]||[[K. P. Kandan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 28||[[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]]||[[V.N.P. Venkatraman]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 29||[[Sriperumbudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]||[[R. Perumal]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 30||[[Pallavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallavaram]]||[[P. Dhansingh]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 31||[[Tambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Tambaram]] ||[[T. K. M. Chinnayya]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 32||[[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]]||[[D. Murugesan]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 33||[[Thiruporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruporur]]||[[K. Manoharan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 34||[[Cheyyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyur (SC)]]||[[V. S. Raji]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 35||[[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurantakam (SC)]]||[[S. Kanitha Sampath]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 36||[[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]]||[[P. Ganesan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 37||[[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]]||[[V. Somasundaram]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 38||[[Arakkonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Arakkonam (SC)]]||[[S. Ravi (politician)|S. Ravi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 39 ||[[Sholinghur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholingur]]||[[P. R. Manogar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 40||[[Katpadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Katpadi]]||[[Durai Murugan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 41||[[Ranipet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ranipet]]||[[A. Mohammedjan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 42||[[Arcot (State Assembly Constituency)|Arcot]]||[[R. Srinivasan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 43||[[Vellore (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellore]] ||[[V. S. Vijay]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 44||[[Anaicut (State Assembly Constituency)|Anaikattu]]||[[M. Kalai Arasu]] ||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|-
| 45||[[K. V. Kuppam (State Assembly Constituency)|K. V. Kuppam (SC)]]||[[C.K. Thamizharasan]] ||[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|-
| 46||[[Gudiyatham (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudiyattam (SC)]]||[[K. Lingamuthu]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 47||[[Vaniyambadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vaniyambadi]]||[[Govi. Sampath Kumar]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 48||[[Ambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambur]]||[[A. Aslam Basha]]||[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|MMK]]
|-
| 49||[[Jolarpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Jolarpet]] ||[[K. C. Veeramani]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 50||[[Tiruppattur (41) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirupattur]]||[[K. G. Ramesh]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 51||[[Uthangarai (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthangarai (SC)]]||[[Manoranjitham Nagaraj]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 52||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[K. E. Krishnamoorthi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 53||[[Krishnagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnagiri]]||[[K. P. Munusamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 54||[[Veppanahalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Veppanahalli]]||[[T. Senguttuvan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 55||[[Hosur (State Assembly Constituency)|Hosur]]||[[K. Gopinath]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 56||[[Thalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Thalli]] ||[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 57||[[Palacode (State Assembly Constituency)|Palacodu]]||[[K. P. Anbalagan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 58||[[Pennagaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pennagaram]]||[[N. Nanjappan]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 59||[[Dharmapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharmapuri]]||[[A. Baskar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 60||[[Pappireddippatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Pappireddippatti]]||[[P. Palaniappan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 61||[[Harur (State Assembly Constituency)|Harur (SC)]]||[[P. Dillibabu]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 62||[[Chengam (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengam (SC)]]||[[T. Sureshkumar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 63||[[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]||[[E. V. Velu]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 64||[[Kilpennathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kilpennathur]]||[[A. K. Aranganathan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 65||[[Kalasapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kalasapakkam]]||[[S. S. Krishnamoorthy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 66||[[Polur (State Assembly Constituency)|Polur]]||[[L. Jaya Sudha]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 67||[[Arni (State Assembly Constituency)|Arani]]||[[R. M. Babu Murugavel]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 68||[[Cheyyar (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyar]]||[[Mukkur N. Subramanian]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 69||[[Vandavasi (SC) (State Assembly Constituency)|Vandavasi (SC)]]||[[V. Gunaseelan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 70||[[Gingee (State Assembly Constituency)|Gingee]]||[[A. Ganesh Kumar]] ||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|-
| 71||[[Mailam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mailam]] ||[[K. P. Nagarajan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 72||[[Tindivanam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tindivanam (SC)]]||[[D. Haridoss]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 73||[[Vanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vanur (SC)]]||[[I. Janagiraman]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 74||[[Villupuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Villupuram]]||[[C. V. Shanmugam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 75||[[Vikravandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vikravandi]] ||[[R. Ramamurthy]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 76||[[Tirukkoyilur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirukkoyilur]]|| [[L. Venkatesan]]||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 77||[[Ulundurpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ulundurpettai]]||[[R. Kumaraguru]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 78||[[Rishivandiyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rishivandiyam]]||[[Vijayakanth]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 79||[[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram]]||[[P. Mohan (AIADMK)|P. Mohan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 80||[[Kallakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kallakurichi (SC)]]||[[K. Alaguvelu]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 81||[[Gangavalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Gangavalli (SC)]] ||[[R. Subha]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 82||[[Attur (State Assembly Constituency)|Attur (SC)]]||[[S. Madheswaran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 83||[[Yercaud (State Assembly Constituency)|Yercaud (ST)]]||[[C. Perumal]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 84||[[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]]||[[C. Krishnan (AIADMK politician)|C. Krishnan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 85||[[Mettur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettur]]||[[S. R. Parthiban ]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 86||[[Edapadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edappadi]]||[[K. Palanisamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 87||[[Sankari (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankari]]||[[P. Vijayalakshmi|P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 88||[[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem (West)]] ||[[G. Venkatachalam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 89||[[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem (North)]] ||[[R. Mohan Raj|Alagapuram R. Mohanraj]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 90||[[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem (South)]] ||[[M. K. Selvaraju]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 91||[[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]]||[[S. K. Selvam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 92||[[Rasipuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Rasipuram (SC)]]||[[P. Dhanapal]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 93||[[Senthamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Senthamangalam (ST)]]||[[R. Santhi]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 94||[[Namakkal (State Assembly Constituency)|Namakkal]]||[[K. P. P. Baskar]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 95||[[Paramathi-Velur (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramathi Velur]]||[[U. Thaniyarasu]] ||[[Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaignar Peravai|TNKIP]]
|-
| 96||[[Tiruchengode (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchengodu]]||[[P. Sampath Kumar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 97||[[Kumarapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumarapalayam]]||[[P. Thangamani]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 98||[[Erode East (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode (East)]]||[[V. C. Chandhirakumar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 99||[[Erode West (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode (West)]]||[[K. V. Ramalingam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 100||[[Modakkurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Modakkurichi]]||[[R. N. Kittusamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 101||[[Perundurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Perundurai]]||[[N. D. Venkatachalam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 102||[[Bhavani (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavani]]||[[P. G. Narayanan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 103||[[Anthiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Anthiyur]]||[[S. S. Ramanitharan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 104||[[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]||[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 105||[[Bhavanisagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavanisagar (SC)]]||[[P. L. Sundaram]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 106||[[Dharapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharapuram (SC)]]||[[K. Ponnusamy (AIADMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 107||[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kangayam]]||[[N. S. N. Nataraj]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 108||[[Avanashi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avanashi (SC)]]||[[A. A. Karuppasamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 109||[[Tiruppur North (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppur (North)]] ||[[M. S. M. Anandan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 110||[[Tiruppur South (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppur (South)]] ||[[K. Thangavel]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 111||[[Palladam (State Assembly Constituency)|Palladam]]||[[K. P. Paramasivam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 112||[[Udumalpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Udumalpet]]||[[V. Jayaraman|Pollachi V. Jayaraman]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 113||[[Madathukulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Madathukulam]] ||[[C. Shanmugavelu]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 114||[[Udagamandalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Udhagamandalam]]||[[Budhichandhiran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 115||[[Gudalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudalur (SC)]]||[[M. Thiravidamani]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 116||[[Coonoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Coonoor]]||[[K. Ramachandran]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 117||[[Mettupalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettuppalayam]]||[[O. K. Chinnaraj]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 118||[[Sulur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sulur]]||[[K. Thinakaran]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 119||[[Kaundampalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kavundampalayam]]||[[V. C. Arukutty]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 120||[[Coimbatore East (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore (North)]]||[[T. Malaravan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 121||[[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]]||[[S. P. Velumani]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 122||[[Coimbatore West (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore (South)]]||[[R. Duraisamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 123||[[Singanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Singanallur]]|| [[R. Chinnasamy]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 124||[[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]||[[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 125||[[Pollachi (State Assembly Constituency)|Pollachi]]||[[M. K. Muthukaruppannasamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 126||[[Valparai (State Assembly Constituency)|Valparai (SC)]]||[[M. Arumugham]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 127||[[Palani (State Assembly Constituency)|Palani]]||[[K. S. N. Venugopalu]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 128||[[Oddanchatram (State Assembly Constituency)|Oddanchatram]]||[[R. Sakkarapani]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 129||[[Athoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Athoor]]||[[I. Periyasamy]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 130||[[Nilakottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Nilakkottai (SC)]]||[[A. Ramasamy]] || [[Puthiya Tamilakam|PT]]
|-
| 131||[[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]]||[[Natham R. Viswanathan|R. Viswanathan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 132||[[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]||[[K. Balabharathi]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 133||[[Vedasandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedasandur]]||[[S. Palanichamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 134||[[Aravakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Aravakurichi]]||[[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 135||[[Karur (State Assembly Constituency)|Karur]]||[[V. Senthil Balaji]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 136||[[Krishnarayapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]||[[S. Kamaraj]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 137||[[Kulithalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kulithalai]]||[[A. Pappasundaram]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 138||[[Manapaarai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manapaarai]] ||[[R. Chandrasekar]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-bgcolor=#9ACD32
| 139||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]]||[[Jayalalithaa|J. Jayalalithaa]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 140||[[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (West)]] ||[[M. Paranjothi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 141||[[Tiruchirappalli East (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (East)]] ||[[R. Manoharan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 142||[[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruverumbur]]||[[S. Senthilkumar (Thiruverumbur politician)|S. Senthilkumar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 143||[[Lalgudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Lalgudi]]||[[A. Soundara Pandian]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 144||[[Manachanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Manachanallur]] ||[[T. P. Poonatchi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 145||[[Musiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Musiri]]||[[N. R. Sivapathi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 146||[[Thuraiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thuraiyur (SC)]] ||[[T. Indragandhi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 147||[[Perambalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambalur (SC)]]||[[R. Thamizhselvan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 148||[[Kunnam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kunnam]] ||[[S. S. Sivasankar]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 149||[[Ariyalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ariyalur]]||[[Durai. Manivel]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 150||[[Jayankondam (State Assembly Constituency)|Jayankondam]]||[[J. Guru (alias) Gurunathan]] ||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|-
| 151||[[Tittakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tittakudi (SC)]]||[[K. Tamil Azhagan]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 152||[[Vridhachalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vriddhachalam]]||[[V. Muthukumar]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 153||[[Neyveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Neyveli]] ||[[M. P. S. Sivasubramaniyan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 154||[[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]]||[[P. Sivakozhundu]] || [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 155||[[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]]||[[M. C. Sampath]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 156||[[Kurinjipadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kurinjipadi]]||[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 157||[[Bhuvanagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]||[[Selvi Ramajayam]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 158||[[Chidambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Chidambaram]]||[[K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu)|K. Balakrishnan]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 159||[[Kattumannarkoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]||[[N. Murugumaran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 160||[[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi (SC)]]||[[M. Sakthi (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Sakthi]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 161||[[Mayiladuturai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]||[[R. Arulselvan]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 162||[[Poombuhar (State Assembly Constituency)|Poompuhar]]||[[S. Pavunraj]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 163||[[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]]||[[K. A. Jayapal]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 164||[[Kilvelur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kilvelur (SC)]] ||[[P. Mahalingam]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 165||[[Vedaranyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedaranyam]]|| [[N. V. Kamaraj]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 166||[[Tiruthuraipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruthuraipoondi (SC)]]||[[K. Ulaganathan]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 167||[[Mannargudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Mannargudi]]||[[T. R. B. Rajaa]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 168||[[Tiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarur]]||[[Karunanidhi]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 169||[[Nannilam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nannilam]]||[[R. Kamaraj]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 170||[[Thiruvidamarudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvidaimarudur (SC)]] ||[[Govi. Chezhian]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 171||[[Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumbakonam]]||[[G. Anbalagan]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 172||[[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]]||[[R. Doraikkannu]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 173||[[Tiruvaiyaru (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvaiyaru]]||[[M. Rethinasamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 174||[[Thanjavur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thanjavur]]||[[M. Rangaswamy]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 175||[[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanadu]]||[[R. Vaithilingam]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 176||[[Pattukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pattukkottai]]||[[N. R. Rengarajan]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 177||[[Peravurani (State Assembly Constituency)|Peravurani]]||[[C. Arunpandian]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 178||[[Gandarvakottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Gandharvakottai (SC)]]||[[N. Subramanian]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 179||[[Viralimalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Viralimalai]]|| [[C. Vijayabasker]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 180||[[Pudukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pudukkottai]]||[[V. R. Karthik Thondaiman]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 181||[[Tirumayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumayam]]||[[P. K. Vairamuthu]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 182||[[Alangudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangudi]]||[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 183||[[Arantangi (State Assembly Constituency)|Aranthangi]]||[[M. Rajanayagam]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 184||[[Karaikudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Karaikudi]]||[[C. T. Palanichamy|Cholan C. T. Palanichamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 185||[[Tiruppattur (194) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppattur]]||[[K. R. Periyakaruppan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 186||[[Sivaganga (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivaganga]]||[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 187||[[Manamadurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manamadurai (SC)]]||[[M. Gunasekaran]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 188||[[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur]]||[[R. Samy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 189||[[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]]||[[K. Tamilarasan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 190||[[Sholavandan (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholavandan (SC)]]||[[M. V. Karuppiah]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 191||[[Madurai North (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai North]]||[[A. K. Bose]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 192||[[Madurai South (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai South]]|| [[R. Annadurai]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 193||[[Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai Central]]||[[R. Sundarrajan (Politician)|R. Sundarrajan]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 194||[[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West]]||[[Sellur K. Raju]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 195||[[Thirupparankundram (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruparankundram]]||[[A. K. T. Raja]] ||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 196||[[Tirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]]|| [[M. Muthuramalingam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 197||[[Usilampatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Usilampatti]]|| [[P. V. Kathiravan]]||[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
| 198||[[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]]||[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 199||[[Periyakulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Periyakulam (SC)]]|| [[A. Laser]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 200||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakanur]]||[[O. Panneerselvam]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 201||[[Cumbum (State Assembly Constituency)|Cumbum]]||[[N. Eramakrishnan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 202||[[Rajapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rajapalayam]]||[[K. Gopalsamy]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 203||[[Srivilliputhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivilliputhur (SC)]]||[[V. Ponnupandi]] ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| 204||[[Sattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sattur]]||[[R. B. Udhaya Kumar]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 205||[[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi]]||[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 206||[[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar]]|| [[K. Pandiarajan]]||[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 207||[[Aruppukottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Aruppukkottai]]||[[Vaigaichelvan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 208||[[Tiruchuli (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchuli]]||[[Thangam Thenarasu]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 209||[[Paramakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramakudi (SC)]]||[[S. Sundararaj]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 210||[[Tiruvadanai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvadanai]]|| [[Suba. Thangavelan]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 211||[[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]||[[M. H. Jawahirullah]] ||[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|MMK]]
|-
| 212||[[Mudukulathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mudhukulathur]]||[[M. Murugan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 213||[[Vilathikulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilathikulam]]||[[G. V. Markandayan]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 214||[[Tuticorin (State Assembly Constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]|| [[S.T. Chellapandian]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 215||[[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur]]||[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 216||[[Srivaikuntam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivaikuntam]]|| [[S. P. Shanmuganathan]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 217||[[Ottapidaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ottapidaram (SC)]]||[[K. Krishnasamy]] ||[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|-
| 218||[[Kovilpatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Kovilpatti]]|| [[Kadambur Raju|Kadambur C. Raju]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 219||[[Sankarankoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarankovil (SC)]]||[[S. Muthuselvi]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 220||[[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]||[[S. Duraiappa]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 221||[[Kadayanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadayanallur]]||[[P. Chendur Pandian]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 222||[[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi]]||[[R. Sarath Kumar]] ||[[All India Samathuva Makhal Katchi|AISMK]]
|-
| 223||[[Alangulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangulam]]||[[P. G. Rajendran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 224||[[Tirunelveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirunelveli]]||[[Nainar Nagenthran]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 225||[[Ambasamudram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambasamudram]]||[[E. Subaya]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 226||[[Palayamkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Palayamkottai]]||[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 227||[[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]]||[[A. Narayanan]] || [[All India Samathuva Makhal Katchi|AISMK]]
|-
| 228||[[Radhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhapuram]]||[[S. Michael Rayappan]] || [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|-
| 229||[[Kanyakumari (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanniyakumari]]||[[K. T. Pachaimal]] ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 230||[[Nagercoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagercoil]]||[[A. Nanjil Murugesan]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|-
| 231||[[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachal]]|| [[J. G. Prince]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 232||[[Padmanabhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Padmanabhapuram]]|| [[Pushpa Leela Alban]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|-
| 233||[[Vilavancode (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilavancode]]||[[S. Vijayadharani]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 234||[[Killiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Killiyoor]]||[[S. John Jacob]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 235||Nominated member||[[Nancy Ann Cynthia Francis]] ||NA
|-
| colspan=4 |
''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, Govt. of Tamil Nadu]''
|}

== See also ==
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

Rambagh, Prayagraj

2026-01-22T18:22:10Z

Mihmbathinda: stub!

{{Short description|Locality of Prayagraj, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Other places|Ram Bagh (disambiguation){{!}}Ram Bagh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rambagh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rambagh''' is a locality/township of [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALLAHABAD RAMBAGH DISTT ALLA PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK IFSC Code: Check PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK ALLAHABAD RAMBAGH DISTT ALLA IFSC, MICR Code and Branch address |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ifsc-bank-codes/params/ifsccode/bank-punjab-national-bank/state-uttar-pradesh/district-allahabad/branch-allahabad-rambagh-distt-alla |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Prayagraj district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Villages in Prayagraj district]]

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}

Mohan Nagar metro station

2026-01-18T23:10:13Z

Mihmbathinda: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Mohan Nagar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Red|line2=Blue}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Mohan Nagar metro station (as of May '22).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = GT Road, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date|df=yes|2019|03|8}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Red|right=Arthala|left=Shyam Park}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Red Line Route}}
{{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Mohan Nagar''' metro station is located on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located in the Sahibabad Industrial Area locality of [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is one of main and busiest metro station of Ghaziabad and also the future connectivity with Vaishali Blue line metro is Proposed. Situated Right next to WSM Malls, Hospital, colleges and Industrial area which gives this metro station an extra importance. People going to Anand Vihar or Vaishali can take Bus from outside the metro station also auto rickshaw to various places of Ghaziabad and Dilshad Garden is available from here.

==History==
This station was proposed early in 2016 by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] under extension of [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red line]]. The project deadline was 30 September 2018, when trials were to be conducted. The final commencement was done on 8 March 2019 and the metro station (including the whole new branch of [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]) has been opened for all commercial passengers on 9 March 2019, Saturday from 0800 hours.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Arthala}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shyam Park}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==
Word Square Mall and Narinder Mohan Cancer Hospital are nearby.
I.T.S College Mohan Nagar, Anand Industrial Area, and Shiva temple can be easily reached from here.

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ghaziabad}}
* [http://www.thetechmash.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district, India]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Kerala Board of Higher Secondary Examinations

2026-01-04T20:18:23Z

Mihmbathinda: Adding First Details Needs Work

{{Short description|State higher secondary examination board of Kerala, India}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
'''Kerala Board of Higher Secondary Examinations'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Kerala State higher secondary exam board name changed on COBSE website |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-higher-secondary-exam-board-name-changed-on-cobse-website/article68610892.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (KBHSE) is the statutory body responsible for conducting [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary examinations]] in [[Kerala]]. The Board deals with all matters related to the conduct of examinations, finalisation of results, and issuance of certificates. It functions under the [[General Education Department (Kerala)|Directorate of General Education]], [[Government of Kerala]] and is chaired by the director of general education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
|title = Government of Kerala Manual of Higher Secondary Examinations
|url = https://dhsekerala.gov.in/downloads/circulars/0402221142_MANUAL.pdf
|website = Department of General Education (Higher Secondary)
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|location = Thiruvananthapuram
|date = 2022
|access-date =
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-05 |title=Name of state HSE board corrected on central website |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/name-of-state-hse-board-corrected-on-central-website/articleshow/113101471.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Economic Review 2016 – Higher Secondary Education
|url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2016/chapter04_02.php
|publisher=Kerala State Planning Board
|work=Economic Review 2016
|access-date=
}}</ref>
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Board of Higher Secondary Examinations
| formation = 1991 <ref>{{cite web | title=Economic Review 2016, State Planning Board | url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2016/chapter04_02.php }}</ref>
| image = Government of Kerala Logo black.jpg
| abbreviation = KBHSE
| type = State Governmental Board of Education
| headquarters = Directorate of General Education (Higher Secondary Wing),
[[Jagathy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = N. S. K. Umesh IAS<ref>{{cite web | title=Umesh named general education director; Priyanka is new Ernakulam collector | date=31 July 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Jul/31/umesh-named-general-education-director-priyanka-is-new-ernakulam-collector }}</ref> 
(Director of General Education)
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Dr. S.S Vivekanandan<ref>{{cite web | title=Contacts | url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/contacts.htm }}</ref>
Joint Director (Examination), Higher Secondary 
| leader_title3 = Member Secretary (Academic)
| leader_name3 = Sureskuhmar.R 
(Joint Director, Academic HSE)
| parent_organization = [[Department of General and Higher Education (Kerala)|Department of General Education]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = https://hseportal.kerala.gov.in
}}

== Board members ==
The board consists of the following members:<ref name=":0" />
# Director of General Education, Kerala – ''Chairman''
# Joint Director (Examination), Higher Secondary – ''Secretary''
# Joint Director (Academic), Higher Secondary – ''Member''
# Secretary to the Commissioner for Government Examinations – ''Member''
# Director, SCERT, Kerala – ''Member''
# Secretary, Board of Vocational Higher Secondary Examinations – ''Member''
# Commissioner for Entrance Examinations or nominee – ''Member''
# Director of Collegiate Education or nominee – ''Member''
# Director of Technical Education or nominee – ''Member''
# Registrar, [[University of Kerala]] or nominee – ''Member''
# Director of [[Institute of Human Resources Development|IHRD]] or nominee – ''Member''
# Principal of a Higher Secondary School (nominated by the Director) – ''Member''
# Senior HSST (nominated by the Director) – ''Member''

== Affiliations ==
There are a total of 2,167 schools affiliated with the [[General Education Department (Kerala)|DGE]], including 845 government schools, 860 government-aided schools, and 461 unaided schools.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Higher Secondary Education Portal-Directorate of General Education, Government of Kerala |url=https://www.hseportal.kerala.gov.in/public/institutions |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.hseportal.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Higher Secondary Examination Branch==
The Higher Secondary Examination Branch of the Directorate of General Education functions under the general control of the director. The director is the chairman of the board and is responsible for the conduct of the examinations.

A joint director (examination) serves as the secretary of the board and is responsible for conducting examinations and incurring expenditure related to the same under the supervision of the chairman.

==Grading system==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Grading system<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=Kerala plus Two exam 2025 results to be declared on May 21, says Minister V. Sivankutty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-plus-two-exam-results-to-be-declared-on-may-21/article69544376.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
! Grade !! Grade range
|-
| A+ || Total Score 180–200
|-
| A || Total Score 160–179
|-
| B+ || Total Score 140–159
|-
| B || Total Score 120–139
|-
| C+ || Total Score 100–119 with TE score ≥ 30% of TE maximum
|-
| C || Total Score 80–99 with TE score ≥ 30% of TE maximum
|-
| D+ || Total Score 60–79 with TE score ≥ 30% of TE maximum
|-
| D || Total Score 40–59 or TE score < 30% of TE maximum
|-
| E || Total Score below 40
|}

== Streams of examinations ==
The board conducts examinations for the following streams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vhse.kerala.gov.in/vhse/examination.php |title=VHSE Examinations |website=Government of Kerala |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>

* Higher secondary

* Technical higher secondary

* Art higher secondary

* Vocational higher secondary

* Higher secondary equivalency

==Types of examinations==
The board conducts the following higher secondary examinations:
* First year higher secondary examination
* First year higher secondary improvement/supplementary examination
* Second year higher secondary examination
* Second year higher secondary SAY/improvement examination
* First year higher secondary equivalency examination
* First year higher secondary equivalency improvement/supplementary examination
* Second year higher secondary equivalency examination

==See also==

* [[Kerala Board of Public Examination]] (KBPE) - responsibile for conducting SSLC Exam
* [[General Education Department (Kerala)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dhsekerala.gov.in/ Directorate of Higher Secondary Education]
* [https://education.kerala.gov.in/ Department of General Education]
* [https://scert.kerala.gov.in/ SCERT Kerala]

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Education in Kerala]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]

Punjab Kesari (film)

2026-01-02T01:35:36Z

Mihmbathinda: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punjab Kesari
| image = Punjab Kesari 1938 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Fram Sethna
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Te. Po. Krishnasami Pavalar
| starring = {{ubl | K. P. Kesavan | [[P. U. Chinnappa]] | [[Kali N. Rathnam]] | A. K. Rajalakshmi}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Star Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1938}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Punjab Kesari''''' ({{translation|The Lion of Punjab}}) is 1938 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Fram Sethna. It was adapted from Te. Po. Krishnasami Pavalar's Tamil-language play of the same name. The film adaptation stars K. P. Kesavan, [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]] and A. K. Rajalakshmi.

== Plot ==
Sundaranathan is in love with Padma Bai (A. K. Rajalakshmi), the daughter of the wealthy Somanathan Prabhu. Somanathan decides to get his daughter married to Sundaranathan, but a villain lusts for her and her wealth. His gang kills Somanathan and frames Sundaranathan, who is arrested. A doctor hires detective Punjab Kesari to uncover the truth. Kesari and his assistant Karappanpoochi unmask the killer and the truth. Sudaranathan is exonerated, and marries Padma Bai.<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/Punjab-Kesari-1938/article5973131.ece |title=Punjab Kesari 1938 |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=3 May 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511051629/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/punjab-kesari-1938/article5973131.ece |archive-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=live |author-link=Randor Guy }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* K. P. Kesavan as Punjab Kesari<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[P. U. Chinnappa]] as Sundaranathan<ref name="BFTP" />
* A. K. Rajalakshmi as Padma Bai<ref name="BFTP" />
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]] as Karapaanpoochi<ref name="BFTP" />
* K. K. Perumal as the villain<ref name="BFTP" />
* H. H. Sarma as Somanathan Prabhu<ref name="BFTP" />
* Kannan as the doctor<ref name="BFTP" />

== Production ==
''Punjab Kesari'' was a popular play written by Te. Po. Krishnaswamy Pavalar. It was staged all over the Tamil-speaking areas of the [[Madras Presidency]] and also in neighbouring countries like Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]), Malaya (now [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]]) and Burma (now [[Myanmar]]). The play's title was an allegorical reference to the Indian freedom fighter [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], who was popularly known as ''Punjab Kesari'' ({{lit|Lion of Punjab}}). Following the play's success, it was adapted into a feature film with the same title, directed by the [[Mumbai|Bombay]]-based Parsi filmmaker Fram Sethna and produced by the studio Star Films. Shooting took place at the National Movietone Studio, Madras.<ref name="BFTP" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-515-0121-3 |pages=311 }}</ref> The final length of the film measured {{convert|16000|feet|metres}}.<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails19.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180428060438/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails19.asp |archive-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=usurped |access-date=28 April 2018 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's opening song was the [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]-written "[[Vande Mataram]]", which urged [[Tamils|Tamil people]] to participate in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Another song used in the film was the [[Tyagaraja]] composition "Tholi Nenu Chesina Pooja Palamu", with vocals the by lead actress A. K. Rajalakshmi.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Reception ==
Film historian [[Randor Guy]] praised the performances of the cast and the storyline, though he felt it was "somewhat predictable". The film was an average success.<ref name="BFTP" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1938 Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1938 thriller films]]
[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]]
[[Category:Films set in 1938]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kalapi

2025-12-31T07:59:22Z

Mihmbathinda: adjust citations for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Gujarati poet and ruler of Lathi, India (1874–1900)}}
{{For|the 1967 Indian film about the poet|Kalapi (film)}}{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sursinhji Gohil 'Kalapi'
| image = Sursinhji Gohil Kalapi.jpg
| caption = Kalapi
| pseudonym = Kalapi
| birth_name = Sursinhji Takhtasinhji Gohil
| birth_date ={{birth date|1874|1|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]], [[Amreli]], [[British India]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|1900|6|10|1874|1|26|df=y}}
| death_place = Lathi, [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = poet, writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = Std. 5 (English medium)
| alma_mater = [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], [[Rajkot]]
| period = [[Gujarati literature#Modern literature (1850 AD – present)|Pandit Yuga]]
| genres =
| subjects = Love, nature and spirituality
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''Kalapino Kekarav'' (1903)
* ''Kashmirno Pravas'' (1912)
}}
| spouse =
* Rajba a.k.a. Ramaba (1889–1900)
* Kesharba a.k.a. Anandiba (1889–1900)
* Monghi a.k.a. Shobhana (1898–1900)
| signature = Kalapi autograph.svg
| years_active = 1892–1900
| website =
}}
'''Sursinhji Takhtasinhji Gohil''' (26 January 1874 – 10 June 1900), popularly known by his pen name, '''''Kalapi''''' was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet and the [[Thakor]] (prince) of [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi state]] in [[Gujarat]]. He is mostly known for his poems depicting his own [[pathos]].

He lived in [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]]-Gohilwad, which is located in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of [[Gujarat]].

==Life==
Kalapi was born on 26 January 1874 to his father [[Maharaja]] Takhtasinhji, the ruler of [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]], a small state situated in a far away corner of Saurashtra region, and mother Ramaba. Takhtasinhji died when Kalapi was 5, and Ramaba died when Kalapi was 14. These deaths left a permanent impact on Kalapi's mind.<ref name="Desai1990">{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Hemant G.|title=Kalapi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6AhAAAAMAAJ|series=Makers of Indian Literature|year=1990|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=3–9|oclc=24489625}}</ref>

At the age of 8, Kalapi entered into [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], [[Rajkot]] for school education, and spent next 9 years (1882 – 1891) there, but didn't complete his schooling and dropped out of school. During these times, he studied extensively English, Sanskrit and contemporary Gujarati literature.<ref name="Desai1990"/>

Kalapi's date of death is uncertain. It is formally noted down as 10 June 1900. There is also some controversy over his death. It was declared as death due to [[Cholera]] but some believed that it was not a [[natural death]].<ref name="Desai1990"/>

===Personal life===
Kalapi was married—at the age of 15—to two princesses. These were Rajba-Ramaba (born 1868), the princess of [[Kutch]]–[[Roha Fort|Roha]]; and Kesharba-Anandiba (born 1872), the princess of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]–Kotada.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} When Kalapi was 20 years old, he fell in love with a family maid, Shobhana, who served his royal family.<ref>{{cite book | editor=Joseph T. Shipley |title=Encyclopedia of Literature |url= |location=New York |publisher=Philosophical Library |year=1946 |pages=514| url-access=| via= |isbn=}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

It is believed that Kalapi's love for Shobhana became a source of conflict with Rajba-Ramaba and the reason for his subsequent death due to [[poison]]ing by her.<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book | author=Amaresh Datta| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1436| volume=2| year=1988| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-260-1194-0| page=1436}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Kavi-Kalapis-birth-anniversary-celebrated/articleshow/7374519.cms| work=The Times of India| date=Jan 27, 2011| title=Kavi Kalapi's birth anniversary celebrated| access-date =July 1, 2014}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Handwriting of Poet Kalapi.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Handwriting of Kalapi (A letter written to Monghi (a.k.a. Shobhana)]]

In spite of his short life, Kalapi's body of work was large. The poet penned about 250 [[poem]]s, including about 15,000 verses. He also authored a number of [[prose]] writings and over 900 letters to his friends and wives. He not only used the [[Gujarati language]] as his [[Media (communication)|medium]] to elaborate on his thoughts, but also translated four [[English novel]]s to Gujarati.

Kalapi mentored a number of budding poets who carried on his style of writing, many of whom become famous in their own right. The most prominent among these was Kavi Lalitji, who was about the same age as Kalapi, and was already an established poet when he was invited to the Lathi Darbar as a tutor for the royal children. He came under Kalapi's influence and the two became great friends. Lalitji went on to become the ''Rajya Kavi'' (Royal Bard) of [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]].

Kavi Kalapi had written poems in various [[Chhand]] (metres) of the Gujarati language. Like [[Mandakranta metre|Mandakranta]], Shardulvikridit, Shikharini and others, to write poems in Chhand, one has to follow the structure of that chhand and the rules of chhandas poetry. ''Aapni Yadi'' is one of his best known [[ghazal]]s in the Gujarati literature.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book | author=K. M. George| title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA557| year=1992| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| location=New Delhi| isbn=978-81-7201-324-0| page=557}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In his remembrance, the Indian National Theater at Mumbai, since 1997, gives the [[Kalapi Award]] to an accomplished Gujarati [[ghazal]] [[poet]] annually.

===Museum===
{{anchor|Kalapi Museum}}
The ''Kalpi Tirtha Museum''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://amreli.nic.in/gallery/kalapi-tirth-lathi/|title=Kalapi Tirth – Lathi {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat| website=amreli.nic.in| language=en-US| access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> holds objects related to the life of the Gujarati poet Kalpi. The museum was inaugurated in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://gt.intentlabs.com/destination/details/9/404| title=Kalapi Tirth Museum Lathi| website=gt.intentlabs.com| language=en| access-date=2018-10-06| archive-date=2019-04-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410124608/http://gt.intentlabs.com/destination/details/9/404| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located at Lathi on the birthplace of Kalpi in the Amreli district of Gujarat. There is a huge collection of articles written by the artists themselves, letters, the rare items they used, and the history of the monarchy. The memorials were also associated with the Kalpi Tirtha, where the Kalpati lived, the palace, which was sitting on the banks of the lake. This place is a center of attraction for Gujarat's literature makers.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Verse-comes-to-worst-in-parched-Amreli/articleshow/4418876.cms| title=Verse comes to worst in parched Amreli - Times of India| work=The Times of India| access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> There is a small auditorium on the upper floors of Kalpitirth Bhawan. Apart from Wednesdays, this museum gives free entry. Videography and photography are permitted.

==In popular culture==
The 1966 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]], ''[[Kalapi (film)|Kalapi]]'', is based on his life. [[Sanjeev Kumar]] plays the titular role, and [[Padmarani]] plays the role of his wife, Rama. The film was directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book | author1=K. Moti Gokulsing| author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]| title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA94| accessdate=21 April 2017| date=17 April 2013| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-136-77284-9| page=94}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Rajba-Rama-Wife-Of Kalapi.jpg
| width1 = 175
| caption1 = First wife, Rajba a.k.a. Ramaba
| image2 = Kesharba-Anandiba-Wife-of-Kalapi.jpg
| width2 = 175
| caption2 = Second wife, Kesharba a.k.a. Anandiba
| image3 = Monghi-Shobhana-girlfriend-of-Kalapi.jpg
| width3 = 175
| caption3 = Third wife, Monghi a.k.a. Shobhana
| footer =
}}

{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author=Indravadana K. Dave|title=કલાપી: એક અધ્યયન|trans-title=Kalapi: A Study|script-title=gu:Kalāpī: Ek Adhyayana| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305640| year=1969| publisher=Gujarat University| location=Ahmedababd|language=gu|oclc=20312779}}
* {{cite book|author=Navalram Trivedi |title=Kalapi [Biography of Kalapi] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.410686 |year=1944 |publisher=Gujarat Vernacular Society |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=35740313}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalapi, Kavi}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in India]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]

Nawabzada Haider Mehdi

2025-11-07T22:42:17Z

Mihmbathinda: Enhanced article with new information

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nawabzada Haider Mehdi
| honorific-suffix =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|8|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Gujrat City|Gujrat]]
| office = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 29 May 2013
| term_end = 31 May 2018
|nationality = Pakistani
|party = [[Pakistan Muslim League
(Nawaz)]]
}}

'''Nawabzada Haider Mehdi''' is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]], from May 2013 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 24 August 1984 in [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]].<ref name="pap">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/962|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref>

He has the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He graduated from [[Brunel University London]] in 2006. He received Diploma in Business Studies and ABE (I) from City of London College and a Diploma in Business Administration from [[Holborn College]].<ref name="pap" />

==Political career==

He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)]] from Constituency PP-108 (Gujrat-I) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Notification - Results Punjab Assembly 2013 election|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Downloads/General%20Election%202013/Detailed%20Gazzette/Notification%20-%20Punjab%20Assembly.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120053951/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Downloads/General%20Election%202013/Detailed%20Gazzette/Notification%20-%20Punjab%20Assembly.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of winners of Punjab Assembly seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429935|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=The News|date=13 May 2013|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2013, he was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary for management & professional development.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=The Newspaper's Staff |title=35 parliamentary secys appointed |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1072208 |accessdate=13 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehdi, Nawabzada Haider}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brunel University London]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]

{{PunjabPK-MuslimN-MPA-stub}}

2022 Pro Kabaddi League

2025-11-01T05:05:04Z

Mihmbathinda: Adding New Info

{{Short description|9th Season of Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox tournament
|name=Vivo Pro Kabaddi 2022 Season 9
|start_date=7 October 2022
|end_date=17 December 2022
|administrator=Mashal Sports
|tournament_format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|host=India
|champion=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (2nd title)
|teams=[[#Teams|12]]
|matches=137
|best_player=
|stat1_label=Most tackle points
|stat2_label=Most successful raid
|stat3_label=Most successful tackle
|stat2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]] (237) ([[Jaipur Pink Panthers]])
|stat1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankush (Kabaddi player) | Ankush]] (89) ([[Jaipur Pink Panthers]])
|stat3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankush (Kabaddi player) | Ankush ]]([[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]) (84)
|website={{URL|prokabaddi.com}}
|previous=[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|2021]]
|next=[[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|2023-24]]
|tournament_name=
|participants=
|event2=
|event2_champion=
|image=Pro Kabaddi League Season 9 Logo.jpg|caption=Le panga
|runner-up1=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|top_scorer={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]] (296) ([[Jaipur Pink Panthers]])}}
{{Pro Kabaddi League seasons}}

The '''2022 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League''' was the ninth season of [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. The season began on 7 October 2022 and ended on 17 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=Pro Kabaddi League Season 9 to begin on October 7 |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/34461501/pro-kabaddi-league-season-9-begin-october-7-bengaluru-pune-hyderabad-pkl-9-venues |website=espn.in}}</ref> [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] defeated [[Puneri Paltan]] in the final match to win their second title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 December 2022 |title=Jaipur Pink Panthers beat Puneri Paltan in final to become Season 9 champions |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/jaipur-pink-panthers-beat-puneri-paltan-in-final-to-become-season-9-champions |website=Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>

The player auction for season 9 was conducted on 5 August 2022 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/vivo-pro-kabaddi-season-9-elite-retained-players |access-date=29 July 2022 |title=Pawan Sehrawat and Pardeep Narwal to go under the hammer at vivo Pro Kabaddi Player Auction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league-pkl-2022-auctions-day-1-players-sold-team-budget-122080600764_1.html|title=Pro Kabaddi League: PKL 2022 auctions Day 1, players sold, team budget |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/vivo-pkl-pro-kabaddi-season-9-team-squads |title=vivo Pro Kabaddi: Complete list of squads for Season 9 |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> The fixtures of the tournament were announced on 21 September 2022 and 11 October 2022 for the remaining tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=MASHAL SPORTS ANNOUNCES THE SCHEDULE for vivo PRO KABADDI SEASON 9 |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/vivo-pro-kabaddi-season-9-schedule-release |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=prokabaddi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 October 2022 |title=Part 2 of vivo Pro Kabaddi Season 9 schedule announced |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/vivo-pro-kabaddi-season-9-part-2-schedule-release |website=prokabaddi.com}}</ref> Each team played against all the other teams twice, and the top 6 teams proceeded to the playoffs. The tournament was played across [[Bengaluru]], [[Pune]] and [[Hyderabad]], while the playoffs were played in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=vivo PRO KABADDI SEASON 9 IS ALL SET TO BEGIN ON 7TH OCTOBER, 2022 |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/vivo-pro-kabaddi-season-9-date-announcement |website=prokabaddi.com}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{location map+ |India3
|width=350
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|alt=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9716|long=77.5946 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengaluru Bulls]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[U Mumba]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Puneri Paltan]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengal Warriors]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |long=75.82 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.61 |long=85.14 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Patna Pirates]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |long=78.48 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Telugu Titans]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Dabang Delhi]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:65%;">[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.8467 |long=80.9462 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[UP Yoddha]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=29.0588 |long=76.0856 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Haryana Steelers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.0827 |long=79.2707 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Tamil Thalaivas]]</div>|position=right}}
}}
=== Personnel and sponsorships ===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Teams
! Owners
! Captain
! Head coach
! Kit Manufacturer
! Main Kit Sponsor
|-
|-align=left
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| [[Kishore Biyani]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kasinatha Baskaran]]
| Omtex
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| Badri Narayan Choudhary Kota Ananda Giri
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahender Singh
| {{flagicon|IND}} Randhir Singh Sehrawat
| Vats
| VST Tillers
|-
|-align=left
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| Radha Kapoor
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Krishan Kumar Hooda
| Shiv-Naresh
| [[J. K. Organisation|JK Super Cement]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
| [[Gautam Adani]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Chandran Ranjith
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ram Mehar Singh
| Shiv-Naresh
| [[1xBet|1xBat]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| [[Parth Jindal]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Joginder Narwal
| {{flagicon|IND}} Manpreet Singh
| Shiv-Naresh
| [[JSW Group|JSW]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Kumar
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sanjeev Kumar Baliyan
| [[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
| Fairplay Fantasy
|-
|-align=left
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| Rajesh V. Shah
| {{flagicon|IND}} Neeraj Kumar
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ravi Shetty
| Pace International
| [[1xBet|1xBat]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| Rajesh Harkishandas Doshi Sumanlal Babulal Shah Nallepilly Ramaswami Subramanian
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Fazel Atrachali]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} BC Ramesh
| Shiv-Naresh
| [[Force Motors]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| [[Nimmagadda Prasad]] [[Sachin Tendulkar]] [[Allu Arjun]] [[Ram Charan]] Ritik Chauhan
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sagar
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashan Kumar
| Trak-Only
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| Srinivas Sreeramaneni Goutham Reddy Nedurmalli Mahesh Kolli
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Surjeet Singh Narwal]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Venkatesh Goud
| Omtex
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[U Mumba]]
| [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Surinder Singh
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anil Chaprana
|
| [[Parimatch|Parimatch News]]
|-
|-align=left
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| Kiran Kumar Grandhi
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pardeep Narwal]]
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Jasveer Singh
| Shiv-Naresh
| Fanstasy Akhada
|}

===Foreign players===
Each team can sign a maximum of 3 foreign players to the squad.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! Teams !! Player 1 !! POS !! Player 2 !! POS !! Player 3 !! POS
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| {{flagicon|SL}} Aslam Thambi || Raider
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Soleiman Pahlevani || Defender
|
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| {{flagicon|NPL}} Lal Mohar Yadav || Raider
| {{flagicon|NPL}} Nageshor Tharu || Raider
|
|
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|BAN}} Md. Liton Ali || Defender - Right Corner
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Reza Katoulinezhad || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} Dong Geon Lee || Raider
| {{flagicon|KOR}} Young Chang Ko || Defender - Right Cover
|
|
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammad Mahalli || Raider
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Amirhossein Bastami || Defender
|
|
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} Woosan KO || Defender - Left Cover
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Reza Mirbagheri || Defender
|
|
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammadreza Chiyaneh || All-Rounder
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Daniel Odhiambo || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Fazel Atrachali]] || Defender
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammad Esmaeil Nabibakhsh]] || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| {{flagicon|BAN}} Md. Arif Rabbani || Defender - Left Corner
| {{flagicon|SL}} Thanushan Laxmamohan || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohsen Maghsoudlou || All-Rounder
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Hamid Nader || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Heidarali Ekrami || Raider
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Gholamabbas Korouki || All-Rounder
|
|
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Abozar Mohajermighani]] || Defender
| {{flagicon|KEN}} James Kamweti || Raider
|
|
|}

==Sponsorship==
;Title Sponsor

* [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]]

;Associate Sponsors

* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Dream11]]
* MFine
* A23
* [[BYJU'S]]
* [[Mutual funds in India|Mutual Funds]]

;Partners

* [[Parimatch|Parimatch News]]
* [[Officer's Choice]]
* [[Indiabulls|Dhani]]
* [[UltraTech Cement]]

;Broadcast Sponsor
* [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]

;Digital Streaming Partner
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

==Points table==
{{2022 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==League Stage==

=== Leg 1 – [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] ===

{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 1
|score = 41 – 27
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (13)
|raid2= Ashish Narwal (7)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2892-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 2
|score = 34 – 29
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (5)
|raid2= Rajnish (7)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2893-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 3
|score = 32 – 34
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (8)
|raid2= Surender Gill (8)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2894-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 4
|score = 34 – 34
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (8)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (7)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2895-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 5
|score = 31 – 31
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= H.S. Rakesh (13)
|raid2= Narender (10)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2896-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 6
|score = 33 – 41
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= Manoj Gowda (8)
|raid2= Manjeet (18)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2897-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 7
|score = 35 – 30
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (17)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (11)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2898-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 8
|score = 25 – 45
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Monu Goyat]] (7)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (11)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2899-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 9
|score = 39 – 41
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (12)
|raid2= Bharat (12)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2900-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 10
|score = 30 – 23
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Jai Bhagwan (5)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (5)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2901-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 11
|score = 53 – 33
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (15)
|raid2= H.S. Rakesh (14)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2902-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 12
|score = 27 – 22
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Manjeet (6)
|raid2= Narender (3)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2903-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 13
|score = 21 – 30
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (6)
|raid2= [[Monu Goyat]] (9)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2904-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 12 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 14
|score = 33 – 42
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (8)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (11)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2905-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 15
|score = 42 – 44
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= Surender Gill (21)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (13)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2906-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 16
|score = 32 – 39
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (15)
|raid2= Guman Singh (12)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2907-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 14 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 17
|score = 31 – 44
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Meetu Sharma (14)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (14)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2908-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 18
|score = 47 – 37
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= H.S. Rakesh (15)
|raid2= Aslam Inamdar (19)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2909-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 19
|score = 25 – 18
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Bhavani Rajput (5)
|raid2= Parteek Dhaiya (6)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2910-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 20
|score = 26 – 46
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Vinay (9)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (12)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2911-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 21
|score = 54 – 26
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (12)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (12)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2912-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 16 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 22
|score = 30 – 28
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (8)
|raid2= Guman Singh (7)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2913-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 23
|score = 44 – 37
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (14)
|raid2= Vikash Kandola (12)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2914-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 17 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 24
|score = 33 - 32
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Himanshu Singh (11)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (11)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2915-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 25
|score = 38 – 36
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (15)
|raid2= Manjeet (11)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2916-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 26
|score = 24 – 39
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= Shrikant Jadhav (5)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (10)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2917-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 27
|score = 25 – 26
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (8)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (10)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2918-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 28
|score = 51 – 45
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Chandran Ranjit (19)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (17)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2919-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 29
|score = 45 – 28
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (11)
|raid2= Narender (9)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2920-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 30
|score = 32 – 31
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (9)
|raid2= Meetu Sharma (4)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2921-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 31
|score = 27 – 25
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (5)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (6)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2922-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 32
|score = 37 – 33
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Rohit Gulia (13)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (13)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2923-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 33
|score = 32 – 42
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (11)
|raid2= Bharat (16)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2924-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 34
|score = 51 – 27
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (12)
|raid2= Adarsh T (9)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2925-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 35
|score = 38 – 42
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Meetu Sharma (16)
|raid2= H.S. Rakesh (18)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2926-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 36
|score = 31 – 31
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (11)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (8)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2927-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 37
|score = 41 – 24
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (6)
|raid2= Himanshu (6)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2928-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 38
|score = 32 – 24
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (13)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (7)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2929-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 39
|score = 24 – 43
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (5)
|raid2= Meetu Sharma (13)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2930-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 40
|score = 29 – 37
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= H.S. Rakesh (12)
|raid2= Guman Singh (12)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2931-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 26 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 41
|score = 30 – 35
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (10)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (9)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2932-scorecard Report]
}}

=== Leg 2 – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]] ===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 42
|score = 38 – 27
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (13)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (9)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2933-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 28 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 43
|score = 27 – 27
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Manjeet (8)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (11)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2934-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 44
|score = 34 – 29
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (11)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (12)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2935-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 45
|score = 47 – 43
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (20)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (16)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2936-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 46
|score = 19 – 30
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Monu Goyat]] (2)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (6)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2937-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 October 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 47
|score = 25 – 36
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= Shrikant Jadhav (8)
|raid2= Ashish Narwal (8)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2938-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 30 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 48
|score = 31 – 37
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (10)
|raid2= Bharat (10)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2939-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 49
|score = 49 – 39
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (23)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (14)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2940-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 31 October 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 50
|score = 28 – 34
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= [[Parteek Dahiya]] (9)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (13)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2941-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 31 October 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 51
|score = 43 – 24
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= Surender Gill (13)
|raid2= Adarsh T (5)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2942-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 1 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 52
|score = 43 – 38
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Akash Shinde (13)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (15)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2943-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 1 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 53
|score = 29 – 27
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Meetu Sharma (9)
|raid2= Bharat (10)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2944-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 2 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 54
|score = 40 – 37
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (11)
|raid2= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (17)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2945-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 2 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 55
|score = 41 – 41
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (19)
|raid2= Narender (15)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2946-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 56
|score = 34 – 31
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (12)
|raid2= Jai Bhagwan (7)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2947-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 4 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 57
|score = 40 – 45
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (14)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (16)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2948-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 58
|score = 31 – 40
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= Surender Gill (12)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (15)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2949-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 59
|score = 40 – 45
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Parteek Dahiya (11)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (20)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2950-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 60
|score = 39 – 31
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Ajinkya Pawar (11)
|raid2= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (14)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2951-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 61
|score = 36 – 36
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Meetu Sharma (12)
|raid2= Surender Gill (13)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2952-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 62
|score = 44 – 46
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (13)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (15)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2953-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 6 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 63
|score = 34 – 35
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (13)
|raid2= Narender (13)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2954-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 64
|score = 39 – 42
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (11)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (15)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2955-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 65
|score = 41 – 32
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (13)
|raid2= Manjeet (10)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2956-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 66
|score = 41 – 41
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (18)
|raid2= Rohit Tomar (16)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2957-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 67
|score = 40 – 33
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (12)
|raid2= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (14)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2958-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 68
|score = 36 – 33
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Neeraj Narwal (9)
|raid2= Meetu Sharma (10)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2959-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 69
|score = 34 – 35
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (10)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (10)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2960-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 70
|score = 40 – 34
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= Surender Gill (11)
|raid2= Manjeet (11)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2961-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 11 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 71
|score = 34 – 33
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (13)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (11)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2962-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 72
|score = 37 – 30
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Rohit Gulia (9)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (13)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2963-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 12 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 73
|score = 46 – 27
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (12)
|raid2= Chandran Ranjith (8)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2964-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 12 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 74
|score = 30 – 41
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (11)
|raid2= Surender Gill (12)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2965-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 12 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 75
|score = 57 – 32
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Rahul Chaudhari]] (13)
|raid2= Vijay Malik (11)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2966-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 76
|score = 36 – 23
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (13)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (7)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2967-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 13 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 77
|score = 34 – 40
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (9)
|raid2= Bharat (14)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2968-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 78
|score = 27 – 43
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (14)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (9)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2969-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 14 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 79
|score = 32 – 33
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Chandran Ranjith (8)
|raid2= Manjeet (14)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2970-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 80
|score = 32 – 22
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (13)
|raid2= Guman Singh (4)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2971-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 15 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 81
|score = 38 – 49
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (18)
|raid2= Bharat (16)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2972-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 16 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 82
|score = 33 – 33
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (13)
|raid2= Narender (15)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2973-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 16 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 83
|score = 31 – 50
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (13)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (22)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2974-scorecard Report]
}}

=== Leg 3 – [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] ===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 84
|score = 41 – 28
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Mohit Goyat (10)
|raid2= K. Prapanjan (8)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2975-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 18 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 85
|score = 36 – 28
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (12)
|raid2= Abhishek Singh (9)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2976-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 86
|score = 38 – 45
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Chandran Ranjith (12)
|raid2= Bharat (18)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2977-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 19 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 87
|score = 29 – 42
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (14)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (19)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2978-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 88
|score = 32 – 26
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (9)
|raid2= Guman Singh (8)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2979-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 19 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 89
|score = 30 – 27
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (7)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (3)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2980-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 90
|score = 30 – 42
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= K. Prapanjan (9)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (14)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2981-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 20 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 91
|score = 33 – 35
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (9)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (6)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2982-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 92
|score = 35 – 30
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (13)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (15)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2983-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 21 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 93
|score = 35 – 31
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (9)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (10)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2984-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 94
|score = 20 – 34
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (4)
|raid2= Narender (7)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2985-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 22 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 95
|score = 35 – 36
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Siddharth Sirish Desai|Siddharth Desai]] (15)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (14)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2986-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 96
|score = 32 – 39
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (19)
|raid2= Aslam Inamdar (9)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2987-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 23 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 97
|score = 41 – 38
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (11)
|raid2= Bharat (10)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2988-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 98
|score = 47 – 50
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Parteek Dahiya (20)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (11)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2989-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 25 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 99
|score = 41 – 26
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (12)
|raid2= Himanshu (5)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2990-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 100
|score = 33 – 23
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Manjeet (10)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (11)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2991-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 101
|score = 49 – 41
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (14)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (13)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2992-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 102
|score = 38 – 25
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aslam Inamdar (8)
|raid2= Adarsh T (7)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2993-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 November 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 103
|score = 35 – 33
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (15)
|raid2= Rohit Gulia (12)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2994-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 104
|score = 42 – 39
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (13)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (10)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2995-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 27 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 105
|score = 49 – 52
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= Vijay Malik (14)
|raid2= Bharat (23)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2996-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 106
|score = 33 – 32
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (14)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (10)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2997-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 28 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 107
|score = 28 – 48
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Adarsh T (3)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (18)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2998-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 108
|score = 39 - 51
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Akash Shinde (9)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (19)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2999-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 29 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 109
|score = 35 – 33
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Manjeet (7)
|raid2= Ashish Narwal (6)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3000-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 30 November 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 110
|score = 25 – 45
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (10)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (13)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3001-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 30 November 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 111
|score = 37 – 37
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (15)
|raid2= Narender (14)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3002-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 2 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 112
|score = 38 – 28
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (13)
|raid2= Guman Singh (10)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3003-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 2 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 113
|score = 34 – 40
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Rohit Gulia (12)
|raid2= Mahendra Ganesh Rajput (12)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3004-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 2 December 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 114
|score = 32 – 26
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Meetu Sharma (6)
|raid2= Shrikant Jadhav (7)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3005-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 3 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 115
|score = 44 - 47
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid1= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (16)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (16)

|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3006-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 3 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 116
|score = 24 – 52
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= K. Hanumanthu (10)
|raid2= Ajinkya Pawar (20)

|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3007-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 3 December 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 117
|score = 57 – 31
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Arjun Deshwal (22)
|raid2= Shrikant Jadhav (16)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3008-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 118
|score = 36 – 38
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Pranay Vinay Rane (10)
|raid2= Parteek Dahiya (13)

|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3009-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 4 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 119
|score = 38 – 35
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (8)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (10)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3010-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 120
|score = 44 – 30
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Akash Shinde (13)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (10)

|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3011-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 5 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 121
|score = 44 – 30
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= V. Ajith Kumar (13)
|raid2= Manjeet (8)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3012-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 122
|score = 24 – 41
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (4)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (5)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3013-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 6 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 123
|score = 44 – 30
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Parteek Dahiya (17)
|raid2= Abhishek Singh (9)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3014-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 124
|score = 44 – 57
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Rohit Gulia (10)
|raid2= Bharat (20)

|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3015-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 7 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 125
|score = 43 – 28
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Narender (10)
|raid2= Durgesh Kumar (7)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3016-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 126
|score = 46 – 46
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] (18)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (16)

|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3017-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 8 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 127
|score = 50 – 33
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Rakesh Narwal (11)
|raid2= Abhishek Singh (9)

|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3018-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 128
|score = 51 – 51
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Sonu Jaglan (12)
|raid2= Arjun Deshwal (17)

|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= Match drawn
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3019-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 9 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 129
|score = 41 – 45
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Aditya Shinde (12)
|raid2= Durgesh Kumar (5)

|team2 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|result= [[UP Yoddha]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3020-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 130
|score = 30 – 36
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Sachin Narwal (7)
|raid2= Jai Bhagwan (11)

|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3021-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 10 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 131
|score = 38 – 61
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Himanshu (8)
|raid2= Sushil (12)

|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3022-scorecard Report]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 December 2022
|time = 21:30 (IST)
|match = 132
|score = 49 – 38
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Ranjit Naik (9)
|raid2= Akash Pikalmunde (11)

|team2 = [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3023-scorecard Report]
}}

==Playoffs==
'''''{{Hatnote|All playoff matches were played at [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|Dome, NSCI SVP Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]}}'''''
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=no
|skipmatch=1;3
|omit_blanks=yes
|RD1=Eliminators
|RD2=Semi-finals
|RD3=Final


|'''Eliminator 1'''|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]|56 |[[Dabang Delhi]]|24
|'''Eliminator 2'''|[[UP Yoddha]]|36 (4) |[[Tamil Thalaivas]]|36 (6)

|'''Semi-final 1'''|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|49 |[[Bengaluru Bulls]]|29
|'''Semi-final 2'''|[[Puneri Paltan]]|39 |[[Tamil Thalaivas]]|37

| |[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|33 |[[Puneri Paltan]]|29

| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] |Winner Final|
}}

===Eliminator 1===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 13 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 133
|score = 56 – 24
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Bharat (15)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3024-scorecard Report]
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi]]
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (8)
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
}}

===Eliminator 2===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 134
|score= 36 – 36
|team1 = [[UP Yoddha]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (12)
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3025-scorecard Report]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= Narender (12)
|result= Match drawn [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won the Tie-Breaker
|tiebreak= 4 – 6
}}

===Semi Final 1===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 15 December 2022
|time = 19:30 (IST)
|match = 135
|score = 49 – 29
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= V. Ajith Kumar (13)
|report = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3026-scorecard Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid2= Bharat (7)
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
}}

===Semi Final 2===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 136
|score = 39 – 37
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Pankaj Mohite (15)
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3027-scorecard Report]
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid2= Narender (11)
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
}}

===Final===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 17 December 2022
|time = 20:30 (IST)
|match = 137
|score = 33 – 29
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= V. Ajith Kumar (6)
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3028-scorecard Report]
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid2= Aditya Shinde (5)
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
}}

==Statistics==

===Most Raid Points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Rank!!Player !!Team !!Matches!!Raid Points
|-
|1|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]]|| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 24 || 296
|-
|2|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Bharat
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| 23 || 279
|-
|3|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] || [[Dabang Delhi]] || 23 || 254
|-
|4|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Narender || [[Tamil Thalaivas]]|| 23 || 243
|-
|5|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] || [[Bengal Warriors]]|| 21 || 238
|-
| colspan="5" |{{updated|17 December 2022.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/25-22-player-raid-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points | Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

===Most Tackle Points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Rank!!Player !!Team !!Matches!!Tackle Points
|-
|1|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankush (kabaddi)|Ankush]]
|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|| 24 || 89
|-
|2|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IRN}} Mohammadreza Chiyaneh || [[Patna Pirates]] || 20 || 84
|-
|3|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Nandal || [[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 24 || 72
|-
|4|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Aman || [[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| 24 || 60
|-
|5|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rinku || [[U Mumba]]|| 19 || 59
|-
| colspan="5" |{{updated|17 December 2022.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/25-103-tackle-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Tackle Points | Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

===Total Points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Rank!!Player !!Team !!Matches!!Raid Points
|-
|1|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]]|| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 24 || 296
|-
|2|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Bharat
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| 23 || 282
|-
|3|| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] || [[Dabang Delhi]] || 23 || 258
|-
|4|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Narender || [[Tamil Thalaivas]]|| 23 || 249
|-
|5|| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (Kabaddi player)|Maninder Singh]] || [[Bengal Warriors]]|| 21 || 240
|-
| colspan="5" |{{updated|17 December 2022.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/25-102-player-total-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Total Points | Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian sport|Pro Kabaddi League]]

Jayashree Ramadas

2025-10-19T04:00:00Z

Mihmbathinda: starting new post

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jayashree Ramadas
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Science Education]]
| workplaces = [[HBCSE]], TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies
| title = Professor (H), Centre Director
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]], [[IIT Kanpur]], [[Pune University]]
}}

'''Jayashree Ramadas''' (née Taskar) is an Indian educationist. She was the Centre Director (2011–2016) of [[Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education]] (HBCSE), a National Centre of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="hbcse">{{cite web | url=http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/people/academic/jayashree-ramadas | title=Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education – Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Faculty | publisher=Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education | accessdate=9 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205000354/http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/people/academic/jayashree-ramadas | archive-date=5 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In her capacity as a professor she teaches graduate courses related to cognition and science education. She is also a member of the [[IUPAP|International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]<ref name="iupap">{{cite web | url=https://iupap.org/commissions/physics-education/members/ | title=International Union of Pure and Applied Physics – C14: MEMBERS | publisher=International Union of Pure and Applied Physics | accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref> and [[International Committee on Physics Education]].<ref name="icpe">{{cite web | url=http://iupap-icpe.org/content/ICPE-members | title=International Committee on Physics Education – Members of the Commission | accessdate=9 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209202250/http://iupap-icpe.org/content/ICPE-members | archive-date=9 December 2014 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> Ramadas was appointed Dean, HBCSE, in November, 2008, and in June 2011, was appointed the Centre Director. She is currently Professor at the TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Hyderabad.<ref name="tifrh">{{cite web|title=Faculty – TIFR Hyderabad|url=https://www.tifrh.res.in/index.php/faculty/|website=tifrh.res.in|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jayashree Ramadas (Taskar) was born in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1954. Her father was a telecommunication engineer. Her early schooling was in St. Thomas' School, [[Delhi]], following which she studied for a year at American School, [[Baghdad]], and completed her schooling from St. Helena's School, [[Pune]]. She studied in [[Fergusson College]], Pune, and obtained her master's degree in Physics from [[IIT Kanpur]] in 1976.. She went on to do her doctoral studies in Science Education at HBCSE. Her PhD devree was awarded by [[Pune University]]. Hers was possibly the first thesis on Science Education in India.<ref name="iasinitiative">{{cite web|last1=Ramadas|first1=Jayashree|title=Building a new discipline|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/jayashreeramdas.pdf|website=ias.ac.in|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|accessdate=4 February 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
For most of her career, Ramadas has been at HBCSE. She did a postdoctoral stint at the University of Leeds and was subsequently inducted as a member of the faculty at HBCSE. She became a full Professor in August 2007 and Dean in November 2008. In June 2011 she took over from H. C. Pradhan as the fourth Centre Director of HBCSE, being appointed for a period of five years.
She also spent a year each at [[Tufts University]] and [[MIT]].

In January 2017, Ramadas moved to the TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Hyderabad.

==Award/scholarship==
*1971–1981 National Science Talent Search Scholarship
*2011 [[TWAS]] Regional Office Prize for "Development of Scientific Educational Material"<ref name="award">{{cite web | url=https://twas.org/article/twas-regional-prizes-2011 | title=TWAS Regional Prizes 2011 | accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadas, Jayashree}}
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Patipukur

2025-10-10T06:04:39Z

Mihmbathinda: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
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|name = Patipukur
|official_name =
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|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
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|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Belgachia metro station|Belgachia]]|[[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]}}
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| subdivision_name5 = {{Bulleted list|[[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]| [[Patipukur railway station|Patipukur]]}}
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
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|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
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|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 =
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bidhannagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bidhannagar]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Patipukur''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=1 January 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6044|88.3955}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Patipukur
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6044|88.3955}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===

'''Lake Town''' police station under [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Patipukur areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/index.php|title=Bidhannagar City Police|website=bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in|access-date=22 Feb 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Lake Town police station.jpg|thumb|Lake Town police station]]

=== Post office ===

Patipukur has a non-delivery sub-post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700048 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Sreebhumi and Sadhana Ausudhalaya Road (Dakshindari).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/patipukur-48-north-24-parganas/ | title = Patipukur sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Markets==
Markets in or near Bediapara area are:
* Patipukur Fish Market
* Annapurna Market
* Kalindi Vatika Market
* Kalindi Bazar Market

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

2024–25 Senior Women's T20 Trophy

2025-09-14T15:54:40Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|name = 2024–25 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
|fromdate = 17 October
|todate = 12 November 2024
|administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
|cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
|tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]] and [[Playoff format|Playoff]]
|host = {{flag|India}}
|champions =
|count =
|runner up =
|participants = 37
|matches = 129
|most runs =
|most wickets =
|website =
|previous_year = 2023–24
|previous_tournament = 2023–24 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
|next_year = 2025–26
|next_tournament =2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy
}}
The '''2024–25 Women's Senior T20 Trophy''' was the 16th edition of the [[Senior Women's T20 Trophy]], the domestic [[Women's Twenty20|women's T20 competition]] in [[Cricket in India|India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BCCI announces Women's Domestic Season for 2024-25 |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/43291-bcci-announces-womens-domestic-season-for-2024-25.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref> It took place from 17 October to 12 November 2024, with 37 teams divided into five groups.<ref name="FTP">{{cite web |title=2024/25 Season- Grouping format |url=https://documents.bcci.tv/bcci/documents/1716367826850_BCCI%202024-25%20Season%20Schedule%20Team%20Groupings%20Knockout%20Qualifications%20200524.pdf |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=BCCI}}</ref> The tournament formed part of the 2024–25 Indian domestic cricket season, announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BCCI announces domestic schedule for 2024/25 season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/bcci-domestic-season-schedule-2024-25-ranji-trophy-smat-dates-womens-calender-matches/article68260268.ece |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]], the defending champions.

== Competition format ==
37 teams competed in the tournament, divided into two groups of eight and three groups of seven. Teams played each other side in their group once in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin format]]. The top two teams from each group qualified for the knockouts. The teams ranked one to six progressed straight to the quarter-finals, whilst the teams ranked seven to ten played pre-quarter-finals. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format.
The groups worked on a points system with positions within the groups being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024–25|Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]

Wonsoi

2025-08-17T04:18:59Z

Mihmbathinda: New a stub...

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wonsoi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.249743|95.060836|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 924
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =Wolam, [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Wansoi''' or '''Wonthoi''' village is situated 38 km away from district headquarter [[Noklak]] and 94 km away from [[Tuensang]].<ref name="morungexpress">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/in-a-first-women-enter-morung-beat-log-drum-in-wansoi-village/ |title=In a first, women enter Morung, beat log-drum in Wansoi village - The Morung Express|date=21 January 2024|website=morungexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="nagalamdtribune">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/new-india-depends-on-women-phangnon-konyak-at-kmhs-general-session-cum-exec-meeting/| title=New India depends on women: Phangnon Konyak at KMH's General Session cum Exec meeting | newspaper=Nagaland Tribune |date=21 January 2024| accessdate=16 August 2025}}</ref>

== Literacy ==
Literacy rate of Wansoi village is 63.10% out of which 65.35% males and 61.13% females are literate. There are about 161 houses in Wansoi village.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]
[[Category:Villages in Tuensang district]]

Operation Dost

2025-08-14T21:35:23Z

Mihmbathinda: new

{{Short description|Search and rescue operation by India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{operational plan
| name = Operation Dost
| partof = [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]]
| image =
| caption =
| scope = Humanitarian relief
| type =
| location = [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| planned =
| planned_by = [[Indian Armed Forces]] and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)]]
| objective = Relief and rescue operations in Turkey and Syria
| target =
| date = 6 February 2023
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| executed_by = [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Indian Air Force]], [[National Disaster Response Force]]
| outcome =
| casualties =
}}
'''Operation Dost''' (''Operation Friend'') was the [[rescue operation|search and rescue operation]] initiated by the [[Government of India]] to aid [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]], after the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]] devastated both countries on 6 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA Explainer: What is Operation Dost, India's massive humanitarian aid for Turkey-Syria earthquake? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/explainer/report-dna-explainer-what-is-operation-dost-india-s-massive-humanitarian-aid-for-turkey-turkiye-syria-earthquake-3022281 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The [[epicenter]] was 37 km west of [[Gaziantep]], Turkey.<ref name="VD">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Major magnitude 7.8 earthquake – 48 km east of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on Monday, Feb 6, 2023, at 3:17 am (GMT +2) |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/earthquakes/7365973/2023-02-06/01h17/magnitude7-Cyprus.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |publisher=Volcanodiscovery.com |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051158/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/earthquakes/7365973/2023-02-06/01h17/magnitude7-Cyprus.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Turkey_Earthquake_Indian_Army_medical_team_airlifted_by_IAF.jpg|thumb|275x275px|The Indian Army medical team before being airlifted to Turkey by the IAF, 7 February 2023.]]

==Etymology==
'Dost' means '[[friend]]' in both [[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Dost) दोस्त meaning in Hindi {{!}} Matlab {{!}} Definition |url=https://www.hindi2dictionary.com/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-meaning-hindi.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.hindi2dictionary.com}}</ref> and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does dost mean in Turkish? |url=https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/turkish-word-b76cd76604683692bf49a2f003167e03679276e1.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=WordHippo |language=en}}</ref>

== Responses ==
[[File:Turkey Earthquake IAF airlift National Disaster Response Force.jpg|Flight carrying NDRF personnel, essential equipment, and relief materials|thumbnail|250x250px]]
The morning of the earthquake, India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed his grief and solidarity with Turkey, saying:
{{blockquote|Anguished by the loss of lives and damage of property due to the earthquake in Turkey. Condolences to the bereaved families. May the injured recover soon. India stands in solidarity with the people of Turkey and is ready to offer all possible assistance to cope with this tragedy.}}
A few hours later, Modi sent additional condolences and offers of assistance to Syria:

{{blockquote|Deeply pained to learn that the devastating earthquake has also affected Syria. My sincere condolences to the families of the victims. We share the grief of Syrian people and remain committed to provide assistance and support in this difficult time.<ref name=Modi>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=India extends a hand: We share your grief, says PM Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-turkey-syria-earthquake-deaths-injured-8426556/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>}}

Prime Minister Modi's [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary]] [[Pramod Kumar Mishra|P.{{nbsp}}K. Mishra]] held a meeting in the South Block of the Secretariat Building to determine what immediate relief measures would be offered to Turkey. In attendance were the cabinet secretary, the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]], the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), and representatives of the ministries of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]], [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]], [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]], and [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name="Modi" />

India's Minister of External Affairs [[S. Jaishankar]] shared condolences to Turkey and Syria. He named existing humanitarian efforts in Turkey and Syria after his meeting with Turkish envoy Firat Sunel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Operation Dost': India Goes All Out To Help Quake-Hit Turkey, Syria |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-india-sending-search-rescue-teams-field-hospital-medicines-under-operation-dost-s-jaishankar-3763747 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Turkish Ambassador to India [[Fırat Sunel|Firat Sunel]] thanked New Delhi for their assistance and support, adding "''Dost kara günde belli olur'' (a friend in need is a friend indeed). Thank you very much India".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=9 February 2023 |title='Operation Dost shows friendship between India and Turkey': Turkish Envoy |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/operation-dost-shows-friendship-between-india-and-turkey-turkish-envoy-11675900307451.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Turkish pro-government daily newspaper [[Daily Sabah]] praised India's efforts and help to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Özer |first=Dilara Aslan |date=15 February 2023 |title='Operation Dost, manifestation of India's solidarity with Türkiye' |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/operation-dost-manifestation-of-indias-solidarity-with-turkiye |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operations ==
India has sent around ₹7 crore-worth (700,00,000 Rupee; 845,590 USD) of relief material to both Syria and Turkey. The Indian Army prepared its rescue teams with relief materials within 12 hours after disaster struck.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Indian Army team in Syria distributes relief aid to quake-hit region |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-team-in-syria-distributes-relief-aid-to-quake-hit-region-101676446131235.html |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
[[File:Indian_NDRF_team_making_way_for_rescue_by_cutting_through_concrete.jpg|thumbnail|NDRF personnel performing search and rescue in Gaziantep, Turkey|left]]
India was among the first countries to help earthquake-hit Turkey, according to Turkish envoy Firat Sunel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Turkey thanks India for sending assistance after earthquake: 'Friend in need…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/turkey-thanks-india-for-sending-assistance-after-earthquake-friend-in-need-101675766400213.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> India immediately sent NDRF squads for rescue operations in affected areas of Turkey on the evening of 6 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shubham |date=9 February 2023 |title=Operation Dost: एनडीआरएफ ने भूकंप प्रभावित तुर्की में मलबे में फंसी छह साल की बच्ची को बचाया |url=https://khabarsatta.com/india/operation-dost-ndrf-rescues-six-year-old-girl-trapped-under-debris-in-earthquake-hit-turkey/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Khabar Satta |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]] sent a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] to [[Adana]] with 47 personnel from the NDRF, 3 senior officers, and a specially trained dog squad. Accompanying personnel were necessary equipment, including medical supplies, drilling machines and other equipment required for the aid efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=7 February 2023 |title=Turkey earthquake: 1st Indian IAF plane reaches Adana with relief material |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/turkey-earthquake-1st-indian-iaf-plane-reaches-adana-with-relief-material-123020700520_1.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

India provided Garuda Aerospace's Droni [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to the most affected areas to identify those trapped under rubble, along with modified Kisan drones carrying medications, food, and supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=8 February 2023 |title=Drones from Tamil Nadu head to Turkey for rescue efforts, medicine supply |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/drones-from-tamil-nadu-head-to-turkey-for-rescue-operations/article66484987.ece |access-date=9 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The NDRF teams possess chip and stone cutters- tools that break through concrete slabs and other building materials to free victims, as well as radar for detecting heartbeats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=What is Operation Dost, India's humanitarian aid to quake-hit Turkey? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/operation-dost-turkey-syria-earthquake-india-aid-8437223/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 February 2023, the Indian Air Force sent two more C-17 aircraft to Turkey. These two flights contained relief supplies, a mobile hospital, and additional specialized search-and-rescue teams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Indian Air Force Planes Land In Earthquake-Hit Turkey With Medical Teams |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-indian-air-force-planes-land-in-earthquake-hit-turkey-with-medical-teams-3761849 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India to send two more IAF planes with rescue personnel, relief materials to quake-hit Turkey |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-to-send-two-more-iaf-planes-with-rescue-personnel-relief-materials-to-quake-hit-turkey20230207125331/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207103900/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-to-send-two-more-iaf-planes-with-rescue-personnel-relief-materials-to-quake-hit-turkey20230207125331/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Along with NDRF personnel, the Agra-based Army Field Hospital dispatched 89 medical staff. The medical team includes both critical care specialists and general physicians, with access to X-ray machines, ventilators, an oxygen generation plant, cardiac monitors, and associated equipment to set up a 30 bedded medical facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=7 February 2023 |title=Turkey earthquake: Indian Army dispatches 89-member medical team |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/turkey-earthquake-indian-army-dispatches-89-member-medical-team-11675755012174.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

As of 9 February 2023, India has sent a total of six C-17 aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th Indian Air Force Plane Lands In Earthquake-Hit Turkey With Medical Team |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/4th-indian-air-force-plane-lands-in-earthquake-hit-turkey-with-medical-team-3763607 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2023 |title=Operation Dost: India sends 6 plane loads of relief material, rescue personnel to Turkey, Syria following earthquakes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-dost-india-sends-6-plane-loads-of-relief-material-rescue-personnel-to-turkey-syria-following-earthquakes/articleshow/97745735.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The 7th flight from the IAF arrived at the Adana Airport in Turkey on 12 February 2023. This flight carried medical equipment like patient monitors, and ECG machines. It also carried disaster relief material and supplies for rescue teams on the ground.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Bagchi |first=Arindam |author-link=Arindam Bagchi |user=MEAIndia |number=1624639312938807297 |date=12 February 2023 |title=7th #OperationDost flight has delivered the relief material for Türkiye at Adana airport. This included medical equipment like patient monitor, ECG, syringe pumps and disaster relief material, along with supplies for our teams on the ground. https://t.co/v8JbjDOPNc |language=en |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212183505/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1624639312938807297 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the supplies delivered by aircraft, India is using a system known as "SANCHAR". Developed by Captain Karan Singh and Sub PG Sapre of the Indian Army, this network-independent tracking and messaging system can help track both team members and assets as they operate in earthquake-hit areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=India deploys Army tracking system, convoy of ration to earthquake-hit Turkey and Syria |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/turkey-syria-earthquake-latest-news-indian-army-sanchar-tracking-system-relief-aid-15942661.htm |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

Indian Medical personnel team returned to India on 20 February 2023 after successfully built and ran field hospital in İskenderun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: "Our Duty To Help...," PM Modi Tells Rescue Teams Back From Turkey |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-interacts-with-relief-teams-involved-in-operation-dost-in-turkey-syria-3798856 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Dost: Indian Army Chief "very proud" of 60 Para Field Hospital for saving lives in Turkey {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/operation-dost-indian-army-chief-very-proud-of-60-para-field-hospital-for-saving-lives-in-turkey/videoshow/98126341.cms |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
[[File:IAF flight carrying 6 tons of Emergency Relief Assistance received by Syria.jpg|right|thumb|Chargé d'Affaires of India to Syria Shri S.K. Yadav (left) shakes hands with Deputy Minister of Local Administration & Environment Moutaz Douaji (right)]]
Despite concerns of aid not reaching Syria due to the [[Syrian civil war|current crisis]] and the [[Sanctions against Syria|subsequent sanctions]], India has remained firm in its stance to assist those who need aid. Sanjay Verma, the Secretary (West) in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], said "I think what should be uppermost in the mind is the G20 mantra, 'One Earth, One Family, One Future' and in all of this, the present becomes a testing ground on how we as humans come together… sanctions don't cover such humanitarian challenges".<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=8 February 2023 |title=Sanctions don't cover humanitarian challenges: MEA on assistance to quake-hit Syria |url=https://theprint.in/world/sanctions-dont-cover-humanitarian-challenges-mea-on-assistance-to-quake-hit-syria/1362510/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 8 February 2023, over 6 tons of emergency relief assistance was received at the [[Damascus International Airport|Damascus Airport]] by Deputy Minister of Local Administration & Environment Moutaz Douaji- included were 3 truck-loads of protective gear, emergency medications, ECG machines, and other medical supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2023 |title=Operation Dost: India sends 6 plane loads of relief material, rescue personnel to Turkey, Syria following earthquakes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-dost-india-sends-6-plane-loads-of-relief-material-rescue-personnel-to-turkey-syria-following-earthquakes/articleshow/97745735.cms |access-date=9 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 12 February 2023, the 7th IAF flight landed at the Damascus Airport in Syria and was received by Moutaz Douaji. It contained over 23 tons of relief material, including gensets, solar lamps, emergency & critical care medicines, & disaster relief consumables.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Bagchi |first=Arindam |author-link=Arindam Bagchi |user=MEAIndia |number=1624578017615048704 |date=12 February 2023 |title=7th #OperationDost flight reached Syria with over 23 tons of relief material, including gensets, solar lamps, emergency & critical care medicines, & disaster relief consumables. Received at Damascus airport by Deputy Minister of Local Administration & Environment Moutaz Douaji. https://t.co/KnCkq0AFZs https://t.co/8tyWCBzbiE https://t.co/oRWnY7ET2V |language=en |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]]
* [[Operation Maitri]] – similar mission by the Indian government in Nepal during the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]]
* [[Operation Brahma]] – similar mission by the Indian government in Myanmar during the [[2025 Myanmar earthquake]]
* [[India–Turkey relations]]
* [[India–Syria relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake}}

[[Category:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake]]
[[Category:India–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:India–Syria relations]]
[[Category:Rescue]]
[[Category:Humanitarian military operations involving India]]

Unchahar

2025-08-08T17:48:47Z

Mihmbathinda: New page...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Unchahar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Unchahar block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Unchahar CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|54|N|81|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Tehsil]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Manoj Kumar Panday <ref>[http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20104 "Unchahar MLA"]</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11033
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 229404
| registration_plate = UP-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 51/49 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 57%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Lucknow]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|115|km|mi}}
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Allahabad]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|85|km|mi}}
| blank5_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Ganges]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|7|km|mi}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Unchahar''' is a town and [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Raebareli district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=34-63, 375-93, 573-92 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> It serves as the headquarters of a [[tehsil]] as well as a [[community development block]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is located on [[National Highway 24B (India)|Lucknow Allahabad Highway]], 115 km from [[Lucknow]], 85 km from [[Allahabad]]. The place is well connected by rail and roads to nearby cities of [[Kanpur]], Lucknow, and Allahabad. Unchahar is also a constituency of Uttar Pradesh Legislative assembly (183 Unchahar Vidhan Sabha).

Unchahar changed dramatically after the work done by former Member of Legislative Assembly, [[Har Narayan Singh]]. Some of his work include the establishment of the well known [[Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station|Feroze Gandhi Thermal Power Station]] of the [[NTPC Limited|National Thermal Power Corporation]], which now has an installed capacity of 1050 MW and the launching of the daily train "[[Unchahar Express]]" connecting Allahabad with Chandigarh.

Basic public amenities are not so good despite the [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] power plant, electricity supply is poor,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} although it is an important landmark in Raibareli.{{clarify|date=January 2017}}

==Geography==
Unchahar is a town in the fertile [[Awadh]] region of Uttar Pradesh. The river Ganga flows 7 km southwest to the town. Unchahar has a humid subtropical climate with cool, dry winters from November to February and dry, hot summers from April to June. The rainy season is from July to mid-September. Fog is a common phenomenon from late December to late January. Unchahar is located 38 km from the district headquarters of the [[Raebareli]]. It has an average elevation of 111 metres. The dialect spoken here is the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] variety of the [[Hindi]] language.

==History==
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Unchahar as comprising 30 hamlets, with a total population of 4,109 people (2,139 male and 1,970 female), in 848 households and 822 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxviii-cxix of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,490 [[acre]]s and it had a library and a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Unchahar as having a population of 7,282 people, in 1,852 households, and having an area of 1,412.36 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=5, 240–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station]] began operation in 1988 with five units each capable of generating 210 [[Megawatt|MW]] of electricity.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Alok|title=22 Dead, Dozens Injured In Boiler Blast At NTPC Power Plant In UP|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/casualties-feared-many-injured-as-boiler-pipe-bursts-at-ntpc-plant-in-up-1769883|access-date=22 August 2021|work=[[NDTV]]|date=2 November 2017}}</ref> Construction cost Rs. 219 [[crore]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/> A sixth unit, generating 500 MW of electricity, commenced operation in March 2017.<ref name="NDTV"/> On 1 November 2017, the new unit's boiler pipe [[NTPC power plant explosion|exploded]],<ref name="NDTV"/> killing 32 people and injuring many more.<ref name="Firstpost">{{cite news|title=Death toll from NTPC thermal plant blast now 32: Reports have said boiler fans could've caused explosion|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/death-toll-from-ntpc-thermal-plant-blast-now-32-reports-have-said-boiler-fans-couldve-caused-explosion-4191017.html|access-date=22 August 2021 |work=[[Firstpost]]|date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
| align = left
| source = 2011 Census of India<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| 1991 | 6708
| 2001 | 9288
| 2011 | 11033
}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Unchahar has a population of 11,033 people, in 1,866 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The town's [[sex ratio]] is 969 females to every 1000 males, which is higher than the district-wide urban sex ratio of 924; 5,602 of Unchahar's residents are male (50.8%) and 5,431 are female (49.2%).<ref name="Census 2011"/> The 0-6 age group makes up about 13.0% of the town's population; the sex ratio for this group is 1003, which is the highest among towns in Raebareli district.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Members of [[Scheduled Castes]] make up 4.45% of the town's population, while no members of [[Scheduled Tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Unchahar's [[literacy rate]] was 80.88% (counting only people age 7 and up); literacy was higher among men and boys (86.45%) than among women and girls (75.1%).<ref name="Census 2011"/> The scheduled castes literacy rate is 71.08% (77.68% among men and boys, and 63.35% among women and girls).<ref name="Census 2011"/>

In terms of employment, 18.22% of Unchahar residents were classified as main workers (i.e. people employed for at least 6 months per year) in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Marginal workers (i.e. people employed for less than 6 months per year) made up 9.21%, and the remaining 72.57% were non-workers.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Employment status varied considerably according to gender, with 46.32% of men being either main or marginal workers, compared to just 7.94% of women.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

4.12% of Dalmau residents live in [[slum]] conditions as of 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> There is 1 slum area in Unchahar, called Aliganj.<ref name="Census 2011"/> This has an approximate population of 455 residents and has 4 [[tap water]] access points.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The number of [[flush toilet]]s installed in people's homes is 12.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The area is serviced by [[open sewer]]s.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==Transport==
[[Unchahar Junction railway station]] is the main Junction railway station after Rae Bareli Junction railway station. It is located on Varanasi–Kanpur and Varanasi–Lucknow line. [[Unchahar Express]] is the only direct connected to [[Chandigarh]].

==Villages==
Unchahar CD block has the following 107 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Bheelampur]] || 61.4 || 614
|-
| [[Sarain Hardo]] || 294 || 1,938
|-
| [[Pooran Mau]] || 108.7 || 848
|-
| [[Ramchandarpur, Raebareli|Ramchandarpur]] || 68.5 || 1,005
|-
| [[Kewal Nainpur]] || 25.7 || 62
|-
| [[Kalyanpur, Raebareli|Kalyanpur]] || 75.1 || 363
|-
| [[Kamoli]] || 244.2 || 1,526
|-
| [[Shahabad, Raebareli|Shahabad]] || 158 || 112
|-
| [[Kisundaspur]] || 441 || 3,639
|-
| [[Ishwar Daspur]] || 67 || 1,165
|-
| [[Sar Bahda]] || 173.1 || 1,297
|-
| [[Miyanpur]] || 50.6 || 383
|-
| [[Sarai Tula Ram]] || 81 || 704
|-
| [[Chandrai, Raebareli|Chandrai]] || 120.5 || 1,455
|-
| [[Matrauli]] || 265.6 || 4,105
|-
| [[Semri Ranapur]] || 114.3 || 1,011
|-
| [[Newada, Raebareli|Newada]] || 120.5 || 814
|-
| [[Chaturpur Urf Misrapur]] || 27.7 || 433
|-
| [[Kalikpur Kala]] || 204 || 1,841
|-
| [[Bhagipur]] || 57.3 || 446
|-
| [[Gopapur]] || 49.2 || 670
|-
| [[Manipur Bhatehari]] || 96.4 || 1,079
|-
| [[Sawayaya Hasan]] || 281.1 || 2,312
|-
| [[Sawayaya Mira]] || 132 || 945
|-
| [[Sawayya Raje]] || 83 || 1,178
|-
| [[Jamalpur Mafi]] || 65 || 618
|-
| [[Hatwa]] || 169 || 1,062
|-
| [[Paindapur]] || 77 || 593
|-
| [[Shahjadpur Ahtmali]] || 95 || 0
|-
| [[Shahjadpur Mu.]] || 515 || 1,671
|-
| [[Kotiya Chitra]] || 273 || 3,575
|-
| [[Jamunapur, Raebareli|Jamunapur]] || 63 || 584
|-
| [[Mirza Inayatullapur]] || 58 || 450
|-
| [[Baharpur]] || 54 || 384
|-
| [[Gandhavi]] || 38 || 418
|-
| [[Gopalpur Ghur Vansh]] || 37 || 6
|-
| [[Ram Sanda]] || 203 || 1,687
|-
| [[Daulatpur, Unchahar|Daulatpur]] || 120 || 954
|-
| [[Pach Khara]] || 272 || 2,240
|-
| [[Hadipur]] || 28 || 344
|-
| [[Sawanpur Newada]] || 418 || 3,090
|-
| [[Najanpur]] || 70 || 548
|-
| [[Sawaya Dhani]] || 270 || 2,577
|-
| [[Gokana Ahtmali]] || 31 || 0
|-
| [[Gokana Mustakil]] || 216.2 || 1,927
|-
| [[Duraisa]] || 204 || 1,103
|-
| [[Gangauli]] || 376 || 3,917
|-
| [[Sarai Bhan]] || 221 || 1,291
|-
| [[Kharauli Mustakil]] || 411 || 4,256
|-
| [[Jarji Garh Mustakil]] || 41 || 111
|-
| [[Jarji Garh Ahtmali]] || 30 || 0
|-
| [[Kharauli Ahtmali]] || 72 || 0
|-
| [[Kand Rawan]] || 1,339.1 || 10,283
|-
| [[Pure Khoob Chand Ahtmali]] || 494 || 0
|-
| [[Pure Khoob Chand Mustakil]] || 331 || 993
|-
| [[Kalyani, Raebareli|Kalyani]] || 174 || 1,681
|-
| [[Jabbaripur]] || 213.4 || 1,400
|-
| [[Patti Rahas Kaithwalmustakil]] || 213 || 5,769
|-
| [[Uncha Har Dehat]] || 1,348 || 13,365
|-
| [[Mahmadpur Chandau]] || 78 || 316
|-
| [[Arkha Mustakil]] || 1,278 || 10,337
|-
| [[Jasauli]] || 112 || 1,128
|-
| [[Har Bandhanpur]] || 29 || 194
|-
| [[Patti Rahas Kaithwal Ahtamali]] || 702 || 0
|-
| [[Arkha Ahtmali]] || 553 || 0
|-
| [[Milikpur Ahtmali]] || 373 || 0
|-
| [[Kotra Bahadur Ganj]] || 740 || 5,696
|-
| [[Khojanpur]] || 169 || 2,127
|-
| [[Dhamdhama, Unchahar|Dhamdhama]] || 62 || 788
|-
| [[Baherawa]] || 147 || 1,891
|-
| [[Hisampur]] || 78 || 805
|-
| [[Kharg Sanpur]] || 28 || 123
|-
| [[Gopalpur Dudhwan]] || 132 || 913
|-
| [[Mani Rampur]] || 78 || 659
|-
| [[Khurampur, Raebareli|Khurampur]] || 97 || 963
|-
| [[Faridpur, Unchahar|Faridpur]] || 39 || 574
|-
| [[Mirapur Dam Gani]] || 29 || 91
|-
| [[Bahbanpur]] || 91 || 460
|-
| [[Niranjanpur]] || 28 || 582
|-
| [[Khanpur, Unchahar|Khanpur]] || 49 || 72
|-
| [[Bikai]] || 78 || 901
|-
| [[Sarai Parsoo]] || 71 || 643
|-
| [[Khalikpur Khurd]] || 40 || 298
|-
| [[Malkana, Raebareli|Malkana]] || 72 || 349
|-
| [[Madari Ganj]] || 84 || 573
|-
| [[Gauraiya Mafi]] || 43 || 273
|-
| [[Bhawanidinpur]] || 80 || 699
|-
| [[Murarmau, Unchahar|Murar Mau]] || 105 || 669
|-
| [[Bikar Garh]] || 43 || 482
|-
| [[Bhuwalpur]] || 70.2 || 762
|-
| [[Madaripur, Raebareli|Madaripur]] || 87.2 || 657
|-
| [[Lal Chandpur Ikchhaniha]] || 102.2 || 721
|-
| [[Kaleh, Raebareli|Kaleh]] || 73 || 443
|-
| [[Sarai Sahijan]] || 181 || 1,231
|-
| [[Madhopur Hardo Patti]] || 55.7 || 280
|-
| [[Mokhara]] || 227.1 || 1,730
|-
| [[Gangsari]] || 300.3 || 2,011
|-
| [[Behra Mau]] || 144 || 1,901
|-
| [[Purwara]] || 287 || 2,269
|-
| [[Mahamadpur, Raebareli|Mahamadpur]] || 34 || 0
|-
| [[Salimpur Bhaido]] || 196 || 2,231
|-
| [[Narayanpur, Unchahar|Narayanpur]] || 104 || 528
|-
| [[Aima Jahanmiyan]] || 135 || 1,356
|-
| [[Madhaopur Sultan]] || 132 || 900
|-
| [[Hariharpur, Raebareli|Hariharpur]] || 103.8 || 766
|-
| [[Nigoha]] || 113.2 || 1,188
|-
| [[Sukrullapur]] || 232.2 || 1,320
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[2017 NTPC power plant explosion]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raebareli district]]

Shaleen Malhotra

2025-07-23T22:08:33Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{short description|Indian VJ and television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaleen Malhotra
| image = Shaleen Malhotra.jpg
| alt = Shaleen Malhotra at the launch of Saumya Shetty's resto bar – Hymus
| caption = Malhotra in 2017
| birth_name = Shaleen Malhotra
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = VJ, Actor
| years_active = 2006 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|Diksha Rampal|2014}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/gurgaon/Shaleen-Malhotra-and-Diksha-Rampals-grand-wedding-in-Gurgaon/articleshow/36300793.cms|title=Shaleen Malhotra and Diksha Rampal's grand wedding in Gurgaon – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shaleen-to-tie-the-knot-with-his-best-friend/articleshow/35677552.cms?|title=Shaleen to tie the knot with his best friend – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yes-Im-getting-married-Shaleen-Malhotra/articleshow/35679916.cms|title=Yes, I'm getting married!: Shaleen Malhotra – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Telly-heartthrobs-soapy-ride-to-success/articleshow/43533666.cms?|title=Telly heartthrobs' soapy ride to success – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 September 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]
}}

'''Shaleen Malhotra''' is an Indian [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] and television actor. He is known for his role Spl. Agent Karan Shergill in [[Sony SAB]]'s drama series [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]. He made his television debut with [[Star Plus]]' [[Crime fiction|crime based]] [[Action fiction|action]] show ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]'' as ACP Arjun Suryakant Rawte which earned him recognition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Avinash-Sachdev-Vikrant-Massey-Ayaz-Ahmed-Vibhav-Roy-Arhaan-Behl/articleshow/23103368.cms?|title=TV's bearded hotties – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 September 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-concentrates-on-the-bigger-crimes-Shaleen/articleshow/17742104.cms?|title='Arjun' concentrates on the bigger crimes: Shaleen – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 December 2012 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was a contestant of the youth-based game show ''[[MTV Roadies (season 4)]]'' in 2006, and he has also hosted audition episodes of ''MTV Rockathon'', ''Stunt Mania'' and ''[[MTV Roadies]]''. He was also an on-air VJ for [[MTV]]. He has hosted ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' and ''[[Talaash (Colors TV series)|Code RedTalaash]]''.

Malhotra acted in ''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]'', ''[[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya]]'' and ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and appeared in episodes of ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''. In 2017, he was in the show ''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]'' as army officer Rajveer Malhotra, a self-righteous and ethical person.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaleen-malhotra-to-play-an-army-officer-in-koi-laut-ke-aaya-hai/articleshow/56814896.cms|title=Shaleen Malhotra to play an Army officer in Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

He played the lead role of Yuvraj Chaudhary in ''[[Colors TV]]'' Show ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado – Veerpur Ki Mardani]]'' and also as Special Agent Karan Shergill in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''. He was last seen in the lead role of Yash Talwar in Sony Sab's show Vanshaj.

==Personal life==
Shaleen Malhotra was born and brought up in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-miss-delhi-a-lot-shaleen-malhotra/story-GGXueEj3dHfFAniXOHwXMO.html|title=I miss Delhi a lot: Shaleen Malhotra|date=23 August 2012|publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> His family is [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]].<ref>Ano Patel (29 May 2014), [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yes-Im-getting-married-Shaleen-Malhotra/articleshow/35679916.cms "Yes, I'm getting married!: Shaleen Malhotra"], ''[[Times of India]]''. Retrieved 3 July 2018.</ref> He is trained in [[parkour]] and [[kickboxing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Fitness-does-not-mean-having-eight-packs-Shaleen-Malhotra/articleshow_b2/21860872.cms|title=Fitness does not mean having eight packs: Shaleen Malhotra – The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> Malhotra married his best friend, Diksha Rampal, a Delhi-based accessory designer on 4 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shaleen-Malhotra-is-all-set-for-a-Delhi-wedding/articleshow/35826493.cms|title=Shaleen Malhotra is all set for a Delhi wedding! – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[D Company (2021 film)]]''
|[[Manya Surve]]
|Debut in Film
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Titular
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2011
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Jamal Ahmed
|
|-
|2012-2013
|''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
|ACP Arjun Suryakant Rawte
|Title role
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Suraj
|Season 1; Episode 4
|-
|''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''
| Inspector Achal Kutthy
|
|-
|''[[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya]]''
| Veer Pratap Singh
|
|-
|''Box Cricket League 1''
|Captain of Pune Anmol Ratan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
|Himself/host
|38 episodes
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Rudra
|Season 5; Episode 10
|-
|''Bad Company''
|Himself/Guest
|Season 1; Episode 8
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
|Himself/Guest
|Day 21
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|''Box Cricket League 2''
|Contestant
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Inspector Rajveer
|Season 4; Episode 16
|-
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|Siddharth Vikram Rana
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Himself/host
|Season 8
|-
|2017
|''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]''
|Major Rajveer Malhotra
|
|-
|2017-2018
|''[[Laado - Veerpur Ki Mardani]]''
|Yuvraj Gunwant Singh Choudhary:
|Lead Role
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''[[Kitchen Champion]]''
|Himself
|Season 1; Episode 20
|-
|2019-2020
|[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]
|Rishi Burman
|Lead Role
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| Karan Shergill/Balli
|Lead Role
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Vanshaj]]''
|Yash Talwar
|Lead Role
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2020
| Twisted 3
| Neil D'Souza
| Debut in Web
|-
| 2021
| Koi Hai
| Inspector Rajesh
| Season 1 Episode 2
|-
| 2023
| Lakhan Leela Bhargava
| Karan Oberoi
| Episode 19-21
|-
| 2024
| Checkmate
| Param Shergill
| Lead Role
On Hungama Play
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{instagram|shaalien_malhotra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Shaleen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:MTV Roadies contestants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Subah (TV series)

2025-07-20T18:22:13Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = approximately 25 minutes
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''Avan''|[[Sivasankari]]}}
| director = Bharat Rangachary
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1987}}
| last_aired =
| num_episodes =
}}
'''''Subah''''' is an Indian television series that aired on [[DD National]] in 1987 directed by [[Bharat Rangachary]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Talent at play|url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/18/stories/2003031800190200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030702090806/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/18/stories/2003031800190200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 July 2003 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2003-03-18|access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> It is based on a novel by [[Sivasankari]], titled ''Avan''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-16 |title=Her write to change lives |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/her-write-to-change-lives/article2232865.ece |access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref> The title song for the series, "Aye zamane tere samne aa gaye", was sung by [[R. D. Burman]].

==Plot==
The story is about an innocent young man joining college, his friendship with a [[Substance dependence|junkie]] [[Salim Ghouse]], and how he falls for drugs.

==Cast==
* [[Salim Ghouse]] as Bharat
* Kumar Bhatia as Prem

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0390775}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about drugs]]
[[Category:1987 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]

Abhaipur, Ghazipur

2025-06-19T05:04:51Z

Mihmbathinda: Adding Details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abhaipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name = Nizampur, Lakhimipur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3384|83.56701|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1800}}
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|Gram Pradhan]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 1114
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232331
| registration_plate = UP 61
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| founder =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 104.97
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| leader_name =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}

'''Abhaipur''' urf Lakhimipur (before also known as Nizampur when it was a part of Daudpur) is a village in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Bhulekh" |url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506041339/http://www.upbhulekh.gov.in:80/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp |archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="2011 census of India" |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510061218/http://www.censusindia.gov.in:80/ |archive-date=10 May 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Kakkattar

2025-06-04T08:51:15Z

Mihmbathinda: starting new info

{{Short description|Tributary of Pamba river}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
|name=Kakkad River
|native_name={{native name|ml|കക്കാട്ടാർ}}
|country=[[India]]
|state=[[Kerala]]
|district=[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|mouth=[[Pamba River|Pamba]]
|mouth_location=[[Perunad]]
|image=Ranni-Perunad weir.jpg
|image_caption=[[Ranni-Perinad Weir|Perunad weir]] built on Kakkad river
|name_other=Kakkattar
|mouth_coordinates={{coord|9|22|03|N|76|50|48|E|region:IN}}
|pushpin_map=India Kerala#India
|pushpin_map_relief=1
|pushpin_map_caption=Location of the mouth in Kerala|bridges=Angamoozhy bridge Seethathodu bridge Manakkayam bridge Swing bridge Perunad bridge Poovathummood bridge
|custom_data=[[Allunkal Dam|Allunkal dam]] Karikayam dam [[Maniyar Dam|Maniyar dam]] [[Ranni-Perinad Weir|Perunad weir]]|custom_label=Dams
|cities=[[Angamoozhy]] [[Seethathodu]] [[Perunad]]|landmark=Kakkattu Koikkal Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
|mouth_elevation={{cvt|16|m}}}}
'''Kakkad River''' or '''Kakkattar''' is a tributary of the [[Pamba River|Pamba river]], the third longest river in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and Information about Pamba River |url=https://www.indiamapped.com/rivers-in-india/pamba-river/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.indiamapped.com}}</ref> The river passes through places like [[Angamoozhy]], [[Seethathodu]], [[Manakkayam]], [[Maniyar Dam|Maniyar]] and joins the Pamba river at [[Perunad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=വെളിച്ചം പകരുമീ കക്കാട്ടാർ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-pathanamthittakerala-02-07-2021/953898 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707182242/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-pathanamthittakerala-02-07-2021/953898 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of Kerala]]
* [[Kakkad Hydro Electric Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

Zokhawthar

2025-04-12T19:45:16Z

Mihmbathinda:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zokhawthar
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Indo-Burmese Border.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Zokhawdar on the right and [[Rihkhawdar]] in Myanmar on the left
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3652465|N|93.3855078|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khawzawl]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 735
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2632
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271338
| footnotes =
}}

'''Zokhawthar''' is a [[border town]] in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Zokhawthar has 501 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 93.58%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |access-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2632 || 1299 || 1333
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 498 || 249 || 249
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2569 || 1260 || 1309
|-
| Literates || 1997 || 1006 || 991
|-
| Workers (all) || 994 || 642 || 352
|-
| Main workers (total) || 848 || 582 || 266
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 156 || 125 || 31
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 278 || 205 || 73
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 29 || 13 || 16
|-
| Main workers: Other || 385 || 239 || 146
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 146 || 60 || 86
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 13 || 8 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 36 || 22 || 14
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 19 || 7 || 12
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 78 || 23 || 55
|-
| Non-workers || 1638 || 657 || 981
|}

== Transport and border connectivity ==

India is part of [[BIMSTEC]], [[East Asia Summit]], [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]], [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]], [[Asian Highway Network]] and the [[Trans-Asian Railway]] network and India has embarked on several [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East connectivity|Look-East connectivity]] projects.<ref name="PO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27908.html|title=India's 'Look East' Policy Pays off|website=www.globalpolicy.org}}</ref><ref name="C">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080708233222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df02.html India's Look East Policy (2)]</ref>

Mizoram has an unfenced international border with Myanmar (404 km), guarded by [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), and Bangladesh (318 km), guarded by [[Assam Rifles]]. India and Myanmar have set up 4 [[Borders of India#Hat|Border Haats]] (markets) in Mizoram at [[Hnahlan]], [[S.Zote|Zote]], [[Vaphai]] ([[Saikhumphai]]) and [[Sangau]] ([[Pangkhua]]) to boost the local trade and economy. Indian has set up 5 ICP (Integrated Check Posts) Mizoram at [[Kawrpuichhuah]], [[Marpara]], [[Tuipuibari]], [[Silsuri]] and [[Nunsury]].<ref name=up8>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/india-myanmar-likely-to-set-up-four-border-haats/1600444 Outlook India India, Myanmar likely to set up four ''Border Haats''], Outlook India, 20 Aug 2019.</ref>

=== Border checkpost, customs and immigration ===

'''Zokhawthar LCS''' (Land Custom Station) was opened on the Indo-Myanmar border in August 2018. It is one of the two such check-posts in the state of Mizoram.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/land-immigration-centre-along-myanmar-border-opened-118083000881_1.html Land immigration centre along Myanmar border opened], Business Standard, 2018.</ref> There is a proposal to upgrade it to ICP (Integrated Check Point) entailing immigration and customs both.<ref name=up8/>

===Airport and railway ===

[[Lengpui Airport]] in [[Aizawl]] (242 km northwest of Moreh) is the nearest airport in India. [[Sairang]] railhead of [[Bairabi–Sairang line]] is the nearest railway station.

===AH1 and India-Thailand Highway===

India plans to upgrade route from Zokhawthar in Mizoram to [[Tedim]] in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar as an additional connect to the planned [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] (IMT),<ref name=up4>[https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-role-of-bimstec-in-revitalising-indias-northeast/ The Role of BIMSTEC in Revitalising India’s Northeast], ORF, 23 Jun 2021.</ref> which is part of [[Asian Highway Network]] and [[AH1#India North-East|Asian Highway 1]] (AH1) passes through [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] in [[Manipur]].<ref name=ah1>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/new-road-rail-links-to-make-manipur-gateway-to-se-asia-cm/article25441980.ece New road, rail links to make Manipur gateway to SE Asia: CM], The Hindu, November 08, 2018.</ref> Zokhawthar-Tedim connectivity to IMT will provide an alternate route to the existing route via Moreh.<ref name=up4/>

== See also ==

* [[Borders of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}
{{Mizoram}}
{{Border Crossings of Myanmar}}

[[Category:Villages in Khawzawl block]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar border crossings]]

Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

2024-04-29T10:46:32Z

Mihmbathinda: updated article and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Ward No. 128
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Kolkata Municipal Corporation
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/West Bengal/Kolkata/Ward No. 128, KMC.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 128
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = Neighbourhoods
|subdivision_name3 = [[Behala]] (Ramnarayan Government Colony-Dhamarajtola-Sen Pally-Jogashram-Sanjib Pally-Nimtala)
|subdivision_type4 = Reservation
|subdivision_name4 = Open
|subdivision_type5 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name5 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|subdivision_type6 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name6 = [[Behala Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behala Paschim]]

|seat_type = Borough
|seat = 14
|parts_type =
|parts_style = 
|parts = 
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_min_m =

|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 32,179
|population_density_km2 = 

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = dms
|coordinates = {{coord|22.488345|N|88.297694|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 061, 700 063
|area_code = +91 33
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation''' is an administrative division of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in Borough No. 14, covering parts of [[Behala]] (Ramnarayan Government Colony-Dhamarajtola-Sen Pally-Nimtala) neighbourhood in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref name= kmc1>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|title= A walk down memory lane | work= About Kolkata | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=kmc2>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation | work= Kolkata - a municipal history | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref>

Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144.<ref name= kmc1/><ref name=kmc2/>

==Geography==
Ward No. 128 is bordered on the north by Porui Daspara Road, Parui Kancha Road and Fakir Para Road; on the east by Diamond Harbour Road; on the south by Ho Chi Minh Sarani; and on the west by a line drawn along Sonamukhi, Sarsuna and Sibrampur mauzas is in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/mwards.html |title= Municipal Wards| publisher= Yellow Pages.com|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Ward no. 128 in Kolkata Municipal Corporation.svg|thumb|Location of Ward No. 128 in Kolkata Ward Map]]

The ward is served by [[Parnasree Pally#Police district|Parnashree]] police station of [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=9&Division=B|title = Kolkata Police |work = South West Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 98, D.P. Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata-700 073.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title= Table 3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |access-date= 12 February 2018 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Behala#Police district|Behala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South West Division]], i.e. Sarsuna, Taratala, Behala, Parnasree, Thakurpukur and Haridevpur.<ref name="police"/>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 32,179, of which 16,041 (50%) were males and 16,138 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 2,011. The total number of literates in Ward No. 128 was 30,168 (92.67% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2018 }}</ref>

Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 25: District Highlights, 2011 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref> The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 63-64: Literacy Rate | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in KMC wards|collapsible=y}}
Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see [[Kolkata district#Demographics|Kolkata district]].

According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map on third page plus demographic data about all the wards in the handbook | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

==Election highlights==
The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of [[Behala Paschim (Bidhan Sabha constituency)]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 4 June 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election year!!Constituency!!Name of councillor!!Party affililiation
|-
|2005||Ward No. 128||Ratna Roy Majumder||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||<ref>Search the web for COUNCILLORS OF KOLKATA MUNICITIPAL CORPORATION. In the search list click on this. On clicking one gets an option for "List of KMC Councillors" at the bottom of the page. Press <Open> to get to Adobe Acrobat file.</ref>
|-
|2010||||Dola Sarkar||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbsec.gov.in/(S(csnkqo55bqu3de55qcptl2ib))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_KMC.aspx |title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation General Election Results 2010| publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2015||||Ratna Roy Majumder||Communist Party of India (Marxist)||<ref>Prabahat Khabar, Hindi newspaper, print edition, 29 April 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(knvrcje3wq5iuhzomlbppt55))/writereaddata/Orders/Municipal/1712-sec.pdf |title= Ward-wise winners| work= Gazette Notification | publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2022||||Partha Sarkar (Voja)||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||
|}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards}}

[[Category:Municipal wards of Kolkata]]